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Who became the first Earl of Chatham in 1766? | History of William Pitt 'The Elder', 1st Earl of Chatham - GOV.UK
GOV.UK
William Pitt 'The Elder', 1st Earl of Chatham Whig 1766 to 1768
Born
15 November 1708, Westminster, London
Died
11 May 1778, Hayes, Middlesex
Dates in office
Whig
Interesting facts
Pitt is credited with the birth of the British Empire. Such activities made him very popular with the people and he became known as the ‘Great Commoner’.
“Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it.”
William Pitt ‘the Elder’ dominated British politics in the middle of the eighteenth century, although was only prime minister for 2 years.
A wildly popular politician with great influence, he effectively served as prime minister throughout the earlier premierships of the Duke of Devonshire and the Lord Newcastle .
His appreciated the relationship between war and trading success and chose his military campaigns to increase national trade. Conquering India, Canada, the West Indies and West Africa were all immensely beneficial to Britain’s merchants.
Read more about William Pitt ‘the Elder’, on the History of government blog .
Help us improve GOV.UK
| William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham |
In 1990, Barbara Castle became Baroness Castle of where? | Chatham (eBook, 2011) [WorldCat.org]
Frederic Harrison.
Abstract:
A biography of William Pitt the Elder, the Prime Minister under George III, Pitt led Britain during the Seven Years' War and then became the Earl of Chatham in 1766. The book takes an expansive view of its subject: For good and for evil, through heroism and through spoliation, with all its vast, far-reaching consequences, industrial, economic, social, and moral the foundation of the Empire was the work of Chatham.
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In which village in north-eastern France was Joan of Arc born? | An Essay on Joan of Arc | Kibin
An Essay on Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc was born on January 6 1412 in the village of Domremy in north-eastern France Her father Jacques was a peasant farmer and a minor village official Her mother Isabelle raised her daughter in the teachings of the Christian faith Joan was more religious than most of the girls in her village At the age of thirteen or fourteen Joan began to hear voices and to have visions She claimed the voices and visions were of Saint Michael Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine These voices told Joan to free the city of Orleans from the English who were overtaking it The voices also told her to take the dauphin to Reims where he would be crowned king of France Complete with a mountain escort by Robert de Baudncourt captain of the nearby town Joan proceeded across France in February 1429 to the castle of Chinon in the Loore Valley where the dauphin then resided With doubts in his mind Charles had her examined at Poitiers by a group of distinguished clergy and theologians who assured him of the orthodoxy of her religious beliefs Charles then assigned a squire a page heralds and a confessor and sent her on her off with a small force to Orleans where she joined the army resisting the English siege There in the first week of May 1429 Joan led a series of successful battles against the English and so defeated them that they raised the siege and departed on May 8 The news of the victory spread quickly across France and gave a new spirit of hope to the people The next step in Joans plan called for the coronation of the dauphin at Reims She believed that this would invest Charles with his rightful authority and restore to the French people a sense of national togetherness The dauphin was to only surviving son of the late King Charles VI and had been disinherited in
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| Domremy |
Born in 1898, which important figure did M.E. Clifton James closely resemble? | Domremy | Article about Domremy by The Free Dictionary
Domremy | Article about Domremy by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Domremy
Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia .
Domrémy-la-Pucelle
(dôNrāmē`-lä-püsĕl`), village, Vosges dept., E France, in Lorraine, on the Meuse River. Joan of Arc was born (1412?) in the village. The house in which she was born is now a museum.
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References in periodicals archive ?
In this, she notably differs from her childhood peers in Domremy, who were "obedient to their parents and the priest; and as they grew up .
FOCUS: Low-priced bean sprouts, sweets sell well
Aussi, inutile de revenir ici sur la longue et riche historiographie du mythe pour admettre que depuis le bucher de Rouen, l'heroine de Domremy a bien largement deborde le cadre strictement francais pour devenir un symbole au rayonnement universel dont la renommee s'etend jusque dans les contrees les plus reculees.
Was Joan of Arc genetically male?
The war had affected the sculptor deeply, and he wished to do something to give expression to what he felt, and as there was no subject in his country's history which appealed to him so forcibly as the rich and tragic life of the peasant girl of Domremy, he resolved to commemorate both by making an equestrian statue of the patriot martyr; representing her in all the simple pride of her pure maidenhood as she held the banner of her beloved France toward heaven, as the source from whence she believed the divine mandate had come that was to enable her to free her country from the invaders.
An iron maiden for Melbourne--the history and context of Emmanuel Fremiet's 1906 cast of Jeanne d'Arc
The shepherd girl that had delivered France--she, from her dungeon, she, from her baiting at the stake, she, from her duel with fire--as she entered her last dream, saw Domremy, saw the fountain of Domremy, saw the pomp of forests in which her childhood had wandered.
Grevel Lindop, General Editor. The Works of Thomas De Quincey
By the time Joan of Arc was born, in 1412 in the village of Domremy in the region of Champagne, France had already been at war with the English for more than 70 years.
| i don't know |
Who was the first British monarch to live in Buckingham Palace? | Buckingham Palace: Facts About the Home of the British Monarch | Primary Facts
Buckingham Palace: Facts About the Home of the British Monarch
Posted on
Buckingham Palace is the British monarch’s administrative headquarters, and has been their official London residence since 1837.
Queen Victoria was the first British monarch to live in Buckingham Palace.
The building was originally called Buckingham House and it started off as a private house built in 1705 for the Duke of Buckingham.
It is close to the centre of London, at the intersection of Constitution Hill, The Mall and Birdcage Walk. The Mall is a long tree lined avenue, traditionally used for Royal parades and funerals processions.
The palace has almost 800 rooms, including 240 bedrooms and almost 80 bathrooms. Its rooms and corridors contain one of the world’s greatest art collections.
The palace gardens are the largest private gardens in London. They cover 40 acres and contain tennis courts, a boating lake, a helicopter landing pad and over 300 species of flowers.
During World War II , the palace was bombed seven times by the Germans. One bomb fell in the courtyard, just yards from the King and Queen.
As part of the VE Day celebrations on 8th May 1945, the King, Queen, Princess Margaret and Princess Elizabeth (before she was Elizabeth II) appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. They were warmly applauded.
There are more than 350 working clocks and watches in Buckingham Palace. The palace also has its own chapel, post office, movie theatre and swimming pool.
The palace contains over 40,000 light bulbs, although its residents are very concerned about the environment. LED lights are widely used and the palace recycles almost all its waste.
Over 450 people work at the palace.
The palace’s 760 windows are cleaned every six weeks. One of the brightest rooms is the ballroom, which is 100 feet long and almost 50 feet high.
Over 50,000 people visit Buckingham Palace each year as guests of the Queen. Some famous visitors over the last 250 years have included Mozart, Gandhi, President Kennedy and Neil Armstrong .
When the nearby 28-storey Hilton Hotel was built in 1963, there were concerns from the Queen that hotel guests could see into the rooms of Buckingham Palace.
What next? Discover some more facts about London and its famous landmarks, or find out more about some other Castles and Palaces .
| Queen Victoria |
Who or what died in Jean Harlow’s arms in 1932? | Buckingham Palace and the Royal Family – Clink Hostels
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Buckingham Palace and the Royal Family
Buckingham Palace is the royal residence and office in London of the British Monarch. Buckingham Palace is also one of London’s major tourist attractions. There are countless tourists who wish to visit this palace and try to catch a glimpse of members of the Royal Family. The palace has also been the target of a number of rallies by British people.
Buckingham Palace – Brief History
The palace was formerly called Buckingham House, being the townhouse of the Duke of Buckingham. The name was changed to “The Queen’s House” when George III acquired the house in 1761. The improvements and expansion of the palace were mostly administered by two of England’s best architects, John Nash and Edward Blore. There have been changes to the original design, but a number of the 19th century interiors remain.
In 1837, the house officially became the royal palace of the British Monarch. The first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace was Queen Victoria.
The palace’s State Rooms are used for official meetings, and house the Royal Collection of Art, including works from world-famous artists like Rembrandt. The biggest room in the palace is the State Ballroom. The room is used for major royal ceremonies. Before, there was a strict dress code during ceremonies but this has become a bit more relaxed nowadays. A lot of royals are invited to major ceremonies held in Buckingham Palace.
Buckingham Palace Today
Buckingham Palace and its royal collection is owned by the nation, thus, it is open for the public. In fact, Buckingham Palace is one of London’s most visited tourist attractions, and tours operate inside the palace, allowing visitors to see the nineteen State Rooms and their exquisite artworks. Ask staff at Clink for information on the tours.
If you go, make sure you see The Queen’s Gallery, which houses parts of the Royal Collection. It’s open all year (the State Rooms are open only from August to September). So if you happen to be in London during these months, don’t miss the chance to visit Buckingham Palace. Buckingham Palace can be easily reached from most London hostels, including Clink.
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In 1984, who topped the US charts, and got to no. 9 in the UK, with ‘Missing You’? | 80's Pop Music Charts - 1984
The Top 100 Pop Singles of 1984 - * Song went #1
*1.. WHEN DOVES CRY, Prince and the Revolution (Warner Brothers) (#1, July)
*2.. WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT, Tina Turner (Capitol) (#1, Sept)
*3.. SAY, SAY, SAY, Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson (#1, Dec 1983)
*4.. FOOTLOOSE, Kenny Loggins (Columbia) (#1, March)
*5.. AGAINST ALL ODDS (Take a Look at Me Now), Phil Collins (Atlantic) (#1, April)
*6.. JUMP, Van Halen (Warner Brothers) (#1, Feb)
*7.. HELLO, Lionel Richie (#1, May)
*8.. OWNER OF A LONELY HEART, Yes (Atco) (#1, Jan)
*9.. GHOSTBUSTERS, Ray Parker Jr. (Arista) (#1, Aug)
*10.. KARMA CHAMELEON, Culture Club (Virgin) (#1, Feb)
*11.. MISSING YOU, John Waite (EMI-America) (#1, Sept)
*12.. ALL NIGHT LONG (All Night), Lionel Richie (Motown) (#1, Nov 1983)
*13.. LET'S HEAR IT FOR THE BOY, Denise Williams (Columbia) (#1, May)
14.. DANCING IN THE DARK, Bruce Springsteen (Columbia) (#2, June)
15.. GIRLS JUST WANT TO HAVE FUN,.. Cyndi Lauper (Portrait) (#2, March)
*16.. THE REFLEX, Duran Duran (Capitol) (#1, June)
*17.. TIME AFTER TIME, Cyndi Lauper (Portrait) (#1, June)
18.. JUMP (For My Love), The Pointer Sisters (Planet) (#3, July)
19.. TALKING IN YOUR SLEEP, The Romantics (Nemporer) (#3, Jan)
20.. SELF CONTROL, Laura Branigan (Atlantic) (#4, June)
*21.. LET'S GO CRAZY, Prince and the Revolution (Warner Brothers) (#1, Sept)
22.. SAY IT ISN'T SO, Daryl Hall and John Oates (RCA) (#2, Dec 1983)
23.. HOLD ME NOW, The Thompson Twins (Arista) (#3, May)
24.. JOANNA, Kool and the Gang (De-Lite) (#2, Feb)
*25.. I JUST CALLED TO SAY I LOVE YOU, Stevie Wonder (Tamla) (#1, Oct)
26.. SOMEBODY'S WATCHING ME, Rockwell.. (Motown) (#2, March)
27.. BREAK MY STRIDE, Matthew Wilder (Private I) (#5, Jan)
28.. 99 LUFTBALLONS, Nena (Epic) (#2, March)
29.. I CAN DREAM ABOUT YOU, Dan Hartman (MCA) (#6, Aug)
30.. THE GLAMOROUS LIFE, Sheila E. (Warner Brothers) (#7, Oct)
31.. OH SHERRY, Steve Perry (Columbia) (#3, June)
32.. STUCK ON YOU, Lionel Richie (Motown) (#3, Aug)
33.. I GUESS THAT'S WHY THEY CALL IT THE BLUES, Elton John (Geffen) (#4, Jan)
34.. SHE BOP, Cyndi Lauper (Portrait) (#3, Sept)
35.. BORDERLINE, Madonna (Sire) (#10, June)
36.. SUNGLASSES AT NIGHT, Corey Hart (EMI-America) (#7, Sept)
37.. EYES WITHOUT A FACE, Billy Idol (Chrysalis) (#4, July)
38.. HERE COMES THE RAIN AGAIN, The Eurythmics (RCA) (#4, March)
39.. UPTOWN GIRL, Billy Joel (Columbia) (#3, Nov 1983)
40.. SISTER CHRISTIAN, Night Ranger (Camel) (#5, June)
41.. DRIVE, The Cars (Elektra) (#3, Sept)
42.. TWIST OF FATE/TAKE A CHANCE, Olivia Newton-John (MCA) (#5, Jan)
43.. UNION OF THE SNAKE, Duran Duran (Capitol) (#3, Dec 1983)
44.. THE HEART OF ROCK & ROLL, Huey Lewis and the News (Chrysalis) (#6, June)
45.. HARD HABIT TO BREAK, Chicago (Full Moon) (#3, Oct)
46.. THE WARRIOR, Scandal Featuring Patty Smyth (Columbia) (#7, Sept)
47.. IF EVER YOU'RE IN MY ARMS AGAIN, Peabo Bryson (Elektra) (#10, Aug)
48.. AUTOMATIC, The Pointer Sisters (Planet) (#5, April)
49.. LET THE MUSIC PLAY, Shannon (Emergency/Mirage) (#8, Feb)
50.. TO ALL THE GIRLS I'VE LOVED BEFORE, Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson (Columbia) (#5, May)
*51.. CARIBBEAN QUEEN (No More Love On the Run), Billy Ocean (Jive) (#1, Nov)
52.. THAT'S ALL, Genesis (Atlantic) (#6, Feb)
53.. RUNNING WITH THE NIGHT, Lionel Richie (Motown) (#7, Feb)
54.. SAD SONGS (Say So Much), Elton John (Geffen) (#5, Aug)
55.. I WANT A NEW DRUG, Huey Lewis and the News (Chrysalis) (#6, March)
*56.. ISLANDS IN THE STREAM, Kenny Rogers with Dolly Parton (RCA) (#1, Oct 1983)
57.. LOVE IS A BATTLEFIELD, Pat Benatar (Chrysalis) (#5, Dec 1983)
58.. INFATUATION, Rod Stewart (Warner Brothers) (#6, July)
59.. ALMOST PARADISE, Mick Reno and Ann Wilson (Columbia) (#7, July)
60.. LEGS, ZZ Top (Warner Brothers) (#8, July)
61.. STATE OF SHOCK, The Jacksons (Epic) (#3, Aug)
62.. LOVE SOMEBODY, Rick Springfield (RCA) (#5, May)
63.. MISS ME BLIND, Culture CLub (Virgin) (#5, April)
64.. IF THIS IS IT, Huey Lewis and the News (Chrysalis) (#6, Sept)
65.. YOU MIGHT THINK, The Cars (Elektra) (#7, April)
66.. LUCKY STAR, Madonna (Sire) (#4, Oct)
67.. COVER ME, Bruce Sprigsteen (Columbia) (#7, Oct)
68.. CUM ON FEEL THE NOIZE, Quiet Riot (Pasha) (#5, Nov 1983)
69.. BREAKDANCE, Irene Cara (Geffen) (#8, June)
70.. ADULT EDUCATION, Daryl Hall and John Oates (RCA) (#8, April)
71 ..THEY DON'T KNOW, Tracey Ullman (MCA) (#8, April)
72.. AN INNOCENT MAN, Billy Joel (Columbia) (#10, Feb)
73.. CRUEL SUMMER, Bananarama (London) (#9, Sept)
74.. DANCE HALL DAYS, Wang Chung (Geffen) (#16, July)
75.. GIVE IT UP, ..K.C. (Meca) (#18, March)
76.. I'M SO EXCITED, The Pointer Sisters (Planet) (#9, Oct)
77.. I STILL CAN'T GET OVER LOSING YOU, Ray Parker Jr. (Arista) (#12, Feb)
78.. THRILLER, Michael Jackson (Epic) (#4, March)
79.. HOLIDAY, Madonna (Sire) (#16, Jan)
80.. BREAKIN'...THERE'S NO STOPPIN' US, Ollie and Jerry (Polydor) (#9, Aug)
81.. NOBODY TOLD ME, John Lennon (Polydor) (#5, March)
82.. CHURCH OF THE POISONED MIND, Culture Club (Virgin) (#10, Dec 1983)
83.. ..THINK OF LAURA, Christopher Cross (Warner Brothers) (#9, Feb)
84.. TIME WILL REVEAL, DeBarge (Gordy) (#18, Jan)
85.. WRAPPED AROUND YOUR FINGER, The Police (A&M) (#8, March)
86.. PINK HOUSES, John Cougar Mellencamp (Riva) (#8, Feb)
87.. ROUND AND ROUND, Ratt (Atlantic) (#12, Aug)
88.. HEAD OVER HEELS, The Go-Go's (I.R.S.) (#11, May)
89.. THE LONGEST TIME, Billy Joel (Columbia) (#14, May)
90.. TONIGHT, Kool and the Gang (De-Lite) (#13, May)
91.. GOT A HOLD ON ME, Christine McVie (Warner Brothers) (#10, March)
92.. DANCING IN THE SHEETS, The Shalamar (Columbia) (#17, May)
93.. UNDERCOVER OF THE NIGHT, The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones) (#9, Dec 1983)
94.. ON THE DARK SIDE, John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band (Scotti Brothers) (#7, Oct)
95.. NEW MOON ON MONDAY, Duran Duran (Capitol) (#10, March)
96.. MAJOR TOM (Coming Home), Peter Schilling (Elektra) (#14, Dec 1983)
97.. MAGIC, The Cars (Elektra) (#12, July)
98.. WHEN YOU CLOSE YOUR EYES, Night Ranger (Camel) (#14, Sept)
99.. ROCK ME TONITE, Billy Squier (Capitol) (#15, Sept)
100.. YAH MO B THERE, James Ingram with Michael McDonald (Qwest) (#19, March)
| John Waite |
Who topped the charts with ‘He’s Not Heavy, He’s My Brother’ in 1969? | Top 100 Songs of 1984
Top 100 Songs of 1984
"The Reflex," Duran Duran; "Out Of Touch," Hall & Oates; "Penny Lover," Lionel Richie
1. "When Doves Cry".....Prince
2. "What's Love Got To Do With It".....Tina Turner
3. "Jump".....Van Halen
7. "Owner Of A Lonely Heart".....Yes
8. "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)".....Phil Collins
9. "Footloose".....Kenny Loggins
11. "I Just Called To Say I Love You".....Stevie Wonder
12. "Out Of Touch".....Daryl Hall & John Oates
13. "Say Say Say," Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson
14. "I Feel For You".....Chaka Khan
15. "Missing You".....John Waite
16. "Let's Hear It For The Boy".....Deniece Williams
17. "Time After Time".....Cyndi Lauper
18. "The Reflex".....Duran Duran
19. "Dancing In The Dark".....Bruce Springsteen
20. "Caribbean Queen (No More Love On The Run)".....Billy Ocean
21. "Talking In Your Sleep".....The Romantics
22. "Hard Habit To Break".....Chicago
23. "Let's Go Crazy".....Prince & The Revolution
24. "Self Control".....Laura Branigan
25. "The Wild Boys".....Duran Duran
26. "Hold Me Now".....Thompson Twins
27. "Jump (For My Love)".....Pointer Sisters
28. ""Joanna".....Kool & The Gang
29. "Break My Stride".....Matthew Wilder
30. "The Glamorous Life".....Sheila E
31. "Somebody's Watching Me".....Rockwell
32. "Running With The Night".....Lionel Richie
33. "Penny Lover".....Lionel Richie
35. "Stuck On You".....Lionel Richie
36. "She Bop".....Cyndi Lauper
40. "Here Comes The Rain Again".....Eurythmics
41. "I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues".....Elton John
42. "Twist Of Fate".....Olivia Newton-John
43. "The Heart of Rock & Roll".....Huey Lewis & The News
44. "Automatic".....Pointer Sisters
45. "Girls Just Want To Have Fun".....Cyndi Lauper
46. "No More Lonely Nights".....Paul McCartney
47. "Infatuation".....Rod Stewart
48. "Better Be Good To Me".....Tina Turner
49. "Sunglasses At Night".....Corey Hart
50. "I Can Dream About You".....Dan Hartman
"Sunglasses At Night," Corey Hart; "I Can Dream About You," Dan Hartman; "The Warrior," Scandal w/ Patty Smyth; "Strut," Sheena Easton
51. "Sister Christian".....Night Ranger
53. "Purple Rain".....Prince & The Revolution
54. "Eyes Without A Face".....Billy Idol
55. "State Of Shock".....The Jacksons
56. "The Warrior".....Scandal w/ Patty Smyth
57. "All Through The Night".....Cyndi Lauper
58. "I Want A New Drug".....Huey Lewis & The News
59. "If This Is It".....Huey Lewis & The News
60. "Miss Me Blind".....Culture Club
61. "Sad Songs (Say So Much)".....Elton John
62. "Lucky Star".....Madonna
63. "Almost Paradise".....Mike Reno & Ann Wilson
64. "Cover Me".....Bruce Springsteen
67. "If Ever You're In My Arms Again".....Peabo Bryson
68. "I Can't Hold Back".....Survivor
69. "To All The Girls I've Loved Before"...Julio Iglesias & Willie Nelson
70. "Love Somebody".....Rick Springfield
71. "You Might Think".....The Cars
72. "Adult Education".....Daryl Hall & John Oates
73. "Breakdance".....Irene Cara
74. "They Don't Know".....Tracey Ullman
75. "I'm So Excited".....Pointer Sisters
76. "Got A Hold On Me".....Fleetwood Mac
77. "Pink Houses".....John Cougar Mellencamp
78. "Thriller".....Michael Jackson
79. "Nobody Told Me".....John Lennon
80. "Let The Music Play".....Shannon
81. "Wrapped Around Your Finger".....The Police
82. "Head Over Heels".....The Go-Gos
83. "Cruel Summer".....Bananarama
84. "Think Of Laura".....Christopher Cross
85. "Magic".....The Cars
86. "Breakin'...There's No Stoppin' Us".....Ollie & Jerry
87. "New Moon On Monday".....Duran Duran
88. "Lights Out".....Peter Wolf
90. "The Longest Time".....Billy Joel
91. "The Language Of Love".....Dan Fogelberg
92. "I Still Can't Get Over Loving You".....Ray Parker, Jr.
