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What is the term for a painting which consists of four or more leaves or panels, usually joined by hinges, and often used as an alterpiece?	Exam 3 Vocab - Art History 207b with Gorman at Southern Illinois University - Carbondale - StudyBlue a painted or carved screenbehind or above the altar or communion table in Christian churches Ambulatory movingabout or from place to place; not stationary. Anglicanism the doctrines, principles,or system of the Anglican Church. Aniconism in religion, opposition tothe use of icons or visual images to depict living creatures or religiousfigures. Such opposition is particularly relevant to the Jewish, Islamic, andByzantine artistic traditions. Apse a semicircular or polygonaltermination or recess in a building, usually vaulted and used especially at theend of a choir in a church. Arcade a series of archessupported on piers or columns. Atmospheric Perpective atechnique of rendering depth or distance in painting by modifying the tone orhue and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane,especially by reducing distinctive local colors and contrasts of light and darkto a uniform light bluish-gray color. Aztec amember of a Nahuatl-speaking state in central Mexico that was conquered byCortés in 1521. Barrel Vault avault having the form of a very deep arch. Bas-relief relief sculpture in whichthe figures project slightly from the background. Bay a body of water forming an indentation of the shoreline, largerthan a cove but smaller than a gulf. Buttress a projecting supportbuilt against an external wall, usually to counteract the lateral thrust of a vaultor arch within. Canvas A small building for Christian worship, typically one attached to aninstitution or private house. Chiaroscuro an Italian worddesignating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or paint. Clerestory the topmost zone of a wall with windows in a basilica extending abovethe aisle roofs. Coatlicue theearth mother, “she of the serpent skirt.” Her children are Huitzilopochtli, the400 (male) stars and the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui. “The mother of the gods” Columns an architectural element used for support and/or decoration. Compound Piers thearchitectural term given to a clustered column or pier which consists of a centre mass or newel, to which engagedor semi-detached shafts have been attached Conflated Narrative Aconqueror, esp. one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16thcentury. Corinthian Order themost ornate of the orders, Corinthian includes a base, a fluted column shaftwith a capital elaborately decorated with acanthus leaf carvings. Council of Trent a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento inthree sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings ofMartin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholicdoctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy Counter-Reformation catholic church tries toget their act together and stop stelling indulgences and stuff.; the reaction of theRoman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saintsand the authority of the Pope Coyolzauhqui the moon goddess, Huitzilopochtli's half-sister. "Face painted with Bells" in Aztec Mythology, the goddess of the moon and stars. Crossing - the intersection of the nave and transept in a churchcrucifix diptych an altarpiece that has two panels Donors Painting medium in which pigments are mixed w/ egg yolks Embroidery a technique of needlework in which designs or figures are stitched into a textile ground with colored thread or yarn. Albrecht Durer's idea to make a drawing by scratching into copper then putting ink on the copper and pressing paper over. = make copies of same artwork facade exterior of a building, usually the front foreshortening the visual phenomenon whereby an elongated object projecting toward or away from a viewer appears shorter than its actual length, as though compressed four evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospelaccounts in the New Testament fresco fused with the plaster as it dries. Giornata Adopted from the Italian term meaning "a day's work," a giornata is the section of a fresco plastered and painted in a single day The Gospels first four books of the new testament Guilds A second change in the European economy was the devel-opment of the guild. A guild was an organization of indi-viduals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. The first guilds were merchant guilds. Merchants banded together to control the number of goods being traded and to keep prices up. They also provided security in trading and reduced losses. high relief Deep carving in which the design projects quite far from its background High Renaissance •Strong emulation of classical forms and materials, and references to classical knowledge andliterature •Emphasis on the perfection of proportion, perspective, and the nude •Stability/symmetry of composition Huitzilopochtli thesun god, war god, etc. (Coatlicue’s son). He was conceived when Coatlicue helda ball of hummingbird feathers (the soul of a fallen warrior) in herchest. He slew his 401 half-siblings. Humanism A philosophy and value system that emphasizes the dignity and worth of the individual. iconoclasm the destruction of religious or sacred images. Ignudi books with drawings copied by hand, usually by monks Inca Native American civilization that developed in what is now Peru, 1400-1500 Indulgences Sold by the catholic church as a remission of sins. Basically like purchasing forgiveness Intaglio Printing a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared w/ ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print. Linear Perspective A form of perspective in drawing and painting in which parallel lines are represented as converging so as to give the illusion of depth and distance. Longitudinal or Basilica Plan (for churches) Rectangular shape church. Low Relief Lutheranism the branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Marin Luther and the 16th century movements that issued from his reforms Masons People who build things by laying brick, stone, or marble and uses mortar to hold it together. Mendicants members of an order of friars forbidden to own property in common, who work or beg for their living. Monastery a community of persons, especially monks, bound by vows to a religious life and often living in partial or complete seclusion Monogram a design composed of one or more letters, typically the initials of a name, used as an identifying mark. Moveable type type in which each character is cast on a separate piece of metal nave in architecture of a church, the major, central area where the congregation gathers leads from the main entrance to the altar and choir and is usually flanked by side aisles Oculus/Oculi An opening on the ceiling that lets in light Oil Paint a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly inseed oil one point linear perspective lines are drawn on the picture plane in such a way as to represent parallel lines receding to a single point on the viewers horizon orthogonals the converging lines that meet at the vanishing point in the system of linear perspective paper a writing material made from cotton rags or wood pulp; invented by the Chinese between 240 BC & 105 BC parchment animal skins to write on PEDIMENT in classical-style architecture, the triangular-shaped area or gable at the end of the building formed by the sloping roof and the cornice Concave, triangular sections that provide transition from square area to circular base of dome: Piers Rectangular or cylindrical columns for arch supports. polychromy multicolored painting deco applied to any part of a building, sculpture, or piece of furniture Polyptych a painting consisting of more than three leaves or joined panels Portals a drawing, painting or photograph of a person especially the face Prophet One who speaks the message of God to the people. Some prophets foretold future events, while others preached against the unholiness of their own time. predella the painted or sculpted lower portion of an altarpiece that relates to the subjects of the upper portion Prefiguration Old Testament figures that are prophetic of Jesus and events in New Testamen Protestantism Developed as protest to the practices of the Roman Catholic Church by Martin Luther Printing The invention of printing by movable metal type changed the way information could be transmitted The printing press made it possible to create hundreds and even thousands of copies of a text in a single process. Individuals could now buy music for their own use at a reasonable price. pulpit a platform or raised structure in a church, from which the sermon is delivered or the service is conducted. quatrefoils an ornamental design of four lobes or leaves as used in architectual tracery, resembling a flower or four leaf clover Quillwork A native American decorative craft technique. The quills of a porcupine and bird feathers are dyed and attached to materials in patterns. Reformation 16th-century religious movement that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches Relief Printing one of the four major divisions of printmaking, in which the image is printed from the surface of a wood or linoleum block (or other material), the non-printing areas having been cut away. (intaglio plates can be used to make relief prints by applying ink to the surface of the plate instead of to the incised lines.) - example: woodcuts Reliquary A container, often made of precious materials, used as a repository to protect and display sacred relics. Renaissance A period of European history that included the rebirth of interest in learning and art Sack of Rome Military event carried out by Charles V. Overthrew Republic of Florence (restored Medici.) Second Commandment You shall not make unto you any graven image or any likiness of anything that is in heaven above sculpture in the round a sculpture that can be viewed from every angle - Italian term meaning smoke, describing a very delicate gradation of light and shade in the modeling of figures; often ascribed to Da Vinci's work Sibyl Virus which causes fever, rash and body aches Studiolo A small private study of wealthy patrons. Displayed status, wealth, and education. This was a private sanctuary for book, antiques, coins, and gems. Tempera a painting medium made by blending egg or egg yolks with water, pigments, and occasionally other materials, such as glue Tlaloc god of rain and fertility tondo/tondi a Renaissance term for a circular work of art, either a painting or asculpture (ignudi = plural) part of the body of a church adjoining the nave Trefoils An ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle. Trinity the concept of God as having three "persons" or manifestations: father, son, and Holy Spirit triptych A three paneled alterpiece Trompe l'oeil French "fools the eye". A form of illusionistic painting that aims to deceive viewers into believing they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of those objects Semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often decorated with sculpture in the Romanesque and Gothic periods vellum mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on Venus pudica A pose that covers the breast and Gentiles a.k.a modest Venus 1330 CE	Polyptych
Smiriti is a religious text containing traditional teaching in which religion?	Exam 3 Vocab - Art History 207b with Gorman at Southern Illinois University - Carbondale - StudyBlue a painted or carved screenbehind or above the altar or communion table in Christian churches Ambulatory movingabout or from place to place; not stationary. Anglicanism the doctrines, principles,or system of the Anglican Church. Aniconism in religion, opposition tothe use of icons or visual images to depict living creatures or religiousfigures. Such opposition is particularly relevant to the Jewish, Islamic, andByzantine artistic traditions. Apse a semicircular or polygonaltermination or recess in a building, usually vaulted and used especially at theend of a choir in a church. Arcade a series of archessupported on piers or columns. Atmospheric Perpective atechnique of rendering depth or distance in painting by modifying the tone orhue and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane,especially by reducing distinctive local colors and contrasts of light and darkto a uniform light bluish-gray color. Aztec amember of a Nahuatl-speaking state in central Mexico that was conquered byCortés in 1521. Barrel Vault avault having the form of a very deep arch. Bas-relief relief sculpture in whichthe figures project slightly from the background. Bay a body of water forming an indentation of the shoreline, largerthan a cove but smaller than a gulf. Buttress a projecting supportbuilt against an external wall, usually to counteract the lateral thrust of a vaultor arch within. Canvas A small building for Christian worship, typically one attached to aninstitution or private house. Chiaroscuro an Italian worddesignating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or paint. Clerestory the topmost zone of a wall with windows in a basilica extending abovethe aisle roofs. Coatlicue theearth mother, “she of the serpent skirt.” Her children are Huitzilopochtli, the400 (male) stars and the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui. “The mother of the gods” Columns an architectural element used for support and/or decoration. Compound Piers thearchitectural term given to a clustered column or pier which consists of a centre mass or newel, to which engagedor semi-detached shafts have been attached Conflated Narrative Aconqueror, esp. one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16thcentury. Corinthian Order themost ornate of the orders, Corinthian includes a base, a fluted column shaftwith a capital elaborately decorated with acanthus leaf carvings. Council of Trent a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento inthree sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings ofMartin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholicdoctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy Counter-Reformation catholic church tries toget their act together and stop stelling indulgences and stuff.; the reaction of theRoman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saintsand the authority of the Pope Coyolzauhqui the moon goddess, Huitzilopochtli's half-sister. "Face painted with Bells" in Aztec Mythology, the goddess of the moon and stars. Crossing - the intersection of the nave and transept in a churchcrucifix diptych an altarpiece that has two panels Donors Painting medium in which pigments are mixed w/ egg yolks Embroidery a technique of needlework in which designs or figures are stitched into a textile ground with colored thread or yarn. Albrecht Durer's idea to make a drawing by scratching into copper then putting ink on the copper and pressing paper over. = make copies of same artwork facade exterior of a building, usually the front foreshortening the visual phenomenon whereby an elongated object projecting toward or away from a viewer appears shorter than its actual length, as though compressed four evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospelaccounts in the New Testament fresco fused with the plaster as it dries. Giornata Adopted from the Italian term meaning "a day's work," a giornata is the section of a fresco plastered and painted in a single day The Gospels first four books of the new testament Guilds A second change in the European economy was the devel-opment of the guild. A guild was an organization of indi-viduals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. The first guilds were merchant guilds. Merchants banded together to control the number of goods being traded and to keep prices up. They also provided security in trading and reduced losses. high relief Deep carving in which the design projects quite far from its background High Renaissance •Strong emulation of classical forms and materials, and references to classical knowledge andliterature •Emphasis on the perfection of proportion, perspective, and the nude •Stability/symmetry of composition Huitzilopochtli thesun god, war god, etc. (Coatlicue’s son). He was conceived when Coatlicue helda ball of hummingbird feathers (the soul of a fallen warrior) in herchest. He slew his 401 half-siblings. Humanism A philosophy and value system that emphasizes the dignity and worth of the individual. iconoclasm the destruction of religious or sacred images. Ignudi books with drawings copied by hand, usually by monks Inca Native American civilization that developed in what is now Peru, 1400-1500 Indulgences Sold by the catholic church as a remission of sins. Basically like purchasing forgiveness Intaglio Printing a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared w/ ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print. Linear Perspective A form of perspective in drawing and painting in which parallel lines are represented as converging so as to give the illusion of depth and distance. Longitudinal or Basilica Plan (for churches) Rectangular shape church. Low Relief Lutheranism the branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Marin Luther and the 16th century movements that issued from his reforms Masons People who build things by laying brick, stone, or marble and uses mortar to hold it together. Mendicants members of an order of friars forbidden to own property in common, who work or beg for their living. Monastery a community of persons, especially monks, bound by vows to a religious life and often living in partial or complete seclusion Monogram a design composed of one or more letters, typically the initials of a name, used as an identifying mark. Moveable type type in which each character is cast on a separate piece of metal nave in architecture of a church, the major, central area where the congregation gathers leads from the main entrance to the altar and choir and is usually flanked by side aisles Oculus/Oculi An opening on the ceiling that lets in light Oil Paint a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly inseed oil one point linear perspective lines are drawn on the picture plane in such a way as to represent parallel lines receding to a single point on the viewers horizon orthogonals the converging lines that meet at the vanishing point in the system of linear perspective paper a writing material made from cotton rags or wood pulp; invented by the Chinese between 240 BC & 105 BC parchment animal skins to write on PEDIMENT in classical-style architecture, the triangular-shaped area or gable at the end of the building formed by the sloping roof and the cornice Concave, triangular sections that provide transition from square area to circular base of dome: Piers Rectangular or cylindrical columns for arch supports. polychromy multicolored painting deco applied to any part of a building, sculpture, or piece of furniture Polyptych a painting consisting of more than three leaves or joined panels Portals a drawing, painting or photograph of a person especially the face Prophet One who speaks the message of God to the people. Some prophets foretold future events, while others preached against the unholiness of their own time. predella the painted or sculpted lower portion of an altarpiece that relates to the subjects of the upper portion Prefiguration Old Testament figures that are prophetic of Jesus and events in New Testamen Protestantism Developed as protest to the practices of the Roman Catholic Church by Martin Luther Printing The invention of printing by movable metal type changed the way information could be transmitted The printing press made it possible to create hundreds and even thousands of copies of a text in a single process. Individuals could now buy music for their own use at a reasonable price. pulpit a platform or raised structure in a church, from which the sermon is delivered or the service is conducted. quatrefoils an ornamental design of four lobes or leaves as used in architectual tracery, resembling a flower or four leaf clover Quillwork A native American decorative craft technique. The quills of a porcupine and bird feathers are dyed and attached to materials in patterns. Reformation 16th-century religious movement that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches Relief Printing one of the four major divisions of printmaking, in which the image is printed from the surface of a wood or linoleum block (or other material), the non-printing areas having been cut away. (intaglio plates can be used to make relief prints by applying ink to the surface of the plate instead of to the incised lines.) - example: woodcuts Reliquary A container, often made of precious materials, used as a repository to protect and display sacred relics. Renaissance A period of European history that included the rebirth of interest in learning and art Sack of Rome Military event carried out by Charles V. Overthrew Republic of Florence (restored Medici.) Second Commandment You shall not make unto you any graven image or any likiness of anything that is in heaven above sculpture in the round a sculpture that can be viewed from every angle - Italian term meaning smoke, describing a very delicate gradation of light and shade in the modeling of figures; often ascribed to Da Vinci's work Sibyl Virus which causes fever, rash and body aches Studiolo A small private study of wealthy patrons. Displayed status, wealth, and education. This was a private sanctuary for book, antiques, coins, and gems. Tempera a painting medium made by blending egg or egg yolks with water, pigments, and occasionally other materials, such as glue Tlaloc god of rain and fertility tondo/tondi a Renaissance term for a circular work of art, either a painting or asculpture (ignudi = plural) part of the body of a church adjoining the nave Trefoils An ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle. Trinity the concept of God as having three "persons" or manifestations: father, son, and Holy Spirit triptych A three paneled alterpiece Trompe l'oeil French "fools the eye". A form of illusionistic painting that aims to deceive viewers into believing they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of those objects Semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often decorated with sculpture in the Romanesque and Gothic periods vellum mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on Venus pudica A pose that covers the breast and Gentiles a.k.a modest Venus 1330 CE	i don't know
On a standard dart board, what number lies between 16 and 19?	The Dartboard Sequence The Dartboard Sequence The arrangement of the numbers around the circumference of a standard dart board is as shown below 20 1 18 4 13 6 10 15 2 17 3 19 7 16 8 11 14 9 12 5 Oddly enough, no one seems to know for sure how this particular arrangement was selected. It evidently dates back at least 100 years. Some say the pattern was devised by a carpenter named Brian Gamlin in 1896, while others attribute it to someone named Thomas William Buckle in 1913, but both of these attributions are relatively recent, and neither can be traced back to a contemporary source. Also, although it's clear that the numbers are ordered to mix the large and small together, and possibly to separate numerically close values as far as possible (e.g., 20 is far from 19), no one seems to know of any simple criterion that uniquely singles out this particular arrangement as the best possible in any quantitative sense. It may be just an accident of history that this particular arrangement has been adopted as the standard dart board format. It's interesting to consider various possible criteria for choosing a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers. In order to get as "flat" a distribution as possible, we might try to minimize the sum of the squares of each k consecutive terms. For example, setting k = 3, the standard dard board sequence gives (20+1+18)^2 + (1+18+4)^2 + (18+4+13)^2 + ... + (5+20+1)^2 = 20478 Apparently the standard board layout described above is called the "London" dart board, and there is another, less common, version called the "Manchester" dart board, which has the sequence 20 1 16 6 17 8 12 9 14 5 19 2 15 3 18 7 11 10 13 4 for which the sum of squares of each set of three consecutive numbers is 20454, just slightly less than the London arrangement. In contrast, if we were to arrange the numbers by just inter-weaving the largest and smallest numbers like this 20 1 19 2 18 3 17 4 16 5 15 6 14 7 13 8 12 9 11 10 the resulting sum of squares of each 3 consecutive elements is 20510, so the standard dart boards are, in this sense, more flat distributions. Needless to say, all of these arrangements are much more flat than the natural monotonic sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 which has a sum of 24350. By the way, note that if the sum of the squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers for a given arrangement is S, then we can form another arrangement with the same sum simply by taking the "21-complement", i.e., subtracting each number from 21. For example, the complement of the standard London arrangement is 1 20 3 17 8 15 11 6 19 4 18 2 14 5 13 10 7 12 9 16 which has the same sum (20478) as the London arrangement. This works because if we begin with an arrangement a,b,c,d,... having the sum S = (a+b+c)^2 + (b+c+d)^2 + (c+d+e)^2 + ... and replace each of the numbers a,b,c,... with 21-a, 21-b, 21-c,... respectively, the sum S' of this complementary arrangement is S' = [(21-a)+(21-b)+(21-c)]^2 + [(21-b)+(21-c)+(21-d)]^2 + ... = [63-(a+b+c)]^2 + [63-(b+c+d)]^2 + ... = S + 20(63)^2 - 2(63)[(a+b+c)+(b+c+d)+...] Each of the numbers from 1 to 20 appears three times in the summation inside the square brackets in the last term, so that summation equals 630, and hence S' = S. (The same identity applies to the N+1 complement for sums of squares of every sum of k consecutive terms of a circular arrangement of the first N integers.) How would we go about finding the circular arrangement of the integers 1 to 20 that gives the smallest sum of squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers? One possible approach would be to begin with the monotonic arrangement and then check each possible transposition of two numbers to see which one gives the lowest result. Then make that change and repeat the process, at each stage always choosing the transposition that gives the steepest reduction in the sum. This "greedy algorithm" produces arrangements with the following sums (of squares of each 3 consecutive terms around the cycle): 24350 21650 20678 20454 20230 20110 19990 19970 19950 19946 19938 19936 19930 19926 19918 Once it reaches the arrangement with the sum 19918, no further transposition of two numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Of course, this doesn't imply that 19918 is the minimum possible sum, it simply means that it is a "local" minimum. We might try to make our search algorithm more robust by considering all possible permutations of THREE numbers at each stage. (This includes permutations of two, since some of the permutations of three numbers leave one of the numbers fixed.) Applying the greedy algorithm to permutations of any three numbers gives dartboard arrangements with the sums 24350 21542 20362 20098 19978 19954 19942 19930 Once we reach 19930, no further permutation of three numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Interestingly, this doesn't even produce as low a result as the simple transpositions, and it illustrates the fact that a local minimum need not be a global minimum. By applying permutations of three elements, the algorithm is too greedy and enters a region of the configuration space that cannot be extended by such permutations, whereas the transpositions follow a less-steep path that leads them ultimately to a lower level. Expanding our algorithm to examine all permutations of FOUR numbers, we get a sequence of dartboard arrangements with the following sums: 24350 20678 20190 19974 19932 19918 19910 19908 19902 19900 19896 19894 Thus we arrive at the lowest sum we've seen so far, but of course this is still just a local minimum, with no guarantee that it is the lowest possible sum. Expanding our algorithm to take the best of all the permutations of FIVE number at each stage, we get the sequence of dartboard arrangements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 2 19 4 5 16 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 17 18 1 20 1 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 10 11 12 4 14 15 3 17 13 1 20 10 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 6 11 15 4 14 13 3 17 12 1 20 These arrangements have the sums 24350, 20406, 19992, and 19874 respectively. By applying various combinations of these algorithms to various initial arrangements, we can often arrive at the ultimate sum 19874, but never to any lower sum. However, there appear to be three distinct arrangements with this sum (up to rotations and reflections). Each of them has 1 adjacent to 20, so to compare the arrangements directly we will rotate and reflect them if necessary so that they begin with 20 and 1. With this convention, the three minimal sequences, labeled (a), (b), and (c), are (a) 20 1 11 19 2 12 16 3 14 13 5 15 10 6 17 7 8 18 4 9 (b) 20 1 11 18 2 13 15 4 14 12 5 16 9 7 17 6 8 19 3 10 (c) 20 1 12 17 3 13 14 4 15 11 6 16 8 7 18 5 9 19 2 10 The differences between the (a) and (b) sequences, and between the (c) and (b) sequences, are shown below: 0 0 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 Interestingly, if we reverse the order of the lower differences and then rotate two places to the right, the result is exactly the negative of the upper differences. This is because the (a) and (c) arrangements are the 21-complements of each other (as defined above). The (b) arrangement is "self-dual", i.e., it is its own complement. We also note that (a) and (b) differ by the transpositions (3,4) (6,7) (9,10) (12,13) (15,16) (18,19) whereas (b) and (c) differ by the transpositions (3,2) (6,5) (9,8) (12,11) (15,14) (18,17) Thus the three minimal sequences differ from each other by permutations of six numbers, and no permutations of just five or fewer numbers can transform one of these to the others using the greedy algorithm, if we require the sum to drop or remain constant on each permutation. But if we allow permutations of six numbers it becomes possible to oscillate between these three arrangements in steps with constant sums. This is an interesting example of "symmetry breaking". At lower "energies" (permutations of fewer terms) every sequence of arrangements progresses to one of several different possible stable limiting arrangements, but at higher "energies" (permutations of more terms) these asymptotic arrangements can transform into each other, so the sequence can oscillate between them. (Of course, if we allow permutations of all 20 terms at once, then any arrangement can be transformed to any other in a single step.) Despite the extensive numerical evidence, and the apparently unique symmetry of the (a), (b), and (c) arrangements, one could still question whether our search algorithm based on permutations of five elements is guaranteed to find the global minimum. To prove that the three arrangements (a),(b),(c) presented above are indeed the absolute minimal solutions, note that the sum of the sums of three consecutive elements must be 630, which is three times the sum of the integers from 1 to 20. If we didn't require integer values, the minimal solution would be given by uniformly distributing this, so each sum of three consecutive terms would be 31.5, but since we require integer values, this is ruled out. We could consider arrangements such that every sum of three consecutive terms is either 31 or 32, but it's easy to see that this cannot lead to an acceptable solution. Notice that the two consecutive 3-sums for the four elements n1,n2,n3,n4 are n1+n2+n3 and n2+n3+n4, so if the two 3-sums are equal, it follows that n4=n1, and hence this is not an acceptable solution (the 20 elements are distinct). Similarly we can show that two 3-sums can't alternate more than twice. Hence the flattest possible arrangements that are not ruled out by these simple considerations must have more than two distinct values for the 3-sums Indeed the solutions with 19874 consist of the 3-sum values 30, 31, 32, and 33 with valences 6,4,4,6 respectively. These 3-sums for the (a), (b) and (c) arrangements are as shown below (a) 32 31 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 (b) 32 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 31 (c) 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 32 31 By examining each sequence of the values 30, 31, 32, and 33, checking to see which ones correspond to 3-sums of the integers 1 to 20, we find that indeed the only viable sequences are those corresponding to the arrangements (a), (b), and (c). Thus these are the circular arrangements of the integers 1 through 20 such that the sum of squares of every 3 consecutive terms has the smallest possible value, namely 19874. (If we evaluate the sum of squares of every three consecutive elements of these 3-sum sequences we find that they yield 178614, 178618, and 178614 respectively.) The (a), (b), and (c) sequences each consist of three interleaved arithmetic progressions. If we designate the position of each number by the integers modulo 20, then the positions of the values are as shown in the table below. positions modulo 20 values (a) (b) (c) 3k+1 -3k-3 6k 6k k = 0 to 6 3k+2 6k 6k+3 -3k-3 k = 0 to 6 3k+3 6k+3 -3k-3 6k+3 k = 0 to 5 By the way, to find the arrangement that maximizes (rather than minimizes) the sum, it's fairly intuitive that we would cluster the largest numbers together as tightly as possible. This leads to the arrangement 20 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 which has the sum 25406. Indeed this is the highest sum I've found using the greedy algorithm with permutations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 elements (selecting the highest rather than the lowest at each stage), although it's interesting that there are many initial arrangements from which this algorithm does not lead to this global maximum. In general if H(n,k) and L(n,k) are the highest and lowest sums of squares of every k consecutive elements in a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers, are the values of H(n,k) and L(n,k) well known and/or easily computed? Another possible way of "optimizing" the arrangement of the numbers 1 through 20 on a dart board would be to minimize the sum of the squares of every sum of TWO (rather than three) consecutive numbers. In general, I think the minimum sum of squares of every sum of two consecutive numbers in a cyclical arrangement of the integers 1 through N is S_min(N) = N^3 + 2N^2 + 2N - j where j is 1 if N is odd, and j is 2 if N is even. For the particular case N=20 this formula gives a minimum sum of 8838. For even N the minimum arrangement has the odd and even numbers restricted to separate halfs of the cycle, as illustrated below for N=20 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 19 17 15 13 11 12 14 16 18 20 For odd N the minimum arrangement is very simple, as shown below for N=19. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 This raises some interesting questions. Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of squares of every sum of two contiguous numbers, and let v(n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all n! possible arrangements. Following is a table of the number of distinct values of v(n) n v(n) ----- --------- 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 3 5 8 6 21 7 43 8 69 9 102 10 145 Hugh Montgomery, A. M. Odlyzko, and Bjorn Poonen developed a very nice approach to this problem, showing that the general term with n>6 is given by / (n^3 - 16n + 27)/6 if n is odd v(n) = ( \ (n^3 - 16n + 30)/6 if n is even A whole family of interesting sequences can be produced by generalizing the definition as follows: Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of the qth powers of every sum of k contiguous numbers. Then let v(q,k,n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all possible arrangements. With this nomenclature, the previous sequence is denoted as v(2,2,n). Of course, we have v(1,k,n) = 1 for all k and n, because the sum of the 1st powers is independent of the arrangement. We also have v(q,1,n) = 1 because the sum of any fixed power of the individual numbers is also independent of the arrangement. Also, for fixed values of q and n, the function v is PERIODIC in k. Another generalization is to add some constant integer j to each of the numbers 0 to n-1. Thus, the general function has four indices, v(q,k,j,n). Notice that v is independent of j for q<3, but for larger values of q, j becomes significant. Can v(q,k,j,n) be expressed in closed form as a function of the indices? Which other integer sequences are contained in this family? Which continuous functions (e.g., sin(x), cos(x), exp(x), etc) can be approximated by sequences of this form?	7
Who became British Prime Minister in July 1902?	Face of board to the Toe Line (The Hockey) 2375 mm = (7'9�" or 93�" ) Center of Bull to floor 1727mm = (5'8" or 68"ins) The numbers below mark the value of each segment on a dart board.. Dartboards are to be hung where the centre of the board is 5ft 8in (173 cm) high. I would strongly recommend that you hang it on a backboard, or any other type of backing, to help protect your walls. Four holes in the wall is better than hundreds of little holes. The line, or hockey, should be 7ft 9.25in (2.37 meters) from the face of the board measured horizontally (if you want to measure it from the bullseye down to the floor, it is 9ft 7 3/8in). The only thing you need to do to the dartboard after it is hung, is to rotate it. This will only work if your dartboard has the removable metal ring with the numbers on it. If the numbers are painted on the board, you will not be able to rotate it. Rotating the board will make it last longer. There has been a rumour going around for years that you should spray water on your board. DO NOT, I repeat DO NOT spray any types of liquids on a bristle board. It will ruin your board. I have seen some boards that were sprayed, and it isn't a pretty picture. The surface of the board begins to 'bubble' and fall apart. Procedural ............» top Decisions regarding the prize structure and event schedule, the method of player registration, and the choice of the match pairing system, shall be left at the discretion of the local Tournament Organizers. Nine darts warm-up is the maximum allowance per player. Tournament boards are reserved for assigned match pairings only. Boards are not to be used for practice, unless so designated by the Tournament Organizers. Match pairings will be called 3 times only (minimum of 5 minutes between calls). Should a player/team fail to report to the assigned board within the 15 minute allotted time, a Forfeit will be called. NOTE: Should a player/team be called to matches in two concurrent events (e,g, a female playing in both a Ladies Only and an Open event), that player/team must choose in which event he/they wish to continue play. A Forfeit will be called, unless that player/team can reach their assigned board within the regulation (15 minute) time period described above. Should a player's playing equipment become damaged, or be lost during the course of a throw, that player shall be allowed up to a maximum of 5 minutes in which to repair/replace the playing equipment. A maximum time limit of 5 minutes, under exceptional circumstances subject to the permission of a Tournament Official, shall be allowed in the instance of a player requiring to leave the playing area, during the course of match play. Players and Scorers ONLY are allowed inside the playing area. Opposing players must stand at least 2 feet behind the player at the Hockey. Throw ............» top All darts must be thrown by, and from, the hand. A Throw shall consist of three darts, unless a Leg/Match is completed in a lesser amount. Should a player touch any dart, which is in the dart board, during a throw, that throw shall be deemed to have been completed. Any dart bouncing off, or falling out of the dart board, shall not be re thrown. Starting and Finishing (All Events) ............» top All Matches will be begun by THROWING THE CORK. The player throwing the Cork 1st will be decided by a coin flip, with the winner having the option of throwing 1st or 2nd. The player throwing closest to the Cork shall throw first in the 1st Leg. The Loser of the 1st Leg has the option of throwing the Cork first in the 2nd Leg. If a 3rd Leg is necessary, the Cork will again be thrown, with the loser of the original coin flip having the option of throwing first for the Cork. The second thrower may acknowledge the first dart as an inner or outer Bull (Cork) and ask for that dart to be removed prior to his throw. Should the first dart be removed without the request of the 2nd thrower, a re throw will occur; with the 2nd thrower now having the option of throwing first. The dart must remain in the board in order to count. Additional throws may be made when throwing the Cork, until such time as the player's dart remains in the board. Should the 2nd thrower dislodge the dart of the 1st, a re throw will be made with the 2nd thrower now throwing first. re throws shall be called if the scorer cannot decide which dart is closest to the Cork, or if both darts are anywhere in the inner bull, or both darts are anywhere in the outer bull. Decision of the scorer is final. Should a re throw be necessary, the darts will be removed and the person who threw 2nd will now throw 1st. In all events, each Leg shall be played with a Straight Start (no double required), and a double will be required to finish, unless otherwise stated by the local Tournament Organizers. For the purpose of starting and finishing a Leg/Match, the INNER BULL is considered a double 25. The 'BUST RULE' shall apply, (if the player scores one less, equal, or more points than needed to reach zero, he has "busted". His score reverts back to the score required prior to the beginning of his throw.) Fast finishes such as 3 in a bed, 222, 111, shanghai, etc., do not apply. A Leg/Match is concluded at such time as a player/team hits the 'double' required to reduce their remaining score to zero. Any and all darts thrown subsequently, shall not count for score. Doubles/Team Events ............» top It is permissible for the Doubles/Team player finishing a Leg, to throw the Cork and start the subsequent Leg. It is also permissible for one member of a Doubles or Team to throw the Cork 1st, and have his partner or teammate shoot first. It is permissible for a Doubles or Team to participate with fewer than the required number of players, provided that team forfeits a turn(s) in each rotation, equal to the number of missing players. The missing player(s) may NOT join a Leg in progress, but is allowed to participate in a subsequent Leg(s) of that Match. No player may participate on more than one Doubles or Team, in any respective darts event. There shall be NO recycling of players (either male or female) under any circumstances. No substitutes shall be allowed after the first round of Doubles/Team play. Scoring ............» top For a dart to score, it must remain in the board 5 seconds after the 3rd or final dart has been thrown by that player. The tip of the dart point must be touching the bristle portion of the board, in order for that dart to be counted as score. No dart may be touched by the thrower, another player, scorer, or spectator, prior to the decision of the scorer. Should this occur, that throw shall be deemed to have been completed, per provisions set forth in Rule 19. A dart's score shall be determined from the side of the wire at which the point of the dart enters the board. Should a dart lodge directly between the connecting wires on the dart board, making it impossible to determine on which side of the wire the dart resides, the score shall always be the higher value of the two segments in question. This includes the outside double ring for the game shot. Determination as to whether the dart is directly between the wires shall be made in accordance with Rule 33. It is the responsibility of the player to verify his score before removing his darts from the board. The score remains as written if one or more darts has been removed from the board. Errors in arithmetic must stand as written, unless corrected prior to the beginning of that player's next throw. In case of Doubles/Team matches, such errors must be rectified prior to the next turn of any partner/player on that team. In Doubles/Team events, no player may throw (during a Leg) until each of his teammates has completed his throw. The FIRST player throwing out of turn shall receive a score of ZERO points for that round and his Team shall FORFEIT such turn. The Scorer shall mark the board so that scores made are listed in the outer columns of the scoreboard, and the totals remaining are listed in the two middle columns. The scoreboard/sheet must be clearly visible in front of the player at the Hockey. The Scorer may inform the thrower what he has scored and/or what he has left. He MAY NOT inform the thrower what he has left in terms of number combinations. It IS permissible for a partner, teammate, or a spectator to advise the thrower during the course of a Match. Equipment ............» top Darts Darts used in tournament play shall not exceed an overall maximum length of 30.5cm (12in.), nor weigh more than 50gm per dart. Each dart shall consist of a recognizable point, barrel, and flight. dart board The dart board shall be a standard 18" bristle board, of the type approved by the ADO (Sportcraft/Nodor), and shall be of the standard 1 - 20 clock pattern. International dart board Double Score (Twice the number) Single Score (Face Value) Triple Score (Triple the number) Inner Bull Double 25 or (50 points) Outer Bull (25 points) Lighting ............» top Lights must be affixed in such a way as to brightly illuminate the board, reduce to a minimum the shadows cast by the darts, and not physically impede the flight of dart. Hockey ............» top Whenever possible, a raised hockey, at least 1 1/2" high and 2' long, shall be placed in position at the minimum throwing distance, and shall measure from the back of the raised hockey 7' 9 1/4" along the floor to a plumb line at the face of the dart board. In the event the hockey is a tape or similar 'flush' marking, the minimum throwing distance shall be measured from the edge (front) of the tape closest to the dart board. Should a player have any portion of his feet or shoes over the hockey line during a throw, all darts so thrown shall be counted as part of his throw, but any score made by said darts shall be invalid and not counted. One warning by the official shall be considered sufficient before invoking this rule. A player wishing to throw a dart, or darts, from a point either side of the hockey line, must keep his feet behind an imaginary straight line extending from either side of the hockey line. Center Bull Height = 1.73 metres (5ft - 8ins) Minimum Throwing Distance = 2.37 metres (7ft - 9 1/4ins) Diagonal - Center Bull to back of Hockey = 2.93 metres (9ft - 7 1/2ins) Height of raised Hockey = 38mm (1 1/2ins) Length of raised Hockey = 610mm (2ft - 0ins) Conversion factor = 1cm. (0.3937ins) Scoreboard ............» top A scoreboard must be mounted within 4' laterally from the dart board and at not more than a 45 degree angle from the dart board. [ Approved August 21, 1981 ] ADO American Cricket Rules ............» top All darts events played under the exclusive supervision of and/or sanctioned by the ADO, shall be played in accordance with established ADO Tournament Rules. In addition, the following rules shall apply for ADO Sanctioned Cricket events, effective January 1, 1984. The objective shall be to 'own'/'close' certain numbers on the board, and to achieve the highest point score. The player/team to do so first, shall be the winner. Cricket shall be played using the numbers 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15 and both the inner and outer bull (cork). Each player/team shall take turns in throwing. (Three darts in succession shall constitute a 'turn'/'Inning'.) To close an inning, the player/team must score three of a number. This can be accomplished with three singles, a single and a double, or a triple. Once a player/team scores three of a number, it is 'owned' by that player/team. Once both players/teams have scored three of a number, it is 'closed', and no further scoring can be accomplished on that number by either player/team. To close the bullseye, the outer bull counts as a single, and the inner bull counts as a double. Once a player/team closes an inning, he/they may score points on that number until the opponent also closes that inning. All numerical scores shall be added to the previous balance. Numbers can be 'owned' or 'closed' in any order desired by the individual player/team. Calling your shot is not required. For the purpose of 'owning' a number, the double and triple ring shall count as 2 or 3, respectively. Three marks will close an inning. After a number is 'owned' by a team, the double and triple ring shall count as 2 or 3 times the numerical values, respectively. Winning the game: The player/team that closes all innings first and has the most points, shall be declared the winner. If both sides are tied on points, or have no points, the first player/team to close all innings shall be the winner. If a player/team closes all innings first, and is behind in points, he/they must continue to score on any innings not closed until either the point deficit is made up, or the opponent has closed all innings. It shall be the responsibility of the player to verify his score before removing his darts from the board. The score remains as written if one or more darts has been removed from the board. In accordance with the inherent "strategy" involved in the Cricket game, no alterations in score shall be allowed, after the fact. top	i don't know
During which month of the year is India Independence celebrated?	Independence Day in India Home Calendar Holidays India Independence Day Independence Day in India India celebrates Independence Day on August 15 each year. India became an independent nation on August 15, 1947, so a gazetted holiday is held annually to remember this date. India's Independence Day is celebrated nationwide on August 15. India's Independence Day is celebrated nationwide on August 15. ©iStockphoto.com/Anantha Vardhan What Do People Do? Independence Day is a day when people in India pay homage to their leaders and those who fought for India's freedom in the past. The period leading up to Independence Day is a time when major government buildings are illuminated with strings of lights and the tricolor flutters from homes and other buildings. Broadcast, print and online media may have special contests, programs, and articles to promote the day. Movies about India's freedom fighters are also shown on television. The president delivers the '"Address to the Nation" on the eve of Independence Day. India's prime minister unfurls India's flag and holds a speech at the Red Fort in Old Dehli. Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs are held in the state capitals and often involve many schools and organizations. Many people spend the day with family members or close friends. They may eat a picnic in a park or private garden, go to a film or eat lunch or dinner at home or in a restaurant. Other people go kite flying or sing or listen to patriotic songs. Public Life Independence Day is a gazetted holiday in India on August 15 each year. National, state and local government offices, post offices and banks are closed on this day. Stores and other businesses and organizations may be closed or have reduced opening hours. Public transport is usually unaffected as many locals travel for celebrations but there may be heavy traffic and increased security in areas where there are celebrations. Independence Day flag raising ceremonies may cause some disruption to traffic, particularly in Dehli and capital cities in India's states. Background The struggle for India's Independence began in 1857 with the Sepoy Mutiny in Meerut. Later, in the 20th century, the Indian National Congress and other political organizations, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, launched a countrywide independence movement. Colonial powers were transferred to India on August 15, 1947. The Constituent Assembly, to who power was to be transferred, met to celebrate India's independence at 11pm on August 14, 1947. India gained its liberty and became a free country at midnight between August 14 and August 15, 1947. It was then that the free India's first prime minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru gave his famous "Tryst with Destiny" speech. People across India are reminded of the meaning of this event - that it marked the start of a new era of deliverance from the British colonialism that took place in India for more than 200 years. Symbols The sport of kite flying symbolizes Independence Day. The skies are dotted with countless kites flown from rooftops and fields to symbolize India's free spirit of India. Kites of various styles, sizes and shades, including the tricolor are available in the marketplaces. The Red Fort in Dehli is also an important Independence Day symbol in India as it is where Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru unveiled India's flag on August 15, 1947. India's national flag is a horizontal tricolor of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is two to three. A navy-blue wheel in the center of the white band represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the white band's width and it has 24 spokes. Independence Day Observances Note: During a gazetted holiday, government offices and most businesses are closed so people have a day off work. Holiday currently only shown for years 2005–2017. Weekday	August
Who plays Fanny Brice in the 1968 film ‘Funny Girl’?	National Archives EEO Special Emphasis Observances \| National Archives Reasonable Accommodations Procedures National Archives EEO Special Emphasis Observances Special Emphasis Programs (SEP) are an integral part of the Equal Employment Opportunity and Civil Rights Program. The purpose of these programs is to ensure that agencies take affirmative steps to provide equal opportunity to minorities, women and people with disabilities in all areas of employment. The term, "Special Emphasis Programs," refers specifically to employment related programs which focus special attention on groups that are conspicuously absent or underrepresented in a specific occupational category or grade level in the agency's work force. These programs serve as a channel to management officials. The goals of the Special Emphasis Programs are to: Improve employment and advancement opportunities for minorities, women and people with disabilities in the Federal service; Identify systemic causes of discrimination against minorities, women and people with disabilities; Seek ways to help minorities, women and people with disabilities to advance by using their skills more fully; Monitor agency progress in eliminating discrimination and adverse impact on minorities, women and people with disabilities in employment and agency programs; and Educate Federal employees and managers about the extent of various forms of discrimination within the Federal Service. Special observances were designed for the purpose of providing cultural awareness to everyone. Commemorative activities conducted for these observances should be educational and employment-related. Observances celebrate the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.; African American Heritage; Women's History; Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) equal rights; Asian Pacific Americans; Women's Equality Day; Hispanic Americans; People with Disabilities; and American Indian/Alaskan Native Heritage. The following are Special Emphasis Observances implemented by Presidential Proclamation, Executive Orders and Public Law as cited below: Month January: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr Authority: Public Law 98-144; Public Law 98-399 The first observance of the Federal legal holiday honoring the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. was established on January 20, 1986. This holiday serves as time for Americans to reflect on the principles of racial equality and nonviolent social change espoused by Martin Luther King, Jr.; and it is appropriate for the Federal Government to coordinate efforts with Americans of diverse backgrounds and with private organizations in the observance of the Federal legal holiday honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. February: African American History Month Authority: Executive Order 11478 In 1926, Dr. Carter G. Woodson instituted the first week-long celebration to raise awareness of African Americans' contributions to history. 50 years later, the week became a month, and today February is celebrated as African American History Month. The month of February was chosen because it celebrates the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass, both of whom dramatically affected the lives of African Americans. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) was a writer, lecturer, editor, and civil rights activist who escaped slavery at age 21 and went on to campaign for the abolition of slavery, establish a newspaper, and hold the office of Minister to Haiti. He was a major voice in the anti-slavery/civil rights movement of his time. Abraham Lincoln (born February 12, 1809), as the sixteenth president of the United States, issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, thereby declaring that all slaves within the Confederacy would be permanently free. Each year, the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASAALH) founded by Dr. Woodson, sets the theme for the month. March: National Women's History Month Authority: Public Law 103-22, 107 Stat. 58 and Executive Order 11375 National Women's History Month was established by presidential proclamation in order to draw attention to and improve the focus on women in historical studies. It began in New York City on March 8, 1857, when female textile workers marched in protest of unfair working conditions and unequal rights for women. It was one of the first organized strikes by working women, during which they called for a shorter work day and decent wages. Also on March 8, in 1908, women workers in the needle trades marched through New York City's Lower East Side to protest child labor, sweatshop working conditions, and demand women's suffrage. Beginning in 1910, March 8 became annually observed as International Women's Day. Women's History Week was instituted in 1978 in an effort to begin adding women's history into educational curricula. In 1987, the National Women's History Project successfully petitioned Congress to include all of March as a celebration of the economic, political and social contributions of women. May: Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month Authority: Executive Order 13339 The roots of Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month can be traced back to 1976, when Jeanie Jew, President of the Organization of Chinese American Women, contacted government officials in response to the lack of Asian Pacific representation in the U.S. bicentennial celebrations that same year. The observance began in 1979 as Asian Heritage Week, established by congressional proclamation. In May 1990, the holiday was expanded further when President George Bush signed a proclamation making it month-long for that year. On October 23, 1992, Bush signed legislation designating May of every year Asian Pacific American Heritage Month. The month of May was chosen to commemorate two significant events in history: the immigration of the first Japanese immigrants to the United States on May 7, 1843, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad on May 10, 1869 (Golden Spike Day). The diversity and common experiences of the many ethnic groups are celebrated during Asian Pacific American Heritage Month with numerous community festivals as well as government-sponsored activities. June: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Authority: Proclamation 8387 In June of 1969, patrons and supporters of the Stonewall Inn in New York City staged an uprising to resist the police harassment and persecution to which LGBT Americans were commonly subjected. This uprising marks the beginning of a movement to outlaw discriminatory laws and practices against LGBT Americans. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month commemorates the events of June 1969 and works to achieve equal justice and equal opportunity for LGBT Americans. In 1998, President Clinton issued Executive Order 13087 expanding equal opportunity employment in the Federal government by prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. On June 2, 2000, President Clinton issued Proclamation No. 7316 for Gay and Lesbian Pride Month. On June 1, 2009, President Obama issued Proclamation No. 8387 for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month. In this proclamation the President pointed to the contributions made by LGBT Americans both in promoting equal rights to all regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity and in broader initiatives such as the response to the global HIV pandemic. The President ended the proclamation by calling upon the people of the United States to "turn back discrimination and prejudice everywhere it exists." September: National Hispanic Heritage Month (September 15-October 15) Authority: Executive Order 13230 National Hispanic Heritage Month honors the culture, heritage, and contributions of Hispanic Americans each year. The event began in 1968 when Congress deemed the week, including September 15 and 16, National Hispanic Heritage Week to celebrate the contributions and achievements of the diverse cultures within the Hispanic community. The dates were chosen to commemorate two key historic events: Independence Day, honoring the formal signing of the Act of Independence for Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (September 15, 1821), and Mexico's Independence Day, which denotes the beginning of the struggle against Spanish control (September 16, 1810). It was not until 1988 that the event was expanded to month-long period, which includes El Dia de la Raza on October 12, celebrating the influences of the people who came after Christopher Columbus and the multicultural, multiethnic society that evolved as a result; Chile's Independence Day on September 18 (El Dieciocho); and Belize's Independence Day on September 21. Each year a different theme for the month is selected and a poster is created to reflect that theme. October: National Disability Employment Awareness Month Authority: Executive Order 13187 Congress, with the aim of helping disabled veterans, designated the first week of October as National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week in 1945. Seventeen years later, the word "physically" was removed from the phrase in order to recognize the needs and contributions of individuals with all types of disabilities. In the 1970s, a shift in disability public policy led to further amendments. For the first time, it was viewed as discriminatory to exclude or segregate people because of a disability, and activists were fighting strongly for legal revisions. As a result, the U.S. saw changes such as the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990 and the designation, by presidential proclamation, of a full month to increase public awareness of those with disabilities and appreciate the capabilities of the 30 million people in the U.S. of working-age who are disabled. Various programs throughout the month headed by The Office of Disability Employment Policy emphasize specific employment barriers that still need to be addressed and eliminated. November: National American Indian/Alaska Native Heritage Month Authority: Presidential Proclamation and Executive Order 13270 In 1976, Congress designated a week of October to celebrate Native American Awareness Week. The week served as recognition for the great influence American Indians have had upon the U.S. Yearly legislation was enacted to continue the tradition until August of 1990, when President Bush approved the designation of November as National American Indian Heritage Month. Each year a similar proclamation is issued. President Clinton noted in 1996, "Throughout our history, American Indian and Alaska Native peoples have been an integral part of the American character. Against all odds, America's first peoples have endured, and they remain a vital cultural, political, social, and moral presence." November is an appropriate month for the celebration because it is traditionally a time when many American Indians hold fall harvest and world-renewal ceremonies, powwows, dances, and various feasts. The holiday recognizes hundreds of different tribes and approximately 250 languages, and celebrates the history, tradition, and values of American Indians. National American Indian Heritage Month serves as a reminder of the positive effect native peoples have had on the cultural development and growth of the U.S., as well as the struggles and challenges they have faced.	i don't know
Cou is French for which part of the body?	parts of the body Bookmark this page French Phrases: parts of the body This page gives French words for the main parts of the body. Note that parts of the body in French are usually used with the definite article (le, la or les), even though in English, you'd often use a possessive (my, his etc). Face and neck	Neck
How many stations are there on the Paris Metro rail system?	parts of the body Bookmark this page French Phrases: parts of the body This page gives French words for the main parts of the body. Note that parts of the body in French are usually used with the definite article (le, la or les), even though in English, you'd often use a possessive (my, his etc). Face and neck	i don't know
Hippoglossus Hippoglossus is the Latin name for which flat fish?	Halibut - Phadia - Setting the Standard - Phadia.com Skin-sensitivity, anaphylaxis and other symptoms related to food allergy have been reported. Review A large, oceanic flat fish sometimes weighing several hundred kilos. The larger fish can be 30 to 35 years old. Halibut is most often frozen, but is sold fresh in markets near the fishing areas. Clinical experience Sera from 2 patients with anaphylactic sensitization to halibut and tuna were studied to assess cross-reactivity with 16 other fish species (1). The IgE binding patterns were more similar as the taxonomical relationship became closer. Skin sensitivity to halibut has been reported (2). Repeated episodes of food-allergic symptoms and anaphylaxis after eating halibut were reported in an early study (3). References Frick, OL; Barker, S. Allergenicity among different food fish species studied by western blotting. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 1989; 83: 295. Stricker, WE; Anorve-Lopez, E; Reed, CE. Food skin testing in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 1986; 77: 516-519. Golbert, TM; Patterson, R; Pruzansky, JJ. Systemic allergic reactions to ingested antigens. J Allergy; 1969; 44: 96-107. © 2012 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries. Legal Manufacturer: Phadia AB, Uppsala, Sweden.	Halibut
An excerpt from the composition ‘Gran Vals’ by classical guitarist Francisco Tarrega is commonly known as The ‘what’ Tune?	Halibut \| Define Halibut at Dictionary.com halibut [hal-uh-buh t, hol-] /ˈhæl ə bət, ˈhɒl-/ Spell noun, plural (especially collectively) halibut (especially referring to two or more kinds or species) halibuts. 1. either of two large flatfishes, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, of the North Atlantic, or H. stenolepis, of the North Pacific, used for food. 2. any of various other similar flatfishes. Expand Middle English 1350-1400 1350-1400; Middle English halybutte, equivalent to haly (variant of holy ) + butte flat fish (< MD); so called because eaten on holy days. Compare Dutch heilbot, German Heilbutt Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for halibut Expand British Dictionary definitions for halibut Expand noun (pl) -buts, -but 1. the largest flatfish: a dark green North Atlantic species, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, that is a very important food fish: family Pleuronectidae 2. any of several similar and related flatfishes, such as Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland halibut) Word Origin C15: from haliholy (because it was eaten on holy days) + butte flat fish, from Middle Dutch butte Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for halibut Expand n. large flatfish, early 15c., perhaps from hali "holy" (see holy ) + butte "flatfish;" supposedly so called from its being eaten on holy days (cf. cognate Dutch heilbot, Low German heilbutt, Swedish helgeflundra, Danish helleflynder). For second element see butt (n.4). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
The county of Pembrokeshire is in which British country?	Pembrokeshire County Show (Aug 2016), Pembroke Dock UK - Trade Show Trade Show Similar Events The Pembrokeshire County Show is a new event for Eden Crafts. Pembrokshire is a popular tourist destination set in the heart of Wales and the County show attract over 100,000 visitors. Surrounded by beautiful local scenery, Pembrokshire is an excellent three day events with reported excellent sales in previous years. Visitors Attending Sole Proprieter at Hashmat Traders Peshawar, Pakistan Manager at Gaama Travel Tours Pvt Ltd Kathmandu, Nepal Managing Director at Orien Prints Milton Keynes, United Kingdom Sales Executive at Foresight Optical Ltd. 7 Shin Ho Road, Tainan, 70254 Connect Designer Maker at Terra Bella Gems Cardiff, United Kingdom 9 Esplanade, Tenby, Pembrokeshire SA70 7DU, United Kingdom Pembroke Dock, UK Want to Exhibit? Exhibitor Profile Profile for exhibit includes Antique Jewelry, Antique Furniture, Antique Clocks, Antiquities, Art Glass, Art Works, Decorative Art, Glass Ware, Hand woven Carpets & Rugs, Handicrafts, Modern Edition, Young Arts Fair, Avant Grade etc. Exhibitors List Wize Guyz Foodz Boston, USA Artificial Boxwood Hedge Fence Fake Leaves Garden Boxwood MA,Sunwing Green And Health Plastic Fence For Decorative Your G,Diy Artificial Fence Privacy Ivy From Sunwing,The Annual Competitive Price Plastic Fence... - Central Marketing Colonial Heights, USA Miscellaneous,Inspection,(Curing Presses) Cima Tire Retreading Radial Pneus 2,Cima Tire Tire Retreading Radial Pneus 9,(Curing Presses) Cima Tire Retreading Radial Pneus 3,(Curing Presses) Cima Tire Retreadi... - Uneek UK W Victoria Crew Lite Socks,Ambler Shoes,Tryon Wp Shoes,Ambler Mesh,W Bellingham Qtr. Ultralite Socks,W Claire Knee-High Lite Socks -	Wales
What is the full length of a badminton court in feet?	British County Flags \| Celebrating British County Flags Celebrating British County Flags Welsh County Flags Welcome To British County Flags This site celebrates the county flags of Great Britain, its purpose is to provide some explanation and reference for the flags of British shires and to clarify areas of confusion or misunderstanding. On this page there follows some background detail concerning the status of our counties and the development of local flags. Accounts of existing county flags are grouped into English , Scottish and Welsh sections which can be reached by the tabs above or individually under the “Categories” listing at the right of this page. There is also a “ Regional and Islands ” tab for those registered flags. The “ Prospective Flags ” section details proposed designs, both novel and traditional, for those as yet “unflagged” counties, regions, islands and county divisions. Links to related web pages can be found under “Blogroll”. THE COUNTIES There are 86 counties in Great Britain: 13 are Welsh, 39 are English and 34 are Scottish. Many of these counties have existed for the best part of a thousand years and contrary to a general misunderstanding, have never been abolished. It may therefore come as something of a surprise to learn that Caernarfonshire, Middlesex, Banffshire, Westmorland and Cumberland all still exist. This confusion has arisen because of the association made between local administrations, generally termed councils and counties. It is often assumed that a council represents a county and a county is represented by a council but this is not the case. In the late nineteenth century, the local administrations, the county councils, were set up for each county. With population changes over the following century the government redefined local administrations so that they were no longer based on the real counties. However, changing administrative arrangements did not abolish the real counties which have never gone away, a council does not a county make! To underline this fact, when the 1972 local government act came into effect, a government official was at pains to explain that “They are administrative areas, and will not alter the traditional boundaries of counties, nor is it intended that the loyalties of people living in them will change.” . Middlesex therefore, existed since the Anglo-Saxon era, a council was created to administer it in the 1890s, that council ceased to be in 1965 but the county was never abolished as an entity by any legislation. Ulverston and Barrow are in Lancashire, Wantage, in Berkshire, Sedbergh is in Yorkshire, Bournemouth has never ceased to be in Hampshire . The same applies to traditional county divisions such as the “Ridings” of Yorkshire and the “Parts” of Lincolnshire. Several decades later, on Saint George’s Day 2013, Eric Pickles , the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, whose remit covered England, asserted that the nation’s historic and traditional counties still exist, and are now recognised by the government – including the likes of Cumberland, Huntingdonshire, Westmorland and Middlesex. For years and in disregard of the 1974 government statement many parts of Whitehall and municipal officialdom had shunned these counties, a practice which Mr Pickles announced would not be maintained as the government would now seek to encourage the marking and continued use of such traditional county names and encourage local residents to continue to champion such local identities, irrespective of current tiers of local administration. The Secretary of State declared, “The tapestry of England’s counties binds our nation together. This government has binned the arbitrary Government Office euro-regions, and instead, we are championing England’s traditional local identities which continue to run deep. Administrative restructuring by previous governments has sought to suppress and undermine such local identities. Today, on St George’s Day, we commemorate our patron saint and formally acknowledge the continuing role of our traditional counties in England’s public and cultural life.”. The following year Mr Pickles used the same Saint George’s Day date to announce a further initiative to support the ‘tapestry’ of traditional English counties. His department declared, “England’s traditional counties date back over a thousand years of English history but many of the counties have been sidelined by Whitehall and municipal bureaucrats in recent decades, including the municipal restructuring by Edward Heath’s government in 1972. By contrast, this government is championing local communities continuing to cherish and celebrate such traditional ties and community spirit.”. A change in planning rules was presented which would allow for councils to put up boundary signs marking traditional English counties – including the likes of Cumberland, Huntingdonshire, Westmorland and Middlesex. Eric Pickles himself stated that, “The tapestry of England’s counties binds our nation together, and is interwoven with our cultural fabric – from our cricket to our ales. Previous governments have tried to wipe the counties off the map, imposing bland administrative structures or alien euro-regions. But I believe we are stronger as a nation when we cherish and champion our local and traditional ties. This government is proud to wave the flag of St George alongside our county flags. Whatever one’s class, colour or creed, we should have pride in our English identities within the United Kingdom’s Union that binds us together.” Further information concerning the status of our counties is available at ‘ County Definitions ‘. EMERGENCE OF COUNTY FLAGS Unlike American states or German Länder, the counties of the United Kingdom have not uniformly, borne distinctive flags. A few such as Kent and Essex , have been associated with specific emblems for centuries which in the modern era have also appeared as flags. The constituent divisions of federal or confederal states such as Germany and Switzerland readily adopt or are ascribed flags, as indications of their authority. The constituent divisions of the United Kingdom, the counties, never having exercised such powers as wielded by territories like the state of California or Bavaria, have not required such expression. Certain territories of the United Kingdom however, with differing historical, cultural and linguistic legacies have raised flags, to mark themselves out as distinct and different. A Cornish flag has existed since at least the nineteenth century for instance and is considered to be a “national” flag reflecting a status of the territory and its people as an assimilated Celtic land, rather than just one amongst many English counties. Similarly flags for the North Atlantic archipelagos of the Shetland and Orkney islands, with strong Scandinavian heritages, were created in the twentieth century. In recent years such enthusiasm has spread and a number of British counties have marked their presence as distinct entities with a county flag. In much the same manner that one may wave a national flag to demonstrate pride in one’s nation or support for a national sports team, so people wanting to demonstrate their local pride or indicate their origins amongst a concert crowd or similar gathering, have turned to flags as a natural means of doing so. The complication with this trend however is that for England and Wales at least, there being no “UK Flag Act” that might “authorise” such county flags, there is no official method or process of establishing them. The College of Arms is commissioned to design flags for government offices and departments and of course designs and registers the arms of individuals and corporations but has never been required to do the same for any of the shires, it does not supply county flags. THE FLAG REGISTRY In an effort to regularise the situation, a registry has been established by the Flag Institute . Founded in 1971 the Institute is one of the world’s leading research and documentation centres for flags and flag information and an adviser to the British government on flag related matters. The UK Flag Registry exists as a definitive record of the flags which exist in the UK both nationally and locally. There is no other similar formal national listing, so whilst ostensibly it operates as a record book of county flags, it effectively serves also as the de facto authority which endorses them. The criteria laid down for inclusion in the Registry emphasise the authoritativeness of the record; designs are not accepted without question but have to demonstrate a definite usage or acceptance: The design must be unique within the UK (i.e. no other UK area or organisation is using the design); The design must be in the public domain (i.e. not subject to copyright); In the case of county flags the flag must normally apply to a historical county rather than a modern administrative area ; The flag must be registered with the College of Arms, registered with the Office of the Lord Lyon, traditional, selected by a public vote or selected by an appropriate county or city organisation. For county flags this in practice generally means being endorsed by a venerable county organisation, which can be a county council or an active local pressure group; a flag for Hertfordshire for instance was registered after its sanction by Hertfordshire County Council, while the flag of Lancashire appeared as a result of a request from the Friends of Real Lancashire. In Scotland however, all flags must be authorised by Lord Lyon (the chief heraldic authority) and recorded in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. TYPES OF FLAGS	i don't know