93. "Dancing In The Streets".....Shalamar
94. "On The Dark Side".....John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band
95. "Read 'Em And Weep".....Barry Manilow
96. "Blue Jean".....David Bowie
99. "An Innocent Man".....Billy Joel
100. "Some Guys Have All The Luck".....Rod Stewart
1984's Number Ones
(Includes the date the song reached the top of Billboard's Hot 100, and the duration of its stay there.)
"Owner Of A Lonely Heart," Yes
21 January 1984/2 weeks
Formed in 1968, Yes had a Top 40 hit in 1972 with "Roundabout" (US#13) and went through a series of incarnations before finally breaking up. Chris Squire and Alan White formed a new band called Cinema, and recruited South African guitarist Trevor Rabin. Yes keyboardist Tony Kaye and vocalist Jon Anderson returned to the fold and Cinema became Yes reincarnated and more pop-oriented. "Owner Of A Lonely Heart," written by Anderson, Rabin, Squire and Trevor Horn of Buggles fame, became the group's only chart-topper, but it was a big one.
"Karma Chameleon," Culture Club
4 February 1984/3 weeks
Culture Club's only # 1 single in America was also the band's biggest hit in the UK, where it became the bestselling 45 of 1983 and remained at the top of the chart for five weeks. In the US it was their fifth consecutive Top 10 single. Two of the previous singles -- "Do You Really Want To Hurt Me" and "Time (Clock Of The Heart)" had peaked at the # 2 spot. Culture Club had already distinguished itself by becoming the first act since the Beatles to have three Top 10 singles off their debut album.
"Jump," Van Halen
25 February 1984/5 weeks
Eddie Van Halen wrote the music for "Jump" long before David Lee Roth penned the lyrics, and producer Ted Templeton and the people at Warner Bros. liked the instrumental track so well that the decision was made to include the song on the band's 1984 album even before the words were written. Van Halen had 11 Hot 100 singles without one Top 10 hit, but that changed when "Jump," debuting at # 47, rocketed to the top of the chart six weeks later.
"Footloose," Kenny Loggins
31 March 1984/3 weeks
In 1984, for the first time in the rock era, all five songs nominated for a Best Song Oscar were # 1 singles. Dean Pitchfork, who'd won an Academy Award for writing "Fame," co-wrote this song with Loggins while suffering from the flu. But Loggins was suffering, too -- from broken ribs, due to his stepping off a darkened stage in Provo, Utah. Loggins had charted before with songs from a movie -- "This Is It" and "I'm Alright" from the film Caddyshack. But this was his first # 1.
"Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)," Phil Collins
21 April 1984/3 weeks
Director Taylor Hackford had only one person in mind when he began to consider who'd sing the theme song for his film Against All Odds. But when time came to record, Phil Collins was in the middle of a major American tour with Genesis. Nonetheless, Collins wrote the song, then, when the tour brought him to Los Angeles, laid down the vocal and drum tracks in one day. Hackford proudly described it as "a textbook case of designing a song to fit a film."
"Hello," Lionel Richie
12 May 1984/2 weeks
Lionel Richie's wife Brenda very much wanted this song included on her husband's debut solo album, but it didn't make the final cut. And it almost didn't make it onto Richie's second LP, either, but Brenda insisted. "Hello" became the sixth # 1 in Richie's career (including two with the Commodores), and all of his eight solo singles made it into the Top 10.
"Let's Hear It For The Boy," Deniece Williams
26 May 1984/2 weeks
The second chart-topping single from the soundtrack of Footloose, which produced five Top 40 hits, putting it on a par with Saturday Night Fever and Xanadu. Oddly enough, this tune almost didn't make the movie's final cut. Dean Pitchford, who co-wrote the song with Tom Snow, had used Williams to sing the title song for the Tom Selleck movie High Road to China -- only there turned out not to be a title song. This time, Pitchford came through, inserting the track into Footloose at the last minute. It became Williams' first # 1 hit.
"Time After Time," Cyndi Lauper
9 June 1984/2 weeks
Many dismissed Lauper as a one-hit wonder when her first single, "Girls Just Want To Have Fun," climbed to the # 2 spot on the chart. When "Time After Time" went to # 1, she became the first female solo artist since Petula Clark to have her first two singles make the Top 3. The song's autobiographical video featured Lauper's mother, her boyfriend/manager Dave Wolff, and her mentor, wrestler Lou Albano.
"The Reflex," Duran Duran
23 June 1984/2 weeks
The band didn't think "The Reflex" sounded like a single -- until they had Nile Rodgers remix it. Even so, the song might not have gotten much airplay but for the fact that the Duran Duran videos for "Hungry Like The Wolf" and "Rio" was in heavy rotation on MTV. American radio stations began spinning Duran Duran platters, and "The Reflex" became the group's first chart-topper.
"When Doves Cry," Prince
7 July 1985/5 weeks
Written for the autobiographical film Purple Rain, "When Doves Cry" perfectly encapsulated the beguiling idiosycracies of the artist's way of making music. The last song to be written for the soundtrack, it was the first one released as a single. Debuting at # 57, it took just six short weeks to soar to the top. At year's end, Billboard crowned "When Doves Cry" the # 1 single of 1984.
"Ghostbusters," Ray Parker, Jr.
11 August 1984/3 weeks
This became the first # 1 song for the artist who in the '70s had been leader of the group Raydio, and it earned Parker an Academy Award nomination. The video, directed by Ivan Reitman, including Ghostbuster stars Dan Ackroyd and Bill Murray, as well as cameos by the likes of Carly Simon, Melissa Gilbert, Chevy Chase and John Candy.
"What's Love Got To Do With It," Tina Turner
1 September 1984/3 weeks
Tina Turner first hit the charts with 1960's "A Fool For Love," recorded with husband Ike. It took 24 years, though, for her to have a # 1 -- a record for the longest time between an artist's debut chart appearance and their first chart topper. Ironically, considering that the song won Grammys for Record of the Year and Song of ther Year, and earned Turner a Grammy for Pop Vocal Performance and Rock Vocal Performance, Tina hated it when she first heard the demo. But songwriter Terry Britten tailored the tune to fit, and the rest, as they say, is history.
"Missing You," John Waite
22 September 1984/1 week
Born in Lancaster, England, and cofounder of the '70s group the Babys, Waite had a single off his debut solo album entitled "Change" which was featured on the soundtrack for Vision Quest. "Missing You," the first single from Waite's second album, No Brakes, was written by the artist during a period of emotional upheaval, and Waite described writing the lyrics as "pure word association ... subconscious ... like sleepwalking."
"Let's Go Crazy," Prince & The Revolution
29 September 1984/2 weeks
Like "When Doves Cry," "Let's Go Crazy" was from the soundtrack for Purple Rain, and like its predecessor it debuted high in the charts (# 45) and quickly (eight weeks) climbed to the top. There would be three more singles from the soundtrack -- "I Would Die 4 U" (# 8), "Take Me With U" (# 25) and "Purple Rain" (# 2). The album itself dominated the LP chart for six months and became Billboard's # 1 album of the year.
"I Just Called To Say I Love You," Stevie Wonder
13 October 1984/3 weeks
Jay Lasker, president of Motown Records, didn't like the first three songs Wonder submitted for the soundtrack of the film The Woman in Red, so the artist started all over again. One of the songs he wrote the second time around was this one, which became an international smash hit, and Wonder's eighth # 1 single in the US. It was also the artist's first chart-topper in the UK. "I Just Called To Say I Love You" also won an Oscar for Best Original Song, making it the 11th # 1 single of the rock era to win an Academy Award.
"Caribbean Queen (No More Love On The Run)," Billy Ocean
3 November 1984/2 weeks
This tune started out in Britain as "European Queen," but it didn't generate any interest. The word "Caribbean" was substituted onto the original track, and a version entitled "African Queen" was also created. The "Caribbean" version became Ocean's first chart entry in the US since 1976's "Love Really Hurts Without You" -- and his first chart-topper, and the first # 1 for his label, Jive Records.
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go," Wham!
17 November 1984/3 weeks
George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley were teenage friends living in the London suburb of Watford, and one day Michael noticed a handmade sign in Ridgeley's room that read "wake me up-up before you go-go." Michael thought it a great song title. Wham! enjoyed a string of hits in the UK -- "Young Guns (Go For It)," "Bad Boys," "Wham Rap" -- but success in the US eluded them. That was frustrating for Michael and Ridgeley, both of whom had been inspired by American rock 'n' roll. But this song changed all that.
"Out Of Touch," Daryl Hall & John Oates
8 December 1984/2 weeks
In April 1984, the Recording Industry Association of America announced that Hall & Oates were the most successful duo in the history of recorded music, with a total of 19 gold and platinum awards. But they weren't done. "Out Of Touch" became their sixth # 1 single. Another track from the Big Bam Boom album, "Method Of Modern Love," made it to # 7 in early '85, the 15th Hall & Oates single to reach the Top 10.
"Like A Virgin," Madonna
22 December 1984/6 weeks
Madonna wrapped up a year of big # 1 hits with the biggest of them all; "Like A Virgin" had the longest stay at the top of the chart of any single in 1984. Strangely enough, the song, penned by hitmakers Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly, wasn't written for a female singer. But Warner Bros. exec Michael Ostin was a friend of Tom Kelly's, and heard the demo the day before he met with Madonna to discuss her next album. This was Madonna's first chart-topper, and it established her as a major star.
1984's Top 50 in the UK
* Number One songs
Nik Kershaw; "Relax," Frankie Goes to Hollywood; "No More Lonely Nights," Paul McCartney
1. "Do They Know It's Christmas?" Band Aid*
2. "I Just Called To Say I Love You," Stevie Wonder*
3. "Relax," Frankie Goes to Hollywood*
4. "Two Tribes," Frankie Goes to Hollywood*
5. "Careless Whisper," George Michael*
6. "Last Christmas"/"Everything She Wants," Wham!
7. "Hello," Lionel Richie*
9. "Ghostbusters," Ray Parker, Jr.
10. "Freedom," Wham!*
11. "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go," Wham!*
12. "I Feel For You," Chaka Khan*
13. "White Lines (Don't Do It)," Grandmaster & Melle Mel*
14. "We All Stand Together," Paul McCartney & the Frog Chorus*
15. "99 Red Balloons," Nena*
16. "The Power Of Love," Frankie Goes to Hollywood*
17. "The Reflex," Duran Duran*
18. "Like A Virgin," Madonna
19. "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)," Phil Collins
20. "What's Love Got To Do With It," Tina Turner
21. "I Should Have Known Better," Jim Diamond*
22. "No More Lonely Nights," Paul McCartney
23. "I Want To Break Free," Queen
24. "Hole In My Shoe," Neil
25. "Time After Time," Cyndi Lauper
26. "Radio Ga Ga," Queen
27. "Together In Electric Dreams," Giorgio Moroder with Philip Oakey
28. "When Doves Cry," Prince
29. "Doctor, Doctor," Thompson Twins
30. "Self Control," Laura Branigan
31. "The War Song," Culture Club
32. "Girls Just Want To Have Fun," Cyndi Lauper
33. "The Wild Boys," Duran Duran
34. "I Won't Let The Sun Go Down On Me," Nik Kershaw
35. "Like To Get To Know You Well," Howard Jones
36. "Nellie The Elephant," The Toy Dolls
37. "Pride (In The Name Of Love)," U2
38. "Automatic," Pointer Sisters
| i don't know |
When eating out, what French phrase is effectively the opposite of ‘a la carte’? | A la carte or set menu?
click here to post a review
À la carte or set menu?
A COMMON stumbling block for those who are new to the foodie world and are beginning to venture out into the exciting world of restaurants is the phrase �� la carte�.
The expression, as with so many things relating to eating, is French in origin and means simply to order from the menu. But it isn�t quite as straight forward as that in modern restaurants.
Most establishments offer set meals (French: prix fixe - fixed price), together with their � la carte menus. If you choose a set meal you will probably be faced with the choice of around three starters, three mains and three desserts and the price will be fixed.
If you choose a la carte the choice increases dramatically - six or more different dishes for each course is not uncommon (you choose one for each course), but inevitably the cost of your meal rises significantly too. However it gives you greater scope to experiment with a wider selection of dishes, and if you�re feeling particularly flush, you can order more dishes than you need simply to try them.
Many restaurants today are offering extremely good value set lunches and dinners, and under no circumstances should you feel mean by ordering them. They are there to showcase the full, or � la carte menu and serve a useful purpose of enticing diners into an establishment with a fixed cost meal.
Another expression you may come across which is relevant, but relatively uncommon outside of France, is �table d�h�te�. This is effectively the same as a set meal, or prix fixe, and will consist of several courses for a fixed price, given on the menu.
It is worth noting that set lunches and dinners rarely include the specials of the day.
eatmytown.co.uk � 2007. All rights reserved
| Table d'hôte |
L. B. Johnson, former president of the USA – for what did the ‘B’ stand? | A la carte or set menu?
click here to post a review
À la carte or set menu?
A COMMON stumbling block for those who are new to the foodie world and are beginning to venture out into the exciting world of restaurants is the phrase �� la carte�.
The expression, as with so many things relating to eating, is French in origin and means simply to order from the menu. But it isn�t quite as straight forward as that in modern restaurants.
Most establishments offer set meals (French: prix fixe - fixed price), together with their � la carte menus. If you choose a set meal you will probably be faced with the choice of around three starters, three mains and three desserts and the price will be fixed.
If you choose a la carte the choice increases dramatically - six or more different dishes for each course is not uncommon (you choose one for each course), but inevitably the cost of your meal rises significantly too. However it gives you greater scope to experiment with a wider selection of dishes, and if you�re feeling particularly flush, you can order more dishes than you need simply to try them.
Many restaurants today are offering extremely good value set lunches and dinners, and under no circumstances should you feel mean by ordering them. They are there to showcase the full, or � la carte menu and serve a useful purpose of enticing diners into an establishment with a fixed cost meal.
Another expression you may come across which is relevant, but relatively uncommon outside of France, is �table d�h�te�. This is effectively the same as a set meal, or prix fixe, and will consist of several courses for a fixed price, given on the menu.
It is worth noting that set lunches and dinners rarely include the specials of the day.
eatmytown.co.uk � 2007. All rights reserved
| i don't know |
Which King was killed by Neoptolemus at the fall of Troy? | Neoptolemus
Neoptolemus
by Nadia Soewito
Neoptolemus, also called Pyrrhus, was the only son of Achilles and grandson of Peleus . When Achilles disguised himself as a girl in the court of the king of Scyros to avoid taking part in the Trojan War, he had an affair with Deidamea , the king's daughter, who bore him the child. Twenty years later in the war, after the death of Achilles and Ajax and no signs of victory for the Greeks, the Greeks desperately captured the Trojan seer, Helenus , and forced him to tell them under what conditions could they take Troy. Helenus revealed to them that they could defeat Troy if they could achieve the poisonous arrows of Heracles (then at Philocthetes); steal the Palladium (which lead to the building of the famous wooden horse of Troy); and persuade Achilles' son to join the war. The Greeks made haste to fetch Neoptolemus at Scyros, and brought him to Troy.
Being the youngest of the Greek warriors at that time, Neoptolemus' behavior was also the most savage and cruelest among them, often being contrasted to Achilles. Among those he killed in the war were the courageous King Priam , his youngest daughter Polyxena , and Hector 's son Astyanax. After the fall of Troy, he took Hector's widow, Andromache , as a concubine and sailed to the Epirot Islands with Phoenix and Helenus. He became the king of Epirus who condemned Odysseus to exile after the latter slayed the large number of suitors at his house. Neoptolemus had a son named Molossus from Andromache, and he is also said to have a daughter, Olympias, who later became the mother of Alexander the Great.
Eventually, Neoptolemus met his death either after he later robbed Hermione from her husband Orestes , or after he tried to claim satisfaction from the death of Achilles to the god who killed the hero, Apollo . In either case, Orestes murdered him in Apollo's temple at Delphi, but some say it was a Delphian cult of Apollo who killed him.
Article details:
| Priam |
Which ‘C’ was the Roman version of the Greek goddess Demeter? | The Great Events by Famous Historians/Volume 1/Fall of Troy - Wikisource, the free online library
The Great Events by Famous Historians/Volume 1/Fall of Troy
From Wikisource
B.C. 1184
GEORGE GROTE
The siege of Troy is an event not to be reckoned as history, although Herodotus, the "Father of History," speaks of it as such, and it would be quite impossible to understand the history and character of the Greek people without a study of the Iliad and Odyssey poems attributed to "a blind bard of Scio's isle"—immortal Homer. The campaign of the Greek heroes in Asia is to be referred to a hazy point in the past when Europe was just beginning to have an Eastern Question. A vast circle of tales and poems has gathered round this mythical event, and the Iliad—Song of Ilium, or Troy—is still a poem of unfailing interest and fascination.
Ilium, or Troy, was a city of Asia Minor, a little south of the Hellespont. It was the centre of a powerful state, Grecian in race and language; and when Paris, son of King Priam, visited Sparta and carried off the beautiful wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, all the heroes of Greece banded together and invaded Priam's dominions.
The twelve hundred ships that sailed for Troy transported one hundred thousand warriors to the valley of Simois and Scamander. Among them was Agamemnon, "king of men," brother of Menelaus. He was the leader, and in his train were Achilles, "swift of foot"; "god-like, wise" Ulysses, King of Ithaca, the two Ajaxes, and the aged Nestor. The narrative of their adventures is told in the Homeric poems with a power of musical expression, a charm of language, and a vividness of imagery unsurpassed in poetry.
For ten years the besiegers encircled the city of Priam. After many engagements and single combats on "the windy plain of Troy" the great hero of the Greeks, Achilles of Thessaly, is wronged by Agamemnon, who carries away Briseis, a fair captive girl allotted as the spoils of war to the "Swift-footed." The hero of Thessaly thenceforth refuses to join in the war, and sullenly shuts himself up in his tent. It is only when his dear friend Patroclus has been slain by the valiant Hector, eldest son of Priam, that he sallies forth, meets Hector in single combat, and finally slays him. Achilles then attaches the body of Hector to his chariot and insultingly trails it in the dust as he drives three times around the walls of Troy. The Iliad closes with the funeral rites celebrated over the corpse of Hector.
We now arrive at the capital and culminating point of the Grecian epic—the two sieges and captures of Troy, with the destinies of the dispersed heroes, Trojan as well as Grecian, after the second and most celebrated capture and destruction of the city.
It would require a large volume to convey any tolerable idea of the vast extent and expansion of this interesting fable, first handled by so many poets, epic, lyric, and tragic, with their endless additions, transformations, and contradictions,—then purged and recast by historical inquirers, who, under color of setting aside the exaggerations of the poets, introduced a new vein of prosaic invention,—lastly, moralized and allegorized by philosophers. In the present brief outline of the general field of Grecian legend, or of that which the Greeks believed to be their antiquities, the Trojan war can be regarded as only one among a large number of incidents upon which Hecatæus and Herodotus looked back as constituting their fore-time. Taken as a special legendary event, it is, indeed, of wider and larger interest than any other, but it is a mistake to single it out from the rest as if it rested upon a different and more trustworthy basis. I must, therefore, confine myself to an abridged narrative of the current and leading facts; and amid the numerous contradictory statements which are to be found respecting every one of them, I know no better ground of preference than comparative antiquity, though even the oldest tales which we possess—those contained in the Iliad—evidently presuppose others of prior date.
The primitive ancestor of the Trojan line of kings is Dardanus, son of Zeus, founder and eponymus of Dardania: in the account of later authors, Dardanus was called the son of Zeus by Electra, daughter of Atlas, and was further said to have come from Samothrace, or from Arcadia, or from Italy; but of this Homer mentions nothing. The first Dardanian town founded by him was in a lofty position on the descent of Mount Ida; for he was not yet strong enough to establish himself on the plain. But his son Erichthonius, by the favor of Zeus, became the wealthiest of mankind. His flocks and herds having multiplied, he had in his pastures three thousand mares, the offspring of some of whom, by Boreas, produced horses of preternatural swiftness. Tros, the son of Erichthonius, and the eponym of the Trojans, had three sons—Ilus, Assaracus, and the beautiful Ganymedes, whom Zeus stole away to become his cup-bearer in Olympus, giving to his father Tros, as the price of the youth, a team of immortal horses.
From Ilus and Assaracus the Trojan and Dardanian lines diverge; the former passing from Ilus to Laomedon, Priam, and Hector; the latter from Assaracus to Capys, Anchises, and Æneas. Ilus founded in the plain of Troy the holy city of Ilium; Assaracus and his descendants remained sovereigns of Dardania.
It was under the proud Laomedon, son of Ilus, that Poseidon and Apollo underwent, by command of Zeus, a temporary servitude; the former building the walls of the town, the latter tending the flocks and herds. When their task was completed and the penal period had expired, they claimed the stipulated reward; but Laomedon angrily repudiated their demand, and even threatened to cut off their ears, to tie them hand and foot, and to sell them in some distant island as slaves. He was punished for this treachery by a sea-monster, whom Poseidon sent to ravage his fields and to destroy his subjects. Laomedon publicly offered the immortal horses given by Zeus to his father Tros, as a reward to any one who would destroy the monster. But an oracle declared that a virgin of noble blood must be surrendered to him, and the lot fell upon Hesione, daughter of Laomedon himself. Heracles, arriving at this critical moment, killed the monster by the aid of a fort built for him by Athene and the Trojans, so as to rescue both the exposed maiden and the people; but Laomedon, by a second act of perfidy, gave him mortal horses in place of the matchless animals which had been promised. Thus defrauded of his due, Heracles equipped six ships, attacked and captured Troy, and killed Laomedon, giving Hesione to his friend and auxiliary Telamon, to whom she bore the celebrated archer Teucros. A painful sense of this expedition was preserved among the inhabitants of the historical town of Ilium, who offered no worship to Heracles.
Among all the sons of Laomedon, Priam was the only one who had remonstrated against the refusal of the well-earned guerdon of Heracles; for which the hero recompensed him by placing him on the throne. Many and distinguished were his sons and daughters, as well by his wife Hecuba, daughter of Cisseus, as by other women. Among the sons were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, Troilus, Polites, Polydorus; among the daughters, Laodice, Creusa, Polyxena, and Cassandra.
The birth of Paris was preceded by formidable presage; for Hecuba dreamed that she was delivered of a firebrand, and Priam, on consulting the soothsayers, was informed that the son about to be born would prove fatal to him. Accordingly he directed the child to be exposed on Mount Ida; but the inauspicious kindness of the gods preserved him; and he grew up amid the flocks and herds, active and beautiful, fair of hair and symmetrical in person, and the special favorite of Aphrodite.
It was to this youth, in his solitary shepherd's walk on Mount Ida, that the three goddesses, Here, Athene, and Aphrodite, were conducted, in order that he might determine the dispute respecting their comparative beauty, which had arisen at the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis,—a dispute brought about in pursuance of the arrangement, and in accomplishment of the deep-laid designs of Zeus. For Zeus, remarking with pain the immoderate numbers of the then existing heroic race, pitied the earth for the overwhelming burden which she was compelled to bear, and determined to lighten it by exciting a destructive and long-continued war. Paris awarded the palm of beauty to Aphrodite, who promised him in recompense the possession of Helen, wife of the Spartan Menelaus,—the daughter of Zeus and the fairest of living women. At the instance of Aphrodite, ships were built for him, and he embarked on the enterprise so fraught with eventual disaster to his native city, in spite of the menacing prophecies of his brother Helenus, and the always neglected warnings of Cassandra.
Paris, on arriving at Sparta, was hospitably entertained by Menelaus as well as by Castor and Pollux, and was enabled to present the rich gifts which he had brought to Helen. Menelaus then departed to Crete, leaving Helen to entertain his Trojan guest—a favorable moment, which was employed by Aphrodite to bring about the intrigue and the elopement. Paris carried away with him both Helen and a large sum of money belonging to Menelaus, made a prosperous voyage to Troy, and arrived there safely with his prize on the third day.
Menelaus, informed by Iris in Crete of the perfidious return made by Paris for his hospitality, hastened home in grief and indignation to consult with his brother Agamemnon, as well as with the venerable Nestor, on the means of avenging the outrage. They made known the event to the Greek chiefs around them, among whom they found universal sympathy; Nestor, Palamedes, and others went round to solicit aid in a contemplated attack of Troy, under the command of Agamemnon, to whom each chief promised both obedience and unwearied exertion until Helen should be recovered. Ten years were spent in equipping the expedition. The goddesses Here and Athene, incensed at the preference given by Paris to Aphrodite, and animated by steady attachment to Argos, Sparta, and Mycenæ, took an active part in the cause, and the horses of Here were fatigued with her repeated visits to the different parts of Greece.
By such efforts a force was at length assembled at Aulis in Boeotia, consisting of 1,186 ships and more than one hundred thousand men—a force outnumbering by more than ten to one anything that the Trojans themselves could oppose, and superior to the defenders of Troy even with all her allies included. It comprised heroes with their followers from the extreme points of Greece—from the northwestern portions of Thessaly under Mount Olympus, as well as the western islands of Dulichium and Ithaca, and the eastern islands of Crete and Rhodes. Agamemnon himself contributed 100 ships manned with the subjects of his kingdom Mycenæ, besides furnishing 60 ships to the Arcadians, who possessed none of their own. Menelaus brought with him 60 ships, Nestor from Pylus, 90, Idomeneus from Crete and Diomedes from Argos, 80 each. Forty ships were manned by the Elians, under four different chiefs; the like number under Meges from Dulichium and the Echinades, and under Thoas from Calydon and the other Ætolian towns. Odysseus from Ithaca, and Ajax from Salamis, brought 12 ships each. The Abantes from Euboea, under Elphenor, filled 40 vessels; the Boeotians, under Peneleos and Leitus, 50; the inhabitants of Orchomenus and Aspledon, 30; the light-armed Locrians, under Ajax son of Oileus, 40; the Phocians as many. The Athenians, under Menestheus, a chief distinguished for his skill in marshalling an army, mustered 50 ships; the Myrmidons from Phthia and Hellas, under Achilles, assembled in 50 ships; Protesilaus from Phylace and Pyrasus, and Eurypylus from Ormenium, each came with 40 ships; Machaon and Podaleirius, from Trikka, with 30; Eumelus, from Pheræ and the lake Boebeis, with 11; and Philoctetes from Meliboea with 7; the Lapithæ, under Polypoetes, son of Peirithous, filled 40 vessels, the Ænianes and Perrhæbians, under Guneus, 22; and the Magnetes, under Prothous, 40; these last two were from the northernmost parts of Thessaly, near the mountains Pelion and Olympus. From Rhodes, under Tlepolemus, son of Heracles, appeared 9 ships; from Syme, under the comely but effeminate Nireus, 3; from Cos, Crapathus, and the neighboring islands, 30, under the orders of Pheidippus and Antiphus, sons of Thessalus and grandsons of Heracles.
Among this band of heroes were included the distinguished warriors Ajax and Diomedes, and the sagacious Nestor; while Agamemnon himself, scarcely inferior to either of them in prowess, brought with him a high reputation for prudence in command. But the most marked and conspicuous of all were Achilles and Odysseus; the former a beautiful youth born of a divine mother, swift in the race, of fierce temper and irresistible might; the latter not less efficient as an ally, from his eloquence, his untiring endurance, his inexhaustible resources under difficulty, and the mixture of daring courage with deep-laid cunning which never deserted him: the blood of the arch-deceiver Sisyphus, through an illicit connection with his mother Anticleia, was said to flow in his veins, and he was especially patronized and protected by the goddess Athene. Odysseus, unwilling at first to take part in the expedition, had even simulated insanity; but Palamedes, sent to Ithaca to invite him, tested the reality of his madness by placing in the furrow where Odysseus was ploughing his infant son Telemachus. Thus detected, Odysseus could not refuse to join the Achæan host, but the prophet Halitherses predicted to him that twenty years would elapse before he revisited his native land. To Achilles the gods had promised the full effulgence of heroic glory before the walls of Troy; nor could the place be taken without both his coöperation and that of his son after him. But they had forewarned him that this brilliant career would be rapidly brought to a close; and that if he desired a long life, he must remain tranquil and inglorious in his native land. In spite of the reluctance of his mother Thetis he preferred few years with bright renown, and joined the Achæan host. When Nestor and Odysseus came to Phthia to invite him, both he and his intimate friend Patroclus eagerly obeyed the call.
Agamemnon and his powerful host set sail from Aulis; but being ignorant of the locality and the direction, they landed by mistake in Teuthrania, a part of Mysia near the river Caicus, and began to ravage the country under the persuasion that it was the neighborhood of Troy. Telephus, the king of the country, opposed and repelled them, but was ultimately defeated and severely wounded by Achilles. The Greeks, now discovering their mistake, retired; but their fleet was dispersed by a storm and driven back to Greece. Achilles attacked and took Scyrus, and there married Deidamia, the daughter of Lycomedes. Telephus, suffering from his wounds, was directed by the oracle to come to Greece and present himself to Achilles to be healed, by applying the scrapings of the spear with which the wound had been given; thus restored, he became the guide of the Greeks when they were prepared to renew their expedition.
The armament was again assembled at Aulis, but the goddess Artemis, displeased with the boastful language of Agamemnon, prolonged the duration of adverse winds, and the offending chief was compelled to appease her by the well-known sacrifice of his daughter Iphigenia. They then proceeded to Tenedos, from whence Odysseus and Menelaus were dispatched as envoys to Troy, to redemand Helen and the stolen property. In spite of the prudent counsels of Antenor, who received the two Grecian chiefs with friendly hospitality, the Trojans rejected the demand, and the attack was resolved upon. It was foredoomed by the gods that the Greek who first landed should perish: Protesilaus was generous enough to put himself upon this forlorn hope, and accordingly fell by the hand of Hector.
Meanwhile, the Trojans had assembled a large body of allies from various parts of Asia Minor and Thrace: Dardanians under Æneas, Lycians under Sarpedon, Mysians, Carians, Mæonians, Alizonians, Phrygians, Thracians, and Pæonians. But vain was the attempt to oppose the landing of the Greeks: the Trojans were routed, and even the invulnerable Cyncus, son of Poseidon, one of the great bulwarks of the defense, was slain by Achilles. Having driven the Trojans within their walls, Achilles attacked and stormed Lyrnessus, Pedasus, Lesbos, and other places in the neighborhood, twelve towns on the sea-coast, and eleven in the interior: he drove off the oxen of Æneas and pursued the hero himself, who narrowly escaped with his life: he surprised and killed the youthful Troilus, son of Priam, and captured several of the other sons, whom he sold as prisoners into the islands of the Ægean. He acquired as his captive the fair Briseis, while Chryseis was awarded to Agamemnon; he was, moreover, eager to see the divine Helen, the prize and stimulus of this memorable struggle; and Aphrodite and Thetis contrived to bring about an interview between them.
At this period of the war the Grecian army was deprived of Palamedes, one of its ablest chiefs. Odysseus had not forgiven the artifice by which Palamedes had detected his simulated insanity, nor was he without jealousy of a rival clever and cunning in a degree equal, if not superior, to himself; one who had enriched the Greeks with the invention of letters of dice for amusement of night-watches as well as with other useful suggestions. According to the old Cyprian epic, Palamedes was drowned while fishing by the hands of Odysseus and Diomedes. Neither in the Iliad nor the Odyssey does the name of Palamedes occur; the lofty position which Odysseus occupies in both those poems—noticed with some degree of displeasure even by Pindar, who described Palamedes as the wiser man of the two—is sufficient to explain the omission. But in the more advanced period of the Greek mind, when intellectual superiority came to acquire a higher place in the public esteem as compared with military prowess, the character of Palamedes, combined with his unhappy fate, rendered him one of the most interesting personages in the Trojan legend. Æschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides each consecrated to him a special tragedy; but the mode of his death as described in the old epic was not suitable to Athenian ideas, and accordingly he was represented as having been falsely accused of treason by Odysseus, who caused gold to be buried in his tent, and persuaded Agamemnon and the Grecian chiefs that Palamedes had received it from the Trojans. He thus forfeited his life, a victim to the calumny of Odysseus and to the delusion of the leading Greeks. The philosopher Socrates, in the last speech made to his Athenian judges, alludes with solemnity and fellow-feeling to the unjust condemnation of Palamedes as analogous to that which he himself was about to suffer; and his companions seem to have dwelt with satisfaction on the comparison. Palamedes passed for an instance of the slanderous enmity and misfortune which so often wait upon superior genius.
In these expeditions the Grecian army consumed nine years, during which the subdued Trojans dared not give battle without their walls for fear of Achilles. Ten years was the fixed epical duration of the siege of Troy, just as five years was the duration of the siege of Camicus by the Cretan armament which came to avenge the death of Minos: ten years of preparation, ten years of siege, and ten years of wandering for Odysseus were periods suited to the rough chronological dashes of the ancient epic, and suggesting no doubts nor difficulties with the original hearers. But it was otherwise when the same events came to be contemplated by the historicizing Greeks, who could not be satisfied without either finding or inventing satisfactory bonds of coherence between the separate events. Thucydides tells us that the Greeks were less numerous than the poets have represented, and that being, moreover, very poor, they were unable to procure adequate and constant provisions: hence they were compelled to disperse their army, and to employ a part of it in cultivating the Chersonese—a part in marauding expeditions over the neighborhood. Could the whole army have been employed against Troy at once (he says), the siege would have been much more speedily and easily concluded. If the great historian could permit himself thus to amend the legend in so many points, we might have imagined that a simpler course would have been to include the duration of the siege among the list of poetical exaggerations and to affirm that the real siege had lasted only one year instead of ten. But it seems that the ten years' duration was so capital a feature in the ancient tale that no critic ventured to meddle with it.
A period of comparative intermission, however, was now at hand for the Trojans. The gods brought about the memorable fit of anger of Achilles, under the influence of which he refused to put on his armor, and kept his Myrmidons in camp. According to the Cypria this was the behest of Zeus, who had compassion on the Trojans: according to the Iliad, Apollo was the originating cause, from anxiety to avenge the injury which his priest Chryses had endured from Agamemnon. For a considerable time, the combats of the Greeks against Troy were conducted without their best warrior, and severe, indeed, was the humiliation which they underwent in consequence. How the remaining Grecian chiefs vainly strove to make amends for his absence—how Hector and the Trojans defeated and drove them to their ships—how the actual blaze of the destroying flame, applied by Hector to the ship of Protesilaus, roused up the anxious and sympathizing Patroclus, and extorted a reluctant consent from Achilles to allow his friend and his followers to go forth and avert the last extremity of ruin—how Achilles, when Patroclus had been killed by Hector, forgetting his anger in grief for the death of his friend, reëntered the fight, drove the Trojans within their walls with immense slaughter, and satiated his revenge both upon the living and the dead Hector,—all these events have been chronicled, together with those divine dispensations on which most of them are made to depend, in the immortal verse of the Iliad.
Homer breaks off with the burial of Hector, whose body has just been ransomed by the disconsolate Priam; while the lost poem of Arctinus, entitled the Æthiopis, so far as we can judge from the argument still remaining of it, handled only the subsequent events of the siege. The poem of Quintus Smyrnæus, composed about the fourth century of the Christian era, seems in its first books to coincide with Æthiopis, in the subsequent books partly with the Ilias Minor of Lesches.
The Trojans, dismayed by the death of Hector, were again animated with hope by the appearance of the warlike and beautiful queen of the Amazons, Penthesilia, daughter of Ares, hitherto invincible in the field, who came to their assistance from Thrace at the head of a band of her country-women. She again led the besieged without the walls to encounter the Greeks in the open field; and under her auspices the latter were at first driven back, until she, too, was slain by the invincible arm of Achilles. The victor, on taking off the helmet of his fair enemy as she lay on the ground, was profoundly affected and captivated by her charms, for which he was scornfully taunted by Thersites; exasperated by this rash insult, he killed Thersites on the spot with a blow of his fist. A violent dispute among the Grecian chiefs was the result, for Diomedes, the kinsman of Thersites, warmly resented the proceeding; and Achilles was obliged to go to Lesbos, where he was purified from the act of homicide by Odysseus.
Next arrived Memnon, son of Tithonus and Eos, the most stately of living men, with a powerful band of black Ethiopians, to the assistance of Troy. Sallying forth against the Greeks, he made great havoc among them: the brave and popular Antilochus perished by his hand, a victim to filial devotion in defence of Nestor. Achilles at length attacked him, and for a long time the combat was doubtful between them: the prowess of Achilles and the supplication of Thetis with Zeus finally prevailed; while Eos obtained for her vanquished son the consoling gift of immortality. His tomb, however, was shown near the Propontis, within a few miles of the mouth of the river Æsopus, and was visited annually by the birds called Memnonides, who swept it and bedewed it with water from the stream. So the traveller Pausanias was told, even in the second century after the Christian era, by the Hellespontine Greeks.
But the fate of Achilles himself was now at hand. After routing the Trojans and chasing them into the town, he was slain near the Scæan gate by an arrow from the quiver of Paris, directed under the unerring auspices of Apollo. The greatest efforts were made by the Trojans to possess themselves of the body, which was, however, rescued and borne off to the Grecian camp by the valor of Ajax and Odysseus. Bitter was the grief of Thetis for the loss of her son; she came into the camp with the Muses and the Nereids to mourn over him; and when a magnificent funeral-pile had been prepared by the Greeks to burn him with every mark of honor, she stole away the body and conveyed it to a renewed and immortal life in the island of Leuce in the Euxine Sea. According to some accounts he was there blest with the nuptials and company of Helen.
Thetis celebrated splendid funeral games in honor of her son, and offered the unrivalled panoply which Hephæstus had forged and wrought for him as a prize to the most distinguished warrior in the Grecian army. Odysseus and Ajax became rivals for the distinction, when Athene, together with some Trojan prisoners, who were asked from which of the two their country had sustained greatest injury, decided in favor of the former. The gallant Ajax lost his senses with grief and humiliation: in a fit of frenzy he slew some sheep, mistaking them for the men who had wronged him, and then fell upon his own sword.
Odysseus now learned from Helenus, son of Priam, whom he had captured in an ambuscade, that Troy could not be taken unless both Philoctetes and Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, could be prevailed upon to join the besiegers. The former, having been stung in the foot by a serpent, and becoming insupportable to the Greeks from the stench of his wound, had been left at Lemnos in the commencement of the expedition, and had spent ten years in misery on that desolate island; but he still possessed the peerless bow and arrows of Heracles, which were said to be essential to the capture of Troy. Diomedes fetched Philoctetes from Lemnos to the Grecian camp, where he was healed by the skill of Machaon, and took an active part against the Trojans—engaging in single combat with Paris, and killing him with one of the Heracleian arrows. The Trojans were allowed to carry away for burial the body of this prince, the fatal cause of all their sufferings; but not until it had been mangled by the hand of Menelaus. Odysseus went to the island of Scyros to invite Neoptolemus to the army. The untried but impetuous youth, gladly obeying the call, received from Odysseus his father's armor; while, on the other hand, Eurypylus, son of Telephus, came from Mysia as auxiliary to the Trojans and rendered to them valuable service turning the tide of fortune for a time against the Greeks, and killing some of their bravest chiefs, among whom were numbered Peneleos, and the unrivalled leech Machaon. The exploits of Neoptolemus were numerous, worthy of the glory of his race and the renown of his father. He encountered and slew Eurypylus, together with numbers of the Mysian warriors: he routed the Trojans and drove them within their walls, from whence they never again emerged to give battle: and he was not less distinguished for good sense and persuasive diction than for forward energy in the field.
Troy, however, was still impregnable so long as the Palladium, a statue given by Zeus himself to Dardanus, remained in the citadel; and great care had been taken by the Trojans not only to conceal this valuable present, but to construct other statues so like it as to mislead any intruding robber. Nevertheless, the enterprising Odysseus, having disguised his person with miserable clothing and self-inflicted injuries, found means to penetrate into the city and to convey the Palladium by stealth away. Helen alone recognized him; but she was now anxious to return to Greece, and even assisted Odysseus in concerting means for the capture of the town.