Which English monarch founded Eton College?	Eton School Eton School Figure 1.--Boys at many exclusive English public schools wore what we now refrer to as Eton suits. The brothers here are Harrow students and the boys wear their school uniform in an outing with their father about 1910. The annual cricket match between Eton and Harrow schools, at Lord�s ground, London, is always attended by a large and fashionably dressed gathering. Eton College is one of the best known schools in the world. Americans think of colleges as small universities. Colleges in most of the rest of the world are secondary schools, as is Eton College, albeit a prestigious one. Eton College was founded in 1440, nearly 58 years after the founding of Winchester school, by William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, under the patronage of Henry VI--the Scholar King, and with the title of "the College of the Blessed Mary of Eaton beside Windsor." The buildings were completed between 1491 and 1523. The original buildings consist of two quadrangles containing the chappel, the upper and lower schools, appartments for officials, the library, and offices. The school has produced a long list of distinguished former pupils, including Sir Robert Walpole, Robert Hartley, william Pitt the Elder, Horace Walpole, the Duke of Wellington, Thomas Gray, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Ewart Gladstone. Location Eton is a Buckinghamshire town on the Thmes River opposite Windsor, within which parliamentary borough it is situated. Eton is best known for its college, perhaps England's best known public school. Foundtion The "King�s College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor" was founded by Plantagenet King Henry VI about 1440-41. Henry was known as the "Scholar King". This was early in the King's reign (1429-71). The school was endowed primarily from the revenues of the "alien priories" suppressed by Henry V. Henry donated a huge collection of holy relics among which were fragments of what were supposed to be the True Cross and the Crown of Thorns. Henry's purpose was to provide free education for 70 poor scholars who would continue their education at King�s College, Cambridge--also founded by King Henry. A connection between Eton and Cambridge still continues today. Early School The King in organizing the school used the model established by William of Wykeham at Winchester and New College, Oxford. The original staff at Eton included a provost, priests, 4 clerks, 6 choristers, a schoolmaster, 25 poor and indigent scholars, and the same number of poor men or bedesmen. The King in 1443 made major changes at the College. He increased the number of scholars to 70, and reduced the bedesmen to 13. Early acounts do not paint a educational ideal, rats ran free and the boys had to wash outside using only cold water. King Henry appointed one of his advisores, William of Waynflete, who had been master of Winchester College, in 1443 to be provost at Eton in 1443. Other chanes at Eton was the the establishment of cominensales or commoners who lived in the town of Eton and paid for their education. They were distinct from the scholars; and these now called "oppidans" which now comprise most of the boys. History Early history The College managed to survive the unsettled period at the close of Henry�s reign. The King was murdered in the Tower of London while at prayer. Edward IV reduced the College's possessions and tried to join it with St George, Windsor Castle. The College's annual revenue in 1506 amounted to �652. Sonations over time and the rise in the value of the College's property have left it now very well endowed. King George III King George III had a special fondness for Eton. The school was located across the Thames from the King's castlle at Windsor. A footbridge across the Thames connects Windsor with Eton. The King was noted for frequently visiting the school and attending official functions. He would talk informally with the masters and boys--many of whom he knew by name. The King would not infrequently entertained at Winsor Castle with the royal family. Eton boys have worn black jackets and ties in mourning for that long-reigning monarch. The major annual celebraton is the 4th of June--King George's birthdy. The King died in 1820. I'm not sure when the tradition of black jackets began. One source says the 1850s. Late 19th Century The College commissioners in 1870, under an act of 1868, appointed the governing body of the College, consisting of the provost of Eton, the provost of King�s College, Cambridge, five representatives nominated respectively by the university of Oxford, the university of Cambridge, the Royal Society, the lord chief justice and the masters, and four representatives chosen by the rest of the governing body. The governing body in 1872 determined thr the school (the foundation) should consist of a provost and 10 fellows (not priests, but merely the members of the governing body other than the provost), a headmaster of the school, and a lower master, at least 70 scholars (known as "collegers"), and not more than 2 chaplains or conducts. Originally the scholars had to be born in England, of lawfully married parents, and be between 8-16 years of age. As Britain's Empire expanded and many boys were born in British colonies, this had to be changed. The statutes of 1872 opened scholarships to all boys who were British subjects, and (with certain limitations as to the exact date of birth) between 12-15years of age. A number of foundation scholarships for King�s College, Cambridge, are avaialble on a competive basis. There are several other valuable scholarships and exhibitions, most of which are tenable only at Cambridge, some at Oxford, and some at either university. Curriculum The current Eton curriculum includes a range of classical and modern subjects. Until the first half of the 19th century the normal course of instruction at Eton remained almost wholly classical. There were masters for other subjects, but they were unconnected with the general business of the school. Boys couldattend these subjects in their frree time. Buildings Construction of the school buildings were began in 1441. They were first occupied in 1443, but it took 50 years to complete the original buildings. The original buildings consisted of two quadrangles, built partly of freestone but chiefly of brick. The outer quadrangle, or school-yard, is enclosed by the chapel, upper and lower schools, the original scholars� dormitory ("long chamber"), now transformed, and masters� chambers. At the center was a bronze statue of Henry VI, College founder. Tours of the College are a fascinating experience, which includes the Cloisters, the Chapel, the oldest classroom in the College and the Museum of Eton Life. Figure 2.--Here Eton boys are celebrating the 4th of June anout 2000. Many of the uniforms are not unlike those worn 100 years ago. Celebrations and Ceremonies Any school that is as old and ilustrious as Eton College had develops many traditions. There are many such celebrations and ceremonies at Eton, some of very historic orgins. We do not have a lot of informations on the many different celebrations and ceremonies. We haqve begun to develop some information. 4th of June Eton hold its principal annual celebration on the 4th of June which is the birthday of King George III, who had a special fondness for the school. While the event is called the 4th of June, it is rarely held exactly on that day. This is the speech-day. After the official ceremonies at the school a procession of boats takes place on the Thames. In the sport Eton occupies a unique position among the public schools in the sport of rowing. A large proportion of the oarsmen in the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat-race are traditionally Etonian alumni. The wall game Another annual celebration is the occasion of the contest between collegers and oppidans at a peculiar form of football known as the "wall game". It acquired that name because it is played against a wall bordering the college playing-field. This annual game is played on St Andrew�s Day, November 30. Service of Installation Here we see a scene from the Service of Installation on July 9, 1936. At 10.45 this morning the Ht. Mon the Lord Hugh Cecil, Provost Designate of Eton College, knocked three times on the great gate of the college. He was received by the Fellows, Masters and the whole school. The Service of Installation followed. The new Provost (on the steps) with the Captain of Eton College (on his left) calling for three cheers in the school yard. Others The field game of football played at Eton has peculiar rules. The annual cricket match between Eton and Harrow schools, at Lord�s ground, London, is always attended by a large and fashionably dressed gathering. Eton for years had a desinctive custom called Montem. Its origin is unknown. It was first mentioned in 1561 and was held triennially on WhitTuesday. The last celebration was in 1844. It was abolished just before it was to be held in 1847. Montem consisted of a procession of the boys in a kind of military order, with flags and music, headed by their "captain" to a small mound called Salt Hill, near the Bath road, where they demanded contributions, or salt. The amount collected, after deducting certain expenses, was given to the captain of the school. Student Body From the original 70 scholars, Eton had about 1,000 students in 1910. They were no longer poor scholars, but rather the cream of British society. The school now has about 1,280 boys aged from 13 to 18 who are admitted by competitive examination. While the school is much more open han in the past, most boys still come from private preparatory scools. Eton Suit School Uniforms The traditional Eton school uniform and collar influenced English school uniforms for more than a century. Given the prestige of Eton college, many English adopted the style of the Eton school uniform with minor modifications. Gradualy English schools adopted more standard single breasted suits, but retained the Eton collar for dress occasions into the 1920s and even the 1939s at conservative schools. The style does continue to be worn at Eton College Eton School Unifom While Eton College did not conceive of the idea of school uniform in England, the uniform it introduced in large measure initiated the modern traditions of school uniforms in Britain. Eton College was one of the many British schools which introduced school uniforms in the mid-19th Century. The sober suit influenced the uniform adopted by other schools as well as the clothes of British boys of all classes. The resulting Eton suit, as it is now known, became an emensely popular fashion for school age boys both in Britain and America. It is apparently the only public school uniform that went on to become widely worn by boys--many of whom may never had heard of Eton College. The Eton suit and collar was widely worn by boys in the late 19th and early 20th Century. It is unclear to the author why it was the Eton suit, and not the uniforms at other public schools, that became such a standard of boyhood fashion. Perhaps it was the prestige of Eton College. Even other public schools adopted uniforms incorporating the destinctive Eton collar as well as other features of the Eton suit. Actually Eton School had two different uniforms. The uniform we now think of with the stiff white collar and short jacket was the junior uniform. Senior boys wore long jackets with tails. Boys when they reached 5 ft 4 in were allowed to wear the senior uniform. But this meant that shorter boys might have to wear the junior uniform even at 16 or 17. Finally in 19?? the school abolished the junior uniform and all boys now wear tails. Individual Eton Boys The school has produced a long list of distinguished former pupils, including educated 18 former British Prime Ministers. Some illustrious old boys include: the Duke of Wellington, Walpole, Pitt the Elder, MacMillan and Douglas-HolmeSir Robert Walpole, Robert Hartley, William Pitt the Elder, Horace Walpole, Thomas Gray, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Ewart Gladstone. Some information is available on HBC about individual boys at Eton:	Henry VI of England
Which artist co-wrote and appeared in the 1927 Luis Bunuel film ‘Un Chien Andalou’?	Eton College \| school, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom \| Britannica.com school, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom Written By: Charterhouse Eton College, near Windsor , Berkshire , one of England’s largest independent secondary schools and one of the highest in prestige . It was founded by Henry VI in 1440–41 for 70 highly qualified boys who received scholarships from a fund endowed by the king. Simultaneously, Henry founded King’s College , Cambridge, to which scholars from Eton were to proceed. That connection is no longer in place. Eton College from the playing fields Popperfoto Today, as throughout the school’s history, Eton names about 14 King’s Scholars, or Collegers, each year, for a schoolwide total of 70. The selection is based on the results of a competitive examination open to boys between 12 and 14 years of age. King’s Scholars are awarded scholarships ranging from 10 to 100 percent of fees and are boarded in special quarters in the college. The other students, called Oppidans, now number more than 1,200 and are housed in boardinghouses under the care of house masters. The Oppidans have traditionally come from England’s wealthiest and most prestigious families, many of them aristocratic. Boys enter Eton about age 13 and continue there until they are ready to enter university. Learn More in these related articles: Henry VI (king of England) Dec. 6, 1421 Windsor, Berkshire, Eng. May 21/22, 1471 London king of England from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471, a pious and studious recluse whose incapacity for government was one of the causes of the Wars of the Roses. in United Kingdom: England in the 15th century ...century, however, was an important age in the foundation of schools and colleges. Some schools were set up as adjuncts to chantries, some by guilds, and some by collegiate churches. Henry VI founded Eton College in 1440 and King’s College, Cambridge, in 1441. Other colleges at Oxford and Cambridge were also founded in this period. The Inns of Court expanded their membership and systematized... in library: Ancient materials ...other scholarly libraries collect and preserve them as part of their responsibility to the preservation of history and the advancement of learning. Most universities have collections of rare books. Eton College, for example, has a fine collection of incunabula, some of which were purchased when they were first printed. A Gutenberg Bible is one of its finest examples. Some, such as the Duke... 3 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References founding (in United Kingdom: England in the 15th century ) External Links Official Site of Eton College Overview of this UK-based educational institution. Provides news, pictures, and details on available courses and facilities. Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode School, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom Tips for Editing Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: June 27, 2007 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eton-College Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share	i don't know
What was the name of the hurricane that battered New York in October 2012?	Storm Barrels Through Region, Leaving Destructive Path - The New York Times The New York Times U.S. \|Storm Barrels Through Region, Leaving Destructive Path Search Continue reading the main story Hurricane Sandy battered the mid-Atlantic region on Monday, its powerful gusts and storm surges causing once-in-a-generation flooding in coastal communities, knocking down trees and power lines and leaving more than five million people — including a large swath of Manhattan — in the rain-soaked dark. At least seven deaths in the New York region were tied to the storm. The mammoth and merciless storm made landfall near Atlantic City around 8 p.m., with maximum sustained winds of about 80 miles per hour, the National Hurricane Center said. That was shortly after the center had reclassified the storm as a post-tropical cyclone, a scientific renaming that had no bearing on the powerful winds, driving rains and life-threatening storm surge expected to accompany its push onto land. The storm had unexpectedly picked up speed as it roared over the Atlantic Ocean on a slate-gray day and went on to paralyze life for millions of people in more than a half-dozen states, with extensive evacuations that turned shorefront neighborhoods into ghost towns. Even the superintendent of the Statue of Liberty left to ride out the storm at his mother’s house in New Jersey; he said the statue itself was “high and dry,” but his house in the shadow of the torch was not. The wind-driven rain lashed sea walls and protective barriers in places like Atlantic City, where the Boardwalk was damaged as water forced its way inland. Foam was spitting, and the sand gave in to the waves along the beach at Sandy Hook, N.J., at the entrance to New York Harbor. Water was thigh-high on the streets in Sea Bright, N.J., a three-mile sand-sliver of a town where the ocean joined the Shrewsbury River. “It’s the worst I’ve seen,” said David Arnold, watching the storm from his longtime home in Long Branch, N.J. “The ocean is in the road, there are trees down everywhere. I’ve never seen it this bad.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story In New York, Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo’s office said late Monday night that at least five deaths in the state were attributable to the storm. At least three of those involved falling trees. About 7 p.m., a tree fell on a house in Queens, killing a 30-year-old man, the city police said. About the same time, two boys, ages 11 and 13, were killed in North Salem in Westchester County, when a tree fell on the house they were in, according to the State Police. In Morris County, N.J., a man and a woman were killed when a tree fell on their car Monday evening, The Associated Press reported. In Manhattan, NYU Langone Medical Center’s backup power system failed Monday evening, forcing the evacuation of patients to other facilities. In a Queens beach community, nearly 200 firefighters were battling a huge blaze early on Tuesday morning that tore through more than 50 tightly-packed homes in an area where heavy flooding slowed responders. Earlier, a construction crane atop one of the tallest buildings in the city came loose and dangled 80 stories over West 57th Street, across the street from Carnegie Hall. Soon power was going out and water was rushing in. Waves topped the sea wall in the financial district in Manhattan, sending cars floating downstream. West Street, along the western edge of Lower Manhattan, looked like a river. The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, known officially as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel in memory of a former governor, flooded “from end to end,” the Metropolitan Transportation Authority said, hours after Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York ordered it closed to traffic.Officials said water also seeped into seven subway tunnels under the East River. Joseph J. Lhota, the transit authority chairman, called the storm the most devastating disaster in the 108-year history of the subway system. “We could be fishing out our windows tomorrow,” said Garnett Wilcher, a barber who lives in the Hammells Houses, a block from the ocean in the Rockaways in Queens. Still, he said he felt safe at home. Pointing to neighboring apartment houses in the city-run housing project, he said, “We got these buildings for jetties.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story Hurricane-force winds extended up to 175 miles from the center of the storm; tropical-storm-force winds spread out 485 miles from the center. Forecasters said tropical-storm-force winds could stretch all the way north to Canada and all the way west to the Great Lakes. Snow was expected in some states. Businesses and schools were closed; roads, bridges and tunnels were closed; and more than 13,000 airline flights were canceled. Even the Erie Canal was shut down. Subways were shut down from Boston to Washington, as were Amtrak and the commuter rail lines. About 1,000 flights were canceled at each of the three major airports in the New York City area. Philadelphia International Airport had 1,200 canceled flights, according to FlightAware, a data provider in Houston. And late Monday night, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg said cabs had been instructed to get off New York City roads. A replica of the H.M.S. Bounty, a tall ship built for the 1962 movie “Mutiny on the Bounty” starring Marlon Brando and used in the recent “Pirates of the Caribbean” series, sank off the North Carolina coast. The Coast Guard said the 180-foot three-masted ship went down near the Outer Banks after being battered by 18-foot-high seas and thrashed by 40-m.p.h. winds. The body of one crew member, Claudene Christian, 42, was recovered. Another crew member remained missing. Delaware banned cars and trucks from state roadways for other than “essential personnel.” “The most important thing right now is for people to use common sense,” Gov. Jack Markell said. “We didn’t want people out on the road going to work and not being able to get home again.” Photo The Red Hook section of Brooklyn was flooded on Monday. Credit Robert Stolarik for The New York Times By early evening, the storm knocked out power to hundreds of thousands of homes, stores and office buildings. Consolidated Edison said that as of 1:30 a.m. Tuesday, 634,000 customers in New York City and Westchester County were without power. Con Edison, fearing damage to its electrical equipment, shut down power pre-emptively in sections of Lower Manhattan on Monday evening, and then, at 8:30 p.m., an unplanned failure, probably caused by flooding in substations, knocked out power to most of Manhattan below Midtown, about 250,000 customers. Later, an explosion at a Con Ed substation on East 14th Street knocked out power to another 250,000 customers. In New Jersey, more than two million customers were without power as of 1:30 a.m. Tuesday, and in Connecticut nearly 500,000. President Obama, who returned to the White House and met with top advisers, said Monday that the storm would disrupt the rhythms of daily life in the states it hit. “Transportation is going to be tied up for a long time,” he said, adding that besides flooding, there would probably be widespread power failures. He said utility companies had lined up crews to begin making repairs. But he cautioned that it could be slow going. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up “The fact is, a lot of these emergency crews are not going to get into position to start restoring power until some of these winds die down,” the president said. He added, “That may take several days.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story Forecasters attributed the power of the storm to a convergence of weather systems. As the hurricane swirled north in the Atlantic and then pivoted toward land, a wintry storm was heading toward it from the west, and cold air was blowing south from the Arctic. The hurricane left more than 60 people dead in the Caribbean before it began crawling toward the Northeast. “The days ahead are going to be very difficult, Gov. Martin O’Malley of Maryland said. “There will be people who die and are killed in this storm,” he said. Alex Sosnowski, a senior meteorologist with AccuWeather, said potentially damaging winds would continue on Tuesday from Illinois to the Carolinas — and as far north as Maine — as the storm barreled toward the eastern Great Lakes. Mr. Cuomo, who ordered many of the most heavily used bridges and tunnels in New York City closed, warned that the surge from Hurricane Sandy could go two feet higher than that associated with Tropical Storm Irene last year. The PATH system, buses and the Staten Island Ferry system were also suspended. Mr. Lhota, the chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, has said he expected to restore at least some service about 12 hours after the storm ended. But possible flooding within the subway system could prevent a full-scale reopening. The storm headed toward land with weather that was episodic: a strong gust of wind one minute, then mist. More wind. Thin sheets of rain dancing down the street. Then, for a moment, nothing. The sky lightened. Then another blast of rain. Then more wind. The day brought a giddiness to schoolchildren who had the day off and to grown-ups who were fascinated by the rough, rising water. Some went surfing, discounting the danger. Felquin Piedra, 38, rode his Jet Ski from Queens to Lower Manhattan. “I love the waves,” Mr. Piedra yelled from New York Harbor. “The water is warm. I’ve jumped in several times.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story But even when landfall was still hours away, there was no holding back the advance guard of the storm — fast-moving bands of rain and punishing winds. It added up to devastation. Driving through places like Pompton Plains, N.J., late Monday afternoon was like an X-Games contest for drivers. They had to do tree-limb slaloms on side streets and gunned their engines anxiously as they passed wind funnels of leaves swirling on highways. On City Island, off the Bronx mainland, Cheryl Brinker sprayed “Sandy Stay Away” on her boarded-up art studio, expanding a collage she started during Tropical Storm Irene last year. But by midafternoon, nearby Ditmars Street was under as much as five feet of water and Steve Van Wickler said the water had cracked the cement in his cellar. “It’s like a little river running in my basement,” he said. “There are cracks and leaks everywhere.” In some places, caravans of power-company trucks traveled largely empty roads; Public Service Electric and Gas said that 600 line workers and 526 tree workers had arrived from across the country, but could not start the repairs and cleanup until the wind had subsided, perhaps not until Wednesday. They will see a landscape that, in many places, was remade by the storm. In Montauk, at the end of Long Island, a 50-seat restaurant broke in half. Half of the building floated away and broke into pieces on the beach. The 110-foot-tall lighthouse at Montauk Point — the oldest in the state, opened in 1796 — shuddered in the storm despite walls that are six feet thick at the base. The lighthouse keeper, Marge Winski, said she had never felt anything like that in 26 years on the job. “I went up in tower and it was vibrating, it was shaking,” she said. “I got out of it real quick. I’ve been here through hurricanes, and nor’easters, but nothing this bad.” A version of this article appears in print on October 30, 2012, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: STORM PICKS UP SPEED AND DISRUPTS MILLIONS OF LIVES. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Hurricane Sandy
Late US singer LaDonna Adrian Gaines was better known by what name?	Hurricane Sandy menaces U.S. after slamming Cuba \| Reuters Thu Oct 25, 2012 \| 7:34 PM EDT Hurricane Sandy menaces U.S. after slamming Cuba By Jeff Franks \| HAVANA HAVANA Hurricane Sandy swelled into a major threat to much of the U.S. East Coast on Thursday after lashing Cuba with heavy rains and tree-toppling winds and swirling through the Bahamas, U.S. forecasters said. Strengthening rapidly after tearing into Jamaica and crossing the warm Caribbean Sea, Sandy hit southeastern Cuba early on Thursday with top sustained winds up to 110 miles per hour that left a trail of destruction, especially in the historic city of Santiago de Cuba. Images on Cuban television showed downed trees, damaged buildings and debris-clogged streets in the communist-ruled island's second largest city, which suffered a direct hit when the storm came ashore in the early morning hours. "Everything's destroyed in Santiago. People are going to have to work very hard to recover," Alexis Manduley, a resident of the 498-year-old city, told Reuters by telephone. According to one Cuban radio report from the city of 500,000 people, about 470 miles southeast of Havana, at least one person was killed in Santiago, bringing the Sandy-related death toll to at least three, including fatalities in Jamaica and Haiti. U.S. government forecasters warned that much of the U.S. East Coast could get swiped by Sandy, with flooding, heavy rains and high winds beginning late Thursday in Florida. By early next week - amid final preparations for the crucial November 6 presidential election - the storm could hit an area of New England where Hurricane Irene caused severe damage last year. White House spokesman Jay Carney declined to speculate about whether there would be any change in President Barack Obama's campaign travel schedule because of Sandy, as he makes a last-minute blitz to win an edge over Republican Mitt Romney in a close race. "The president's concern about this storm is to make sure that citizens in potentially affected areas are aware of this and taking necessary precaution," Carney said. He spoke aboard Air Force One as Obama headed from Florida to Virginia, saying the president had asked his team to hold regular briefings with federal disaster officials as the storm progresses. Forecasters said the hardest-hit areas could span anywhere from the coastal Carolinas up to Maine, with New York City and the Boston area potentially in harm's way. "Regardless of the exact track of Sandy, it is likely that significant impacts will be felt over portions of the U.S. East Coast through the weekend and into early next week," the Miami-based U.S. National Hurricane Center said. "FRANKENSTORM" "It's going to be a high-impact event," said Bob Oravec, a lead forecaster with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's HydroMeteorological Prediction Center in College Park, Maryland. "It has the potential to be a very significant storm with respect to coastal flooding, depending on exactly where it comes in. Power outages are definitely a big threat," he said. In a subsequent report, NOAA's storm-prediction center suggested that Sandy could invite the ghoulish nickname "Frankenstorm," due to upcoming celebrations of Halloween and some of the freakish characteristics of the storm. The late-season cyclone is widely expected to undergo an unusual merger with a polar air mass over the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast on Tuesday, essentially bringing two sources of energy together and giving Sandy the potential to punch above its weight as it sloshes across the U.S. coast. At 5 p.m. EDT (2100 GMT), the NHC said Sandy was about 125 miles east-southeast of Nassau in the Bahamas and packing maximum sustained winds of 105 mph. It was still a Category 2 storm on the Saffir-Simpson scale of hurricane intensity, but some weakening was expected over the next 48 hours as Sandy moved through the Bahamas island chain. High winds, rains and pounding surf are expected across parts of Florida's Atlantic coast, with the biggest impact lasting through Friday. Orange juice prices rose in U.S. trading on Thursday on speculative buying as investors bet that Sandy could damage crops in the citrus-rich Sunshine State. Unlike Irene, which caused billions of dollars in damage as it battered the Northeast in August last year, Sandy is forecast to drop below hurricane strength before making U.S. landfall. But it will be moving slower than Irene did, likely bringing more rain and increasing its potential for damage, weather forecasters said. At $4.3 billion in losses, Irene ranks as one of the 10 costliest hurricanes, adjusted for inflation and excluding federally insured damage, according to the Insurance Information Institute, an industry group. "A BILLION-DOLLAR DISASTER" Jeff Masters, a hurricane specialist and blogger with private forecaster Weather Underground (www.wunderground.com), said a landfall by Sandy on Monday along the Mid-Atlantic Coast could trigger "a billion-dollar disaster." "In this scenario, Sandy would be able to bring sustained winds near hurricane force over a wide stretch of heavily populated coast," he said. Alternately, Masters said, some computer forecast models indicated Sandy had the potential to unleash "the heaviest October rains ever reported in the northeast U.S., Nova Scotia and New Brunswick." Oravec said there could be tropical-storm to hurricane-force winds on the coast and added: "Coastal flooding will be a big concern." On Long Island, in the southeast corner of the Bahamas island chain, Joel Friese, general manager of the Stella Maris Resort, said Sandy was fierce as she cut across the island Thursday afternoon. "It was way stronger than we expected. The eye seems to have passed over a good portion of Long Island from south to north. We had winds of 100 mph from the east until the eye passed," he said by telephone. "There are lots of downed trees and partial to heavy roof damage on some of the buildings." Sandy is expected to hit the United States during a full moon, increasing the flood potential since tides will be at or near their highest. "There's a big potential for huge effects from the storm," said NOAA's Oravec. "We can't rule out the potential for snow eventually as we go into the week and the storm moves inland," he said. (Reporting by Jeff Franks and Nelson Acosta in Havana, Neil Hartnell in the Bahamas, Kevin Gray in Miami, Ben Berkowitz and Josephine Mason in New York; Writing by Tom Brown; Editing by David Brunnstrom and Philip Barbara) ADVERTISEMENT 1/8 A man looks at the city as storm clouds fill the sky over Havana October 24, 2012. Hurricane Sandy battered Jamaica with ferocious winds, waves and rain on Wednesday, knocking down trees and power lines across the Caribbean country as it cut a path toward Cuba and the Bahamas. Reuters/Desmond Boylan + 2/8 Storm clouds fill the sky over Havana October 24, 2012. Hurricane Sandy battered Jamaica with ferocious winds, waves and rain on Wednesday, knocking down trees and power lines across the Caribbean country as it cut a path toward Cuba and the Bahamas. Reuters/Desmond Boylan + 3/8 A view of the Hope River as it begins to swell with rain from approaching Hurricane Sandy in Kingston October 24, 2012. Reuters/Gilbert Bellamy + 4/8 Jamaicans shelter themselves from the rain of approaching Hurricane Sandy as they walk along Sandy Park Gully in Kingston October 24, 2012. Reuters/Gilbert Bellamy + 5/8 A view of houses along the Hope River as it begins to swell with rain from approaching Hurricane Sandy in Kingston October 24, 2012. Reuters/Gilbert Bellamy +	i don't know
Which British monarch was known as ‘Bertie’ to his family?	BBC - History - British History in depth: Edward VII: The First Constitutional Monarch Print this page A pious childhood British monarchs have seldom had happy childhoods, and Albert Edward, the future King Edward VII but known throughout his life as Bertie, was no exception. Victoria and Albert were young and passionately determined to raise their children well, but this determination was so grim in its earnestness and so unyielding in its idealism that it served rather to thwart than encourage the growth of their nine children. The regime devised for Bertie as heir to the throne was especially uncompromising. No effort was made to make him feel like a normal child - in fact he was seldom allowed to play with other boys of his own age - and his tastes and interests were ignored. Fears that he might turn out like his 'wicked' Hanoverian uncles, of whom the most notorious was George IV, led to strict discipline. What would be called Attention Deficit Disorder today - uncontrollable behaviour and resistance to academic methods of teaching - was dealt with in ways that would make a modern liberal wince. Bertie grew up with the belief that he was a disappointment equalled only by his conviction of his uniqueness as heir to the throne. It was clear to Bertie throughout his childhood that he could never measure up to the ideal set by his stern, pious father. 'None of you can ever be proud enough of being the child of such a Father who has not his equal in this world - so great, so good, so faultless,' Victoria wrote to Bertie in a typical letter. He would always fall below that standard of perfection, and it is not hard to imagine that he soon resolved not to bother trying. He was petulant, disobedient and rude, highly excitable and prone to tantrums; in his mother's words, 'so idle and weak'. The young prince was also gregarious, loyal and observant, with, according to his tutor, a keen sense of right and wrong and a good memory. But these qualities apparently impressed no-one, and Bertie grew up with the belief that he was a disappointment equalled only by his conviction of his uniqueness as heir to the throne. Living up to his father's example was a hard enough start to life, but the fact that Victoria blamed her beloved Albert's death on Bertie - the stress of their son's 'fall', or first encounter with a prostitute, had, she believed, caused the illness from which Albert died - blighted him forever. For the rest of his life Edward struggled with the double burden of knowing she blamed him, and feeling her unjust for doing so. Albert had believed that Bertie would be steadied by marriage, so Victoria determined to marry him off as quickly as possible. His bride, the beautiful Princess Alix of Denmark, was disappointingly deaf and lacked the vivacity Bertie admired in women. Although they were happy enough together, she held no sway over her husband and her role as wife was limited to child-bearing and attractive appearances on state occasions. Top Bertie's liberal outlook Indian sunset © It is hard to tell whether Bertie's famous taste for lowlife was a result of having nothing to do, or whether the Queen was right not to trust him with any official role because of his dissipation; certainly, each trend seems to have fed off the other. Forbidden by his mother to participate in government - she considered him incompetent and indiscreet, and feared him 'competing' with her for the affection of her subjects - the Prince of Wales was forced to find an alternative outlet for his energies as he waited for his throne to be vacated. This alternative was the pursuit of pleasure. His close friends were as often Catholic or Jewish, nouveau riche or foreign, as old-school British aristocrats. Edward's hedonism made him the ultimate symbol of the Belle Epoque. While Victoria's bleak piety coloured her age, the Prince of Wales's passions for girls, gambling and gluttony reflected the debauched mood of the society in which he moved. Twice he appeared in court: the first time perjuring himself about having had an affair with a young woman whose husband was trying to divorce her for rampant adultery, the second testifying in a case concerning a friend of his said to have cheated at baccarat, an illegal card game the Prince adored. This second case, known as the Tranby Croft affair, occurred in 1890, when Bertie was fifty - far too old for such youthful scrapes. Indeed, this would be the last such scandal. From 1875, when the Prince had been allowed to make a state visit to India, he had begun to grow into his role as King-in-Waiting. Although the two main elements of this tour were the magnificent ceremonial he loved ('such a constant repetition of elephants - trappings - jewels - illuminations and fireworks,' wrote Victoria waspishly) and big game hunting (his party shot 28 tigers), Bertie also took his first halting steps in statecraft. He had learned how far his genial charm would carry him; he saw how popular his approachable, easy style could be, and he was thrilled with the response. But he was displeased by the way many British treated the Indians, outraged, for example, by their casual use of the word nigger. Less than three weeks after his arrival in Bombay, the Prince protested formally to Lord Granville, then Foreign Secretary, that just 'because a man has a black face and a different religion than our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute'. This progressive tolerance increasingly marked Bertie's attitudes, albeit always within the conventions of his class and times. His close friends were as often Catholic or Jewish, nouveau riche or foreign, as old-school British aristocrats; the common thread between them was that they were fun-loving and rich, not respectable and grand. He was concerned for the poor - his attitude that of a paternalistic landlord rather than a reformer - and always interested in new things, from electricity to motorcars. Top King in waiting Queen Victoria © While his time in India had marked his first steps on the world stage, it also underlined just how removed Edward was from any real domestic power. During his last days away, he read in the Times of India that in future his mother would be styled Empress. 'As the Queen's eldest son, I think I have some right to feel annoyed that the announcement of the addition to the Queen's title should have been read by me in the newspapers instead of [my] having received some intimation of the subject from the Prime Minister,' he informed Disraeli stiffly, well knowing that it would be pointless to take it up with his mother. Although relations with Victoria remained strained, other women proved more accommodating. Bertie's list of conquests seemed never-ending, as ambitious Lillie Langtry was replaced by the socialite socialist Daisy Brooke, legendary actress Sarah Bernhardt, and the marvellously-named courtesans Cora Pearl and Giulia Bernini. Eventually Alice Keppel, whose tact and charm kept her at his side for the last twelve years of his life, brought his womanising to an end. Relations with Victoria remained strained. By the time he met glamorous, witty Mrs. Keppel, the prince was an old man, weighed down as much by his prodigious appetites for food, drink and cigars as with the strain of waiting to become king. He simply hadn't the energy to chase slippery young girls any more. In her thirties, ambitious enough to always put him first, but not so grasping that she offended, Alice Keppel was the perfect mistress for the last stage of his life. She understood him, pampered him, amused him - and played a mean hand of bridge. Victoria died in January 1901. As he escorted her body back to the mainland from Cowes (she died at Osborne House), the new king noticed that the royal yacht's standard was flying at half-mast. When asked why, the captain replied, 'The Queen is dead, Sir.' 'But the King lives,' came the royal response. Fifty-nine year old Edward was not prepared to allow his mother's memory to overshadow his reign. He had waited too long. Top A modern monarch It is almost too apt that Edward VII should finally have become king in the first month of the twentieth century. Indeed, his nine-year reign is often seen as the beginning of the monarchy's modern incarnation: he is hailed as the first true constitutional monarch. While on one hand his style was very modern - the constant public appointments, the good works, the showmanlike displays of majesty - on the other he longed to be a king, ruling in the old-fashioned sense. Domestically Edward acted, according to his recent biographer Simon Heffer, as 'a bulwark against the total democratisation of the British government'. He refused to countenance reforms of the House of Lords - reforms that were quickly instituted after his death - and insisted on maintaining a close involvement in foreign affairs, his principal area of interest. Edward, Uncle of Europe, ended Britain's isolation. In 1903, without seeking either the approval or advice of his Prime Minister or Foreign Secretary, Edward arrived in Paris, charmed the initially hostile crowds (their cries of 'Vive Jeanne d'Arc' were replaced by 'Vive notre Roi'), and began negotiations for what became the Entente Cordiale. With hindsight, it is easy to see how Germany felt isolated and threatened by this alliance between Britain, France and Russia; arguably, Kaiser Wilhelm (Edward's hated nephew) was already set on the course that would lead to the Great War. At the time, though, Edward, Uncle of Europe, had ended Britain's isolation and he was hailed as a peace-maker and a regal statesman. Although he lacked the intellectual piety his mother had hoped he would acquire, as king, Edward was someone of whom the British could be proud. Events have shown that his judgement was not always deft - governed perhaps more by his personal insecurities and needs than an understanding of what was best for Britain - but during his reign he was rightly celebrated for using his common touch, dignity and enormous charm to bring the monarchy into the twentieth century. Find out more Books Edward the Caresser : The Playboy Prince Who Became Edward VII by Stanley Weintraub (Free Press, 2001) Edward VII's Last Loves: Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser by Raymond Lamont-Brown (Sutton Publishing, 2001) Top About the author Lucy Moore is the author of The Thieves Opera, published by Harcourt Brace in 1998, Conmen and Cutpurses, published by Penguin Press in 2000, and Amphibious Thing, the Life of Lord Hervey, published by Viking in 2000. She was educated in Britain and the United States before reading history at Edinburgh University. She lives in London.	Edward VII
Which planet in our solar system has around 244 Earth days to one year?	Bertie and Elizabeth Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 12 out of 14 people found the following review useful: Charming, historically inaccurate romance from United States 6 September 2007 If you want historical accuracy, look elsewhere. Fact, distortion, omission, and plain fiction are so interwoven in this picture that I almost wanted to see a disclaimer at the start of the film. However! If you can chuck all that aside and just focus on the film itself, it's a charming, sweet, no-brainer movie with uplifting moments tossed in. The portrayal of the struggles between David and Bertie, who'd always been close, after the arrival of Wallis, is the most "poison pill" version I've seen. David is portrayed as a flat-out cad, while Wallis is a scheming, grasping "rhymes-with-'itch.'" The devastation of Bertie and the poise of Elizabeth are in sharp contrast to the "bad couple." This is just one example of how the writers used elements to highlight the tremendous tension between public and private royal life in the 20th century, and how personal feelings must be sacrificed to duty. Obviously, this dynamic still plays out in the 21st century. What shines through above all in this picture is the love between Bertie and Elizabeth. As such, it is a charming romance film with some lovely costumes and sets, and some moving historical references thrown in. The steadfastness of B & E's relationship, and how it allowed both of them to survive some of the most crushing episodes of their lives, is inspiring to watch. And then one wants to grab a book to find out what really happened. :-) Was the above review useful to you? 12 out of 17 people found the following review useful: A wonderful Royal romance from United States 5 September 2005 I saw this mini series last year on Masterpiece Theatre here in the USA and loved it so much I bought the DVD. It was refreshing to see another side to the Wallice/David romance. I was appalled just how spiteful Wallis/David were to Bertie and Elizabeth. No wonder the Queen Mum and the Queen despised Wallis so much. Wallis came across as a power hungry witch who seemed to wear the trousers in that relationship. The casting for this mini series was superb. The young actresses who played theyoung Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret through childhood and young women, their likenesses were uncanny. I wish I could say the same for Robert Hardys portrayal as Roosevelt. He would have been better off playing Winston Churchill in my opinion. I agree wholeheartedly with the poster that they was disappointed that the quote from Elizabeth during the blitz "I'm glad we were bombed, now I can look the East End in the face" wasn't used. David Wilby was amazing as Bertie, I truly felt so much compassion for his struggle with his stammering. And he overcome it with the help of his beloved Elizabeth (the delightful Juliet Aubrey). What a wonderful couple they were. An excellent story, It made me so proud to be British. 10 out of 10 from me. High praise indeed as I don't usually watch Royal romance dramas. Was the above review useful to you? 9 out of 12 people found the following review useful: A significantly condensed version, but charming from Northville, MI 16 October 2005 The film is missing some of Elizabeth's most famous remarks, even though they are alluded to, such as (and these are facsimiles): "I can now look the east end in the face." and "They {the Princesses} won't leave without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." etc. It flies through history as a series of vignettes, arguably not necessarily the most important ones. It explains little about the psychology of the major characters, especially George VI's stutter, how instrumental his wife was helping him during his reign, her deep antipathy for Wallis, and Wallis's lack of understanding of her surroundings, England and the court. Wallis is portrayed with a complete lack of sympathy. ("Edward and Mrs. Simpson" this isn't!) The movie seems to contain glaring inaccuracies. If a royal highness by marriage, Wallis couldn't have passed this title on to any subsequent husband and, surely, the King would know this. The title was withheld - against custom and precedent - for many other reasons which are not explored at all. This is unfortunate. Nevertheless, the performances are wonderful, especially James Wilby as George VI; Juliet Aubrey as Elizabeth;, Alan Bates as George V; Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary; and Charles Edwards as an Edward VIII with a complete lack of appreciation that with great advantages from birth come great obligations. For the knowledgeable viewer, it's like looking through bits of a sentimental picture book. It's comfort food: sentimental, warm, and lacking in much nutritional value. Remember, however, the subjects (George VI and Queen Elizabeth) were, and remain, tremendously popular and this view may be very much a reflection of its time. And, having no idea of what really went on behind the walls of the royal residences, it is fun to have the illusion of being able to look. Was the above review useful to you? 15 out of 24 people found the following review useful: Wasted opportunity from Sydney, Australia 30 March 2003 You're right folks, this really was below par. I now know why it went straight to cable. Yet it wasn't for lack of acting talent. James Wilby was excellent as the shy and fearful Bertie, thrust onto the throne by his brother David's abdication, and Juliet Aubrey was fine as Elizabeth. Alan Bates harrumphs splendidly as George V and Eileen Atkins, although too old for the role, carries off Queen Mary in a sympathetic manner. Charles Edwards as Edward VIII (`David') has plenty of presence and Paul Brook is superb as private secretary Tommy Lascelles. So what went wrong? The scriptwriters clearly set out not to offend anybody living, and while Elizabeth the Queen mother died in 2001 her daughter is very much alive and occupying a position of some importance. They were so careful in fact that Prince Philip, always good for some boorish misunderstanding, does not even appear. Neither does his conniving uncle Dickie Mountbatten, though he is mentioned in the dialogue. The enmity between Elizabeth and Wallis Simpson is merely hinted at. But the real problem is the failure to identify the strong elements in the story, the courtship/ wedding, the abdication and the war and write around them, instead of putting the whole thing together as a sort of photo album. Maybe as another commenter says, the mini-series format would have been better, though it might have just created a longer mess. If you really want to know about the history of the early Windsors, you are going to have to read some books. Edward VIII wrote his account in `A King's Story' published in the early 1950s. He blames Baldwin for forcing him out but makes it clear that he had little difficulty in choosing between love and duty. Poor old Bertie had no such choice and was saddled with the extra burden of being King during wartime. His father describes himself and Edward as `ordinary men' and Bertie, like most of the hereditary aristocrats of Britain was deeply ordinary (and interested mainly in country pursuits). The most remarkable thing about Bertie was the way he overcame his stutter (especially over `B' words). It would have been interesting to know how this was done, but though the stutter gets some attention we are hustled out of the (Australian) therapist's rooms just as the treatment starts. So, more or less a waste of space. There's been plenty of attention given to `David' before, but this show fails to give a new perspective to the historical events it so lightly covers. A great pity the Queen Mum never wrote her memoirs now that would have been interesting. Was the above review useful to you? 5 out of 5 people found the following review useful: Counterpoint to Wallis 18 November 2010 * This review may contain spoilers * Although some of the reviewers find the film lacking, I was overjoyed to see a somewhat different point of view from the Wallis versions. I caught two this week. While I have no historical perspective of either side, those films and this make for a somewhat balanced perspective of the tragic and comedic episode in the lives of the brothers, David and Bertie. The Bertie I meet here is absolutely charming, with a supportive wife, and rather bright daughters. And the Wallis Simpson here is absolutely loathsome. It is here and here alone her possible shallowness and spite are raised against (Queen) Elizabeth, the Royals in general, and fleshes out her own self importance not seen elsewhere. She appears unlikeable, unsupportable and unattractive in all ways. Clearly, history will be forthcoming when more of the Windsor family have left the stage, but this wee film made possible to uncover some of the distinct differences between the two Kings and brothers. Bertie, George VI, comes off rather well, all things considered and David (Edward VIII) comes out smelling like Henry VIII without his massive fangs. Another reviewer seemed to object to the introduction of Queen Wilhelmina and President Roosevelt, but I for one as a former resident, loved seeing the engaging Dutch Queen's presence as an escaped Royal because up until now I was rather ashamed she had abandoned ship. And it didn't hurt but rather help to get a peek into a possible personal conversation between the King and the American President about war and politics. I rather wonder if Edward VIII would have stuck it out with his Duchess during air- raids and bombs, and as neither of them seemed likely to have children together, they wouldn't have to face the choices Bertie and Elizabeth faced. The film moves slowly, but it enabled me to catch my breath and reflect on the possibilities of this being history not fiction or a film. I felt proud of this formerly stuttering King, his understanding and down to earth Queen and the English people. Perhaps I am sentimental, or even foolish to think they behaved thus, and naive to get caught up, tears in my eyes, as the plot unfolded, but if I am I say I feel satisfied with this tiny entry into this particular part of English history even without all the dirty laundry that accompanied the era, the abdicated and the vileness of broken promises. Perhaps one day we'll see a more fleshed out Bertie and Elizabeth or the truth about the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, but until then I'm rather satisfied with this one. Was the above review useful to you? 4 out of 4 people found the following review useful: It's like watching the Reader's Digest Version Author: suessis 23 July 2010 This television film shows a lot promise despite the historical inaccuracies. It's problem is the fast paced progression through history that provides little opportunity for character exploration and more in depth look at how George VI become one of the best loved and most respected of English Kings. Otherwise, the performances are quite good and the writing in certain scenes is first rate. It's worth a look despite it's obvious flaws. American Audiences might find the portrayal of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor a bit harsh after years of romantic conditioning but as Russell Baker notes in the segment that is shown after the film on the DVD it represents a more accurate picture of how those in the UK came to view Edward VIII. Was the above review useful to you? 14 out of 24 people found the following review useful: Dreadful Wasted Opportunity from London UK 6 June 2002 In the UK this was ITV1's big attraction for Jubilee night and came on a couple of hours after nearly 2m people had crammed the Mall to sing patriotic songs in front of the Queen. This is the story of her parents' marriage and reign. I got the impression it may have been on the shelf for a few years, awaiting the death of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in March 2002, who was of course the Elizabeth of the title. Covering a thirty year period 1922 to 1952 this fairly gallops through history and that is one of its faults. It would have been better as a mini-series over six hours rather than the two hours it was. There is a fascinating story here, especially the less usual view of the 1936 Abdication Crisis from those like Bertie and Elizabeth who had to pick up the pieces. The late Queen Mother's deep and long lasting consequent hatred of Mrs Simpson is barely hinted at. Unfortunately we were up against some fairly wooden acting and dreadfully superficial treatment of the known facts. I presume this was made with some American money hence the scenes with FDR (Robert Hardy and a large slice of ham) and the constant grating reference to the 'King of England' and 'English democracy' even by the monarchs portrayed themselves. No British monarch would ever thus describe themselves - they are monarchs of the United Kingdom. Small incidents such as the Dutch Queen calling early in the morning to ask for fighter squadrons to fend off the German invasion of the Netehrlands and her subsequent arival loom large whilst the King's drawn out death from lung cancer, concealed from him and the people of the UK and Commonwealth for several years is glossed over. And the Queen Mother most famous remark after Buckingham Place was targetted by the Luftwaffe 'I'm glad we've been bombed, it means I can look the East End in the face' just doesn't appear. Cockneys are portrayed all 'Cor love a duck' and Mrs Simpson as virtually a witch, when really she was probably out of her depth in a society she could not understand. Alan Bates does give a good turn as George V and the bloke who played Edward VIII gave a good sly performance of a weak and superficial man. Otherwise a wasted opportunity I'm afraid. Was the above review useful to you? 3 out of 3 people found the following review useful: Absolutely charming 29 October 2010 * This review may contain spoilers * The story opens in 1920, as the young Duke of York (James Wilby), known as "Bertie" to his family, meets Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Juliet Aubrey) at a dance and is immediately infatuated with her. Though a royal prince hadn't married a commoner since Anne Boleyn, Bertie loved the charming and vivacious Elizabeth; they were married and had two daughters. Theirs was a true love match and Bertie spent happy times with his family, a luxury afforded him because he would never be King, or so he thought. Then his brother's abdication changed Bertie's life forever and he assumed the throne as King George VI. This is a sweet love story with two very likable actors in the leads. Wilby and Aubrey are quite sympathetic and convincing as Bertie and Elizabeth. Bertie was self-conscious and stammered, especially when bullied by his father, but Elizabeth helped him overcome it. As the years go by we see the abdication, WWII, their daughter's marriage, and a succession of Prime Ministers come and go; the one constant in their lives was their absolute devotion to each other and their personal strength and integrity. The story ends with his death at the age of 56; his wife would outlive him for fifty years. This Masterpiece Theatre production is recommended for those who enjoy stories about the royals. Despite the opulent sets and costumes, it's a wonderfully intimate story of a couple who loved their country and each other until the end. Was the above review useful to you? 4 out of 6 people found the following review useful: A remarkable account and by the most part extremely accurate. 23 July 2005 * This review may contain spoilers * This programme was by far one of the best accounts of the history of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother and King George VI that I have ever seen. The scriptwriters should be commended in placing such valuable historic accounts of this period into such a short space of time. I cannot even begin to express the great detail that the producers and cast went through to make it all the more realistic and the subsequent death of George VI and the reaction of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother was truly heartbreaking. What a remarkable theatrical production, especially in light of Her Majesty's Golden Jubilee celebrations. The programme itself rouses a great sense of National pride and I for one am proud of our monarchy for their achievements during the war years which are accurately described in this moving tribute to them. well done! Was the above review useful to you? 1 out of 1 people found the following review useful: Charming and well performed, but the inaccuracy gets in the way from United Kingdom 28 June 2010 Now I really liked Bertie and Elizabeth on the whole. It is sumptuously filmed, with beautiful photography, costumes and scenery, and the music is beautiful. And the casting is wonderful, James Wilby is surprisingly good as Bertie while Juliet Aubrey is charming as Queen Elizabeth. Alan Bates is a wonderful George V and Eileen Atkins gives another solid turn as Mary, while Charles Edwards was good as Edward VIII(David). Though David Ryall seems underused and Robert Hardy is wasted(my opinion) as Roosevelt, somehow I didn't feel he was right for the role, and both actors were given little to do. The pacing is good as is the direction and there are some charming and witty moments in the script. However, some characters aren't developed with care as much as the other characters, David is quite flat character-wise and Wallis is like a witch here. Also the story has some glaring inaccuracies as well as some moments and people that are either underdeveloped, mentioned and then forgotten or not even mentioned. In spite of the good pacing in general, there are one or two scenes that are too tedious and overlong. Overall, worth seeing for some good acting, music and visuals, however for those looking for a history lesson or a completely true story they are perhaps better off reading a book on the subject. 7/10 Bethany Cox Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 2:	i don't know
Incirlik Air Base is located in which European country?	Germany to invest €65mn into own section at Turkish air base for Tornado jets — RT News Germany to invest €65mn into own section at Turkish air base for Tornado jets Published time: 25 Apr, 2016 13:21 Edited time: 25 Apr, 2016 13:51 Get short URL German Tornado jets are pictured on the ground at the air base in Incirlik, Turkey, January 21, 2016. © Tobias Schwarz / Reuters German Air Force is reportedly to have its own section at the Turkish Incirlik Air Base, which is already used by American warplanes to attack targets in Syria. The planned project will cost €65 million and is to be finished by summer 2017, Der Spiegel reports. The air base is located in southern Turkey east of Adana close to the Mediterranean coast. Ankara allowed the US to use it for its Syrian campaign against Islamic State on the condition that it would not be used to support America’s Kurdish allies, whom the Turks see as a threat. Saudi Arabia has a presence at Incirlik as well. The base international club welcomed Germany as its new member in December 2015, when the European country started flying reconnaissance missions as part of the US-led coalition. According to a report published Monday by Spiegel Online, the presence may soon become permanent. Read more	Turkey
Rhode Island Red is a breed of which bird?	Upgrades At US Nuclear Bases In Europe Acknowledge Security Risk \| Posted on Sep.10, 2015 in NATO , Nuclear Weapons , United States by Hans M. Kristensen By Hans M. Kristensen Security upgrades underway at U.S. Air Force bases in Europe indicate that nuclear weapons deployed in Europe have been stored under unsafe conditions for more than two decades. Commercial satellite images show work underway at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey and Aviano Air Base in Italy. The upgrades are intended to increase the physical protection of nuclear weapons stored at the two U.S. Air Force Bases. The upgrades indirectly acknowledge that security at U.S. nuclear weapons storage sites in Europe has been inadequate for more than two decades. And the decision to upgrade nuclear security perimeters at the two U.S. bases strongly implies that security at the other four European host bases must now be characterized as inadequate. Security challenges at Incirlik AB are unique in NATO’s nuclear posture because the base is located only 110 kilometers (68 miles) from war-torn Syria and because of an ongoing armed conflict within Turkey between the Turkish authorities and Kurdish militants. The wisdom of deploying NATO’s largest nuclear weapons stockpile in such a volatile region seems questionable. (UPDATE: Pentagon orders “voluntary departure” of 900 family members of U.S. personnel stationed at Incirlik. ) Upgrades at Incirlik Air Base Incirlik Air Base is the largest nuclear weapons storage site in Europe with 25 underground vaults installed inside as many protective aircraft shelters (PAS) in 1998. Each vault can hold up to four bombs for a maximum total base capacity of 100 bombs. There were 90 B61 nuclear bombs in 2000, or 3-4 bombs per vault. This included 40 bombs earmarked for deliver by Turkish F-16 jets at Balikesir Air Base and Akinci Air Base. There are currently an estimated 50 bombs at the base, or an average of 2-3 bombs in each of the 21 vaults inside the new security perimeter. The new security perimeter under construction surrounds the so-called “NATO area” with 21 aircraft shelters (the remaining four vaults might be in shelters inside the Cold War alert area that is no longer used for nuclear operations). The security perimeter is a 4,200-meter (2,600-mile) double-fenced with lighting, cameras, intrusion detection, and a vehicle patrol-road running between the two fences. There are five or six access points including three for aircraft. Construction is done by Kuanta Construction for the Aselsan Cooperation under a contract with the Turkish Ministry of Defense. A major nuclear weapons security upgrade is underway at the U.S. Air Force base at Incirlik in Turkey. Click on image to view full size. In addition to the security perimeter, an upgrade is also planned of the vault support facility garage that is used by the special weapons maintenance trucks (WMT) that drive out to service the B61 bombs inside the aircraft shelters. The vault support facility is located outside the west-end of the security perimeter. The weapons maintenance trucks themselves are also being upgraded and replaced with new Secure Transportable Maintenance System (STMS) trailers. The nuclear role of Incirlik is unique in NATO’s nuclear posture in that it is the only base in Europe with nuclear weapons that doesn’t have nuclear-capable fighter-bombers permanently present. Even though the Turkish government recently has allowed the U.S. Air Force to fly strikes from Incirlik against targets in Syria, the Turks have declined U.S. requests to permanently base a fighter wing at the base. As such, there is no designated nuclear wing with squadrons of aircraft intended to employ the nuclear bombs stored at Incirlik; in a war, aircraft would have to fly in from wings at other bases to pick up and deliver the weapons. Upgrades at Aviano Air Base A nuclear security upgrade is also underway at the U.S. Air Force base near Aviano in northern Italy. Unlike Incirlik, that does not have nuclear-capable aircraft permanently based, Aviano Air Base is home to the 31st Fighter Wing with its two squadrons of nuclear-capable F-16C/Ds: the 510th “Buzzards” Fighter Squadron and the 555th “Triple Nickel” Fighter Squadron. These squadrons have been very busy as part of NATO’s recent response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and some of Aviano’s F-16s are currently operating from Incirlik as part of strike operations in Syria. A nuclear security upgrade appears to have been nearly completed at the U.S. Air Base at Aviano in Italy. Click on image to view full size. A total of 18 underground nuclear weapons storage vaults were installed in as many protective aircraft shelters at Aviano in 1996 for a maximum total base storage capacity of 72 nuclear bombs. Only 12 of those shelters are inside the new security perimeter under construction at the base. Assuming nuclear weapons will only be stored in vaults inside the new security perimeter in the future, this indicates that the nuclear mission at Aviano may have been reduced. In 2000, shortly after the original 18 vaults were completed, Aviano stored 50 nuclear bombs, or an average of 2-3 in each vault. The 12 shelters inside the new perimeter (one of which is of a smaller design) would only be able to hold a maximum of 48 weapons if loaded to capacity. If each vault has only 2-3 weapons, it would imply only 25-35 weapons remain at the base. NATO Nuclear Security Costs Publicly available information about how much money NATO spends on security upgrades to protect the deployment in Europe is sketchy and incomplete. But U.S. officials have provided some data over the past few years. In November 2011, three years after the U.S. Air Force Ribbon Review Review in 2008 concluded that “most” nuclear weapons storage sites in Europe did not meet U.S. Department of Defense security standards, James Miller, then Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, informed Congress that NATO would spend $63.4 million in 2011-2012 on security upgrades for munitions storage sites and another $67 million in 2013-2014. In March 2014, as part of the Fiscal Year 2015 budget request, the U.S. Department of Defense stated that NATO since 2000 had invested over $80 million in infrastructure improvements required to store nuclear weapons within secure facilities in storage sites in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Another $154 million was planned for these sites on security improvements to meet with stringent new U.S. standards. The following month, in April 2014, Andrew Weber, then Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs, told Congress that “NATO common funding has paid for over $300 million, approximately 75 percent of the B61 storage security infrastructure and upgrades” in Europe. Elaine Bunn, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Missile Defense Policy, added that because host base facilities are funded through individual national budgets, “it is not possible to provide an accurate assessment of exactly how much NATO basing nations have contributed in Fiscal Year 2014 toward NATO nuclear burden sharing, although it is substantial.” Bunn provided additional information that showed funding of security enhancements and upgrades as well as funding of infrastructure upgrades (investment) at the specific European weapon storage sites. This funding, she explained, is provided through the NATO Security Investment Program (NSIP) and there have been four NATO weapons storage-related upgrades (Capability Package upgrades) since the original NATO Capability Package was approved in 2000: In addition to the security upgrades underway at Incirlik and Aviano, upgrades of nuclear-related facilities are also underway or planned at national host bases that store U.S. nuclear weapons. This includes a new WS3 vault support facility and a MUNSS (Munitions Support Squadron) Operations Center-Command Post at Kleine Brogel AB in Belgium, and a WS3 vault support facility at Ghedi AB in Italy. Implications and Recommendations When I obtained a copy of the U.S. Air Force Blue Ribbon Review report in 2008 under the U.S. Freedom of Information Act and made it available on the FAS Strategic Security Blog, it’s most central finding – that “most” U.S. nuclear weapons storage sites in Europe did not meet U.S. security requirements – was dismissed by government officials in Europe and the United States. During a debate in the Dutch Parliament, then Defense Minister Eimert van Middelkoop dismissed the findings saying “safety and security at Volkel are in good order.” A member of the U.S. Congressional delegation that was sent to Europe to investigate told me security problems were minor and could be fixed by routine management, a view echoed in conversations with other officials since then. Yet seven years and more than $170 million later, construction of improved security perimeters at Incirlik AB and Aviano AB suggest that security of nuclear weapons storage vaults in Europe has been inadequate for the past two and a half decades and that official European and U.S. confidence was misguided (as they were reminded by European peace activists in 2010). And the security upgrades do raise a pertinent question: since NATO now has decided that it is necessary after all to enhance security perimeters around underground vaults with nuclear weapons at the two U.S. bases at Incirlik and Aviano, doesn’t that mean that security at the four European national bases that currently store nuclear weapons (Büchel, Ghedi, Kleine Brogel, and Volkel) is inadequate? Ghedi reportedly was recently eyed by suspected terrorists arrested by the Italian police. Just wondering. This publication was made possible by a grant from the New Land Foundation and Ploughshares Fund. The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the author. Post navigation	i don't know
What is the national flower of Scotland?	What Is the National Flower of Scotland? (with Pictures) \| eHow What Is the National Flower of Scotland?  Email Save Scotland’s green hills and forests harbor several flower species but two have gained recognition as national symbols. The thistle is the flower officially associated with Scotland, showing up in heraldry, logos and artwork. However, the Scottish bluebell also is considered a national flower of Scotland, owing to its ubiquitous presence across the country. (StockSolutions/iStock/Getty Images) The thistle is Scotland’s national flower, although it’s unclear which exact species of thistle this is supposed to be. Visit Scotland, the national tourist bureau, says five different species have been presented as possible candidates. The reasons why the thistle became the national flower are unclear, but the general story is that an invader stepped on a thistle and yelped while trying to ambush some Scottish warriors, thus ruining the ambush. Thistles have a pink to purple flowerhead on top of a round, spiky body, and the stems are covered with thorns and sharp, spiky leaves -- handy defenses against foraging animals and careless Norse invaders. L-Hamilton/iStock/Getty Images The Scottish bluebell or harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) is not the official flower of Scotland but it’s often seen as an unofficial representative. In 2014, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh named Scottish bluebell as Scotland’s favorite flower based on votes in an online survey. The Scottish bluebell is a blue to bluish-purple bell-shaped flower that stands fairly erect and has somewhat-pointed petals. It should not be confused with the English bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), which has thinner blooms that droop more and have more rounded petal edges. Cablach/iStock/Getty Images	Thistle
Lula da Silva was re-elected President of which South American country in 2006?	Scotland State Symbols, Song, Flags and More - Worldatlas.com Bird: Golden Eagle (unofficial) Cloth: Tartans (unofficial) Note: Tartans are an internationally recognized symbol of Scotland. Highlanders wore clothes with distinctive striped or checked patterns, and the growth of clan and family tartans became popular in the mid-18th century Coat of Arms: Coat of Arms: The coat of arms of Scotland consists of a yellow shield with a red rampant lion in the center. The shield is supported by two unicorns. The shield is flanked by two flag standards, one bearing the rampant lion and the other the Scotish flag. The shield is surmounted by a the Crown of Scotland. Flag of Scotland Flower: Thistle Note: The origin of its importance is yet unclear, however the thistle has been a Scottish symbol for more than 500 years. It was found on ancient coins and coats of arms. Motto: "In My Defens God Me Defend" National Hero: William Wallace Note: William Wallace, a brave and patriotic national hero, was an example of the unbending commitment to Scotland's independence. In that noble cause, he died a martyr in 1305, executed in London.	i don't know
In the novel ‘1984’, in which ministry is room 101?	In 1984, what is in Room 101 for everyone, including Winston? \| eNotes In 1984, what is in Room 101 for everyone, including Winston? mwestwood \| College Teacher \| (Level 3) Distinguished Educator Posted on January 18, 2015 at 8:26 AM Interestingly, the torture room is called "Room 101"; 101 is always the basic course in which the fundamentals of a course are taught, so the essential fears are learned and then the prisoner is subjected to them. By subjecting a person to his or her greatest and most essential fears, the torturer can tap into the terror of that person's soul, and, thus, break that person psychologically more easily. In Book III, Chapter 2, O'Brien manipulates the controls of the machine that causes Winston excruciating pain; worst of all, O'Brien knows what Winston is thinking. And, when Winston evinces some will power still, O'Brien decides it is time for Winston to go into Room 101, knowing that this room of torture touches at Winston's more basic fears. It is the final place--the breaking point for every one. Once Winston is put into Room 101, O'Brien looks down at Winston. More than ever he had the air of a teacher taking pains with a wayward but promising child. For, O'Brien knows that Winston will break under his greatest of fears. Sources: February 18, 2008 at 3:15 AM Room 101 is different for everyone. Inside Room 101 is every person's greatest fear and for everyone their greatest fear is very different. O'Brien describes Room 101: "The worst thing in the world varies from individual to individual. It may be burial alive or death by fire, or by drowning, or by impalement, or fifty other deaths. There are cases where it is some quite trivial thing, not even fatal." For Winston, Room 101 contains the rats. He is terrified of rats. Inside Room 101 O'Brien has a helmet he has fashioned in which there are rats and if certain doors on the helmet open the rats, hungry rats, will be released to gnaw off Winston's face. The point of Room 101 is to ensure the final stage of reintegration, acceptance. Sources: August 14, 2015 at 12:52 PM Room 101 was the place where the worst thing in the world was found. Winston had previously asked O’Brien to tell him what exactly was in the room because he noticed that all the prisoners who had been taken there were terrified at the mention of it. O’Brien then informed Winston that everybody knows what is in the room, even Winston. However, he highlighted the fact that the worst thing in the world varied from person to person because it was the thing that each individual feared most. The worst thing in the world surpassed pain and was unendurable. In Winston’s case, the worst thing in the world was rats and his fear for rats was used in the final stage of integration to force acceptance. Winston finally betrayed his commitment to Julia and submitted to Big Brother’s will. Sources:	Ministries of Nineteen Eighty-Four
In the 2007 film ‘Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street’, was is the first name of Sweeney Todd’s wife?	1984 - Part 3, Chapters 4, 5, 6 Introduction The last part of the book is the conclusion of it. The third part is subdivided in three phases: learning, understanding and agreeing. In fact Winston represents in this case the dissident that must be re-educated in accord with the ideas of the Ingsoc. Oï¿½Brien is not the friend that Winston imagines but becomes an executor, the instructor of Winston. If the first and second phase is carried out by using the body torture, the last phase represents the conclusion and the ï¿½Beingï¿½ is destroyed. The Humanity is annulled. 1984 - Part 3, Chapter 4 Summary The chapter starts with Winston that is in his room. The tortures are finished and he can retrieve his forces. Sometimes the Party gives him an object like a small blackboard where he writes some random sentences. He is subject to the party. The physics laws do not exist. He accepts everything the party says. His mind is shaped. But in his heart there is the feeling towards Julia. The party canï¿½t erase his feelings. He does not love Big Brother. When O'Brien asks Winston about his feelings towards him and if he loves the Big Brother hee does not have the force to say yes. He knows that he must say the truth. Winston hates the Big Brother. Summary When O'Brien says "Room 101", Winston is brought there. Winston wants to know what is in the Room 101. O'Brien answers him that there is the worst thing in the world. It changes from man to man. In Winston's case the rats are the things that he fears most. Winston is shocked. He asks Oï¿½Brien what he is doing but Oï¿½Brien does not say anything and applies the mask on Winstonï¿½s face. In the mask there are the rats and two protections that divide the animals from Winston. When O'Brien opens the first protection he shouts that they are doing this to Julia. Winston loses his senses when he hears the clack of the maskï¿½s protection. What is there in the room 101? The thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the world.ï¿½ Oï¿½Brein tells Winston. The Room 101 is a place where the fear comes true. Anybody can control it. Winston knows that. But what does Oï¿½Brien want? He wants to annul Winston in his soul, in his feelings. They can enter him. Oï¿½Brien uses a particular mask where there is the terror of Winston: Rats. Precisely two rats. ï¿½Oï¿½Brien!ï¿½ said Winston, making an effort to control his voice. ï¿½You know this is not necessary. What is it that you want me to do?ï¿½ Winston has the answer. Oï¿½Brien wants Winston to betray Julia. And when he opens the first protection in the mask between Winston and the rats Winston says: Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I donï¿½t care what you do to her.ï¿½ It is the end. He betrays Julia. The Party can all. The Humanity is definitively destroyed. Winston is annulled. 1984 - Part 3, Chapter 6 Short Summary In the Chestnut Tree Winston waits for Julia. The telescreen announces some news about the war. Winston has a violent emotion: in fact for the first time Oceania can lose some territories. While he is writing "2+2=5" on the table of bar the he thinks that they can do all. They can control the past and the future, control the people. He had seen Julia in a garden and he was waiting in the bar. When Julia arrives Winston is astonished. The two speak about the war but afterwards they say what happend in the time of the prison. The conclusion is that Julia has betrayed Winston and Winston has betrayed Julia. When Julia goes out she invites Winston to see her again. The chapter and the book close with Winston that sees a Poster of Big Brother and cries. Now He loves the Big Brother. 2+2=5ï¿½ This sentences is fundamental to understand the book. In some particular editions of ï¿½1984ï¿½ printed about 1954 to 1987 the expression is ï¿½2+2=ï¿½ whit an unknown result. This makes us think that Winston is not submissive to the party and Big Brother. Some critics say that it was a mistake and after that the copies of the book were printed with the correct form (this information is in a note of the book). ï¿½They canï¿½t get inside you,ï¿½ she had said. But they could get inside you. ï¿½What happens to you here is FOR EVER,ï¿½ Oï¿½Brien had said.ï¿½ All you care about is yourselfï¿½ In Fact, like Winston, also Julia may have gone into the Room 101. Winston appears changed. And after that, you donï¿½t feel the same towards the other person any longer Yes,ï¿½ she said, ï¿½we must meet again. Winston is astonished and there is a sort of contradiction when he writes 2+2=5. Has the party really changed the feeling of Winston towards Julia? But the reality is harder for Winston. He is enthusiast when the news from the telescreen announce the war was coming to an end. Suddenly he is in the ministry of Love. The long-hoped-for bullet was entering his brain The awaited death arrives when he understands the hidden smile of Big Brother. He loved Big Brother He knows now that it has been useless to resist the party and Big Brother The party has changed him. Personal Comments In this three chapters there is a clear picture of what represents a dictatorship. In fact it is clear the manipulation used by the party to have the control. Not only the control of the time - past, present, and future. The control is extended to every single person. The feelings can be changed according to the idea of the party. It is impossible to imagine that, but in this dictatorship it is possible. Control is at the basis of every tyranny. The Party of Orwell is a perfect example of Totalitarianism that has all the powers. People that do not follow the partyï¿½s line are re-educated and this leads to death. The rebels are suppressed by the party but by their own hands because in the end they want this. By means of this control the party goes on and the enemies vanish. All is false, like the war, that in the end of chapter 7 first is lost and then is won. The people must not think and remember. Winston thinks and remembers what has happened. The re-education is carried out by using physical and psychical torture and the man must accept the idea of Ingsoc. All is dominated in an atmosphere of powerlessness and concernment. The hope is killed when Winston, in the end of the book, sees the Big Brother and he loves Him. And the question that in the end we ask is: ï¿½Where is the convenience in fighting against the party? ï¿½	i don't know
English artist Damien Hirst was born in which city?	Biography of Damien Hirst - BLOUIN ARTINFO, The Premier Global Online Destination for Art and Culture \| BLOUIN ARTINFO Occupation: Conceptual Artist, Painter, Entrepreneur Movement: Young British Artists Education: Jacob Kramer College, Goldsmiths Famous Artworks “The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living,” 1991 “Mother and Child, Divided,” 1993 “For the Love of God,” 2007 “Verity,” 2012 “Mickey,” 2012 Damien Hirst is a British born painter, installation artist, sculptor, printmaker and assemblagist. His work is known for its avant-garde approach to ideas of existence through iconography. An enfant terrible of the 1990s art world, he is notorious for his use of dead animals and mundane objects that challenge the notions of our collective reality. Early Life Hirst was born in Bristol in June of 1965, the son of an auto mechanic who left the family when Hirst was still an adolescent, and a worker at the Citizens Advice Bureau. Although his single mother claimed to have lost control of the boy when he was a teenager, Hirst’s own childhood account is one of strict discipline. Restrained from showing any form of rebellion in his sartorial and musical tastes, his only unrestricted outlet was art – the one subject at school he showed talent in. It was this talent that enabled him, with the help of a teacher, to be admitted into the Jacob Kramer School of Art on his second attempt. Education After completing his Diploma course, Hirst enrolled at Leeds College of Art and Design and later attended Goldsmiths at the University of London. During this time, he gained a placement in a mortuary, which directly inspired his death-centric thematic body of work. In 1988, as a second-year student at Goldsmith, Hirst curated the exhibition “Freeze,” which showcased his own work alongside that of his fellow students. Famed art collector Charles Saatchi was present at the show, and became instantly enamored with Hirst’s work. Saatchi would later become a major proponent for many members of the then fledgling ‘shock-tactic’ artist group, Young British Artists, of whom Hirst was the most prominent representative. Success, Money and Fame Hirst created his career-defining piece “The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living” in 1991. The large-scale installation, comprising a 4-meter-long tiger shark treated in a vitrine of formaldehyde, proved to be quite sensational; subsequently, Saatchi purchased it for £50,000. When Saatchi sold the piece in 2004 to collector Steven A. Cohen, it’s multi-million dollar price tag made headlines. Though the amount was not officially disclosed, the embalmed shark is widely speculated to have fetched $8 million or more. The sale made Hirst the one of the most valuable artist on the market, second only to Jasper Johns. In 1993, Hirst participated in the Venice Biennale exhibiting his work “Mother and Child Divided,” which featured a cow and calf, sliced in cross sections and preserved in four separate vitrines of formaldehyde. In 1995, the contemporary artist finally won the Turner Prize, after being nominated three years earlier. The honor was given following the public vandalism of Hirst’s work Away from the Flock, a single sheep preserved in a vitrine. This was the decade during which Hirst’s drug abuse and alcoholism was at its peak. He speaks of himself at that time as “a babbling wreck”, and made headlines when he stuck a cigarette into the end of his penis in front of reporters in the late 1990s. In the year 2000, he faced legal action in Dublin when he pulled down his trousers and inserted a chicken bone into the end of his penis. Subsequently, he quit both smoking and drinking in 2002. In 2007, Hirst’s “Lullaby Spring,” a steel cabinet containing individually painted pills, sold for $22.8 million at a Sotheby's London auction, officially sending Hirst past John’s record. However, embalming fluid and dead animals aside, Hirst has become widely known for his spot paintings. Almost entirely completed by his assistants, these works feature uniformly painted rows of multicolored circles. In 2008, Hirst bypassed standard gallery representation and auctioned his work directly to the public through Sotheby’s London. Despite reservations that the artist was hurting his market, the auction, titled "Beautiful Inside My Head Forever," raised $198 million. The Horror of Mortality In his work, Hirst questions one’s sentience and understanding of the lines that divide desire and dread, rationality and faith, eternity and impermanence. He uses the symbols and tools of science and religion to produce installations and paintings that portray the fragility of such constructs and our inability to grasp their meanings outside of familiar domains. Fresh Work More recently, to the shock of many, the ever-evolving Hirst returned to painting. “Blue Paintings” was unveiled in 2009 at the Wallace Collection in London, leaving the critics divided. "People are not shocked by animals in formaldehyde anymore, but they're shocked that you're picking up a brush and a canvas and going backwards," he told BBC. Today, Damien Hirst remains one of the wealthiest and most controversial artists in the world. Timeline 1965 - Born in Bristol 1988 - While studying at Goldsmith, Hirst curates the exhibition “Freeze,” which showcases his own work alongside that of his fellow students 1991 - Makes his career-defining work, “The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living” 1993 - Hirst participates in the Venice Biennale exhibiting his work “Mother and Child Divided” 2007 - Hirst’s “Lullaby Spring,” sells for $22.8 million at a Sotheby's London auction Exhibitions	Bristol
In which James Bond film did Sean Connery wear the Bell Rocket Belt (Jet Pack)?	Damien Hirst \| artnet Damien Hirst × Biography Damien Hirst is a British conceptual artist and the most prominent member of the Young British Artists. Along with Liam Gillick , Tracey Emin , and Sarah Lucas , Hirst was part of the YBA movement that rose to fame in the 1990s, mounting their own exhibitions in unconventional spaces, such as warehouses and factories. Born on June 7, 1965 in Bristol, Hirst was raised in Leeds. As a student at Goldsmiths College in London, he caught the eye of collector and gallerist Charles Saatchi, who then became an early patron. The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991), a large vitrine containing an Australian tiger shark suspended in formaldehyde, was financed by Saatchi and helped to launch what would become a very successful and lucrative career for the artist. Hirst won the Turner Prize in 1995, and currently lives and works in London, Gloucestershire, and Devon. Related Categories	i don't know
The ‘Qumran Scrolls’ are better known by what name?	Inventory of Manuscripts from Qumran of Manuscripts from Qumran Introduction This file should eventually contain a list of all the known manuscripts from the eleven original caves excavated at Qumran and about which information is presently available. The list has been compiled from three readily available paperback sources 1, 2, 3. (see the Abbreviations and Sigla page for more information about the numerous abbreviations used at this site and in the Qumran and scroll literature, more generally. See the Glossary page for definitions of most of the more obscure terms used at this site and in the Qumran and scroll literature, more generally.) The other references most frequently cited here are from the serial work in progress Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (of Jordan) (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1955-), the individual numbers of which are designated herein as DJD I, DJD II, DJD III, etc. Check the Bibliography for an extensive list of relevant references, including all those consulted while constructing this web site. The series numbers, names and official abbreviations assigned to the various manuscripts have been changed in the past and may be changed in the future. They remain under the control, primarily, of the Israel Antiquities Authority and the various editors selected to publish the official editions of the scholarly work on the scrolls. These definitive sources should be consulted by anyone working seriously in this field. This list is intended mostly to satisfy amateur scholars, like me, who are very curious but still have a lot to learn. The state of preservation of the manuscripts varies from almost complete to almost non-existent. Many of the manuscripts are made up of more than one fragment. Once the fragments had been reassembled into manuscripts, each manuscript was given the series designation provided in this list. Some manuscripts consist of a single small fragment. Others contain nearly the entire text of the original. Many unclassified fragments remain unidentified; neither a part of one of the larger scrolls nor a part of any known text. These fragments were each assigned their own unique series designations. (In general, the task has been to assemble smaller fragments into larger fragments wherever joins can be identified. The jigsaw puzzle aspect of the assembly ends when all the available joins have been identified. The assembled larger fragments have typically been collected together based on other evidence into larger manuscripts even when no common joins existed. Such evidence includes language, letter shapes, spacing between rows and columns, widths of the columns, the color of the scroll material, the nature of the damage to the scroll material, the nature of the text [especially if it is from a known text for which a more complete version exists, etc.] Some of this is straightforward and some of it is not. There is the chance that future scholarship will force a revision in some of these assignments, however, everyone seems to agree that the job done to date was done very thoroughly and with a high degree of care, skill and precision.) Some of these manuscripts are copies of the same, or nearly the same text. Each manuscript copy received its own distinct series designation. But for many of these copies the same official abbreviations and/or names are often used. To distinguish among the copies, superscript letters are often used when referring to them by name. Most of the early manuscripts and a high percentage of the Cave 4 manuscripts were not acquired through personal excavation by the official archaeological expeditions. They were purchased from the Bedouin who found them. The buyers were primarily the representatives of Jordan and Israel. This makes it impossible to assign specific fragments and documents to specific caves with complete confidence (chain of custody and provenance are undocumented). It is not even entirely certain that all manuscripts discovered by the Bedouin have been accounted for. Comments about the distribution of documents among the various caves and discussions of why certain manuscripts were stored in certain caves must include the implicit proviso that it is all subject to change should more data or manuscripts become available. (Note that finding a fragment of a purchased manuscript in one cave does not necessarily prove, only improves the likelihood, that the purchased manuscript was originally taken from that same cave.) Initially, de Vaux and Milik divided the texts into biblical (included in the Hebrew Bible) and non-biblical categories before parsing them among the members of the editorial group. The following superscripts are used here to identify individual manuscripts in each category according to that original classification:1 ß Biblical Text ¤ Non-Biblical Text The term "non-biblical" should not be understood as non-religious. Almost all the works in the Qumran library are religious in some sense. "Non-biblical" simply means not currently part of the accepted Jewish Canon. In other words, these are among the texts that did not make it into the Bible. Over time the editors have occasionally chosen to renumber and rename certain of the manuscripts. This seems to have been due in part to their evolving understanding of how the fragments and manuscripts fit together. Furthermore, not all scholars who have studied the texts agree on how each of them should be reassembled from the available fragments. For these, and perhaps other, reasons, there are occasional missing numbers. It is important to remember that these series designations are intended to refer to individual manuscripts. There are many techniques that can be used to determine if two fragments of one text are from the same or separate manuscripts. These include the color and texture of the parchment or papyrus on which it is written, and the handwriting, language and idiomatic usages of the scribe(s) who wrote it (them). It should be obvious that if even a single part of the two fragments overlap, then two separate manuscripts are, almost certainly, required. On the other hand, many fragments with no overlaps and no contiguous edges with the other fragments, have been assigned to specific larger documents. The techniques used in making these assignments are not infallible, and it is always possible that future scholarship and/or investigative techniques will require reassignment of some fragments. Manuscripts or fragments, now numbered separately, may turn out to be parts of other numbered manuscripts. While most of the details of this jigsaw puzzle were worked out long ago, it is still possible that some of the unidentified individual fragments, currently carrying their own unique manuscript designations, may yet be identified and, possibly, incorporated into other manuscripts. This would possibly create additional gaps in the series numbering. It is also possible that a fragment now assigned to one document might turn out to be part of another copy of the same text or even part of an unrelated text. Such a fragment could, in the latter case, require its own new number. The biblical and non-biblical texts are intermixed here in the order of their current numerical series designations. In general, the biblical manuscripts have lower numbers than the non-biblical manuscripts, but not always. I have, after the example of F. García Martínez1, appended to the numerical series designation, the official abbreviation (in parentheses), and one or more commonly used titles. Manuscripts with non-numerical official designations (such as the first seven manuscripts) appear at the beginning of the list for the appropriate cave (Cave 1 for those first seven manuscripts). Some famous or notorious manuscripts have become better known by their official abbreviations or one of the common names than by their numerical series designation. These I have also chosen to list at the beginning of the entries for the appropriate caves. Note that those entries appear again in their numerical sequence in the list of the cave's manuscripts ONLY to refer you back to the beginning of the list. The intent is that each individual manuscript should have only one entry in the list. Putting well known named manuscripts at the beginning of each Cave's list merely speeds up the process of checking on certain specific manuscript references. In a few special cases, one manuscript consumes two numerical series designations. This occurred because parts of the manuscript ended up in Israel and part of it ended up in the Rockefeller Museum basement in East Jerusalem. Given the temper of the times and of some of the individuals involved, there was no way to reunite the separate parts. Today, it should be possible, but there are no signs that such reunions have actually occurred under the auspices of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Two non-Qumran manuscripts are also listed here because they are so closely related to the various copies of the Damascus Document (4QD) discovered in Cave 4; fragments of this document have also been discovered in other caves at Qumran. These two non-Qumran manuscripts are copies of the Damascus Document discovered in the Cairo Genizah (the CD-A and CD-B documents). These manuscripts along with copies from Qumran Cave 4 are all listed together at the beginning of the Cave 4 list. Other fragments, presumably from separate copies, of the Damascus Document found in other caves are also listed at the beginning of the lists for their appropriate caves. An original DJD reference, or an alternate reference, for each manuscript is usually provided, along with a brief description or identification of its contents, as currently understood. See F. García Martínez1, R. Eisenman and M. Wise2, and Geza Vermes3 for more complete sets of references and descriptions. The biblical texts have not, so far as I know, ever been considered controversial. They were to a large extent translated and published early. They are of interest to many biblical scholars, not least because they offer insights into the evolution of Old Testament scriptures. Copying errors, misunderstandings, redactions, insertions (glosses), and biblical commentaries, among other effects, have all served to modify these texts over time. These changes are of undoubted interest to scholars whose research focuses the evolution of such biblical texts prior to the time they were edited into their final forms in the modern Christian and Jewish Canons. This work has a long history, and unlike scholars interested in the non-biblical texts, biblical scholars were not unduly hindered in their investigations of the Dead Sea Scrolls by the inactions of some of the original editors. Until recently most of the non-biblical texts have been only partially published or not published at all. These texts are potentially more interesting than the biblical texts, in part, because they are among the lost religious texts of the intertestamental period. What is even more interesting, they were lost without leaving us any trace that they ever existed; at least, not until the late 1940's. As the Damascus Document discoveries in the Cairo Genizah demonstrate, however, some of these may have been lost more recently than might be suspected. Still, it is always most interesting to stumble across the totally unexpected. The newly won availability of these texts now offers scholars an opportunity to start digging for the surprises. English translations of most of the non-biblical texts from Qumran have recently become available in economical paperback editions suitable for general readership. The paperback edition containing the earliest widely available English translation(s) for individual scrolls is indicated using superscripts to provide the source and page numbers as follows: o Too small to be worth translating according to F. García Martínez1 1 [pp] F. García Martínez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated - The Qumran Texts in English, 2nd ed., trans. W. G. E. Watson, (Leiden; E. J. Brill, 1995). (Originally published in Spanish as Textos de Qumrán (Madrid; Editorial Trotta SA, 1992). The first English language edition "with corrections and additions" was (Leiden; E. J. Brill, 1994). The first paperback edition of the English translation was published jointly in 1996 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, and Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan.) (This is the most extensive translation of the 270 most important non-biblical texts available into English. Its major shortcoming is the limited amount of discussion provided for the texts; although this is scheduled to be rectified in a companion volume due out soon, we are assured.) (I have corrected a small number of typographical errors while examining specific entries from the otherwise excellent list of manuscripts provided at the end of this work. These have been primarily numerical errors in page or volume numbers and, occasionally, in the series number of a specific manuscript. I expect that these will be corrected in a later edition, but in the interim, the corrected entries are available here . These small errors do not detract in any way from the overall stunning impact of the translations themselves.) 2 [pp] R. Eisenman and M. Wise, Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered, (New York; Penguin, 1993). (Translations in this volume are limited to a subset of 50 of the non-biblical texts from Cave 4. These texts have been reassembled independently, and in some cases, uniquely. In addition to the translations, this volume also includes discussions of all the translated texts. Multiple manuscripts were used by Professor Wise, whenever possible, to reconstruct as much of the original text as possible. There is no way, however, to be sure that all the separate manuscripts originally contained identical text. The composite published text may, therefore, differ in some respects from every one of the manuscript copies from which it was reconstructed. Professor Eisenman's contention that the original scroll owners were early Christians is not widely accepted by most scroll scholars. This is not, however, a relevant issue for those who are only or mainly interested in the translations, themselves. Professor Wise conducted extensive research to reassemble as much of the original text as possible from the, sometimes numerous, manuscripts that include parts of the text he was trying to translate and analyze. This is an excellent introduction to the non-biblical scrolls for a non-specialist. Even Eisenman and Wise don't agree on what they mean. That highlights, for me, that this is a healthy and vibrant area of continuing scholarly interest and investigation. Disagreement is what everyone expected once the texts became generally available to scholars.) 3 [pp] Geza Vermes, Dead Sea Scrolls in English - Revised and Extended Fourth Edition, (London; Penguin, 1995). (Translations in this volume are limited to a subset of 70 of the non-biblical texts from several caves. The first edition of this volume goes back to 1962. It thus provided the first generally available translations from outside the official international editorial group.) (It has a most instructive introductory section including a history of the entire scroll fiasco and interesting reportage about most of the principle players. It is not as forthcoming about Professor Vermes own role in most of that history, but other sources can be consulted for those details. It is worth having just for the introduction.) (It also has some commentary about the texts that it covers, but this is hardly extensive. It includes seemingly all of the largest extant manuscripts and as such is a worthy acquisition. It is also interesting to compare, where possible, these translations with those of F. García Martínez. The later it should be remembered, were first translated into Spanish and then into English by Wilfred G. E, Watson. This might be expected to produce some interesting differences in the final texts.)	Dead Sea Scrolls
Remus and Castrol Edge are corners on the Formula One Grand Prix race track in which country?	What Are the Dead Sea Scrolls? - Professor Lawrence Schiffman discusses the Qumran Scrolls - Jewish History What Are the Dead Sea Scrolls? What Are the Dead Sea Scrolls? Professor Lawrence Schiffman discusses the Qumran Scrolls Discuss (17) Jugs found in Qumran. It was probably the worst time to have to deal with ancient manuscripts. In 1947, a Bedouin shepherd tossed a stone into a cave close to the northwest shore of the Dead Sea , in Qumran. Rather than the sound of rock or earth, he heard the sound of breaking pottery. Peering into the cave, he saw a number of tall clay jars. Together with a cousin, he entered the cave, where he found one jar containing some scrolls. The two began showing them to people, looking for a buyer. Eventually, they sold some of the scrolls to Kando, a local cobbler who dealt in antiques. As word of the scrolls spread, institutional buyers became interested. Although hostilities between the Jews of the area and Arabs were obviously imminent, archaeologist Eleazar Sukenik managed to buy three for the Hebrew University. The head of the Syrian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem, Mar Athanasius Samuel, purchased the remaining four. It was probably the worst time to have to deal with ancient manuscripts The scrolls, which would turn out to be some of the most famous archaeological finds of all time, sold for negligible amounts. The original Bedouin finders got less than $35 for the set. Samuel smuggled his four scrolls to America, and placed an advertisement in the Wall Street Journal offering the scrolls as an “ideal gift to an educational or religious institution.” And who wouldn’t want a gift of a priceless ancient manuscript? Because of the political situation in the Middle East, Jewish scholars could not directly approach Samuel to purchase the scrolls. Professor Harry Orlinsky of Hebrew Union College, calling himself Mr. Green, dealt with Samuel, eventually purchasing the scrolls on behalf of archaeologist Yigal Yadin , the son of Eleazar Sukenik, for $250,000, which would be over $2 million today. The scrolls were brought back to the Rockefeller Museum in East Jerusalem, where they remained under Jordanian control until the Six-Day War. Following the Bedouin shepherd’s discovery, the Qumran area saw a gold rush of sorts, as archaeologists vied with local tribesmen to recover the leather fragments from nearby caves. In total, 972 documents were found in 11 local caves. The Dead Sea Scrolls include three types of documents: the earliest existing copies of books from the Hebrew Bible , known in Hebrew as the Tanach ; copies of other early works that are not part of Tanach; and works related to a specific sect that existed among the Jews at the time of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. There were also ancient tefillin scrolls and archaeological artifacts, such as mikvahs , ritual baths. The Dead Sea Scroll Scholar Professor Lawrence Schiffman. Professor Lawrence Schiffman , a tall, genial man, with a pronounced New York accent and an infectious sense of humor, was recently appointed Vice-Provost of Undergraduate Education at Yeshiva University. Previously he worked at New York University for 39 years, where he was chair of the Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies. Schiffman has been working on the Dead Sea Scrolls ever since he was a senior in college. In fact, even his doctorate was on the Scrolls, although at that time not all of the Scrolls had been published or were available for study. The professor explained that Middle East politics delayed the Scrolls’ publication. “First, some scrolls were found before the ’48 war. But then there were a tremendous number of fragments found in the ’50s in Qumran, which was then part of Jordan. In ’67 Israel took control of East Jerusalem, where these unpublished fragments lay at the Rockefeller Museum. “The problem was that the Israelis gave the job of publication to a team of Christian scholars, who kept saying, ‘We’re almost done, we’re almost done, we’re almost done.’ That deal turned out to be a mistake. It was clear that they just weren’t doing it. The Israeli government overturned the whole arrangement in 1990, and within a short time the Scrolls were published and exhibited. I was a member of the new publication team.” Unfortunately, the original work on the Scrolls actually caused a great deal of damage to the fragile parchment Schiffman first discovered the scrolls when he was studying biblical history at Brandeis University in Boston, Mass., when someone suggested, “Why don’t you try the Dead Sea Scrolls?” According to Schiffman, “Besides for a few Israelis here or there, most of the work was being done by people who had no real training in Jewish texts. They might have had training in Bible, taught from either an academic or a Christian point of view, but they knew nothing about rabbinic Judaism , Jewish law or Talmud.” Professor Schiffman explained that study of the Scrolls usually doesn’t involve study of the physical objects themselves. “There is a stage where you need the physical scrolls, because of letters around the edge or other things like that. But mostly, the photos are much better, because of the use of infrared technology. Some of the Scrolls have become completely brown and are not decipherable to the naked eye.” Unfortunately, the original work on the Scrolls actually caused a great deal of damage to the fragile parchment. Scholars smoked while studying the fragments, and taped them together using regular tape. Part of the ongoing conservation work seeks merely to reduce the damage done by scholars of the past, who may have destroyed more in a few years than had been lost over the previous 2,000. As such, access to the Scrolls is quite limited. How to View the Scrolls Schiffman explained that the scholarly approach to the Scrolls has changed with time. Originally, “they analyzed the Scrolls as proto-Christianity.” But the approach to the Scrolls in recent years has become much more nuanced, he said. “Younger scholars understand that they need to be familiar with the history of Judaism during the Second Temple era to understand later developments.” For example, many scholars think that the Qumran sect believed in celibacy. “I personally don’t agree with that interpretation,” says Schiffman, “but even if you do, there are two ways to look at it.” Previously, scholars interpreted it as a proto-Christian idea. However, “if you come at it objectively, you can try to figure out if there were some Jews who thought celibacy was a good idea in the pre-Christian period, and why they might have thought that.” Schiffman sees the Scrolls as a valuable repository of information about Jewish life and thought during the era of the Second Holy Temple . “My focus is predominantly on how the Scrolls fit into the history of Judaism , and what they tell us about the Second Temple period. Until the Scrolls were discovered, we relied on the books of Josephus and the books of Maccabees. The Scrolls give us a tremendous amount of further information about that period. “People like to discuss which sect originally compiled the Scrolls. Most scholars attribute them to the Essenes, described by Josephus. But irrespective of that, from my point of view, I’m not so interested in the people who gathered the Scrolls. I’m more interested in the contents of the Scrolls, because they shed light on the beliefs of all the Jews of the time.” Interesting for Jews? I asked Professor Schiffman what the average Jew can find of interest in the Scrolls. “There is an emotional component,” the expert explained, pointing to a piece of Psalm 121 on display: “Esa einai el heharim”—“I shall raise my eyes to the mountains . . .” “When you realize that these very words were recited directly from this scroll by our forefathers 2,200 years ago, it’s very moving.” Schiffman added that he finds that Jews generally have an intense interest in archaeology and their history. According to Schiffman, there are certain differences between the books of Tanach found in the Dead Sea Scrolls and those that we have. “There are some texts that are slightly different, usually just in the spelling of a word here or there.” He explained that ultimately the differences were expunged; a scroll found in the courtyard of the Holy Temple “corrected all the other texts.” More to Investigate? I asked Professor Schiffman: “You have a finite number of scrolls that have all been found and published. What is there still to investigate?” He explained, “Until recently the main task involved editing and publishing the Scrolls. But now, the research possibilities are endless. “For example, one of the fundamental ideas in Jewish mysticism is that the angels praise G‑d in Heaven. When you open up the Dead Sea Scrolls, there are poems, not the same poems we have, and they describe the angelic praise of G‑d. “So now, if a person were to write a book about angelic praise of G‑d in Judaism, they have a wider resource field available.” Controversy and the Curse of the Scrolls The physical Scrolls have been the subject of some political debate. Jordan has claimed ownership of the Scrolls, but its protests of Dead Sea Scroll exhibits have not been recognized by hosting countries. According to Schiffman, “The Palestinians have also made claims on the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Oslo Accords stated that there would be a settlement of the claim, which the Israelis assume would be financial. “They can make all the claims they want. The notion that the Israeli government is going to give away Torah scrolls, or a Bible, or however you would look at the Scrolls—it’s not going to happen. They could be the most wonderful people in the world and it wouldn’t happen. The reality is that we are not going to give these manuscripts away.” Schiffman sees the Scrolls as a valuable repository of information about Jewish life and thought during the era of the Second Holy Temple Professor Schiffman himself has been hit by a controversy concerning the Scrolls. In August 2010, Raphael Golb, a real estate lawyer, was convicted of 30 criminal counts related to his online impersonations of Professor Schiffman and other Dead Sea Scroll scholars who disagreed with his father, Norman Golb of the University of Chicago, about the origins of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Raphael Golb was sentenced to six months in prison, but has appealed the verdict. Professor Schiffman explained that among 150 leading scholars there is a strong consensus about the origin and content of the Scrolls. There are, however, a number of theories backed by only several of the scholars. “I have no problem with that, until they start impersonating other scholars. They should come to conferences and get up and explain why their theory is right, and people will argue with them, and we’ll have a good time. “There’s something that we call the ‘Curse of the Scrolls.’ It’s like Jerusalem Syndrome, when people go there and think they are biblical figures. “The problem with some of these theorists is that they refuse to accept certain basic facts, and then no one is willing to consider what they have to say. If these theorists were to say, ‘Here are the facts, as we all know, but I have a different interpretation,’ the scholars would be happy to listen. “It’s not that we don’t want to hear alternative theories. We just don’t want to hear theories that are baseless.” The extreme passion, and even craziness, has a name, says Professor Schiffman. “The Scrolls generate a lot of genuine interest and enthusiasm, and I get e‑mails from people worldwide. Sometimes it’s a pain in the neck to have to answer all the questions, but they are usually intelligent ones. “But there’s something that we call the ‘Curse of the Scrolls.’ People lose balance, even scholars, or in my case, the son of a scholar. It’s like Jerusalem Syndrome, when people go there and think they are biblical figures. From the moment that the Scrolls were found, there have been people who have gone completely overboard.” Getting the Scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls are currently on exhibit, through April 2012, at the Discovery Times Square museum. “I don’t think the public is going to read through the scrolls,” the professor says, “but that they can look at the them—it gives you a special feeling. “It’s true even for me, although I’ve been doing this for years. I was [at the museum on] the Monday before the exhibit opened, going over the show with the curators, making sure that there were no mistakes. While I was there, they were putting the Leviticus Scroll into its case. It’s about two-and-a-half feet long. I had never seen that scroll so close. And I was seeing it before they had put it in the case. So I was three inches away from this particular scroll. It’s a great thrill to realize that here is the Torah from 2,200 years ago. There is a tremendous feeling of continuity. “That’s why I think Jewish schools should bring their students to this exhibit. They, of course, have to prepare them beforehand, but I’m sure they do that before any trip.” Leaving my meeting with Professor Schiffman, I too felt some of the excitement that he radiated. It was surprising to realize that such ancient texts, wrapped long ago in earthenware pots and hidden in desert caves, could still inspire excitement, madness, awe.	i don't know
Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of which type of body tissue in humans?	Myoglobin Human \| ProSpec Myoglobin Human 10mg($2000) Ice Packs Catalogue Number PRO-565 Synonyms Myoglobin, MB, PVALB, MGC13548. Introduction Myoglobin is a member of the globin superfamily and can be found in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It is a haemoprotein that contributs to intracellular oxygen storage and transcellular facilitated diffusion of oxygen. Myoglobin has a single-chain globular structure of 153 amino acids, containing a heme prosthetic group (iron-containing porphyrin) in the core around which the remaining apoprotein folds. Myoglobin has 8 alpha helices and a hydrophobic core. Myoglobin’s molecular weight is 16.7 kDa, and it is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues. The binding of oxygen in myoglobin is different from the cooperative oxygen binding in hemoglobin, since positive collaboration is a property of multimeric/oligomeric proteins only. Instead, the binding of oxygen by myoglobin is uninfluenced by the oxygen pressure in the surrounding tissue. Myoglobin is frequently referred to as having an "instant binding tenacity" to oxygen given its hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve. Different organisms are able to hold their breaths longer due to high concentrations of myoglobin in their muscle cells. Myoglobin is responsible for the pigments that make meat red. The color of the meat is partly determined by the charge of the iron atom in myoglobin and the oxygen attached to it. Myoglobin is found in Type I muscle, Type II A and Type II B, but it is mostly deemed that myoglobin is not found in smooth muscle. Myoglobin is discharged from damaged muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis), which contains very high concentrations of myoglobin. Even though the released myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys, it is toxic to the renal tubular epithelium and thus may cause acute renal failure. Description Human Myoglobin produced in Human Cardiac Tissues having a molecular mass of 17.5kDa. Myoglobin is released from recently injured myocardial cells within a few hours of Infarction. Peak levels are reached more quickly than CK-MB or Troponin complex. Source Human Cardiac Tissues. Physical Appearance Sterile Filtered red solution. Formulation The protein solution is in 0.05M phosphate buffer pH 7.5 containing 0.15M NaCl and 0.09% NaN3. Filtered through a 0.2µM membrane. Stability Human Myoglobin should be stored at 2-8°C. Purity Greater than 96.0%. Human Virus Test Starting material donor tested and certified negative for HIV I & II antibodies, Hepatitis B surface antigen, and Hepatitis C antibodies. Product tested and found negative for HTLV antibodies. Usage Prospec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals. Related Products	Muscle tissue
A colubrid is what type of creature?	A-level Biology/Transport/mammalian transport - Wikibooks, open books for an open world A-level Biology/Transport/mammalian transport 7.2 Altitude sickness Why do we have transport systems?[ edit ] Organisms do not always require transport systems, and most have much simpler ones than us - so why the complexity in the mammalian transport system? The reason is our size. Because mammals are so large (increased distance from the nutrients and the cells requiring them), have a high metabolic rate and a high level of activity, we have high oxygen and nutrient requirements. We also produce a relatively large amount of waste that has to be removed - all this is achieved by our complex transport system with pump. Table 1: Transport systems Move using flagellum in search of food Anemones are sedantry, jellyfish swim slowly Active movement, many fly Blood system (has pump) Blood system (has pump) As you can see from the above table, some organisms do not have transport systems, and rely on diffusion alone since they are such simple creatures that diffusion is adequate. Relative to their volume, they have a large surface area for diffusion to occur. Jellyfish and sea anemones survive for the same two reasons and that they do not move around much (which requires oxygen). Cardiovascular System[ edit ] The cardiovascular system or simply the blood system has a pump and a series of tubes, the heart and blood vessels respectively. The blood, coming from the left ventricle of the heart travels twice through the heart to make a complete circuit. Starting at the left ventricle, into the aorta, all around the body except for the lungs, back into the right side of the heart through the vena cava and then pumped out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, carrying it to the lungs to be reoxygenated, then returning along the pulmonary vein to the left side of the heart. This combination makes it a double circulatory system, and since the blood never leaves it is known as a closed circulatory system. See this picture for an extended look at the human blood vessel system: [3] //dead link This picture helps to describe the double circulatory system: [4] //dead link Arteries[ edit ] An artery diagram. You may be asked to look at a diagram drawn as if you were looking into the artery, such as [1] The function of the arteries is to transport blood swiftly and at high blood pressure to the tissues. Look at the diagram on the right. It is of a artery and shows three things - the tunica intima, the tunica media and the tunica externa. The tunica intima is made from endothelium, resting on a thin layer of elastic fibres as this is in contact with the blood, this is vital. Next up is the middle layer called the tunica media, containing smooth muscle, collagen and elastic fibres. Finally, the outside, the tunica externa, containing elastic and collagen fibres. The space in the middle where the blood flows through is called the lumen. Arteries have the thickest walls of any blood vessel, this, along with the smooth muscle and elastic fibres allow the wall to stretch as pulses of blood from the heart come through at high pressure. The fact that they are elastic (i.e., that they recoil after being stretched) is vital to ensure they 'snap back' after the pulse of blood has been through, raising the pressure and giving the blood a push. As they get further from the heart, and closer to the tissue to which they are giving blood to, they branch into smaller vessels known as arterioles - similar to arteries but smaller and with more muscle to push the blood along if required, also to enhance or restrict blood flow, such as restricting blood flow to gut during exercise. Veins[ edit ] An vein diagram. You may be asked to look at a diagram drawn as if you were looking into the vein, such as [2] Veins have a relatively large lumen, a thin tunica intima and an even thinner tunica media. Their tunica externa is mostly collagen fibres, as opposed to the artery that has a lot more elasticised fibres. Blood flows from the arterioles into capillaries, and when it leaves there it enters the veins, whose function it is to return blood to the heart. Veins have to deal with very low pressure blood, typically less than 5 mm hg - this helpfully negates the need for thick walls but how can blood be returned to the heart under such low pressure? The answer is semi-lunar valves. See this picture: [5] . As you can see from the picture, the semi-lunar valve only allows blood to go one way, trying to go the other simply closes the valve. Muscles in your legs also help to raise the pressure within your veins. Capillaries[ edit ] The arterioles continue to branch from the artery, eventually forming the smallest of all blood vessels, capillaries. The capillaries function is to take blood as close as possible to cells, allowing rapid transport of substances between cells and blood - they form a network in every tissue known as a capillary. Capillary walls are extremely thin, with walls of just a single layer of endothelial cells and each capillary is about the same size as a red blood cell, 7μm. This structure allows blood get to as close as 1μm from individual cells. Most capillary beds will have gaps in between the individual cells to allow some components of the blood to seep into the space between the cells of the body, forming tissue fluid. The blood pressure in a capillary is around 10mm Hg. Blood and tissue fluid[ edit ] Blood is simply cells floating in a pale yellow liquid called blood plasma. Blood plasma is mostly water with solutes such as nutrients and waste products. Protein molecules that remain in the blood all the time are known as plasma proteins. As said in the previous section, plasma leaks out between the capillaries and seeps into the spaces between the cells of the tissues, and becomes known as tissue fluid. Tissue fluid is blood plasma, without a few things that cannot fit through capillary walls- red blood cells and protein molecules. It forms the immediate environment of each individual body cell, and exchange the materials between cells - many processes in our body are designed to maintain the composition of tissue fluid, to ensure cells have an optimum environment. This is known as homeostasis, and involves the regulation of glucose concentration, water, pH, waste products and temperature. Lymphatic system[ edit ] Of the tissue fluid discussed in the previous section, around 90% seeps back into the capillaries, and the remaining 10% becomes lymph fluid in the lymph vessels (lymphatics). These vessels are tiny 'blind-ending' vessels, and tissue fluid can flow into them but not out - and these valves are wide enough to allow large protein molecules to pass through - important since this protein cannot get into the capillaries and can't be taken away by the blood, which would cause a fatal build-up if the tissue fluid does not take it away. The lymph vessels join up to form larger lymph vessels, which gradually transport the lymph fluid back to the large veins which run beneath the collarbone, known as the subclavian veins. Lymph nodes lie at intervals along lymph vessels and bacteria and other unwanted particles are removed from the lymph by white blood cells as the lymph passes through these nodes. Blood[ edit ] Blood is a specialized bodily fluid composed of blood cells suspended in a liquid called blood plasma. Blood cells[ edit ] A blood cell (also called blood corpuscle) is any cell of any type normally found in blood. In mammals, these fall into two general categories: Red blood cells Red[ edit ] Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are red because of the pigment haemoglobin, a globular protein, the main function of which is to transport oxygen from the lungs to respiring tissues. Red blood cells are relatively short-lived, they become more fragile as time goes on and rupture within the circulatory system but are replaced by the bone marrow. A list of their structures and functions are below. 'Red blood cells Haemoglobin[ edit ] The main role of the transport system is to transport oxygen from the alveoli to where it is needed - cells around the body, and this is achieved in the protein haemoglobin. Each haemoglobin molecule can hold four oxygen molecules. Dissociation curve[ edit ] Haemoglobin must not only pickup oxygen at the lungs (as we have seen so far) but to drop it off at the appropriate tissues. This is known as dissociation, and it is possible to measure haemoglobins dissociation and produce a graph, known as a dissociation curve. The graph (seen here on the right), shows that at low partial pressures of oxygen, the oxygen-saturation of haemoglobin is very low. At high partial pressures of oxygen, the oxygen-saturation of haemoglobin is very high.The oxygen dissociation curve of small mammal is slightly deviated to the left because these have got many metabolic processes. S-Shaped[ edit ] The S-Curve can be explained by the behaviour of a haemoglobin molecule as it loses and gains oxygen molecules. A haemoglobin molecule has four haem groups, and when an oxygen molecule combines with a haem group, the haemoglobin molecule becomes slightly distorted, and this distortion increases the haemoglobins affinity for oxygen, that is, it makes it easier for the second molecule of oxygen to bind. The second oxygen molecule joins, in turn making it easier for a third oxygen molecule to bind, but this molecule makes it harder for the fourth to bind. All this explains why the initial rise is slow, (first is hard to bind but the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile(2nd and 3rd are easy) is a steep graph, and the last quarter of the graph is slow (fourth is hard) again. The Bohr effect[ edit ] The Bohr effect is the influence of carbon dioxide on the S-shaped graph - when carbon dioxide is released into the red blood cells, it is converted by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which produces excess hydrogen ions as a result. Haemoglobin readily combines with these ions, forming haemoglobinic acid, and in doing so releases the oxygen which it is carrying. This results in two things - haemoglobin mopping up the hydrogen ions which are formed when carbon dioxide dissolves and dissociates - keeping the pH (concentration of hydrogen ions) neutral (acting as a buffer). The fact that a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide causes haemoglobin to release oxygen - this is the Bohr effect. It is very useful in that high concentrations of carbon dioxide are found in actively respiring tissues - the ones that need oxygen the most, and cause haemoglobin to release oxygen even more readily that it would otherwise do. The Bohr Effect shifts the S curve (this time for dissociation) slightly to the right, simply meaning that haemoglobin is less saturated than it would be at a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. There are three ways CO2 can be transported in the blood. Carbon dioxide can be carried directly in solution. (5%) One of the products of carbon dioxide dissociation is hydrogencarbonate ions, which mostly diffuse into the blood plasma. (85%) Carbon dioxide can also combine directly with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin. (10%) When the blood reaches the lungs, the above first two reactions are reversed and this leaves carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood, and the haemoglobin free to combine with oxygen. Foetal haemoglobin[ edit ] A developing foetus receives its oxygen across the placenta from its mother's haemoglobin. Obviously, the mother's blood has to supply her whole body as well as the foetus' needs, and thus by the time the blood reaches the placenta, the partial pressure of oxygen is relatively low. This requires foetal haemoglobin to have a higher affinity for oxygen, and bind more readily at lower partial pressures of oxygen. The curve for foetal haemoglobin on the s-shaped curve graph is slightly to the left of the adult haemoglobin curve. Once the foetus is born, he/she loses their foetal haemoglobin within 6 months, so that in the future a female can have a foetus inside her and that foetus will be able to use its foetal haemoglobin to attain oxygen. Also, it is necessary that the foetal haemoglobin changes to adult haemoglobin, so that the oxygen affinity is lowered sufficiently enough for the right amount of oxygen to be given up to cells and tissues. This is especially important as the child becomes more active, because its tissues will require more oxygen. Myoglobin[ edit ] Myoglobin is a reddish pigment which combines with oxygen, just like haemoglobin. However it is mostly found in muscle tissue. It has only one polypeptide chain, one haem group and can only bind with one oxygen molecule. However, myoglobin has a very high oxygen affinity and will not release its oxygen unless the partial pressure of oxygen around it is very low. This is useful because during the initial minutes of exercise, the heart and lungs require time to catch up with the muscles demand, and during this time the oxygen saturation drops low in the muscles as they quickly use it, and myoglobin releases its oxygen. So, myoglobin acts as an oxygen store. Oxygen transport difficulties[ edit ] As you probably have deduced, oxygen transport in our bodies is incredibly efficient, but it can be affected by a few things. Carbon monoxide[ edit ] Haemoglobin, for all its efficiency has a flaw—it combines, irreversibly, with carbon monoxide with an affinity 250 times that of oxygen. Carbon monoxide is inhaled from fumes from many sources, and combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin. Thus excessive concentrations of carbon monoxide, like from poorly-ventilated gas heaters, severely impact the bodies’ oxygen carrying capacity, and carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to death from asphyxiation. Altitude sickness[ edit ] Since haemoglobin partially relies atmospheric pressure to bind readily with oxygen, humans sometimes encounter problems above heights of 6500 feet, as the air pressure becomes such that haemoglobin will at most become 70% saturated instead of the usual 92-95% saturated, causing less oxygen to be carried around the body. This can make people feel ill, but worse it causes the arterioles in their brain to dilate, and increase the amount of blood flowing into capillaries. This causes fluid to leak from the capillaries into the brain tissues causing disorientation, and can even leak to the lungs making it difficult to breathe. This condition can be fatal. However, given time, the body can acclimatise to the lower pressure by increasing the number of red blood cells—however this takes at least two or three weeks at a high altitude. Other changes that occur to people who live at high altitudes include broad chests (high lung capacity), larger hearts and more haemoglobin in the blood than usual.	i don't know
The House of Grimaldi has ruled which European principality since 1927?	KEY FACTS ABOUT MONACO Contact Us KEY FACTS Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco is an independent and sovereign country located on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded on land by its neighbor France, and Italy’s borders are just 10 miles away (about 16km). Its area is 0.76mi² (1.98 km²) with a population of almost 36,000 inhabitants among which 8,300 Monegasques and including residents from 125 nationalities. Monaco is the second smallest country in the world and the smallest member of the United Nations. Furthermore The City-State of Monaco is the world’s most densely populated country: 23.800 inhabitants/mi². The house of Grimaldi has ruled over Monaco since 1297. Monaco’s sovereignty was officially and permanently recognized by the Franco/Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Furthermore, Monaco is one of 5 European micro-States (the others being: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, and the Vatican City). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Monte-Carlo is a district of Monaco whose total area has been peacefully extended by 20% in reclaiming land from the sea. The Official Language is French. However, Monegasque, Italian, and English are also widely understood and spoken. After the 2008 national census, we count more than 120 nationalities in the territory, amongst them 300 Americans and more than 200 Canadians. The Euro (EUR, €) was introduced in 2000 and is the official currency since 2002. Catholicism is the official State Religion however every Cult is accepted in the Principality. Monaco is governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. His Serene Highness the Prince is the Chief of State. The present Minister of State is His Excellency Michel Roger. The literacy rate of the population is almost 100% © Copyright 2011 The Embassy of the Monaco in Washington DC. All Rights Reserved	Monaco
Convicted felon Henri Charriere was better known by what name?	Consulate of Monaco in Vietnam The Principality of Monaco is a sovereign state located in South Western Europe on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded on three sides by its neighbour, France. With its area of 2.05 km2, Monaco is the second smallest country in the world, larger only than Vatican City. Its estimated population of 36,000 inhabitants also makes it the most densely populated nation in the world. Monaco is a constitutional monarchy and principality, with Prince Albert II as the head of state and head of the House of Grimaldi which has ruled Monaco since 1297. The Principality is not a member of the European Union, however, it is very closely linked via a customs union with France and uses the same currency, the euro. The official language is French. The National Day is celebrated on November 19. Click here to learn more: Website design Copyright © 2012 Consulate of Monaco in Vietnam	i don't know
Jack Dawson is a character in which 1997 Oscar-winning film?	Jack Dawson (Character) - Biography biography from Titanic (1997) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Warning! This character biography may contain plot spoilers. Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more. Character Biography History Discuss Jack Dawson June 17,1892-April 15,1912 (age 19) is one of the main protagonists in Titanic and the love interest of Rose DeWitt Bukater. He dies at the end of the film from hypothermia. He is portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio. Jack Dawson was born in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in 1892. It is unknown who his parents were, but they died when he was 15, causing him to travel the world. At some point he met Fabrizo De Rossi and traveled with him around the world. Jack Dawson boarded the Titanic in 1912. He was a poor third-class artist and was able to board the ship only after winning tickets in a game of poker against to Austrianmen with tickets and and playing with his friend. He boarded the Titanic with his friend, Fabrizio De Rossi. In his first days on the Titanic, he was able to enjoy his luxury until one day, he found Rose DeWitt Bukater, a beautiful first-class passenger, trying to commit suicide because of her repetetive lifestyle and forced engagement to Caledon Hockley. Jack stopped her and saved her from commiting suicide. On her way back, Rose slipped and despite Jack saving her, screamed out of fear. This attracted the attention of the crew members, who came running to help. They found Jack and Rose sprawled out on the floor together and got Caledon (who was referred to as Cal). Cal attempted to arrest Jack, but Rose stopped him and explained that Jack had saved her. Cal then invited Jack to dinner with the first-class passengers. The next day, Rose went in search of Jack and found him on the boat deck, where they talked for hours about their personal and private lives, as well as Rose's unattainable dreams. Rose then was able to look at some of the magnificent drawings Jack had drawn and was amazed by them. Later that day, Jack showed Rose how to properly spit off of the side of the ship until they were caught by her mother, Ruth, who took Rose to get ready for dinner that evening. Then, Molly Brown, a feisty and kind-hearted passenger, took Jack and lent him a tuxedo originally intended for her son. At dinner, Jack charmed the table with his witty jokes and his fascinating stories about his life. Before he left, he left a note in Rose's hand saying, "Make it count. Meet me at the clock." Rose met him and joined him at a party the crew was throwing, however, they were secretly being watched by Spicer Lovejoy, Cal's manservant. The next day, Rose was told by her mother that she could not see Jack again, however her mind was soon changed as Cal's horrible attitude and her mother's selfish acts increased. That night, Rose went in search of Jack and they shared their first kiss at the bow of the ship as the sun was slowly setting. Then, Rose told Jack that she wanted to be drawn nude wearing nothing but her beautiful necklace, the Heart of the Ocean. She stripped down in her suite and posed for Jack. When the drawing was done, Rose put it in Cal's safe. Afterwards, Rose and Jack realized that Lovejoy was spying on them and, although he chased them down the hall, they tricked him and locked him in the ship's boiler room. They then ventured off into the cargo hold and made love in the backseat of a brand new car a Renault. Jack and Rose shared another passionate kiss soon after before feeling the ship lurch. It had hit an iceberg and was slowly going to sink. Rose and Jack went and told Ruth and Cal, although the attempt was only a way to arrest Jack and lock him up. Soon after, Rose found him in a rapidly flooding room. He was chained to a pole, but she used a fire axe to set him free. Tommy Ryan, Jack's newfound friend, and Fabrizio then took them to the boat deck. Cal and Jack forced Rose onto Lifeboat 2 to escape the shipwreck, however, in an effort to avoid losing Jack, Rose jumped back onto the ship and stayed with Jack. Cal became angered and chased them through the ship with a gun* (*a handgun, also known as a pistol), intending to kill them. Jack and Rose escaped when Cal ran out of bullets and could not keep up with them. Rose and Jack then found a young boy crying and waiting for his father to return. In an effort to save him, Jack took the boy, although the father then came and became enraged that Jack was holding his son. He snatched the child and left. Then, two doors burst open because the water's pressure on them was too great, sending even more water onto Jack and Rose, who were already drenched. Their last hope was a terrified steward with a key to a metal gate that could get them back to the top deck, however he dropped the key in the water and ran for his life. Jack retrieved the key and took Rose back up to the top deck. Soon afterwards, all of the passengers were forced to grab onto something. in an effort to avoid falling off of the ship, which had cracked into two huge pieces. The ship sunk soon afterwards. Jack was able to find a door that had come from the ship floating in the water and let Rose lie on top of it. He could not find anything else and began to freeze in the freezing water. Jack told Rose that no matter what happened, he didn't want her to give up hope and that as long as she stayed on the door, she would be alright and live a long and happy life. Jack died of hypothermia and his body sank to the ocean floor. For some reason there was no reccord of Jack's existance. Rose was rescued soon after. It is undetermined what Jack and Rose's fate was, but it is assumed that they were reuinited in Heaven (which appeared to them in the form of the Titanic had it not sunk) years later when Rose, only days from turning 101, was assumed to have died in her sleep. Page last updated by kenjeyao , 10 months ago	RMS Titanic
What is the official language of The Netherlands?	Caledon Hockley \| Titanic Database Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Parents Nathan Hockley (father) Caledon (Cal) Hockley is a fictional character from the 1997 motion picture film Titanic . He is played by Billy Zane . Caledon Hockley is the son of a millionare and boards the Titanic with his fiancee, Rose DeWitt Bukater, to go to New York and claim his fortune from his father. Life on Titanic Edit The son of Pittsburgh steel tycoon, Nathan Hockley, in 1912, Caledon Hockley is on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic from Southampton, England, to New York City in order to marry his 17-year-old fiancée, Rose DeWitt Bukater . Rose does not want the marriage and despises Hockley, but the man either is oblivious to this or chooses to ignore it. In order to seal his relationship with Rose, he purchases a rare diamond once owned by King Louis XVI called the "Heart of the Ocean" and presents it to her. Caledon is not aware that Rose is driven to consider suicide during the voyage and that she is saved only by the intervention of a poor young man, Jack Dawson , with whom she falls in love. Hockley, initially unaware of this, invites Jack to dine with him as thanks for saving Rose's life (as far as he is concerned, she had accidentally fallen off the rail and was rescued by Jack). Hockley's bodyguard, a former Pinkerton's detective named Spicer Lovejoy, is the only one who doubts Rose and Jack's story because of some rudimentary deduction (he questions how Jack was able to remove his shoes so quickly). Eventually, Caledon realizes that Rose's affections lay with Jack and, even as the Titanic is starting to sink after having struck an iceberg, contrived with Lovejoy to have Jack arrested and locked deep belowdecks. (Jack is left to drown as the ship's brig starts to flood, and is later rescued by Rose.) Later, Caledon and Jack reluctantly join forces in order to get Rose to leave the sinking ship, but she defies both of them and jumps back on board. Caledon escapes the disaster unharmed, sneaking aboard a lifeboat while pretending to take care of a young child, but Lovejoy perishes when the Titanic splits in two. Although Hockley tries to find Rose afterwards, he is unsuccessful and believes that she died in the sinking. (In reality, he passes within a few feet of her, but Rose chooses not to reveal her presence). Later, Hockley marries someone else and inherits his family's millions, but he never gets over Rose's supposed death. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 ruins him even further, and he commits suicide by shooting himself in the mouth, or so Rose hears.	i don't know
Ailurophobia is the irrational fear of which animals?	Ailurophobia – Causes and Symptoms of Ailurophobia – Treatment Share your stories and support others... Ailurophobia Tweet Ailurophobia is an extreme and irrational fear of cats. People with this disorder fear cats to a point that they cannot stand being in their presence or even think about them. While it is normal for anyone to have a fear of certain types of animals, this fear does not usually hinder the normal operation of their lives. For the ailurophobic, simply knowing that an encounter with a cat is imminent can lead the sufferer to change his or her plans in order to avoid being in the presence of a cat. Causes of Ailurophobia Like all phobias there is no universally specific explanation for ailurophobia. Rather, it is the various unique experiences of each individual that leads to the development of such a disorder. Some examples of experiences that could have resulted in the development of ailurophobia include early life traumatic events that involved cats, witnessing such events, or even upbringing by parents or caregivers that stressed a fear or aversion towards animals such as cats. Regardless, if left untreated, this phobia can only become worse and further hinder the social and emotional life of the sufferer. Symptoms of Ailurophobia If you believe that you or someone you know may have ailurophobia, here are some symptoms to look for: Feelings of dread or panic when exposed to or thinking about cats Automatic or uncontrollable reactions when exposed to or thinking about cats Rapid heartbeat Extreme avoidance of cats Treatment of Ailurophobia Like many phobias, treatment for the disorder is usually best left to a mental health practitioner. The goal of any such expert is to first target the initial inciting factor that caused the person’s irrational and extreme fear. The patient and therapist talk about why the fear is unfounded, how they can come to terms with any traumatic experiences that caused the phobia, as well as ways to deal with the symptoms of the condition. This type of therapy is usually very effective, with a vast majority of patients completely overcoming or successfully coping with ailurophobia symptom-free for years, if not for the remainder of their lives. Some therapists opt to use cognitive behavioral therapy . With this type of treatment the patient meets with the therapist and in a systematic and gradual progression confronts the source of fear while learning to control the physical and mental reactions to it. By facing the phobia of cats head on, the patient becomes accustomed to it and thus ultimately realizes that his or her initial fears were not grounded in real or imminent danger. If you are searching for help with ailurophobia, finding it is quite easy. There are plenty of therapists and peer groups willing to help not only with the disorder but also the psychological difficulties attendant with it. If self-help is not working, do not hesitate to reach out to these resources for support. View Resources	Cat
Who plays the deaf man in the 1989 film ‘See No Evil, Hear No Evil’?	Definition of Ailurophobia Definition of Ailurophobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Slideshow Ailurophobia: An abnormal and persistent fear of cats which produces an undue anxiety reaction even though sufferers realize their fear is irrational. Sufferers of ailurophobia may fear not only the scratch or bite of a cat, but also the "evil mystique" of cats as depicted in Halloween folklore and such literary works as Edgar Allen Poe's "The Black Cat." From the Greek "ailouros" (cat) and "phobos" (fear). Alternate spellings: "Aelurophobia," "elurophobia." The Greek word "ailourous" has also given us the English word "Ailuroidea," a zoological term for a group of carnivorous animals including cats, hyenas and civets. An alternate name for fear of cats: "Galeophobia." Last Editorial Review: 6/9/2016	i don't know