To accomplish this object, one final stratagem was resorted to. By the hands of Epeius of Panopeus, and at the suggestion of Athene, a capacious hollow wooden horse was constructed, capable of containing one hundred men. In the inside of this horse the elite of the Grecian heroes, Neoptolemus, Odysseus, Menelaus, and others, concealed themselves while the entire Grecian army sailed away to Tenedos, burning their tents and pretending to have abandoned the siege. The Trojans, overjoyed to find themselves free, issued from the city and contemplated with astonishment the fabric which their enemies had left behind. They long doubted what should be done with it; and the anxious heroes from within heard the surrounding consultations, as well as the voice of Helen when she pronounced their names and counterfeited the accents of their wives. Many of the Trojans were anxious to dedicate it to the gods in the city as a token of gratitude for their deliverance; but the more cautious spirits inculcated distrust of an enemy's legacy. Laocoon, the priest of Poseidon, manifested his aversion by striking the side of the horse with his spear.
The sound revealed that the horse was hollow, but the Trojans heeded not this warning of possible fraud. The unfortunate Laocoon, a victim to his own sagacity and patriotism, miserably perished before the eyes of his countrymen, together with one of his sons: two serpents being sent expressly by the gods out of the sea to destroy him. By this terrific spectacle, together with the perfidious counsels of Simon—a traitor whom the Greeks had left behind for the special purpose of giving false information—the Trojans were induced to make a breach in their own walls, and to drag the fatal fabric with triumph and exultation into their city.
The destruction of Troy, according to the decree of the gods, was now irrevocably sealed. While the Trojans indulged in a night of riotous festivity, Simon kindled the fire-signal to the Greeks at Tenedos, loosening the bolts of the wooden horse, from out of which the enclosed heroes descended. The city, assailed both from within and from without, was thoroughly sacked and destroyed, with the slaughter or captivity of the larger portion of its heroes as well as its people. The venerable Priam perished by the hand of Neoptolemus, having in vain sought shelter at the domestic altar of Zeus Herceius. But his son Deiphobus, who since the death of Paris had become the husband of Helen, defended his house desperately against Odysseus and Menelaus, and sold his life dearly. After he was slain, his body was fearfully mutilated by the latter.
Thus was Troy utterly destroyed—the city, the altars and temples, and the population. Æneas and Antenor were permitted to escape, with their families, having been always more favorably regarded by the Greeks than the remaining Trojans. According to one version of the story they had betrayed the city to the Greeks: a panther's skin had been hung over the door of Antenor's house as a signal for the victorious besiegers to spare it in general plunder. In the distribution of the principal captives, Astyanax, the infant son of Hector, was cast from the top of the wall and killed by Odysseus or Neoptolemus: Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, was immolated on the tomb of Achilles, in compliance with a requisition made by the shade of the deceased hero to his countrymen; while her sister Cassandra was presented as a prize to Agamemnon. She had sought sanctuary at the altar of Athene, where Ajax, the son of Oileus, making a guilty attempt to seize her, had drawn both upon himself and upon the army the serious wrath of the goddess, insomuch that the Greeks could hardly be restrained from stoning him to death. Andromache and Helenus were both given to Neoptolemus, who, according to the Ilias Minor, carried away also Æneas as his captive.
Helen gladly resumed her union with Menelaus; she accompanied him back to Sparta, and lived with him there many years in comfort and dignity, passing afterward to a happy immortality in the Elysian fields. She was worshipped as a goddess, with her brothers, the Dioscuri, and her husband, having her temple, statue, and altar at Therapnæ and elsewhere. Various examples of her miraculous intervention were cited among the Greeks. The lyric poet Stesichorus had ventured to denounce her, conjointly with her sister Clytemnestra, in a tone of rude and plain-spoken severity, resembling that of Euripides and Lycophron afterward, but strikingly opposite to the delicacy and respect with which she is always handled by Homer, who never admits reproaches against her except from her own lips. He was smitten with blindness, and made sensible of his impiety; but, having repented and composed a special poem formally retracting the calumny, was permitted to recover his sight. In his poem of recantation (the famous Palinode now unfortunately lost) he pointedly contradicted the Homeric narrative, affirming that Helen had never been at Troy at all, and that the Trojans had carried thither nothing but her image or eidolon. It is, probably, to the excited religious feelings of Stesichorus that we owe the first idea of this glaring deviation from the old legend, which could never have been recommended by any considerations of poetical interest.
Other versions were afterward started, forming a sort of compromise between Homer and Stesichorus, admitting that Helen had never really been at Troy, without altogether denying her elopement. Such is the story of her having been detained in Egypt during the whole term of the siege. Paris, on his departure from Sparta, had been driven thither by storms, and the Egyptian king Proteus, hearing of the grievous wrong which he had committed toward Menelaus, had sent him away from the country with severe menaces, detaining Helen until her lawful husband should come to seek her. When the Greeks reclaimed Helen from Troy, the Trojans assured them solemnly that she neither was nor ever had been in the town; but the Greeks, treating this allegation as fraudulent, prosecuted the siege until their ultimate success confirmed the correctness of the statement. Menelaus did not recover Helen until, on his return from Troy, he visited Egypt. Such was the story told by the Egyptian priests to Herodotus, and it appeared satisfactory to his historicizing mind. "For if Helen had really been at Troy," he argues, "she would certainly have been given up, even had she been mistress of Priam himself instead of Paris: the Trojan king, with all his family and all his subjects, would never knowingly have incurred utter and irretrievable destruction for the purpose of retaining her: their misfortune was that, while they did not possess and therefore could not restore her, they yet found it impossible to convince the Greeks that such was the fact." Assuming the historical character of the war of Troy, the remark of Herodotus admits of no reply; nor can we greatly wonder that he acquiesced in the tale of Helen's Egyptian detention, as a substitute for the "incredible insanity" which the genuine legend imputes to Priam and the Trojans. Pausanias, upon the same ground and by the same mode of reasoning, pronounced that the Trojan horse must have been, in point of fact, a battering-engine, because to admit the literal narrative would be to impute utter childishness to the defenders of the city. And Mr. Payne Knight rejects Helen altogether as the real cause of the Trojan war, though she may have been the pretext of it; for he thinks that neither the Greeks nor the Trojans could have been so mad and silly as to endure calamities of such magnitude "for one little woman." Mr. Knight suggests various political causes as substitutes; these might deserve consideration, either if any evidence could be produced to countenance them, or if the subject on which they are brought to bear could be shown to belong to the domain of history.
The return of the Grecian chiefs from Troy furnished matter to the ancient epic hardly less copious than the siege itself, and the more susceptible of indefinite diversity, inasmuch as those who had before acted in concert were now dispersed and isolated. Moreover, the stormy voyages and compulsory wanderings of the heroes exactly fell in with the common aspirations after an heroic founder, and enabled even the most remote Hellenic settlers to connect the origin of their town with this prominent event of their ante-historical and semi-divine world. And an absence of ten years afforded room for the supposition of many domestic changes in their native abode, and many family misfortunes and misdeeds during the interval. One of these historic "Returns," that of Odysseus, has been immortalized by the verse of Homer. The hero, after a series of long protracted suffering and expatriation inflicted on him by the anger of Poseidon, at last reaches his native island, but finds his wife beset, his youthful son insulted, and his substance plundered by a troop of insolent suitors; he is forced to appear as a wretched beggar, and to endure in his own person their scornful treatment; but finally, by the interference of Athene coming in aid of his own courage and stratagem, he is enabled to overwhelm his enemies, to resume his family position, and to recover his property. The return of several other Grecian chiefs was the subject of an epic poem by Hagias which is now lost, but of which a brief abstract or argument still remains: there were in antiquity various other poems of similar title and analogous matter.
As usual with the ancient epic, the multiplied sufferings of this back voyage are traced to divine wrath, justly provoked by the sins of the Greeks, who, in the fierce exultation of a victory purchased by so many hardships, had neither respected nor even spared the altars of the gods in Troy. Athene, who had been their most zealous ally during the siege, was so incensed by their final recklessness, more especially by the outrage of Ajax, son of Oileus, that she actively harassed and embittered their return, in spite of every effort to appease her. The chiefs began to quarrel among themselves; their formal assembly became a scene of drunkenness; even Agamemnon and Menelaus lost their fraternal harmony, and each man acted on his own separate resolution. Nevertheless, according to the Odyssey, Nestor, Diomedes, Neoptolemus, Idomeneus, and Philoctetes reached home speedily and safely; Agamemnon also arrived in Peloponnesus, to perish by the hand of a treacherous wife; but Menelaus was condemned to long wanderings and to the severest privations in Egypt, Cyprus, and elsewhere before he could set foot in his native land. The Locrian Ajax perished on the Gyræan rock. Though exposed to a terrible storm, he had already reached this place of safety, when he indulged in the rash boast of having escaped in defiance of the gods. No sooner did Poseidon hear this language than he struck with his trident the rock which Ajax was grasping and precipitated both into the sea. Calchas, the soothsayer, together with Leonteus and Polypoetes, proceeded by land from Troy to Colophon.
In respect, however, to these and other Grecian heroes, tales were told different from those in the Odyssey, assigning to them a long expatriation and a distant home. Nestor went to Italy, where he founded Metapontum, Pisa, and Heracleia: Philoctetes also went to Italy, founded Petilia and Crimisa, and sent settlers to Egesta in Sicily. Neoptolemus, under the advice of Thetis, marched by land across Thrace, met with Odysseus, who had come by sea, at Maroneia, and then pursued his journey to Epirus, where he became king of the Molossians. Idomeneus came to Italy, and founded Uria in the Salentine peninsula. Diomedes, after wandering far and wide, went along the Italian coast into the innermost Adriatic gulf, and finally settled in Daunia, founding the cities of Argyrippa, Beneventum, Atria, and Diomedeia: by the favor of Athene he became immortal, and was worshipped as a god in many different places. The Locrian followers of Ajax founded the Epizephyrian Locri on the southernmost corner of Italy, besides another settlement in Libya.
The previously exiled Teucros, besides founding the city of Salamis in Cyprus, is said to have established some settlements in the Iberian peninsula. Menestheus, the Athenian, did the like, and also founded both Elæa in Mysia and Scylletium in Italy. The Arcadian chief Agapenor founded Paphos in Cyprus. Epius, of Panopeus in Phocis, the constructor of the Trojan horse with the aid of the goddess Athene, settled at Lagaria, near Sybaris, on the coast of Italy; and the very tools which he had employed in that remarkable fabric were shown down to a late date in the temple of Athene at Metapontum.
Temples, altars, and towns were also pointed out in Asia Minor, in Samos, and in Crete, the foundation of Agamemnon or of his followers. The inhabitants of the Grecian town of Scione, in the Thracian peninsula called Pallene or Pellene, accounted themselves the offspring of the Pellenians from Achæa in Peloponnesus, who had served under Agamemnon before Troy, and who on their return from the siege had been driven on the spot by a storm and there settled. The Pamphylians, on the southern coast of Asia Minor, deduced their origin from the wanderings of Amphilochus and Calchas after the siege of Troy: the inhabitants of the Amphilochian Argos on the Gulf of Ambracia revered the same Amphilochus as their founder. The Orchomenians under Iamenus, on quitting the conquered city, wandered or were driven to the eastern extremity of the Euxine Sea; and the barbarous Achæans under Mount Caucasus were supposed to have derived their first establishment from this source. Meriones, with his Cretan followers, settled at Engyion in Sicily, along with the preceding Cretans who had remained there after the invasion of Minos. The Elymians in Sicily also were composed of Trojans and Greeks separately driven to the spot, who, forgetting their previous differences, united in the joint settlements of Eryx and Egesta. We hear of Podalerius both in Italy and on the coast of Caria; of Acamas, son of Theseus, at Amphipolus in Thrace, at Soli in Cyprus, and at Synnada in Phrygia; of Guneus, Prothous, and Eurypylus, in Crete as well as in Libya. The obscure poem of Lycophron enumerates many of these dispersed and expatriated heroes, whose conquest of Troy was indeed a "Cadmean" victory (according to the proverbial phrase of the Greeks), wherein the sufferings of the victor were little inferior to those of the vanquished. It was particularly among the Italian Greeks, where they were worshipped with very special solemnity, that their presence as wanderers from Troy was reported and believed.
I pass over the numerous other tales which circulated among the ancients, illustrating the ubiquity of the Grecian and Trojan heroes as well as that of the Argonauts—one of the most striking features in the Hellenic legendary world. Among them all, the most interesting, individually, is Odysseus, whose romantic adventures in fabulous places and among fabulous persons have been made familiarly known by Homer. The goddesses Calypso and Circe; the semi-divine mariners of Phæacia, whose ships are endowed with consciousness and obey without a steersman; the one-eyed Cyclopes, the gigantic Læstrygones, and the wind-ruler Æolus; the Sirens, who ensnare by their song, as the Lotophagi fascinate by their food,—all these pictures formed integral and interesting portions of the old epic. Homer leaves Odysseus reëstablished in his house and family. But so marked a personage could never be permitted to remain in the tameness of domestic life; the epic poem called the Telegonia ascribed to him a subsequent series of adventures. Telegonus, his son by Circe, coming to Ithaca in search of his father, ravaged the island and killed Odysseus without knowing who he was. Bitter repentance overtook the son for his undesigned parricide: at his prayer and by the intervention of his mother Circe, both Penelope and Telemachus were made immortal: Telegonus married Penelope, and Telemachus married Circe.
We see by this poem that Odysseus was represented as the mythical ancestor of the Thesprotian kings, just as Neoptolemus was of the Molossian.
It has already been mentioned that Antenor and Æneas stand distinguished from the other Trojans by a dissatisfaction with Priam and a sympathy with the Greeks, which was by Sophocles and others construed as treacherous collusion,—a suspicion indirectly glanced at, though emphatically repelled, by the Æneas of Vergil. In the old epic of Arctinus, next in age to the Iliad and Odyssey, Æneas abandons Troy and retires to Mount Ida, in terror at the miraculous death of Laocoon, before the entry of the Greeks into the town and the last night battle: yet Lesches, in another of the ancient epic poems, represented him as having been carried away captive by Neoptolemus. In a remarkable passage of the Iliad, Poseidon describes the family of Priam as having incurred the hatred of Zeus, and predicts that Æneas and his descendants shall reign over the Trojans: the race of Dardanus, beloved by Zeus more than all his other sons, would thus be preserved, since Æneas belonged to it. Accordingly, when Æneas is in imminent peril from the hands of Achilles, Poseidon specially interferes to rescue him, and even the implacable miso-Trojan goddess Here assents to the proceeding. These passages have been construed by various able critics to refer to a family of philo-Hellenic or semi-Hellenic Æneadæ, known even in the time of the early singers of the Iliad as masters of some territory in or near the Troad, and professing to be descended from, as well as worshipping, Æneas. In the town of Scepsis, situated in the mountainous range of Ida, about thirty miles eastward of Ilium, there existed two noble and priestly families who professed to be descended, the one from Hector, the other from Æneas. The Scepsian critic Demetrius (in whose time both these families were still to be found) informs us that Scamandrius, son of Hector, and Ascanius, son of Æneas, were the archegets or heroic founders of his native city, which had been originally situated on one of the highest ranges of Ida, and was subsequently transferred by them to the less lofty spot on which it stood in his time. In Arisbe and Gentinus there seem to have been families professing the same descent, since the same archegets were acknowledged. In Ophrynium, Hector had his consecrated edifice, while in Ilium both he and Æneas were worshipped as gods: and it was the remarkable statement of the Lesbian Menecrates that Æneas, "having been wronged by Paris and stripped of the sacred privileges which belonged to him, avenged himself by betraying the city, and then became one of the Greeks."
One tale thus among many respecting Æneas, and that, too, the most ancient of all, preserved among natives of the Troad, who worshipped him as their heroic ancestor, was that after the capture of Troy he continued in the country as king of the remaining Trojans, on friendly terms with the Greeks. But there were other tales respecting him, alike numerous and irreconcilable: the hand of destiny marked him as a wanderer (fato profugus) and his ubiquity is not exceeded even by that of Odysseus. We hear of him at Ænus in Thrace, in Pallene, at Æneia in the Thermaic Gulf, in Delos, at Orchomenus and Mantineia in Arcadia, in the islands of Cythera and Zacynthus, in Leucas and Ambracia, at Buthrotum in Epirus, on the Salentine peninsula and various other places in the southern region of Italy; at Drepana and Segesta in Sicily, at Carthage, at Cape Palinurus, Cumæ, Misenum, Caieta, and finally in Latium, where he lays the first humble foundation of the mighty Rome and her empire. And the reason why his wanderings were not continued still further was, that the oracles and the pronounced will of the gods directed him to settle in Latium. In each of these numerous places his visit was commemorated and certified by local monuments or special legends, particularly by temples and permanent ceremonies in honor of his mother Aphrodite, whose worship accompanied him everywhere: there were also many temples and many different tombs of Æneas himself. The vast ascendancy acquired by Rome, the ardor with which all the literary Romans espoused the idea of a Trojan origin, and the fact that the Julian family recognized Æneas as their gentile primary ancestor,—all contributed to give to the Roman version of this legend the preponderance over every other. The various other places in which monuments of Æneas were found came thus to be represented as places where he had halted for a time on his way from Troy to Latium. But though the legendary pretensions of these places were thus eclipsed in the eyes of those who constituted the literary public, the local belief was not extinguished; they claimed the hero as their permanent property, and his tomb was to them a proof that he had lived and died among them.
Antenor, who shares with Æneas the favorable sympathy of the Greeks, is said by Pindar to have gone from Troy along with Menelaus and Helen into the region of Cyrene in Libya. But according to the more current narrative, he placed himself at the head of a body of Eneti or Veneti from Paphlagonia, who had come as allies of Troy, and went by sea into the inner part of the Adriatic Gulf, where he conquered the neighboring barbarians and founded the town of Patavium (the modern Padua); the Veneti in this region were said to owe their origin to his immigration. We learn further from Strabo that Opsicellas, one of the companions of Antenor, had continued his wanderings even into Iberia, and that he had there established a settlement bearing his name. Thus endeth the Trojan war, together with its sequel, the dispersion of the heroes, victors as well as vanquished.
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Who had sisters named Stheno and Euryale? | MEDUSA & GORGONS (Medousa & Gorgones) - Snake-Haired Monsters of Greek Mythology
Terrible, Fierce (gorgos)
Gorgon Medusa, Athenian red-figure amphora C5th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen
THE GORGONES (Gorgons) were three powerful, winged daimones named Medousa (Medusa), Sthenno and Euryale. Of the three sisters only Medousa was mortal. King Polydektes of Seriphos once commanded the hero Perseus to fetch her head. He accomplished this with the help of the gods who equipped him with a reflective shield, a curved sword, winged boots and helm of invisibility. When he fell upon Medousa and decapitated her, two creatures sprang forth from the wound--the winged horse Pegasos (Pegasus) and the giant Khrysaor (Chrysaor). Perseus fled with the monster's head in a sack and her two angry sisters chasing close on his heels.
According to late classical poets, Medousa was once a beautiful woman who was transformed into a monster by Athena as punishment for lying with Poseidon in her shrine. Earlier Greek writers and artists, however, simply portray her as a monster born into a large family of monsters.
The three Gorgones were depicted in ancient Greek vase painting and sculpture as winged women with broad, round heads, serpentine locks of hair, large staring eyes, wide mouths, lolling tongues, the tusks of swine, flared nostrils, and sometimes short, coarse beards. Medousa was humanised in late classical art with the face of a beautiful woman. In mosaic art her round face was wreathed with coiling snakes and adorned with a pair of small wings on the brow.
FAMILY OF THE GORGONS
[1.1] PHORKYS & KETO (Hesiod Theogony 270, Apollodorus 1.10)
[1.2] PHORKYS (Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 794, Pausanias 2.21.5, Nonnus Dionysiaca 24.270)
[2.1] GORGO & KETO (Hyginus Pref & Fabulae 151)
NAMES
[1.1] MEDOUSA, EURYALE, STHENNO (Hesiod Theogony 270, Pindar Pythian 12, Apollodorus 2.39, Hyginus Pref, Nonnus Dionysiaca 40.227)
OFFSPRING OF MEDOUSA
[1.1] PEGASOS , KHRYSAOR (by Poseidon ) (Hesiod Theogony 278, Apollodorus 2.40, Lycophron 840, Hyginus Pref, Nonnus Dionysiaca 31.13)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GORGO and GO′RGONES (Gorgô and Gorgones). Homer knows only one Gorgo, who, according to the Odyssey (xi. 633), was one of the frightful phantoms in Hades: in the Iliad (v. 741, viii. 349, xi. 36; comp. Virg. Aen. vi. 289), the Aegis of Athena contains the head of Gorgo, the terror of her enemies. Euripides (Ion, 989) still speaks of only one Gorgo, although Hesiod (Theog. 278) had mentioned three Gorgones, the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whence they are sometimes called Phorcydes or Phorcides. (Aeschyl. Prom. 793, 797; Pind. Pyth. xii. 24; Ov. Met. v. 230.) The names of the three Gorgones are Stheino (Stheno or Stenusa), Euryale, and Medusa (Hes. l. c.; Apollod. ii. 4. § 2), and they are conceived by Hesiod to live in the Western Ocean, in the neighbourhood of Night and the Hesperides. But later traditions place them in Libya. (Herod. ii. 91; Paus. ii. 21. § 6.) They are described (Scut. Here. 233) as girded with serpents, raising their heads, vibrating their tongues, and gnashing their teeth; Aeschylus (Prom. 794. &c., Choëph. 1050) adds that they had wings and brazen claws, and enormous teeth. On the chest of Cypselus they were likewise represented with wings. (Paus. v. 18. § 1.) Medusa, who alone of her sisters was mortal, was, according to some legends, at first a beautiful maiden, but her hair was changed into serpents by Athena, in consequence of her having become by Poseidon the mother of Chrysaor and Pegasus, in one of Athena's temples. (Hes. Theog. 287, &c.; Apollod. ii. 4. § 3; Ov. Met. iv. 792; comp. Perseus.) Her head was now of so fearful an appearance, that every one who looked at it was changed into stone. Hence the great difficulty which Perseus had in killing her; and Athena afterwards placed the head in the centre of her shield or breastplate. There was a tradition at Athens that the head of Medusa was buried under a mound in the Agora. (Paus. ii. 21. § 6, v. 12. § 2.) Athena gave to Heracles a lock of Medusa (concealed in an urn), for it had a similar effect upon the beholder as the head itself. When Heracles went out against Lacedaemon he gave the lock of hair to Sterope, the daughter of Cepheus, as a protection of the town of Tegea, as the sight of it would put the enemy to fight. (Paus. viii. 47. § 4; Apollod. ii. 7. § 3.)
The mythus respecting the family of Phorcys, to which also the Graeae, Hesperides, Scylla, and other fabulous beings belonged, has been interpreted in various ways by the ancients themselves. Some believed that the Gorgones were formidable animals with long hair, whose aspect was so frightful, that men were paralysed or killed by it, and some of the soldiers of Marius were believed to have thus met with their death (Athen. v. 64). Pliny (H. N. iv. 31) thought that they were a race of savage, swift, and hair-covered women; and Diodorus (iii. 55) regards them as a race of women inhabiting the western parts of Libya, who had been extirpated by Heracles in traversing Libya.
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
NAMES OF THE GORGONS
Strong (sthenos)
Guardian, Queen (medeôn)
* Euryale may also mean "of the wide briny sea" from eury-, hals, an appropriate name for a daughter of sea-gods.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
Gorgon, Athenian black-figure dinos C6th B.C., Musée du Louvre
Hesiod, Theogony 270 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"And to Phorkys (Phorcys) Keto (Ceto) bore the Graiai (Graeae), with fair faces and gray from birth, and these the gods who are immortal and men who walk on the earth call Graiai, the gray sisters, Pemphredo robed in beauty and Enyo robed in saffron, and the Gorgones (Gorgons) who, beyond the famous stream of Okeanos (Oceanus), live in the utmost place toward night, by the singing Hesperides : they are Sthenno, Euryale, and Medousa (Medusa), whose fate is a sad one, for she was mortal, but the other two immortal and ageless both alike. Poseidon, he of the dark hair, lay with one of these, in a soft meadow and among spring flowers. But when Perseus had cut off the head of Medousa there sprang from her blood great Khrysaor (Chrysaor) and the horse Pegasos (Pegasus) so named from the springs (pegai) of Okeanos, where she was born."
Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 21 (from Herodian, One Peculiar Diction) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or C6th B.C.) :
"By him [Phorkys (Phorcys)] she [Keto (Ceto)] conceived and bare the Gorgones (Gorgons), fearful monsters who lived in Sarpedon, a rocky island in deep-eddying Okeanos (Oceanus)."
Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 788 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[Prometheus warns the wandering cow-maid Io of the perils she will face on her journey :] First, to you, Io, will I declare your much-vexed wandering, and may you engrave it on the recording tablets of your mind. When you have crossed the stream that bounds the two continents [probably the Red Sea], toward the flaming east, where the sun walks [text missing] crossing the surging sea until you reach the Gorgonean plains of Kisthene (Cisthene), where the Phorkides (Phorcides) dwell, ancient maids, three in number, shaped like swans, possessing one eye amongst them and a single tooth; neither does the sun with his beams look down upon them, nor ever the nightly moon. And near them are their three winged sisters, the snake-haired (drakontomalloi) Gorgones (Gorgons), loathed of mankind, whom no one of mortal kind shall look upon and still draw breath. Such is the peril that I bid you to guard against."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 10 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Phorkys (Phorcys) and Keto (Ceto) had [offspring] the Phorkides (Phorcides) and the Gorgones (Gorgons)."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5. 38 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"[Depicted on the shield of Akhilleus (Achilles) :] There were the ruthless Gorgones (Gorgons) : through their hair horribly serpents coiled with flickering tongues."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"From Gorgon and Ceto [were born] : Sthenno, Euryale, Medusa."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 151 :
"From Typhon the giant and Echidna were born Gorgon . . . From Medusa, daughter of Gorgon, and Neptunus [Poseidon], were born Chrysaor and horse Pegasus."
Suidas s.v. Gorgones Tithrasiai (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Gorgones Tithrasiai (Tithrasian Gorgons) : Tithrasos [is a] river, or a location in Libya, where the Gorgones resided."
ZEUS' SLAYING OF THE ELDER GORGO
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 13 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"But when Jupiter [Zeus], confident in his youth, was preparing for war against the Titanes (Titans), oracular reply was given to him that if he wished to win, he should carry on the war protected with the skin of a goat, aigos, and the head of the Gorgon. The Greeks call this the aegis. When this was done, as we have shown above, Jupiter [Zeus], overcoming the Titanes, gained possession of the kingdom."
POSEIDON'S SEDUCTION OF MEDUSA
Hesiod, Theogony 270 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"Poseidon, he of the dark hair, lay with one of these [Medousa (Medusa), one of the Gorgones], in a soft meadow and among spring flowers."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 770 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"[Medousa (Medusa)] was violated in Minerva's [Athena's] shrine by the Lord of the Sea (Rector Pelagi) [Poseidon]. Jove's [Zeus'] daughter turned away and covered with her shield her virgin's eyes. And then for fitting punishment transformed the Gorgo's lovely hair to loathsome snakes."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 6. 119 ff :
"As a bird, [Medousa (Medusa)] the snake-tressed mother of the flying steed [Pegasos (Pegasus)] [was seduced by Poseidon]."
Ovid, Heroides 19. 129 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Neptune [Poseidon], wert thou mindful of thine own heart's flames, thou oughtst let no love be hindered by the winds--if neither Amymone, nor Tyro much bepraised for beauty, are stories idly charged to thee, nor shining Alcyone, and Calyce, child of Hecataeon, nor Medusa when her locks were not yet twined with snakes, nor golden-haired Laodice and Celaeno taken to the skies, nor those whose names I mind me of having read. These, surely, Neptune, and many more, the poets say in their songs have mingled their soft embraces with thine own."
ATHENA & THE MONSTROUS TRANSFORMATION OF MEDUSA
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 46 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"It is affirmed by some that Medousa (Medusa) was beheaded because of Athene (Athena), for they say the Gorgon had been willing to be compared with Athene in beauty."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 770 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"[After slaying the Gorgon, Perseus travelled to the land of the Aithiopians (Ethiopians) :] A chief, one of their number, asked [Perseus] why she [Medousa (Medusa)] alone among her sisters wore that snake-twined hair, and Perseus answered : ‘What you ask is worth the telling; listen and I'll tell the tale. Her beauty was far-famed, the jealous hope of many a suitor, and of all her charms her hair was loveliest; so I was told by one who claimed to have seen her. She, it's said, was violated in Minerva's [Athena's] shrine by the Lord of the Sea (Rector Pelagi) [Poseidon]. Jove's [Zeus'] daughter turned away and covered with her shield her virgin's eyes. And then for fitting punishment transformed the Gorgo's lovely hair to loathsome snakes. Minerva [Athena] still, to strike her foes with dread, upon her breastplate wears the snakes she made.’"
Perseus slaying Medusa, Athenian red-figure pelike C5th B.C., Metropolitan Museum of Art
PERSEUS & THE BEHEADING OF MEDUSA
Hesiod, Theogony 270 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"When Perseus had cut off the head of Medousa (Medusa) there sprang from her blood great Khrysaor (Chrysaor) and the horse Pegasos (Pegasus) so named from the springs (pegai) of Okeanos (Oceanus), where she was born."
Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 220 ff :
"[Among the scenes depicted on the shield of Herakles (Heracles):] On Perseus' feet were the flying sandals, and across his shoulders was slung the black-bound sword, suspended on a sword-belt of bronze, and he hovered like a thought in the mind, and all his back was covered with the head of the monster, the dreaded Gorgo [i.e. Medousa], and the bag floated about it, a wonder to look at, done in silver, but the shining tassels fluttered, and they were gold, and the temples of the lord Perseus were hooded over by the war-cap of Haides, which confers terrible darkness. The son of Danae, Perseus himself, sped onward like one who goes in haste or terror, as meanwhile the rest of the Gorgones (Gorgons) tumbled along behind him, unapproachable, indescribable, straining to catch and grab him, and on the green of the steel surface gibbered the sound of their feet on the shield running with a sharp high noise, and on the belts of the Gorgones a pair of snakes were suspended, but they reared and bent their heads forward and flickered with their tongues. The teeth for their rage were made jagged and their staring fierce, and over the dreaded heads of the Gorgones was great Panic shivering."
Pindar, Pythian Ode 12. 12 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Perseus o'er [Medousa (Medusa)] the third of those fell sisters [the Gorgones] launched his cry of triumph . . . he had made blind the grim offspring of Phorkys (Phorcys)."
Pindar, Olympian Ode 13. 64 :
"The snake-head Gorgon's offspring, Pegasos (Pegasus)."
Aeschylus, Phorcides (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
The Phorcides was the second of a trilogy of plays describing the story of Perseus. The plot revolved around Perseus' quest for the head of Medousa (Medusa). The Graiai (Graeae), sisters of the Gorgones, formed the chorus.
Aeschylus, Fragment 145 Phorcides (from Athenaeus, Deipnosophists ix. 65) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[Perseus enters the cave of the Gorgones :] Into the cave he rushed like a wild boar."
Euripides, Alcestis 511 ff (trans. Vellacott) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"He turns away as he reaches out his hand behind him and grasps her hand. There, I stretch it out, as if I were cutting off a Gorgo's head."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 38 - 46 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[The Graiai (Graeae)] directed him [Perseus] to the Nymphai (Nymphs). These Nymphai had in their possession winged sandals and the kibisis, which they say was a knapsack. Pindar and Hesiod in the Shield of Herakles, describe Perseus as follows : ‘The head of a terrible monster, Gorgo, covered all his back, and a kibisis held it.’ . . . They also had the helmet of Hades . . . Approaching the Nymphai (Nymphs) he received what he had come for, and he flung on the kibisis, tied the sandals on his ankles, and placed the helmet on his head. With the helmet on he could see whomever he cared to look at, but was invisible to others. He also received from Hermes a sickle made of adamant.
Perseus took flight and made his way to Okeanos (Oceanus), where he found the Gorgones (Gorgons) sleeping. Their names were Stheno, Euryale and the third was Medousa (Medusa), the only mortal one: thus it was her head that Perseus was sent to bring back. The Gorgones' heads were entwined with the horny scales of serpents, and they had big tusks like hogs, bronze hands, and wings of gold on which they flew. All who looked at them were turned to stone. Perseus, therefore, with Athene guiding his hand, kept his eyes on the reflection in a bronze shield as he stood over the sleeping Gorgones, and when he saw the image of Medousa, he beheaded her. As soon as her head was severed there leaped from her body the winged horse Pegasos (Pegasus) and Khrysaor (Chrysaor) the father of Geryon. The father of these two was Poseidon. Perseus then placed the head in the kibisis and headed back again, as the Gorgones pursued him through the air. But the helmet kept him hidden, and made it impossible for them to identify him . . .
Athena placed the Gorgo's head in the center of her shield. It is affirmed by some that Medousa was beheaded because of Athene, for they say the Gorgon had been willing to be compared with Athene in beauty."
Lycophron, Alexandra 840 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"The harvester [Perseus] who delivered of her pains in birth of horse and man the stony-eyed weasel [Medousa] whose children sprang from her neck. Fashioning men as statues from top to toe he shall envelope them in stone--he that stole the lamp of his three wandering guides."
[N.B. "The harvester" is Perseus; "the horse and man" are Pegasos and Khrysaor (Chrysaor); "the weasel" is Medousa, as the Greeks believed weasels birthed their young from their throats; and " the three wandering guides" are the Graiai.]
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 10. 190 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"[Depicted on the quiver of Herakles (Heracles) :] There Perseus slew Medousa (Medusa) gorgon-eyed by the stars' baths and utmost bounds of earth and fountains of deep-flowing Okeanos (Oceanus), where night in the far west meets the setting sun."
Strabo, Geography 8. 6. 21 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Pegasos, a winged horse which sprang from the neck of the Gorgon Medousa (Medusa) when her head was cut off."
Poseidon, Gorgon Euryale, beheaded Medusa and birth of Pegasus, Boeotian black-figure bowl C5th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 23. 7 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[On the Akropolis of Athens is dedicated a sculpture :] Myron's Perseus after beheading Medousa (Medusa)."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 20. 7 :
"Beside the sanctuary of [the river] Kephisos (Cephisus) [at Argos] is a head of Medousa (Medusa) made of stone, which is said to be another of the works of the Kyklopes (Cyclopes)."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 21. 5 - 6 :
"[Pausanias presents a rationalisation of the Medousa myth :] In the market-place of Argos is a mound of earth, in which they say lies the head of the Gorgon Medousa (Medusa). I omit the miraculous, but give the rational parts of the story about her. After the death of her father, Phorkys (Phorcys), she reigned over those living around Lake Tritonis, going out hunting and leading the Libyans to battle. On one such occasion, when she was encamped with an army over against the forces of Perseus, who was followed by picked troops from the Peloponnesos, she was assassinated by night. Perseus, admiring her beauty even in death, cut off her head and carried it to show the Greeks. But Prokles (Procles), the son of Eukrates (Eucrates), a Carthaginian, thought a different account more plausible that the preceding. It is as follows. Among the incredible monsters to be found in the Libyan desert are wild men and wild women. Prokles affirmed that he had seen a man from them who had been brought to Rome. So he guessed that a woman from them, reached Lake Tritonis, and harried the neighbours until Perseus killed her; Athena was supposed to have helped him in this exploit, because the people who live around Lake Tritonis are sacred to her."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 27. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[On the throne of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Epidauros in Argolis] are wrought in relief the exploits of Argive heroes . . . [including] Perseus, who has cut off the head of Medousa (Medusa)."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 17. 3 :
"[In bronze at the temple of Athene in Sparta] there are also represented Nymphai (Nymphs) bestowing upon Perseus, who is starting on his enterprise against Medousa (Medusa) in Libya, a cap and the shoes by which he was carried through the air."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 18. 10 - 16 :
"[Amongst the reliefs on throne of Apollon at Amyklai (Amyclae) near Sparta :] Perseus too, is represented killing Medousa (Medusa)."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 18. 5 :
"[Among the images decorating the chest of Kypselos (Cypselus) at Olympia :] The sisters of Medousa (Medusa), with wings, are chasing Perseus, who is flying. Only Perseus has his name inscribed on him."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 3. 52. 4 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"[Diodorus invents a rational explanation of the Gorgon-myth, cf. Pausanias above: ] Now there have been in Libya a number of races of women who were warlike and greatly admired for their manly vigour; for instance, tradition tells us of the race of the Gorgones (Gorgons), against whom, as the account is given, Perseus made war, a race distinguished for its valour; for the fact that it was the son of Zeus, the mightiest Greek of his day, who accomplished the campaign against these women, and that this was his greatest Labour may be taken by any man as proof of both the pre-eminence and the power of the women we have mentioned. Furthermore, the manly prowess of those of whom we are now about to write presupposes an amazing pre-eminence when compared with the nature of the women of our day." [N.B. Diodorus then goes on to describe a legendary tribe of Libyan Amazon-women.]
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 12 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Perseus . . . when sent by Polydectes, son of Magnes, to the Gorgones (Gorgons), he received from Mercurius [Hermes], who is thought to have loved him, talaria and petasus, and, in addition, a helmet which kept its wearer from being seen by an enemy . . . He is said, too, to have received from Vulcanus [Hephaistos (Hephaestus)] a knife made of adamant, with which he killed Medusa the Gorgon. The deed itself no one has described.
But as Aeschylus, the writer of tragedies, says in his Phorcides, the Graeae were guardians of the Gorgones. We wrote about them in the first book of the Genealogiae. They are thought to have had but one eye among them, and thus to have kept guard, watch one taking it in her turn. This eye Perseus snatches, as one was passing it to another, and threw is in Lake Tritonis. So, when the guards were blinded, he easily killed the Gorgon when she was overcome with sleep. Minerva [Athena] is said to have the head on her breastplate. Euhemerus [Greek writer C3rd B.C.] says the Gorgon was killed by Minerva [Athena]."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 770 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"[Perseus arrives in the land of Aithiopia (Ethiopia) after slaying the Gorgon, and there King Kepheus (Cepheus) enquires after his labour :] ‘My gallant Perseus, tell me by what craft, what courage, you secured the snake-tressed head.’ And Agenorides [Perseus] told him of the place that lies, a stronghold safe below the mountain mass of icy Atlas; how at its approach twin sisters, the Phorcides [Graiai (Graeae)], lived who shared a single eye, and how that eye by stealth and cunning, as it passed from twin to twin, his sly hand caught, and then through solitudes, remote and trackless, over rough hillsides of ruined woods he reached the Gorgones' lands, and everywhere in fields and by the road he saw the shapes of men and beasts, all changed to stone by glancing at Medusa's face. But he, he said, looked at her ghastly head reflected in the bright bronze of the shield in his left hand, and while deep sleep held fast Medusa and her snakes, he severed it clean from her neck; and from their mother's blood swift-flying Pegasus and his brother sprang.'"
Ovid, Metamorphoses 5. 69 :
"Acrisionades [Perseus] turned on him the blade Medusa's death had proved."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 5. 254 :
"I [Athena] saw that horse [Pegasos] brought into being from his mother's [Medousa's (Medusa's)] blood."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 699 ff :
"Perseus, the snake-haired Gorgo's victor."
Propertius, Elegies 3. 22 (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) :
"The Gorgon's head which the hand of Perseus severed."
Statius, Thebaid 1. 544 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Thereon [a cup] was embossed work of images : all golden, a winged youth [Perseus] holds the snake-tressed Gorgon's severed head, and even upon the moment--so it seems--leaps up into the wandering breeze; she almost moves her heavy eyes and dropping head, and even grows pale in the living gold."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24. 270 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"Nimbleknee Perseus, waving his winged feet, held his course near the clouds, a wayfarer pacing through the air . . . He crept up on tiptoe, keeping his footfall noiseless, and with hollowed hand and robber's fist caught the roving eye of Phorkys' (Phorcys') unsleeping daughter [the Graiai], then shore off the snaky swathe of one Medousa (Medusa), while her womb was still burdened and swollen with young, still in foal of Pegasos (Pegasus); what good if the sickle played the part of childbirth Eileithyia, and reaped the neck of the pregnant Gorgon, firstfruits of a horsebreeding neck? There was no battle when swiftshoe Perseus lifted the lifeless token of victory, the snaky sheaf of Gorgon hair, relics of the head dripping drops of blood, gently wheezing a half-heard hiss through the severed throats . . . Perseus fled with flickering wings trembling at the hiss of mad Sthenno's hairy snakes, although he bore the cap of Haides and the sickle of Pallas [Athena], with Hermes' wings though Zeus was his father; he sailed a fugitive on swiftest shoes, listening for no trumpet but Euryale's bellowing--having despoiled a little Libyan hole!"
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 30. 264 ff :
"Have you set foot in Libya? Have you had the task of Perseus? Have you seen the eye of Sthenno which turns all to stone, or the bellowing invincible throat of Euryale herself? Have you seen the tresses of viperhair Medousa (Medusa), and have the open mouths of her tangled serpents run round you? . . . Akrisios' (Acrisius') daughter [Danae] bore the Gorgonslayer, a son worthy of my Zeus, for winged Perseus did not throw down my [Athena's] sickle, and he thanked Hermeias [Hermes] for lending his shoes . . . the Hesperides sing him who cut down Medousa."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 31. 13 ff :
"Perseus was ferrying across to the thirsty stretches of Libya, swimming on his wings and circling in the air a quickfoot knee. He had taken the travelling eye of Phorkys' (Phorcys') old one-eyed daughter unsleeping [the Graia (Graea)]; he dived into the dangerous cave [of the Gorgones], reaped the hissing harvest by the rockside, the firstfruits of curling hair, sliced the Gorgon's teeming throat and stained his sickle red. He cut off the head and bathed a bloodstained in the viperish dew; then as Medousa (Medusa) was slain, the neck was delivered of its twin birth, the Horse [Pegasos] and the Boy [Khrysaor (Chrysaor)] with the golden sword."