Which animal is featured on the logo of car manufacturer Porsche?	33 Cars Logos Meaning & History \| CarLogos.org 33 Cars Logos Meaning & History 1. Audi Audi Logo Meaning - Audi cars of the four rings logo, representing the four pre-merger company. These companies have a manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles and small passenger cars. The company was originally a merger of four companies, so each ring is a symbol of one of the company. 2. Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Logo Meaning - apply for Daimler company registered in June 1909 pointed star as a car flag, symbol of landing on water and air mechanization. Coupled with a circle around it in 1916, set with four small stars in the top of the circle, the following Mercedes "Mercedes" word. "Mercedes" is the meaning of happiness, meaning Daimler production of car owners who will bring happiness. 3. Volkswagen Volkswagen Logo Meaning - Volkswagen automobile company in German the Volks Wagenwerk, intended for public use vehicles, marking the VW for the full name the first letter. Signs such as by three with the middle finger and index finger to make the "V", said the public company and its products win - win - win. 4. Toyota Toyota Logo Meaning - Toyota's three oval logo is from early 1990. Large oval logo on behalf of the Earth, in the middle by a vertical combination of two ellipses into a T-word, on behalf of Toyota. It is a symbol of Toyota is based on the future, confidence in the future and ambition, but also a symbol of Toyota is based on the customer, the customer guarantees, a symbol of the user's heart and the heart of the automotive manufacturers are linked to a sense of mutual trust, Yu said Toyota's superior technology and innovative potential. 5. Ford Ford Logo Meaning - Ford logo Ford English Ford "blue white. As founder Henry Ford, like small animals, so the logo designers Ford English painting into a pattern of small white rabbit look like. 6. BMW BMW Logo Meaning - BMW logo middle, on behalf of blue sky, white clouds and stop rotating propellers, Yu said a long history of BMW origins, a symbol of the company's leading position in the aero-engine technology, but also a symbol of the company has always The aims and objectives: in the vast space, with advanced technical skills, the latest concept to meet customer wishes, reflecting the vigorous momentum and the new face of the ever-changing. 7. Rolls-Royce Rolls-Royce Logo Meaning - Rolls-Royce Rawls · Luolao, Lewis Automotive logo two "R" overlap, a symbol of you have me, I have you, reflect both harmony and harmonious relationship. lawers Laois logo In addition to the double R, the famous trapeze signs. This flag is an idea taken from the corridors of the Louvre in Paris art statue of the goddess of victory in two thousand years of history, she was dignified and noble figure of the artists to produce a source of passion. When automotive art guru Charles Sykes was invited to the Rolls-Lo Lewis Motor Company design marks, goddess like etched in his mind immediately makes him produce inspiration. So an arms stretched to the Goddess of the body with a veil floating in the air. 8. Ferrari Ferrari Logo Meaning - Ferrari logo is a leaping horse. In the First World War, Italy has a performance very good pilot; his aircraft had this one will bring him good luck in the Yamaha. In the first Ferrari racing after winning the pilot's parents - a pair of Earl couple suggestions: Ferrari should also be in the car printed on this horse, bring good luck in the Yamaha. The pilot was killed, the horse became a black color; logo background color of Modena canary. 9. Peugeot Peugeot Logo Meaning - Peugeot Automobile Company, the predecessor of the Peugeot family, brothers Pierre in the early 19th century opened a production of the see-saw, spring and other iron tools, small workshops. These iron products, the trademark is a mighty lion, it is a sign of the company is located Frendo repair Kundi province, invincible metaphorical. Reflects the three major advantages: Peugeot see-saw hardened wear-resistant serrated teeth like a lion, saw themselves as the backbone of the Lions flexible, see-saw performance like a lion to the unimpeded. In 1890, a Peugeot car, to show that its high-quality, the company decided to still follow the "lion" trademark. 11. Bentley Bentley Logo Meaning - Walter Owen Bentley in 1919 produced the first one, four-cylinder racing car with a badge, the above is a pair of hawk wings surrounded by Bentley at the beginning of the letter "B" . Four-cylinder car is no longer in production, while "B" word badge is still the symbol of Bentley. Bentley car logo is based on the company name the first letter of the "B" as the main body to give birth to a pair of wings, like volley soaring eagle, the logo still in use. 12. Lincoln Lincoln Logo Meaning - Lincoln car is owned by Ford Motor Company brands. Mounted at the front of the middle surrounded by the elongated shape of the cross star, a symbol of dignity and solemnity. Lincoln Motor Company is Mr. Henry Leland founded in 1907, acquired by Ford Motor Company in 1922. The initial production of aircraft engines for the industry. Lincoln is a brand named after the president's name, designed for the production of high-end car of the president and head of state. Lincoln cars outstanding performance, elegant styling and unparalleled comfort, since the 1939 U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, has been the White House selected as the presidential limousine. 13. Jaguar Jaguar Logo Meaning - Jaguar name origin can be traced back to 1937. June SS Motor Company officially took over the car companies Sunbeam (Wolverhampton). Sir Lyons was very much hope that can car called the Sunbeam, Sunbeam had many world racing champions, can be described as a "victory" sign. Unfortunately, within the company there are some problems. Finally, forced to abandon the use of the name of the Sunbeam as a company. Sir Lyons last name-the Jaguar chose a clear pronunciation in various languages, it is named according to the World War I flying machine. Also known as Jaguar Jaguar, Hong Kong people also known as "Jaguar", the reason for the transliteration of the English JAGUAR, it identifies the car is designed as a jaguar jump jump, vivid, concise image of strong, dynamic, contains the power of , rhythm and brave. 14. Chevrolet Chevrolet Logo Meaning - Chevrolet brand, said patterned bow, Chevrolet is a Swiss racing driver, engineer Louis Chevrolet name. 15. Lexus Lexus Logo Meaning - Lexus symbol of English pick up the car the first letter, that is, LEXUS first letter "L". 16. Lamborghini Lamborghini Logo Meaning - Lamborghini company logo is a whole body full of strength, is preparing to launch a fierce attack to the opponent. Is said to the pigheadedness Lamborghini is this not to be outdone, also reflects the characteristics of the Lamborghini company's products because the company's cars are high-power, high-speed sports car. The trademark on the front and rear eliminating the need for the company's name, only a stubborn cattle. 17. Cadillac Cadillac Logo Meaning - selection of "Cadillac" in the name of the royal nobility to the French explorer, Anthony Simmons, the founder of the U.S. city of Detroit Cadillac to pay tribute to trademark graphics crown and shield composition. The crown symbolizes the Cadillac family coat of arms, seven pearl on the crown metaphor for the royal blue blood. The shield symbolizes the heroic army of Cadillac. The shield is divided into four equal portions. The first and fourth decile is full at the end of the Clemens family coat of arms, dark brown stick to the middle across three of the same Blackbird separate the two, one the next. Three birds mean the shamisen, one of the sacred, and also means daring and enthusiasm of the Christian warrior wisdom, rich, intelligent mind and perfect character. The second and third decile is due to internal intermarriage, when another piece of territory added to the Clemens family property, these 4 equal to Clemens coat of arms was adopted. 4 and so on since the beginning of the colors that vast land, enriched by the fame of the Clemens family, brave and bold; silver unity, love, virtue and rich red marks action. Across the bars represent the brave knights in the Crusaders war. Cadillac trademark of bravery and honor of the ancestors of the founder of the Detroit City. 18. Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo Logo Meaning - Alfa Romeo logo began in the early 1930s, which is the emblem of the City of Milan City medieval Milan lord Weisikangtai of the Duke family crest, the sign of the cross section from the Crusaders from the Milan out the story of the expedition; the right part of the badge of the Duke of Milan; snake swallowing Sarah fast pattern, according to mythology, one of them saying symbolizes Weisikangtai ancestors had repelled the suffering of the people "Dragon". In short, While the old badge accompanied the Alfa Romeo sports car has been known to become the one of the well-known trademarks. 19. Volvo Volvo Logo Meaning - "Volvo" (Volvo), also translated as "rich". The logo is composed of two parts by the icon and the word mark. Volvo graphic logo is composed by the dual-ring wheel shape, and point to the upper right of the arrow. The middle of the Latin word "Volvo" means rolling forward, signifying the wheel of the Volvo car rolled forward and thrive promising. 20. Mazda Mazda Logo Meaning - Mazda Motor Corporation, formerly known as the Japan Industrial production car named after company founder "Matsuda", because "Matsuda" pinyin MAZDA (Mazda), so people used to call the Mazda . Mazda initially in the oval into the hands holding a sun, meaning Mazda will have tomorrow, Mazda traveled all over the world. Mazda with Ford after using the new logo, the seagulls fly in the oval, and form the "M" word. The "M" is the the MAZDA first uppercase letter indicates that the company will fly to the infinite creativity and sincere service, the new century. 21. Pontiac Pontiac Logo Meaning - Pontiac logo, composed by two parts of the letters and graphics. The letter "PONTIAC", taken from the name of a place in the U.S. state of Michigan: graphic car marked with a cross mark the arrow. The cross marks, said Pontiac is an important member of the General Motors Corporation, also a symbol of Pontiac car safe and reliable; arrow represents ahead of Pontiac's technology and research spirit, indicates that the Pontiac car traveled global. 22. Lotus Lotus Logo Meaning - Lotus cars marked, in the oval on the floor inlaid with abstract lotus shape, above in addition to the word "Lotus" (LOTUS), also founder of Chapman Name Name (A.C.B CHAPMAN) four letters of the alphabet "A. C. B. C superposition made. Lotus is a British Chapman, founded in 1951, mainly produces sports car, the small scale, in the fierce competition changed hands several times, Lotus is owned by DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton, which acquired it following the bankruptcy of former owner Romano Artioli in 1996. 23. Renault Renault Logo Meaning - 1898, Louis Renault, the three brothers in France, Renault than Yang Ancient create. It is one of the oldest car company in the world. Renault sedans, official cars and sports car. Renault logo makes up the pattern of four diamond, symbolizing the the Reynold three brothers to blend with the automotive industry, said, "Renault" to compete in the infinite space (4D), survival and development. 24. Buick Buick Logo Meaning - The shape of "sword" pattern Buick trademark for a total of graphical trademarks, are installed in the car radiator grille. Three different color sword (from left to right, respectively, for the three colors of red, white and blue), in order of priority in different height positions, giving a positive, continue to climb the feeling, it said Buick top-level technology, Buick is the courage of the warriors of Dengfeng. Buick cars marked in English comes from the surname of the company's founder David Buick. The whole trademarks are the wings of the eagle is about to fall on the Buick on the letters of the alphabet. It symbolizes the Buick Eagle ideal habitat is to be the old adage: "Families with plane trees, in order to provoke the Golden Phoenix. 25. Porsche Porsche Logo Meaning - Porsche cars marked in English with German Porsche founder Ferdinand Porsche's surname. Graphic logo company is located in Stuttgart's coat of city emblem. the word "PORSCHE" trademark top, that the trademark is owned by the Porsche design company; the trademark STUTTCART "the words in the top of the horse, the company is headquartered in Stuttgart; trademarks of the middle horse, said Stuttgart a place rich in a valuable species of horse; the upper left and lower right of the trademark pattern of antlers, Stuttgart is a good place for hunting; trademark the top right and bottom left of the yellow stripes represent the mature wheat color, a metaphor for the bumper harvest of the trademark in black on behalf of the fertile land, the trademark red symbolizes the people's wisdom and love of nature, which form a superb deep meaning, delicate and beautiful pastoral landscape, show the insurance McNair brilliant in the past, and foreshadowed a bright future for the Porsche, the Porsche sports car's outstanding! 26. Opel Opel Logo Meaning - Who often watch TV sports channel spectators, will see large-scale international sports competitions circle lightning "emblem, that is, the identity of the German Opel. Circle lightning ", which means the Opel's strength and speed is unmatched; Opel is always full of vigor and vitality. German Opel company is a subsidiary of General Motors, is a window of the GM in Europe. Founded by Adam Opel, has been one hundred years of history. Opel company's sponsorship of the football World Cup, European Championship, the Davis Cup, League Cup tennis tournament and other major world sports competitions, making the Opel company has a high reputation in sports, no doubt, to bring its good returns. At present, Opel has more than 100 markets throughout the world in over 20 countries. Opel cars for five consecutive years the location of the car's number one brand in Western Europe accounted for 12% of Western European car market share. 27. Fiat Fiat Logo Meaning - Italian Fiat company was founded in July 1899, has been more than 100 years of history. Now Fiat is Italy's most important automobile manufacturing center and the largest private enterprise groups. The early establishment of the Group's only production car, then quickly diversified products in the fields of commercial vehicles, ships, aircraft, trains, farm tractors and construction machinery. The Fiat (FIAT) Italian Automobile Factory of Turin (Fabbrica Itliana Auto-the dotmobi Ledi Torino) translation abbreviation "fiat" in English the meaning of the word "law", "license" "approval". The company's logo has been used to "FIAT", just different shape and color improvement. Such as 1921, The Scarlet Letter white circular logo; font vertical pull workers trademark in 1931; 1959 the company launched a new car and the logo bigger to do round the corner; 1965 Guizhi wound red and white circular logo as the official emblem; the establishment of a joint-stock companies in 1968 a new logo in the four boxes, each with a letter; factory in 1991, Fiat 600 switch on the front face of the five cable-stayed straight bars, the rear is still the identity of the four boxes. 28. Rover Rover Logo Meaning - Rover is Mascot from the world's most famous homeless family - Vikings pun. The "Rover" the word in English with the meaning of the Rangers, mariners. Since 1902, this flag will be placed in the position of the middle of a car before. 1920s of the 20th century, the Vikings helmet image and triangle badge attract a generation of young people like Rover car. Later, standing in the Rover is sign the Vikings gradually to his head, but he still took the helmet. Accurate and consistent logic is to let the bow of the National People's Congress ships in Virgin statue. Viking ship bow and sails in 1929, first appeared in the signs of the radiator, as an auspicious symbol of the centuries-old runs through the Rover car. 29. Hyundai Hyundai Logo Meaning - In 1947, Chung Ju Yung create Hyundai Motor Company, through 50 years of development, it has become Korea's largest automobile manufacturers, and enter the ranks of the world-famous car companies. Its trademark is used in the Oval italics H, H is the Hyundai Motor Company English Name HYUNDAI capital letters. Modern first reflects the concept of the "Hyundai Motor Company in the world to take off in 2000; followed by Hyundai Motor Company is also a symbol of development in harmony and stability. The trademark oval, which represents the car's steering wheel, can be seen as the Earth, during the H together exactly represent the mean of a modern car all over the world. 30. Skoda SkodaLogo Logo Meaning - The meaning of Skoda trademark: a huge ring a symbol of Skoda impeccable product for the world; bird wings symbolizes the technological progress of worldwide product marketing; right flight of the arrow, the symbol of advanced process; the outer ring in the black color symbolizes the Skoda company more than 100 years of tradition; central covered with green, the expression of the Skoda people focus on renewable resources and environmental protection. Skoda Felicia brand car trademarks now production Guizhi of the bottom part of the leaves, said the victory. In addition, the Skoda trademark a legend: It is said, the plant manager from the Americas back to an Indian servant, and this person is very diligent, the mask is also very beautiful, so on the selection of his mask as a trademark, which is now Sri Lanka Kodak Arrow trademark. 31. Chrysler Chrysler Logo Meaning - Chrysler is named after founder Walter Chrysler Motor Company. Graphic trademark five-pointed star, like a medal, it embodies the Chrysler family and employees their lofty ideals and aspirations, and always the pursuit of endless and win in the competition's spirit of struggle. The five-pointed star of five parts, respectively, on all five continents in Chrysler cars, Chrysler cars all over the world. 32. Suzuki Suzuki Logo Meaning - The Suzuki logo is S is the S in the first SUZAUKI logo SUZUKI's first capital letters, it gives the feeling of infinite power, a symbol of the unlimited development of Suzuki Motor Corporation. Suzuki Loom Manufacturing 1909 Suzuki coast of Shizuoka Prefecture name of the county to create, in 1954 renamed Suzuki Automotive Industry Corporation. Company mainly produces mini-cars, light trucks, motorcycles and so on. Since 1979, the company produced mini-cars in Japan sales in the first place, Suzuki SPORT SWIFTGTI had won the first prize in the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship. In 1983, the Company and Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. production Alto mini-cars, already occupies an important position in the field of domestic mini-cars, crazy little mouse said. 33. Citroen Citroen Logo Meaning - In 1900, Andre Citroen, the invention of the herringbone gear. In 1912, Andre Citroen began employing shaped gear as the Citroen product trademarks. Later, Citroen has organized two trips across the continent and across the Asian continent, Citroen car became famous. French life, cheerful, and love fashion, like the novel and beautiful, Citroen car on the performance of the France of this character, all the time exudes the romance of France. Share	Horse
In September 1850, what was the 31st American state to join the Union?	Car Logos, List of 1264 Car Logos (LARGEST LIST ON WEB) Car Logos, List of 1264 Car Logos (LARGEST LIST ON WEB) Most Popular Car Logos Zil Car logos: Essential components of a car. Transport is essential to continue various human activities and there are many different means of Transport. In ancient times, people use to move from one place to another via horses, donkeys and other such animals. After the invention of wheel, the means of transport were changed. Wheel revolutionized Transport and helped to invent many other means of transport. Car is one of the most luxurious and feasible meaning of transport. People like to have cars and they use it to move from one place to another. Horses are now replaced with cars, and they are proved to be the best means of transport in many different ways. With the advent of cars, people thought about making “car manufacturing” as a business. Many people got the idea of creating suitable car logo according to their manufacturing companies. These car logos are like symbols and are also called “Car Emblems”. Every car manufacturing company has different logo of different types of cars, and those cars are recognized by their logos and car symbols. The importance of car logos can be recognized by considering the people’s discussions and ideas, and their discussion about different car logos and car symbols. The history of car logos is as old as of cars, but no one can say exactly about the history of car symbols and logos. Different companies have different histories, thus different stories behind car logos. Did You See all Car Logos in the world ? All 1264 Car Manufacturers Logos In 1886 began the era of Cars. That same year, a first car was made of the German inventor Karl Benz called Benz-Patent Motorwagen. But it was not released in wide production right away. One of the first car, which was released in wide production was the Model T by the Ford Motor Company 1908 years. Thus began car production and therefore new car companies. One of the first recognizable symbols in the automotive industry was of Ford Motor Company 1903 years. During their prime decades a lot of car companies were in production and most have unfortunately failed due to lack of financial resources. In the world it is known that there were over 3500 Car companies, from the smallest to the largest of those that we now know. Nowadays cars are very present, statistics say that even 50% of the population owns a car. Today there are hundreds of active Car companies, and each company has its own car Car symbol – Car logo, so people can instantly recognize them just by looking at symbol. We can easily say that Car Logos represent each Car Manufacturers on the unique way, Every Symbol of car company has his own meaning and history, and i am inviting you to browse and find it to the most interesting and most informative way. Here we are going to discuss about some famous companies and their “car logos”. Ferrari Logo lets take for example Ferrari ( The famous symbol of Ferrari is a black prancing horse on yellow background, usually with the letters S F for Scuderia Ferrari. The horse was originally the symbol of Count Francesco Baracca, a legendary “asso” (ace) of the Italian air force during World War I, who painted it on the side of his planes.) Lamborghini Logo Lamborghini (The Lamborghini logo was created taking inspiration from Taurus (bull), the zodiac sign of the founder of the company. Ferruccio Lamborghini’s passion for the bullfighting sport is also reflected in the logo. Most of the Lamborghini car models are named after famous bulls.) Subaru Logo Japanese Subaru (“SUBARU” is a Japanese word meaning “unite.” It is also a term identifying the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation Taurus that includes six stars visible to the average eye. According to Greek mythology, Atlas’ daughters turned into this group of stars.) Others says that this word is from the Japanese origin and it has the meaning of five companies which were merged together to form a strong basis of companies. Chevrolet Logo Chevrolet: This logo, may be called “Bowtie” symbol, is representing one of three American Big cars and its network in the whole world. This logo was first used in 1914 which was designed on the design of wallpaper of a hotel room, where the GM founder William Durant lived. Mercedes-Benz Logo Mercedes-Benz: This logo has the history in the, rotating around a postcard having a star on it, sent by Gottlied Daimler to his wife. This logo has three pointed folder, pointing like three points of a star. Mercedes cars are one of the world best and expensive cars. BMW Logo BMW: story behind the BMW logo was linked with the aircraft engines. But it seems that the origins of the BMW logo have a totally different explanation. Who is not aware of BMW? One of the most expensive cars of the world is “BMW”. The logo of BMW is very mythical and acts differently sometimes. Its logo is like that because people changed the logo without any reasons and suggested to some mature dietitian. The symbol of BMW represents the rotation of a “Propeller” and its based on a rotating airscrew, some people says that are the origin of the myth. And the others says that the BMW logo is just a simplified Bavarian flag. There are three types of Car Logos that are commonly used by the Car Manufacturers: Symbol Car Logos, Text Car Logos and Combination Symbols – Texts Car Logos. Symbol Car Logos are specially designed symbols that are used to represent the brand on its best way. So People can instantly recognize brand just by looking at symbol. Some of the Car Brands that using Symbol Car Logos are: Mercedes-Benz , Renault , Ferrari , Porsche , Citroen . Text Car Logos are used in many Car Companies, usually the initials or whole Car Company names, written in some particular text style. Some of the Car Brands that using Text Car Logos are: Mazda , Toyota , Ford , Fiat . Combination Symbols-Texts Car Logos is a blend of symbols and texts that are putted together. Some of the Car Brands that using Combination Symbols-Text Logos are: Lamborghini , Rover , BMW , Maserati , Skoda . Today, Car Emblems appear even on caps, bags, t-shirts, key chains , Printed Mugs or on other accessories. And Car Symbols printed on some item like Car Mugs can make a great gift to any car lover. Car-logos.net is slowly growing to become the most popular car logos web site on the Internet. it has more than 1260 car logos of companies what is must say the largest collection on the internet. Also to be much better, you can find the complete Car manufacturer list and also model list by years of each Car Company. More than 3500 Car Manufacturers complete list from A-Z Resource for this impressive list are gathered from whole internet, lots of useful information’s are found from:	i don't know
‘The Codex Leicester’ (or Codex Hammer) is a collection of mostly scientific writings by which scientist/inventor?	Codex leicester pdf - This Blog Is For Downloads Main Codex leicester pdf The Codex Leicester (also briefly known as Codex Hammer) is a collection of largely scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci. The codex is named after Thomas Coke. Aufl., Paul List Verlag, Leipzig 1953 Pedretti, S. 256 Pedretti, S. 255 Nicholl, S. 358 a b Der Spiegel 42/1974 vom 14. Oktober 1974, S. 150, Artikel: Nur selten kehre ich zurück Georg Ruppelt : Der grosse summende Gott - Geschichten von Denkmaschinen, Computern und künstlicher Intelligenz. CW Niemeyer, Hameln 2003, isbn -6, S. 36). University of Massachusetts, in der, biblioteca Nacional nach mittelalterlichen, balladen. Dabei stieß er auf zwei Bände mit Manuskripten, die er als Handschriften Leonardo da Vincis identifizierte. 3, die Fundstücke wurden Codex, madrid I und. Der Ingenieur und da-Vinci-Experte Roberto Guatelli (19041993) verglich die Zeichnung mit einer ähnlichen Skizze im Manuskript Codex Atlanticus ( Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Mailand). In einer umstrittenen Deutung vermutete er darin ein Konstruktionsdetail eines Zählwerks, die erste Rechenmaschine der Weltgeschichte. Renaissancekünstlers, leonardo truemans elementary biology vol 1 pdf da Vinci (14521519). Inhaltsverzeichnis, den Namen, codex Madrid erhielt die Handschrift durch den Fundort, der. Spanischen Nationalbibliothek biblioteca Nacional de Espaa ) in, madrid, in deren Bestand sich das Werk noch heute befindet. Notizen, (British Library,) arundel, codex Arundel, skizzen und Zeichnungen. 263) is a bound collection of pages of notes written by leicester Leonardo da Vinci and dating mostly from between 14. Das Manuskript Madrid I (192 Blätter)) codex wird etwa auf den Zeitraum 14tiert, madrid II (157 Blätter)) auf etwa 15Leonardo verfasste den Text in der für ihn charakteristischen Spiegelschrift und versah ihn mit zahlreichen Zeichnungen und Skizzen. Der Codex Leicester (auch als Codex Hammer bekannt)) ist eine gebundene Sammlung von Bl ttern mit wissenschaftlichen Schriften, 03.11.2014, 07:09 \| 661 \| 17 \| Video Related News:	Leonardo da Vinci
The Sankamphaeng Hot Springs are in which Asian country?	Design: Facsimile Editions of Books on Architecture, Engineering, Technology; Model Books, Costume Design Distributed by OMI [Bergamo, Civica Biblioteca “Angelo Mai”, ms. VII. 14] Taccuino de disegni di Giovannino de Grassi. Ars Illuminandi. Modena: Il Bulino, 1998. 17 x 24 cm, 62 pp + commentary. This work is the best known and most precious manuscript in the Angelo Mai Library in Bergamo; it is commonly regarded as the most important example of late Italian gothic art. The master who painted this Ms is Giovanni de Grassi, a marvellous drawer, sculptor and the architect of the cathedral in Milan. At the height of his career de Grassi maintained contact with the most famous architects of the central European gothic cathedrals; this reinforced the Lombardian master’s position and probably led him to produce drawings in which he documented his artistic ideas. The codex was created around 1400 at the Visconti Court. A so-called model book, it comprises 77 drawings and 24 illustrated letters of the alphabet in excellent quality. Model books of this kind were to be an indispensable aid in every artist’s workshop. They contained artful ornamental elements, perfect calligraphic initials and exotic animals like lions and leopards. They show both human beings and animals in their pose or specific activities. De Grassi’s book is so masterly executed that many painters used it as a model for their own creations. His model book is a true milestone in the history of art, created at the same time as the cathedral of Milan. Commentary (in Italian) by O. Bravi, M.G. Recanati, M.G. Vaccari, & L. Montalbano. Limited edition of 999 copies. €1250 [88-86251-30-0] [Berleburg, Fürstl. Sayn-Wittgensteinsche Bibl., RT 2/6] Älterer deutscher 'Macer'/ ORTOLF VON BAIERLAND: 'Arzneibuch' / 'Herbar' des Bernhard von Breidenbach / Färber- und Maler-Rezepte. Die oberrheinische medizinische Sammelhandschrift des Kodex Berleburg. Farbmikrofiche-Edition der Handschrift Berleburg, Fürstl. Sayn-Wittgensteinsche Bibliothek, Cod. RT 2/6. Einführung zu den Texten, Beschreibung derPflanzenabbildungen und der Handschrift von Werner Dressendörfer, Gundolf Keil und Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke. Codices Illuminati Medii Aevi, 13. Munich: Edition Helga Lengenfelder, 1991. 17 x 25 cm, 105 pp, 7 fiches. Paper MS with 377 pages from the Rhein-Main area, dating from 1455 to 1470, with additions from 1475-1477. Composite MS, with medicine and writings on old German cures comprising the largest part. Also contained are two significant treatments on dying technology: “Berleburger Kunst- und Farbenbüchlein” and “Handbuch: Waz du verwen wilt von sîden oder zendel”. “Herber” shows 87 plants for pharmaceutical purposes, mainly drawn from nature and colored by hand. This last work, written in a southern Rheinland-Frankish dialect, can be traced to 1475 and Bernhard von Breidenbach, canon of the Cathedral of Mainz. Linen. €370 [3-89219-013-5] [Bremen, Universitätsbibliothek, or.9] Kostümbuch des Lambert de Vos. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, Ms. or.9. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1991. 27 x 40 cm, 105, 64 pp. Costume books are among the most interesting documents showing the encounter of the Orient and the Occident, as they present the subjects in their elaborate and distinct dress. This particular exemplar—representing the glory of the Osmanic Empire in 103 large-format illustrations—was made in 1574 by a painter working for Lambert de Vos, an ambassador of the Habsburgs. It shows the ceremonial ride of the sultan in strict hierarchical order, stylisted into a manifestation of glamour and glory during the reign of Soliman the Magnificent. The sovereign’s entourage includes—in the order of their social status—ecclesiastical and secular dignitaries, men and women from the bourgeoisie, members of the lower classes and inhabitants of the different provences. The extremely colorful Costume Book of Lambert de Vos not only provides insight into the traditional costumes and fashions of the Osmanic Empire but also into the hierarchical structures of a community and society which greatly influenced the Western world. Commentary edited by Hans-Albrecht Koch with contributions by Rudolf Stichel, Armin Hetzer, Petra Kappert, & Claus-Peter Haase. Limited edition of 480 copies, bound in full leather. €690 [3-201-01527-X] [Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 282 (Ash. 361)] Trattato di architettura di Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Il codice Ashburnham 361 della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana di Firenze. Presentazione di Luigi Firpo. Introduzione trascrizione e note di Pietro C. Marani. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1994. 26.8 x 39.5 cm, 158, 128, 28, 8 pp. The “Treatise of Architecture”, probably written at the court of Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino between 1481 and 1485, is one the the earliest complete studies of architecture of the Italian Renaissance. It is the only text that has survived from Leonardo’s personal library and as such it is also an extraordinary unicum; it contains Leonardo’s own marginal notes and sketches made about 1506. Along its twofold features–civil and military architecture–this work, reproduced here in facsimile for the first time, is an organic collection of notes and drawings presented thematically. Limited edition with commentary and critical transcription by Pietro C. Marani. Quarter leather and laid paper boards, with deluxe slipcase. €1300 [16175-R] [Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, plut.89.sup.cod.117] Trattato dell’arte della seta e L’arte della seta in Firenze. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1995. 23.5 x 32.5 cm (box). 2 vols, 59, 122 pp. Facsimile of two complementary 15th-c. treatises, one based on a unique illustrated codex in the Laurentian Library, and the other, the first printed edition (1868) of a codex in the Bibl. Riccordiana (codex 2580). Codex plut.89 is a richly decorated manuscript copied in 1489, once the property of Emperor Francis III. The water color illustrations provide charming vignettes of each phase of silk manufacture; it ends with an interesting book of accounts with marginal sketches showing merchants and bookkeepers. The 1868 print includes a documentary appendix, a glossary and a useful index of special words and expressions by Girolamo Gargiolli. Deluxe edition in clamsell box. €200 [16168-S] [Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurentiana, plut. 218, 219, 220] Bernardino da Sahagún. Historia universal de las cosas de Nueva España. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1995. 22 x 32.5 cm, 3 vols, 3,120 pp. Compiled between 1576 and 1577 and known as the “Florentine Codex”, this bilingual MS (Castilian and Nahua) contains information and lavish illustrations about pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico. It is the only known complete text of Fra Bernardino (b.1499) who entered the Franciscan order and arrived in Mexico in 1529. The books are indigenous accounts verbalized by Fra Bernardino from the year 1559. In 1569, after reorganizing and correcting the accounts gathered directly from various sources, he eventually drafted a complete version of the entire Historia. The codex reached the Biblioteca Palatina of the Grand Duke of Tuscany around 1589, probably a gift from Philip II. Hardbound, with slipcase. [16171-M] [Florence, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe della Galleria degli Uffizi] I disegni di Leonardo da Vinci e della sue cerchia nel Gabiinetto Disegni e Stampe della Galleria degli Uffizi a Firenze. Ordinati e presenti da Carlo Pedretti. Catalogo: Gigetta Dalli Regoli. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1985. 33.5 x 48.8 cm, 50, 106 pp. Here the prestigious Uffizi collection, which includes Leonardo’s earliest known drawing–the 1473 landscape–is presented in facsimile and introduced by Carlo Pedretti. The drawings (11 by Leonardo and 39 by his disciples) are cataloged by Gigetta Dalli Regoli. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with leather covered clamshell case. (only available with the purchase of the complete set of the Edizione Nazionale dei Manoscritti e dei disegni di Leonardo da Vinci) [16146-L] [Göttingen, Nieder. Staatsbibl., 2º philos. 54/64a Cim] Konrad Kyeser. Bellifortis / Feuerwerkbuch. Farbmikrofiche-Edition der Bilderhandschriften Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 2º cod. ms. philos. 64 und 64a Cim. Einführung von Udo Friedrich und Fidel Rädle. Codices Figurati - Libri Picturati, 3. Munich: Edition Helga Lengenfelder, 1995. 17 x 25 cm, 54 pp, 9 fiches. Swabia?, 1st quarter 15th c. (MS 64), and Bohemia?, after 1402 (MS 64a). Paper, 147 + 159 fols. The “Bellifortis” of Konrad of Eichstätt, the first named author of such a work known in Germany, is a pictorial compendium of mechanical machinery, weapons, instruments, and technics for attack and defense, mainly of towns. MS 64 has 7 divisions presenting colored pen drawings on 186 pages accompanied by Latin verses describing weapons for field battle, machinery (ladders) for siege, technical strategies of defense, maritime battle, firearms (pyrotechnic), and technical inventions for civil use. The encyclopaedic compendium is a useful pictorial catalogue for attackers as well as defenders, and provides practical knowledge of military art. MS 64 contains the anonymous “Feuerwerksbuch”, a treatise of special professional knowledge created c.1420, the first description of pyrotechnics in German. Linen. €395 [3-89219-303-7] [London, British Library, Arundel ms 263] Leonardo da Vinci. Il codice Arundel. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1999. 34 x 48 cm, 2 vols, 156 plates (312 facs), 480 pp. This notebook is not a bound volume used by Leonardo, but was put together after his death from loose papers of various types and sizes. The first section was begun in Florence on 22 March 1508, but the remainder comes from different periods in Leonardo's life (1452-1519), covering practically the whole of his career. Leonardo's first intention seems to have been to gather material for a treatise on mechanics, although his relentless curiosity led him into numerous other topics from the movement of water to the flight of birds. The text is written in Leonardo's characteristic 'mirror-writing', left-handed and moving from right to left. The MS was probably acquired in Italy by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel (1586-1646), hence its name today, ”Codex Arundel”. Limited edition, supplied with leather covered clamshell case for the facsimiles and text volume in full leather. €5000 [16181-G] [London, The Royal Collection, Windsor Castle] Leonardo da Vinci. Corpus of the Anatomical Studies at Windsor Castle. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1980. 33 x 48 cm, 400, 474, 1032 pp. 400 facsimiles comprise this impressive corpus of Leonardo’s anatomical studies, arranged chronologically by Carlo Pedretti. Leonardo’s notes are transliterated, translated and edited by Kenneth D. Keele. The drawings, covering a period of some thirty years, from 1483 to 1513, exhibit a changing focus, moving gradually from morphology to physiology. Limited edition, supplied with leather covered clamshell case for the facsimiles and commentary volumes in full leather. (Original edition in English) €7500 [16180-K] [London, The Royal Collection, Windsor Castle] The Drawings and Miscellaneous Papers of Leonardo di Vinci in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle. Edited by Carlo Pedretti. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1982-1987 33 x 48 cm, 2 vols, 70, 240 pp. Facsimile reproductions of the nature studies–landscapes, plants and water studies–by Leonardo and his circle, accompanied by a catalog by Carlo Pedretti and an introduction by Kenneth Clark. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with leather covered clamshell case. (American edition co-published by Johnson Reprint Corporation). [16174-Q] [London, The Royal Collection, Windsor Castle] Leonardo da Vinci. Drawings of Horses and Other Animals from the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. Preface by H.R.H., the Duke of Edinburgh. Catalogue b Carlo Pedretti. Introduction by Jane Roberts. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1984. 33 x 48 cm, 85 plates, 232 pp. Executed in several different media, the 91 drawings in this series range widely and sometimes whimsically over the animal kingdom, and include studies of dogs, cats, oxen, asses, grotesque animals and dragons. The drawings collected here, covering a period of some forty years, are grouped to correspond to 6 major themes arranged chronologically: horse and dragon studies for Early Adorations; proportion studies; studies for the Sforza horse; studies for Anghiari horses; studies for the Trivulzio horse; horses and other animals in later allegories after 1510. Accompanied by a catalog by Carlo Pedretti, supplemented with appendices, indices and glossaries, locates each plate with the context of Leonardo’s work, while at the same time analyzing in detail their method of execution. Limited edition, supplied with leather covered clamshell case for the facsimiles and text volume in half leather. [16173-P] [London, Victoria & Albert Museum, ms “Forster”] Leonardo da Vinci. I codices Forster del Victoria and Albert Museum di Londra. Edizione in facsimile sotto gli auspici della Commissione Nazionale Vinciana. Trascrizione diplomatica e critica: Augusto Marinoni. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1992. 25 x 36 cm, 3 vols. The “Forster” codices, presented here in their original format, are 3 small notebooks dating from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 16th c. Leonardo used them for jotting down annotations in his usual handwritting from right to left and for drawing his masterly sketches. They deal with a variety of scientific subjects–important geometry studies, hydraulic machinery projects, notes on physics and on the study of grammar. They also include cosmological themes, hints at fables and jokes, as well as numerous sketches of horses corresponding to the bronze equestrian monument commissioned by Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. Each codex is accompanied by a volume with the critical and diplomatic transcription edited by Augusto Marinoni. Limited edition of 998 copies consisting of 12 leather covered clamshell cases. €6500 [16160-W] [Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 8936-8937] Leonardo da Vinci. I codici di Madrid. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1974. 17 x 25 cm, 5 vols, 382, 316, 154, 536, 336 pp. These 3 rediscovered mss, in Leonardo’s hand, span from the principles of mechanics, with their numerous practical applications, to architetectural notes and sketches, painting, hydraulics and personal notations. The second volume ends with the extraordinary 36 pp dossier of notes and drawings on the project for the casting of te equstrian monument to Francesco Sforza. Edited by Ladislao Reti, the work includes a volume of introduction and commentary and two volumes of annotated transcriptions. Limited edition of 1,000 copies supplied with leather covered slipcase. [17927-C] [Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, codice “Atlantico”] Leonardo da Vinci. Il codice Atlantico della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano. Trascrizione diplomatica e critica di Auguso Marinoni. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1975-1980. 44 x 60 cm, 12 vols (facs), 12 vols (commentary). Assembled by the 16th-c. Italian sculptor and collector Pompeo Leoni, Codex Atlanticus–comprised of 1,286 items–represents the largest collection of Leonardo papers ever assembled. Included are spectacular drawings of technological innovations, of weapons and fortifications, of hydraulic devices, vessels and flying machines. Every aspect of Leonardo’s genius is present, showing his abiding interest in the mechanical sciences and mathematics, in astronomy, physical geography, botany, chemistry and anatomy. It also includes studies for paintings such as the “Adoration of the Magi”, “Leda” and the “Battle of Anghiari”. Each volume of the 12-volume facsimile is accompanied by a volume with the critical and diplomatic transcription edited by Augusto Marinoni. Limited edition of 998 copies consisting of a total of 24 leather bound volumes. €35000 [16145-K] [Milan, Biblioteca Trivulziano, ms. 2162] Il codice di Leonardo da Vinci nella Biblioteca Trivulziano di Milano. Trascrizione diplomatica e critica di Anna Maria Brizio. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1980. 25 x 36 cm, 55 plates, 138 pp. Compiled about 1487-1490, Codex Trivulzianus records Leonardo’s attempt to organize and arrange the part of the Italian language which deals with science, philosophy and academic subjects in general. Many of the words collected here derive from Latin, and almost all of them are drawn from such famous Renaissance works as Roberto Valturius’ “De re militari” and Luigi Pulci’s “Vocabulista”. This is an exceptional document for the study of that period of the Italian language when rules and spellings were not yet firmly established. In addition Codex Trivulzianus contains an important series of architectural drawings which are primarily studies pertaining to a competition held to complete the construction of the Milan cathedral. Accompanied by a volume with critical and diplomatic transcriptions by Anna Maria Brizio. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with deluxe leather covered clamshell case. €1400 [16155-M] [Milan, Biblioteca Trivulziano, ms. 2162] Il codice di Leonardo da Vinci nella Biblioteca Trivulziano di Milano. Trascrizione diplomatica e critica di Anna Maria Brizio. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1980. 25 x 36 cm, 55 plates, 138 pp. Same as above, but English edition (“Codex Trivulzianus”) co-published by Johnson Reprint Corporation, with standard box. €1200 [16183-A] [Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 197,1] The Technological Illustrations of the So-Called “Anonymous of the Hussite Wars”. Codex Latinus Monacensis 197, part 1, by Bert S. Hall. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1979. 22 x 34 cm, 221, 94 pp. This MS has been frequently cited, but never studied in full. It is a compendium of drawings and descriptions concerning military devices, various construction machines and mills; it depicts the state of technology in Germany about 1430. Bert S. Hall’s treatement of this document is the first complete, modern edition to appear, and is prefaced by an extensive study of the work in relation to its 15th c. milieu. This allows many misunderstandings to be corrected, changing our entire view of the MS. €180 [3-920153-93-6] [Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 197,2] Mariano Taccola: De ingeneis. Liber primus Leonis, Liber secundus Draconis. Books 1 and II, On Engines, and Addenda (The Notebook). By Gustina Scaglia, Frank D. Prager, & Ulrich Montag. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1984. 4º, 196, 272 pp. Facsimile of Codex latinus Monacensis 197, part II, in the Bavarian State Library, Munich with additional reproductions from Add. 34113 in the British Library, London, and from the Codex Santini in the collection of Avv. Santini, Urbino. €248 [3-920153-05-7] [Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 534] Philo of Byzantium. Pneumatica. The first Treatise on Experimental Physics: Western Version and Eastern Version. Facsimile and Transcript of the Latin Manuscript, clm 534, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich; Translation and Illustrations of the Arabic MS A.A. 3713, Aya-Sofya, Istanbul. With Notes on Other Manuscripts and Illustrations, HistoricalIntroduction and Technical Commentary by F.D. Prager. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1974. 8º, 270 pp. Facsimile and transcript of the Latin MS; translation and illustrations of the Arabic MS. Philo, from the Greek colony of Byzantium, was active in Alexandria and Rhodos about 200 B.C. He is famous as one of the earliest teachers of military engineering, and is known to have written technical and scientific works. €98 [3-920153-32-4] [Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 288000] Mariano Taccola: De machinis. The Engineering Treatise of 1449. Introduction, Latin Texts, Descriptions of Engines and Technical Commentaries by Gustina Scaglia. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1971. 181, 8, 200 pp. Facsimile of clm 28 8000 in the Bavarian State Library, Munich, with additional reproductions from Codex Latinus 7239 in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, from MS 136 in the Spencer Collection, New York Public Library, from Codex Latinus 2941 in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice. €248 [3-920153-05-7] [New York, NYPL; Metropolitan Museum of Art; et al] The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci and His Circle in the American Collections. Arranged and Introduced by Carlo Pedretti. Catalogue by Patricia Trutty-Coohill. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1993. 34 x 49 cm, 81, 115 pp. This collection of drawings in facsimile, arranged and introduced by Carlo Pedretti and catalogued by Patricia Tutty-Coohill, is particularly important for the amount of unpublished material. It contains the complete series of caricatures in the Spencer Collection of the New York Public Library consisting of 104 copies made in the 16th century directly from Leonardo originals (mostly lost) and as such represents first-hand documents for the study of the complex problem of Leonardo’s preoccupation with physiognomy at the time of his studies for the “Last Supper”, c.1495. The publication also includes 15 autograph drawings, 8 of which are preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Altogether about 200 drawings are reproduced arranged on 80 plates. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with leather covered clamshell case. €4000 [16154-L] [Nuremberg, Germanische Nationalbibliothek, Hs 22474] Libro de los trajes de C. Weiditz. Valencia: Ediciones Grial, 2001. 16 x 20 cm, 2 vols, 306, 159 pp. The "Trachtenbuch" of Christoph Weiditz (1529) depicts the customs, trades and garments of the Spanish provinces of the 16th century. This work is the first of its kind, neither in the Biblioteca Nacional, in El Escorial, nor in any other Spanish library is a comparable volume to be found. Clothing originally constituted a means of protection against the elements and the sense of shame exclusive to the human nature. It was also a way of seeking beauty and art through the ornamentation of garments. The cultural diversity and the different epochs have favored different uses and customs. The fact is that the only common element that can be observed in all the times, places and cultures is the identification of trade, social status, rank, or even gender through clothing. Christoph Weiditz' Costume Codex is the first manuscript ever devoted to the diffusion of customs and customes of various Spanish and European provinces and people in the 16th century. Not only is it a unique and original study of our ancestors' clothing, but also its illustrated pages provide us with a rich impression of the philosophy of life in the 16th century, in which the Spanish Empire achieved unparalleled historic greatness. Deluxe facsimile edition limited to 500 copies. Commentary by Juana Hidalgo Ogáyar. €2200 [Paris, Institut de France, mss “A” “M”] Leonardo da Vinci. I manoscritti dell’Institut de France. Edizione in facsimile sotto gli auspici della Commissione Nazionale Vinciana e dell’Insitut de France. Trascrizione diplomatica e critica di Augusto Marinoni. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1986-1990. 25 x 36 cm, 12 boxes, ca.2,000 pp. The 12 Leonardo manuscripts presented here in their original format and consisting of more than 2,000 pages, are exceptional documents for the study of the master’s life and work. The volumes focuses in turn upon geometrical problems, mechanical questions, technological ideas of daring conception, often interjecting autobiographical information and digressing into literary creations and artistic observations. The Leonard text is presented in diplomatic and critical transcriptions with annotations by Augusto Marinoni. Limited edition of 998 copies consisting of 12 leather covered clamshell cases. €24000 [16152-J] [Paris, Musée de Louvre, & 7 other institutions] I disegni di Leonardo da Vinci e della sua cerchia nelle collezioni pubbliche in Francia. Ordinati e presentati da Pietro C. Marani / [The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci and His Circle in the Public Collections in France. Arranged and Presented by Pietro C. Marani]. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 2008. 33.5 x 49 cm, 114 plates, 280 pp. NEW. The Department des Arts Graphiques at the Musée du Louvre in Paris conserves what is possibly the most important collection of drawings by Leonardo and his circle in Europe, after that housed in the Royal Library at Windsor. Considered together with the other French collections, that of the Louvre, begun by the King of France Louis XIV and augmented over the centuries, offers an unrivalled overview of Leonardo’s graphics, highlighting all the techniques and all the various stylistic changes. They range from the first brush drawings executed on superfine linen cloth recalled by Vasari, the pen and ink drawings relating to the Adoration of the Magi and the Madonnas of his early maturity, the drawings in red chalk of the early Milan period, right through to the celebrated drawing, colored using mixed technique, with the Portrait of Isabella d’Este and the studies for Saint Anne. The collection presents all Leonardo’s scattered drawings conserved in the following French museums: Musée de Louvre, École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Institut Néerlandais, Fondation Custodia, Collection Frits Lugt, Musé Bonnat (Bayonne), Musée des Beaux-Arts (Rennes). Limited edition of 998 copies, supplied with leather covered clamshell case for the facsimiles and text volume in half leather. Special subscription price valid until 12/31/08. €3500 [78301P] [Seattle, Seattle Art Museum, Codex “Leicester”, ex “Hammer” (deposit, Bill Gates Collection)] The Codex Hammer of Leonardo da Vinci. Translated into English and Annotated by Carlo Pedretti. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1987 34 x 48 cm, 72, 282 pp. Codex “Hammer” (formerly “Leicester”), compiled about 1508-1510, is a synthesis of Leonardo’s views on nature as given visual shape in the backgrounds of this paintings, from “St. Anne” to the “Mona Lisa”. It deals with hydrostatics, hydroldynamics, and then with river regulation and hydraulic engineering, encompassing every aspect of cosmology, from geology to paleontology and from astronomy to meteorlogy. Their are also items of autobiographical interest, the record of his work on the “great horse of Milan”, the spectacular vision of a wind storm over Lake Maggiore, the vivid observations on the numerous localities of his wanderings in Tuscany and Lombardy. The 18 bibfolios of Leonardo’s dense compilation characterized by more than 350 marginal and textual illustrations are accurately reproduced in this facsimile, accompanied by a volume with the critical and diplomatic transcription edited by Carlo Pedretti. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with leather covered clamshell case. (only available with the purchase of the complete set of the Edizione Nazionale dei Manoscritti e dei disegni di Leonardo da Vinci) [16148-W] [Simancas, Archivo General, Leg. 258, fol. 488] Tratado de arquitectura y máquinas de Juan de Herrera, s.XVI. Valencia: Patrimonio Ediciones, 1996. The only autograph treatise by the architect who built most of the Monastery of El Escorial. It concentrates on the principles of motion for the cranes that were used in the erection of the monastery. With commentary by Luis Cervera Vera. €500 [Turin, Biblioteca Reale] I disegni di Leonardo di Vinci e della sua cerchia nella Biblioteca Reale di Torino. Ordinati e presentati da Carlo Pedretti. Con la riproduzione integrale dell’opera inedita Disegni d’architettura militare di Leonardo da Vinci (Ms. Saluzzo 312). Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1990. 23, 138 pp. A definitive edition of all the Leonardo material assembled by Carlo Alberto of Savoy about 1840, including the famous self-portrait and the study for the angel of the “Virgin of the Rocks”. Also included is a reproduction in the original size of Codex Saluzzo 312 which is an unpublished collection of Leonardo’s studies of military architecture compiled about 1840. Arranged and introduced by Carlo Pedretti. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with leather covered clamshell case. (only available with the purchase of the complete set of the Edizione Nazionale dei Manoscritti e dei disegni di Leonardo da Vinci) €6000 [16153-K] [Turin, Biblioteca Reale] Leonardo da Vinci. Il codice sul volo degli uccelli nella Biblioteca Reale di Torino. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1976. 25 x 36 cm, facsimile + 90 pp. Compiled between 1505 and 1506, Leonardo’s Codex on the Flight of Birds, reflects his preoccuupations as a painter at the height of his powers. The emphasis on precise observation, and the conception of natural phenomena as dynamic and complex processes–involving wind, motion, and anatomy–are readily apparent in Leonardo’s painting of this period. The codex also contains notes on mechanics as well as botany, architectural plans and water studies. Accompanied by a text volume by Augusto Marinoni containing introduction, diplomatic and critical transcriptions. Limited edition, supplied with deluxe leather covered clamshell case. €1300 [16166-Q] [Turin, Biblioteca Reale] Leonardo da Vinci. Il codice sul volo degli uccelli nella Biblioteca Reale di Torino. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1976. 25 x 36 cm, facsimile + 90 pp. Same as above but French edition (“Manuscrit sur le vol des oiseaux”) co-published by Éditions Les Incunables, with standard case. €1200 [16179-V] [Turin, Biblioteca Reale] Leonardo da Vinci. Il codice sul volo degli uccelli nella Biblioteca Reale di Torino. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1976. 25 x 36 cm, facsimile + 90 pp. Same as above but English edition (”Codex on the Flight of Birds”) co-published by Johnson Reprint Corporation, with standard case. €1200 [16176-J] [Valencia, Biblioteca Municipal] Els Furs de València. Valencia: Vicent García Editores, 1976. 30.5 x 42.5 cm, 248, 238 pp. Els Furs de València contains the Charters of King James I and Alphonse II of Valencia. This took place in April 1261, in which evidence is shown of the celebration of the first Valencian "Corts", in which king James swore in the "Furs" and the "Costumes" of Valencia. Commentary by Arcadi García i Sanz. Limited edition of 2.000 copies, bound in hand-dyed goatskin. [Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, lat. 3747] Il pontificale di Bonifacio IX. Collectio Vaticana. Castelvetro di Modena: ArtCodex, 2006. 21 x 31 cm, 2 vols, 104, 159 pp. Pope Boniface IX (1389-1404), born Pietro Tomacelli and scion of a noble Neapolitan family, ruled in Rome during the Western Schism (1378-1415) as counterpart to Clement VIII in Avignon. Boniface showed little interest in ending the Schism, preferring to concentrate his efforts and creativity on the enhancement of his fortune. He sold indulgences and divided the Papal State into vicarages which he leased to solvent families, who in turn bled them dry. This splendid codex must be viewed and understood as part of the historical background which includes the Schism and the strengthening of papal power in Rome. It sparkles with the enchanting gleam of pure gold and vivid colors: the exceptionally rich iconographic display consists of illuminated initials and elegant framing, embellished with gold and adorned with anthropomorphous figures in deep colors. Originally created as a “Praeparatio ad Missam” for personal use by the Pontiff, it has 11 splendid full-page miniatures ablaze with gold that meticulously illustrate the ceremonies of the pope and his vestments. Commentary by Ambrogio M. Piazzoni. Limited edition of 500 copies bound in full leather, bearing the coat of arms of Pope Boniface engraved in gold. €9900 [Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, lat. 6852] Felice Feliciano. Alphabetum Romanum. Entstanden um 1460. Codices e Vaticanis Selecti, LXX. Zürich: Belser Verlag, 1985. 13 x 18 cm, 44, 68 pp. The revival of interest in Antiquity during the Italian Renaissance inspired Felice Feliciano of Verona to devise this treatise on the Roman alphabet in 1460. His beautifully executed capital letters were based on Classical geometric principles, which had fallen into oblivion until their rediscovery in the 15th century. This is the first treatise and illustration of Roman capital letters to appear in the Renaissance. At the end of this Roman alphabet, Feliciano devised a strange and mysterious writing symbol which has puzzled scholars for centuries. The text provided calligraphers with secret formulas for the mixing of color tints including gold and silver. Deluxe 6 color facsimile. Introduction by G. Mardersteig & Felice Feliciano. Binding of facsimile volume and companion commentary volume in antique marbled paper. [5107] [Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, Urb. lat. 632] Piero della Francesca. Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus. Edizione Nazionale degli Scritti di Piero della Francesca. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1995. 15 x 22 cm, 3 vols, 176, 260, 246 pp. The “Libellus” is the first treatise on geometry of the Renaissance in which problems relating to the construction and calculation of polyhedrons–drawn in the “Libellus” in stereometric form–were addressed. The treatise, which has survived as a unique manuscript in the hand of an unknown copyist but accompanied by drawings, corrections and additions made by Piero himself, was dedicated to Guidubaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. The work was known from the beginning of the 16th century, not as belonging to Piero, and not even in Latin, but as part of the “Divina Proportione” by Fra Luca Pacioli who published it in Italian as his own work. The plagiarism was denouncesd by Giorgio Vasari and has been the object of heated dispute ever since. Together with transcriptions and critical apparatus by Cecil Grayson, Marisa Dalai Emiliani and Carlo Maccagni. Limited edition of 998 copies with deluxe clamshell case in half leather. €1500 [16167-R] [Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, Urb. lat. 1270] Leonardo da Vinci. Libro di pittura. Edizione in facsimile del codice Urbinate lat. 1270 nella Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana a cura di Carlo Pedretti. Trascrizione critica di Carlo Vecce. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 1995. 16 x 22 cm, 2 vols, 672, 544 pp. The “Treatise of Painting” by Leonardo, compiled by his pupil Francesco Melzi according to the master’s instructions, has been described by Kenneth Clark as the “most important document in the whole history of art”. The archetype codex is presented here for the first time in complete facsimile edition, with commentary by Carlo Pedretti consisting of introduction, transcriptions and critical apparatus. Limited edition of 998 copies with leather covered clamshell case. €2500 [16172-N] [Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, Urb. lat. 1757] Skizzenbuch des Francesco di G. Martini. Urb. lat. 1757. Codices e Vaticanis Selecti, LXXX. Zürich: Belser Verlag, 1989. 6 x 8.5 cm, 2 vols, 400, 48 pp. This codex with more than 1200 sketches is technically and historically indispensable for any architect, engineer or constructor. Martini, born in Siena in 1439, was a master builder and inventor, and became the director of the “Camerlingo delle Acque”; his employers included the powerful Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino, Duke Alfonso of Calabria, and the Chapter of the Milan Cathedral. During the years 1464 and 1478 Martini kept a wonderful record book–“a book of secrets”–with sketchs and drawings of projects the were of special interest to him, for times of peace and war: designs of machinery gears, moats, fortifications, bucket wheels, lifting devices, ships and catapults, to mention a few. From time to time Martini’s work brought him in contact with Leonardo (both men worked on the construction of the middle tower of the Milan Cathedral) who was clearly influenced by the elder engineer. Commentary by Michelini Tocci. Limited numbered edition of 2980 copies. [5034] [Venice, Fondazione Querini, Stampalia] Il libro del Sarto / El libro del sastre. Valencia: Ediciones Grial, 2004. 21 x 29.5 cm, 324 pp. This fascinating MS—literally "The book of the Tailor"—was executed by two generations of tailors active in Milan. The best known of them, Ioanne Iacomo dal Conte (c.1520-1592), worked for the Borromeo family. Dal Conte used the album as a workbook, collecting illustrations of costume models in vogue, for daily life and luxurious circles, but also tents, war flags, patrons, tournament and comedy costumes, ecclesiastical and academic, items that could be displayed to his customers. As time passed other tailors close to the Borromeo family would reuse the album and update it. It is important to note that Spain at this time was the center for fashion trends in Europe. Besides Naples, Milan was greatly influenced by Spanish culture. The sumptuous costumes worn by Emperors Charles V and Philip II were followed and worn by the Milanese nobility and the bourgeoisie, both in daily life and in festivals and celebrations. Commentary by Ruth de la Puerta Escribano, Paolla Venturelli, & Doretta Davanzo. Limited edition of 590 copies, bound in full leather. €1900 [Venice, Gallerie dell’Accademia] I Disegni di Leonardo da Vinci e della sua cerchia nel Gabinetto dei Disegni e Stampe delle Gallerie dell'Accademia a Venezia. Florence: Giunti Barbèra, 2003. 33 x 48 cm, 72 plates, 220 pp. 26 (6 attributed) drawings from Leonardo's own hands, among these 4 studies to the Battle of Anghiari, 2 each to Natività, Sant' Anna (Louvre), Ecce Homo, Uomo Vitruviano, 3 attributed studies to Cenacolo as well as technical drafts. In addition 33 works by Ambrogio De Predis, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, Francisco Napoletano (published for the first time), Marco da Oggiono (2 of them for the first time), Giampietrino, Agostino da Vaprio, Andrea Solario (1 of them for the first time), Cesare da Sesto. Francesco Melzi, as well as two anonymous copies from the Anatomical Studies. Finally 13 (9 first time) mostly anonymous sheets by copyists, imitators and followers of Leonardo's from the 16th through the 19th centuries. Arranged and introduced by Carlo Pedretti. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with leather covered clamshell case. €4000 [55028-L] [Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 10852] Schwazer Bergbuch. Codex Vindobonensis 10.852. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, c.1990. 24 x 34 cm, 338pp + commentary. Commentary by E. Egg. Edition of 500 copies in full leather. [3-201-01435-4] INCUNABULA, PRINTS, MAPS & DOCUMENTS De larvis scenicis et figuris comicis de Francesco de Ficoroni, Roma, 1754. Burgos: Siloé, Arte y Bibliofilia, 8°, 312 pp. 978-84-934894-0-3 [Tagliente, Giovanniantonio] Opera di Giovanniantonio Tagliente. The 1525 Edition. Reproduced in Facsimile with an Introduction by James M. Wells. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1952. Oblong, 16 x 10 cm, 17, 32 pp. Coverboards in decorative paper. $25 Zompini, Gaetano. Le arti che vanno per via nella città di Venezia. 60 incisioni di Gaetano Zompini - 1753. A cura di Daniele Bini. Modena: Il Bulino, 2011 43 x 30 cm, 2 vols, 60, 152 pp. Collection of 60 etchings printed for the first time in 1753 by Antonio Maria Zanetti, Venetian publisher and intellectual. The work is a sort of illustrated encyclopedia of artists and craftmen who enlivened the streets of Venice in the 18th century. Gaetano Zompini "invented, designed, and recorded" the plates, while a friend, Don Questini, parish priest of Santa Maria Mater Domini, provided a descriptive rhymed triplet at the foot of each engraving. Gaetano Gherardo Zompini was born in 1700 in Nervesa, close to Treviso. In Venice, where he lived, he painted frescoes and oils for churches and palaces (like the dome of St. Nicholas of Tolentino), but also forecourts in Spain and Muscovy, some Bacchanalia for England and 8 mythological canvases painted for the Venetian Palace Zinelli which are now in Mosznej Castle, Czech Republic. Zompini embraced every kind of painting but was particularly prolific in the field of engraving. The "Venice of the Arts" of Gaetano Zompini is a capital city that lives the last gleam of its secular power, it's the Venice of Carlo Goldoni, great contemporary playwright. Just as Goldoni's comedies depict many facets of Venetian society, Zompini's illustrations graphically summarize daily habits and customs in the streets. The triplet in Venetian dialect accompanying each illustration completes the fresco, giving us detailed information about the material culture of mid-18th century Venice. Among the few known original specimens of Zompini's work is the one preserved in the Biblioteca Estense of Modena, the basis of this facsimile. Commentary by Danile Bini. Deluxe edition limited to 149 numbered copies printed on Fabriano paper Vergatona, handbound with a silk cover with a coat of arms impressed in gold; claim shell box. €1900 [978-88-86251-92-1]	i don't know
Who directed the 1973 film ‘Serpico’?	‎Serpico (1973) directed by Sidney Lumet • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd 5 “What's this for? For bein' an honest cop? Hmm? Or for being stupid enough to get shot in the face? You tell them that they can shove it.” If you were alive during the 70’s then there is no question in my mind that your favorite actor was Al Pacino. He ruled during that decade. His performance in Serpico playing the title character, an honest cop who refused to participate in the corruptive system that surrounded the NY police department, is considered by many to be his best work, which is saying a lot when you take into account his other films during that four year span: both Godfather films, Dog Day Afternoon, and Scarecrow. He was nominated for an… Film #8 of Florin's Recommendations ”Frank, let's face it, who can trust a cop that won't take money?” The story of an individual who’s fighting a corrupt system, that is always a fascinating story to tell, someone who does all he can to turn an established system inside out, and when this someone is Al Pacino with shaggy hair and beard and the story teller is Sidney Lumet then you know that the film is going to be something really special. Based on a true story, Serpico tells the tale of Frank Serpico, an honest cop who is fighting a corrupt and inefficient police system. One thing that Sidney Lumet does in his movies is that he puts the weight… 4 "Who can trust a cop who don't take money?" ~ Tom Keough This film was based upon the Peter Maas biography of New York police officer Frank Serpico (b. 1936), who went undercover to expose corruption in the force. Director Sidney Lumet's adaptation stars Al Pacino in the titular role, a good cop caught in a bad system. It opens with him being wheeled into a hospital after being shot in the face by a drug dealer and flashes back to his entry into the force, his rise to plain clothes detective and his constant refusal to accept bribes or kickbacks, which alienates him among his fellow officers. The action here supposedly took place in the 1960s, and Pacino certainly… 6 Al Pacino in the early seventies was a man who was going places. Having won notable acclaim following The Godfather, Pacino embarked on another iconic role that would give him his second Oscar Nomination in the space of two years and three films. A police corruption film again set in New York City, this had Pacino in his element as an officer with a conscience swimming against the current in a biopic that told the true story of Frank Serpico. Frank Serpico was a NYPD officer who worked in various precincts throughout the five Boroughs during his stint first in uniform and then as a plain clothes officer in the sixties and early seventies. His stance against widespread and endemic… Top 10 of the 1970's "There is, however, another good work that is done by detective stories. While it is the constant tendency of the Old Adam to rebel against so universal and automatic a thing as civilization, to preach departure and rebellion, the romance of police activity keeps in some sense before the mind the fact that civilization itself is the most sensational of departures and the most romantic of rebellions. By dealing with the unsleeping sentinels who guard the outposts of society, it tends to remind us that we live in an armed camp, making war with a chaotic world, and that the criminals, the children of chaos, are nothing but the traitors within our gates. When the… Review by gloriab La storia di Frank Serpico sta tutta nei primi due minuti: gli sparano, scopriamo subito che ai suoi colleghi non dispiace affatto e a stargli vicino c'è solo una persona. Il film racconta in flashback da dove arriva quella pallottola e perché ma soprattutto fa esplodere la bellezza del protagonista. Serpico non è un noiosetto in divisa che fa la morale, sarebbe troppo semplice così. È invece un tipo camaleontico e in continua evoluzione, cambia casa, cambia ragazza, cambia look, talvolta cambia anche idea — ma c'è una cosa su cui non la cambia mai. È anche aperto, curioso, abbraccia la controcultura, si interessa di orientalismo, impara altre lingue, la sua mente è sempre in movimento — tranne che per…	Sidney Lumet
Which composer wrote the World’s first football chant?	#570) SERPICO (1973) - YouTube #570) SERPICO (1973) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 6, 2009 SERPICO (1973) http://www.youtube.com/group/1001movi... DIRECTED BY SIDNEY LUMET, STARRING AL PACINO, JOHN RANDOLPH, JACK KEHOE, BARBARA EDA-YOUNG, CORNELIA SHARPE, ALLAN RICH AND TONY ROBERTS. THIS GRIPPING TRUE LIFE STORY FEATURING AND ACADEMY AWARD NOMINATED PERFORMANCE BY PACINO IS #570 ON THE LIST OF 1001 MOVIES YOU MUST SEE BEFORE YOU DIE, THIS VIDEO IS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES, I OWN NO COPYRIGHTS TO THE AUDIO OR VIDEO Category	i don't know
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of which other country?	Denmark Claims Ownership Of The North Pole After Proving Greenland Is Attached To It : CULTURE : Tech Times Denmark Claims Ownership Of The North Pole After Proving Greenland Is Attached To It 15 December 2014, 2:43 pm EST By Robin Burks Tech Times ( NASA ) Advertisement Denmark is now one more country adding its name to the list of contenders for who gets final control over the land that is the North Pole. After new scientific data showed a connection between the continental shelf under Greenland and the North Pole beneath the Arctic Ocean, the Danes announced their claim over the North Pole with other countries interested in the land there, as well as its resources. Greenland is an autonomous country within the kingdom of Denmark. "The Lomonosov ridge is the natural extension of the Greenland shelf," says Christian Marcussen, a senior geophysicist with the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. "Coincidentally, the North Pole which is a tiny, tiny abstract spot lies in the area." Danish scientists spent around 12 years and millions of dollars studying a 1,240-mile-long mountain range beneath the Arctic Ocean. They determined that this ridge geologically attaches Greenland to the North Pole. Other countries wanting the 345,600 square miles of land at the North Pole include Russia and Canada, both which also have land surrounding the North Pole. Other countries attached by land include the U.S. and Norway, but those nations have not yet announced an interest in claiming it.	Denmark
Which Australian band released their album ‘Back in Black’ in July 1980?	Travel & Adventures: Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaat). A voyage to Greenland - the autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, Europe - Nuuk ( Godthåb ), Sisimiut, Ilulissat, Qaqortoq, Aasiaat, Maniitsoq, Tasiilaq, Paamiut, Narsaq... Widget ofrecido por www.ayudaparamiweb.com пятница, 7 декабря 2012 г. Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaat). A voyage to Greenland - the autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, Europe - Nuuk ( Godthåb ), Sisimiut, Ilulissat, Qaqortoq, Aasiaat, Maniitsoq, Tasiilaq, Paamiut, Narsaq... 'When you've seen the world there's always Greenland' goes the old travellers' saying. But why wait till then? Greenland is not a cheap destination, but few places combine such magnificent scenery, such clarity of light and such raw power of nature. Vast swaths of beautiful, unfenced wilderness give adventurers unique freedom to wander at will, whether on foot, by ski or by dogsled. With virtually no roads, transportation is expensive, but splurging on helicopter and boat rides is worth every penny. These whisk you over truly magnificent mountainscapes and glaciers or through some of the planet's most spectacular fjords. Greenland also offers world-beating but charmingly uncommercialised opportunities for sea kayaking, rock climbing and salmon fishing. The world's biggest noncontinental island has the world's sparsest population. Nonetheless, scattered mainly along Greenland's west coast are dozens of photogenic little villages of colourfully painted wooden cottages, plus a few small towns as well as the capital, Nuuk Town (Godthåb) . In the south there's an appealing sprinkling of emerald-lawned sheep farms. Culturally, the unique blend of Inuit and Danish blood has produced a Greenlandic society all of its own. This sometimes discordant mix of ancient and modern combines seal hunting and dogsledding with Carlsberg and kaffemiks. While it has many underlying social problems, Greenland suffers negligible crime, and sensitive visitors with a passionate but unaggressive interest in local ideas will find a fascinatingly rich culture beneath the thick façade of Greenlandic taciturnity. With an ever-improving network of tourist offices, and comfortable if unflashy mini-hotels and hostels, Greenland is no longer the sole reserve of plutocratic cruise-ship passengers. However you travel, it's wise to schedule a wide safety margin for unpredictable weather. Leave ample time in each destination to unwind, soak up the midnight sun, watch icebergs explode or be dazzled by the magic of the aurora borealis.	i don't know
The WPBSA is the governing body of which sports?	About - WPBSA About Contact About The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association Limited (“The WPBSA”) is the governing body for both Snooker and Billiards worldwide. The WPBSA governs these sports through regulation and application of the rules of the association. The objectives of the WPBSA include: To promote, encourage and popularise the games of snooker and billiards generally and in particular for the benefit of the playing members. To preserve the prestige and dignity of professional snooker and billiards. To provide through Rules and Regulations for deciding and settling all differences that may arise between playing members in reference to due compliance with the Laws of the games of snooker and billiards or the Rules and Regulations of the Company. Originally incorporated as a Company limited by guarantee on 13th January 1982 the WPBSA has always been a Members association. The members, who have to qualify for membership but once achieved have a right to retain membership annually in perpetuity, control the association but delegate responsibility for the running of the association on a day to day basis to the Board of Directors . The Board of Directors are elected to office at the AGM and one third of the constituted board must retire by rotation at each AGM. The Board of Directors must at all times consist of a minimum of two Player Directors and there must not be more than five Directors at any time. A Player Director means any person who has at any time been ranked 1-128 in the Ranking Lists produced by the WPBSA. 5 World women’s number one Reanne Evans captured her fourth Eden Masters title yesterday with a dominant 4-0 victory against So Man Yan in the final. View full ... more 12 Jan World Ladies Billiards and Snooker (WLBS) has today announced that the 2017 Eden World Women's Snooker Championship will carry a total prize fund of £15,000. ... more 10 Jan Mark Davis has tonight made the first maximum break of his career tonight to claim victory against Neil Robertson in the Group Three final at the Championship ... more 10 Jan And so following the festive break, the action resumes this weekend with the start of the 2017 Dafabet Masters as defending champion Ronnie O'Sullivan heads ... more 10 Jan Six-times World Snooker Champion and Paul Hunter Foundation patron Steve Davis and Coronation Street Star Qasim Akhtar (who since 2014 has played Zeedan in the ... more 9 Jan The draw for the Eden Women’s Masters to be held at Cueball Derby on 14-15 January 2017 is now available. Three-time defending champion Reanne Evans heads an ... more 3 Jan After a hearing before the WPBSA Disciplinary Committee that took place on 19th December 2016 Alfie Burden admitted to the following breaches of the WPBSA Betting ... more 30 Dec As the start of the new year approaches, today I take an updated look at the latest in the battle for tour survival with eight ranking events still to be completed ... more 28 Dec Following the conclusion of the Scottish Open earlier this month there is now just one counting event to be completed before the final seeding list is determined ... more 22 Dec It has been another record-breaking year on the World Ladies Billiards and Snooker (WLBS) circuit for Dudley’s Reanne Evans, who claimed four of the five ranking ... more 19 Dec As 2016 comes to a close on the World Snooker Tour with Marco Fu's brilliant victory at the Scottish Open, we also reach the sixth seedings revision of the current ... more 18 Dec Marco Fu came from 4-1 down to beat John Higgins 9-4 in the final of the Coral Scottish Open in Glasgow. View the updated ranking list following the Coral ... more 15 Dec Earlier this year we invited readers to submit their questions for our leading referees, whether relating to the rules of the game, or any other aspect of referee... more 14 Dec Senior referee Jan Verhaas has been elected to join the WPBSA board at this year’s Annual General Meeting in Glasgow today. Following the decision taken by ... more 13 Dec	snooker and billiards
English writer and raconteur Denis Charles Pratt, born December 1908 was better known by what name?	BBC SPORT \| OTHER SPORTS \| WPBSA v TSN Friday, 16 February, 2001, 18:18 GMT WPBSA v TSN O'Sullivan could prove to be a major TSN attraction Who exactly are the two organisations squaring up in snooker's civil war? BBC Sport Online investigates. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association is the global governing body for professional snooker and billiards. It was formed in 1968 as the Professional Billiards Players' Association with an initial membership of just eight. Since then, the organisation's membership has grown to more than 400 snooker players worldwide, plus a further 26 billiards-only members. WPBSA claims responsibility for all policy-making in the sport. Until now, it has been the sole overseer of the professional game's financial affairs, including sponsorship and TV contracts, as well as all aspects of tournament organisation and media relations. The WPBSA also controls eight world-ranking snooker tournaments around the world, including the Embassy World Championship in Sheffield. Last year, it launched a "School of Excellence" to provide what it describes as "structured path linking the grassroots to the highest level of professional snooker". There are 160 players on the professional tour, but only the world's top 16 are guaranteed entry to ranking tournaments. Of the sport's current elite, the following have so far declared their loyalty to WPBSA or have not yet agreed to join TSN (world ranking in brackets): John Higgins Jimmy White Ken Doherty In many cases, the dates of the TSN competitions clash with those organised by the WPBSA. TSN's inaugural world championship, as yet unsponsored and a deal for TV coverage, will be staged at Birmingham's National Indoor Arena between 21 April and 7 May, 2002. WPBSA's Embassy tournament is due to take place from 20 April to 7 May next year. The key to the success of both tour will be TV contracts. The BBC announced they would honour a six-year deal to cover WPBSA Snooker events. TSN, who have been bankrolled to the sum of �10m by American investment bankers Warburg Pincus, have yet to agree any TV deals. Search BBC Sport Online	i don't know
How many feet in a UK mile?	how many feet in a mile - YouTube how many feet in a mile Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 24, 2014 how many feet in a mile ? The word mile originally derives from the Old English word mīl which in turn was ultimately derived from the Latin word millia meaning "thousand". The English mile was based on what the Romans referred to as mille passuum (Latin, "one thousand paces"), but the cognate term in some other languages -- for example, Meile in German, mijl in Dutch -- was based on the Romans' miliarium spatium (Latin for "one thousand 'intervals'"), a significantly longer unit how many feet in a mile? Mile and foot (for both imperial and nautical) conversion factors are listed below. To find out how many feet in miles or vice versa, please either use these conversion factors by multplying them to get the result or simply use the converters below. so , how many feet in a mile : the answer is 5280 feet Why are there 5280 feet in a mile? Mile is an ancient length unit, commonly used by Romans (equals to 5000 Roman feet). When British started using it as a length unit, it was necessary to relate it to furlong which was a very common length unit used in agriculture. 1 furlong is 660 feet. It was decided that one mile to have eight furlongs, that's why there are 5280 feet in a mile (8 * 660 = 5280). how many feet in a mile Category	five thousand two hundred and eighty