Suidas s.v. Aidos kune (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Aidos kune (helmet of Hades) : A proverb [applied] to those concealing themselves with certain devices. For such was the helmet of Haides, which Perseus used when he killed the Gorgon."
Suidas s.v. Medousa :
"Medousa (Medusa) : She [who was] also called Gorgon. Perseus, the son of Danae and Pekos (Pecus) [Zeus], having learned all the mystic apparitions and wanting to establish for himself his own kingdom, despised that of the Medes [Persians]. And going through a great expanse of land he saw a virgin maiden, hideous and ugly, and turning aside [to speak] to her, he asked ‘what is your name?’ And she said, ‘Medousa.’ And cutting off her head he despatched her as he had been taught, and he hung it up, amazing and destroying all who saw it. The head he called Gorgon, because of its sheer force."
Perseus and Medusa, Athenian black-figure kyathos C6th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum
DIRGE OF THE GORGONS & THE INVENTION OF THE FLUTE
Pindar, Pythian Ode 12. 8 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"The art that long ago Pallas Athene invented [the flute], weaving in music's rich refrain the ghoulish dirge of the fierce-hearted Gorgones (Gorgons). This in their anguished struggle from those dread maiden's lips was heard streaming, and from those writhing serpent heads untouchable, when Perseus o'er the third of those fell sisters launched his cry of triumph, and brought fatal doom to Seriphos by the sea--doom for that isle and for her people. Yes, for he had made blind the grim offspring of Phorkys (Phorcys), and bitter the wedding-gift he brought to Polydektes (Polydectes), thus to end his mother's long slavery and enforced wedlock--that son of Danae, who reaped the head of fair-cheeked Medousa (Medusa) . . . But when the goddess maid delivered from these labours the man she loved, then she contrived the manifold melodies of the flute, to make in music's notes an image of the shrill lamenting cries, strung from Euryale's ravening jaws. A goddess found, but finding, gave the strain to mortal men to hold, naming it the tune of many heads."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13. 77 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"Mykalessos (Mycalessus) (Bellowing-Cry) [a town in Boiotia] with broad dancing-lawns named to remind us of [the Gorgon] Euryale's roar."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24. 35 ff :
"My reeds, which . . . your musical Athena may reproach you one day: she who invented the Libyan double pipes to imitate with their tootle the voices of the Gorgones' grim heads."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 40. 227 ff :
"The double Berekyntian (Berecynthian) pipes in the mouth of Kleokhos (Cleochus) droned a gruesome Libyan lament, one which long ago both Sthenno and Euryale with one many-throated voice sounded hissing and weeping over Medousa (Medusa) newly gashed, while their snakes gave out voice from two hundred heads, and from the lamentations of their curling and hissing hairs they uttered the ‘manyheaded dirge of Medousa."
Suidas s.v. Mykale (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Mykale (Mycale) : Name of a city [in Boiotia]. [Named] after the fact that the Gorgones bellowed (mykasthai) there."
BIRTH OF VIPERS FROM MEDUSA'S BLOOD
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 1505 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) :
"[When the Argonauts were travelling through the Libyan desert one of their number, Mopsos (Mopsus), was killed by a Libyan viper :] A fearsome snake lay in the [Libyan] sand, sheltering from the midday sun. It was too sluggish to attack a man who showed now wish to harm it, or to fly at anyone who shrank away. And yet, for any creature living on the face of Mother Earth, one drop of its black poison in his veins was short cut to the world below. Even Paieon himself (if I may tell the truth without offence) could not have saved the victim's life, even if the fangs had only grazed the skin. For when the godlike Perseus, whom his mother called Eurymedon, flew over Libye (Libya) brining the Gorgon's newly severed head to the king, every drop of dark blood that fell from it to the ground produced a brood of these serpents. Mopsos, stepping forward with his left foot, brought the sole down on the tip of the creature's tail, and in its pain the snake coiled round his shin and calf and bit him halfway up the leg tearing the flesh . . . The poor man was doomed. A paralysing numbness was already creeping through him, and a dark mist began to dim his sight. Unable to control his heavy limbs, he sank to the ground and soon was cold . . . Mopsos was dead; and they could not leave him in the sunshine even for a short time, for the poison at once began to rot his flesh and mouldering hair fell from his scalp."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 770 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"But Perseus, with the snake-haired monster's head, that famous spoil, in triumph made his way on rustling pinions through the balmy air and, as he hovered over Libya's sands, the blood-drops from the Gorgoneum (Gorgon's Head) dripped down. The spattered desert gave them life as snakes, smooth snakes of many kinds, and so that land still swarms with deadly serpents to this day."
PERSEUS & THE PETRIFYING HEAD OF MEDUSA
Pindar, Pythian Ode 12. 12 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Perseus o'er the third of those fell sisters [Medousa (Medusa)] launched his cry of triumph, and brought fatal doom to Seriphos by the sea--doom for that isle and for her people. Yes, for he had made blind [Medousa] the grim offspring of Phorkys (Phorcys), and bitter the wedding-gift he brought to Polydektes (Polydectes), thus to end his mother's long slavery and enforced wedlock--that son of Danae, who reaped the head of fair-cheeked Medousa (Medusa)."
Pindar, Pythian Ode 10. 44 ff :
"The son of Danaë, Perseus, who slew the Gorgo, and brought her head wreathed with its serpent locks to strike stony death to the islanders."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 45 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[After Perseus had rescued Andromeda from the sea-monster :] Kepheus' (Cepheus') brother Phineus, who was previously engaged to Andromeda, conspired against Perseus, but Perseus learned of the plot, and by displaying the Gorgon to Phineus and his colleagues in the conspiracy, turned them instantly to stone."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 46 :
"[Upon returning to the island of Seriphos, he avenged himself on King Polydektes (Polydectes) who had sent him on the quest :] He entered the royal palace where Polydektes was entertaining his friends, and with his own face turned aside he displayed the Gorgo's head. When they looked at it, each one turned to stone, holding the pose he happened to have been striking at that moment. Perseus made Diktys (Dictys) king of Seriphos, and gave the sandals, kibisis, and helmet back to Hermes, and the Gorgo's head to Athene."
Lycophron, Alexandra 840 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"Fashioning men as statues from top to toe he [Perseus] shall envelope them in stone--he that stole the lamp of his three wandering guides [the Graiai (Graeae)]."
Strabo, Geography 10. 5. 10 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Perseus was reared there [on Seriphos], it is said, and when he brought the Gorgo's head there, he showed it to the Seriphians and turned them all into stone. This he did to avenge his mother, because Polydektes the king, with their cooperation, intended to marry his mother against her will. The island is so rocky that the comedians say that it was made thus by the Gorgo."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 22. 7 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[Painted on a building on the Akropolis of Athens :] There is also Perseus journeying to Seriphos, and carrying to Polydektes (Polydectes) the head of Medousa (Medusa)."
Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 1. 29 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"[Perseus, after slaying the Aithiopian (Ethiopian) sea-monster,] lies in the sweet fragrant grass, dripping sweat on the ground and keeping the Gorgo's head hidden lest people see it and be turned to stone."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 64 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"When he [Perseus] wanted to marry her [Andromeda], Cepheus, her father, along with Agenor, her betrothed, planned to kill him. Perseus, discovering the plot, showed them the head of the Gorgon, and all were changed from human form into stone. Perseus with Andromeda returned to his country. When Polydectes saw that Perseus was so courageous, he feared him and tried to kill him by treachery, but when Perseus discovered this he showed him the Gorgon's head, and he was changed from human form into stone."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 653 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"‘Very well!’ he [Perseus] taunted, ‘if you rate my thanks so low accept a gift!’ and turned his face away and on his left held out the loathsome head, Medusa's head. Atlas, so huge, became a mountain; beard and hair were changed to forests, shoulders were cliffs, hands ridges; where his head had lately been, the soaring summit rose; his bones were turned to stone."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 740 ff :
"[After Perseus had slain the Aithiopian (Ethiopian) Sea-Monster by the Red Sea coast :] Water was brought and Perseus washed his hands, triumphant hands, and, less the snake-girt head be bruised on the hard shingle, made a bed of leaves and spread the soft weed of the sea above, and on it placed Medusa Phorcynis' (Daughter of Phorcys) head. The fresh sea-weed, with living spongy cells, absorbed the monster's power and at its touch hardened, its fronds and branches stiff and strange. The Sea-Nymphs (Nymphae Pelagi) tried the magic on more weed and found to their delight it worked the same, and sowed the changeling seeds back on the waves. Coral still keeps that nature; in the air it hardens, what beneath the sea has grown a swaying plant, above it, turns to stone."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 5. 178 ff :
"[When Perseus was battling the Aithiopian (Ethiopian) Prince Phineus and his thousand men :] Perseus saw that valour could not vie with weight of numbers. ‘You, yourselves,’ he cried. ‘Compel me! I'll seek succour from my foe! If any friend is present, turn away your face!’ And he held up the Gorgon's head. ‘Find someone else to fear your miracles!’ said Thescelus, aiming his lance of doom, and in that pose he stayed, a marble statue. Next Ampyx lunged his sword at Lyncides' [Perseus'] heart, that great and valiant heart, and as he lunged his hand, rigid, moved neither back nor forth.
But Nileus . . . cried ‘See the source of my proud lineage! You'll get great solace in the silent umbrae (shades of the dead) to know you fell by my proud hand.’ His voice was cut off in mid speech, his parted lips seemed to frame words, but never a word could pass.
Then Eryx cursed them: ‘It's your cowardice that holds you frozen, not the Gorgon's power. Charge him with me, charge him, and bring him down, him and his magic weapon!’ As he charged the floor fastened his feet, and there he stayed stock still, a man in armour turned to stone.
These paid the proper price, but there was one, a warrior on Perseus' side, Aconteus, who, fighting for his lord, looked at the head, Medusa's head, and hardened into stone. Astyages, who thought him still alive, hit him with his long-sword, and loud and shrill the long sword rang. And he, gazing aghast, took the same stoniness, caught there and fixed with blank amazement in his marble face.
To name the rank and file who fought and died would take too long; two hundred still survived, two hundred saw that head and turned to stone. Now Phineus rues his battle so unjust--at last. But what is he to do? He sees statues in many poses, knows they are his men, calls each by name and begs his aid. In disbelief he touched those nearest him: marble they were! He turned away, his hands held abject in defeat, his arms outstretched sideways for mercy. ‘You have won,’ he said, ‘Put down your Medusa's head whoever she may be, that makes men marble! Put it down, I beg! . . .’
He dared not look at Perseus as he spoke; and Perseus answered ‘Cowardest of cowards! What I have power to grant, I grant; and great the guerdon to your craven soul. Fear not! No steel shall work you woe. Oh, no! my gift shall be an everlasting monument. In Cepheus' palace men shall gaze at you for ever, and my wife take comfort from the sight of her betrothed.’
And as he speaks he thrusts Phorcynis' [Medousa's (Medusa's)] head in Phineus' face, his wincing face. Even then he tries to turn his eyes away, but now his neck is stiff, his moist eyes fixed and hard and stony. There with frightened pleading face and abject hands, in cringing pose the marble statue stands.
Abantiades [Perseus] returned in triumph with his wife to Argos, his ancestral city. There to champion and avenge his grandfather, Acrisius, despite his ill-deserts, he challenged Proetus. Proetus had usurped Argos' high stronghold and expelled his brother by force of arms. But neither force of arms nor stronghold, basely seized, availed against the ghastly snake-haired's glaring eyes. Yet Polydectes, lord of small Seriphus . . . belittled Perseus' praise and even claimed Medusa's death a lie. ‘I'll give you proof conclusive.’ Perseus cried, ‘Friends, shield your eyes!’ and with Medusa's face he changed the king's face to bloodless stone."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 18. 294 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"He [Perseus] carried the head which had topped Gorgonos Medousa (Medusa) whom no eye may see."
Nonnus, Dionsyiaca 25. 80 ff :
"Perseus killed a Ketos (Cetus) (Monster of the Sea); with Gorgo's eye he turned to stone a leviathan of the deep! . . . [and] Polydektes (Polydectes), looking upon deadly Medousa's (Medusa's) eye, changed his human limbs to another kind and transformed himself into stone."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 478 :
"[Hera urges King Perseus to make war on Dionysos when the god arrives in the kingdom of Argos :] ‘Make war on the Satyroi (Satyrs) too: turn towards battling Lyaios [Dionysos] the deadly eye of snakehair Medousa (Medusa), and let me see a new Polydektes (Polydectes) made stone . . . Kill the array of bull-horned Satyroi (Satyrs), change with the Gorgon's eye the human countenances of the Bassarides into like images selfmade; with the beauty of the stone copies adorn your streets, and make statues like an artist for the Inakhian (Inachian) market-places.’ . . .
Perseus of the sickle was champion of the Argives; he fitted his feet into the flying shoes, and he lifted up the head of Medousa which no eyes may see. But Iobakkhos (Iobacchus) [Dionysos] marshalled his women with flowing locks, and Satyroi with horns. Wild for battle he was when he saw the winged champion coursing through the air. The thyrsos was held up in his hand, and to defend his face he carried a diamond, the gem made stone in the showers of Zeus which protects against the stony glare of Medousa, that the baleful light of that destroying face may do him no harm."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 665 ff :
"[Perseus in a battle with Dionysos :] He shook in his hand the deadly face of Medousa (Medusa), and turned armed Ariadne into stone. Bakkhos (Bacchus) was even more furious when he saw his bride all stone . . . [Perseus] one who killed the Keteos (Sea-monster) and beheaded horsebreeding Medousa."
THE GORGONEION & THE AEGIS OF ATHENA
Perseus, Athena and the head of Medusa, Apulian red-figure krater C4th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston
Homer, Iliad 5. 738 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"Across her [Athena's] shoulders she threw the betasselled, terrible aigis (aegis), all about which Phobos (Terror) hangs like a garland, and Eris (Hatred) is there, and Alke (Battle Strength), and heart-freezing Ioke (Onslaught) and thereon is set the head of the grim gigantic Gorgo (Gorgon), a thing of fear and horror, portent of Zeus of the aigis."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 46 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[Perseus gave] the Gorgo's head to Athene . . . Athene placed the Gorgo's head in the center of her shield. It is affirmed by some that Medousa (Medusa) was beheaded because of Athene, for they say the Gorgo had been willing to be compared with Athene in beauty."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 14. 453 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"She [Athena] donned the stormy Aigis flashing far, adamantine, massy, a marvel to the Gods, whereon was wrought Medousa's (Medusa's) ghastly head, fearful: strong serpents breathing forth the blast of ravening fire were on the face thereof. Crashed on the Queen's breast all the Aigis-links."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 21. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"On the south wall of the Akropolis [at Athens] . . . there is dedicated a gilded head of Medouse (Medusa) the Gorgon, and round it is wrought an aegis."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 24. 7 :
"The statue of Athena [on the Akropolis of Athens] is upright with a tunic reaching to her feet, and on her breast the head of Medousa (Medusa) is worked in ivory."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 10. 4 :
"[At the temple of Zeus at Olympia] has been dedicated a golden shield, with Medousa (Medusa) the Gorgon in relief."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 12. 4 :
"Antiokhos (Antiochus), who also gave as offerings the golden aigis with the Gorgon on it at above the theatre at Athens."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 34. 2 :
"Iodama, who served the goddess [Athena] as priestess [at Koroneia (Coronea) in Phokis], entered the precinct by night, where there appeared to her Athene, upon whose tunic was worked the head of Medousa (Medusa) the Gorgon. When Iodama saw it, she was turned to stone."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 12 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[Perseus] easily killed the Gorgon when she was overcome with sleep. Minerva [Athena] is said to have the head on her breastplate. Euhemerus [Greek writer C3rd B.C.] says the Gorgon was killed by Minerva."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 770 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Minerva [Athena] still, to strike her foes with dread, upon her breastplate wears the snakes [of the head of Medousa (Medusa)] she made."
Propertius, Elegies 2. 2 (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) :
"Like Pallas [Athene] as she steps up to Athenian altars, her bosom covered with the Gorgon's chevalure of snakes."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 36. 15 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"It [the spear of Ares] struck full on the aegis, and ran through the snaky crop of hair on the Gorgon's head, which none may look upon. So it wounded only the shaggy target of Pallas [Athene], and the sharpened point of the whizzing unbending spear scored the counterfeit hair of Medouse's image."
Suidas s.v. Gorgolophas (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Gorgolophas (Gorgon-crested) : She who has a helmet of the head of the Gorgon, [that is] Athena."
Suidas s.v. Gorgonoton :
"Gorgonoton : Periphrastically, the shield [of Athena], the one which has a Gorgon [on it]."
ASCLEPIUS, ERINYES, MEDEA & THE BLOOD OF MEDUSA
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 144 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"As a surgeon Asklepios (Asclepius) became so skilled in his profession that he not only saved lives but even revived the dead; for he had received from Athene the blood that had coursed through the Gorgo's veins, the left-side portion of which he used to destroy people, but that on the right he used for their preservation, which is how he could revive those who had died."
Seneca, Medea 828 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) :
"[The witch Medea employs a variety of fabulous ingredients in a spell of magical fire :]
I have gifts from Chimaera's middle part, I have flames caught from the bull's scorched throat, which, well mixed with Medusa's gall, I have bidden to guard their bane in silence."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44. 198 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"She [one of the Erinyes] brought the blood of Gorgon Medousa (Medusa), scraped off into a shell fresh when she was newly slain, and smeared the tree with the crimson Libyan drops."
CEPHEUS & THE LOCK OF MEDUSA'S HAIR
Head of Medusa, Greco-Roman mosaic from Sousse, Sousse Museum
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 144 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Herakles (Heracles), who had received from Athene a lock of Gorgo's hair in a bronze urn, gave it to Kepheus' (Cepheus') daughter Sterope, with instructions to hold it up three times from the walls in the event of an invasion, and, if she didn't look in front of her, the enemy would reverse its direction."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 46. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"This sanctuary [of Athene at Tegea, Arkadia (Arcadia)] they name Eryma (Defence), saying that Kepheus (Cepheus), the son of Aleus, received from Athene a boon, that Tegea should never be captures while time shall endure, adding that the goddess cut off some of the hair of Medousa (Medusa) and gave it to him as a guard to the city."
[N.B. Medousa's hair in this myth was a bronze snake.]
GORGONEION THE IMAGE OF TERROR
Homer, Iliad 11. 36 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"[Depicted on the shield of Agamemnon :] And he took up the man-enclosing elaborate stark shield, a thing of splendour. There were ten circles of bronze upon it, and set about it were twenty knobs of tin, pale-shining, and in the very centre another knob of dark cobalt. And circled in the midst of all was the blank-eyed face of the Gorgo with her stare of horror, and Deimos (Fear) was inscribed upon it, and Phobos (Terror)."
Homer, Iliad 8. 348 :
"Hektor (Hector), wearing the stark eyes of a Gorgo (Gorgon), or murderous Ares, wheeled about at the edge his bright-maned horses."
Aeschylus, Eumenides 46 ff (trans. Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[The Erinyes] an extraordinary band of women . . . No! Not women, but rather Gorgones (Gorgons), I call them; and yet I cannot compare them to forms of Gorgones either . . . [for] these are wingless in appearance."
Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 1048 ff :
"Orestes [in fright at the sight of the Erinyes]: Ah, ah! You handmaidens, look at them there: like Gorgones, wrapped in sable garments, entwined with swarming snakes!."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 32. 169 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"On the shield he [an Indian warrior] bore the graven image of Medousa (Medusa) with her bush of hair, like the viperine tresses of the Gorgon's head."
MEDUSA IN THE UNDERWORLD
Homer, Odyssey 11. 633 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"[Odysseus, while summoning the ghosts of the dead in the Underworld, took fright and retreated :] I feared that august Persephone night send against me from Aides' (Hades') house the Gorgo (Gorgon) head of some grisly monster."
Aristophanes, Frogs 475 ff (trans. O'Neill) (Greek comedy C5th to 4th B.C.) :
"[Aiakos (Aeacus), doorsman of Haides, threatens Dionysos in the Underworld :] ‘The black hearted Stygian rock and the crag of Akheron (Acheron) dripping with gore can hold you; and the circling hounds of Kokytos (Cocytus) and [Ladon] the hundred-headed ekhidna (serpent) shall tear your entrails; your lungs will be attacked by [Ekhidna (Echidna)] the Myraina Tartesia (the Tartesian Eel), your kidneys bleeding with your very entrails the Gorgones Teithrasiai (Tithrasian Gorgons) will rip apart.’"
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 123 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"When he [Herakles] reached Lakonian Tainaron (Laconian Taenarum), where the entrance to the descent into Hades' realm is located, he entered it. All the souls who saw him ran away, except Meleagros (Meleager) and Medousa (Medusa) the Gorgo. Herakles drew his sword against the Gorgo, assuming her to be alive, but from Hermes he learned that she was an empty wraith."
Virgil, Aeneid 6. 287 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman epic C1st B.C.) :
"Many monstrous forms besides of various beasts are stalled at the doors [of Hades], Centauri (Centaurs) and double-shaped Scyllae, and the hundredfold Briareus, and the beast of Lerna, hissing horribly, and the Chimaera armed with flame, Gorgones (Gorgons) and Harpyiae (Harpies), and the shape of the three-bodied shade [Geryon]."
COMMENTARY
The poet Hesiod seems to have envisaged the Gorgones (Gorgons) as reef-creating sea-daemones, personifications of the deadly submerged rocks which posed such a danger to ancient mariners. As such he names the three petrifyers daughters of dangerous sea-gods. One also bears a distincty marine name, Euryale, "she of the wide, briny sea". Later writers continue this tradition when they speak of reefs being created where Perseus had set the Gorgon's head and where he had turned a sea monster to stone.
In other motifs, the Gorgon Medousa (Medusa) was a portrayed as a storm-daemon whose visage was set upon the storm-bringing aigis-shield of Athene. The two ideas were probably connected, with sea storms driving ships to destruction upon the reefs. Some say there was a but a single goat-like Gorgon (Gorgo), a daughter of the Sun-God, who was slain by Zeus at the start of the Titan-War to form his stormy aigis shield.
The Gorgones were probably also connected with Demeter Erinys (the Fury) and the three Erinyes. These goddesses could bring drought, wither the crops and herald famine. In myth, the beheading of Medousa saw the release of two beings--Pegasos (of the springs) and Khrysaor (golden blade). This story might have symbolised the ending of drought with the release of the waters of the springs (pegai) and growth of the golden (khryse) blades of grain. in Homeric poetry, Demeter was also titled Khrysaoros, further suggesting a close link between the name and blades of corn.
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
| MEDUSA |
Born in Newquay in 1911, who is the author of ‘The Spire’ and ‘Pincher Martin’? | Medusa | God of War Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Medusa was first of the Gorgon sisters in Greek mythology, and one of the many foes encountered by Kratos .
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Greek Mythology
The three Gorgon sisters—Medusa, Stheno , and Euryale —were children of the ancient marine deities Phorcys (or Phorkys) and his sister Ceto (or Keto), chthonic and Phorkys and Ceto are two of children of Pontus and Gaia monsters from an archaic world. The Gorgon sisters lived in a temple on an island at the edge of the world (or Underworld ), Medusa was the only one who was slain by the hero Perseus .
Roman poet Ovid depicted Medusa in his poem Metamorphoses as an exceptionally beautiful maiden and a priestess of Athena 's Temple. Medusa was greatly admired by many men, both mortal and god. Poseidon , so enamored by Medusa, approached her in the sanctuary of the temple and raped her. Athena would appear before them, catching them in the act. Enraged that her temple had been defiled in such a manner, she cursed Medusa, painfully transforming the once beautiful maiden into a grotesque monster whose head was christened with venomous serpents and a face so hideous that one glance would turn anyone who saw her to stone.
While she was furious that Poseidon had taken favor of Medusa in her temple, she was not angry with the God of the Ocean himself. As a powerful male god, this would be expected of him. In the eyes of Athena, it was Medusa who deserved to be punished. Ovid's depiction of Medusa reflects a society where women were valued as objects in a male-dominated world as Perseus describes Medusa's punishment by Athena as just and well-deserved.
God of War
During the siege of Athens , she was given the title of Queen of the Gorgons. She and her race are among the armies of Ares , as it is known that Gorgons hated Athena. As Kratos progressed through the ruins of the city, he met Aphrodite, who commanded him to slay Medusa by decapitating her. The hissing Gorgon arose from the shadows and fought with Kratos, who eventually tore her head from her body with his bare hands. Pleased, Aphrodite granted the power of Medusa's Gaze to Kratos, who in turn used it to destroy a group of Minotaurs .
Medusa's existence had come to an end, leaving her sisters, Euryale and Stheno, to lead the race of Gorgons until Euryale's death at the hands of Kratos in God of War II . Stheno appears in God of War: Ascension , and this would mean that Medusa was the second queen of the Gorgons and not the first.
Another interesting fact is that Medusa's relation with the hero Perseus in the series is never explicited: it is never told if she was simply called by Ares to attack Athens (without having met Perseus or been killed by him before) or if she was actually killed by Perseus once, like in the original myth, and then resurrected by Ares to help in the siege. The fact that most of Ares' army was composed by undead warriors supports the second hypothesis. Also, many items related to Perseus, including his shield and armor in Multiplayer, have images of Medusa's head on them, indicating he is connected to her in the God of War myth in some way.
Powers and Abilities
Like the lesser Gorgons, Medusa has the power to turn Kratos to stone with her gaze. Even though it is implied otherwise, Medusa's power is that of a regular Gorgon, however, she is slightly less vulnerable and thus more hits from the Blades of Chaos are needed to kill her. Medusa can also teleport by vanishing in a cloud of blood red smoke as shown when she confronts Kratos. Medusa is also very fast and can attack with her tail.
Trivia
In the Character Graveyard feature in God of War it stated that in production Medusa was going to have legs and wings instead of a snake tail much like the Gorgons in Greek mythology.
Originally Gorgons were depicted as human females with snakes for hair and on occasion wings and tusks, but due to the 1981 Clash of the Titans film , the image of a complete serpentine body was settled in representations of them throughout the God of War franchise ever since.
"Medusa", in Greek, means "Guardian" or "Protector".
It is implied that Medusa imprisoned Stheno in stone to become Queen of the Gorgons.
Though her skin color is pinkish/red, her head is green after Kratos beheads her similar to the lesser gorgons. This is probably a design fault and not intentional.
In Greek mythology, Pegasus and his brother Chrysaor sprang from the blood of Medusa's decapitated head.
Her sister, Stheno , had the title of Queen during the time of God of War: Ascension , she only appears in the multiplayer though.
Medusa makes a cameo appearance in Mortal Kombat (2011) in the PlayStation 3 and PSVita versions. Her head is used in one of Kratos' fatalities which is called "Medusa's Gaze".
Medusa's Head is the only weapon which Kratos used in Mortal Kombat (2011) that was acquired in the original God of War, as the others were acquired in God of War II and God of War III. Its also the only one who isn't seen in God of War III.
Medusa's Head in Mortal Kombat (2011) has a very different appearence from the one in the original God of War, looking more like a gorgon serpent than a standard gorgon.
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All Scotch whisky must be aged in oak barrels for at least how many years? | The Fifty Best | Single Malt Scotch 10-15
Single Malt Scotch 10-15
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Single Malt Scotch 10-15
Best Single Malt Scotch, 10-15 Years Old
The earliest known reference of spirits distilling in Scotland is 1494, but it can be assumed that it was practiced there much earlier. Scotland now has over 100 malt distilleries producing malts that can be called “Scotch”. To bear that appellation, a whisky must be distilled and matured in oak barrels for at least three years in Scotland. The term “Scotch” is proprietary – but the term “Single-Malt Whisky” can be applied to malt whiskies produced in other countries. Single malt scotch is produced entirely by distillations from one producer or distillery, using only malted barley as the grain, and distilled in copper pot stills.
You want to make scotch whisky? (Simpified, of course.)
- First you've got to be in Scotland.
- Then you harvest the barley.
- Soak the barley in tanks filled with local spring water for 2-3 days.
- Spread out the wet barley on the floor to germinate for 6-7 days, turning regularly by shoveling.
- Germination is stopped by drying out the barley in large kilns fueled by peat (in various proportions). This is called 'malting'. Smoke from the fire drifts upwards to dry out the barley. This is when you get the distinctive smoky, peaty flavor characteristic of many Scottish malts.
- Grind the malted barley into 'grist' in a 'grist mill'.
- Soak the grist in a large vat of heated local spring water, converting the starches into sugary sweet liquid known as 'wort'.
- Transfer the wort to a fermenting vat, add yeast, and fermentation begins to convert the wort to alcohol, referred to as 'wash'.
At this point the process is very similar to beer brewing.
- The wash is distilled twice in swan-necked copper pot stills, which separates the alcohol from the wash.
- The fermented liquid is heated and the alcohol vaporizes, rising up through the swan neck, passing over the head of the still, and routed through condensers to revert back to liquid.
- The liquid is tranferred to another still and the process is repeated for the second distillation.
- This is where the art comes into play, when only the "middle cut" of the spirit that achieves the required standard is collected. The rest goes through the process again.
- The colorless liquid proof is then either sold to whisky blenders, or matured in sherry casks to produce (after a number of years) single malt scotch whisky.
The wide range of subtleties and complexities can be attributed to the different regions in Scotland where the whiskies are produced. The result is a richly flavored whisky, highly individualistic in nature and diverse in taste. Speyside, situated on—or near—the Spey River boasts about half of Scotland’s distilleries, produces malts that are sweet, mellowed and fruity. Highlands whiskies tend to be quite varied, spicier with hints of smoke and peat. To the south, the Scottish Lowlands produce softer, lighter, maltier whiskies. Campbeltown malts tend to be briny, salty and lightly peated. Whiskies from the Scottish coastlines, Islay and the islands are often briny, heavily peated and smoky.
Although most single malt whiskies are in fact blends, the difference between single malt and blended scotch is that blends are a combination of barrel-aged malt (often sourced from different distilleries) and grain whiskies. Although blended scotch is still dominant in volume, the increasing popularity of single malt scotch has seen rapid growth in recent years.
Here are the final results:
DOUBLE-GOLD MEDAL WINNERS:
(Islay)
Nose: Lemon peel, dried apricot, slight peat, malt, smoky, woody, cedar, oak.
Palate: Caramel, treacle, vanilla, buttery, creamy, coffee, peppery, herbaceous, peat, smoke, saline, briny, cedar, oak, savory.
Finish: Ginger, clove, smoky, oak, classic peat, elegant.
Double Gold Medal
Oloroso & Bourbon Cask
(Speyside)
Nose: Honey, toffee, butterscotch, fruity, dried fruit, pear, apple, melon, citrus, toast, floral, sherry, walnut, cinnamon, clove, spicy, faint smoke.
Palate: Caramel, molasses, treacle, buttery, dark chocolate, dried fruit, stone fruit, sweet almond, cinnamon, clove, peppery, spice, smoky, cedar, oak, dry, well balanced, savory.
Finish: Chocolate, cocoa, toffee, almond, pepper, light spice, savory, soft, dry, lovely.
Double Gold Medal
Tomatin 14
(Highlands)
Nose: Caramel, vanilla, cream, toffee, brown sugar, molasses, honey, maple syrup, orange marmalade, lemon peek, verbena, banana, raisins, sweet heather, nutty, cinnamon, smoky.
Palate: Cinnamon, spice, honey, pear, orange peel, citrus, tropical fruits, dried fruit, dates, nougat, dark chocolate, sherry, pepper, pink pepper, almonds, coffee, tobacco, malt, peat, smoke, cedar, oak, integrated, extremely smooth, delicious.
Finish: Coffee, toast, leather, zesty, pepper, smooth.
Double Gold Medal
(Highlands)
Nose: Light honey, sugar, cotton candy, toffee, dried fruit, floral, herbs, grain, faint smoke, cedar, oak.
Palate: Dried fruit, raisins, honey, vanilla, caramel, nougat, creamy, buttery, light buttered rum, almond, nuts, cinnamon, clove, spice, pepper, oak, well rounded.
Finish: Dried fruit, raisins, coconut, lemon, cinnamon, pepper, spicy, smoky, woody.
Double-Gold Medal
The Solera Vat
(Speyside)
Nose: Caramel, molasses, vanilla, cotton candy, cream, maple, chocolate, citrus, ripe banana, tropical fruit, floral, toast notes, oak.
Palate: Vanilla, honey, treacle, creamy, white chocolate, orange peel, ripe orange, cherry, raisins, dried fruit, sherry, floral, cinnamon, pepper, smoke, oak, perfect wood, very well balanced, lush, nice all around, beautiful melody.
Finish: Dried fruit, creamy, smooth, floral, spicy, woodsy.
Double-Gold Medal
Talisker 10
(Isle of Skye)
Nose: Dried fruit, orange peel, citrus, ripe banana, honey, molasses, nougat, sherry, heather, toasted oats, mineral, briny, cedar, smoke.
Palate: Toffee, caramel, nougat. creamy, honey, dried fruit, apricot, orange, orange zest, citrus, sherry, floral, cinnamon, clove, cardamom, peppery, hot spice, slight peat, cedar, well balanced.
Finish: Orange, citrus, ginger, almond, sherry, spicy, smoky, peat.
Double-Gold Medal
Nose: Honey, toasted sugar, walnut, medium peat, smoke, light oak.
Palate: Vanilla, nutty, pepper, spicy, pronounced peat, maritime, brine, wood, smoke, oak, well balanced, delightful.
Finish: Honey, chocolate, perfume, spicy, smoky.
Double-Gold Medal
Spice King 12 yr
Nose: Dried fruit, vanilla, vanilla ice cream, honey, sugar cane, sherry, grain, some peat, oak.
Palate: Honey, brown sugar, chocolate. caramel, nougat, toffee, orange, dates, cinnamon, hint of sherry, herbal, peat, wisp of smoke, cedar, young wood, balanced oak, beautiful.
Finish: Dried fruit, honey, toast, pepper, soft, smooth, perfectly balanced, very elegant, excellent.
Double Gold Medal
Caribbean Cask 14
(Speyside)
Nose: Vanilla, caramel, brown sugar, orange peel, green apple, dried fruit, toasted almond, spicy, clove, mint, herbal, floral, malt, smoke.
Palate: Caramel, nougat, creamy, vanilla, honey, sugar cane, dried fig, orange peel, ginger, sherry, floral, toasted grain, malt, nutty, herbs, cedar, oak, zesty.
Finish: Honey, vanilla, creamy, caramel, toffee, fruit, citrus, almond, peppery, spicy, peat, touch of smoke.
Double Gold Medal
Oban 14
(West Highlands)
Nose: Candied ginger, caramel apple, apple, star fruit, banana, brown sugar, floral, toast, wheat, grain, malt, bright maritime, oak.
Palate: Dried fruit, dark fruit, orange-honey, honey, white chocolate, candied ginger, dandelion, barley, faro, malt, cinnamon, pepper, bourbon cask, oak, smoky, savory.
Finish: Toffee, sugar cane, coffee, lemon, citrus, peppery, round, elegant.
Double Gold Medal
(Islay)
Nose: Orange peel, floral, herbal, light spice, peat, iodine, light smoke, wood, oak.
Palate: Caramel, citrus, pineapple, raisins, hint of sherry, nutmeg, spice, herbaceous, peat hearth, maritime, earthy, smoke, robust wood, oak.
Finish: Citrus, herbal, pepper, spice, peat, smoky, light, smooth.
Double Gold Medal
"The Hive" 12 yr
Nose: Vanilla, honey, sugar, brown sugar, butterscotch, caramel, citrus, fruit, cinnamon, wheat, white pepper, pine, oak.
Palate: Creamy vanilla, caramel, toffee, maple, honey, light peach, dried fruit, bright bell pepper, spice, nutty, oak, balanced, ethereal, elegant.
Finish: Dried fruit, salted caramel, vanilla, light white pepper, smoky.
Gold Medal
Sherry Cask
(Speyside)
Nose: Honey, buttery, cream, toffee, caramel, pear, banana, fruit cake, dates, light corn, floral, vegetal, malt, wood, light oak.
Palate: Caramel, nougat, creamy, chocolate, honey, treacle, pear, dates, raisin, dried fruit, heather, peppery, white pepper, smoke, strong oak, delicate.
Finish: Honey, sugar cane, creamy, raisin, peppery, oak, gentle.
Gold Medal
DoubleWood 12
(Speyside)
Nose: Dried fruit, prunes, plums, banana, tropical fruit, orange marmalade, honey, vanilla, caramel, faint butterscotch, treacle, heather, floral, cedar, oak.
Palate: Orange marmalade, dried fruit, honey, sherry, bourbon notes, sweet spice, mint, clove, spicy, pepper, roasted nuts, cedar, pine, oak, dry.
Finish: Dried fruit, chocolate, cinnamon, spice, pepper.
Gold Medal
Wemyss Malts
Peat Chimney 12 yr
Nose: Malt, caramel, buttery, vanilla custard, red apple, hint of sherry, roasted coffee, floral, vegetal, spice, peat, light oak.
Palate: Vanilla, honey, treacle, caramel, orange peel, sherry, floral, vegetal, grain, spicy, flint, peat, oaky, balanced, smooth, elegant.
Finish: Cocoa, allspice, light, oaky, smoky, elegant.
Gold Medal
(Speyside)
Nose: Orange peel, pineapple, ripe banana, honey, herbs, floral, cedar, oak, some smoke, maritime, ethereal.
Palate: Candied fruit, orange peel, banana, raisins, honey, buttery, caramel, toffee, treacle, dried herbs, malt, white pepper, cinnamon, clove, maritime, peat, smoke, cedar, oaky.
Finish: Cocoa, dark chocolate, hazelnut, honey, slight citrus, spice, smoky, gentle, complex, very nice.
Gold Medal
Corryvreckan
(Islay)
Nose: Orange peel, dried apricots, banana, caramel, vanilla, custard, slight honey, floral, black tea, roasted nuts, peat, smoke, oak.
Palate: Ginger, honey, light citrus, sherry, cinnamon, clove, spice, barley, coffee, peat, briny, smoky, cedar, oak.
Finish: Ginger, coffee, chili, peppery, spicy, savory, smoky, peat, well balanced.
Gold Medal
Uigeadail
(Islay)
Nose: Caramel, deep toffee, molasses, vanilla, honey, honeysuckle, raspberry pie, roasted corn, slight cinnamon, white pepper, oak.
Palate: Caramel, molasses, chocolate, chocolate-covered cherries, orange peel, sherry notes, red bell pepper, clove, spice, peaty, smoky, oak, nicely balanced.
Finish: Spice, peppery, light cinnamon, touch of peat, oak.
Gold Medal
Laphroaig 10
(Islay)
Nose: Vanilla, sugar cane, molasses, light honey, caramel, ripe banana, chocolate. cocoa, walnut, olorosso sherry cask, briny, maritime, peat, smoke, cedar.
Palate: Honey, vanilla bean, fruity, citrus, grain, chocolate, coffee, cinnamon, pepper, spicy, slight peat, briny, smoky, cedar, oak, well balanced.
Finish: Honey, smoky BBQ, peppery, spicy, oak, very elegant.
Gold Medal
| David's Mighty Warriors |
What was the name of the prostitute in the 1986/7 Jeffrey Archer scandal? | Whiskey 101 The Whiskey Business Tasting Event
Understanding Whiskey
by John Hansell, Publisher & Editor, Whisky Advocate Magazine
Whiskey isn't the easiest drink to embrace. Its alcohol level is much higher than beer or wine, and some of the names, like those of Gaelic-rooted Scotch whiskies, can be difficult to pronounce. Whiskeys, though, are rich and diverse in flavors—more than any other distilled spirit. At their extreme, the really smoky, peat-infused Scotch whiskies can be downright challenging.
But many of life's great pleasures are acquired tastes and worth the pursuit. For many, whiskey is just as much an adventure as it is a drink. It invites you to explore and indulge in its diversity. Each country traditionally produces its own style of whiskey, but even within that style there is an incredible range of whiskeys to choose from.
SO WHAT IS WHISKEY?
Whiskey is made from grain. This is what distinguishes it from other distilled beverages like brandy, which is made from grapes, and calvados, which is made from apples.
Simply speaking, whiskey is nothing more than distilled beer. Like beer, malted barley and other grains are the source of the sugars necessary for fermentation. The sugars in the grain are released by steeping it in hot water. This sweet liquid, known as "wort", is cooled down. Yeast is added and converts the sugars to alcohol, creating beer.
The major difference between the "beer" that whiskey-makers produce (often called "wash") and the beer that brewers create is that the brewers also add hops to their beer. Hops, the flowering cones of a climbing plant, are bitter and help balance a beer's sweetness. They also act as a preservative to stabilize the beer's flavor. Distiller's beer doesn't need hops. Oak aging balances the whiskey's flavors, and distilling increases the alcohol level, which preserves the whiskey.
To make whiskey from beer, it must be distilled. Distilling captures and concentrates the beer's more volatile components, which include alcohol. The distillers use either continuously-operating column stills (as with most bourbons) or copper pot stills (as with single malt scotch), one batch at a time. This spirit is then aged in oak barrels, where it matures and becomes whiskey. The types of grain used, the distillation method, and the casks chosen for aging are what make each whiskey taste different.