Nocciola is Italian for which nut?	Miles to Feet - How many feet in a mile? Contact Us Home Miles to Feet Conversion Mile and foot (for both imperial and nautical) conversion factors are listed below. To find out how many feet in miles or vice versa, please either use these conversion factors by multplying them to get the result or simply use the converters below. 1 Mile = 5280 Feet 1 Mile [Nautical] = 6076.12 Feet Why are there 5280 feet in a mile? Mile is an ancient length unit, commonly used by Romans (equals to 5000 Roman feet). When British started using it as a length unit, it was necessary to relate it to furlong which was a very common length unit used in agriculture. 1 furlong is 660 feet. It was decided that one mile to have eight furlongs, that's why there are 5280 feet in a mile (8 * 660 = 5280). For other length unit conversions, please go to Length Conversion Enter a mile value that you want to convert into feet and click on the "convert" button. Enter a foot value that you want to convert into miles and click on the "convert" button. Mile is a historical unit of length and commonly used in many measurement systems to measure the distance between two geographical locations. After metric system is accepted in many countries, it's replaced with kilometer but still used as an official measurement unit in united states, britain, canada and a few other countries world wide. The "mile" used in this conversion page is the land (statute) mile. After the definition is changed in 1959, united states still wanted to use the old definition in some measurements and called it "US survey mile" which is only "0.0002%" longer (5280.01 feet) than the land mile. The other common unit "nautical mile" is used mostly in aviation and shipping and it's 1852 meters or 6076.12 feet. The abbreviation is "mi" (nautical mile is "nm" or "nmi"). Foot is another historical length unit (simply used as a body part) in several measurement systems. With the metric system, it's replaced with "meter" (british spelling is "metre") but still used as a very common length unit in united states, britain, canada and a few other countries. Similar to the usage of mile, foot has a few versions as well (international, survey etc). It's defined to be 0.3048 meters (12 inches). The abbreviation is "ft".	i don't know
What is the title of the third film in the ‘Twilight Saga’ series?	The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Twilight Saga: Eclipse ( 2010 ) PG-13 \| From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC As a string of mysterious killings grips Seattle, Bella, whose high school graduation is fast approaching, is forced to choose between her love for vampire Edward and her friendship with werewolf Jacob. Director: a list of 31 titles created 01 Sep 2011 a list of 37 titles created 12 May 2012 a list of 42 titles created 04 Aug 2013 a list of 35 titles created 23 Feb 2015 a list of 42 titles created 13 Dec 2015 Title: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010) 4.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 23 wins & 33 nominations. See more awards » Videos Edward leaves Bella after an attack that nearly claimed her life, and in her depression she falls into yet another paranormal relationship - this time with werewolf Jacob Black. Director: Chris Weitz The Quileutes close in on expecting parents Edward and Bella, whose unborn child poses a threat to the Wolf Pack and the towns people of Forks. Director: Bill Condon After the birth of Renesmee, the Cullens gather other vampire clans in order to protect the child from a false allegation that puts the family in front of the Volturi. Director: Bill Condon A teenage girl risks everything when she falls in love with a vampire. Director: Catherine Hardwicke In a twist to the fairy tale, the Huntsman ordered to take Snow White into the woods to be killed winds up becoming her protector and mentor in a quest to vanquish the Evil Queen. Director: Rupert Sanders A modern-day take on the "Beauty and the Beast" tale where a New York teen is transformed into a hideous monster in order to find true love. Director: Daniel Barnz Set in a medieval village that is haunted by a werewolf, a young girl falls for an orphaned woodcutter, much to her family's displeasure. Director: Catherine Hardwicke When her mother disappears, Clary Fray learns that she descends from a line of warriors who protect our world from demons. She joins forces with others like her and heads into a dangerous alternate New York called the Shadow World. Director: Harald Zwart 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.7/10 X In a world divided by factions based on virtues, Tris learns she's Divergent and won't fit in. When she discovers a plot to destroy Divergents, Tris and the mysterious Four must find out what makes Divergents dangerous before it's too late. Director: Neil Burger Katniss Everdeen voluntarily takes her younger sister's place in the Hunger Games, a televised competition in which two teenagers from each of the twelve Districts of Panem are chosen at random to fight to the death. Director: Gary Ross Tyler Gage receives the opportunity of a lifetime after vandalizing a performing arts school, gaining him the chance to earn a scholarship and dance with an up and coming dancer, Nora. Director: Anne Fletcher Romantic sparks occur between two dance students from different backgrounds at the Maryland School of the Arts. Director: Jon M. Chu Edit Storyline Bella once again finds herself surrounded by danger as Seattle is ravaged by a string of mysterious killings and a malicious vampire continues her quest for revenge. In the midst of it all, she is forced to choose between her love for Edward and her friendship with Jacob -- knowing that her decision has the potential to ignite the struggle between vampire and werewolf. With her graduation quickly approaching, Bella is confronted with the most important decision of her life. Written by Summit Entertainment It all begins ... With a choice Genres: Rated PG-13 for intense sequences of action and violence, and some sensuality \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 30 June 2010 (USA) See more » Also Known As: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse See more » Filming Locations: $83,637,242 (USA) (2 July 2010) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Jackson Rathbone 's (Jasper) favorite actress is Bryce Dallas Howard , who happened to be cast alongside him in the film. See more » Goofs During the training fight scene when Emmett is sparring with Jasper, Emmett throws a punch at Jasper with his right hand (as they meet in battle again after Emmett threw Jasper), but in the transitioning scene when Jasper ducks, Emmett is punching with his left hand. See more » Quotes Dr. Carlisle Cullen : Jacob. Do you think Sam would agree to... an understanding? Jacob Black : So long as we get to kill some vampires. Dr. Carlisle Cullen : We'll need to coordinate. Bella Swan : Carlisle! They're gonna get hurt! Dr. Carlisle Cullen : We'll all need some training. Fighting newborns requires knowledge Jasper has. You're welcome to join us. Jacob Black : All right. Name the time and the place. Bella Swan : Jake, you don't know what you're getting yourself into. Jacob Black : Bella, this is what we do. You ... Referenced in PiP (2010) See more » Soundtracks (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) – See all my reviews In Forks, Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson) proposes Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) that actually wants to become immortal and is divided between her love for Edward and her friendship with Jacob Black (Taylor Lautner). Meanwhile, in Seattle, Victoria (Bryce Dallas Howard) is raising an army of newborn vampires to destroy Bella and revenge the death of her beloved James, who was destroyed by Edward. However the killings are calling the attention of the fearful Volturis that are coming to Forks. Edward and his clan and Jacob and his pack are forced to join forces to destroy Victoria and her army. "Eclipse" is a terrible sequel of the Twilight Saga, with a silly teen romance and poor performances. I have not read the novels of Stephenie Meyer, but I liked the two first films, "Twilight" and "New Moon". However, "Eclipse" is a boring soap opera with average special effects and two terrible lead actors. My vote is four. Title (Brazil):"A Saga Crepúsculo: Eclipse" ("The Saga of Twilight: Eclipse") 24 of 39 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Eclipse
The islands of Oahu, Molokai and Lanai are part of which US state?	Spoiler alert: 'Twilight' fans love shocking ending FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Spoiler alert: 'Twilight' fans love shocking ending 'Breaking Dawn -- Part 2' has shocking changes to the book's ending and fans are loving it. Spoiler alert ahead! Post to Facebook Spoiler alert: 'Twilight' fans love shocking ending 'Breaking Dawn -- Part 2' has shocking changes to the book's ending and fans are loving it. Spoiler alert ahead! Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/SXVcFn CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 15 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Spoiler alert: 'Twilight' fans love shocking ending Bryan Alexander, USA TODAY Published 1:16 p.m. ET Nov. 22, 2012 \| Updated 1:26 p.m. ET Nov. 22, 2012 'Breaking Dawn, Part 2' has shocking changes to the book ending and fans are loving it. 'Breaking Dawn, Part 2,' with Kristen Stewart, gets a twist ending. (Photo: Andrew Cooper, Summit Entertainment) Story Highlights 'Breaking Dawn, Part 2' features a surprise ending not in Stephenie Meyer's book Twi-hards went through shock seeing the scene at first, but have loved it enough to make the final movie a box office monster Spoiler alerts for anyone who has not see Breaking Dawn! The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn, Part 2 takes a wild turn from the book at the end of the film, and Twi-hards are loving it. Going into its second week of release, the film has already made $151 million and looks to dominate over the Thanksgiving holiday. Big twists are generally a big no-no in the Twilight series, based on the near-sacred text from Stephenie Meyer's novels. But in this case Meyer wanted to make the big change, an epic battle that never took place in the final book. "That was a major sticking point for Stephenie about making the fourth (Twilight) book into a movie," says screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg. "She knew it was not a cinematic ending. The book had no physical confrontation. She knew that would have to change. But she didn't want the storytelling to change." During the filming of Eclipse, the third movie in the series, Rosenberg and Meyer had dinner and Meyer suggested a battle sequence. "It's like this light bulb went on," says Rosenberg. "It was one of those moments." The battle concept, which has yet another big twist at the end, features plenty of heads ripped off and was worked into the film. Taylor Lautner sat in the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles during the Breaking Dawn premiere Nov. 12 and saw Twi-hard reaction firsthand. "While the surprise was happening they were terrified — out of their minds freaking out," says Lautner. "The shrieks and screaming. It was crazy." Kara O'Grady of TwilightMoms.com says she too saw the reaction of surprise from the fans. But like most Twilight fans, she gave it the thumbs-up once it played out. "The movie version added a new spin," says O'Grady. "We all know the books inside and out so it was great to have a surprise heart-stopping twist." Even more exciting for O'Grady was seeing each of the major Twilight characters take a screen curtain call in the film. "My favorite part of the movie was the farewell montage," says O'Grady. "Showing all the actors involved from the beginning. It was a wonderful retrospective of the last five years — a perfect fond farewell to the books and movies that have truly changed my life for the better." 64 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 15 COMMENTEMAILMORE Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/SXVcFn NEVER MISS OUT Life Be a pop culture maven. Get the news, reviews and the juiciest celebrity stories that keep you in the know, Monday-Friday.	i don't know
Which US comedian was the first celebrity guest to appear as himself in a episode of the US television series ‘Hannah Montana’?	Larry David - IMDb IMDb Writer \| Producer \| Actor Larry David was born on July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA as Lawrence Gene David. He is a writer and producer, known for Seinfeld (1989), Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000) and Clear History (2013). He was previously married to Laurie Lennard . See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 17 Feb 2011 a list of 40 people created 06 Feb 2013 a list of 40 people created 04 May 2013 a list of 32 people created 20 Sep 2013 a list of 21 images created 9 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Larry David's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 3 Golden Globes. Another 12 wins & 53 nominations. See more awards » Known For 1999 Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm (TV Movie) (creator) Seinfeld (TV Series) (created by - 172 episodes, 1990 - 1998) (written by - 52 episodes, 1989 - 1998) (teleplay by - 5 episodes, 1992 - 1995) (story by - 4 episodes, 1992 - 1995) 1998 Sour Grapes (written by) 1987 Norman's Corner (TV Movie) (written by) 1987 It's Garry Shandling's Show. (TV Series) (written by - 1 episode) - Sarah (1987) ... (written by - as Mac Brandes) Saturday Night Live (TV Series) (writer - 17 episodes, 1984 - 1985) (written by - 1 episode, 1984) 2013 Clear History (TV Movie) (producer) 2000-2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm (TV Series) (executive producer - 80 episodes) 1999 Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm (TV Movie) (executive producer) Seinfeld (TV Series) (executive producer - 125 episodes, 1991 - 1998) (producer - 4 episodes, 1990) (co-producer - 1 episode, 1989) 1984 Hearts and Diamonds (executive producer) Hide 2015 The League (TV Series) Future Ruxin 2007 Hannah Montana (TV Series) Larry David 2014 I Am Road Comic (Documentary) ("Curb Your Enthusiasm") 2009 Whatever Works (performer: "Happy Birthday To You") Curb Your Enthusiasm (TV Series) (performer - 5 episodes, 2004) (writer - 1 episode, 2002) - Opening Night (2004) ... (performer: "Leo & Max" - uncredited) - The Surrogate (2004) ... (performer: "The King of Broadway" - uncredited) - The 5 Wood (2004) ... (performer: "Prisoners of Love (Leo and Max)" - uncredited)	Larry David
In which year did golfer Tiger Woods turn professional?	Hannah Montana (Series) - TV Tropes Hannah Montana You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Travis: So you and Miley are pretty close? Hannah: You have no idea. Hannah Montana (2006-2011) is about a teenager named Miley Stewart (played by Miley Cyrus ) who seems like an ordinary girl to the kids at her school. But secretly, she is also teen pop sensation Hannah Montana, and the only people who know besides her family are her best friends, Lilly and Oliver. For its fourth and final season, the show was Retooled and re-branded as Hannah Montana Forever. In the process it became only the second live-action Disney Channel show to reach four seasons (and third overall), behind That's So Raven and Kim Possible . Chronologically it is the third series in the Disney Channel Live-Action Universe and one of the first to participate in a Massive Crossover Event: That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana (which also codified the DCLAU in the first place). Until 2013's Good Luck JESSIE , it was the only series to participate in two such Cross Overs with Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana (though not the only one to have the same characters go through two crossover events, as Zack and Cody bring up when they meet Hannah Montana a second time ). Now has a Character Sheet . This show provides examples of: Adam Westing : Billy Ray Cyrus plays his own Captain Ersatz . Miley herself does her fair share, both as Miley Stewart and her evil lookalike cousin Luann. Adorkable : Much of the show's success can be attributed to Miley Cyrus' bright and energetic personality combined with her goofy mannerisms and a total willingness to look foolish on camera. She's even been compared favorably to comedy legends Lucille Ball and Carol Burnett . Lilly also has many Adorkable moments throughout the series, due to her awkwardness and emotions. Adjective Noun Fred : The title of the Japanese dub, Secret Idol Hannah Montana. An Aesop : One per episode, generally. More prevalent during the series' early run - the third and fourth seasons have quite a few episodes that manage to avoid this trope. Affectionate Parody : The Hannah character, and much of the music, seems to parody the teen-pop images of the likes of Hilary Duff and the younger Britney Spears . Also some of the things used might have also been a tribute to the show Jem from the 1980's. In her 2013 MTV documentary Miley: The Movement, Cyrus admits to Britney (they perform a duet on Miley's album, Bangerz) in an interview that the Hannah character was modeled after her. Oliver Oscar Oken, who gets double credit for this trope as he is played by Mitchel Musso. Lilly's alter-ego, Lola Luftnagle. Robbie Ray Stewart's alter-ego, Robbie Ray. Miley and Jackson's deceased mother, Susan Stewart. Amber Addison, the Alpha Bitch . Karen Kunkle, Jackson's - and later, Miley's - Stern Teacher . Music critic Barney Bittman - again, extra credit for Gilbert Gottfried. Gary Green, radio DJ. Movie producer Baz B. Berkley. Special mention goes to Dandruff Danny, Liposuction Liza and Brainless Becky. Alpha Bitch : Mikayla There is also Amber and Ashley. Alter Ego Acting : Miley is also a singer in Real Life — as Hannah Montana as well as herself, no less. Back for the Finale : Done in a series of episodes where Lilly's Dad, Aunt Dolly, and Mamaw all return. Literally with Oliver who actually only comes back as a Plot Device . Bedtime Brainwashing : An episode used Command when Lilly and Oliver had discovered that Miley's boyfriend was cheating on her, and Lilly tried doing this to encourage Miley to break up with him. Beneath the Mask : A major theme in the show. Thanks to the Hannah Montana persona, Miley is able to see people's True Colors . She isn't fooled by the facade put up by someone like Amber or Rico when they're dealing with Hannah, because as Miley, she knows what they are really like. In fact, everyone but her true friends treat her better when she is Hannah. Be Yourself : The show's overarching Aesop , which seems ironic given that the series is all about a girl who puts on a disguise so she can live a life of fame and fortune... until you realize it merely sets up Miley for the supporting lesson, that friends and family are more important . Big Bad : Rico is the most reoccurring antagonist in the series so he probably counts. Jake can be seen as this in his story arc due to the fact he constantly breaks Miley's heart and eventually flat out cheats on her. Lucinda is this in The Movie , as she's the one calling the shots to Oswald Granger, who is The Heavy . Robbie Ray, leading to some people, including the President, teasing him about his waistline . Blind Without 'Em : Lilly can't tell a person from a post without her contacts. Broken Aesop : In the movie, at the end Miley un-masks on stage, and sings her "be yourself" song, and the whole town rejects her and asks her to sing as Hannah, despite the fact they're the same person. Broken Record : In the movie, during the filming of the video for "The Best of Both Worlds", the CD that they're lip-syncing to keeps repeating, "Best of both, best of both, best of both..." until the CD player gets smacked, and it finally ends, "Best of both worlds." Brother Chuck : A number of characters were quite unceremoniously Put on a Bus , including: Two of Jackson's best friends — Cooper , not seen since Season 1, and Thor, not seen since Season 2. Roxy, not seen since early Season 2. Though Bridgit Mendler still guest stars on that show despite having one of her own . Dandruff Danny, not seen since Season 1. The Movie gives Hannah Montana a publicist played by Vanessa Williams who is never seen after the movie, and also a love interest played by Lucas Till who is never mentioned again (even when listing old boyfriends). California Doubling : Inverted in the movie where Miley's California high school is actually Tennessee's Franklin High School. California University : Jackson considered The State College of Santa Barbara, then attended Tennessee University for a time, before settling upon Malibu Community College. None of these institutions exist in real life. Lilly and Miley both apply to Standford University . Yes, spelled like that — it's quite visible on a couple of folders in the episode, and Miley clearly sounds out the first D more than once. There's no such school, and if you Google the name, the results pages will keep insisting you meant something else . Possibly meant as a Fictional Counterpart to the real thing. Camping Episode : "Ooh, Ooh, Itchy Woman" in season 1. Miley, Lilly and Oliver go on a school camping trip. Miley and Lilly have to share a tent with Amber and Ashley , while Oliver has to share a tent with mean boys. Can't Get Away with Nuthin' : Jackson frequently incurs Robbie Ray's full wrath for infractions that would rate, at most, a stern talking-to for Miley. "Oh yeah! I went there!" "Ya think?" "Ooooh! Sssss!" Celebrity Paradox : This trope is actually quite important, as Hannah and her father are often in many of the same settings and situations that their actors experience in Real Life . They even interact with many real celebrities playing themselves in the show. Played straight for Miley Cyrus , even more so because her character is The Danza . Justified because the entire premise of the series requires that "Miley" be a girl who is not famous. People in the show have never heard the name before, and later struggle to remember it. For example, when Miley Stewart is dating Jake Ryan and she ends up being interviewed on TV, the host calls her "Milky" - and when corrected, doesn't care that he was wrong. Given the above, you'd think the trope would also apply to her father, Billy Ray Cyrus. However, it's subverted when a direct reference is made. Robbie Ray puts on a mullet wig and claims to be Billy Ray - which couldn't happen if the celebrity did not exist. A double subversion occurs when the woman Robbie is talking to thinks he's crazy and quickly leaves. Character Development : Miley in the first season was a shy, timid, awkward girl . Somewhere along the line she managed to pick up large amounts of sass . She stayed clumsy though. Lilly started out as a funny, quirky tomboy. By the time she got together with Oliver, she had turned into a giggling girly girl. Costume Porn Crossover : Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana and Thats So Suite Life of Hannah Montana. Characters and settings from Cory in the House appear in the episode "Take This Job and Love It". Because Selena Gomez plays both Alex Russo and Hannah's rival, Mikayla, none of the Hannah Montana cast directly interact with any of the Wizards of Waverly Place cast. Though this is likely because both shows were bookends to the crossover. The same was done with the original crossover with That's So Raven and Hannah Montana being bookends with The Suite Life of Zack and Cody in the middle. None of the bookends interacted with each other in this crossover either. Deadpan Snarker : Miley/Hannah, in practically every episode — especially after the first season. She's cute, she's funny, she can be downright obnoxious . It's why the audience can comfortably laugh at her when the Zany Scheme invariably backfires. Lilly also tends to fall into this role — she and Miley are best friends, after all. In some cases (such as the time where Miley and Jackson were thought to be dating) she basically spends the entire episode doing nothing but make snarky comments. Rico is particularly snarky, as per his personality . Robbie Ray has his moments, particularly with Dontzig or when his kids get out of line or he has to play Papa Wolf . Deep South : Miley Cyrus hails from Franklin, Tennessee in Real Life , and her dad comes from Kentucky. The Stewarts, being Southerners, came from the fictional town of Crawley Corners, Tennessee, as The Movie makes quite clear. The show never lets you forget the Stewarts' Southern roots for too long, the strong accents Billy Ray and Miley have for starters. The episodes featuring Mammaw, Uncle Earl and/or and Aunt Dolly only reinforce the issue. The episode featuring " evil cousin " Luann takes it Up to Eleven , particularly as Miley Cyrus is playing her using an exaggerated Southern drawl . Defrosting Ice Queen : Joanie in later episodes becomes friends with Lilly then Miley after she starts dating Oliver. Derailing Love Interests : "The End of the Jake as We Know It". Some might be inclined to think that the title was taken too literally, with Jake's cheating coming out of left field given his prior development. It's egregious when the episode right after reintroduces the other love interest Miley rejected for Jake. Disney Owns This Trope : Rico owns his evil laugh. And the North American rights to the "Hey-yo!" Furthermore, his company is called "Muah-hah-hah Industries." Dumb Blonde : Lilly, especially in Season 1. Easily Forgiven : Robbie Ray will forgive anything that Miley messes up, as long as he's convinced she's genuinely contrite. Lampshaded in "De-Do-Do-Do, De-Don't-Don't-Don't-Don't Tell My Secret": Hannah: ... but then I learn a valuable lesson and everything's okay! In "Been There All Along", Jackson actually has to explain this to Miley to stop her from trying another Zany Scheme . Jackson: Face it, you don't have my talent for anything but the truth. Every time you try, you wind up getting caught, sitting on a bench, or the couch, or the porch where Dad says, "Bud, if you'd just woulda told the truth in the beginning yadda yadda yadda I love you."... "I love you too."... you ride Blue Jeans, he writes a song, The End. Embarrassing Ringtone : In season 2, "The Test of My Love", when Miley is dating a rich boy and she meets his parents, his parents act rude to her because she's from Tennessee and they see her as a bumpkin. When Miley tries to prove she's sophisticated, her ringtone goes off playing country music which she set to because she felt homesick. Empathic Environment : When Miley lost an anklet her mother gave her, the weather in Hawaii promptly turned sour. When Robbie Ray gives a speech telling her how her mother is always with her, anklet or no , the weather promptly turns gorgeous again. Escapist Character : Hannah. Invoked in some of her songs, such as "Just Like You", which lets the audience identify with her more readily. Everything's Sparkly with Jewelry : Many of Hannah's outfits from the earlier seasons were created by sticking thousands of rhinestones on perfectly ordinary clothes. Once the show's popularity took off, so did the budget, so her later costumes are mostly hand-made and fall into full Pimped-Out Dress territory — but still play this trope straight. Brought up in one of the DVD extras: Heterosexual Life-Partners : Miley and Lilly. Hidden Depths : Jackson will loudly proclaim at every opportunity how disappointed he is that Robbie Ray had a second child , or how much he resents Hannah Montana taking precedence over any of his own plans — especially because Miley never lets him forget it . However, when push comes to shove and Miley really needs his support, Jackson will sacrifice anything — even his own happiness — to protect his sister's hopes and dreams. Hollywood Dateless : Jackson is portrayed as a uncouth, socially-awkward loser who couldn't get a date if his life depended on it. This in spite of the fact that he's played by the boyishly-handsome Jason Earles, takes a different girl out every third episode, and has even had a few random women come on to him (usually when he's not trying to be charming). Honest John's Dealership : Rico charges exorbitant prices for mediocre food at his surf shop, has some questionably-legal business practices (eg: charging for restrooms, in the home state of the Congresswoman who that practice abolished, no less), and has had more than one run-in with the Health Department. Hormone-Addled Teenager : Most (if not all) of them. Considering the hectic double life Miley has, the show spends a disproportionate amount of time on hers and the others' various crushes. "I Am" Song : The series loves this trope, as several songs qualify. It begins with "Just Like You" and "The Other Side Of Me" in Season 1, progresses to Season 3's "Supergirl" and "Just A Girl", then finishes with "Ordinary Girl" in the final season. The amazing amount of these songs is lampshaded by Miley during an episode where Miley obsesses over a new song that her dad wrote for her birthday. Miley: Please don't let it be yet another song about my double life or you might as well just stamp "I'm Hannah Montana" on my forehead." Idol Singer : Hannah in the show, Miley in Real Life . Emily Osment and Mitchel Musso have followed suit. Mikayla is a more diva-like example of one. Selena Gomez , her portrayer, is far less diva-like in real life. I'm a Man, I Can't Help It : Gender inverted with Miley in "Take This Job and Love It", where Miley gives this as the reason she didn't want to take Roxy, her overprotective bodyguard with her on a date. Miley: I'm a girl. I have needs. Robbie: Please tell me you just said you're a girl who has knees. Moises Arias, who plays Rico, is not as selfish and rotten as his character. In fact he promoted penguin preservation with the Disney MMORPG, Club Penguin . The girls who played Amber and Ashley aren't really mean in real life either. Nor is Romi Dames, the actress who plays stuck-up socialite Traci Van Horn. Quite the opposite, in fact. Missing Mom : Miley and Jackson's mother died some time prior to the pilot. She does appear in a few episodes (played by Brooke Shields), in dream sequences. Morality Chain : Often, Lilly is the only thing keeping a leash on Miley's diva-ness. The Movie : Technically, two movies — the first was a Concert Film, while the second was based on the show. Musical Theme Naming : Many of the episodes are (slightly altered) named after songs. Mythology Gag : Mamaw constantly haranguing Robby Ray about his weight and overeating, which leads to a visiting Barack Obama Expy in Season 4 also taking potshots. When Miley and Lilly are in gym class in Season 4, Lilly easily aces the rope climb, while Miley has a hard time. Lilly taunts Miley by saying, "Yeah, she can sing "The Climb", but she can't do it!", alluding to Miley Cyrus' hit Award Bait Song to ''Hannah Montana: The Movie" the year before. New Season, New Name : The fourth and final season is re-branded Hannah Montana Forever. Officially Shortened Title : Inverted for the Japanese adaptation, which is marketed as Secret Idol Hannah Montana . Oh My Gods! : Robbie Ray uses "Lord" in a theological context. Only Sane Man : Jesse was the only person to make the connection between Hannah and Miley Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping : Siena is played by Australian actress Tammin Sursok, whose accent lapses occasionally. In particular, she seems to struggle with saying "Hannah Montana". Fridge Logic kicks in when one realizes that Siena's nationality was never stated, and thus she has no need to affect an American accent. Paper-Thin Disguise : How the cast's Secret Identities are kept secret. Lampshaded when Jackson points out the obviousness of Superman's Paper-Thin Disguise , and Miley agrees with him as she and Robbie Ray don theirs. note Hannah's disguise arguably qualifies for Wig, Dress, Accent , albeit on an inconsistent basis. Obviously she already has the wig and clothes, then composes herself in a far more confident, flashier manner than the shy, awkward and unpopular Miley Stewart. Also, if you pay attention, Hannah's voice is often a higher register and loses much of Miley's real-life Southern accent - even though the Hannah character is also from Tennessee. This speech convention was more prevalent in the first two seasons, but a recent good example was in "Ready, Set, Don't Go" where there is a marked contrast between how she talks to the DMV worker and how she speaks to Lilly. Robbie's Mustache is made even thinner as anyone could easily put 2 and 2 together that Robbie Ray and Robbie Ray Stewart are the same person especially when one considers that he never hides the fact that he is Robbie Ray even without the mustache. It very possible this is an attempt to Lampshade this trope as Robbie seems to be the same person with or without the mustache. Picked Last : Happens to Miley whenever gym class involves teams, and is the setup for the episode "Cuffs Will Keep Us Together". As Hannah Montana, she has the coordination to dance onstage - sometimes in high heels and while also singing, no less - but when it comes to sports, she's unable to do things like catch a ball without using her face . Platonic Life Partners : Miley and Oliver, Lilly and Oliver before their Relationship Upgrade in Season 3. Running Gag : Several. Robbie Ray's obsession with his hair to the point where his kids' very first go-to move when bad news comes their way is to compliment his hair. The fact that Robbie Ray is always making awful puns and Miley reminding him that 'you ain't funny'. In fact, you could say this is one of Robbie Ray's main schticks in the series. In Season 4, Lilly gets a new job running the ticket exchange booth at the amusement park. One of the top prizes is a big stuffed toy tiger that costs 50,000 tickets - a ludicrous amount that would fill a large container. Guess what every kid tries to exchange his or her measly handful of tickets for. Lilly easily handles the initial incident in the first episode, cheerily explaining the three cheapest prizes that all those tickets are good for. Fast-forward several episodes and many more kids later, and she's just about ready to crack. Lilly: (close to tears) Look, you don't have enough for the big tiger, okay? It's the dragon stickers, the erasers, or the ice cube with the fly in it! The Scrooge : Despite being filthy-stinkin'-rich from both his own and his daughter's record sales, Robbie Ray is notoriously, if a bit selectively, tight with a penny. Secret Identity : Many episodes of the show revolve around Miley trying to keep people from learning she is Hannah Montana. Once, Miley tried to get money for a new phone by taking a bad picture of her as Hannah and selling it to the press. However, she later learned she was wearing a necklace labeled "Miley" and sought to retrieve the picture. Lilly and Oliver adopted their own secret identities as well (Lola Luftnagle and Mike Standley III, respectively). Selective Enforcement : Miley is Easily Forgiven , whereas Jackson Can't Get Away with Nuthin' . Series Continuity Error : Oh so, so many! A few examples: There are a number of instances where it seems the episode order (as aired on TV) had been changed from the intended order as they were written. Like when Miley mentions she will "be driving soon", in the episode after the one where she is driving by herself already. Or when Lilly says Hannah just starred in a movie, but the episode where she auditions for that movie hasn't happened yet. At several points in the first season, Miley insinuates she moved from Nashville. In The Movie, and from that point onward, her hometown is Crowley Corners. In the episode Miley Get Your Gum, Lilly has a dog named Thor. After this episode, no mention of this dog is ever made again. Lilly's birthday, which was implied in The Movie to be in the summer, but came around again just seven months later in "Can't Get Home to You Girl". This could be related to the episode shuffling noted above. In one episode, Lilly spectacularly butchers the pronunciation of "empanada" (so as to rhyme with " Canada ") but in another episode, is taking AP Spanish, and able to tutor another girl in exchange for her math tutoring services. Lilly mentions a brother once, in Season 1 — then never again. In Season 3, she says sometimes she wishes she had a brother. She Is All Grown Up : Lilly. In the Tomboy and Girly Girl pairing of her and Miley, she started out as the former, with actress Emily Osment drawing unflattering comments about being her brother Haley Joel with a wig. Jump to Season 4 — Lilly dresses straight from the Hannah Closet and Oliver is just smitten. Shouldn't We Be in School Right Now? : Hannah has been known to be on tour for weeks at a time, and engages in activities and publicity stunts during school hours, such as reading to a group of preschoolers. Yet, as regular old Miley Stewart, she attends a public school, and her absences are never referenced, nor do they arouse the suspicion of anyone at school. Fridge Logic kicks in when you realize she went on an international tour, which would probably take months, but she is still made out to attend a full school year. Shout-Out : Many. Notably, the episodes are named after songs. See here . Sidekick : At one point Lilly refers to herself as such saying that she's just a sidekick who needs to learn to say no. She almost never does. Tomboy and Girly Girl : Played straight in the first two seasons with Lilly and Miley, respectively. Lilly eventually becomes more of a girly girl herself , though she remains much more athletic than Miley, who is terrible at sports . Even in early seasons Lilly has shades of girliness hidden by her tomboyness. In the first episode after finding out Miley is Hannah, Lilly is ecstatic when she is shown the Hannah closet and has a girly-fit over the clothes in it. Took a Level in Jerkass : By Season 4, Lilly has turned into an opportunistic snob who spends most of her screen time whining and complaining . Trailers Always Spoil : The official promo for "I'll Always Remember You" showed very few clips from the first half of the episode, and almost entirely put emphasis on Hannah taking off her blonde wig and exposing her identity as Miley Stewart to the world. Tsundere : Miley towards Jake Ryan. When they first meet, she treats him with disdain, calling his antics "disgusting" and turning him down three times when he asks her to a dance. It isn't until Hannah guest stars on Jake's TV show and they almost kiss during a scene that she realizes - or admits to herself - that she actually likes him. note Eventually, Jake and Miley enter an on-again, off-again relationship. From then on, every time they are not a couple, Miley is generally nice to him, but her angry reactions to any perceived slight are well out of proportion to the Just Friends status they are supposedly at. Lilly with her usual Genre Savvy is actually aware of Miley's true feelings from the start: Lilly: Oh, come on! You so like Jake! Miley: No, I don't! How can you say that? Lilly: Because, every time his name comes up, you act like you can't stand him. Unlimited Wardrobe : Miley calls it the Hannah Closet, but it's effectively a fashion boutique (that only stocks brightly-colored sparkly items for teenage girls) in her bedroom. Automated revolving carousels and remote-controlled sliding shelves filled with more clothes and accessories than the show has episodes ensure that Hannah never needs to wear the same thing twice. note She does end up reusing some outfits, but any repeat appearances are usually for one short Hannah scene in a Miley-focused episode. Unsympathetic Comedy Protagonist : Miley ventures into this territory at times. Vitriolic Best Buds : Jackson and Rico. It takes them until the series finale to admit it. Wakeup Makeup : Miley and Lilly always seem to get out of bed with eye makeup, mascara, foundation and lip gloss perfectly in place. They also wear jewelry while sleeping. Averted with Robbie — although never shown, he has a strict routine of grooming to always keep his hair looking nice. We Named the Monkey "Jack" : One episode revealed that Miley once had a pig named Luann. The later episode, "Torn Between Two Hannahs" features her obnoxious cousin, Luann, whom she had named it after. Young Entrepreneur : Rico's dad gave him the business, but Rico knows how to keep it profitable. Zany Scheme : A typical episode starts off with Miley doing something selfish or irresponsible, then instead of taking accountability for her actions, she comes up with some dubious, convoluted plan to cover her tracks. Said plan will often involve the use of a ridiculous animal costume. Miley/Hannah herself lampshades this in "He Could Be the One": Jesse: You are way too smart to come up with something this stupid. Hannah: HEY! For your information, you are looking at a girl stupid enough to dress up as a chicken, a duck, a swan... Lola: A pirate, a carrot... Episodes of this series provide examples of: Acquired Situational Narcissism : Though no stranger to the occasional bout of egocentrism, Oliver takes it to Jerkass levels after appearing on America's Top Talent, acquiring his own Groupie Brigade , and very nearly scuttling his relationship with Lilly. Affectionate Parody of Happy Gilmore , in which Robbie Ray encourages Rico to find his Happy Place as he coaches him in horseshoe-pitching. "Loretta", Mamaw Stewart's rickety old Cadillac Eldorado. In Season 1, the car Jackson buys for himself. Jackson: Jackson Stewart, come on down! You are the proud owner of a brand new... used car! Yes, over the last fifteen years this pre-owned beauty has been driven around by heavy smokers and sloppy eaters, and one Wilma McDermott whose cat popped out six kittens in the front seat! Yes, some stains just don't come out! Do not, I repeat, do not call Lilly stupid within earshot of Oliver! It's a NAZEL condition! Never cheat on Miley. It'll lead to Hannah beating the crap out of you during a live Christmas special. Boxing Kangaroo : Boxing a kangaroo was among the demeaning jobs Jackson subjected himself to in "Wherever I Go". Brainless Beauty : In addition to the aforementioned Ashley DeWitt, there's also Brainless Bodacious Becky, a Satellite Love Interest of Jackson's. Captain Obvious : From the episode "You Never Give Me My Money", in which the three friends arrive at Rico's to find a large tent: Lilly: Yeah, I meant what's going on at Rico's? Oliver: Oh. There's a tent up. Lilly: Thank you, Captain Duh! Caustic Critic : Music critic Barney Bittman, played by the legendary Gilbert Gottfried. Chained Heat : Oliver does this to Miley and Lilly in "Cuffs Will Keep Us Together". Christmas Episode : "Killing Me Softly with His Height" (season 3) and "It's The End Of The Jake As We Know It" (season 4) have Christmas-related settings and subplots. Cleaning Up Romantic Loose Ends : Inverted. It takes a double-length episode in Season 3 for Miley to realize that she loves Jake and not Jesse . The next time we see Jake, however, it's revealed that he has been cheating on Miley . This cuts him loose from the storyline and opens the way for Jesse's return in the next episode. Cool and Unusual Punishment : In the episode "Ready, Set, Don't Drive", Miley gets arrested for driving with an invalid license. She got her license as Hannah Montana because she didn't want to wait two weeks for a retest. Why, you ask? She couldn't handle the embarrassment of showing up to Amber 's big party when Amber had her license and she didn't. Does Robbie Ray ground her? Passe! Take away her allowance? Old hat! Instead, he drives her to the big party, and announces over a bullhorn that Miley didn't get her license. Credit Card Plot : In the episode "Debt it Be", Miley's dad gives her and Jackson credit cards. But Miley goes overboard with it and Jackson has to help come with a plan to keep her dad from finding out about it. In a later episode, Miley gets her own bank account (with $5,000 in it) and - remembering what happened with the credit card - becomes obsessed with defying this trope by refusing to spend a single penny. Crowd Song : In "Get Down and Study-udy-udy", Miley leads her class in singing The Bone Dance to prove she hasn't been cheating, just learning differently. Notable for ignoring the otherwise ongoing plot point that Lilly can't sing by having her be the first one to join in and sing it well. Since Miley Stewart is not the kind of person her classmates would expect to put on a song and dance routine, it leads to Rico having a Master of Delusion moment. Also played straight in The Movie , where Miley gets most of the town to join her in singing and dancing the "Hoedown Throwdown". Dance Party Ending : In The Movie half the end credits have the cast doing the Hoedown Throwdown. Boom-boom-clap, boom-de-clap-de-clap... Disorganized Outline Speech : Lilly lists reasons not to be friends in "When You Wish You Were the Star". Miley once mentions her dad likes to go to Boscoe's House of Chicken and Pies. A segment of one episode takes place inside a Make-A-Moose. Hannah uses her zPhone to post messages on Flitter. Oliver performs and Hannah is a guest judge on America's Top Talent. note Despite the name , it's more a parody of American Idol , complete with thinly-disguised imitations of that show's judges and a cameo appearance by actual Idol judge Kara DioGuardi. Lilly and Miley send in their college applications to Standford University. Freudian Excuse : As a kid, Amber was teased because she was a nerd. This prompted her to become one of the mean girls herself once she moved on to middle school. Girl Posse : Subverted with Ashley in that she's just one girl. Greek Chorus : Early on in Season 4, Rico had a gospel choir following him around and singing about his actions. In the Season 3 special hour-long episode "He Could Be the One", Jackson and Rico performed various skits providing narration between scenes. They do it again in the Season 4 special episode "I'll Always Remember You", this time with Siena joining in. Hair-Raising Hare : When Jackson eats too much chocolate, he has nightmares about a Godzilla chocolate bunny. Homage : A rather disturbing one for a Disney Channel show, in which Jackson's ventriloquist dummy Franklin, having apparently survived going through a wood chipper and taken on a life of his own, takes his revenge on Rico. Not to be intimidated, Rico delivers the following Lampshade Hanging before fighting back: Rico: You're going down, Chucky ! Home Schooled Kids : In the Alternate Timeline where Miley was Hannah all the time, she was one of those. Mr. Corelli was in charge of teaching her but didn't mind if she didn't do homework. "I Am Becoming" Song : "The Climb" from Hannah Montana: The Movie , which neatly encapsulates Miley's emotions, the lessons she's learned in the movie, and the general message of the film. Season 4 gives us "Wherever I Go", which Miley sings to say goodbye to Hannah, as she discards the secret identity and moves forward to face the world as her real self. Another version of "Wherever I Go" was released, in which Miley and Lilly are saying goodbye to each other, giving a nod to the series finale when Lilly goes off to college but Miley doesn't, which proves ineffective as Miley ends up joining Lilly at college anyway. It's All About Me : Inverted in the episode where Miley meets the Queen of England, with Jackson expressing the complaint that everything was always about Hannah Montana. "Just Joking" Justification : Issued, then immediately revoked, by the Simon Cowell parody in "Judge Me Tender", after saying both Hannah and the judge for whom she filled in were boring. Lampshade Hanging : In the episode where they go to Washington Miley asks Lilly if they can't resolve their fight, at which point 'the audience in her head will go aww', when they do make up, the audience, both in show and on the track says 'aww'. Master of Delusion : In "Get Down, Study-udy-udy", where for her biology test, Miley uses dance moves from Hannah's stage performance of "Nobody's Perfect" to memorize the names of the bones in the human body. Rico recognizes the moves and is reminded of Hannah Montana, but then dismisses the idea, saying that Miley isn't smart enough to pull a trick like that off. The Mean Brit : The second of the two Simon Cowell parody characters was played by Charles Shaughnessy , an actual Brit. At the start of Season 3, Lilly not only predicts a daydream, but also points out to Miley where on screen it will be appearing. In the Season 4 episode "California Screamin'", Miley returns the favor by showing Lilly a flashback. Miley: Two years ago, Fourth of July, remember? (stares up into the sky) Lilly: (looks around, confused) ... I don't see it, where...? Miley: Here. (holds Lilly's chin and turns her head to the correct angle) Lilly: Oh. Further lampshaded by Miley in "Been Here All Along", when she tells Lilly to "Hold on, I'm in a flashback moment." — right before said flashback takes over the screen . Meet Cute : In "The Way We Almost Weren't", Miley and Jackson time-travel back to the diner where Robbie met their mother for the first time. When they accidentally interfere with the initial encounter, Jackson starts fading out of existence . They spend the rest of the episode trying to invoke this trope for their parents, to ensure that they are actually born . Meganekko : The episode "You're So Vain, You Probably Think This Zit Is About You" reveals that Lilly wears contacts, and when her dog eats them, she had to wear glasses. Even though she hates them, they place her nicely into this trope. Also, Miley dons a pair of glasses while she's Lilly's "lawyer" in the episode "You Are So Sue-able To Me". Mirror Monologue : In "I'll Always Remember You", a famished and exhausted Miley hallucinates a reflection of herself as Hannah in the mirror. It turns out that Mirror!Hannah is Miley's own guilty conscience, who proceeds to berate her for letting Jesse and Lilly make huge personal sacrifices to protect her secret . After years of Miley being obnoxious to other people , it's incredibly amusing to watch her try to out-sass herself. Mistaken for an Imposter : At a Halloween party, Miley's evil identical cousin Luann is impersonating Hannah. Miley — as Hannah — arrives late to the party only to find herself immediately accosted by Lilly, who is trying to catch Luann. Lilly: Ha! I've got you! I'm not gonna let you ruin my best friend's life! Miley: But I am your best friend! No Celebrities Were Harmed : Hannah and her friends sometimes end up on morning talk shows. Early in the series, the show would be Wake Up, It's Wendy! hosted by an Oprah parody. Later on, Hannah appears several times on Mack and Mickey in the Morning, which closely mimics Fox 's The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet. The host on Singing with the Stars was a parody of Simon Cowell . "Byron", another Simon Cowell parody, shows up in "Judge Me Tender", now teamed up with his American Idol co-judges Randy Jackson (well, a parody named "Andy") and Kara DioGuardi (the real deal). No Matter How Much I Beg : Miley gives Lilly her checkbook so she doesn't spend, and Lilly being true to the request refuses to give it back, even when Miley has a 'Miley doesn't live here anymore' moment. Not in Front of the Parrot : Jackson once dated a girl named Becky but it ended when his best friend asked him to watch over a parrot. Said parrot repeated unkind things said about another Becky. The Obi-Wannabe : In one episode, Hannah has found that kids will emulate just about everything she does, and is afraid to ever express her opinions or preferences on television. As such, Robbie Ray enlists Jackson to school her in the fine art of obfuscation. Miley learns the technique, only to find out later that it doesn't work on children , so Hannah ends up delivering the episode's Aesop about being yourself instead. Oblivious Guilt Slinging : In "Wherever I Go", Miley seriously considers accepting a movie role, which would require her to go back on her promise to go to college with Lilly. When she tries to talk to Lilly about it, Lilly starts gushing about how happy she is that Miley is going to college with her instead of going on a world tour or accepting some movie offer. Older Than They Look : Jason Earles was in his 30s when he started playing Jackson, but looked more convincing as a character in his mid-to-late teens than some actors ten years younger than him. Operation: Jealousy : In "People Who Use People", Miley attempts this on Jake to try and get him to break up with his girlfriend. She fails spectacularly... but then it turns out that Jake wasn't really in a relationship - it was just him successfully using Operation Jealousy on Miley . Played straight in Season 1 with Richard Martinez, the President from fellow Disney Kid Com Cory in the House . Subverted in Season 4. In "Hannah Montana to the Principal's Office", Barack Obama impressionist Reggie Brown makes an appearance. Miley Stewart mentions in one scene that Hannah Montana once sang for the President's kids. In real life, Miley Cyrus performed (though not as Hannah) at the Kid's Inaugural: We Are The Future concert where First Daughters Malia and Sasha Obama sat in the front row. Rico's Australian-Mexican cousin's name is Alejandro Núñez Gonzales Umberto Sifuentes. They call him Angus for short . There was also a TV reporter in Season 1 named Bree Yang Shixian Takahashi Samuels. Paparazzi : Including a recurring one that once followed Miley (as Hannah) home in order to find out where she lived. This set up the plot for "My Boyfriend's Jackson and There's Gonna Be Trouble". Perfume Commercial : Hannah does one of these in the episode "Smells Like Teen Sellout", telling viewers that the fragrance "completes the circle", and it involves her standing in front of a picture frame with a pair of gymnasts rolling behind her. Lilly: Who are those two? Miley: I think they're the circle. Playing Cyrano : When Lilly and Oliver's relationship is on the rocks, Rico finds that Oliver's moping is bad for business. In order to shut him up and bring the customers back, Rico helps mend their relationship by sending Lilly a love letter in Oliver's name. Secret Relationship : In a nod to Star Wars , when Jake and Miley are secretly dating they use the code-names 'Anakin' and 'Queen Amidala'. Subverted in the case of Lilly and Oliver. They decide to ease Miley into it, and manage to keep it from her for all of about five minutes. Also subverted when the school nurse has a conversation with Lilly and Miley that makes it sound like she's having an affair with Oliver, though it turns out she's actually talking about him having diabetes. The girls are appropriately horrified, though they'd have a harder time getting away with this joke had the genders been reversed . She Cleans Up Nicely : Both played straight and subverted in the episode, "You Are So Sue-able To Me". When Lilly's crush Matt asks her to the school dance, Miley convinces Lilly to get a Girliness Upgrade to impress him. When Lilly later shows up at school with her new look, she has quite a few guys drooling over her, but then she gets stood up by Matt. It turns out he preferred her tomboy look. Sickeningly Sweethearts : Lilly and Oliver, after being friends since kindergarten, suddenly turn into this, even calling each other "Lillypop" and "Olipop". Special Guest : Quite a few. Dolly Parton in "Good Golly, Miss Dolly", "I Will Always Loathe You" and "Kiss It All Goodbye". Larry David in "My Best Friend's Boyfriend". Jesse McCartney in "When You Wish You Were the Star". Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson in "Don't Stop 'Til You Get the Phone". Rob Reiner in "You Gotta Lose That Job". The Jonas Brothers in "Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas". Nancy O'Dell in "Cheat It". Kara DioGuardi in "Judge Me Tender". Ray Romano and Donny Osmond in "We're All on This Date Together". Music/Sheryl Crow in "It's the End of the Jake As We Know It". John Cena in "Love That Lets Go". Iyaz in "Hannah's Gonna Get This". Hannah doth protest too much about not knowing Oliver in "Judge Me Tender". From "California Screamin'": Lilly: Oh hey, I thought you'd be uh, spying on your dad and his date. Miley: ...It's not like I'm twelve anymore, not like I'm gonna follow them into some restaurant and hide behind a potted plant and then get underneath the dessert cart when I can't hear them anymore. Pfft! Please! They also tend to do this when they try to explain/excuse something. One episode had Miley curse Taylor Swift and her bonus track , followed by Lilly saying "She just hates bonus tracks. It's not like she's a popstar or anything!". Sweet Polly Oliver : Miley and Lilly pose as the rock duo Milo & Otis to try and drive a wedge between the Jonas Brothers and Robbie Ray. Overacting ensues . Tall Poppy Syndrome : Miley's evil twin (somehow) cousin Luanne thinks this of her, and at one point attempts to reveal Miley's secret at a big celebrity party because she's apparently jealous that Miley's famous and can sing well. Teens Are Short : Probably how Jason Earles managed to get away playing Jackson despite being in his late 20s when the series began. This Is the Part Where... : The lyrics of the song "If We Were a Movie" — meant to be sung by a girl to a boy who doesn't realize her feelings — practically consists of trope names strung together . Miley sings the chorus when she's sitting by herself on the balcony and pining for Jake: Tiny Guy, Huge Girl : Played straight in "Killing Me Softly With His Height", where Miley goes on a date with the much-shorter Connor. Toilet Humor : From the episode "Judge Me Tender": Lilly: I brought a little BM for my BFF. Miley: Please tell me that's a blueberry muffin. Many viewers could see BM as "Blackmail" Toilet Paper Prank : In the Halloween episode, Miley's father mentions that the house is going to be papered because all the candy was eaten and he has no "treats" to stop the "tricks." Toilet Paper Trail : In one episode, after Miley's false assumptions cause Jackson to lose his girlfriend, Miley tries to humiliate herself via this method in hope that she and Jackson will be "even". Too Much Information : From the episode "I Honestly Love You (No, Not You)": Lilly: Miley, I know how he feels. I can tell by the way he looks at me! Even when I have a pimple. I never told you this, but...that's why he calls me "Lillypop". Miley: I could've gone my whole life not knowing that. What Happened to the Mouse? : Thor, both Lilly's do from season Wimp Fight : When Miley and Jackson were fighting over whether or not they were going to tell Siena the "Hannah" secret, it escalated to physical violence. And by physical violence, I mean the both of them slapping each others hands. Jackson: You fight like a girl! Miley: I am a girl, what's your excuse? Wonderful Life : In the episode "When You Wish You Were the Star", Miley wishes upon a star that she could be all Hannah, all the time. In this Alternate Timeline , Jackson is a hermit, Robbie Ray is married to a Gold Digger , Lilly is the Alpha Bitch (with Ashley and Amber as her Girl Posse ), and Rico and Oliver have gone into business together as sleazy paparazzi-wannabes. :: Indexes ::	i don't know
Musician Richey Edwards, who went missing in February 1995, was the rhythm guitarist in which band?	Richey Edwards - YouTube Richey Edwards Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 28, 2014 Richard James Edwards (born 22 December 1967, disappeared c. 1 February 1995, officially presumed dead 23 November 2008) was a Welsh musician who was lyricist and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. He was known for his politicised and intellectual songwriting which, combined with an enigmatic and eloquent character, has assured him cult status, and he is frequently cited as one of the best lyricist of all time. Edwards vanished on 1 February 1995. He was declared presumed deceased in November 2008. The ninth album by Manic Street Preachers, Journal for Plague Lovers, which was released on 18 May 2009, is composed entirely of lyrics left behind by Edwards. This video is targeted to blind users. Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA Creative Commons image source in video Category	Manic Street Preachers
Developed by IBM, Deep Blue was a computer that played what?	Richey Edwards: Missing Manic Street Preachers guitarist's sister reveals 20 years of family pain - Mirror Online News Richey Edwards: Missing Manic Street Preachers guitarist's sister reveals 20 years of family pain Rachel Elias said she simply does not know if her brother is alive or dead and has spoken about the impact a missing person can have on a family Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email The devastated sister of missing Manic Street Preachers guitarist Richey Edwards has spoken of the pain family his family has endured in the years since he was last seen. Speaking on the 20th anniversary of his disappearance, Rachel Elias revealed that the anguish over not knowing what happened to her brother has consumed her. She said: "It’s not something you can escape from. You have to deal with the perpetual uncertainty of it all and I’d rather deal with it in a constructive way rather than wallowing in the what ifs, and where is he. "It’s better to do things, be active and try and keep up the search instead, rather than not doing anything. Even though that may not influence the outcome, I may never know, it’s something I feel is more positive." Richey was last seen on February 1, 1995, when he checked out of a London hotel on the eve of a promotional tour to the US. Missing: It is now 20 years since Richey Edwards was last seen alive (Photo: Martyn Goodacre/Getty Images) His car was found abandoned near the Severn Bridge a fortnight later leaving many to assume he had taken his own life. Although he was legally presumed dead in 2008, his body has never been recovered and in that time the mythology surrounding the Welshman has grown into an industry of its own, fuelled by the mystery surrounding his enduring story. In that intervening period, landmarks have come and gone – Rachel has married, while her father sadly died from cancer in 2012, never knowing what had happened to his son. However, from the very outset the musician’s 45-year-old sister has never stopped searching for her brother. Her long-standing work in particular with Missing People – the UK charity that works with young runaways, missing and unidentified people, and their families – has also brought focus to her life. She told Wales Online : “I have met lots of other families that are going through it,” she adds of her work with Missing People. “There are so many people that go missing. I wish I could say that Richard’s story was a one-off tale, but it’s not.” Band: Richey was a guitarist with the Manic Street Preachers (Photo: Mick Hutson / Redferns/ Getty Images) Even though Richey’s DNA is registered on the missing person’ database, Rachel reveals how she regularly takes on the gruesome task of checking the recently launched Unidentified Database – a list of more than 1,000 unidentified bodies and body parts that date back to the 1950s, illuminating the torment those searching for loved ones have to go through in their quest to discover what happened to a missing family member. “Some of the pictures of deceased people are quite harrowing and they are quite shocking,” says Rachel. “But other pictures are maybe of a tattoo or a wallet that has been left. “There are different parts of the country that you can access, as well as different years, so you can streamline the search. I often go on there because there are 10 bodies and body parts a month additionally being added to the website. “But that said, on the flipside, I have no evidence that Richard is dead, so I have to hold on to the hope that he’s alive as well.” When asked if she believes her brother is actually alive, Rachel said she simply does not know. Heartache: Rachel Elias has told of the impact her brother's disappearance has had (Photo: Rowan Griffiths) She said: "Without him returning or us knowing he is somewhere even if he doesn’t want to make contact or until we recover his body, I do not want to say either way. “Even though we had to declare Richard legally presumed dead in 2008, it’s only a presumption. “In respect to his fate you don’t have closure,” she adds. “Which is very much different from bereavement isn’t it. As difficult as that is, there is a general acceptance eventually when someone dies. But when a person is missing and you don’t know where they are it is constantly with you.” The summer before he disappeared, Richey – who self-harmed and had problems with anorexia, alcohol and depression, was treated at psychiatric units at Whitchurch Hospital in Cardiff and The Priory in Roehampton. However, he checked himself out of The Priory early and as the band started to promote the recently released Holy Bible album, it was noticed how Richey had seemed at peace with himself and it was observed he had achieved some sort of serenity. Icon: Since his disappearance, Richey has gone into rock 'n roll folklore (Photo: Mick Hutson / Redferns/ Getty Images) Rachel believes this was because her brother had decided on the course he was to follow. And she is also convinced Richey was sending her subtle messages and laying the groundwork for his disappearance in the weeks and months before he vanished. “I remember before Christmas he had bought us all presents and he had a university friend he sent some presents to as well,” she recalls. “He made an additional effort of saying to people including myself, which he wouldn’t normally have said, encouraging us to go to the London Astoria dates (the band played three dates at The Astoria culminating in Richey’s last show with the band on December 21, 1994, the day before his birthday on December 22). “I think in retrospect whatever he did, he planned, and he knew that was going to be his last gig. So when you say serenity, I think he had possibly made some kind of decision – now obviously I don’t know what that decision was – if that was to disappear and exist somewhere else or to end his life.” Since his disappearance the musician has become a rock ‘n’ roll icon to millions worldwide - the is the epitome of the tortured artist - but to his family however he is a much loved and cherished brother and son. View gallery Rachel said: "This cult of Richey, I think there are even a few websites called that, that’s what it is. People have taken ownership, they have given him labels. They have said that he was this, this, this, when he wasn’t. “It’s difficult for us but what annoys me more is that it must be even more difficult for him, because if he was out there, there are people who are talking about his work and his albums and theorising over them, and he was the writer and he’s not even here to give his view. “So that is annoying because it’s not an accurate reflection of who he is and his true identity.” Rachel, who hasn’t spoken to the rest of the Manics since her father’s funeral in 2012, also admits she had felt an unease at the releasing of the Manics’ 2009 Journal For Plague Lovers album, which was recorded using lyrics that Richey left behind – as well as the recent release of the 20th anniversary edition of The Holy Bible – the album for which the missing guitarist wrote the majority of the lyrics. “For JFPL the band approached my father in 2008 and asked him would he object to that (the use of the lyrics) and he said no, so that’s why they proceeded with releasing it. Success: The band was about to start a tour when Richey disappeared (Photo: Getty Images) “But in terms of can any of us say he truly wanted that I can’t answer that. I wouldn’t like to assume that in his absence he wanted those lyrics used on that album, because he never said and he didn’t leave instructions for that. But equally he didn’t leave instructions not to use it.” Now Rachel says she wants to reclaim Richey – take back the real person behind the rock star myth – and reveals the church has helped her to find meaning beyond her brother’s disappearance. “I would like eventually to readdress that in some way. I’m not sure how to do that at the moment. It’s been on my mind. Otherwise my mother and I could die without ever knowing (what happened to Richey) and only one version of his story will be written in history. “How I remember Richard is in memories now more than anything because so much time has passed,” she adds. “But in terms of coping with it in the last few years, I go to church. That has really helped me make sense of it. Music: The band has continued to perform since Richey disappeared (Photo: Martyn Goodacre/Getty Images) “I’ve tried to establish the fact that while I don’t know now – I will know. If it’s not in this life, then in another dimension, in another life perhaps. It’s certainly something that helps me. “I’ve realised that there are some things beyond your control that you have to accept, things that you don’t want to, but also realising that there is someone up there who does know.” Rachel along with other volunteers has recorded a song I Miss You to raise funds for the Missing people charity. The song was written by Peter Boxell, whose son Lee has been missing since 1988. For more information visit www.missingpeople.org.uk/imissyou Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	i don't know
A group of which animals is known as a cackle?	172 unusual names for groups of animals 172 unusual names for groups of animals by These are names for groups of animals. If you have updated information please email Ariion at You donï¿½t need to worry about exam 70-450 & 70-511 pdf preparation. We provide updated exam 70-433 and examcollection 70-536 with 100% guarantee in exam 70-513 exams. The List of animal groups follow the article below Many species of animals, particularly those domesticated, have been given specific names for the male, the female, and the young of the species. There are a few generic terms, "bull-cow-calf", for instance, that are found across species, but many species have been granted unique names for these gender/age characteristics. It is thought that many of the bizarre words used for collective groupings of animals were first published in 1486 in the Book of St. Albans, in an essay on hunting attributed to a Dame Juliana Barnes. Many of the words are thought to be chosen simply for the humorous or poetic images they conjured up in her lively imagination. Story credit: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org Albatross come in groups called a rookery Alligators come in groups called a congregation Alpaca come in groups called a herd Antelope come in groups called a herd Apes come in groups called a shrewdness or troop Antelope come in groups called a herd Ants come in groups called a colony, army, swarm or nest Armadillo come in groups called a roll Asses come in groups called a pace, herd or drove Auks come in groups called a colony, flock or raft Baboons come in groups called a troop or flange Bacteria come in groups called a culture Badgers come in groups called a cete, colony, set or company Barracudas come in groups called a battery Bats come in groups called a colony or cloud Bass come in groups called a shoal Bears come in groups called a sloth, sleuth or litter Beavers come in groups called a colony or family Bees come in groups called a grist, hive, swarm or nest Birds come in groups called a brood, clutch, flight, flock or dissimulation Bison come in groups called a herd Bitterns come in groups called a sedge, or seige Bloodhounds come in groups called a sute Bobolinks come in groups called a chain Boar sounder or singular Buffalo come in groups called a herd, troop, gang, or obstinancy Bullfinches come in groups called a bellowing Bullocks come in groups called a drove Butterflies come in groups called a flight, or flutter Buzzards come in groups called a wake Camels come in groups called a caravan, train, or flock Capons come in groups called a mews Caribou come in groups called a herd Caterpillars come in groups called a army Cats come in groups called a clowder, clutter, pounce, dout, nuisance, glorying, or glare Cattle come in groups called a drove, herd, or team Cheetahs come in groups called a coalition Chickens come in groups called a brood, or peep Chicks come in groups called a clutch, or chattering Chinchilla come in groups called a colony Choughs come in groups called a clattering Clams come in groups called a bed Cobras come in groups called a quiver Cockroaches come in groups called a intrusion Cod come in groups called a lap Colts come in groups called a rag, or rake Coots come in groups called a cover, or raft Cormorants come in groups called a gulp Cows come in groups called a kine Coyotes come in groups called a band Crabs come in groups called a cast Cranes come in groups called a sedge, or seige Crocodiles come in groups called a bask, or float Crones come in groups called a cackle Crows come in groups called a murder, horde, parcel, or storytelling Cur Dogs come in groups called a cowardice Curlews come in groups called a herd Debutants come in groups called a bevy or soirï¿½e Deer come in groups called a herd, leash, or gang Dinosaur come in groups called a herd or pack Dogs come in groups called a kennel Dolphins come in groups called a pod Donkeys come in groups called a drove, pace, or herd Dotterel come in groups called a trip Doves come in groups called a arc, dule, bevy, cote, dole, or paddling Ducks come in groups called a floc, brace, or badling Dunlins come in groups called a fling Eagles come in groups called a convocation, or aerie Eels come in groups called a swarm, bed, or fry Elephants come in groups called a herd, or memory Elk come in groups called a gang, or herd Emus come in groups called a mob Falcons come in groups called a cast Fat men come in groups called a bloat Ferrets come in groups called a business, cast, or fesnying Finches come in groups called a charm Fish come in groups called a draft, nest, shoal, school, catch, drought, or haul Flamingoes come in groups called a stand, or flamboyance Flies come in groups called a business, swarm, or cloud Frogs come in groups called a army, colony, or knot Fox come in groups called a leash, skulk, earth, lead, or troop Game Birds come in groups called a volary, brace, plump or knob Geese come in groups called a flock, skein, gaggle, herd, or corps Gerbil come in groups called a horde Giraffes come in groups called a herd, corps or tower Gnats come in groups called a cloud, horde, or swarm Gnus come in groups called a implausibility Goats come in groups called a tribe, trip, drove, herd, or flock Goldfinches come in groups called a charm Goldfish come in groups called a glint, or troubling Gorillas come in groups called a band, or troop Goshawks come in groups called a flight Grasshoppers come in groups called a cloud Greyhounds come in groups called a leash Grouse come in groups called a pack, or covey Guillemots come in groups called a bazaar Guinea pigs come in groups called a muddle Gulls come in groups called a colony, or screech Guinea Fowl come in groups called a confusion Hamster come in groups called a horde Hare come in groups called a warren, down or husk Hawks come in groups called a cast, kettle or oil Hedgehogs come in groups called a array Herons come in groups called a sedge, siege, or hedge Herring come in groups called a army, or shoal Hippopotamuses come in groups called a bloat Hog come in groups called a drove, or herd Hornets come in groups called a nest, or bike Horses come in groups called a team, harras, stable, troop, or stud Hound Dogs come in groups called a cry, mute, or pack Human come in groups called a clan, crowd, family, community, gang, mob, or tribe Hummingbirds come in groups called a charm Husbands come in groups called a couch or bench Hyenas come in groups called a cackle Impalas come in groups called a herd Insects come in groups called a horde, nest, swarm, rabble, or plague Jackrabbit come in groups called a husk Jays come in groups called a party, scold, or band Jellyfish come in groups called a smack, or brood Kangaroos come in groups called a troop, mob, or herd Kittens come in groups called a kindle, litter, or intrigue Koala come in groups called a cling Ladybirds come in groups called a loveliness Lapwings come in groups called a deceit Larks come in groups called a exaltation, or ascension Leopards come in groups called a leap Lice come in groups called a flock Lions come in groups called a pride, sault, or troop Lizards come in groups called a lounge Llama come in groups called a cria herd Locusts come in groups called a plague Magpies come in groups called a tiding, gulp, murder, or charm Mallards come in groups called a brace or sord Martens come in groups called a richness Mice come in groups called a mischief or nest Midges come in groups called a Bite Minnows come in groups called a shoal, steam, or swarm Moles come in groups called a labor, company, or movement Monkeys come in groups called a troop, barrel, carload, cartload, or tribe Moose come in groups called a herd Mosquitoes come in groups called a scourge Mudhens come in groups called a fleet Mules come in groups called a pack, span, barren, or rake Nightingales come in groups called a watch Opossum come in groups called a grin Ostrich come in groups called a flock Otters come in groups called a romp, bevy, family, or raft Owls come in groups called a parliament, or stare Oxen come in groups called a team, yoke, or drove Oysters come in groups called a bed Pandas come in groups called a bamboo Parrots come in groups called a company, or pandemonium Partridge come in groups called a covey, or bew Peacocks come in groups called a muster, ostentation, or pride Pekingese come in groups called a pomp Pelicans come in groups called a pod Penguins come in groups called a colony, rookery, huddle, crï¿½che, Pheasants come in groups called a nest, nye, nide, or bouquet Pigeons come in groups called a flight, flock, or kit Pigs come in groups called a drift, drove, singular, sounder, team, passel, drift, or parcel Pilchards come in groups called a shoal Platypus come in groups called a puddle Plovers come in groups called a congregation or wing Polecats come in groups called a chine Ponies come in groups called a string Porcupines come in groups called a prickle Porpoises come in groups called a herd, pod, school, crowd, or shoal Prairie Dogs come in groups called a coterie Pronghorn come in groups called a herd Ptarmigans come in groups called a covey Puppies come in groups called a litter Quail come in groups called a Bevy, covey Rabbits come in groups called a colony, warren, bury, trace, trip, herd, litter or nest Raccoons come in groups called a gaze Rats come in groups called a colony, pack, plague, or swarm Rattlesnakes come in groups called a rhumba or coil Ravens come in groups called a unkindness, or storytelling Reindeer come in groups called a herd Rhinoceroses come in groups called a crash, or stubbornness Roebucks come in groups called a bevy Rooks come in groups called a building, clamor, or parliament Ruffs come in groups called a hill Salmon come in groups called a run Sand Dollar come in groups called a purse Sandpipers come in groups called a fling Sardines come in groups called a family Scorpions come in groups called a bed, nest Seabirds come in groups called a Wreck Seals come in groups called a pod, bob, harem, herd, or rookery Seastar come in groups called a constellation Sea Urchin come in groups called a vagrant Serval come in groups called a sluthe Sharks come in groups called a shiver, school, or shoal Sheep come in groups called a drove, flock, down, hurtle, fold, pack, or trip Sheldrakes come in groups called a doading Skunk come in groups called a surfeit Skylarks come in groups called a exultation Squirrels come in groups called a dray, scurry Snails come in groups called a escargatoire, rout, or walk Snakes come in groups called a den, nest, pit, bed, or knot Snipe come in groups called a walk, or wisp Sparrows come in groups called a host Spiders come in groups called a cluster, or clutter Springbok come in groups called a herd Squirrels come in groups called a dray, or scurry Shrews (mouse-like animal) come in groups called a whisker Shrews (women) come in groups called a quarrel or nag Starlings come in groups called a murmuration, or chattering Stingrays come in groups called a fever Stoats come in groups called a pack, trip Storks come in groups called a mustering, or muster Swallows come in groups called a flight, or gulp Swans come in groups called a bevy, bank, herd, wedge, or flight Swifts come in groups called a flock Swine come in groups called a sounder Teal come in groups called a spring Termites come in groups called a colony, nest, swarm, or brood Thrush come in groups called a mutation Tigers come in groups called a streak, or ambush Toads come in groups called a knot, knab, or nest Toodlers come in groups called a tumble Trout come in groups called a hover Turkeys come in groups called a rafter, gang, or posse Turtles come in groups called a bale, nest, turn, or dole Turtle Doves come in groups called a pitying, or piteousness Unicorns come in groups called a blessing Vipers come in groups called a generation, or nest Vultures come in groups called a venue or kettle Wallaby come in groups called a mob Walruses come in groups called a herd, or pod Wasps come in groups called a nest, swarm Water ducks come in groups called a raft, team, or paddling Waterfowl come in groups called a knob, or plump Weasles come in groups called a gang, colony, or pack Whales come in groups called a pod, gam, herd, school, or mod Widgeons come in groups called a company Wild Cats come in groups called a destruction Wild Dogs come in groups called a pack Wildfowl come in groups called a plump Wild Horses come in groups called a herd Witches come in groups called a flight or cackle Wives come in groups called a nag Wolves come in groups called a pack, route, or rout Wombats come in groups called a wisdom Woodcocks come in groups called a fall Woodpeckers come in groups called a descent Worms come in groups called a bed, clew, bunch, or clat Wrens come in groups called a herd Yak come in groups called a herd Yellow Jacket come in groups called a colony Zebras come in groups called a Crossing, Zeal, Cohorts, or Herd You donï¿½t need to worry about exam 70-450 & 70-511 pdf preparation. We provide updated exam 70-433 and examcollection 70-536 with 100% guarantee in exam 70-513 exams. ï¿½ Copyright ariionkathleenbrindley.com 2012 If you've written a story or a novel, click Literary Agents email addresses to see a list of literary agents' e-mail addresses Click on the photo to visit the website Are you looking for a kitten? Click Himalayan kittens for sale to see Himalayan kittens If you would like to see some Persian kittens, click Persian kittens for sale to go to Kittybabies.com If you have written a novel or short story and need a professional edit and analysis, please click Novel Editing to see additional information Writers' Free Reference is a list of free websites providing information useful to writers and others. Please click List of free reference websites to see the free list	Hyena
Which US record label was bought by Polygram in August 1993?	A 'Shrewdness' of Apes and Other Odd Group Names : TreeHugger A 'Shrewdness' of Apes and Other Odd Group Names Photo: Tambako the Jaguar / CC Most people know that when lions get together they form a pride, and that if you get enough fish in one place its called a school -- but were you aware that a group of ravens is known as an unkindness? Actually, there's a bevy of bizarre names for animal groups -- in fact, a bevy is what multiple otters is called. But where did these terms all come from? Well, it's thought that just one woman born in the 14th century came up with nearly all of the collective nouns we use today when talking about groups of animals. And although many are commonly known, chances are there's still a few you've never herd of. I mean, heard of. Many of the animal group names used in English can be traced back to texts from 1480, collected in the Book of St. Albans . This book contained several essays which discussed a few popular sports at the time -- angling, hawking, and hunting. Unfortunately, the essays didn't credit the authors, but one surviving book mentions a mysterious woman named Juliana Berners as having written "her boke of huntyng", the content of which included a long list of clever group names she is thought to have coined. While very little is known about Berners, scholars believe that she came from an affluent family and was taught to enjoy hunting from a young age. Those field sporting skills combined with a deftly way with words and an intimate knowledge of wildlife made her particularly skilled at giving animal groups names that, while often a bit bizarre, sound oddly appropriate. According to the Oxford Dictionary , Berners' fanciful, funny, and spectacularly imaginative names were probably never intended to be taken very seriously -- but they soon ended up repeated by other writers in antiquity until they stuck, in many cases to the point of becoming academically applied terms among biologist and poets alike to this day. Some of these group names just seem to make sense; a flutter of butterflies, for example, requires no explanation. Nor does a swarm of bees, for that matter. A parliament of owls, on the other hand, seem to have quite a befitting title for their rather dignified air. And crows, too, have a group name which seems to match their menacing appearance -- they're known collectively as a murder. Come to think of it, those majestic lions do seem rather proud. Clearly, Berners had a penchent for poetry. With such vivid descriptors like an ambush of tigers, a wisdom of wombats, a memory of elephants, a crash of rhinos, a prickle of porcupines, a cackle of hyenas, an intrusion of cockroaches, a skulk of foxes, a tower of giraffes, and an army of frogs -- such animal groups aren't merely alive, they're truly dynamic as well. Here's a few more great group names: a congregation of alligators	i don't know
A ‘Flower Moon’ is the traditional name for the first full moon of which month of the year?	Full Moon Names and Their Meanings - Farmers' Almanac Email Address: Verify Email: Thank you! You're all set to receive updates from the us! To make sure you receive our emails properly, you may want to add [email protected] to your email address book. You are here: Home » Full Moon Names and Their Meanings Full Moon Names and Their Meanings Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Add to Google+ Share on Pinterest Subscribe by Email Print This Post Full Moon names date back to Native Americans, of what is now the northern and eastern United States. The tribes kept track of the seasons by giving distinctive names to each recurring full Moon. Their names were applied to the entire month in which each occurred. There was some variation in the Moon names, but in general, the same ones were current throughout the Algonquin tribes from New England to Lake Superior. European settlers followed that custom and created some of their own names. Since the lunar month is only 29 days long on the average, the full Moon dates shift from year to year. Here is the Farmers Almanac’s list of the full Moon names. – Full Wolf Moon – January Amid the cold and deep snows of midwinter, the wolf packs howled hungrily outside Indian villages. Thus, the name for January’s full Moon. Sometimes it was also referred to as the Old Moon, or the Moon After Yule. Some called it the Full Snow Moon, but most tribes applied that name to the next Moon. – Full Snow Moon – February Since the heaviest snow usually falls during this month, native tribes of the north and east most often called February’s full Moon the Full Snow Moon. Some tribes also referred to this Moon as the Full Hunger Moon, since harsh weather conditions in their areas made hunting very difficult. – Full Worm Moon – March As the temperature begins to warm and the ground begins to thaw, earthworm casts appear, heralding the return of the robins. The more northern tribes knew this Moon as the Full Crow Moon, when the cawing of crows signaled the end of winter; or the Full Crust Moon, because the snow cover becomes crusted from thawing by day and freezing at night. The Full Sap Moon, marking the time of tapping maple trees, is another variation. To the settlers, it was also known as the Lenten Moon, and was considered to be the last full Moon of winter. – Full Pink Moon – April This name came from the herb moss pink, or wild ground phlox, which is one of the earliest widespread flowers of the spring. Other names for this month’s celestial body include the Full Sprouting Grass Moon, the Egg Moon, and among coastal tribes the Full Fish Moon, because this was the time that the shad swam upstream to spawn. – Full Flower Moon – May In most areas, flowers are abundant everywhere during this time. Thus, the name of this Moon. Other names include the Full Corn Planting Moon, or the Milk Moon. – Full Strawberry Moon – June This name was universal to every Algonquin tribe. However, in Europe they called it the Rose Moon. Also because the relatively short season for harvesting strawberries comes each year during the month of June . . . so the full Moon that occurs during that month was christened for the strawberry! – The Full Buck Moon – July July is normally the month when the new antlers of buck deer push out of their foreheads in coatings of velvety fur. It was also often called the Full Thunder Moon, for the reason that thunderstorms are most frequent during this time. Another name for this month’s Moon was the Full Hay Moon. – Full Sturgeon Moon – August The fishing tribes are given credit for the naming of this Moon, since sturgeon, a large fish of the Great Lakes and other major bodies of water, were most readily caught during this month. A few tribes knew it as the Full Red Moon because, as the Moon rises, it appears reddish through any sultry haze. It was also called the Green Corn Moon or Grain Moon. – Full Corn Moon or Full Harvest Moon – September This full moon’s name is attributed to Native Americans because it marked when corn was supposed to be harvested. Most often, the September full moon is actually the Harvest Moon, which is the full Moon that occurs closest to the autumn equinox. In two years out of three, the Harvest Moon comes in September, but in some years it occurs in October. At the peak of harvest, farmers can work late into the night by the light of this Moon. Usually the full Moon rises an average of 50 minutes later each night, but for the few nights around the Harvest Moon, the Moon seems to rise at nearly the same time each night: just 25 to 30 minutes later across the U.S., and only 10 to 20 minutes later for much of Canada and Europe. Corn, pumpkins, squash, beans, and wild rice the chief Indian staples are now ready for gathering. – Full Hunter’s Moon or Full Harvest Moon – October This full Moon is often referred to as the Full Hunter’s Moon, Blood Moon, or Sanguine Moon. Many moons ago, Native Americans named this bright moon for obvious reasons. The leaves are falling from trees, the deer are fattened, and it’s time to begin storing up meat for the long winter ahead. Because the fields were traditionally reaped in late September or early October, hunters could easily see fox and other animals that come out to glean from the fallen grains. Probably because of the threat of winter looming close, the Hunter’s Moon is generally accorded with special honor, historically serving as an important feast day in both Western Europe and among many Native American tribes. – Full Beaver Moon – November This was the time to set beaver traps before the swamps froze, to ensure a supply of warm winter furs. Another interpretation suggests that the name Full Beaver Moon comes from the fact that the beavers are now actively preparing for winter. It is sometimes also referred to as the Frosty Moon. – The Full Cold Moon; or the Full Long Nights Moon – December During this month the winter cold fastens its grip, and nights are at their longest and darkest. It is also sometimes called the Moon before Yule. The term Long Night Moon is a doubly appropriate name because the midwinter night is indeed long, and because the Moon is above the horizon for a long time. The midwinter full Moon has a high trajectory across the sky because it is opposite a low Sun.	May
What is the official fruit of New York, USA?	Baby traditions: Chinese full moon celebration - BabyCenter Baby traditions: Chinese full moon celebration Share Baby traditions Baby traditions: welcoming a new baby. According to Chinese custom, when a baby turns one month old , a ceremony is held to celebrate her first full month of life (the Chinese term translates as "full moon" or "full month"). This coincides with the end of the new mum's confinement period , and both mother and baby are formally introduced to the extended family and friends. For many of them, this will be the first time they are meeting the new baby. Before the unveiling party, the baby traditionally undergoes a host of rituals. Once that is over, a party is held to celebrate the health of the baby. Relatives and friends gather to give their blessings and gifts to the new baby, and traditional treats such as ang ku kueh and red eggs are on the menu. Full moon parties today run the gamut from full-fledged catered events, with a buffet spread for guests, to smaller family-only get-togethers. Parents normally host the celebration at home if they have the space, or book and rent a venue (hotel or large restaurant) to accommodate everyone. What do I serve at my baby's full month celebration? Traditional cakes and eggs, dyed red to symbolise good luck and fortune, are given or sent to relatives and friends. Eggs are chosen as they represent fertility and their shape symbolises harmony. It is believed that if you have a boy, you give out an odd number of eggs; if you have a girl, you give out an even number of eggs. According to word of mouth on Hokkien tradition, if you have a son, plain round ang ku kuehs (red glutinous peanut cakes) are given out, and if you have a girl, you mould the ang ku into the traditional tortoise moulds, which are more intricate and delicate. In bigger cities such as Kuala Lumpur, you can now find catering companies, trendy cafes and even bakeries that provide full moon packages. They have a menu according to your budget, but will usually include traditional ang ku and red eggs. Some food options include cakes, chocolate, glutinous rice cakes, cupcakes and pastries. Some outfits even provide delivery of customised food boxes. Do I need to observe all the traditional customs? This is up to you, your husband and family. Some families hold fast to traditional ideas; others find it more practical to do things differently. For example, tradition dictates that you shave your baby's head , but many parents don't observe this practice anymore. Instead, they trim a little bit of hair off, to symbolise the shedding of the birth hair (sometimes referred to as "hair from the womb"). After the first hair cut, both the mother and the baby bathe in water mixed with pomelo leaves, to symbolically wash off evil vibes or negative influences. You are meant to wrap your baby's hair in a piece of red cloth and sew it to his pillow to help calm him down. Some traditional-minded parents who shave the baby's entire head will use the hair from this first hair cut to make a special calligraphy brush, engraved with wishes of wisdom, health and happiness. Another age-old practice is dressing your baby up in gold-coloured attire and "presenting" him to his ancestors at the family altar. If you haven't named your baby yet, tradition dictates that the paternal grandfather picks a suitable name. Choosing your baby's name is an important Chinese custom as it is believed it will determine your baby's character. Some parents even consult a fortune teller to help them pick a prosperous name. One custom you may be happy to hold fast to is accepting ang pau or hongbao (red packets) and jewellery for the baby, from relatives and friends. Today, parents and the newborn receive modern gifts too, such as baby clothes , toys , books and gift vouchers. It's like a Western baby shower , only celebrated a month after baby's birth! Read BabyCenter mum Michelle's account of her baby Zachary's full moon celebration . Talk to other mums who are planning their babies' full moon parties! Find them today in our Parenting forum. advertisement	i don't know
Annapolis is the capital of which US state?	Maryland Capital - Annapolis ANNAPOLIS Annapolis is the State capital of Maryland. Toward the end of the Revolutionary War, the city also served as capital to the newly forming American nation when the Continental Congress met in Annapolis from November 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784. Here too, on January 14, 1784, the Treaty of Paris , ending the Revolutionary War, was ratified by Congress. State House (from Francis St.), Annapolis, Maryland, February 2014. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. In September 1786, the Annapolis Convention met to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation. The Convention's call for a further meeting led to the assembling of delegates at Philadelphia the following year to draft the U.S. Constitution. In modern times, Annapolis continues to host important meetings. On November 27, 2007, the Middle East Peace Conference was held at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. From June 17-18, 2008, the U.S. Naval Academy again hosted an international conference, the U.S. - China Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED) IV. City Dock, Annapolis, Maryland, September 2008. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. Located on the Severn River in Anne Arundel County , Annapolis is not only the center of Maryland government but also home to the U.S. Naval Academy , and St. John's College whose curriculum is based upon the study of the classics. McDowell Hall, St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, April 2005. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. From the founding of Maryland in 1634, however, St. Mary's City was the first seat of Maryland's colonial government, not Annapolis. (In southern Maryland, Historic St. Mary's City can be visited today in St. Mary's County. ) As the population of Maryland grew, St. Mary's City, near the southernmost tip of St. Mary's County, proved too distant for most of the colony's inhabitants. Consequently, in 1694, the General Assembly designated Anne Arundel Town, midway up Chesapeake Bay, as the new capital and, in February 1694/5, the government moved there. U.S. Naval Academy grounds, Annapolis, Maryland, May 2000. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. After Queen Mary's death in December 1694, Anne Arundel Town was renamed Annapolis for her sister, the heiress apparent, Princess Anne. As Queen Anne (1665-1714) of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Anne ascended the throne in 1702. In 1707, she became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, which she ruled until her death. In the name of Queen Anne, Royal Governor John Seymour granted to the City of Annapolis a municipal charter on November 22, 1708. Annapolis celebrated its three centuries of history in 2008. Centered in Maryland on the Western Shore, Annapolis lies 25 miles south of Baltimore and 30 miles east of Washington, DC. Sailboats, Back Creek, Annapolis, Maryland, October 2008. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.	Maryland
Which English actress was born Julia Wells in 1935?	Home Home Live Streaming Video CITY COUNCIL The Annapolis City Council meets on the second Monday of the month for its Regular Meeting at 7 p.m. and the fourth Monday of the month for its Special Meeting at 7 p.m. in City Council Chambers, City Hall, Second Floor, 160 Duke of Gloucester Street, Annapolis, Maryland, 21401.	i don't know
‘Tacky’s War’ (or Tacky’s Rebellion) was a 1760 uprising of black African slaves in which British colony?	Tacky’s Rebellion: 1760 Slave Uprising in the Caribbean (Jamaica) \| News For The Blind News For The Blind News That Isn't In The Lamestream Media Menu Posted in Historical Revisionism , Racialism , Uncategorized by apocalypse29 Tacky’s War Rebellion was an uprising of #Black African slaves in Jamaica from May to July 1760. The rebellion was one of the most significant slave uprisings in the Caribbean between the 1733 slave insurrection on St. John and 1791 Haitian Revolution. The leader of the uprising, Tacky (Tacki) was originally from the Ashanti ethnic group in West Africa. He along with Queen Nana planned to overtake Jamaica from the British, and make it a separate Black country. As a slave overseer, Tacky had the opportunity to use some of his skills and knowledge to draw up an effective plain to gain the freedom desired. Tacky and his group decided to wait until Easter Sunday to put their plan in motion. Tacky’s War Rebellion was an uprising of Black African slaves in Jamaica from May to July 1760. The rebellion was one of the most significant slave uprisings in the Caribbean between the 1733 slave insurrection on St. John and 1791 Haitian Revolution. The leader of the uprising, Tacky (Tacki) was originally from the Ashanti ethnic group in West Africa. He along with Queen Nana planned to overtake Jamaica from the British, and make it a separate Black country. As a slave overseer, Tacky had the opportunity to use some of his skills and knowledge to draw up an effective plain to gain the freedom desired. Tacky and his group decided to wait until Easter Sunday to put their plan in motion. Related articles : Rewind: Nat Turner’s Rebellion … Before daybreak on Monday, Tacky and his group of followers began their uprising and took over the Frontier and Trinity plantations. During the revolt their masters on the plantation were killed. Pleased with their success, the group continued on the storeroom at Fort Haldane where the weapons used to defend the town of Port Maria were kept. The group killed the storekeeper and stole the weapons needed. They then moved on to overtake the plantations at Heywood Hall. Before the day was over, hundreds of slaves had joined in with Tacky and his followers. Tacky and his group decided to stop and celebrate their success, but during that time one slave, Esher, slipped away and got word to the militia what was going on. The Obeahmen, (Caribbean Witch Doctor) quickly passed around a powder to protect the men from injury during battle. The claim was if the slaves used the powder they would not be killed. Soon the militia were on their way to suppress the rebellion. Obeahman was captured, killed, and hung with his mask, ornaments of teeth, and bones visible for all to see. Many of the slaves who now feared being captured returned to their plantations. Tacky and 25 men decided to continue the fight. Tacky was chased by the militia out into the woods. He was shot and head cut off as proof of his capture. His head was then displayed on a pole in Spanish Town until a follower of his took in down in the middle of the night. The rest of Tacky’s followers were found in a cave and had committed suicide to keep from going back into #slavery . Tacky’s rebellion was the first of many to occur during that time. Soon many rebellions were breaking out over Jamaica. Months later, peace was finally restored but over 60 white people had lost their lives, and as many as 400 Black slaves were killed, including two leaders who were burned alive, and two others who were put in cages at the Kingston Parade until they starved to death. Share this:	Jamaica
What is the subtitle of the 1965 song ‘Norwegian Wood’ by The Beatles?	Resistance and Rebellion You are here: Home / Resistance & Rebellion Resistance and Rebellion African resistance to enslavement and captives' rebellion against the conditions of slavery were natural reactions to the transatlantic slave trade. According to slave owners, ‘slaves were notoriously lazy and ill disposed to labour’, which illustrates that daily resistance was ubiquitous. The enslaved also engaged in acts of non-cooperation, petty theft and sabotage, as well as countless acts of insubordination. Sometimes enslaved Africans would resort to more open or violent means of resistance, including the poisoning of animals and owners, and sometimes turned it against themselves by committing infanticide, self-mutilation and suicide. It was not unusual for slaves to absent themselves from enslavement for a few hours or a few days, regardless of the punishment they might receive on their return. It is estimated that about 10% of all the enslaved took such action, which sometimes involved moving temporarily to another location or, for those held captive in the Caribbean, even to another island. Resistance to slavery had a long history, beginning in Africa itself. Rebellion would reach its peak in 1791, when the enslaved people of the French colony of St Domingue defeated three European powers to establish the first Black republic: Haiti. Resistance in Africa In African societies, there are many examples of opposition to the transatlantic slave trade. One of the earliest documented is the correspondence of the Kongo ruler Nzinga Mbemba (also known as Afonso I, c. 1446–1543) who wrote to the king of Portugal, João III, in 1526 to demand an end to the illegal depopulation of his kingdom. The Kongolese king's successor Garcia II made similar unsuccessful protests. Other African rulers took a stand. For instance, in the early 17th century Nzinga Mbandi (c. 1583–1663), queen of Ndongo (modern-day Angola), fought against the Portuguese – part of a century-long campaign of resistance waged by the kingdom against the slave trade. Anti-slavery motives can also be found in the activities of the Christian leader Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita (1684–1706) in Kongo. Several major African states took measures to limit and suppress the slave trade, including the kingdoms of Benin and Dahomey. Agaja Trudo, the king of Dahomey (r. 1708–40), banned the slave trade and even went as far as attacking the European forts on the coast. Unfortunately, Agaja Trudo’s successor did not share his view and profited from engaging in the trade. Several Muslim states in West Africa, including Futa Toro in the Senegal River basin in the late 18th century and, in the early 19th, Futa Jallon in what is now Guinea, were opposed to the trafficking of humans. In Futa Jallon, the religious leader Abd al-Qadir wrote a letter to British slave traders threatening death to anyone who tried to procure slaves in his country. Many ordinary Africans also took measures to protect themselves from enslavement. Flight was the most obvious method, but there is also evidence that many Africans moved their villages to more inaccessible areas or took other measures to protect them. In his Narrative, Olaudah Equiano mentions some of the defensive measures that were taken in his own village. It is reported that, when the English slave trader John Hawkins attempted to kidnap people to enslave them in the late 16th century, he was resisted. It is also said that communities of Africans who had fled from and escaped enslavement settled on the Cape Verde and other islands off the west coast of Africa. Other reports tell of coastal residents who refused to load slave ships with supplies and of many escapes from the forts that held enslaved Africans prior to transport across the Atlantic. The 'Middle Passage' It is now estimated that, during 1 in 10 of all Atlantic crossings - the so-called 'Middle Passage' – there was some kind of rebellion, Africans continuing on board the resistance that had failed ashore. Alexander Falconbridge, a slave-ship surgeon who became an abolitionist, certainly believed that rebellions on ship were common and expected, and the Middle Passage became increasingly dangerous for crews. As a result, slave traders demanded more shackles and arms to hold their captives securely, increasing production in England. There are several reports not only of rebellion but of Africans taking control of ships and attempting to sail them back to Africa, with the assistance of the European crew or without, and of Africans battling against other ships. The most famous example of such a rebellion is the Amistad: In 1839 (after the Emancipation Act to end transatlantic slavery), the 53 Africans were taken captive aboard a cargo ship. The captives freed themselves, killed the captain and the cook and forced their ostensible owners to sail the ship back to the their home in Sierra Leone. Instead the owners steered a roundabout course up the eastern coast of the United States, where the ship was captured by the US Coast Guard. The Africans eventually returned to Sierra Leone, but only after two years of legal battles that reached the US Supreme Court. In many of these rebellions, it appears that women played an important role, as they were sometimes permitted more freedom of movement on board ship. On numerous occasions, however, maritime rebellion might simply consist of jumping overboard and committing suicide rather than continuing to endure slavery. It seems that the idea that, in death, there was also a return home to Africa was widespread among the enslaved both on the slave ships and in the Americas. Cultural resistance In the Caribbean and in many slave societies in the Americas, one of the most important aspects of resistance to slavery was the retention of African culture or melding African, American and European cultural forms to create new ones such as the Kweyol languages (Antillean Creole). The importance of African culture – names, craftsmanship, languages, scientific knowledge, beliefs, philosophy, music and dance, was that it provided the psychological support to help the captives resist the process of enslavement. The act of enslavement involved attempts to break the will and ignore the humanity of slaves in what was known as 'seasoning'. Obvious examples would be the use of Vodun (Voodoo) religious beliefs in the Haitian Revolution and the employment of Obeah to strengthen the Jamaican Maroons in the struggles against the British. Rebel leaders such as Nanny in Jamaica and Boukman and Mackandal in St Domingue (Haiti) were also religious or spiritual leaders. Religious beliefs should perhaps be seen as also providing the enslaved Africans a way of understanding the world and giving them simultaneously a whole belief system, a coping mechanism and a means of resistance. As in all other forms of resistance, women played an important role in cultural resistance, especially in the transmission of African culture from one generation to the next. They were also particularly noted for their insubordination: when in 1823 a law was introduced in Trinidad outlawing the whipping of enslaved women, it was strongly opposed by slave owners on that grounds that, without such punishment, women would be impossible to control. Enslaved women were often more likely to be in a position to engage in infanticide and in acts of poisoning. They sometimes developed different strategies of resistance to those of men. Female slaves, for example, seem to have been particularly adept at developing forms of economic independence by growing their own provisions and through trading. This helped the enslaved women to maintain some level of independence. But like the men, some ran away, and women were also leaders of several rebellions: one, known as Cubah, the 'Queen of Kingston', was prominent during Tacky's Rebellion in Jamaica in 1760, while Nanny Grigg was one of the leaders of the 1816 rebellion in Barbados. The maroons The word 'maroon' is thought to derive from the Spanish word cimarrón – literally meaning 'living on mountain tops' – which was first applied to runaway animals that has returned to their wild state. The term has come to mean communities of fugitive or escaped slaves. The first African maroon communities were established in the early 16th century when enslaved Africans were brought to the Caribbean by the Spanish. Some of these built on earlier traditions of Amerindian runaways or even joined in creating settlements with them. In Hispaniola, it is estimated that, by 1546, there were over 7,000 maroons among a slave population of 30,000. Following the division of the island into French St Domingue (later Haiti) in the west and Spanish Santo Domingo (later the Dominican Republic) in the east in 1697, maroons took advantage of the hostility between France and Spain to maintain settlements along the border throughout the period of slavery. In addition, there were maroons in Cuba, Puerto Rico (including fugitives from other islands including the Danish Virgin Islands) and Jamaica, followed in the 17th century by communities in St Kitts, Antigua, Barbados and the French colonies of Martinique and Guadeloupe. As European cultivation of the islands increased, it became more difficult to establish maroon settlements on the smaller ones except those with a strong Amerindian presence such as St Vincent and Dominica. The former became the home of the Garifuna, a mixture of indigenous and Africans inhabitants, who preserved their independence against both the French and the British. Mountainous and heavily wooded islands were also favoured – Jamaica, Cuba, Guadeloupe and Hispaniola. In addition, there were important communities on the South American mainland, especially in Belize, French and British Guiana, Suriname and Brazil. In Brazil, the most famous maroon community, or quilombo, was Palmares, which existed from 1605 to 1694. It resisted invasion by both the Dutch and the Portuguese, and is reported to have had a population of at least 10,000 organised and governed by a king using political traditions drawn from central Africa. Significant maroon communities also existed in the United States, including the so-called Black Seminoles of Florida. In many places, the maroons essentially comprised a small guerrilla band led by an elected chief. In Cuba, for example, there were hundreds of small maroon settlements, or palenques – stockades guarded by ditches, stakes and secret paths. Settlements communicated with each other, but most remained isolated, growing their own crops and hunting and fishing, as well as engaging in petty trade, sometimes even with other islands. Maroon communities are often considered important as custodians of African cultural traditions, including language, music and religious beliefs. African political institutions were also adapted to provide a means of establishing effective means of government, as seems to have been the case in Palmares. The maroons of Jamaica In Britain, the Jamaican maroons are the most well known. Settlements had been established on the island from the time of Spanish rule, and the Spanish actually released many enslaved Africans when the British invaded and occupied Jamaica in 1655. The British in turn came to an agreement with one band of maroons led Juan Lubola as early as 1658, and by the 18th century, there were two main maroon groups on the island. The British colonial forces attempted to suppress them in the 1st Maroon War of 1731–9. It was inconclusive but led to the treaty of 1739, which gave the maroons land and some rights in return for assisting the British against foreign invasion and for helping in the hunt for and return of runaway slaves. The treaty clearly undermined maroon independence and led to the 2nd Maroon War of 1795, involving only one group of maroons. Severely outnumbered, the Trelawny Maroons were eventually forced to surrender and subsequently deported to Nova Scotia (in Canada) and then to Britain's new West African colony of Sierra Leone. Rebellions in the Caribbean The first enslaved Africans to be transported to the Spanish colony of Hispaniola are said to have rebelled and run away. From that time on, it is possible to speak of continual African resistance and rebellion. There were seven major rebellions in the British colony of Jamaica between 1673 and 1686, as well as several others during the same period in Antigua, Nevis and the Virgin Islands. In 1733, during the Amina rebellion on St John in the Danish Virgin Islands, the African insurgents were able to take control of the island for six months before being defeated. More slave rebellions occurred in Jamaica, Britain's largest colony, than in all its other colonies in the Caribbean combined. One of the most famous of the Jamaican rebellions started in 1760 and was led by a man known as Tacky. It lasted for over a year before being suppressed by the British colonial forces. Some groups of rebels presented the slaveholders with specific demands. For instance, in 1791 there was a major rebellion in Dominica led by Louis Polinaire, a free man from Martinique who is said to have been influenced by the French Revolution. Rather than demanding a complete end to slavery, however, Polinaire and his followers pressed for free days for the enslaved so that they could also work for themselves. On some occasions, African rebels tried to come to an agreement with the colonial power. In 1763, in the colony of Berbice in Dutch Guiana, enslaved Africans led by Cuffee rebelled for the fifth time in 30 years, seized part of the colony and threatened to take over the whole island. When the Dutch brought reinforcements, the enslaved initially suggested a partition of the island and sought to establish an alliance with the maroon communities in neighbouring Suriname. In the 19th century, slave rebellions were sometimes led by literate slaves or those who were aware of what was happening in other parts of the world and/or had been inspired by the French or Haitian Revolution or the growth of abolitionist sentiment. This was a feature of the 1816 Bussa rebellion on Barbados and the 1831 Christmas rebellion in Jamaica led by Sam Sharpe. The most important of all the slave rebellions was the revolution that occurred in the French colony of St Domingue in 1791. It was highly organised and took advantage of the turmoil in the colony caused by the revolution in France that had broken out two years before. Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, 500,000 enslaved Africans and free people in St Dominque defeated the armies of three major European powers: France, Spain and Britain. They established their own independent republic – Haiti – in 1804. The impact of that revolution was profound. It inspired others in the Caribbean and in parts of the Americas and had a major effect on efforts to abolish Britain's role in the transatlantic slave trade and in transatlantic slavery.	i don't know
Ophidian relates to which creature?	ophidian - Wiktionary ophidian ophidian ‎(plural ophidians ) Any species of the suborder Serpentes ; a snake or serpent . 1997, Olivier Rieppel, 2: The Lepidosauromorpha: an overview with special emphasis on the Squamata, Nicholas C. Fraser, Hans-Dieter Sues (editors), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods, page 31 , Vertebral structure is critical for the identification of fossil snakes, because vertebrae are among the most easily fossilized parts of ophidians. 2011, Didier Marchand, Chapter 11: The Logic of Forms in the Light of Developmental Biology and Palaeontology, Paul Bourgine, Morphogenesis, page 205 , It has long been known that ophidians have lost not only their front legs but also every embryonic trace of these limbs and their associated shoulder girdle (to such a degree that we cannot determine how many cervical vertebrae they have). 2012, Bruce M. Rothschild, Hans-Peter Schultze, Rodrigo Pellegrini, Herpetological Osteopathology: Annotated Bibliography of Amphibians and Reptiles, page 226 , Siamese or double monsters are well known in saurians, chelonians, and ophidians, as are bicephalic, two-tailed and conjoined bodies (thoracodymus, ischiodymus, etc.).	Snake
What is the title of Alex Comfort’s best-selling illustrated manual, first published in October 1972?	Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV) » Diagnostic Laboratories » College of Veterinary Medicine » University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV) History Historically, Gram-negative microorganisms including Pseudomonas spp., Providencia spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli have been the most commonly isolated bacteria from the respiratory tract of reptiles with clinical signs of pneumonia. Prior to 1976, relatively few viral infections of reptiles had been reported, and virtually nothing was known about viral infections of the respiratory tract of reptiles. In 1972, a respiratory epizootic spread through a collection of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox) at a serpentarium in Switzerland. Initially Pseudomonas and Aeromonas were isolated from the respiratory tract of dead snakes and the disease was originally thought to be bacterial in origin. Eventually a virus with morphological and biochemical properties of certain myxoviruses was isolated and was tentatively placed in the paramyxovirus subgroup. Since its first description, ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV) has surfaced as an extremely important pathogen of viperid snakes. In 1979 the first outbreak was reported in a private collection in the United States, and since that time numerous outbreaks have been seen in collections of viperid snakes in the United States and Mexico. A similar virus has been isolated from a black mamba (Dendroospis polylepis) and multiple species of rat snakes including corn snakes (Elapha guttata), beauty snakes (E. taeniurus), Moelendorff’s rat snakes (E. moellendorffi), and tiger rat snakes (Spilotes pullaties). In the Federal Republic of Germany, myxovirus-like agents were recently recovered from a red-tailed rat snake (Elaphe oxycephala), diamond python (Morelia orgus) and rhinoceros viper (Bitis nosicornis). Host All viperid species should be considered susceptible to infection. There also have been reports of infection in colubrid, boid, and elapid snakes. Distribution Worldwide in zoological and private collections including United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Germany. Ages Affected Both juveniles and adults. There are no reports of infection in neonates. Etiologic Agent Members of the virus family Paramyxoviridae contain single-stranded RNA, are 100 to 200 nm in diameter, are enveloped, and have a molecular weight of 5,000,000 x to 8,000,000 daltons. Virus replication occurs mainly in the cytoplasm with maturation by budding from the cell membrane. The family includes the 4 genera: 1) Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza); 2) Morbillivirus (measles-distemper-rinderpest group); 3) Pneumovirus (respiratory syncytial virus and pneumonia virus of mice); 4) Rubulavirus (mumps). Fer-de-lance virus (FDLV), isolated from lance-headed vipers which died during the outbreak in Switzerland, was found to have ultrastructural properties similar to the myxoviruses (ortho- para- and meta-; Clark et al, 1979). Virions were pleomorphic, ranging from spheroidal to filamentous and budded from plasma membranes. The size of released particles ranged from 146 to 321 nm in diameter, depending upon the host cell system and the cell culture incubation temperature. That FDLV is a paramyxovirus was indicated by demonstrating it possessed a single-stranded RNA genome and had a sedimentation value of 50S. Clark and Lunger (1981) found that FDLV was serologically distinct from mammalian and avian paramyxoviruses. A similar virus isolated from an ottoman viper (Vipera xanthina xanthina) was related to parainfluenza. Protein patterns of an isolate of a myxovirus from a gaboon viper in Germany showed best correlation with that of respiratory syncytial virus proteins (Ahne and Neubert, 1989). Recent studies with isolates from a Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus), Auba Island rattlesnake (Crotalus unicolor) and Bush viper (Atheris sp.) revealed the presence of 6 major proteins, and were considered analogous to those of mammalian paramyxoviruses (Richter et al, 1996). Attempts to establish the antigenic relatedness of the 3 isolates to a wide variety of avian and mammalian paramyxoviruses was unsuccessful. The Neotropical virus and bush viper virus have been deposited as VR-1408 and VR-1409 at American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Clinical Signs In the original epizootic involving fer-de-lance, clinical signs lasted 5 to 12 days and progressed through 4 stages. During stage 1 there was a loss of muscle tone, with affected snakes exhibiting a “stretched out” linear posture with the head slightly elevated. During stage 2, which lasted 1 to 2 days, snakes showed abnormal activity. Affected snakes crawled about restlessly and kept their mouths partially opened. Their tongues were incompletely withdrawn into the sheathes and their pupils were extremely dilated. Stage 3 was seen from several hours to one day preceding death. The mouth was kept completely open and the snakes expelled a purulent material from the glottis. Stage 4 was seen from several minutes to one hour preceding death. The mouth was kept fully opened, the pupils were dilated, and animals were excessively active. In an epizootic involving rock rattlesnakes (Crotalus lepidus), a new breeder male was introduced into an established collection without being quarantined. Ultimately, this snake was in contact with 8 other rock rattlesnakes, 7 of which died. On day 3 following introduction the new snake developed head tremors and loss of equilibrium ( Figure 1 ); it died on day 14. Over the next 2 1/2 months, 4 females and 3 males died after manifesting clinical signs. Only one rattlesnake remained healthy and survived. In those snakes seen in the terminal stages of the disease, immediately preceding death, these animals generally manifest a convulsive behavior. This should not be confused with primary central nervous system disease described in rock rattlesnakes. These are agonal signs and are rather non-specific. Snakes may twist around, become flaccid and quiet for a period of time, and initiate these death-throws all over again. In many of the outbreaks on OPMV infection, minimal or no clinical signs are noted by the keeper/owner. Often snakes will be found dead in their cage early in the morning, having died the night before. Many of these snakes appear to be in good health with good weight and normal behavior prior to death. Clinical signs can be subtle or non-specific such as off feed for one to two weeks. Although clinical signs in the earlier stages of the disease are often subtle, abnormal respiratory sounds are audible when ill snakes are manually restrained. If the oral cavity is examined, exudate may be seen within the glottal opening. Some snakes die with blood expelled from the glottis and filling the oral cavity ( Figure 2 ). In a group of Siamese cobras (Naja naja kaouthia), the major consistent clinical signs was polyuria (increased urination). These snakes became ill during a die-off of rattlesnakes in the same room; paramyxovirus was isolated from dead rattlesnakes. Pathology It is the respiratory system that appears to be targeted by OPMV infections. Gross changes ranged from diffuse hemorrhage of the lung and air sac system to diffuse to focal accumulations of caseous necrotic cellular debris ( Figure 3 ). Other organs which may be involved on a gross level are the pancreas and liver. Pancreatic hyperplasia is not uncommonly encountered in infected crotalid snakes. The authors have seen this quite commonly in timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). In the liver, areas of necrosis and formation of multifocal firm nodules (granulomas) may be seen. The lung of normal snakes consists of relatively thin septae which are lined by capillaries and alveolar type I and Type II cells ( Figure 4 ). Histologic examination of lung tissue from snakes which have died of OPMV infection revealed a moderate to profuse amount of cellular debris and exudate filling both the major and minor passageways ( Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ; Figure 7 ). Macrophages and gram-negative microorganisms are often seen within this material. Alveolar type II cells lining the primitive alveoli undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia. Characteristically, hyperplastic epithelial cells completely proliferate over capillary beds with normally are at the surface of the primitive alveoli. Often these epithelial cells are vacuolated. Intracytoplasmic inclusions are occasionally seen within these cells. The pulmonary septa are often thickened with edema fluid and infiltrated with mixed inflammatory cells including macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells; giant cells are occasionally seen. Well-organized granulomas are rarely seen. Microscopically, in those cases having an enlarged pancreas, there is hyperplasia of acinar cells and terminal ductile epithelium. This is considered by the authors to be a direct result of the virus, similar to the epithelial proliferation seen in the respiratory tract. In the liver, lesions range from areas of caseation necrosis to granuloma formation. By special staining, gram-negative microorganisms are often demonstrated in these lesions. A variety of bacterial organisms have been isolated from these lesions with Pseudomonas spp. being the most common isolates. Bacterial organisms can invade the liver either from showering of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract or from secondary bacterial invaders in the respiratory tract. Paramyxoviruses in mammals are known to have immunosuppressive effects and most likely results in a compromised immune system in snakes. Thus, it is not surprising that these snakes often succumb to secondary bacterial pathogens. Occasionally, OPMV infection may be manifested as an encephalitis. In a rock rattlesnake, demyelination and some degeneration of axon fibers with moderate ballooning of axon sheaths were seen in the brainstem and upper spinal cord ( Figure 8 ). However, signs of central nervous system disease are not typically seen. When seen in a boa or python, consider inclusion body disease in the differential. Transmission and Epidemiology According to reports in the literature and our recent experience with epizootics in private collections, once snakes start dying of OPMV infection, the mortality within a collection generally progresses fairly rapidly and peaks at about one month following initial deaths. It then declines through 2-3 months. In each epizootic we have investigated, although several species may comprise the collection, the virus seems to target a particular species. In some die-offs, the disease may result in the death of a large number of snakes over a more prolonged period time. Although OPMV infections have occurred throughout the year, in many cases, epizootics have been experienced from January to May. Replication of the vitrus in vitro has been demonstrated to be temperature-dependent with an optimum temperature for growth at 30°C and a range of temperature for growth of 23°C to 32°C. Thus, possibly a latent infection may become activated if snakes are kept at suboptimal environmental temperatures. This may account for many of the epizootics occurring during cooler times of the year or following hibernation. Transmission most likely occurs by virus being expelled into the air as droplets from the respiratory system. Virus gaining access to water bowls and pools of water may persist for considerable periods of time. Transmission of virus via the digestive tract through feces is also a possibility. Although transovarian or transuterine transmission has not been firmly established, this may also be involved in the spread of the virus. The natural host for OPMV is unknown. Since rat snakes have been found to harbor a similar agent, possibly a non-viperid snake could be the source of infection. Although we have isolated this virus from recently imported snakes, there have been no isolates from snakes in the field. Snakes are an extremely mobile group of animals in the pet and zoo trade and this probably has accounted for this virus being introduced into many species of naive snakes. Diagnosis Presumptive diagnosis of OPMV infection can be made upon finding characteristic light microscopic changes in lung. Since lesions in the lungs can be segmented, sections of cranial, mid, and caudal lung should be examined. Recently, an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining technique ( Figure 9 ) for demonstration of viral antigen in lung tissue has been used (Homer et al, 1995). An immunofluorescent technique also has been used ( Figure 10 ). Since long term storage of tissue in 10% neutral buffered formalin seems to adversely affect staining of antigen, tissues should be transferred to 70% ethanol after 48 hours of fixation in formalins. Specific diagnosis will depend upon isolation of the virus in cell culture and ultrastructural characterization. OMPV has been isolated in a wide variety of cell types of reptilian and mammalian origin including gecko embryo, rattlesnake fibroma, rattlesnake spleen, viper heart, and baby hamster kidney cells. We typically use either viper heart cells ( Figure 11 ) or Vero cells. OPMV will result in giant cell formation in cultured cells ( Figure 12 ). By electron microscopy, virus can be seen budding from the cytoplasmic membrane of infected cells ( Figure13 ). Virus will also replicate in snake eggs and chicken eggs. Replication in vitro (and presumably in vivo) is temperature-dependent with the highest titers achieved at incubation temperatures of approximately 23°C to 32 °C. The upper temperature limit for virus replication was in all cases less than 37°C. A hemagglutination-inhibition test ( Figure 14 ) has been developed to determine the presence of specific antibodies to OPMV in plasma/sera of exposed snakes. Blood samples are easily obtainable by cardiac puncture. See submission of samples below. As in mammals, a positive titer is simply indicative of exposure to OPMV. Based upon a single sample, it would be impossible to make a statement about presence of virus and shedding status. If 2 samples are obtained form the same animal at a 2-4 week interval, and a rising titer can be demonstrated, this would be supportive evidence for recent OPMV infection. Submission of Samples Protocol and Submission Form for collection of blood and address for shipment of samples. Control There is no specific treatment for snakes showing clinical signs of OPMV infection. Since most affected snakes die with severe gram-negative respiratory tract infections, treating ill snakes with appropriate antibiotics is indicated. 2 months should lapse following the last death from OPMV before introducing new animals. The aminoglycosides, gentamin and amikacin, in combination with a cephalosporin such as ceftazidime, are the drugs of choice. Cages of ill snakes should be cleaned and completely disinfected with a solution of 0.15% sodium hypochlorite. Chlorox is 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; a 1:33 dilution can be used. Cages should remain empty for at least 2 weeks before introduction new animals. Additionally, as a rule, new snakes should not be introduced into a colony of snakes in which there is active OPMV infection. Minimally, 2 months should lapse following the last death from OPMV before introducing new animals. Needless to say, ill snakes should be removed from the collection and placed in a quarantine room. Currently, there is no vaccine available for protecting snakes against OPMV. We have recently developed a killed vaccine utilizing two different adjuvants and have completed a one-year study in naive western diamondback rattlesnakes. Although there was an antibody response to vaccination, the response was both variable and transient between the various experimental groups. Over the next year a modified live vaccine will be evaluated. Current and Future Research Sequencing of conserved genes to look at phylogenetic relationships between various isolates. Transmission and pathogenesis studies.	i don't know
The eight year old daughter of which British politician was left behind in a pub in Buckinghamshire after a family lunch in April 2012?	David Cameron left daughter behind after pub visit \| Politics \| The Guardian David Cameron David Cameron left daughter behind after pub visit A mix-up after a family lunch meant eight-year-old Nancy was left alone at the Plough Inn in Cadsden 'for about 15 minutes' David Cameron and his wife Samantha were said to be distraught when they realised Nancy wasn’t with them. Photograph: Mark Large/AFP/Getty Images Monday 11 June 2012 07.07 EDT First published on Monday 11 June 2012 07.07 EDT Close This article is 4 years old David Cameron left his eight-year-old daughter in the pub following a Sunday lunch, after a mix-up with his wife Samantha, Downing Street has admitted. The couple's daughter Nancy wandered off to the toilets while they were arranging lifts and they only realised she was not with them when they got home, the Sun said . The prime minister rushed back to the Plough Inn in Cadsden, Buckinghamshire, where he found his daughter with staff. A Downing Street spokesman said: "The prime minister and Samantha were distraught when they realised Nancy wasn't with them. "Thankfully when they phoned the pub she was there safe and well. The prime minister went down straight away to get her." Downing Street said the incident happened "a couple of months ago". The story could prove embarrassing for the prime minister, coming on the same day as the government relaunches its £450m troubled families programme . The Camerons were at the Plough Inn, near Chequers, with Nancy and their other children, Arthur, six, and 22-month-old Florence, as well as two other families. When Cameron left the pub he went home in one car with his bodyguards and thought Nancy was with his wife and their other children in another car. Samantha Cameron had assumed her eldest daughter was with her father. The mistake was only discovered when they got home. The prime minister drove back to the pub and found Nancy helping staff. She was away from her parents for about 15 minutes. A Downing Street spokeswoman said there was no question of the Camerons blaming security for the incident. "Sam thought the PM had Nancy, the PM thought Sam had Nancy," he said. "They take responsibility for their own children. No one is going to face disciplinary action." The spokeswoman declined to discuss whether Cameron had drunk alcohol with his meal. "He had gone with friends at lunchtime, with a number of families with children, and they left in various different vehicles," she said. "As you know, the prime minister is a very busy man but he always tries to live as normal a life as possible with his family." The Sun quoted a Plough insider as telling the paper: "You'd have thought someone would have done a headcount or something. "Pub staff found their daughter in the toilet and didn't know what to do. "It's not like you can look up David Cameron in the phone book and then ring to say, 'You've left your daughter behind'. "It's frightening the prime minister of Britain can forget something so important as his own daughter." Parents share their stories of children left behind after David and Samantha Cameron's brief scare over daughter Published: 11 Jun 2012	David Cameron
Fiorello LaGuardia was mayor of which city from 1934 to 1945?	BBC - Simon Mayo Drivetime Blog: Is That You? Share this page Simon Mayo \| 08:57 UK time, Monday, 11 June 2012 Well, well here we are again and that drought is really getting out of hand now. Back to work with rivers of precipitation washing the roads clean and clearing the way so helpfully. Hope your week has been splendid and lovely. It was an interesting few days! A Sunday of getting frozen and sodden by the river (and then came the boats to make it all ok), a Monday of being the voice of god on TV (and a Buckingham Palace party with Macca, Tom Hanks, Robbie and assorted royals to make that ok) followed by a few days of Suffolk chips and ale. So that was ok (as was the appearance of Julia40 at the Itch chat in Blythburgh!). I have no idea what's been happening in R2 world but trust all has been well on DT and all the team are all geared up for today. It is of course true that some will have half an ear on the England/France match which kicks off at 5 and we will have Matt to fill that role for us. So you don't have to. We do have a splendid book for our book club. It's Gold by Chris Cleave and tells the story of Zoe Castle and Kate Meadows who are the world's top two sprint cyclists as they build to the London games. But, it won't surprise you to learn, it's not really about cycling or sport but family, illness, rivalry and relationships. And a great read too, check out a chapter while you're here. Then Chris will be with us from 6. And oldies please on the subject of FORGETFULNESS. This is, of course, because David Cameron and his wife, Samantha, left their eight-year-old daughter, Nancy, in a pub after having Sunday lunch there a couple of months ago. She is reported to have spent about 15 minutes at the Plough Inn at Cadsden in Buckinghamshire, before Mr Cameron returned to collect her. It is easily done of course. Many of you will have been forgotten or done the forgetting (admittedly without a security team to help count heads) so songs of forgetfulness will work well. So have a chillaxed and mellow Monday, see you after 5. Yay we are back!	i don't know
Which British rhythm and blues/jazz singer and keyboard player was born Clive Powell in June 1943?	Sunny - Georgie Fame - Lyrics - THE BEST Song - YouTube Sunny - Georgie Fame - Lyrics - THE BEST Song Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 10, 2013 Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell, 26 June 1943) is a British rhythm and blues and jazz singer, and keyboard player. The one-time rock and roll tour musician, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Category	Georgie Fame
Who was the Vice President of former US President Bill Clinton?	About: Georgie Fame About: Georgie Fame An Entity of Type : person , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell, 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer, and keyboard player. The musician, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman.Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: "Yeh, Yeh" in 1964, "Get Away" in 1966 and "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" in 1967. Property abstract Georgie Fame, de son vrai nom Clive Powell, est un chanteur et organiste anglais de R&B. Il est né le à Leigh (en) dans le Lancashire. Cet ancien musicien de rock, qui a commencé à se faire connaître dans les années 1960, est encore un artiste populaire qui travaille souvent avec des musiciens tels que Van Morrison ou Bill Wyman. (fr) Georgie Fame (* 26. Juni 1943 in Leigh, Lancashire, England; eigentlich Clive Powell) ist ein britischer R&B-Musiker. (de) Georgie Fame (Nacido como Clive Powell el de 26 de junio de 1943 en Leigh cerca de Mánchester en Inglaterra) es un músico británico de rhythm and blues y jazz, cantante conocido principalmente por ser un virtuoso de los teclados, destacando ente ellos el órgano Hammond. (es) Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell, 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer, and keyboard player. The musician, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: "Yeh, Yeh" in 1964, "Get Away" in 1966 and "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" in 1967. (en) Attivo dalla fine degli anni cinquanta, ha collaborato con molti musicisti fra i quali Van Morrison e Bill Wyman. I suoi tre successi che sono entratati fra i primi dieci in classifica hanno raggiunto il primo posto: Yeh, Yeh nel 1964, Get Away nel 1966 e The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde nel 1967. (it) Georgie Fame é um cantor britânico de R&B cujo nome verdadeiro é Clive Powell, nascido em 26 de Junho de 1943 em Leigh, Lancashire, Inglaterra. (pt) ジョージィ・フェイム（Georgie Fame, 本名Clive Powell, 1943年6月26日 - ）は、1960年代より活動しているイギリスのミュージシャン。オルガンを弾きながら軽やかに歌い上げるスタイルで知られる。アラン・プライスやヴァン・モリソンとのコラボレーションでも知られている。1960年代のシングル3曲がいずれも全英シングル1位を獲得している。 (ja) Georgie Fame (geboren als Clive Powell, 26 juni 1943) is een Engelse rhythm and blues en jazzzanger en keyboardspeler. Hij had een aantal grote hits in de jaren 60. Tegenwoordig treedt hij nog regelmatig op met tijdgenoten als Van Morrison en Bill Wyman. (nl) Georgie Fame, właśc. Clive Powell (ur. 26 czerwca 1943 w Leigh) – angielski piosenkarz R'n'B i jazzowy oraz klawiszowiec. Był liderem grupy Georgie Fame & the Blue Flames, brytyjskiego zespołu stricte rhythm'n'bluesowego. (pl) Georgie Fame (* 26. Juni 1943 in Leigh, Lancashire, England; eigentlich Clive Powell) ist ein britischer R&B-Musiker. (de) Georgie Fame (Nacido como Clive Powell el de 26 de junio de 1943 en Leigh cerca de Mánchester en Inglaterra) es un músico británico de rhythm and blues y jazz, cantante conocido principalmente por ser un virtuoso de los teclados, destacando ente ellos el órgano Hammond. (es) Attivo dalla fine degli anni cinquanta, ha collaborato con molti musicisti fra i quali Van Morrison e Bill Wyman. I suoi tre successi che sono entratati fra i primi dieci in classifica hanno raggiunto il primo posto: Yeh, Yeh nel 1964, Get Away nel 1966 e The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde nel 1967. (it) Georgie Fame é um cantor britânico de R&B cujo nome verdadeiro é Clive Powell, nascido em 26 de Junho de 1943 em Leigh, Lancashire, Inglaterra. (pt) ジョージィ・フェイム（Georgie Fame, 本名Clive Powell, 1943年6月26日 - ）は、1960年代より活動しているイギリスのミュージシャン。オルガンを弾きながら軽やかに歌い上げるスタイルで知られる。アラン・プライスやヴァン・モリソンとのコラボレーションでも知られている。1960年代のシングル3曲がいずれも全英シングル1位を獲得している。 (ja) Georgie Fame (geboren als Clive Powell, 26 juni 1943) is een Engelse rhythm and blues en jazzzanger en keyboardspeler. Hij had een aantal grote hits in de jaren 60. Tegenwoordig treedt hij nog regelmatig op met tijdgenoten als Van Morrison en Bill Wyman. (nl) Georgie Fame, właśc. Clive Powell (ur. 26 czerwca 1943 w Leigh) – angielski piosenkarz R'n'B i jazzowy oraz klawiszowiec. Był liderem grupy Georgie Fame & the Blue Flames, brytyjskiego zespołu stricte rhythm'n'bluesowego. (pl) Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell, 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer, and keyboard player. The musician, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman.Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: "Yeh, Yeh" in 1964, "Get Away" in 1966 and "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" in 1967. (en) Georgie Fame, de son vrai nom Clive Powell, est un chanteur et organiste anglais de R&B. Il est né le à Leigh (en) dans le Lancashire. Cet ancien musicien de rock, qui a commencé à se faire connaître dans les années 1960, est encore un artiste populaire qui travaille souvent avec des musiciens tels que Van Morrison ou Bill Wyman. (fr)	i don't know
Which four herbs are mentioned in the Simon and Garfunkel song ‘Scarborough Fair’?	Scarborough Fair - Chords, Lyrics and Recordings - The Acoustic Music Archive The Acoustic Music Archive Scarborough Fair - Chords, Lyrics and Origins Origins Scarborough Fair was made famous by Simon and Garfunkel. But in fact Paul Simon learned the song from the English singer and guitarist, Martin Carthy and anyway, the song itself is thought to date from the middle ages. You'll find an explanation of the meaning of the herbs mentioned in the song along with an extended set of lyrics, here . Scarborough Fair is relatively easy to play. It has only four chords - Am, Em, D and G. It works nicely if you play it in 6/8 time, using your thumb to pick out the bass note and your fingers to pick out each chord's remaining notes. Experiment with the key. Putting a capo at the 5th fret, as I do, places the song in the key of D minor. Try moving your capo up and down the fretboard to transpose it higher or lower until you find the key that works for your voice. Click here to download Scarborough Fair from the iTunes Store. Are you going to Scarborough fair? D Am Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme. Em Am G Remember me to one who lives there, Am G Em Am She once was a true love of mine. Lyrics Are you going to Sacrborough Fair? Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, Remember me to one who lives there, She once was a true love of mine. Tell her to make me a cambric shirt, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, Without any seems, nor needlework, Then she'll be a true love of mine. Tell her to find me an acre of land, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, Between the salt water and the sea strand, Then she'll be a true love of mine. Tell her to plough it with a sickle of leather. Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, And bind it all in a bunch of heather, Then she'll be a true love of mine.	Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
In a standard game of chess, how many knights does each player start with?	The History of Scarborough Fair The History of Scarborough Fair http://bb.bbboy.net/rocknrolla-viewthread?forum=1&thread=13 The History of Scarborough Fair John Henderson Reports on the British Championships in Scarborough Round 2 Tuesday 31st July 2001 ARE YOU GOING TO SCARBOROUGH FAIR? Are you going to Scarborough Fair? Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme Remember me to one who lives there For once she was a true love of mine WHILST on the road reporting on these tournaments, I like to chill out by listen to some of my favourite CDs on my trusty old IBM ThinkPad: James Taylor, Elvis Costello, Robert Huebner on Alekhine for ChessBase, Sting, Van Morrison, k.d. lang, Joan Armatrading, and my all-time favourite, a three-album set by Simon & Garfunkel, entitled Old Friends. One of the songs on the album, Are You Going To Scarborough Fair?, made the seaside town famous after it was used in the soundtrack to the classic 1967 film, The Graduate, that also made famous Dustin �Are you trying to seduce me, Mrs Robinson?� Hoffman and Katherine Ross. The song is a rendition of an old English folk song that dates back to late medieval times, when this part of the world was an important venue for tradesmen from all over England. Scarborough quickly became a major port engaging in the North Sea Trade with Germany and Scandinavia. Medieval trading vessels were built in the south bay. The world famous Scarborough Fair was a six-week trading festival, which ran for 500 years, until ending in the 1700s. Each year, however, the Fair is re-enacted in period costume over the water in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. Scarborough Fair was not a fair, as we know it today (although it attracted jesters and jugglers). Way back then, it was a huge six-week trading festival attracting merchants from all over Europe, running from Assumption Day, the 15th of August, until Michaelmas Day, the 29th September. People from all over England, and even some from the continent, came to Scarborough to do their business. As eventually the harbour started to decline, so did the fair, and Scarborough is a quiet, small town now. But the Fair left behind the legacy of that song with the haunting lyrics � and a song that the writer never received any royalties for. In the middle ages, people didn't usually take credit for songs or other works of art they made, so the writer of Scarborough Fair is unknown. Like some sort of medieval karaoke, bards who went from town to town sang the song. And as others heard the little ditty, they took it with them to another town, and the lyrics and arrangements changed with it. This is why today there are many versions of Scarborough Fair, and there are dozens of ways in which the words have been written down. However, the most famous version is unquestionably the one that �alleged� came from the man who gave us 50 Ways To Leave Your Lover: Paul Simon. Along with the Andrew Ridgley of his day, Art Garfunkel, Simon popularised the song on their 1966 album Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme (And yes, I do have the original vinyl version. Sad, eh?). So, how did Paul Simon get to know about the song? Well, before he became really, really famous and got fed up with wearing heavy woollen pullovers, drinking real ale and singing with a finger in his ear, he lived and toured on the folk scene in Britain in the early 1960s. Whilst there, he learned the song from folk singer Martin Carthy. And, despite using his arrangement of the song on the album, Simon didn�t even mention Carthy�s name in the credits. siblygirl Apr 12 2003 The History of Scarborough Fair �Are you going to Scarborough fair?� inquired pop singers Simon and Garfunkel in a 200 year old plus song which was used as a theme song for the Anne Bancroft film �The Graduate�. The actual origin of the song is not known, except that it was written as a traditional air by Frank Kitson. The words of the 1968 version have changed slightly, but basically they are the same. If nothing else, the grammar of today�s number is somewhat better than the original. �Are you going to Scarborough Fair?� does, even in modern idiom of pop songs, sound much more like the Queen�s English than �Is any of you going to Scarborough Fair?� The actual Fair originated from a charter granted by King Henry III on 22 January 1253. The charter, which gave Scarborough many privileges, stated "The Burgesses and their heirs forever may have a yearly fayre in the Borough, to continue from the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary until the Feast of St Michael next following". The ceremony of heralding in the fair was very impressive, with town�s officers riding on decorated horses, headed by a band through the narrow streets, reading the proclamation of the fair, and welcoming strangers to the town, who were urged to sell goods �of true worth�. Everyone was invited to �sport and play� and to �do all things� � with the proviso that �nowt amiss� should happen! According to old records, the fair proclamation began �Lord, Gentlemen and Loons. You�re welcome to our toons until St Michael�s Day, but tolls and customs pay from Latter Lammas Day�� The 45-day Scarborough Fayre � held annually from 15 August to 29 September � was soon internationally famous. Merchants came to it from all areas of England and Europe, also from Norway, Denmark, the Baltic and the Ottoman Empire. Large crowds of buyers, sellers and pleasure seeking spectators attended the fayre. Prices were determined by �Supply and demand�, with goods often being exchanged through the barter system. Each stallholder had to pay 2d to the Burgesses. From early in the Middle Ages, they had the right to levy half a peck on every quarter of corn or grain brought into the town for sale. On the opening day of Scarborough Fayre (15 August), the town�s householders had to pay their annual Gablage Tax. Dating from 1181, that tax was the �first rates� levied at Scarborough. In the 13th/14th Centuries it was four pence on every house with its gable facing the street, and six pence on every house with its front facing the street. However, Scarborough Fair was by no means a big friendly affair. In 1256 the town quarrelled with Filey, Sherburn and Brompton, who each had their own fairs. The Burgesses pleaded to the King�s Court for their abolition on the grounds that they were a nuisance, taking trade away from Scarborough. The Burgesses were successful and the markets were discontinued. That was to be the forerunner of a more serious battle � against Seamer, where even today the fair is still observed on each St Swithin�s Day. Seamer�s charter was granted by Richard II to Henry de Percy, Earl of Northumberland, in 1383, but Scarborough began a law suit the following year in the Court of Queen�s Bench for the suppression of the fair, because of the injury done by it to the Scarborough Market. In the meantime, Scarborough�s prosperity slumped. The number of bakers reduced from eight to four, all four drapers closed their shops, four butchers, ten weavers and eleven tailors, all closed down and only half of the forty public houses remained in business. Records show that �grass now grew in the streets of Scarborough. Shipping and house alike had fallen into decay�. It cost Scarborough some �2000 to achieve victory in 1602, but their jubilations were shortlived when James I decided to grant another charter to Seamer. Again the Seamer market was suppressed, but when it was revived again in the 18th century, it was Seamer who came out victors, and the Scarborough Fair ended in 1788. siblygirl Analysis of the song Scarborough Fair: The history of Scarborough and its fair This English folk song dates back to late medieval times, when the seaside resort of Scarborough was an important venue for tradesmen from all over England. Founded well over a thousand years ago as Skarthaborg by the norman Skartha, the Viking settlement in North Yorkshire in the north-west of England became a very important port as the dark ages drew to a close. Scarborough Fair was not a fair as we know it today (although it attracted jesters and jugglers) but a huge forty-five day trading event, starting August fifteen, which was exceptionally long for a fair in those days. People from all over England, and even some from the continent, came to Scarborough to do their business. As eventually the harbour started to decline, so did the fair, and Scarborough is a quiet, small town now. siblygirl Re: About the song Scarborough Fair: The history of the song In the middle ages, people didn't usually take credit for songs or other works of art they made, so the writer of Scarborough Fair is unknown. The song was sung by bards (or shapers, as they were known in medieval England) who went from town to town, and as they heard the song and took it with them to another town, the lyrics and arrangements changed. This is why today there are many versions of Scarborough Fair, and there are dozens of ways in which the words have been written down. siblygirl Re: About the song Scarborough Fair: Explanations of the lyrics The narrator of the song is a man who was jilted by his lover. Although dealing with the paradoxes he sees himself posed to in a very subtle and poetic manner, this was a folk song and not written by nobles. The courtly ideal of romantic love in the middle ages, practised by knights and noblemen, was loving a lady and adoring her from a distance, in a very detached manner. There was hardly a dream and sometimes not even a wish that such love could ever be answered. As a version of the song exists which is set in Whittington Fair and which is presumed to be equally old, it is puzzling why the lieu d'action of the song eventually became reverted to Scarborough. A possible explanation is that this is a hint from the singer to his lover, telling how she went away suddenly without warning or reason. Scarborough was known as a town where suspected thieves or other criminals were quickly dealt with and hung on a tree or � la lanterne after some form of street justice. This is why a 'Scarborough warning' still means 'without any warning' in today's English. This would also account for the absence of any suggestion of a reason for her departure, which could mean either that the singer doesn't have a clue why his lady left, or perhaps that these reasons are too difficult to explain and he gently leaves them out. The writer goes on to assign his true love impossible tasks, to try and explain to her that love sometimes requires doing things which seem downright impossible on the face of it. The singer is asking his love to do the impossible, and then come back to him and ask for his hand. This is a highly unusual suggestion, because in those days it was a grave faux-pas to people from all walks of life for a lady to ask for a man's hand. Yet it fits in well with the rest of the lyrics, as nothing seems to be impossible in the song. siblygirl Re: About the song Scarborough Fair: The meaning of parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme The herbs parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, recurring in the second line of each stanza, make up for a key motive in the song. Although meaningless to most people today, these herbs spoke to the imagination of medieval people as much as red roses do to us today. Without any connotation neccesary, they symbolize virtues the singer wishes his true love and himself to have, in order to make it possible for her to come back again. Quote: Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) Parsley is still prescribed by phytotherapists today to people who suffer from bad digestion. Eating a leaf of parsley with a meal makes the digestion of heavy vegetables such as spinach a lot easier. It was said to take away the bitterness, and medieval doctors took this in a spiritual sense as well. Quote: Sage (Salvia officinalis)	i don't know
In 2008, Sarah Stevenson became Britain’s first Olympic medallist in which martial art?	Sarah Stevenson calls it a day as a taekwondo athlete \| Sport \| The Guardian Sarah Stevenson calls it a day as a taekwondo athlete • 2008 Olympic bronze medallist turns to coaching • I am glad i don't have to fight again, Stevenson says Sarah Stevenson of Great Britain celebrates winning the bronze medal by defeating Noha Abd Rabo of Eygpt in the +67kg bronze medal match at Beijing 2008. Photograph: Ezra Shaw/Getty Images Tuesday 23 April 2013 08.15 EDT First published on Tuesday 23 April 2013 08.15 EDT Close This article is 3 years old Sarah Stevenson has retired from taekwondo to become a coach on UK Sport's world class performance programme, calling time on an impressive career that included two world championship gold medals. Stevenson, Britain's most successful taekwondo player ever, said she is "relieved" to make the announcement after facing extreme difficulties in the past two years following the death of both her parents in 2011. The 30-year-old, who read the Olympic Oath at London's opening ceremony, has been a leading figure in the sport in recent years and paved the way for the medal successes of Jade Jones and Lutalo Muhammad at the 2012 Games. Gary Hall, Great Britain's taekwondo performance director, believes Stevenson, who was awarded an MBE in 2011, could have competed in her fifth Olympics at Rio in 2016. However, the Doncaster-born athlete said she is now looking forward to coaching the next generation. "I've known in my heart it's what I have wanted to do for a while," she said. "But I held off in case I missed competition and wanted to go back. I felt this way after Beijing 2008 and thought: 'I am going to stop.' "When I did, I missed it so I didn't want to make the same mistake again. However, this time I didn't miss it and I am glad I don't have to fight again. I have done enough and didn't want to put my body through any more. "I am excited to finally say I am retiring but it doesn't mean I have lost my love for the sport. I haven't lost my determination to be the best and to win. So, I am delighted I have been accepted on to the coaching team so I can help put that into the athletes we have now and the next generation." Lord Coe, the British Olympic Association chairman, said: "As Britain's first-ever world champion and Olympic medallist in taekwondo, Sarah Stevenson has been a trailblazer for her sport, in the UK and globally. Her pursuit of excellence has been tireless and she reached the pinnacle through dedication and sacrifice. "Sarah overcame personal heartbreak and serious injury to secure a place with Team GB last summer. We wish Sarah the very best for continued success as a taekwondo coach and we thank her for her commitment to Team GB and the Olympic movement." Stevenson lost both her parents to cancer in 2011 and after a difficult build-up to London 2012 she could not advance past the preliminary round. Described as a "phenomenal athlete and human being" by the chairman of British Taekwondo, Jeremy Beard, Stevenson became junior world champion in 1998 and competed at four Olympics, taking bronze in the -67kg weight at Beijing 2008. Her zenith came at the 2011 World Championships in South Korea, winning gold at a time when both her parents were in hospital. "I've had a very tough couple of years, losing my mum and dad, and then suffering my knee injury last year," Stevenson added. "But there have been plenty of highs and plenty of firsts. Becoming senior world champion at 18 was a stepping-stone for our sport to enable us to start getting funding. "Winning the first Olympic medal for taekwondo in Beijing was another big one. And then to top it off, becoming world champion again in 2011 through such traumatic circumstances, was very special." The UK Sport chief executive, Liz Nicholl, was pleased to welcome Stevenson to the world class performance programme. She said: "Over the past decade, Sarah has been a truly exceptional figure in British Olympic sport. Having won Great Britain's first Olympic taekwondo medal in Beijing, she paved the way for the success the sport has enjoyed since. "Throughout her career Sarah has competed and won at the very highest level, often in the face of adversity, and has demonstrated remarkable determination and resilience."	Taekwondo
On a regular clock face, which number lies opposite 10?	Taekwondo News: Find Latest News on Taekwondo - NDTV.COM Taekwondo News 2016 Rio Games: Iran Hail First Woman Olympic Medallist Agence France-Presse \| Saturday August 20, 2016 Iran's Kimia Alizadeh clinched bronze by beating Nikita Glasnostic of Sweden 5-1 in the taekwondo under-57kg division at the 2016 Rio Olympics Rio Olympics: Zahra Nemati Creates History, Becomes First Female Flag-Bearer For Iran Associated Press \| Saturday August 6, 2016 Zahra Nemati, who created history by becoming the first female athlete to compete in the Olympics, broke new ground when she became the flag-bearer of Iran in the opening ceremony of Rio 2016. Akshay Kumar Turns 49: Here's His Diet and Formula for the Fit Life NDTV Food \| Friday September 9, 2016 A martial arts expert and the Khiladi of Bollywood, he has been professionally trained in Taekwondo and Muay Thai. Teen Taekwondo Champion's Legs Amputated In Delhi Delhi News \| Press Trust of India \| Tuesday June 28, 2016 Rajan, a 16-year-old taekwondo champion, who was shot at in northeast Delhi's Bhajanpura area last week, is stated to be in a critical condition after doctors had to amputate both his legs, police said on Monday. Mourad Laachraoui, Brother of Brussels Airport Bomber, Wins European Taekwondo Gold Agence France-Presse \| Saturday May 21, 2016 Mourad Laachraoui, the brother of Najim Laachraoui who was involved in the bombing of Brussels airport, won gold in the European Taekwondo championship and in the process, as qualified for the Rio Olympics. The Jungle Book Star Neel Sethi Learned Taekwondo When He Was Four Indo-Asian News Service \| Thursday March 31, 2016 Recalling his most difficult scene from the film, Neel said: "I had a shoot for this film when I was 10. There was a scene where I had to shoot in mud where I had to dry my skin and spit some water again to make it look muddy. It was quite a difficult scene" South Asian Games: Indian Dominance Continues in Taekwondo, Shooting Press Trust of India \| Saturday February 13, 2016 India continued to pile on the medals in the South Asian Games as they made a mark in shooting, triathlon and taekwondo. Offbeat \| Amrita Kohli \| Wednesday August 12, 2015 This pint-sized Taekwondo master really earned his white belt. Asian Games: Indian Taekwondo Players Ousted Press Trust of India \| Thursday October 2, 2014 Saurav lost in the men's 63kg quarter-final to Afghanistan's Abasi Ahmad Roman's 4-5. In the round of 16, Saurav had beaten Sujan Joshi 8-5 at Ganghwa Dolmens Gymnasium. Asian Games 2014: Indians Disappoint in Taekwondo Press Trust of India \| Wednesday October 1, 2014 While Aarti Khakal lost 8-15 to Ganiya Alzak of Kazakhstan in the round of 32 encounter of women's 57kg category, Akshay Kumar Reveals Taekwondo Tricks on Cine Stars Ki Khoj Manisha Dhingra \| Friday August 1, 2014 Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar displayed his tricks of Taekwondo on a reality TV show when he went to promote his upcoming movie Entertainment on the platform. There, he happened to have a face-off with a contestant, also named Akshay. Tiger Shroff is Now a Fifth Degree Black Belt in Taekwondo Ishita Blaggan \| Friday August 1, 2014 After a successful debut with Heropanti, actor Tiger Shroff has now received a fifth degree honorary black belt World News \| Agence France-Presse \| Monday April 21, 2014 Professional taekwondo teacher Lee Jun-Ho took up scuba diving eight years ago as a fun hobby. Aggrieved Fencing Association of India writes to IOC over barring from polls Press Trust of India \| Monday February 3, 2014 The IOC had directed the Indian Olympic Association not to allow representatives from the Fencing Association of India, Taekwondo Federation of India and Indian Amateur Boxing Federation to take part in the elections. Young North Koreans train to seek 'revenge on US' World News \| Associated Press \| Friday April 19, 2013 North Korea's newest batch of future soldiers - scrawny 11-year-olds with freshly shaved heads - punch the air as they practice taekwondo on the grounds of the Mangyongdae Revolutionary School. Students and teachers here say they're studying harder these days to prepare for a fight. Badminton on list of Olympics sports which may be axed Associated Press \| Tuesday February 12, 2013 The future of wrestling, modern pentathlon, taekwondo and table tennis will also be discussed by the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee. London 2012: South Korea's Hwang retains women's -67kg title Agence France-Presse \| Saturday August 11, 2012 South Korea's Hwang Kyung-Seon retained her Olympic taekwondo women's under-67kg title on Friday at the ExCel Arena here. Olympics taekwondo: Rohullah Nikpai bags first medal for Afghanistan Indo-Asian News Service \| Friday August 10, 2012 Taekwondoka Rohullah Nikpai came for a gold medal but a bronze was enough to fill his eyes with tears, as he won the first medal at the London Olympic Games for his country Afghanistan. McPherson beats British favourite at Olympics Associated Press \| Friday August 10, 2012 American taekwondo fighter Paige McPherson knocked out British world champion Sarah Stevenson in the first round of the women's 67-kilogram division at the London Olympics. Two-time champion loses 1st-round taekwondo fight Associated Press \| Friday August 10, 2012 An Azerbaijani competitor has beaten two-time Olympic taekwondo champion Steven Lopez of the United States in the first round at the London Games. Afghanistan's first Olympic medallist eyes an encore Indo-Asian News Service \| Monday July 23, 2012 Afghanistan's first Olympic medallist Rohullah Nikpai has vowed to bring more laurels for his country at the London Games beginning from Friday. Global body pledges fair fight Agence France-Presse \| Sunday July 22, 2012 Taekwondo's world body called Monday for a fair and enjoyable competition at the London Games to help the Korean martial art stay in the Olympics following judging controversies which have hit the sport. British controversy overshadows Games prep Agence France-Presse \| Wednesday July 25, 2012 An ugly selection controversy surrounding a British entrant into the Olympic Taekwondo competition has been dominating the news ahead of the London Games. Martial arts for peace in Afghanistan Agence France-Presse \| Thursday July 12, 2012 The taekwondo star who became Afghanistan's first ever Olympic medallist at the Beijing Games in 2008 wants to repeat the feat in London -- in the hope of bringing peace to his troubled homeland. Who is Bilawal Bhutto Zardari? People \| NDTV Correspondent \| Thursday December 27, 2012 He is 24 years old, a black belt in Taekwondo, Oxford-educated and the Chairman of the ruling Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is to the manor born. The oldest child of Asif Ali Zardari and Benazir Bhutto was three months old when his mother first became Prime Minister. He has seen life in political exile; he was 19 years ol... Armless pilot Jessica Cox is our role model: Mahindra Satyam CEO Sunday January 29, 2012 NDTV’s Shweta Rajpal Kohli caught up with motivational speaker Jessica Cox along with the top management of Mahindra Satyam, Vineet Nayyar, VC, MD & CEO at Tech Mahindra and C P Gurnani , CEO, Mahindra Satyam to discuss her story. Lack of training space for Taekwondo players Thiruvananthapuram News \| Express News Service \| Friday December 16, 2011 Young Taekwondo practitioners in the city are travelling - on a different, frustrating mission. Thrown out from as many as three locations, they are on a search for a place to train. Akshay To Learn Combat Karate For Rowdy Rathore Kavita S Kanwar \| Monday June 27, 2011 He is a black belt in Taekwondo and now Akshay Kumar is learning traditional combat karate for his role in Rowdy Rathore. SSCB wins three gold medals on day two in Taekwondo Press Trust of India \| Tuesday February 15, 2011 The Services Sports Control Board (SSCB) won three gold medals while Madhya Pradesh bagged two out of a total eight yellow metals that were decided in the Taekwondo men and women's events of the 34th National Games at the Khelgaon in Ranchi on . SRK's kids strike gold Jeevan Prakash \| Tuesday October 5, 2010 Shah Rukh and wife Gauri were seen cheering all the way, as son Aryan and daughter Suhana won Taekwondo Championships.	i don't know
Arachnids usually have how many legs?	arachnid \| arthropod \| Britannica.com arthropod Howard T. Ricketts Arachnid (class Arachnida), any member of the arthropod group that includes spider s, daddy longlegs , scorpion s, and (in the subclass Acari ) the mite s and tick s, as well as lesser-known subgroups. Only a few species are of economic importance—for example, the mites and ticks, which transmit diseases to humans, other animals, and plants. Garden spider (Araneus diadematus). General features Body and appendages Arachnids range in size from tiny mites that measure 0.08 mm (0.003 inch) to the enormous scorpion Hadogenes troglodytes of Africa, which may be 21 cm (8 inches) or more in length. In appearance, they vary from short-legged, round-bodied mites and pincer-equipped scorpions with curled tails to delicate, long-legged daddy longlegs and robust , hairy tarantula s. Representative members of subclass Acari (mites and ticks). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Like all arthropods, arachnids have segmented bodies, tough exoskeleton s, and jointed appendages. Most are predatory. Arachnids lack jaws and, with only a few exceptions, inject digestive fluids into their prey before sucking its liquefied remains into their mouths. Except among daddy longlegs and the mites and ticks, in which the entire body forms a single region, the arachnid body is divided into two distinct regions: the cephalothorax , or prosoma, and the abdomen , or opisthosoma. The sternites (ventral plates) of the lower surface of the body show more variation than do the tergites (dorsal plates). The arachnids have simple (as opposed to compound) eyes. Diversity of arachnids. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The cephalothorax is covered dorsally with a rigid cover (the carapace) and has six pairs of appendages, the first of which are the chelicerae , the only appendages that are in front of the mouth. In many forms they are chelate, or pincerlike, and are used to hold and crush prey. Among spiders the basal segment of the chelicerae contains venom sacs, and the second segment, the fang, injects venom. The pedipalps , or palps, which in arachnids function as an organ of touch, constitute the second pair of appendages. In spiders and daddy longlegs the pedipalps are elongated leglike structures, whereas in scorpions they are large chelate, prehensile organs. Among spiders the pedipalps are highly modified as secondary sexual organs. The basal segment is sometimes modified for crushing or cutting food. The remaining four pairs of appendages are walking legs, though the first of these pairs serves as tactile organs among the tailless whip scorpion s (order Amblypygi); it is the second pair that functions as such among the daddy longlegs. Among the spiderlike ricinuleids (order Ricinulei), special copulatory organs are located on the third pair of legs. Some mites, particularly immature individuals, have only two or three pairs of legs. Damon diadema, a species of tailless whip scorpion, in a cave near the … Thomas Brown Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales The numbers and predaceous habits of arachnids make them important to humans. Free-living mites play an important role in the conversion of leaf mold to humus. Many mites are parasitic, and many ticks are intermediate hosts for organisms that cause serious diseases. Though all spiders possess poison that can be utilized for subduing prey, only a few have a poison sufficiently powerful to affect humans. A bite of the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans) may result in discomfort or serious illness , whereas that of the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) may result in a severe local reaction, including tissue death. The sting of some scorpions may cause a severe reaction and even death. Natural history Reproduction and life cycle In most cases the male does not transfer spermatozoa directly to the female but rather initiates courtship rituals in which the female is induced to accept the gelatinous sperm capsule ( spermatophore ). During mating the sperm are transferred to a sac ( spermatheca ) within the female reproductive system. The eggs are fertilized as they are laid. Mating in sunspiders is more active, occurring at dusk or during the night. During courting the male seizes the female, lays her on her side, massages her undersurface, opens her genital orifice, and forces a mass of sperm into her spermatheca. Reproductive behaviour in mites is highly variable; sperm usually are produced in a spermatophore and transferred to the female either by the chelicerae or, in ricinuleids, by the third pair of legs of the male. Connect with Britannica	eight
The English resort of Bournemouth lies on which body of water?	Which species of spiders have only six legs? - Quora Quora Matan Shelomi , Entomologist All arachnids have eight legs. If it has six legs, it's not a spider. However, some spiders have adapted their two front legs for purposes other than walking, and in these cases the front legs may be so diminished in size as to be inconspicuous. Other spiders, such as the Nursery Web Spider, have a habit of holding their first two leg pairs very close together, giving the appearance of only six legs. Matan Shelomi , Entomologist As Rebecca said, all spiders have eight legs. Well, at least all spiders START OUT with eight legs. But it’s not uncommon for spiders to lose a leg, or two legs, or more, over the course of their lives. This can happen from a predator encounter, from a leg getting caught somehow, or even during a molt. If conditions are too dry while the spider is molting, it may not be able to pull one or more of its legs out of the old exoskeleton, so it ends up with some legs missing. Many spiders can get along quite well even with fewer than eight legs. And if the spider is not yet mature, it is possible that the next time it molts, a missing leg will have regrown. The new leg is usually smaller than the others, but has full function! Pretty amazing!	i don't know
‘Fraulein…..have my children by any chance been climbing trees today’? Is a line from which musical film?	The Sound of Music (1965) - Quotes - IMDb The Sound of Music (1965) Quotes Showing all 72 items Maria : You know how Sister Berthe always makes me kiss the floor after we've had a disagreement? Well, lately I've taken to kissing the floor whenever I see her coming, just to save time. Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Captain von Trapp : It's the dress. You'll have to put on another one before you meet the children. Maria : But I don't have another one. When we entered the abbey our worldly clothes were given to the poor. Captain von Trapp : What about this one? Maria : The poor didn't want this one. Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Herr Zeller : Perhaps those who would warn you that the Anschluss is coming - and it is coming, Captain - perhaps they would get further with you by setting their words to music. Captain von Trapp : If the Nazis take over Austria, I have no doubt, Herr Zeller, that you will be the entire trumpet section. Herr Zeller : You flatter me, Captain. Captain von Trapp : Oh, how clumsy of me - I meant to accuse you. Sister Berthe : I, too, Reverend Mother. Mother Abbess : What is this sin, my children? [the nuns look at each other, then reveal from under their robes the distributor and coil they have removed from the Germans' cars] Captain von Trapp : They haven't complained yet. Maria : Well, they wouldn't dare! They love you too much. They fear you too much! Captain von Trapp : I don't wish you to discuss my children in this manner. Maria : Well, you've got to hear from someone! You're never home long enough to know them. Captain von Trapp : I said I don't want to hear anymore from you about my children! Maria : I know you don't, but you've got to! Now, take Liesl. Captain von Trapp : [hesitatingly] You will not say one word about Liesl, Fraulein. Maria : She's not a child anymore, and one of these days, you're going to wake up and find that she's a woman. You won't even know her. And Friedrich, he's a boy, but he wants to be a man and there's no one to show him how. Captain von Trapp : Don't you dare tell me about my son. Maria : Brigitta could tell you about him if you let her get close to you. She notices everything. Captain von Trapp : That will do! Maria : the way you do all of them. Louisa I don't even know about yet, Captain von Trapp : I said that will do! Maria : but somebody has to find out about her, and the little ones just want to be loved. Oh, please, Captain, love them! Love them all! Captain von Trapp : I don't care to hear anything further from you about my children. Maria : I am not finished yet, Captain! Captain von Trapp : Oh, yes, you are, Captain! [pauses, then corrects himself] Captain von Trapp : Now, when I want you, this is what you will hear. [blows whistle] Maria : Oh, no, sir. I'm sorry, sir. I could never answer to a whistle. Whistles are for dogs and cats and other animals, but not for children and definitely not for me. It would be too... humiliating. Captain von Trapp : Fraulein, were you this much trouble at the Abbey? Maria : Oh, much more, sir. [starts walking away. Maria blows her whistle & he turns around] Maria : Excuse me, sir. I don't know your signal Max : How many have I had? Maid: Two. [Maria finds a frog in her pocket] Frau Schmidt : You're lucky. With Fraulein Helga, it was a snake! Maria : [Friedrich and Kurt run into Maria's room during a thunderstorm] You boys weren't scared, too, were you? Friedrich von Trapp : No. We just wanted to be sure that you weren't. Maria : That was very thoughtful of you, Friedrich. Friedrich von Trapp : It wasn't my idea. It was Kurt's. Maria : Kurt! That's the one I left out. God bless Kurt! Captain von Trapp : Maria, there isn't going to be any Baroness anymore. Maria : I don't understand. Captain von Trapp : Well, we called off our engagement, you see, and... Maria : Oh, I'm sorry. Captain von Trapp : Yes. You are? Maria : Mm-hmm. You did? Captain von Trapp : Yes. Well, you can't marry someone when you're in love with someone else... can you? Louisa von Trapp : I'm Brigitta. Maria : You didn't tell me how old you are... Louisa. Brigitta : I'm Brigitta, she's Louisa. She's thirteen years old, and you're smart! I'm ten, and I think your dress is the ugliest one I ever saw! Max : The Von Trapp Family Singers. Here are your names: Liesl, Friedrich, Louisa, Brigitta, Kurt, Marta and Gretl. Gretl : Why am I always last? Max : Because you are the most important. Maria : It's meant to be a secret between the children and me. Captain von Trapp : Then I suggest you keep it, and let us eat. Maria : Knowing how nervous I must have been, a stranger in a new household, knowing how important it was for me to feel accepted, it was so kind and thoughtful of you to make my first moments here so warm and happy and pleasant. Maria : Gretl, what happened to your finger? Gretl : It got caught. Captain von Trapp : Fraulein Maria, did I or did I not say that bedtime is to be strictly observed in this household? Maria : Yes, well the children were scared of the thunderstorm and... You did, sir. Captain von Trapp : And do you or do you not have trouble following these simple instructions? Maria : Only during thunderstorms, sir. Maria : I can't seem to stop singing wherever I am. And what's worse, I can't seem to stop saying things - anything and everything I think and feel. Mother Abbess : Some people would call that honesty. Maria : Oh, but it's terrible, Reverend Mother. Maria : Why didn't you children tell me you could dance? Kurt : We were afraid you'd make us all dance together. The von Trapp Family dancers. [spins] Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Captain von Trapp : My fellow Austrians, I shall not be seeing you again perhaps for a very long time. I would like to sing for you now... a love song. I know you share this love. I pray that you will never let it die. Rolfe : [narrating a "telegram" for Liesl] Dear Liesl, I would like to tell you how I feel about you STOP Unfortunately, this wire is already too expensive Sincerely, Rolfe Liesl : [sounded offended] Sincerely? Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options [first lines] Maria : [singing] The hills are alive with the sound of music / With songs they have sung for a thousand years. / The hills fill my heart with the sound of music. / My heart wants to sing every song it hears. Captain von Trapp : Um, what gift? Maria : It's meant to be a secret, Captain, between the children and me. Captain von Trapp : Uh-huh. Then I suggest that you keep it, and let us eat. Maria : Knowing how nervous I must have been, a stranger in a new household, knowing how important it was for me to feel accepted. It was so kind and thoughtful of you to make my first moments here so warm and happy and... pleasant. [All the while, the children look guilty. Marta starts to cry] Marta : Nothing. [Louisa, Brigitta and Gretl join in, while Liesl, Friedrich and Kurt continue to look guilty] Captain von Trapp : Uh, Fräulein... is it to be at every meal, or merely at dinnertime, that you, uh, intend leading us all through this rare and wonderful new world of... indigestion? Maria : Oh, they're all right, Captain. They're just happy. [All of the girls, except Liesl, continue to cry out of guilt] Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Maria : Dear Father, now I know why You sent me here. To help these children prepare for a new mother. And I pray this will become a happy family in Thy sight. God bless the captain. God bless Liesl and Friedrich. God bless Louisa, Brigitta, Marta and little Gretl. And I forgot the other boy. What's his name? Well, God bless what's-his-name. God bless the Reverend Mother and Sister Margaretta and everybody at the abbey. And now, dear God, about Liesl. Help her know that I'm her friend and help her tell me what she's been up to. Liesl : Are you going to tell on me? Maria : Help me to be understanding so I may guide her footsteps. In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost. Liesl : I was out walking and somebody locked the doors early. I didn't want to wake everybody, so when I saw your window open. You're not going to tell Father, are you? Maria : How in the world did you climb up here? Liesl : It's how we always got in to play tricks on the governess. Louisa can make it with a whole jar of spiders in her hand. Maria : Spiders? Liesl, were you out walking all by yourself? If we wash that dress tonight, nobody would notice it tomorrow. You could put this on. Take your dress and put it to soak in the bathtub. Come back here and sit on the bed, and we'll have a talk. Liesl : I told you today I didn't need a governess. Well, maybe I do. Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Maria : Reverend Mother, I'm sorry. I couldn't help myself. -The hills were beckoning and... the sky was so blue today... and everything was so green and fragrant, I had to be a part of it. The Untersberg led me higher like it wanted me to go through the clouds. Mother Abbess : Suppose darkness had come and you were lost? Maria : Mother, I could never be lost up there. That's my mountain. I was brought up on it. It was the mountain that led me to you. When I was a child, I would come down and climb a tree... and look in your garden. I'd see the sisters at work and hear them sing... Which brings me to another transgression, Reverend Mother. I was singing out there today. Mother Abbess : Only in the abbey do we have rules about postulants singing. Maria : I can't stop wherever I am. Worse, I can't seem to stop saying things. Everything I think and feel.	The Sound of Music
Which mountain is known as ‘The White Spider’?	Is it possible- or could I have just imagined it \| Sound clips from The Sound of Music (1965) \| Musical Movie Sound Bites Is it possible- or could I have just imagined it Description: 3 seconds sound clip from The Sound of Music (1965) movie soundboard. File size You can hear this line at 01:13:01 in the Blu Ray version of the movie. Quote context: [...] Like this line? Share your thoughts and help others discover this quote. Name: (567 Sounds / Quotes) Tags You are using film sounds: as ringtones for sharing them with friends to see if I should buy a movie (2017) MOVIE-SOUNDS.ORG - Download and listen to lines and quotes from movies which can be used as ringtones. A movie phrases and sayings search engine. All the movie sound clips on this site are just short samples from the original sources, in mp3, wav or other popular audio formats. The copyrighted, unlicensed movie samples are shorter in comparison to the original movie. Samples do not exceed 10 seconds or less than 1% of the length of the original movie, which is shorter. All the sounds retain their original copyright as owned by their respective movie production companies (read the full disclaimer)	i don't know
Members of the 1966 World Cup winning English football team, Bobby Moore, Martin Peters and Geoff Hurst played for which league team?	England in the World Cup - 1966 Final Squad 66 Finals Squad The squad was the product of a rather protracted winnowing process. FIFA required that each national side provide a list of forty players before the end of May 1966 and a final squad of 22 players by July 3, eight days before the tournament began. Alf Ramsey named his provisional list of forty players on April 7, almost two months earlier than required to give as much notice as possible to the affected clubs. The forty included the 22 who eventually were named to the final squad, plus another eighteen: Gordon West, Everton; Tony Waiters, Blackpool; Keith Newton, Blackburn Rovers; Chris Lawler, Liverpool; Paul Reaney, Leeds United; Gordon Milne, Liverpool; Marvin Hinton, Chelsea; John Hollins, Chelsea; Tommy Smith, Liverpool; Terry Venables, Chelsea; Barry Bridges, Chelsea; Peter Thompson (who was also in the 40-man squad in 1962), Liverpool; Peter Osgood, Chelsea; Derek Temple, Everton; John Kaye, West Bromwich Albion; Fred Pickering, Everton; Joe Baker, Nottingham Forest; and Gordon Harris, Burnley. Ramsey made another squad announcement on 6 May 1966, naming the 28 players who would report for pre-tournament training at the Lilleshall national recreation centre in Shropshire on June 6. In addition to the 22 who did survive the final cut, the list of 28 included Peter Thompson, Gordon Milne and Keith Newton from the original list of 40 and three replacements - Bobby Tambling, Chelsea, for Barry Bridges; John Byrne, West Ham United, for Fred Pickering; and Brian Labone, Everton, for Marvin Hinton. The remaining 12 players from the initial list of 40 - West, Waiters, Lawler, Reaney, Hollins, Smith, Venables, Osgood, Temple, Kaye, Baker and Harris - were given stand-by status. Labone withdrew from the squad because of injury, and so only 27 players reported for training at Lilleshall on June 6. At the close of the training session on June 18, Ramsey cut five players - Tambling, John Byrne, Thompson, Milne and Newton - although asking them to remain in training at their club facilities in the event of an emergency. Following a break for a short last visit home, the 22-man squad embarked on a four-match pre-tournament tour of Europe. On July 3, the day of the third match of the tour, in Copenhagen, Ramsey formally announced the England squad to FIFA and the press. The numbers Ramsey assigned to the squad generally reflected his preferences, Nos. 1-11 constituting his first team and Nos. 12-22 the second string players. The squad as named remained intact; no replacements were needed.	West Ham United F.C.
What is the name of the four-footed herbivorous dinosaurs, with small heads and a double row of large bony plates along the back?	1966 World Cup still stirs English senses, 50 years on 1966 World Cup still stirs English senses, 50 years on Jed Court Pin it Share England's national soccer team captain Bobby Moore holding aloft the Jules Rimet trophy as he is carried by his teammates following England's victory over Germany (4-2 in extra time) in the World Cup final on July 30, 1966 (AFP Photo/STF) More Paris (AFP) - This Saturday marks 50 years since English football's finest hour, when Alf Ramsey's side beat West Germany 4-2 in an incident-packed 1966 World Cup final at Wembley. It was England's first and only World Cup triumph and, not surprisingly, is still recalled with passion and fondness. The late Bobby Moore lifted the trophy, while Geoff Hurst became the only player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final that was full of incident and controversy, some of which still burns to this day. When England started the 1966 tournament, the prospect of winning the title appeared a long way off. An opening goalless draw with Uruguay saw the team widely criticised, and their matches did not start to be sold out until the knockout stages. Comfortable victories over Mexico and France saw England safely through to the quarter-finals, where Hurst's late header saw off 10-man Argentina in a bruising encounter at Wembley. The South Americans' skipper Antonio Rattin was sent off for "violence of the tongue". Ramsey described Argentina as "animals". Bobby Charlton's stunning brace then helped the hosts past a Eusebio-inspired Portugal 2-1 in the semis, before the thrilling final at Wembley on July 30, 1966. In front of 96,000 fans, Hurst was imperious in the air once more against West Germany to cancel out Helmut Haller's early opener, and Martin Peters' 78th-minute volley appeared to have won it for England. And even though Wolfgang Weber stabbed in at the back post to force extra-time, Hurst grabbed what proved to be the winner. - Controversial winner - The West Ham United striker's shot hit the underside of the crossbar and did not appear to cross the line, but the Swiss referee Gottfried Dienst consulted with the linesman Tofiq Bahramov and awarded one of the most hotly contested goals in history. In Hurst's mind though, he still has no doubt that it was the right decision. "I turned away to celebrate but it wasn't kidology. It was 2-2, in the World Cup final," he wrote in the Mail on Sunday. "For me the clinching piece of evidence is Roger Hunt, wheeling away, instinctively, to celebrate. If you're not sure, you try to put it in and Roger didn't. It might have saved all this debate if he had, but I'm glad he didn't." Hurst added his third in the dying moments, and the game, watched by an estimated 32 million television viewers, went down in English sporting folklore. Despite controversies both in the final and throughout the competition helping them on their way to glory, England have not had as good a team since. The best chance they had of repeating the feat was probably four years later in Mexico with largely the same side, but they blew a 2-0 half-time lead to lose to West Germany in the quarter-finals. There were the 1990 World Cup and Euro 96 heartbreaks to German teams in semi-final penalty shoot-outs. The year of 1966 remains the only time England have played in a major final. Earlier this month Sam Allardyce became the 12th manager since Ramsey was sacked in 1974 to be tasked with leading England to international triumph, after Roy Hodgson was the latest to come unstuck in an embarrassing Euro 2016 exit to minnows Iceland. Perhaps all the failures in the past half a century have helped keep the 1966 final so alive in people's minds. Few are more poignant than those of Tina Moore, the wife of the England captain, who died from cancer in 1993 at the age of 51. "I can still see Bobby climbing the steps, wiping his hands so as not to soil the Queen’s white gloved hand. I recall laughing and thinking only Bobby would do such a thing, forever the gentleman," she recalled. Reblog	i don't know
In which colour strip does the England football team traditionally play home games?	FIFA World Cup 2010 - Historical Football Kits Historical Football Kits FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 The 2010 World Cup, played between 11 June and 11 July, marked the first occasion that the finals have been played on the African continent. Only the host nation received an automatic place in the finals while Italy, world champions in 2006, had to negotiate their way through the qualifying competition. Puma now supplied twelve African nations, including four qualifiers for this World Cup, with their stunning African Range strips. All twelve used the African Unity strip as third choice although these did not appear in the finals. The blue is inspired by the African sky, the brown supposedly matches soil samples taken from the continent while the gold detailing represents African sunshine. FIFA regulations required teams to wear kits that provide a high degree of contrast as well as avoiding colour clashes with opponents. Every team was guaranteed to play at least once in their first choice strip. Full details of all variants worn in the tournament are available in the Match by Match Sections. Due to the chilly conditions in which some night games were played, both long and short sleeved shirts were used: long sleeved versions are shown where the entire team turned out in this style. Second Designer: Adidas The South African team (known as Bafana Bafana) faced a difficult task to qualify from a tough group containing three experienced World Cup teams. On paper they were the weakest of the African sides competing in the finals but they could count on passionate (and noisy) home support. The new "sunshine and twilight green" home kit introduced for 2010 is on the face of it straightforward but closer examination reveals an intricate jacquard pattern woven into the body (representing the national flag) and neat embroidery at the collar and hem of the shorts. The second choice strip is basically a reversal of the "home" kit with the addition of "forest green" trim on the shirts and socks. Second Designer: Puma Uruguay hosted the first ever World Cup in 1930 and have won it twice, in 1930 and again in 1950. Prior to this they won gold medals in the 1924 and 1928 summer Olympics, which is why four stars appear above the team crest. More recently, La Celeste have struggled and this is only the second time they have reached the finals out of the last five competitions. The teams traditional colours are sky blue and black. Their Puma strip featured a multi-pointed sun motif from the national flag embossed into the fabric. Early reports that the second choice shirts would be metallic gold appear to be incorrect while the early releases of the home shirt had a red Puma logo. Second Designer: Adidas France's qualification was marred by the circumstances of the decisive play-off game against the Republic of Ireland, which was settled after Thierry Henry handled the ball on the goal line before passing to William Gallas who scored. The resulting outcry severely damaged the reputation of Henry and of the sport in general. Les Blues won the World Cup in 1998 and were beaten finalists last time out. Their new strip is a reinterpret ion of the classic 1984 shirt, worn when the team won the European Championship. The classic white change shirt with fine red and blue pinstripes reappears as second choice, embellished with navy and metallic gold trim at collar and cuffs. (Julio Lopez) Second Designer: Adidas Argentina made extremely heavy weather of qualifying, due in no small part to the eccentric selection policy of Diego Maradona, now national team coach, who picked no fewer than 56 players in 2009 alone. Nevertheless Los Albicelestes (sky blue and whites) are considered serious contenders to add a third World Cup to their tally. The stripes on the new Adidas shirt are officially described as "Colombian Blue". The change strip is, as usual, royal blue (although no doubt Adidas' marketing people have come up with a more fanciful description) and white and for 2010 features a shadow stripe on the shirts. Second Designer: Umbro With Fabio Capello in charge, England were a team transformed and qualified with some ease, losing just one game. The all-white strip introduced in 2009 not only recalls the 1970 World Cup finals but also the original colours worn when the first international fixtures were played in the 1870s. The red and white away strip deliberately evokes the 1966 World Cup final. United States of America (USA) First Second Designer: Nike Having finished as runners-up in the 2009 Confederations Cup (the rehearsal for the World Cup played in South Africa) and qualified with some ease, the Stars and Stripes were in their sixth consecutive World Cup Finals. The decision to wear a sash was almost certainly inspired by the strip worn in the historic 1-0 win the United States team achieved against England in the 1950 World Cup finals. The home strip appeared at the end of April and is white with a silver sash. The main colour of the second choice kit is described as "obsidian," a shade familiar to Arsenal supporters. Second Designer: Adidas The formidable Germans have reached the World Cup final seven times, a record shared with Brazil, and have been champions three times (FIFA considers the West German team that competed between 1950-1990 as a continuation of the united Germany team). As usual Adidas have designed a stylish variation on the traditional white shirts and black shorts, featuring a pair of narrow vertical stripes in red and gold on the left side of the chest and metallic gold trim on the socks. The crest of the Deutscher Fußball-Bund also appears in gold against a black background. The black second choice shirts may strike many as an unhappy choice: they are based on the colours worn when a German select XI played an unofficial international in Paris in 1898. Second Designer: Adidas Japan are currently one of the leading teams in Asia, having won the Asian Cup three times and qualifying four the last four World Cup finals. They have no official nickname but are sometimes referred to, rather lugubriously, as Soccer Nippon Daihyō (Japanese representatives of soccer). More recently the term Samurai Blue has come into common use. The team's first choice strip is in traditional deep blue with a red block at the collar. The national flag appears above the crest of the Japan Football Association. The second choice simply reverses the theme so all elements can be interchanged. Third Designer: Puma The exploits of the Cameroon team in the 1982 and 1990 World Cup finals served notice that African teams could challenge the leading sides from South America and Europe, paving the way for an increase from two to three African qualifiers. Les Lions Indomptables (The Indomitable Lions) have appeared regularly in the finals ever since (although they missed out on the 2006 tournament) and have won the African Cup of Nations four times. Cameroon have in the past fallen foul of FIFA with sleeveless and one-piece playing kits but their new Puma African strips avoid further controversy. The lion motif appears as an additional crest and as a jacquard print on the green first choice shirts while interesting paint-effect" stripes decorate the yellow second-choice top. The team habitually switch their shorts and socks to avoid clashes with opponents. Second Designer: Puma Italy are holders of the FIFA World Cup and have won the competition four times, making them second only to Brazil in the history of the competition. They team are known as Azzuri after the colour of their shirts, which are taken from the colours of the Royal House of Savoy under whom Italy was unified in 1861. The Italians can usually be relied upon to wear stylish outfits and the sets unveiled for 2010 are no exception. The first choice strip is in traditional azzuri blue, a shade lighter than usual and features a dramatic jacquard print on the front and back of the shirt. Although traditionally Italy wear white shorts, they have opted for blue this year, which is what they wore when they won in 2006. Second Designer: Nike Brazil are, quite simply the most successful team in the history of the World Cup. Champions five times, they have appeared in every finals tournament. Although the team's green trimmed gold shirts, blue shorts and white socks have become iconic, they did not appear until March 1954 after the newspaper, Correio da Manhã, ran a competition to design a more patriotic strip to replace the all-blue outfit worn at the time. Nike have made only changes in the detailing of both first and second choice strips for 2010. The blue second strip has a pattern of fine dots over the body. Second Designer: Legea No-one old enough to remember the 1966 World Cup finals will ever forget the exploits of the diminutive North Korean team who beat Italy 1-0 to qualify for the quarter-finals where they went 3-0 up against Portugal before conceding five to lose the match. Although North and South Korea are still technically at war, the teams met in the qualifying competition. The first match was moved to Shanghai after the North Korean government refused to allow the South Korean flag to be flown or the anthem to be played in Pyongyang. After the DPRK team lost the return leg in Seoul their coach accused their opponents of poisoning his team. The team plays in all-red but the commercial exploitation of replica kits is not a priority in the workers' paradise and in the few warm up matches they have played in strips by various manufacturers. Against Venezuela they had to borrow a set from the home team after their own were lost in transit. However, HFK has learned that their strips for the finals are supplied by Italian company, Legea. Second Designer: Nike Despite having regularly produced brilliant footballers of the caliber of Eusebio and Luis Figo, the Portuguese national team has made a limited impact on the world stage. This is only the fifth time they have reached the finals although they finished third in 1966, fourth in 2006 and, of course they famously lost to Greece in the final of Euro 2004 played on their home territory. The second choice strip, which was unveiled first, features a striking broad vertical stripe in the national colours of red and green, reminiscent of Mexico's change strip from 1978. The home strip features an equally striking horizontal band in green with a very fine pattern of red dots. Second Designer: Puma The Swiss team is making its ninth appearance but only the third since 1970. They have a modest record in the finals and have not got past the second round (or Round of 16) since 1954. Their new strip is a variation of their traditional red shirts and white shorts in Puma's new template. The Swiss have taken advantage of FIFA regulations that permit a national emblem to appear on shirts as well as the logo of the Swiss Football Federation and makers' trademark. Replica shirts carry the logotype of the Credit Suisse bank (who sponsor the team) but sponsorship is not permitted in the World Cup finals. The second strip more or less a reversed version of the first choice kit. (Mark Felix-Johnson)	White
What is the name of the wizard and Leader of the Fellowship of the Ring in Tolkein’s ‘The Lord of the Rings’?	England will wear all-white kit at the World Cup after caving in to new FIFA demands - Mirror Online Sport England will wear all-white kit at the World Cup after caving in to new FIFA demands FIFA want sides to wear singled-coloured kits in order to improve the quality of high-def television pictures from Brazil Share All-white on the night: England went one-colour in Euro 2012 (Photo: Getty) Share Get football updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email England will ditch their traditional kit for an all-white World Cup strip after bowing to demands from FIFA . The Zurich bureaucrats have urged nations to adopt predominantly single-coloured kits to improve the quality of HD pictures from Brazil. And it means Roy Hodgson’s men will run out in Manaus, Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte in their World Cup group clashes wearing a kit that some old-school fans will not appreciate. While the hosts are understood to be ignoring FIFA’s request and sticking with their canary yellow shirts and blue shorts, England are following other major countries and falling into line. Germany last month revealed their all-white design, ditching their traditional black shorts. Spain will be all-red, Portugal all Port-red and Italy all blue, although France are sticking with white shorts under their blue shirts. And the FA and strip manufacturers Nike have agreed a new all-white outfit which will be unveiled before the Wembley farewell friendly against Peru in May.	i don't know
Orso is Italian for which animal?	bear - Dizionario inglese-italiano WordReference resistere a vi He knew his alibi would bear scrutiny, so he had no problem telling it to the detectives. Sapeva che il suo alibi avrebbe dovuto superare i controlli e non ha avuto problemi a dirlo ai poliziotti. bear [sb] an heir vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (give birth to: son, daughter, heir) (specifico: figlio, erede) dare ⇒ vtr The Queen bore her husband three daughters. La Regina ha dato al marito tre figlie. bear [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." formal (produce: fruit, etc.) (frutti) My horrible childhood doesn't bear talking about. Non vale la pena parlare della mia orribile infanzia. La mia orribile infanzia non merita che se ne parli. bear [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (ill will, resentment: harbour) (figurato: rancore, ecc.) nutrire ⇒ , covare ⇒ vtr George doesn't bear any ill will towards people whose views are completely different from his own. George non nutre sentimenti negativi verso chi ha delle opinioni completamente diverse dalle sue. bear [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (display, show [sth]) tenere il muso, tenere il broncio vtr He bore a grudge against his brothers. bear a grudge against [sb] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (be resentful) portare rancore verso [qlcn] vtr tenere il muso a [qlcn], tenere il broncio a [qlcn] vtr Fred bore a grudge against his brothers. bear a grudge against [sb] for [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (be resentful) portare rancore verso [qlcn] per [qlcs] vtr tenere il muso a [qlcn] per [qlcs], tenere il broncio a [qlcn] per [qlcs] vtr Julie bears a grudge against her neighbour for cutting down a hedge that was actually on Julie's property. bear a resemblance to [sb] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (look like [sb]) darci dentro vi You have to know when to conserve your strength and when to bear down with every bit of energy you have. Dovete sapere quando conservare le forze e quando mettercela tutta con tutte le energie che avete. bear down on [sth/sb] vtr phrasal insepphrasal verb, transitive, inseparable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, not divisible--for example,"go with" [=combine nicely]: "Those red shoes don't go with my dress." NOT [S]"Those red shoes don't go my dress with."[/S] (push, press on) esercitare pressione su, premere su vi Bear down on the pen to make clear carbon copies. Per ottenere delle copie carbone nitide, esercitate pressione sulla penna. bear down on [sb/sth] vtr phrasal insepphrasal verb, transitive, inseparable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, not divisible--for example,"go with" [=combine nicely]: "Those red shoes don't go with my dress." NOT [S]"Those red shoes don't go my dress with."[/S] UK (rush towards) avvicinarsi rapidamente a, avvicinarsi di corsa a v rif The truck came bearing down on the brothers as they were crossing the street. bear down on [sb] vtr phrasal insepphrasal verb, transitive, inseparable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, not divisible--for example,"go with" [=combine nicely]: "Those red shoes don't go with my dress." NOT [S]"Those red shoes don't go my dress with."[/S] figurative (weigh heavily upon) seguire la linea dura con vi The weight of Emma's financial worries were bearing down on her. bear down on [sb] vtr phrasal insepphrasal verb, transitive, inseparable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, not divisible--for example,"go with" [=combine nicely]: "Those red shoes don't go with my dress." NOT [S]"Those red shoes don't go my dress with."[/S] (approach threateningly) The man was bearing down on Jim along the path. bear false witness v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (lie in court) (diritto) The law takes the act of bearing false witness very seriously. bear false witness v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (Bible: lie about [sb]) (comandamenti cristiani) dire falsa testimonianza vtr The sin of bearing false witness is a serious offense before God. bear false witness against [sb] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (Bible: lie about [sb]) (comandamenti cristiani) dire falsa testimonianza su [qlcn] vtr You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. bear fruit vtr + n Possono passare anche diversi anni prima che un nuovo albero di limoni inizi a fruttificare. bear fruit vtr + n dare frutti, dare i suoi frutti vtr It started as a brainstorm idea but gradually it began to bear fruit. ⓘQuesta frase non è una traduzione della frase inglese. Il progetto inizia a dare i suoi frutti. bear hug nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. figurative (affectionate embrace) abbraccio forte, abbraccio affettuoso nm bear in mind that, bear [sth] in mind v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (consider, take into account) Bear in mind that we already have an enormous sum invested in the project. ⓘQuesta frase non è una traduzione della frase inglese. Tieni presente che può essere pericoloso. tenere conto, considerare ⇒ vtr ⓘQuesta frase non è una traduzione della frase inglese. Tieni conto che alle 5 la biblioteca chiude. bear market nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (stock trading: market in which prices are falling) mercato in ribasso nm Oil prices are currently in a bear market. bear no resemblance to [sth/sb] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (be totally unlike) non assomigliare per niente a vi The boy bears no resemblance to his father or his other brother. Il ragazzino non assomiglia per niente né al padre né al fratello. bear on [sth] vtr phrasal insepphrasal verb, transitive, inseparable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, not divisible--for example,"go with" [=combine nicely]: "Those red shoes don't go with my dress." NOT [S]"Those red shoes don't go my dress with."[/S] formal (be relevant) He said it was a job for younger men, and the statistic bear him out. Ha detto che era un lavoro per giovani, e le statistiche avvalorano la sua tesi. bear pit nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (area where bears are kept in captivity) (zoo) recinto dell'orso nm bear repeating v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (be worth saying again) valere la pena di ripetere ⇒ vtr bear scrutiny v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (withstand examination) superare un esame, superare una prova vi reggere alla prova dei fatti vi bear testament to [sth], be testament to [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (confirm, be evidence of [sth]) testimoniare ⇒ , confermare ⇒ vtr The examination results bear testament to everyone's hard work. I risultati dell'indagine testimoniano il buon lavoro di tutti. bear testament to [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (be evidence of [sth], confirm [sth]) testimoniare ⇒ , confermare ⇒ vtr The examination results bear testament to everyone's hard work. I risultati dell'esame testimoniano il duro lavoro di tutti. bear the brunt of [sth], take the brunt of [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (take the worst of [sth]'s impact) essere maggiormente colpito da, essere danneggiato più di tutti da vi bear the cost v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (pay) farsi carico dei costi, farsi carico degli oneri, farsi carico delle spese, sobbarcarsi i costi vtr xxx bear the cost of [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (pay) farsi carico dei costi, farsi carico degli oneri, farsi carico delle spese, sobbarcarsi i costi vtr bear the expense v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (pay) accollarsi le spese di [qlcs], sobbarcarsi le spese di [qlcs], farsi carico delle spese di [qlcs] vtr farsi carico dei costi [qlcs], sobbarcarsi i costi di [qlcs], accollarsi i costi di [qlcs] vtr Her father is bearing the expense of the wedding. Suo padre si accolla i costi del matrimonio. bear the expense of [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (pay) accollarsi le spese, sobbarcarsi le spese, farsi carico delle spese vtr farsi carico dei costi, sobbarcarsi i costi, accollarsi i costi vtr bear the name of [sb] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (be named after) portare il nome di [qlcn] vi Many butterfly species bear the name of their discoverers. Molte specie di farfalla portano il nome dei loro scopritori. bear trap nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (snare to catch bears) Dalla trappola per orsi, una volta entrato, l'orso non riesce più a tornare indietro. L'animale era bloccato dalla tagliola. bear trap nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. figurative, UK (stock market indicator) (figurato: finanziario) trappola per orsi nf L'ultimo tonfo del mercato potrebbe essere una drammatica trappola per orsi. bear up vi phrasalphrasal verb, intransitive: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning and not taking direct object--for example, "make up" [=reconcile]: "After they fought, they made up." (endure [sth] difficult) She is bearing up well despite the pressure she is under. bear up vi phrasalphrasal verb, intransitive: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning and not taking direct object--for example, "make up" [=reconcile]: "After they fought, they made up." (remain strong in adversity) (figurato) bear upon [sth] vi + prep formal (be relevant) How will these new findings bear upon our approach to educating children? bear with [sb] vtr phrasal insepphrasal verb, transitive, inseparable: Verb with adverb(s) or preposition(s), having special meaning, not divisible--for example,"go with" [=combine nicely]: "Those red shoes don't go with my dress." NOT [S]"Those red shoes don't go my dress with."[/S] (be patient) portare pazienza con [qlcn], portare pazienza nei confronti di [qlcn], avere pazienza con [qlcn] vtr I asked them to bear with me while I checked the details of their booking. Chiesi loro di portare pazienza nei miei confronti mentre controllavo i dettagli della loro prenotazione. Bear with me interjinterjection: Exclamation--for example, "Oh no!" "Wow!" (Please be patient) abbi pazienza, porta pazienza inter Please bear with me - this will only take five minutes. So che è tardi ma porta pazienza, dobbiamo assolutamente finire questo lavoro e non manca molto. bear witness to [sth] vtr + n (testify)	Bear
What is the first name of Jamaican-born retired boxer Razor Ruddock?	French Translation of “bear” \| Collins English-French Dictionary to bring sth to bear on sth (= use to deal with sth) faire peser qch sur qch Example Sentences Including 'bear' It rushed towards the door, some big hairy breed with a gruff deep bark like a bear. Stuart Harrison BETTER THAN THIS (2002) He was smiling at me, a beatific smile that absurdly reminded me of Jessica's grinning teddy bear. Hugo Wilcken THE EXECUTION (2002) The idea of one of his men waking to find an inquisitive demon poking around in his equipment did not bear thinking about. Jennifer Fallon TREASON KEEP (2001)	i don't know
The Notting Hill Carnival in London is held during which month of the year?	By Hayley Joyes Posted: Tuesday September 27 2016 Notting Hill Carnival Notting Hill Carnival, Europe’s biggest street festival, is a vivid spectacle representing London's multicultural past and present. It's also a vital date in any party-lover's diary. But, whatever you do, don’t go anywhere without reading our guide, which includes invaluable information about Notting Hill Carnival. Looking for route details and tips on having fun, while staying safe? You've come to the right place. And for all the essential details you need for the big weekend, have a glance at these FAQs below: Which weekend does Notting Hill Carnival take place? Carnival traditionally takes place on the bank holiday weekend at the end of August. Where does Notting Hill Carnival take place? Spread throughout W10 in west London, the Carnival celebrations take over the areas of Notting Hill, Ladbroke Grove and Westbourne Park. What's the best way to get there? Take the tube to the outskirts and join the masses in walking towards the parade route. The nearest tube stations without disruptions are Holland Park, High Street Kensington, Queen's Park, Shepherd's Bush, Bayswater and Paddington, while Notting Hill Gate, Royal Oak and Westbourne Park usually have amended operating times. For more in-depth travel info, read our round-up of everything you need to know about Notting Hill Carnival. What time does everything kick off? The Carnival floats and bands set off in the morning on both Sunday and Monday. What is Notting Hill Carnival? A celebration of the capital's Caribbean communities, their culture and traditions, which has been taking place since 1964, featuring two days of fantastic live music ranging from reggae to dub to salsa. The celebrations also include soca floats, steel bands and a whole lot of jerk chicken and fried plantain. We'll be updating this page with details for 2017 as soon as they're announced. Notting Hill Carnival essential info Download your Carnival map The procession route, soundsystems, toilets and safe spots – here are your main stopping points at this year's Carnival in one downloadable map Travel and important information Whether you're travelling by bus, tube or on foot, get the latest transport, family day and essential Carnival information here Notting Hill Carnival features A look at Notting Hill Carnival history Music Notting Hill Carnival from the Time Out archive Pictures from 1975-1990, the Time Out archive has thrown up some fascinating photos and pictures from Notting Hill Carnival Music In pictures: Notting Hill Carnival 2015 Take a look at last year's fabulous parade in all its multicoloured, feathery, sequinned glory Music What we wore to Notting Hill Carnival How much has fashion changed over the history of Carnival? See archive photos and read memories of Notting Hill Carnival fashion from four generations of carnivalgoers Music This one time at Notting Hill Carnival… Carival dancers, Shy FX, Toddla T and The Heatwave tell us their favourite Notting Hill Carnival memories Explore Notting Hill	August
Which composer wrote the ‘Brandenburg Concertos’?	2016 August Events in London \| London Airport Transfers Date: 1st – 31st August 2016 Venue: The West End, Soho, London, WC2H 7BP Kids Week 2016 , returns back in its 19th year as summer treat for families with an Incredible 36 shows, one among the most anticipated annual events of London. It introduces the magic of the stage to thousands of young people. In 2016, it is offering an awesome selection of dazzling Westend entertainment spanning world famous long-running musicals, Olivier Award-winning plays, family classics and much-admired dance. For Every ticket you buy to participate in the show, you’ll receive one free ticket for one child aged 16 or younger, plus the chance to purchase two children’s tickets in half-price. There are no booking, postage or transaction fee. In Kids week, there is something for everyone. It is your wish whether you take part in energetic dance, toe tapping musical shows, workshops, look behind the scenes of theatre, drama, music, writing- arts or other plays. London Camden Fringe 2016 Date: 1st – 28th August 2016 Venue: Hampstead Road, Camden, London NW1 2PY This August you will witness the celebration of theatre, Comedy and Fringe Fun at London Camden Fringe with over 250 different productions on at 25 venues. It is 11th year of Camden Fringe with full line-up of events nearly 900+ are available to view in North London throughout this August. For four weeks in this Summer, London Camden Fringe provides an array of entertainment including edgy stand-up comedy, rapping OAPs and modern adaptations of Shakespeare. Camden Fringe offers a fresh opportunity for both new and established opportunity to present and showcase their talents, from very knowledgeable performers and companies to motivated newcomers. London Triathlon 2016 Date: 6th- 7th August 2016 Location: Royal Victoria Dock, 1 Western Gateway, London E16 1XL London’s Major triathlon returns to Excel Centre, London and it is world’s largest event attracting over 13,000 participants and 30,000 spectators each year over two days. It is an iconic event in sporting calendar with various routes and distances and a wave categories to choose there is something for all triathletes with different abilities and ambitions. The London Triathlon Expo 2016 is sponsored by Virgin Active and strongly focuses on raising charity. It is an expo that takes around the finish line of triathlon race with fantastic features including professional cycling, swimming and running. It provides an opportunity to run through Canary Wharf, swim in London Docklands and cycling in Big Ben. Don’t miss this opportunity to watch the athletes fighting across three different disciplines at the heart of the London, Triathlon EXPO 2016 Visions Festival 2016 Date: 6th August 2016 Venue: St John at Hackney Church, Lower Clapton Road, E5 0PD The Most popular one day Fest of London, Visions Festival celebration of underground music, street food and art. It is its fourth year taking place at five venues and three outdoor spaces in Hackney. At Hackney it brings to big dose of creative fun this summer and it is open for public in the beautiful grounds of St John Church with a variety of offers. At Courtyard there will be further food options and there will also be arrangement of Non-musical activities, markets, exhibitions and a like. Book your tickets in advance to ensure a guaranteed entry at Hackney and tickets at cheaper prices. London Airport Transfers provides its Executive car services to Hackney Church from all Major airport terminals. The Great British Beer Festival Date: 9th-13th August 2016 Venue: Hammersmith Road, Kensington, London W14 8UX Great British Beer Festival , Britain’s biggest beer festival returns to Olympia London from 9th August to 13th August offering a best selection of real ales, ciders, lagers, Perris and other international beers. Over 900 beers Ciders and Perris are presenting not only UK but from overseas. So here everyone can find something that suits your taste. At Olympia London, in London Beer Festival, there will be many exciting activities to enjoy, delicious food, live music and many more. It presents your favorite local top 10 brewery bars including Fuller’s, Brains, Hogsback, Wadworth and brewer of Bombardier, Charles Wells. If you’re looking for a little enlightenment and the tutored tastings, then don’t miss the chance to attend Beer Festival organized by CAMRA (campaign for Real Ale) Notting Hill Carnival Date: 28th-29th August 2016 Venue: The Notting Hall, London W11 3AY Europe’s biggest street festival, the Notting Hall held in the streets of West London celebrates Caribbean culture and traditions in London. Annual Carnival Festival in Streets of West London attracting hundreds and thousands of visitors in London and continues to grow its popularity. Over 50,000 performers in the parade and more than 30 sound systems, with more than 1 million people attending over the carnival weekend. The Notting Hill Carnival generally gets happening on the Saturday with a steel band competition. Sunday is Kids’ Day, when the costume prizes are awarded. On Bank Holiday, Monday, sees the main parade. In the evening, the floats leave the streets in procession and people carry on partying at the many Notting Hill Carnival after-parties. London Airport Transfers provides Premier car services to above events in London during the month of August. Our services are available 24*7 from all major airports in London at affordable prices. We advise you to pre-book our airport transfer services to ensure safe and comfortable ride to above venues of London Events.	i don't know
A florican is what type of creature?	Is there hope for the Bengal florican? \| Fauna & Flora International Fauna & Flora International Home » blog » Is there hope for the Bengal florican? Is there hope for the Bengal florican? Posted on: 22.05.13 (Last edited) 22 May 2013 Today is the International Day for Biological Diversity, an opportunity to increase understanding and awareness of biodiversity issues. To commemorate the occasion, Fauna & Flora International’s Jeremy Holden tells us about his encounter with Cambodia’s rarest bird species. It seems incredible that on such a huge planet as ours some species survive in extremely low numbers. During the last days of April I drove out of Phnom Penh to look for one of these species – the Bengal florican, Cambodia ’s rarest bird. It was the last chance I would get to see them this dry season, because once the rains start and the water begins to inundate the seasonal flood plains where the floricans breed, the birds must move on. There are an estimated 300 floricans remaining in Cambodia, and perhaps twice as many in Nepal and northern Indian, meaning that the global population could be fewer than 1,000 birds. Throughout their range their numbers are steadily diminishing, with habitat loss blamed as the primary factor. At the current rate of decline the Cambodian population is predicted to become extinct in less than a decade. The bold markings of the male Bengal florican make him easy to spot on the open grassland habitat he prefers. Credit: Jeremy Holden/FFI. Over two days we saw about 10 individuals – perhaps 1% of the global population. The male is a striking bird, the size of a turkey on long stilt legs. His inky black upper parts and bold white wings (which appear as a thick white bar when closed) make him easy to spot in the flat grasslands. This is for good reason. The floricans are visual creatures. Although they make a call it is a surprisingly quiet noise for such a big bird – a soft but far carrying k’sup that gives the bird its Khmer name. The males guard their territories with a display flight, rising into the air like a huge white moth, before flopping back down. This display can be seen from a long way off and males constantly seem to be scanning the horizon for evidence of rivals. By contrast the female is far more discreet, so much so that actually finding one is difficult. Like many bird species, she is cryptically coloured to match the striations of the grass in which she nests. But the females also seem to be naturally scarcer. We saw only one, squatting in the grass, perhaps hoping to fool us with her camouflage. The female floricans appear to be much scarcer and are certainly harder to spot. Credit: Jeremy Holden/FFI. Seeing a rare creature is always a thrill, but for me it is often accompanied by a sense of sadness, too. I realised while I was looking at the males displaying – driven by their instincts and completely unaware of how precarious their situation is – that if this population does decline to a single male, he would continue to display and scan the horizon for rivals or a cryptically-coloured mate. A futile activity, but he would have no choice. A relative of the florican, the great bustard, has already suffered this fate in England. Once Britain’s biggest native bird, the last British population disappeared in the mid-19th century, a victim of trophy hunting. But in recent years a programme to reintroduce these birds to Sailsbury Plain in Wiltshire appears to be flourishing and the great bustard is back on the UK bird list. Watching the antics of the floricans reminded me of another British bird, the red kite. Twenty years ago I made a similar pilgrimage to Aberystwyth to see the UK’s last population of these beautiful raptors. At that time there were perhaps 20 birds left. Two decades later and this same rarity can now commonly be seen above my home village in Bedfordshire – a result of a reintroduction initiative, changing agricultural practices, and protection. It is unlikely that red kites will haunt the skies of London as they formerly did, but in the countryside they seem back to stay. The great bustards are probably more precarious, needing the type of open habitat that is now scarce in England, but at least on Sailsbury Plain they are back. The male florican uses his striking white wings to good effect during his display flight. Credit: Jeremy Holden/FFI. But what is the future of the florican? Changing agricultural practices are altering the way the landscape is used and in consequence destroying their habitat. Although conservation work by Wildlife Conservation Society and Cambodia’s Forestry Administration is underway, the pressures of development might prove too great. What is clear, however, is that as long as there are individuals remaining there is still a chance. The great bustards and red kites have proved that. As conservationists we must be like that last imagined male florican – always scanning the horizon for hope. May 22nd is the International Day for Biological Diversity. You can read more about this occasion and it’s history from the Convention on Biological Diversity website . Written by Jeremy Holden Jeremy Holden is a photographer and field biologist who has worked in association with Fauna & Flora International since 1995. He specialises in camera trapping rare and cryptic animals in the rainforests of Southeast Asia.	Bird
What is the Latin phrase ‘ad lib’ short for?	Meet the Ten Most Endangered and Distinctive Birds in the World - Scientific American Blog Network Report Ad Left: New Caledonian owlet-nightjar Right: Giant ibis. Credit: L: Joseph Smit R: Henrik Grönvold The world's 100 most endangered and unique birds have been ranked in a newly published study, and the list includes a corpse-eater with legendary skills of decapitation, a shameless self-inflator, and the world’s heftiest parrot. Conducted by a team from Yale University, Simon Fraser University, and the Zoological Society of London, the study analyses where the 9,993 recognised species of birds in the world live; how many relatives they have (very few means better evolutionary distinctness); and how at risk they are in their environment. Published in the latest edition of Current Biology, the study is the first of its kind, and highlights the species we should be focusing our conservation efforts on the most. “We … found that if we prioritise threatened birds by their distinctness, we actually preserve very close to the maximum possible amount of evolution,” said one of the team, biologist Arne Mooers from Simon Fraser University in Canada. “This means our method can identify those species we cannot afford to lose and it can be used to preserve the information content represented by all species into the future. Both are major goals for conservation biology.” Here are the top 10 birds on the list: 1. Giant ibis Far more majestic than its smaller, garbage-diving relatives, the giant ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea) has been declared the most endangered and evolutionarily distinctive bird in the world. Native to the marshes, wide rivers, and seasonal water meadows of northern Cambodia, with a few individuals hiding out in southern Laos and perhaps Vietnam, these are some huge birds. They stand around a metre tall and weigh over 4 kg, and carry a dusty brown hue across their plumage and exposed skin. Next to nothing is known about their breeding habits, and it’s estimated that just over 100 breeding pairs are left in the wild. Relentless deforestation, droughts, and hunting have together contributed to this species’ rapid decline. 2. New Caledonian owlet-nightjar By far the most elusive species of bird in the world, the New Caledonian owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles savesi) has not been seen alive since 1998. The species is found only in the humid forests of New Caledonia - a little archipelago 1,210 km to the east of Australia - and is known from just two preserved specimens. One of these was the first New Caledonian owlet-nightjar ever found, and was identified when it flew into someone’s window in 1880. The other specimen is dated to 1915. A couple of expeditions to New Caledonia in 2002 and 2007 failed to produce a single sighting. It's thought there are between 1 and 49 adults left in the wild. Clockwise from top: Kakapo; California Condor; Kagu: Kakapo. Credit: jidanchaomian/Flickr; Jerry Thompson1; David Ringer/Flickr; Department of Conservation NZ 3. California condor If you're caught one too many times knee-deep in the carrion you're currently enjoying as your lunch, you're pretty much guaranteed to find yourself the subject of some kind of horrific mythology. The Native American tribes of California held several beliefs about the California condor, none more literally blood-soaked than that of the Mono people of the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Eastern Sierra, and the Mono Basin. According to legend, the California condor would seize humans, cut off their heads, and drain their blood in order to flood the home of a figure known simply as the Ground Squirrel. The Condor would grab the Ground Squirrel as he fled from his burrow, but as he lowered his head to drink his victim's blood, the Ground Squirrel would cut off the Condor's head. It was also believed that by wearing their feathers, the 'money finders' of the Mono tribe could inherit the California condor's keen eyesight to help them seek out lost valuables. Nowadays, the California condor's decline has been pinned to its low output of offspring, poaching, lead poisoning, and habitat destruction. According to a study published in 2012 , the leading cause of mortality in young condors is eating trash fed to them by their parents. 4. Kakapo I could tell you about the gorgeous and endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) from New Zealand, but why would I, when I could get Stephen Fry to do a much more charming job of it himself. "Look, he's so happy": 5. Kagu Something tells me, just by looking at it, that this incredibly elegant bird wouldn't be caught dead ripping people's heads off or trying to mate with them. Known locally in its native New Caledonia as 'the ghost of the forest', the ash-white, almost flightless kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus) is the only living representative of the entire Rhynochetidae clade. While the largest island of the New Caledonian archipelago, Grand Terre, has adopted the heron-like bird as its national emblem, that hasn't stopped its introduced dogs, cats, and pigs from relentlessly picking them off. Habitat loss has also led to the species' steep decline over the last 20 years. 6. Bengal florican Native to the grasslands and open forest of Cambodia, the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) can also be found thousands of kilometres away in a second tiny population along the base of the Himalayas. It's thought that there are currently fewer than 1,000 adults left in the wild, so the Cambodian government has established six Bengal Florican Conservation Areas in order to protect 173 square kilometres of breeding habitat in the grasslands and 138 square kilometres of open forest. They've also been working on awareness programs for local communities, which will hopefully see a reduction in poaching. A number of farmers living close to the conservation areas have joined a wildlife-friendly farming scheme as part of the program. Left: Forest owlet. Right: Philippines Eagle. Credit: Tarique Sani/Flickr; iStockPhoto 7. Forest owlet Don't be fooled - this stocky little bird might look docile, but you wouldn't want to get in its way when it's hungry. The forest owlet (Heteroglaux blewitti) wields ridiculously huge talons, which it uses to snare prey animals up to twice its own size. The critically endangered species has been reduced to a tiny, fragmented population in central India, which remains threatened by the ongoing loss of deciduous forest in the area. For over a century, the species was assumed to be extinct, until it was rediscovered in 1997 in Maharashtra by American ornithologist, Pamela Rasmussen . The population is estimated at between 70 and 400 individuals. Read about how scientific fraud almost led to this tiny owl’s extinction. 8. Philippine eagle With its shaggy bronze mane and proud white chest, the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) is about as magestic as a bird can get. Capable of growing to more than a metre long and 8 kg in weight, this stunning creature is the largest eagle in the world, in terms of length. Found only in the Philippines, it was was originally named the 'monkey-eating eagle', thanks to an assumption that it preyed exclusively on primates. Later studies confirmed that monkeys, and pretty much everything else was fair game, from civets and hornbills to large snakes and monitor lizards. One of the big hurdles in conserving the Philippine eagle is that each breeding pair requires a range up to 40 square kilometres to adequately feed and rear their offspring, which makes it particularly vulnerable to deforestation. It's thought that the wild population currently stands at around 180 to 500 mature adults. Christmas Island frigate bird. Credit: Max Orchard; Parks Australia 9. Christmas Island frigatebird Maybe I've been playing too much Dark Souls, but if someone approached me with a swollen skin-balloon anchored to their throat and chest area, my first move would be to reach for my Havel and Antiquated armour sets and brace myself for a heavy bout of cursing cloud . But I'm clearly not a frigatebird, so what would I know. Also, ladies, the Christmas Island frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi) can do other things besides very conspicuous self-inflation. It happens to belong to the Fregatidae family of birds that boast the largest wingspan to body weight ratio in the world, which means it can stay happily aloft for more than a week at a time without rest. It's also pretty great at performing kleptoparasitism, which means stealing food from other birds, so that's something. This critically endangered native Australian species is currently sitting at an estimate of 2400 to 4800 adults left in the wild. 10. Sumatran ground-cuckoo (Carpococcyx viridis) This striking little forest-dweller hails from the thick, humid rainforests of southern Sumatra. It keeps to the forest floor, where its dull green, brown, and black plumage works as fantastic camouflage, unlike the bright ring of turquoise, blue and magenta that orbits its eyes. It's known from just eight specimens, and it's thought that there are just 70 to 400 individuals left in the wild. In 2007, its call was recorded for the first time , its song resembling something of an awkward "double squark". View the list of 100 most distinctive and endangered species here . Related posts:	i don't know
Who starred as Lieutenant Danny Roman in the 1998 film ‘The Negotiator’?	The Negotiator (1998) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error In a desperate attempt to prove his innocence, a skilled police negotiator accused of corruption and murder takes hostages in a government office to gain the time he needs to find the truth. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 28 titles created 16 May 2014 a list of 29 titles created 03 Jun 2015 a list of 40 titles created 19 Nov 2015 a list of 45 titles created 3 months ago a list of 30 titles created 1 month ago Search for " The Negotiator " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards » Videos In Canton, Mississippi, a fearless young lawyer and his assistant defend a black man accused of murdering two white men who raped his 10-year-old daughter, inciting a revolt by local racist groups. Director: Joel Schumacher The story of what happens one day in New York when a young lawyer and a businessman share a small automobile accident on F.D.R. Drive and their mutual road rage escalates into a feud. Director: Roger Michell Extreme measures are necessary to contain an epidemic of a deadly airborne virus. But how extreme, exactly? Director: Wolfgang Petersen A lawyer becomes a target by a corrupt politician and his NSA goons when he accidentally receives key evidence to a serious politically motivated crime. Director: Tony Scott An attorney defends an officer on trial for ordering his troops to fire on civilians after they stormed a U.S. embassy in a third world country. Director: William Friedkin New York City police detective John Shaft (nephew of the original 1970s detective) goes on a personal mission to make sure the son of a real estate tycoon is brought to justice after a racially-motivated murder. Director: John Singleton A DEA agent investigates the disappearance of a legendary Army ranger drill sergeant and several of his cadets during a training exercise gone severely awry. Director: John McTiernan A juror on the inside and a woman on the outside manipulate a court trial involving a major gun manufacturer. Director: Gary Fleder An imprisoned drug kingpin offers a huge cash reward to anyone that can break him out of police custody and only the LAPD's Special Weapons and Tactics team can prevent it. Director: Clark Johnson PROT is a patient at a mental hospital who claims to be from a far away planet. His psychiatrist tries to help him, only to begin to doubt his own explanations. Director: Iain Softley A young boy who witnessed the suicide of a mafia lawyer hires an attorney to protect him when the District Attorney tries to use him to take down a mob family. Director: Joel Schumacher A law student uncovers a conspiracy, putting herself and others in danger. Director: Alan J. Pakula Edit Storyline In the midst of an elaborate conspiracy, an expert negotiator is driven to the edge when he's framed for the murder of his partner, as well as embezzling money from his department's pension fund. His only chance to prove his innocence is to take hostages himself, acquire the services of another expert negotiator, and find out who's running the conspiracy before it's too late. Written by Ted Walters He frees hostages for a living. Now he's taking hostages to survive. See more » Genres: Rated R for violence and language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 29 July 1998 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $10,218,831 (USA) (31 July 1998) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Kevin Spacey and J.T. Walsh previously appeared in Dad (1989) and Outbreak (1995). Another link in common between both actors is that they both played the role of John Williamson in David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross: Walsh in the original stage play and Spacey in the 1992 film version. See more » Goofs Although the movie is set in Illinois, two of the volumes in Niebaum's office are from Ohio Jurisprudence. See more » Quotes Lieutenant Chris Sabian : I can't believe this, I'm just surrounded by a room of people who wanna go in there and kill him. This is the guy who call you friend. I got nothing invested in this. I wonder why that is, or maybe someday we'll find out. (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews I know very little about the movie industry, directing, producing and the like but I know when I really enjoy a movie, and I enjoyed this one so much I am making my first ever comment on a movie on this site. Having just watched this movie for the first time, I have been riveted to my seat. The twists and turns were so good even I didn't know who to trust! I was wrong about some of the cops I thought were dirty, right about others and the end took me by surprise. Although a long film, the pace of events and quality acting kept me interested from the first minute to the last one. This is probably the best thriller I have seen this year and I recommend it to anyone who is looking for a good thriller with a few action moments thrown in intelligently for good measure. All credit must go to Samuel L Jackson for a great performance in playing a specialist police officer who finds himself an innocent fall guy, supported very well by the late J. T. Walsh, who seemed to always play dislikable characters. Jackson makes his character an actor himself, as a psychopath to the cops he holds at bay and a careful family man to his new wife whilst slowly but surely convincing his hostages of his innocence. Similar credit for great performances go to Kevin Spacey as the neutral respected negotiator dropped into a tense situation completely blind to events, and I have yet to see a poor performance by David Morse, who followed up this film with another good performance in "The Green Mile". My work as a real police officer in England seems so ordinary and boring by comparison! 24 of 30 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Samuel L. Jackson
Stonewall is a CDP (Census-designated place) in which US state?	'The Negotiator' (R) 'The Negotiator': Two Stars Lost in the Plot Twists By Stephen Hunter Samuel L. Jackson takes hostages in "The Negotiator." (Warner Bros.) Director: 2 hours, 21 minutes Violence and profanity "The Negotiator" is a whodunit so bafflingly constructed that you can't even figure out what it is, so the whodun part is superfluous. Squandering the gargantuan talents of Samuel L. Jackson and Kevin Spacey, it follows two professional police negotiators the guys who try to talk crazed hostage-takers into surrender who unite in an effort to figure out who's siphoning money from a police retirement fund. Unfortunately, they do this while one of them is holding six hostages and daring the entire SWAT population of Chicago's law enforcement community to blow him out of his Reeboks. Though handsome to look at, the film is about five rewrites shy of intelligibility. It seems like a slick action film grafted on to a comedy piece sending up plot twists in other words, it's a $50 million David Letterman skit. Even the performers, redoubtable though they may be, seem a little lost in the thickets of plot and counterplot. Jackson plays Danny Roman, the department's No. 1 talker. In the early going actually, the film's best set piece he uses his line of patter to maneuver a crazed ex-Marine close to a window. There, a sniper neatly plugs the fellow in the shoulder and everybody goes home happy and alive. But the next night, Danny's partner, who has intimated dark but nebulous secrets about the department and the fund, is killed by a mysterious gunman. Danny, himself maneuvered to the crime scene, is quickly fingered as the prime suspect. When incriminating documents are found in his files, he's removed from the force and about to be indicted. Going to the Internal Affairs Division in a downtown skyscraper to confront his accuser (an overbearing investigator played by the late, great J.T. Walsh, who deserved a better send-off), he gets in a hysterical scuffle, grabs another cop's pistol and takes hostages. He knows the drill: A negotiator will be assigned to him. He trusts nobody in his own precinct, so he requests an outsider: No. 1 West Side talker Chris Sabian (Spacey). Upon taking over the phone, Chris begins to wonder why so many people are so eager to kill Danny and why the momentum toward violent solution is so difficult to resist. There are enough SWAT cops around to save Private Ryan. (The film makes a strong but inadvertent point about the militarization of the police, and the way each town now fields its own commando unit.) Director F. Gary Gray is so in love with SWAT culture that you suspect he longs to be a sniper or the primary entry guy in the Kevlar body armor and helmet and the MP5 with the laser aimer. But the cop he needed for the script was much less glamorous: a traffic cop. Gray has a lot of trouble with pedestrian management. Seemingly a siege story, the film is really spread over several locations the downtown building, the command center, a bad cop's house and so he's got to keep clumsily shunting people hither, thither and yon until the movie resembles a 10K walk. People are always getting in and out by unseen elevators or ducts just when it's most convenient. The film misuses both its stars: Each is at full pitch of brilliance when playing somebody with edge, with intelligence or cunning beaming from behind sly eyes. You can always feel their minds working. But here, as conventional straight-up action heroes, each seems a little lost among the red herrings and all the machine guns. Jackson always seems petulant and victimized and semi-hysterical, while Spacey never convinces as a tough guy, and when he's asked to run into the building (another traffic problem), he looks like Oliver Hardy chasing Stan Laurel. Someone should have negotiated a deal with the scriptwriters on this one.	i don't know
In which 1955 film does actor Robert Mitchum play a psychopathic self-appointed preacher?	The Night of the Hunter (1955) Pages: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Background The Night of the Hunter (1955) is a truly compelling, haunting, and frightening classic masterpiece thriller-fantasy, and the only film ever directed by the great British actor Charles Laughton. The American gothic, Biblical tale of greed, innocence, seduction, sin and corruption was adapted for the screen by famed writer-author James Agee (and Laughton, but without screen credit). Although one of the greatest American films of all time, the imaginatively-chilling, experimental, sophisticated work was idiosyncratic, film noirish, avante garde, dream-like expressionistic and strange, and it was both ignored and misunderstood at the time of its release. Originally, it was a critical and commercial failure. Robert Mitchum gave what some consider his finest performance in a precedent-setting, unpopular, and truly terrifying role as the sleepy-eyed, diabolical, dark-souled, self-appointed serial killer/Preacher with psychotic, murderous tendencies while in pursuit of $10,000 in cash. Lillian Gish played his opposite - a saintly good woman who provided refuge for the victimized children. The disturbing, complex story was based on the popular, best-selling 1953 Depression-era novel of the same name by first-time writer Davis Grubb, who set the location of his novel in the town of Moundsville, WV, where the West Virginia Penitentiary (also mentioned in the film) was located. Grubb lived in nearby Clarksburg as a young teenager. [Robert Mitchum's role was inspired by the real-life character of Harry Powers, known nationally as "the Bluebeard of Quiet Dell" (outside of Clarksburg) and West Virginia's most famous mass murderer, who was hanged on March 18, 1932, at the West Virginia Penitentiary. Powers was convicted of killing Asta B. Eicher, a widow, along with her three children, and another widow, Dorothy Lemke of Massachusetts in the early 1930s. He may also have killed a traveling salesman. The menacing figure of The Preacher inspired such characters as The Tall Man (Angus Scrimm) in Phantasm (1979) and (especially) Mr. Dark (Jonathan Pryce) in Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983) who similarly stalk their young prey.] In addition, the visual-striking black-white photography of Stanley Cortez (who also shot Welles' black and white The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) ) and the evocative musical score of Walter Schumann (mixing hymns, children's songs, and orchestral music) are exceptional. However, the film was not nominated for a single Academy Award, in a year when the short romantic drama Marty (1955) unaccountably won the Best Picture Oscar. The film's slogan on a major poster proclaimed: "The wedding night, the anticipation, the kiss, the knife. BUT ABOVE ALL...THE SUSPENSE!" The image showed actor Mitchum hugging a distressed Shelley Winters, with the L-O-V-E tattooed hand embracing her back, and the H-A-T-E tattooed hand grasping a knife. [Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing (1989) referenced the love/hate, left and right hand theme, when Radio Raheem (Bill Nunn) explained the love/hate dichotomy. In The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), LOVE and HATE were tattooed on Eddie's (Meat Loaf) knuckles, and in The Blues Brothers (1980), the two brothers (John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd) have their names tattooed on their knuckles. In The Simpsons episode "Cape Feare", the menacing Sideshow Bob (voice of Kelsey Grammer) had similar tattoos on each set of knuckles as well - but since the characters in the cartoon show had only three fingers and a thumb, the tattoos were humorously "LUV" and "HAT" - (with a bar over the A).] The stylistic film, shot in only thirty-six days - an adult story with children as major characters, was extremely unusual and unpopular for its time for other reasons. It was black and white (when color was en vogue), shown in standard ratio (when theaters were showing Cinemascope wide-screen films), and it daringly portrayed a perverted, pedophile Preacher as the main protagonist - a villainous, obsessive, homicidal, and misogynous character with repressed sexuality and violence. The high-contrast, melodramatic-horror film with macabre humor deliberately pays tribute to its silent film heritage, and to pioneering director D. W. Griffith in its style (the use of stark, expressionistic black and white cinematography, archaic camera devices such as iris down) and in its casting of Griffith's principal protegé/silent star, the legendary Lillian Gish (in her first film since Portrait of Jennie (1948)). Told with inventive, stylized, timeless and dark film noirish images, symbolism and visual poetry, it blends both a pastoral setting with dream-like creatures, fanatical characters, imperiled children during a river journey, a wicked guardian/adult, and salvation and redemption in the form of a old farm woman, 'fairy godmother' rather than a saintly Bible-totin' Preacher. In Laughton's words, it was "a nightmarish sort of Mother Goose tale." From its start, the film is designed to have the special feeling of a child's nightmare, including the difficult keeping of a secret, and a magical journey to safety - all told from a child's point of view. It also accentuates the contrasting, elemental dualities within the film: heaven and earth (or under-the-earth), male and female, light and dark, good and evil, knowingness and innocence, and other polarizations including equating the Preacher with the devil. The Story The credits play over a starry night sky (heaven), after which a plain, Bible-fearing farm woman named Rachel (Lillian Gish), dressed in a plain dress with shoulder shawl, magically materializes over the star-filled night background. To her five disembodied foster children around her and suspended in the heavens, she tells a Bible story about false prophets ("ravening wolves") in sheep's clothing, while a chorus sings behind her, "Dream, Little One, Dream": Now, you remember children how I told you last Sunday about the good Lord going up into the mountain and talking to the people. And how he said, 'Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God.' And how he said that King Solomon in all his glory was not as beautiful as the lilies of the field. And I know you won't forget, 'Judge not lest you be judged,' because I explained that to you. And then the good Lord went on to say, 'Beware of false prophets which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly, they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits.' The camera then moves plunges downward to earth to the film's general locale - the Ohio River Valley. The farm landscape is first shown in aerial helicopter shots or from a God's eye-view. There is a wooded area near the banks of a winding river. Children are playing hide-and-seek outside a rural house. Suddenly, one of the children discovers the legs of the corpse of a murdered woman inside a basement entrance, and the other children gather around. The Bible story's lesson continues as the camera pulls back to another high-angle view, recoiling from the murder: A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit. Neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Wherefore by their fruits, ye shall know them. The camera then tracks after an open touring Essex car [stolen], a Model T driven down a country road by a sinister, crazed, malevolent, black-cloaked, wide-brimmed and hatted 'Preacher' Harry Powell (Robert Mitchum), one of the 'false prophets.' In a chilling, perversely evil and memorable monologue to the Lord, the killer-evangelist with borderline sanity, glances heavenward and delivers an insane prayer. He complains that he is "tired" of ridding the world of tempting females [one being the dead body just discovered]. As he drives by a cemetery, he reveals that he is a serial killer who receives divine inspirations to first marry, and then murder and rob women (usually rich lonely widows who do not see the menacing perversity in him): Well now, what's it to be Lord? Another widow? How many has it been? Six? Twelve? I disremember. (He tips his hat.) You say the word, Lord, I'm on my way...You always send me money to go forth and preach your Word. The widow with a little wad of bills hid away in a sugar bowl. Lord, I am tired. Sometimes I wonder if you really understand. Not that You mind the killin's. Yore Book is full of killin's. But there are things you do hate Lord: perfume-smellin' things, lacy things, things with curly hair. In the next scene, the avenging 'preacher' sits in a burlesque strip show with a stripper in action on stage. He stares with hate in his eyes at the sinful dancer, despising the sexy woman because she arouses his carnal instincts. His left hand, tattooed with the letters "H-A-T-E" on his four fingers, clenches and then reaches in his coat pocket to grab his concealed switchblade knife. As his libido is aroused, the flick-knife spontaneously opens - a sexual phallic symbol - violently and orgasmically ripping out the pocket as he thinks what he might do to the stripper (he would literally open her up with his 'knife') to punish her for tempting him to lustful sin. But then the sexually-repressed Preacher reconsiders: There are too many of them. Can't kill the world. Suddenly, a long arm of the law grabs him on the shoulder and apprehends him - the hand belongs to a policeman, and with a scene wipe left, 'Preacher' Harry Powell is sentenced before a judge to thirty days in the Moundsville, West Virginia Penitentiary for stealing an auto. The judge is disbelieving: "A man of God? Harry Powell." Another aerial view, the second overhead shot in the film, shows it is rural West Virginia during the height of the Depression in the 1930s. On a flowery lawn in the small riverside town of Cresap's Landing on the Ohio River [a Mark Twain-like environment], a young nine-year old boy John (Billy Chapin) is playing happily with his little sister four-year old Pearl (Sally Jane Bruce) and her doll named Miss Jenny when he sees a car speeding down the road. He cries: "Daddy," and jumps up to meet his father Ben Harper (Peter Graves). He stops suddenly when he sees his agitated father climb out of the car, bleeding from a bullet wound in the shoulder. He is also holding a gun in one hand and a wad of money in the other. [Harper has robbed a bank of ten thousand dollars to feed his family during hard times, but in his escape killed two people and was wounded.] As police sirens approach closer from the distance, Ben is desperate to conceal the money. He thinks of places to hide his stolen money, almost $10,000: "The rock in the smokehouse, no, the bricks in the grape arbor, no, no, they'll dig for it. Sure. That's the place." He picks a place no one will guess. [Offscreen, the money is stashed inside the body of Pearl's doll.] Then, because he believes that his wife doesn't have "common sense" and won't keep secret the hiding place of the money, he entrusts the knowledge to John. He also has his son swear or promise to be an adult guardian - to take care of and protect his sister, and look after the money: Harper: First, swear you'll take care of little Pearl, guard her with your life, boy. Then, swear you won't never tell where the money's hid, not even your Mom. John: Yes, Dad.	Night of the Hunter
What is the first name of former world number one professional tennis player McEnroe?	Greatest Films of 1955 Bad Day at Black Rock (1955) , 81 minutes, D: John Sturges A suspenseful, powerful, 50's, Western-like drama, a mystery-thriller set in an isolated, southwestern desert town in 1945, and based on Howard Breslin's novel. A mysterious, one-armed veteran John J. MacReedy (Spencer Tracy) arrives in the tiny town of Black Rock by train, to fulfill a promise made to a Japanese-American soldier who died fighting in WW II. He searches for the whereabouts of the local Japanese-American father, Komoko, of his soldier/friend who saved his life, to bestow the deceased man's posthumously-presented medal of honor to the family - but encounters only a conspiracy of silence. His awkward questions cause the uneasy, hostile local inhabitants to confront their guilty consciences and threaten his life , led by menacing, sinister town boss Reno Smith (Robert Ryan) and his henchmen - a racially-prejudiced Coley Trimble (Ernest Borgnine) and Hector David (Lee Marvin). They retaliate with violence, putting his life at risk. Some town members, including a drunken sheriff (Dean Jagger), a doctor (Walter Brennan), and gal in town (Anne Francis), become the stranger's allies. Blackboard Jungle (1955), 100 minutes, D: Richard Brooks The Court Jester (1955), 101 minutes, D: Melvin Frank and Norman Panama The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955), 100 minutes, D: Otto Preminger This biographical war drama, a true story, was set in the mid-1920s. Stubborn but dedicated military airman Gen. Billy Mitchell (Gary Cooper), a WWI hero, was a prophetic visionary who proposed the expansion of airpower during future military combat, but his crusading recommendations to the US War Department were continually overlooked and ignored. He also argued for upgrading the fleet of airplanes left over from WWI. To make a firm political statement, in 1921, he deliberately violated military rules during a test of aircraft at an army test site off the coast of Virginia by using heavier bombs and flying at lower altitudes. He was demoted to Colonel and sent to a clerical army post in Fort Sam Houston (Texas). Meanwhile, outdated planes were continually crashing, and Mitchell lost some of his closest friends, including Lt. Cmdr. Zack Lansdowne (Jack Lord) of the Shenandoah dirigible. To publicize the problem and complain, Mitchell lobbied for a press conference, to accuse the military of criminal negligence, incompetence and treason. Predictably, he was court-martialed. Congressman Frank Reid (Ralph Bellamy) and military-appointed attorney Lt. Colonel White (James Daly) defended Mitchell, while the prosecutor was Colonel Moreland (Fred Clark), and the presiding judge was Gen. James Guthrie (Charles Bickford). Court-martialed Mitchell was tried for breaking Articles 133 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice: conduct unbecoming an officer, and conduct that discredited the military. He had definitely disobeyed the articles, but questions were raised: why, and were his accusations justified? Lansdowne's widow Margaret (Elizabeth Montgomery) testified that her husband's aircraft was a death trap. When Mitchell took the stand, he was cross-examined by special prosecutor Major Allan Guillion (Rod Steiger). He stood up to the skilled prosecutor, arguing that with the current state of the air-force, Pearl Harbor could be attacked (as it was years later). At the conclusion of the trial, Mitchell was convicted of insubordination, and suspended from active duty for five years without pay. Diabolique (1955, Fr.) (aka Les Diaboliques), 114 minutes, D: Henri-Georges Clouzot East of Eden (1955) , 115 minutes, D: Elia Kazan Director Elia Kazan's updated re-telling of the Biblical story of rival brothers, Cain and Abel and a paradise lost. A brooding James Dean - as the unappreciated son (Cain), vies against his dull, but favored stuffy brother (Abel) for the affections of their father. The maligned, misunderstood Cain character, representing the unlikeable and outcast director himself (for naming names before the HUAC Committee in 1952), becomes the sensitive hero of this film. As the poster stated, "Sometimes you can't tell who's good and who's bad!..." Writer Paul Osborn's screenplay adapted John Steinbeck's 1952 novel with the same title for this dramatic Warner Bros. film. [The film tells only a small portion of Steinbeck's work, leaving out the childhood of the parents and the Chinese character of Lee.] The CinemaScopic film, set in 1917 at a time just before the US entry into World War I, portrays the relationship between insecure, tortured, neurotic loner Caleb "Cal" Trask (James Dean, in his first major role and film) and his dutiful, favored brother Aron (Richard Davalos) - twin sons. Their father is a stern, hardened, devoutly religious, self-righteous man named Adam (Raymond Massey), a lettuce farmer living with his family in Salinas, California. The plot becomes emotionally charged when Cal expresses a liking for his brother's girlfriend Abra (Julie Harris), and then learns that his mother (Jo Van Fleet) is actually alive and operating a nearby brothel. One of the film's posters exclaimed: "East of Eden is a story of explosive passions and Elia Kazan has made it into a picture of staggering power." Guys and Dolls (1955), 150 minutes, D: Joseph L. Mankiewicz The Night of the Hunter (1955) , 93 minutes, D: Charles Laughton The only film directed by actor and stage director Charles Laughton. A stark, film noirish, black-and-white thriller, with a haunting, chilling lead performance by Robert Mitchum as crazed psychopathic Preacher Harry Powell prowling the Ohio River Valley. He personifies one polar end of the struggle between good and evil The killer of rich widows, with tattoos of LOVE and HATE on the fingers of both hands, weds a dead condemned killer's lonely widow (Shelley Winters), and then relentlessly hunts his own innocent step-children across the Depression Era Bible Belt to get at their father's stolen fortune of $10,000. The final segment pits the Preacher against Lillian Gish as a symbol of protecting Goodness, rocking at night on a porch with a shotgun across her lap, while he sings his perverse hymn in counterpoint: "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms." Unbelievably not nominated for any Academy Awards. Oklahoma! (1955), 145 minutes, D: Fred Zinnemann Ordet (1955, Denm.) (aka The World), 126 minutes, D: Carl Theodor Dreyer Pather Panchali (1955, India) (aka Father Panchali), 115 minutes, D: Satyajit Ray The Phenix City Story (1955), 100 minutes, D: Phil Karlson Picnic (1955), 115 minutes, D: Joshua Logan Rebel Without a Cause (1955) , 111 minutes, D: Nicholas Ray The classic, melodramatic film that made James Dean an anti-hero icon for generations to come - this was the second of his three films and the best 50s film of its kind regarding the generation gap. A story of rebellion and angst in the life of an unsettled, teenaged, new-kid-in-town Jim Stark (James Dean) who crosses paths with two other alienated, misfit youth - Judy (Natalie Wood) and Plato (Sal Mineo) - at a police station in the first sequence. The outcast trio of juveniles forms a strong bond against both their insensitive parents (completely unjust, dysfunctional, ineffectual, or callous) and their peers, and search for their identities. After a deadly drag race and a confrontation with his milquetoast father (Jim Backus), Jim spends the night with Judy and Plato in a deserted mansion. The adolescents find refuge and solace in their own company. In the tragic finale, Plato is killed by police when he foolishly brandishes an unloaded gun. Richard III (1955, UK), 161 minutes, D: Laurence Olivier The Rose Tattoo (1955), 117 minutes, D: Daniel Mann The Seven Year Itch (1955) , 105 minutes, D: Billy Wilder Smiles of a Summer Night (1955, Swed.) (aka Sommarnattens Leende), 108 minutes, D: Ingmar Bergman Summertime (1955, UK/US), 100 minutes, D: David Lean To Catch a Thief (1955) , 103 minutes, D: Alfred Hitchcock Trial (1955), 105 minutes, D: Mark Robson The film, set in the late 1940s, opened during a nighttime scene at a San Juno private beach, where - after a female's scream, Mexican-American teenager Angel Chavez (Rafael Campos) was found standing over the deceased female, Marie Wiltse, who had died of heart failure. Chavez was arrested on suspicion of statutory rape, and charged with first-degree felony murder. Meanwhile, California law school professor David Blake (Glenn Ford) was threatened with losing his job unless he could acquire trial experience (a new prerequisite) over the summer. Blake was hired by communist shark/attorney Barney Castle (Arthur Kennedy) to take the Chavez case. Castle bribed racist courthouse jail-sheriff 'Fats' Sanders (Robert Middleton) with $20 to speak to the incarcerated Chavez (and his mother Consuela (Katy Jurado)). Although Chavez admitted making love to Willsey, angering Castle for his forthrightness, he claimed he was innocent of murder charges. The two were persuaded to retain him as their representative for the racially-charged felony murder case. During his preparation for the trial, Blake was aided by Castle's secretary Abbe Nyle (Dorothy McGuire), a love interest. To raise funds for the defense (and for himself) in the sensationalist case, Castle held a successful New York fund-raising rally sponsored by the All Peoples Party - a Communist front, that raised $320,000. The San Juno trial was presided over by black Judge Theodore Motley (Juano Hernandez), and the DA was Jack Armstrong (John Hodiak). As the trial was commencing, process server Finn (Elisha Cook Jr.) subpoened Blake to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee the following Saturday for his involvement in the New York rally. A jury was finally selected after three weeks, when novice lawyer Blake had to throw out the original jury panel because they had been interrogated by the police before the trial. The atmosphere of the trial was tense, due to white supremacists and other lynch mob members who were rallying to put Latino Chavez away. The DA's first witness was Marie's physician from childhood, Dr. Schacter (Richard Gaines), who testified that Marie died of violent exertion to her heart, due to a history of rheumatic fever. Blake's cross-examination revealed that she was at risk of dying at any time. Another witness' testimony about clearly seeing the beach incident with his car's spotlight was debunked. Blake fired Castle as defense attorney when he insisted that Angel take the stand. However, Angel was called to the stand, where his testimony under cross-examination was self-damning. He claimed he didn't know about Marie's ripped dress, why he left the scene, or how to have sex. The jury ruled against Angel and he was convicted of the crime of felony murder. During the sentencing hearing, the prejudiced Castle proposed a mandatory death penalty (to make Chavez a martyr for his political cause), while Blake found an obscure code statute requiring that the juvenile be sent to the state's industrial reform school. The judge sentenced Castle to 30 days in jail for contempt of court.	i don't know
What is a female guinea pig called?	Guinea Pigs - Facts Guinea Pigs 1. A guinea pig is also known as cavy. 2. A male guinea pig is called a boar 3. A female guinea pig is called a sow 4. A baby guinea pig is called a pup 5. There are about 9 different species of guinea pig 6. Guinea pigs come from South Africa 7. Guinea pigs grind their food in a front to back motion as opposed to the rabbit which grinds with a side to side motion 8. People also eat guinea pigs but this is rare in Egland 9. Guinea pigs cannot make their own vitamin C 10. A female deliverys an averge of 3 guinea pigs when giving birth 11. The longest living guinea pig was 15 years old and went in the guiness book of records 12. Guinea pigs are herbivorous 13. Many famous people have kept guinea pigs as pets - including Princess Diana 14. The guinea pig is currently classified as a Rodent 15. Guinea pigs are herd animals - in the wild they live in large social groups led by a dominant boar - this boar is the only male in the herd who is allowed to breed with the female. It is due to this reason that problems arise when keeping more than 2 males together - especially if there are females nearby - they all want to be the dominant male. 16. Wild Guinea pigs are most active at night 17. Guinea pigs appeared in Europe in the 1500's 18. Guinea pigs and humans don't make their own vitamin C, so they must always eat fresh vegetables. 19. In the wild they live in groups of 5-10. 20. A young Guinea pig can run when it is only three hours old! 21. In America Guinea pigs are called Cavies. 22. They are often used for medical research. That's where we get the term "Guinea Pig" from to describe somebody who volunteers to take part in a test. 23. Some species of wild Cavy can be as long as a metre. Create a free website	Sow
Ladies in White is an opposition movement, consisting of wives and female relatives of jailed dissidents, in which country?	WHAT DO YOU CALL A FEMALE GUINEA PIG? What do you call a female guinea pig? Answer: sow A female guinea pig is called a sow. The guinea pig (also commonly called the Cavy after its scientific name, Cavia porcellus) is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Despite their common name, these animals are not pigs, nor do they come from Guinea. They originated in the Andes, and studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are domesticated descendants of a closely related species of cavy such as Cavia aperea, C. fulgida or C. tschudii, and therefore do not exist naturally in the wild. The guinea pig plays an important role in the folk culture of many Indigenous South American groups, especially as a food source, but also in folk medicine and in community religious ceremonies. Since the 1960s, efforts have been made to increase consumption of the animal outside South America.	i don't know
Which city is the start and finish of the 1873 novel ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’?	How to travel around the world in 80 days - Lonely Planet How to travel around the world in 80 days Tips & articles Lonely Planet Writer In Jules Verne's classic adventure novel, Phileas Fogg had a devil of a time trying to travel around the world in 80 days. But in the 21st century, circumnavigating the globe has become a bit of a breeze: all you need is a round-the-world (RTW) ticket. In fact, a dedicated (if masochistic) traveller could squeeze it into a few jet-lagged days. If you have 80 to spare, though, you have enough time for a life-changing trip, and the opportunity to visit places that will stay with you forever. But careful planning is essential if you're going to make the most of your precious time. Airline landing by mike_miley . Creative Commons ShareAlike Licence . Just the ticket Buying an RTW ticket can be far cheaper than purchasing separate tickets linking each of your destinations. Normally, RTW tickets allow you to visit up to 16 different places with a minimum of three stops. Most airlines are now part of global alliances, so it’s sensible to pick a ticket with an airline that has multiple partners so you can travel with any of them. The biggest airline partnership is Star Alliance ( www.staralliance.com ), which has 28 airlines covering almost a thousand destinations in 162 countries. They offer four different versions of RTW ticket, depending on the number of miles you want to travel, starting at 26,000 miles and going up to 39,000. Oneworld ( www.oneworld.com ), with 11 member airlines, is the next best option, again offering a selection of RTW tickets with varying amounts of miles. A number of individual airlines – including Virgin Atlantic ( www.virgin-atlantic.com ), Air New Zealand ( www.airnewzealand.co.uk ), KLM ( www.klm.com ) and Singapore Airlines ( www.singaporeair.com ) – offer RTW tickets too. But their tickets are only valid for their own planes. Decide whether you plan to travel east or west. All RTW tickets require you to head in one direction or the other and keep moving the same way. And, just like Phileas Fogg, you’ll have to start and finish your journey in the same place. Stay focused Trans-Siberian by Boccaccio1 . Creative Commons Attribution Licence . Do you want an active, adventure-focused experience? Or is seeing glorious landscapes your goal? Are you keener on cities and culture than lazing on a beach? Whatever you decide, bear in mind that most RTW tickets involve flying in and out of major hubs like London , LA , Sydney , Bangkok and Rio de Janeiro ; adding more out-of-the-way destinations will increase the cost of the ticket dramatically. Talking to travel agencies that specialise in RTW tickets, such as STA Travel ( www.statravel.com ) or Trailfinders ( www.trailfinders.com ), is a good idea. They will know the best way to tailor your ticket to meet your needs. Remember too that you don’t have to do all your travelling by plane. You can fly to New York and then drive to LA to catch your next flight, link Beijing and Moscow via the Trans-Siberian Railway , or even overland it from Egypt to South Africa . Choose your moment Sydney Harbour Bridge by Adam J.W.C . Image from Wikimedia Commons. Weather is a crucial factor on any RTW trip. Land in Sydney in December and you can head straight to the beach; arrive in the northern hemisphere a couple of weeks later and it’ll be the depths of winter. While you will never be able to get perfect weather in every destination, plan ahead if you have specific things you want to do. For example, if you’ve got your heart set on diving in the Andaman Sea, or fancy trekking in the Himalaya , don’t arrive in the middle of monsoon season. Suggested routes: three ideas for your big trip Everest by Christopher.Michel . Creative Commons Attribution Licence . For adventure: this route offers everything from deserts and diving to mountains and white-water rafting. Start in London and head east to Delhi and then Nepal for a Himalayan trek. Backtrack overland to India and fly to Bangkok, the gateway for Thailand ’s idyllic diving spots. Move on to New Zealand ’s South Island and Queenstown, the adventure capital of the world, where you can try everything from bungee jumping to mountain biking and river-boarding. From there, it’s a short hop to Sydney and Australia ’s beaches and deserts. Another flight takes you to LA, from where you can drive Route 66 to the east coast and fly out of New York to London. Pacific Coast Highway by JCS . Image from Wikimedia Commons. For culture and carnivals: if vibrant city life is more your thing, then try this trip. Fly east from London to Cairo for its markets, museums and the Pyramids . From there, you could take a quick cruise down the Nile to Luxor, before heading south to Cape Town and South Africa, where you can tipple your way along the wine-growing routes just outside the city. After Cape Town, fly to Hong Kong , perhaps via Bangkok or Singapore . One of the world’s most exciting cities, it’s also an essential destination for foodies. The Chinese capital Beijing is a few hours away by plane, allowing you to set foot on the Great Wall , before you make the long haul across the Pacific to San Francisco , the most European of all American cities. Then drive the Pacific Coast Highway to LA for a taste of Hollywood high life, before flying south to Rio de Janeiro in time for the carnival . A short journey south is Buenos Aires , cultural capital of South America . From there, travel back to London via New York.	London
Singer/actor Will Young made in his London West End stage debut in which musical?	How to travel around the world in 80 days - Lonely Planet How to travel around the world in 80 days Tips & articles Lonely Planet Writer In Jules Verne's classic adventure novel, Phileas Fogg had a devil of a time trying to travel around the world in 80 days. But in the 21st century, circumnavigating the globe has become a bit of a breeze: all you need is a round-the-world (RTW) ticket. In fact, a dedicated (if masochistic) traveller could squeeze it into a few jet-lagged days. If you have 80 to spare, though, you have enough time for a life-changing trip, and the opportunity to visit places that will stay with you forever. But careful planning is essential if you're going to make the most of your precious time. Airline landing by mike_miley . Creative Commons ShareAlike Licence . Just the ticket Buying an RTW ticket can be far cheaper than purchasing separate tickets linking each of your destinations. Normally, RTW tickets allow you to visit up to 16 different places with a minimum of three stops. Most airlines are now part of global alliances, so it’s sensible to pick a ticket with an airline that has multiple partners so you can travel with any of them. The biggest airline partnership is Star Alliance ( www.staralliance.com ), which has 28 airlines covering almost a thousand destinations in 162 countries. They offer four different versions of RTW ticket, depending on the number of miles you want to travel, starting at 26,000 miles and going up to 39,000. Oneworld ( www.oneworld.com ), with 11 member airlines, is the next best option, again offering a selection of RTW tickets with varying amounts of miles. A number of individual airlines – including Virgin Atlantic ( www.virgin-atlantic.com ), Air New Zealand ( www.airnewzealand.co.uk ), KLM ( www.klm.com ) and Singapore Airlines ( www.singaporeair.com ) – offer RTW tickets too. But their tickets are only valid for their own planes. Decide whether you plan to travel east or west. All RTW tickets require you to head in one direction or the other and keep moving the same way. And, just like Phileas Fogg, you’ll have to start and finish your journey in the same place. Stay focused Trans-Siberian by Boccaccio1 . Creative Commons Attribution Licence . Do you want an active, adventure-focused experience? Or is seeing glorious landscapes your goal? Are you keener on cities and culture than lazing on a beach? Whatever you decide, bear in mind that most RTW tickets involve flying in and out of major hubs like London , LA , Sydney , Bangkok and Rio de Janeiro ; adding more out-of-the-way destinations will increase the cost of the ticket dramatically. Talking to travel agencies that specialise in RTW tickets, such as STA Travel ( www.statravel.com ) or Trailfinders ( www.trailfinders.com ), is a good idea. They will know the best way to tailor your ticket to meet your needs. Remember too that you don’t have to do all your travelling by plane. You can fly to New York and then drive to LA to catch your next flight, link Beijing and Moscow via the Trans-Siberian Railway , or even overland it from Egypt to South Africa . Choose your moment Sydney Harbour Bridge by Adam J.W.C . Image from Wikimedia Commons. Weather is a crucial factor on any RTW trip. Land in Sydney in December and you can head straight to the beach; arrive in the northern hemisphere a couple of weeks later and it’ll be the depths of winter. While you will never be able to get perfect weather in every destination, plan ahead if you have specific things you want to do. For example, if you’ve got your heart set on diving in the Andaman Sea, or fancy trekking in the Himalaya , don’t arrive in the middle of monsoon season. Suggested routes: three ideas for your big trip Everest by Christopher.Michel . Creative Commons Attribution Licence . For adventure: this route offers everything from deserts and diving to mountains and white-water rafting. Start in London and head east to Delhi and then Nepal for a Himalayan trek. Backtrack overland to India and fly to Bangkok, the gateway for Thailand ’s idyllic diving spots. Move on to New Zealand ’s South Island and Queenstown, the adventure capital of the world, where you can try everything from bungee jumping to mountain biking and river-boarding. From there, it’s a short hop to Sydney and Australia ’s beaches and deserts. Another flight takes you to LA, from where you can drive Route 66 to the east coast and fly out of New York to London. Pacific Coast Highway by JCS . Image from Wikimedia Commons. For culture and carnivals: if vibrant city life is more your thing, then try this trip. Fly east from London to Cairo for its markets, museums and the Pyramids . From there, you could take a quick cruise down the Nile to Luxor, before heading south to Cape Town and South Africa, where you can tipple your way along the wine-growing routes just outside the city. After Cape Town, fly to Hong Kong , perhaps via Bangkok or Singapore . One of the world’s most exciting cities, it’s also an essential destination for foodies. The Chinese capital Beijing is a few hours away by plane, allowing you to set foot on the Great Wall , before you make the long haul across the Pacific to San Francisco , the most European of all American cities. Then drive the Pacific Coast Highway to LA for a taste of Hollywood high life, before flying south to Rio de Janeiro in time for the carnival . A short journey south is Buenos Aires , cultural capital of South America . From there, travel back to London via New York.	i don't know
Sligo, Galway and Limerick are all cities in which European country?	Sligo Travel Information from SligoTour.com Travelling to Sligo Airports Ireland has seven regional airport and four international airports. Dublin, Cork, Shannon and Belfast are the main international hubs. However the growth of the regional airports and their expansion has made the west and northwest much more easily accessible for many. Ireland West Airport , Knock, County Mayo Website: www.knockairport.com 38miles/62 km from Sligo Town. Approximately 1hour driving time to Sligo Town, and 30 minutes to the south of the county. The airport is located south of Sligo just off the N17 to Galway. It has been one of the biggest success stories of the regional airports. Scheduled flights are operated year round by a number of operators. Charters are operated in the winter and summer to various European destinations by a number of mainly Irish tour operators. The airport - although small - has good basic facilities, such as on the spot parking, car rental, airport shop, bars and food. There is a cashpoint but no exchange facilities are available. Traffic around the airport is unproblematic and both check-in and luggage collection times are very fast compared to the larger airports. Many people visiting the west or northwest prefer using the airport due to its speed and convenience. A shuttle bus service, BusAer is available between the airport and Charlestown, where further bus connections are available to Sligo and various destinations in Ireland. NB A development fee is payable locally on departure from Knock ( € 10, under 12s do not pay). This is a compulsory local tax to raise money to improve the airport area. Sligo Airport, Strandhill, County Sligo Website: www.sligoairport.com Sligo has its own local airport at Strandhill some 5 miles from Sligo Town. The airport has daily services to Dublin and four times a week to Manchester. Local bus services to and from Sligo are available as are taxis. Car parking and car rental available. Galway Airport, Galway, County Galway Website: www.galwayairport.com Around 2hrs from Sligo Connections are available to Dublin with AerArann and to the UK and Belfast through Flybe. Bus connections are through city express and most will connect with buses at the city bus depot. Dublin Airport Website: www.dublinairport.com Dublin is the major international airport in Ireland with flight connections all over the world. Good bus connections exist between the airport and the city centre by Airlink. Busáras (central bus station in Dublin) is where all expressway services start to all destinations throughout the country. Belfast and Derry Airports Website: www.cityofderryairport.com Belfast is another international hub to the UK, European destinations and transatlantic routes. Derry offers services to Bristol, Dublin, Liverpool, East Midlands, Glasgow and Stanstead. Derry is approx 84 mile/135km from Sligo. Bus services exist between both Belfast and Derry. Public Transport Website: www.buseireann.ie Tel: Sligo 071 9160066 The national bus company, Bus Éireann, runs most of the public buses in the Republic of Ireland. Sligo is well connected to other main towns and routes throughout Ireland. There are three basic sets of service provided : Expressway - covering the long distance services Local services - covering many of the rural small towns. City services - eg Sligo Town shuttles. Expressway long distance service connects Sligo with Dublin, Longford, Mullingar, Galway, Letterkenny, Derry, Enniskillen , Westport, Ballina, Belfast, Cork limerick and Roscrea. The Eurolines service also connects to UK. Local and rural commuter services covers more local short distance runs in the county and beyond. Sligo through these is linked to all nearby counties. City Service, from Sligo to Rosses Point, Strandhill, Colooney and Ballisodare. Further information and timetables are available under the Bus Éireann website, who also organise bus tours of the country. There is also information on special tickets such as the Open Road Ticket specifically for people using the buses to travel through Ireland, providing the with the flexibility to get on and off where you will and with day gaps if desired. NB: Bicycles are only carried if there is room and there is a charge attached. Bicycles cannot be transported from the UK. Bus services from the various airports run mainly via the nearest main town or city. Trains	Ireland
Robinson Crusoe Island lies off the coast of which South American country?	Towns Galway Ireland Villages Galway Ireland Villages Connemara Ireland Townd Co Galway Website designed by Western-Webs, Tuam County Galway Ireland ©2007 County Galway Guide, all rights reserved	i don't know
Which English-Australian singer had a 1962 hit single entitled ‘I Remember You’?	Frank Ifield and The Beatles by Bob Howe ©1996 (revised 2002) It was at the end of October 1962 when British promoter Arthur Howes received an unsolicited phone call at home from Brian Epstein. Brian was managing a group called The Beatles whose first single Love Me Do was slowly climbing the charts (it would peak at number 17), and would Arthur be interested in booking them for one of his touring package shows? Arthur agreed straight away to book the group on a Helen (Walking Back to Happiness) Shapiro tour the following February, offering them 80 pounds a week to be shared between them. Even with his enormous faith in his boys, Brian must have been surprised and delighted, and in return offered Arthur the option on all The Beatles' future British tours. Arthur made only one condition... Frank had met Brian Epstein while he was working at the Liverpool Empire. He played their record Love Me Do and Frank was quite impressed. It was not too dissimilar from his own style, utilising the mouth harp (which reminded him of Bruce Chanel's Hey Baby, although on seeing a photograph of the band he did think their hair was a bit long! It was Frank's recommendation that Brian should call Arthur Howes. On December 2, 1962 The Beatles were booked to appear on Frank's show at the Embassy Cinema in of Peterborough. Arthur's condition was that the group appear free of charge for ten minutes on each of the two houses, so he could appraise them for himself. They had to miss their show at the Liverpool Cavern Club that night. Frank thought their act was very good in spite of the volume, and their personal charm was infectious. Unfortunately, at this particular time they didn't seem to manage to convey that charisma to the crowd and as the local paper's Lyndon Whittaker reported in his review entitled: "I'll Remember Frank Ifield" "...'The exciting Beatles' rock group quite frankly failed to excite me. The drummer apparently thought that his job was to lead, not to provide rhythm. He made far too much noise and in their final number 'Twist and Shout' it sounded as if everyone was trying to make more noise than the others. In a more mellow mood, their 'A Taste of Honey' was much better and 'Love Me Do' was tolerable..." Arthur Howes' junior secretary at the time was SUSAN FULLER, who recently recalled the concert: "...I found all this very exciting ... the audience were booing and yelling 'get off, rubbish' etc, but Arthur and I thought they were great and we were knocked out with them." Despite the lack of audience reaction, Arthur could indeed see their potential on a more suitably matched bill and confirmed their spot on a tour with sixteen-year-old Helen Shapiro and later that week added them to the bill of a March tour to be headlined by American stars Tommy Roe and Chris Montez. By then their popularity had risen to the point where they had to assume top-of-the-bill status during the tour by audience demand! Their second single Please Please Me sailed up the charts, at one point sharing the number one position with Frank's own Wayward Wind. Before that however The Beatles had made their last trip to Hamburg, Germany for the Star-Club and their last show was captured on a portable tape recorder. Many years later when that tape was released Frank was amused to hear they had added his biggest hit I Remember You to their repertoire with Paul McCartney imitating his falsetto style and John Lennon raucously playing the mouth harp figures. He also discovered later that on their first date Ringo Starr took Maureen Cox to a Frank Ifield show in England! Helen Shapiro and Frank Ifield twisting the night away at a Paris night-club. In America The Beatles recording success got off to something of a false start. Their first two US single releases on the Vee-Jay label, Please Please Me and From Me To You and the subsequent album Introducing The Beatles met with little response. By contrast Frank's record successes in Britain were repeated in the USA, which was unusual, for up until then, with the exception of David Whitfield's 1954 hit Cara Mia and Lonnie Donegan's 1956 smash Rock Island Line, British artists had experienced little success in penetrating the American record market. Frank's records were released initially on Capitol but his producer Norrie Paramor became none too pleased with their promotion and thought that they would be better off being with a smaller, but more active label. Vee-Jay released the LP Meet Frank Ifield and it was a great success. Early in 1964 Capitol Records in the US released Meet The Beatles containing I Want To Hold Your Hand and their success was assured. When Vee-Jay realised that they had lost a successful act they quickly made several attempts to maximise the money-making potential of the tracks they still had the rights to. The first of these was released in February 1964 under the title of Jolly What! The Beatles and Frank Ifield On Stage. The most curious aspect of the title was that none of the tracks were live recordings. In fact, it consisted of the four sides that made up The Beatles first two singles and eight of Frank's songs including all his American hits to that date. The cover featured an artist's impression of an English gentleman complete with handlebar moustache, apparently wearing a Beatle wig and the latest in 'fab gear'. The sleeve notes were no less unusual. After announcing that; "Without question the Beatles and Frank Ifield are the most popular recording stars in Europe", it goes on to say with rather an unusual turn of phrase "... it is with a good deal of pride and pleasure that this COPULATION has been presented". It was re-released later that year, for a short time with a drawing of the Beatles on the cover and these pressings, have since become prized as one of the most valuable collector's items in modern recording history. For a time it had seemed that Please Please Me was going to keep The Wayward Wind from the top of the UK charts but when it eventually acquiesced, FRANK IFIELD became the first artist to ever have three consecutive number one hits in Britain and also be awarded three gold discs in the space of a year! SOURCES:- The Beatles Live! by Mark Lewisohn (Pavilion Books) The Love You Make by Peter Brown and Steven Gaines (Pan Books) New Musical Express, and of course...Frank Ifield ! Special thanks to Mitch McGeary for the Beatle-pic cover and label images. BOB HOWE was Frank's musical director from 1984, and played Paul McCartney in the Australian stage production of LENNON - The Musical of the Legend. Bob is also The Webmaster of this site. Visit Mitch McGeary's Songs, Pictures and Stories of The Beatles Website and read how THREE sealed stereo copies of The Beatles & Frank Ifield were found. Read more on-line about the Vee Jay label. Songs, Pictures And Stories of The Fabulous Beatles Records On Vee-Jay Compiled By Bruce Spizer, Forward by Perry Cox, 1998 242 glossy pages - Hardbound - Over 600 Illustrations!	Frank Ifield
Holly Hagan, Scott Timlin, Vicky Pattison and Daniel Thomas-Tuck have all appeared in which UK television reality show?	Frank Ifield and The Beatles by Bob Howe ©1996 (revised 2002) It was at the end of October 1962 when British promoter Arthur Howes received an unsolicited phone call at home from Brian Epstein. Brian was managing a group called The Beatles whose first single Love Me Do was slowly climbing the charts (it would peak at number 17), and would Arthur be interested in booking them for one of his touring package shows? Arthur agreed straight away to book the group on a Helen (Walking Back to Happiness) Shapiro tour the following February, offering them 80 pounds a week to be shared between them. Even with his enormous faith in his boys, Brian must have been surprised and delighted, and in return offered Arthur the option on all The Beatles' future British tours. Arthur made only one condition... Frank had met Brian Epstein while he was working at the Liverpool Empire. He played their record Love Me Do and Frank was quite impressed. It was not too dissimilar from his own style, utilising the mouth harp (which reminded him of Bruce Chanel's Hey Baby, although on seeing a photograph of the band he did think their hair was a bit long! It was Frank's recommendation that Brian should call Arthur Howes. On December 2, 1962 The Beatles were booked to appear on Frank's show at the Embassy Cinema in of Peterborough. Arthur's condition was that the group appear free of charge for ten minutes on each of the two houses, so he could appraise them for himself. They had to miss their show at the Liverpool Cavern Club that night. Frank thought their act was very good in spite of the volume, and their personal charm was infectious. Unfortunately, at this particular time they didn't seem to manage to convey that charisma to the crowd and as the local paper's Lyndon Whittaker reported in his review entitled: "I'll Remember Frank Ifield" "...'The exciting Beatles' rock group quite frankly failed to excite me. The drummer apparently thought that his job was to lead, not to provide rhythm. He made far too much noise and in their final number 'Twist and Shout' it sounded as if everyone was trying to make more noise than the others. In a more mellow mood, their 'A Taste of Honey' was much better and 'Love Me Do' was tolerable..." Arthur Howes' junior secretary at the time was SUSAN FULLER, who recently recalled the concert: "...I found all this very exciting ... the audience were booing and yelling 'get off, rubbish' etc, but Arthur and I thought they were great and we were knocked out with them." Despite the lack of audience reaction, Arthur could indeed see their potential on a more suitably matched bill and confirmed their spot on a tour with sixteen-year-old Helen Shapiro and later that week added them to the bill of a March tour to be headlined by American stars Tommy Roe and Chris Montez. By then their popularity had risen to the point where they had to assume top-of-the-bill status during the tour by audience demand! Their second single Please Please Me sailed up the charts, at one point sharing the number one position with Frank's own Wayward Wind. Before that however The Beatles had made their last trip to Hamburg, Germany for the Star-Club and their last show was captured on a portable tape recorder. Many years later when that tape was released Frank was amused to hear they had added his biggest hit I Remember You to their repertoire with Paul McCartney imitating his falsetto style and John Lennon raucously playing the mouth harp figures. He also discovered later that on their first date Ringo Starr took Maureen Cox to a Frank Ifield show in England! Helen Shapiro and Frank Ifield twisting the night away at a Paris night-club. In America The Beatles recording success got off to something of a false start. Their first two US single releases on the Vee-Jay label, Please Please Me and From Me To You and the subsequent album Introducing The Beatles met with little response. By contrast Frank's record successes in Britain were repeated in the USA, which was unusual, for up until then, with the exception of David Whitfield's 1954 hit Cara Mia and Lonnie Donegan's 1956 smash Rock Island Line, British artists had experienced little success in penetrating the American record market. Frank's records were released initially on Capitol but his producer Norrie Paramor became none too pleased with their promotion and thought that they would be better off being with a smaller, but more active label. Vee-Jay released the LP Meet Frank Ifield and it was a great success. Early in 1964 Capitol Records in the US released Meet The Beatles containing I Want To Hold Your Hand and their success was assured. When Vee-Jay realised that they had lost a successful act they quickly made several attempts to maximise the money-making potential of the tracks they still had the rights to. The first of these was released in February 1964 under the title of Jolly What! The Beatles and Frank Ifield On Stage. The most curious aspect of the title was that none of the tracks were live recordings. In fact, it consisted of the four sides that made up The Beatles first two singles and eight of Frank's songs including all his American hits to that date. The cover featured an artist's impression of an English gentleman complete with handlebar moustache, apparently wearing a Beatle wig and the latest in 'fab gear'. The sleeve notes were no less unusual. After announcing that; "Without question the Beatles and Frank Ifield are the most popular recording stars in Europe", it goes on to say with rather an unusual turn of phrase "... it is with a good deal of pride and pleasure that this COPULATION has been presented". It was re-released later that year, for a short time with a drawing of the Beatles on the cover and these pressings, have since become prized as one of the most valuable collector's items in modern recording history. For a time it had seemed that Please Please Me was going to keep The Wayward Wind from the top of the UK charts but when it eventually acquiesced, FRANK IFIELD became the first artist to ever have three consecutive number one hits in Britain and also be awarded three gold discs in the space of a year! SOURCES:- The Beatles Live! by Mark Lewisohn (Pavilion Books) The Love You Make by Peter Brown and Steven Gaines (Pan Books) New Musical Express, and of course...Frank Ifield ! Special thanks to Mitch McGeary for the Beatle-pic cover and label images. BOB HOWE was Frank's musical director from 1984, and played Paul McCartney in the Australian stage production of LENNON - The Musical of the Legend. Bob is also The Webmaster of this site. Visit Mitch McGeary's Songs, Pictures and Stories of The Beatles Website and read how THREE sealed stereo copies of The Beatles & Frank Ifield were found. Read more on-line about the Vee Jay label. Songs, Pictures And Stories of The Fabulous Beatles Records On Vee-Jay Compiled By Bruce Spizer, Forward by Perry Cox, 1998 242 glossy pages - Hardbound - Over 600 Illustrations!	i don't know
How many balls are used in a game of Association Croquet?	Croquet: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) In the words of Michael Flanders : "We're often asked ... sometimes asked ... somebody asked me once ..." These are questions I have been asked at least once, and in some cases many times, when croquet has come up in conversations with friends, colleagues and chance acquaintances. My answers refer mainly to Association Croquet, which is the version that I play most often. It's worth noting that there are several other forms of croquet - see answers to the first two questions below. This web page is written mainly for readers who may have encountered croquet occasionally but are not regular players. But those who are regular players may find something in it to amuse them, or something to quibble with. Additional questions are welcome, as are additional answers and corrections to any inoccuracies in my answers - by email to [email protected] . FAQ How exactly do you play croquet? That depends on which version of croquet you are talking about. Just as football can refer to Association Football (soccer), American Football, Australian Rules, etc (and historically also to Rugby Football, which of course is subdivided into Rugby Union and Rugby League), so croquet includes Association Croquet (also known as International Rules), American Rules Croquet, Nine-Wicket Croquet, Golf Croquet and several other varieties. OK, so what are the differences between these forms of croquet? They all have in common that they involve hitting balls through hoops (or "wickets" in the USA - the word is different, but the piece of metal is the same) with mallets, on an area of ground (the court) with a well-defined boundary. [Strictly that last bit is not quite true, because there is such a thing as Extreme Croquet . But that could take us too far afield...] The big difference is between Golf Croquet and all the other versions. In Golf Croquet, your turn is a single shot, and then your opponent gets a turn. In the other forms of croquet, you can earn extra shots by getting through a hoop or by hitting other balls with your own ball, and so play an extended turn in which you may score several hoops (a break). There is also a very visible difference between Nine-Wicket Croquet and most other varieties, in that the number of hoops (wickets) and the layout of the court are different. The differences between Association and American Rules Croquet are more subtle, but important: they involve the order in which the balls are played, the rules on "deadness" (i.e. when you can't use a particular ball to gain extra shots), the penalties for sending balls out of court, and the distance from the boundary at which a ball is replaced when it has gone out. (For more detail see the point-by-point comparison by Ian Plummer on the Oxford Croquet Site.) Refining that first question, then - how do you play Association Croquet? One player (or one pair in a doubles game) takes the blue and black balls, and the other takes the red and yellow balls. The object is to get both your balls through all the hoops in the right order and hit them against the peg in the centre of the court. When you get through a hoop, you earn an extra stroke (a continuation). When you hit (or roquet) another ball with your ball, you get two extra strokes: a croquet stroke, in which your ball is placed in contact with the roqueted ball and then struck so that both balls move, and then a continuation. By making a series of roquets, croquet strokes and hoop-running shots, you can remain in play and score several points in a turn. See my outline of the game for more details. Where, when and how did croquet originate? The origins of the game are not known in detail, but something close to the modern game of croquet appears to have been played first in Ireland in the 19th century. It came from Ireland to Great Britain about 1850, and became very popular in the late 19th century before being eclipsed by the newly-invented game of lawn tennis. The rules have been altered and refined many times over the years. Where is croquet played? The main Association Croquet playing countries are the UK, Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Ireland, Canada and South Africa. There are smaller numbers of players in many other countries. Golf Croquet is particularly strong in Egypt, but is also played in most places where Association Croquet is played. American Rules croquet is played in the USA and Canada. The related game of gateball is played by millions of people in Japan and China, and smaller numbers elsewhere. How many people play croquet? Many millions of people have played some form of croquet at some time in their lives - at a croquet club, at a hotel, in a public park or in someone's garden. Players of "serious" croquet are far fewer, but there are still thousands of players, in hundreds of clubs, in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. How big is a croquet lawn? The standard court for Association Croquet, American Rules Croquet or Golf Croquet is 35 yards (32 metres) long and 28 yards (25.6 metres) wide. (People who have played only garden croquet are sometimes surprised or even intimidated by how big a full-size court is. However, the grass on a proper croquet court is cut shorter than on most garden lawns (more like a bowling green), and so it is possible to hit a ball from one end to the other without superhuman strength!) Smaller courts are sometimes used, according to the limitations of space, the condition of the ground and the level of ability of the players. What size are the hoops, and what are they made of? Tournament-standard croquet hoops are made of rigid metal (cast iron or steel) and are 12 inches (300 mm) high and 3 3/4 inches (95 mm) wide. (This is the internal measurement between the uprights. As the diameter of a croquet ball is 3 5/8 inches (92 mm), there is only a 1/8 inch (3 mm) clearance between the ball and the hoop. For advanced tournaments this is often reduced to 1/16 inch (1.5 mm).) The narrowness and rigidity of the hoops make the game much more demanding in terms of accuracy of shots than when played with the wide, flexible wire hoops that are often found in garden croquet sets. What about the balls? A croquet ball is 3 5/8 inches (92 mm) in diameter, and weighs one pound (454 g). Traditionally balls were made of wood, but modern croquet balls are made of specially formulated plastic. There are several approved models of balls, which differ in their playing characteristics (elasticity etc) within the range allowed by the regulations. What is a croquet mallet made of, how heavy is it, and how much does it cost? Traditionally croquet mallets were made of wood - a light wood such as hickory for the shaft, and a heavy wood such as lignum vitae for the head. Modern mallets are made of a variety of materials, often including carbon fibre or aluminium for the shaft (for rigidity and lightness), with weights set into the head and composite end-faces. Typically a mallet weighs about 3 pounds (1.4 kg). Prices (in the UK) range from about £70 upwards. Croquet is a vicious game, isn't it? Not any more so than any other competitive game. The object is to win! As in snooker, you do this by making things easy for yourself (putting balls in useful places while you are playing a break) and difficult for your opponent (leaving only a long or obstructed shot, with no easy prospect of scoring, when you finish your turn). The idea that croquet is a vicious game possibly comes from old or non-standard versions of the game in which a favoured tactic is (or was) to send your opponent's ball off into the shrubbery. In modern croquet this is pointless, even if there happens to be some shrubbery nearby, since the ball just has to be brought back onto the court (a yard in from the boundary), and if you sent it off in a croquet stroke then your turn ends immediately. Much more to the point is to send your opponent's ball where it will be useful to you later in your turn - unless you are coming to the end of your turn, in which case you do usually want to leave your opponent's balls far apart or "wired" (i.e. with a hoop between them). Golf Croquet perhaps better fits the image of a vicious game, since here it is a common tactic to clear your opponent's ball from its position in front of a hoop by hitting it hard with your own ball, sending it away to a distant boundary. Is croquet still an upper-class game, played on the lawns of manor houses and vicarages? Much less so now than at some times in the past. Most "serious" croquet is played at clubs where membership is open to all, and compared with many other sports (such as golf) it is not expensive: for example the annual membership fees at the two clubs in Edinburgh are £50 and £125 respectively. There are a few clergymen and retired military officers in the croquet community, but far more academics and other professionals - especially from the numerate disciplines such as mathematics, physics and computer science. Do you put your foot on the ball when you play a croquet stroke? This technique (known as "tight croquet") has not been allowed in Association Croquet since the late 19th century. It is still permitted, or even mandatory, in some variants of the game, but not in any of the most widely played ones. How many hoops can a good player score in a single turn? It is routine for good players to score all 12 hoops (i.e. the six hoops in both directions) with one ball in a single turn. The top players also regularly perform a "triple peel" - in which the striker's ball is played through all 12 hoops and its partner ball is propelled through the last three hoops, and both balls are then pegged out, all within one turn. A few of the world's best players can achieve a sextuple peel - like a triple peel, but with the partner ball sent through the last six hoops, scoring a total of 12 + 6 = 18 hoop points and 2 peg points, or 20 points in all. Does the expression "peg out" (die) come from croquet? Probably not, but it would make sense if it had done! When a ball hits the peg after going through all the hoops, it is said to be "pegged out" and is removed from the game. Sometimes a player will peg out one of the opponent's balls, leaving the opponent's remaining ball with no partner to join up with. (The earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary for "peg out" meaning "die" is dated 1852; the earliest citation for the croquet meaning is dated 1869, and the earliest for the similar meaning in cribbage is 1870.) How long does a game of croquet last? A full-length Association Croquet game can take from about one hour to three hours or more, depending on the skill and speed of the players. (Better players tend to finish more quickly.) A shortened game of 14 points (a single circuit of six hoops plus the peg for each ball) on a half-size court typically takes less than an hour - as does a game of Golf Croquet. How can I find out more? There is a lot of information about croquet online. See my croquet links page . To find out where croquet is played in your locality, try typing "croquet" plus the name of your city or area (and your country if you want to exclude information for places of the same name elsewhere in the world!) into a search engine such as Google . Books on the rules and tactics of croquet, as well as mallets, balls and other equipment, can be ordered from the Croquet Association online shop .	4
Film producer, director and writer Gerry Anderson was born in which city in April 1929?	Croquet Ball \| Croquet Balls Croquet Balls Croquet Balls Croquet Balls Croquet Balls are not all the same, as you would think. You should obviously use a good croquet ball when playing the game of croquet, as the sport is all about getting the ball through the hoops or wickets. Use a well-made croquet ball (they come in plastic, though wood is more common), and you’ll have fewer problems making long, straight shots when you’re trying to. With quality croquet balls, you’ll also have a more exciting game when making many shots involving contact with other players’ balls. Let’s explain. Called “crooky” when first seen in England, the game was popularized greatly among English players and introduced to the larger world audience in 1851 when John Jaques began production of the world’s first croquet sets. The world-renowned company, Jaques of London, is still producing quality handmade croquet sets, making it the oldest family run croquet equipment company in existence. (Incidentally, the Jaques company was also the first producer of numerous other games, including Tiddledy-Winks, Snakes and Ladders, Table Tennis, Shove ha’penny and others.) The standards set by Jaques for quality croquet balls, mallets and sets still remain unrivalled, just as his editions of “Jaques Basic Laws of Croquet,” which outlines the game’s rules, are still followed. The company produces many unique croquet sets, such as the Great Exhibition set. Croquet now enjoys popularity worldwide, and is played in most every country in the world; the fun habit, like the sets, are often passed along in families for generations. Croquet balls come in a variety of colors, with the primary ones being blue, red, black and yellow (in order of play), and these colors are striped onto the “winning peg” that the game’s champion strikes his or her ball into, before celebrating. Blue and black are played by the same player or pair of players, and the same holds true for red and yellow. Some croquet sets include mallets with colors that match the balls, to identify players’ clubs and keep their playing order set, but this is usually for children’s and beginner’s sets. Serious and professional players know their turns and mallets well. Secondary colors (also called second colors or alternate colors) for the croquet ball include green, pink, brown and white (in order of play). They are used in this order in a “double-banking” game, where a second game is played on the same court or lawn, or paired as green and brown against pink and white, again, played by the same player or pair of players. Croquet balls come in the four-ball or eight-ball combinations in different sets; knowing your style of play, how many players you’ll usually be playing with and other factors will help you determine which set to purchase. In any event, croquet balls made by a superior manufacturer are the only kind to use for the sport. This is for several reasons. First, you’ll be hitting the balls a lot, especially if you get into the game a lot (as increasing numbers of people are, as it’s quite addictive and a lot of fun). Also, numerous shots in croquet involve one ball striking another with purpose — such as the roquet (the initial strike) and the shot where a player “takes a croquet,” in which a they use their ball to hit another from immediately against the second player’s ball — and, unintended ball-strikes and hits against metal hoops further up the potential wear on croquet balls. Thirdly, long shots take a bit of a impact-laden stroke that only quality balls will withstand for years. Choose a good maker of croquet balls, one that uses cross-scoring of the ball’s surface for better shots of the mallet’s head, upon quality hard woods that will last a lifetime. After all, you’re going to be playing for life, once you get started. What’s more, explaining all of this to a grandchild you’re coaching in croquet will be less embarrassing if you can still show off quality croquet balls that have been kept well for decades. 9 Item(s)	i don't know

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