Scotch Whisky
Scotland has more distilleries than any country, with close to 100 of them peppered throughout the land. The most distinctive Scotch whiskies are the single malts. In addition to being distilled and matured in Scotland for a minimum of three years in oak barrels (a requirement for all Scotch whisky), single malt scotch is produced at one distillery ("single"), using only malted barley as the grain ("malt"), and distilled in copper pot stills. It is an expensive process but produces a richly flavored whisky and, because it's not blended with whiskies from other distilleries, very individualistic. This is why single malt scotch is generally more expensive than blended scotch and coveted by aficionados. It's also the reason why single malts are so much fun to drink and explore.
Single malts are diverse in flavor, ranging from the gentle and subtly complex whiskies of the Scottish Lowlands, to the firmer, sometimes spicy whiskies in the Highlands , to the briny and often smoky whiskies from the Scottish coastlines and islands. The heart of Scottish distilling is an area known as Speyside, where nearly half of Scotland's distilleries are situated on—or near—the Spey River. Some Speyside whiskies, like Balvenie and Macallan, are full-bodied and rich. Others, like the Glenlivet 12 year old, are very elegant.
Even with all these great single malts, blended scotch still outsells them by a wide margin. Single malt enthusiasm is a relatively recent phenomenon, gaining popularity over the past two decades.
Blended scotches, like Johnnie Walker, Dewar's, Chivas, and Cutty Sark, are marriages of several, if not dozens of different single malts. The advantage of blending is that it smoothes out the rough edges and fills in the missing gaps of a whisky's flavor profile.
Probably the least known fact about blended scotch is that the majority of the blend is not single malt scotch at all, but rather grain whisky. Grain whisky is made from various cereal grains and distilled in continuous column stills, similar to the way vodka is made. It produces a less expensive, lighter flavored whisky. Some blends are incredible products, but are usually lighter in flavor and less expensive than single malts.
Many people think all Scotch whiskies are smoky, but only a handful of them really are. The smoke flavor comes from using malted barley that is dried over a peat fire. Peat was, at one time, the only practical fuel source for many distilleries. These days it's an optional flavor enhancement that, by the way, is very much in vogue right now.
Irish whiskey
In contrast to Scotch whisky production, there are only four working Irish distilleries, and only three are currently selling whiskey. The small number of Irish distilleries explains the disparity between the amounts of Scotch whiskies on the market when compared to the number of Irish whiskeys.
When comparing the differences between Irish whiskey to Scotch whisky, people will often say that the difference is that Irish whiskey is distilled three times (producing a lighter flavor), while scotch is only distilled twice. The other argument is that Irish whiskey is not smoky, and Scotch whisky is. These generalizations are accurate for many whiskeys, but not all of them.
Irish whiskeys, like Jameson, contain "pure pot still" whiskey. Pure pot still whiskey is unique to Ireland. Unlike single malt scotch that is made from malted barley, pure post still whiskey comes from malted and unmalted barley that gives many Irish whiskeys their distinctive flavor.
American whiskey
The most well-known style of whiskey in the United States is bourbon. It is so popular now, both in the United States and abroad, our distillers can't make enough of the stuff. Bourbons, like Jim Beam, Wild Turkey, and Ridgemont Reserve, fit in a category known as "straight whiskeys," and if you look closely enough on a bourbon label, you'll see it identified that way.
A straight whiskey must meet strict requirements. It has to be made in the United States (and while nearly all bourbon is made in Kentucky right now, it doesn't legally have to be), and its grain formula, known as the "mash bill," must contain at least 51% corn. It can't be distilled higher than 80% alcohol (by volume) or go into the barrel for aging higher than 62.5% alcohol, and has to be aged in new charred oak barrels for a minimum of two years. These requirements are designed to maintain the quality and consistency of bourbon.
Other straight whiskeys, like straight rye whiskeys and straight wheat whiskeys must meet similar requirements. The only difference is that rye or wheat is the main grain (respectively), rather than corn.
If you walk into a bar and ask for a bourbon, there's a good chance you'll get Jack Daniel's. This is probably the biggest misunderstanding in the world of whiskey. It's a Tennessee whiskey and made just like bourbon—except for one additional step in the process. After the spirit is distilled, and before it is put into charred oak barrels for aging, it is charcoal mellowed through vats of sugar maple charcoal. This changes the flavor profile of the whiskey—which some describe as mellower, gently sweeter, and slightly sooty when compared to bourbon—making it distinctly Tennessee whiskey.
While bourbon has to be made from a mash of at least 51% corn; in reality, it usually is made with 70-80% corn. The remainder consists of rye and malted barley. You can think of rye as the "spice" ingredient of bourbon. It doesn't have to be used, but it has a significant impact on the flavor profile. If you've ever tasted rye bread, then you understand rye's contribution to bourbon.
But some bourbon producers replace the rye with wheat. Wheat changes the flavor profile in its own way. "Wheated" bourbons, like Maker's Mark, are less bold and more approachable. Some drinkers like the easy-going style of wheated bourbons, while others enjoy the boldness of more traditional rye-spiced bourbons.
Largely ignored for decades, straight rye whiskeys have made a huge comeback and create a distinctive impact when used in cocktails, making it very a trendy ingredient right now for mixologists.
Canadian whisky
Canadian whisky is the lightest example from the major whisky distilling countries. That's because Canadian whisky traditionally consists of a blend of two components: a base whisky and a flavoring whisky. The base whisky, usually made from corn, is very light in flavor and comprises the large majority of the whisky's make-up. The flavoring whisky, often one with a high rye content, makes up the rest.
Ironically, Canadian law allows Canadian whisky to be called Canadian Whisky, Canadian Rye Whisky, or Rye Whisky, even though the actual amount of rye in the grain mixture is usually very small, and much less than corn. There is a huge difference between Canadian "rye" whiskies and American "straight rye" whiskeys. The straight ryes produced in the United States are considerably bolder and more challenging. Canadian "rye" drinkers are often confused and overwhelmed by the intensity of the straight rye whiskeys from the United States, where the largest ingredient must be rye.
Canadian whisky's lighter style makes it appealing year-round, even in the warm summer months when other whiskeys might be too heavy. While most people think of Canadian whiskies as mixing whiskies, something to be drunk on the rocks or with soda, there are also some fine Canadian whiskies that you can sip neat, like Crown Royal Reserve or the new Canadian Club 30 year old, both of which are worth seeking out.
APPRECIATING WHISKY
If you're drinking whiskey just for fun, and aren't interested in learning more about your whiskey, then go ahead and drink it however you like. You paid for it and you earned that right. However, if you want to capture as many aromas and flavors as possible, then try to understand that whiskey expresses itself best at room temperature. I know you are tempted to just go ahead and drink the whiskey, but don't. Not just yet, anyway.
Look
Before you do anything, look at the whiskey. You can learn a lot about your whiskey by its color. Generally speaking, the darker the whiskey, the older it is, because whiskey gets its color from being in contact with the oak barrel during aging.
The type of barrel also matters. For example, if a Scotch whisky is being aged in a bourbon barrel that has been used several times over, it's not going to pick up much color from the barrel. However, if that same whiskey was put in a cask that contained sherry or port wine, it will pick up some of the colors of the wine, in addition to those of oak barrel.
I must also warn you that some whiskeys (particularly those that are younger) contain caramel coloring to make them look "the way we think whiskey should look", because young whiskeys haven't had enough contact time with the oak barrel, and will appear lighter in color.
Smell
Realize that you can smell more from your whiskey than you will ever be able to taste. In fact, all the master blenders work primarily by nosing, not by tasting. So do yourself a favor and smell your whiskey before you taste it. Don't thrust your nose into the glass, because the alcohol will be too dominant. Gently raise the whiskey up to your nose until you begin capturing its aroma.
Think about what you smell. Often, but not always, a whiskey's aroma will be a good indication of how it will taste.
Taste
Now go ahead and taste the whiskey. Make sure you coat your entire tongue and let it linger on the palate for a little while before swallowing. Is it thick on your palate or thin? What flavors do you taste? Does the whiskey taste the same way it smells? Do the flavors evolve on the palate or just stay the same? After you swallow, does the flavor fade away quickly or does it linger on the palate? Most importantly, did you like it?
For many of you, the alcohol will just be too intense to fully appreciate the whiskey. I recommend that you add a little water to your whiskey, then nose and taste the whiskey again, I suggest that you add a little bit at a time (a few drops) and keep adding until you find your comfort zone. Adding water brings out more of the whiskey's aroma. It also lowers the alcohol level, reducing its numbing effect on the palate.
Reading the Label
Reading a whiskey's label can be very daunting. This guide will help you understand what's inside the bottle, what it means to you, and help you find a whiskey you will enjoy.
To "e" or not to "e"?
Depending on the country of origin, "whiskey" is spelled with or without an "e." American whiskeys, like bourbon, rye, and Tennessee whiskey, usually spell their whiskey with an "e." Irish whiskeys also retain the "e." Scotch and Canadian whiskies are spelled without the "e."
What is "finishing"?
Many whiskeys spend most of their lives in one cask, but then are put into a different type of cask for a brief time before bottling. This practice is known as "finishing," and you will often see this identified on the whiskey's label. Finishing is used to a great extent with Scotch whiskies. Most scotches are initially aged in used bourbon barrels. Finishing them in a wine cask, like sherry or port, or perhaps even a used rum cask, will add new dimensions of flavors. It is also a quick way, from a marketing standpoint, for a distillery to introduce a new whiskey to the market.
Is it from a single cask?
When a distiller bottles a whiskey, it generally comes from a marriage of casks produced at that distillery. This ensures consistency of flavors. Only a small percentage of whiskeys are bottled one cask at a time, and they are usually identified on the label as such. Since each barrel of whiskey tastes different (even when from the same distillery), single cask bottlings are the most individualistic.
How old is it?
If a whiskey has an age statement on the label, then all the whiskey in that bottle must be at least that old. For example, if a distillery combines 12, 15, and 18 year old barrels of whiskeys, the age statement on the label can't be more than 12 years old. Remember: whiskey only ages in the barrel, not in the bottle.
What's its strength?
All whiskeys must contain at least 40% alcohol by volume (ABV), or 80 proof (proof is twice the alcohol level.), though there are whiskies on the market that are over 70% ABV (140 proof)! Usually, after whiskey is taken from the barrel, water is added to bring it down to the strength that the producer wants to sell it at. Sometimes a whiskey is bottled at the same strength it came out of the barrel. This is often referred to on the label as Barrel Proof or Natural Cask Strength.
Is it chill-filtered?
A whiskey will get hazy or cloudy if its temperature is lowered (e.g., if ice or cold water is added). Most whiskey companies think cloudy whiskey is unappealing and will hurt sales. To prevent this, before the whiskey is bottled, they chill it down and filter out the components that make it cloudy. Unfortunately, those components (known as congeners) also contribute to a whiskey's flavor. Some producers bottle the whiskey without chill-filtering, and this is usually identified and explained on the label.
Conducting a whiskey tasting
The most exciting thing about whiskey is its diversity of flavors, which is the reason why conducting a whiskey tasting (and attending one) is so much fun. Comparing and contrasting whiskeys is also a great way to learn more about them.
Invite the right people
Before you begin to think of the kinds of whiskeys you'll be pouring, make sure you have the right audience. They should be open-minded whiskey drinkers, or people who aren't whiskey drinkers but are curious and interested in learning about whiskey.
Pick a theme
You have hundreds of whiskeys to choose from. Come up with an interesting theme. Consider tasting them "blind," so you don't know what whiskey you are tasting (and won't have any pre-conceived opinions).
Use the proper glassware
Use clear glassware that closes toward the top to capture the whiskey's aroma. There are several new nosing and tasting glasses that have been introduced which you could use but small brandy snifters or white wine glasses will work just fine. Make sure your glassware is clean and free of detergent. If you washed the glasses in a dishwasher, rinse them out with water before using. If you're reusing the glasses throughout the evening, make sure they are rinsed thoroughly between flights.
Don't serve too many whiskeys
Six to eight whiskeys are plenty—especially if you're swallowing. If you taste too many whiskies, your palate will eventually become fatigued. One-half ounce pour for each whisky is enough. Have a dump bucket available so tasters can dump whiskeys they don't want to finish. Taste another whiskey every ten minutes or so. That, combined with some light snacks and additional conversation at the end, will make for an enjoyable two-hour tasting.
Have plenty of water
Have two sources of water: one for drinking and one for adding to your whiskey. Make sure the water you have for your whiskey is non-carbonated, room temperature, and clean (e.g. spring water).
Serve the right food
For your first whiskey tasting, serve the food before or after the tasting. Whiskey and food do go well together in under certain circumstances but, for your first tasting, you should keep it simple and just focus on the whiskey. If you are serving food before the tasting, don't serve anything spicy. Hot peppers and garlic will ruin your experience. You might just want to serve some water and crackers before and during the tasting, and enjoy more substantial food after you've finished. But if you're cooking aromatic foods for your guests during the event, make sure the tasting is done in a location far from those aromas.
Exchange ideas and thoughts
Discuss what you smell and taste. It will help you discover more aromas and flavors, and it will make you a better taster. What did you like about the whiskey? What turned you off? Why? If you think you might forget some of what you learned (and you probably will), take notes. Keep a whiskey diary.
Have a designated driver
Don't drink and drive! Bring a friend or spouse as your driver, or take public transportation.
Have fun
Don't get too serious or analytical. The primary purpose of drinking whiskey (or anything else in life for that matter), is to have fun and enjoy the experience. Don't lose sight of that.
Whiskey isn't the easiest drink to embrace. Its alcohol level is much higher than beer or wine, and some of the names, like those of Gaelic-rooted Scotch whiskies, can be difficult to pronounce. Whiskeys, though, are rich and diverse in flavors—more than any other distilled spirit. At their extreme, the really smoky, peat-infused Scotch whiskies can be downright challenging.
New Whiskey Trends
The whiskey industry is more dynamic now than any time in the past 50 years. Here's what's happening, what you can learn from it, and how you can benefit.
Eliminating age statements
The whiskey in a bottle can't be any younger than the age on the label. Many distillers are now shunning age statements on their labels. This is significant right now, given that many young whiskeys will be entering the market over the next several years due to recent increases in production levels. Distillers will be blending barrels of young whiskeys with older whiskeys, and they don't want to be forced to put a young age statement on the label. Instead of an age statement, look for the whiskey to be given a creative name instead.
Going natural
Many whiskeys are caramel colored. Why? To make young whiskeys look old, and also to maintain a consistent color from one bottling to the next. The problem is, most experienced whiskey tasters swear they can taste this additive and that it masks some of the whiskey's true flavor.
Additionally, most whiskeys are "chill-filtered." This prevents the whiskey from getting cloudy when you add ice or cold water to it. What's wrong with this? Well, the components that are being removed also contribute to the whiskey's flavor.
Some distilleries are now eliminating caramel coloring and chill-filtering to ensure that the whiskey tastes the best it possibly can. Your clue? The whiskey might be very light in color, and it may look hazy—or even a bit cloudy. The distiller often notes on the label that the whiskey is not chill-filtered (or caramel colored).
Artisan distilling
Do you remember the evolution of the craft beer movement in the 1980s and 1990s? Well, we are now experiencing the whiskey version of this. In the United States alone, there currently are 202 small artisan distillers according to the American Distilling Institute. An estimated 42 of them are making whiskey. Many of these new startups were originally breweries. Some distillers are actually buying their "beer" from brewers, thus focusing their efforts primarily on distilling and aging. Dozens of artisan-distilled whiskeys are already on the market, with many more in the pipeline. Because this industry is still young, so are their whiskeys.
New distilling countries
Until the past decade or so, nearly all the world's whiskeys were produced in Scotland, the United States, Ireland, Canada, or Japan. Now, high-quality whiskeys are being produced worldwide—including India, Sweden, Wales, Australia, and a majority of European countries. Most resemble the "scotch" style, but put their unique signature on their whiskey by tweaking the whiskey-making process with something different (e.g., aging in unusual casks or using non-traditional grains).
New extremes
Lately, brewers have been "pushing the envelope", trying to see who can make the most bitter beer or the beer with the highest alcohol level. Whiskey distillers are doing the same. Whiskeys have been introduced within the past year that are two to three times more smoky than existing whiskeys on the market.
"Designer" whiskeys
Some distillers are making very small quantities of time-intensive, high-cost, high-quality whiskeys. They're using the finest wood, the best barley, the purest water, etc., and carefully monitor them through each phase of their production life.
Imagine a child growing up in the best surroundings, with the most loving parents, the best clothing, first-class health care, and the finest education. This is the whiskey equivalent (with a price tag to match).
Blends of malts
As I mentioned above, Scotch whiskies are usually either single malt or blended (containing combinations of single malt and grain whisky). However, there's a tiny, emerging, and often misunderstood category of whiskies made only from single malts from different distilleries, with none of the lighter grain whiskies added. They are richer and more flavorful than blended whiskies. (They have, in the past, been referred to as "pure" malts or "vatted" malts.)
If you ever see a Scotch whisky being described as a "blended malt" or "a blend of malts", you'll now know what this means.
| i don't know |
Born in 1942, what is the forename of Welsh snooker player Mr. Mountjoy? | Matthew Stevens - First thoughts about
Matthew Stevens
Matthew Stevens (born 11 September 1977) is a Welsh professional snooker player. Stevens has won two of the game's most prestigious events, the Benson and Hedges Masters in 2000 and the UK Championship in 2003. He has also been the runner-up in the World Snooker Championship on two occasions, in 2000 and 2005. Stevens reached a career high ranking of #4 for the 2005/2006 season, and is currently ranked inside of the elite top 16 at number 10. Stevens is known as a good breakbuilder, and has compiled over 200 competitive centuries so far during his career.
Write here your first thoughts about Matthew Stevens ...
15 Dec 2016 18:53
Shia LaBeouf's reaction watching The Even Stevens Movie warms my soul
15 Dec 2016 18:44
The Westfield Run Club participated in the Rosy Cheeks 5K on December 10. Matthew Stevens finished 1st out of...
15 Dec 2016 12:00
no problem anyone with Stuart houses gang members name Jon Stevens n Larry white Doug windel Quinn 37kilersdc wha
15 Dec 2016 05:14
The Spurs are the only team in the NBA that Brad Stevens has never beaten (0-8). Here's how the rest of the games turned outâ¦
15 Dec 2016 03:52
If Americans revered legislators like they do presidents and generals, Thaddeus Stevens would be one of the all time greats. htâ¦
14 Dec 2016 17:38
Brad Stevens on Kawhisland theory: "I mean, I think that's a better idea than isolating him."
14 Dec 2016 14:40
SNOOKER: Ditton's Barry Hawkins safely through from round two of the He beat Matthew Steâ¦
14 Dec 2016 08:03
Matthew Stevens on why loaning Adani $1bn for a coal mine that can't make it on its own is a really really bad idea httpâ¦
13 Dec 2016 06:28
Excellent 4-0 result for KSports' !! good luck for tomorrow v Matthew Stevens...could be a good way to end the year!!
12 Dec 2016 22:20
Good day for Welsh snooker players at Scottish Open with wins for Matthew Stevens, Duane Jones, Daniel Wells, Mark Williams , Michael White.
12 Dec 2016 17:35
My Matthew Crawley⤠is happy, Dan Stevens as the Beast.ð. Maine as Belle & Alden as Beast, pwede...
12 Dec 2016 17:11
It's a big Happy Birthday to Sheree J Wilson (April Stevens Ewing) who turns 58 today, Dec 12.
12 Dec 2016 15:06
Matthew Stevens has made two finals 2000 2005
12 Dec 2016 15:05
Matthew Stevens?. Jimmy made 4 but assume he doesn't count since he made 6 finals also
12 Dec 2016 14:43
RESULT: Matthew Stevens also books his place in the second round after completing a 4-0 whitewash over Ken Doherty !â¦
11 Dec 2016 20:13
Yes, the best thing about the missive in today's AFR is that it quotes Matthew Stevens from the AFR https:/â¦
11 Dec 2016 01:41
Matthew Stevens scores on the 5 on 3 it's now 4-3
11 Dec 2016 01:25
why don't u buy the earphones where are you connect them to the phone like its Bluetooth u don't need to plug it in
10 Dec 2016 23:31
Mad World is a great song but I always reckon it lifted a bit of the tune from the middle of Matthew & Son by Cat Stevens.
10 Dec 2016 20:10
I wonder what Keri Russel and Matthew Rhys are up to today.
10 Dec 2016 18:00
Matthew on the float with his "ninja" MMA class from Stevens Elite Martial Arts for the Saâ¦
09 Dec 2016 22:47
this must be fate, my name is Matthew Michael (Stevens)
09 Dec 2016 17:41
Robin Hull beats Matthew Stevens 5-3, so it will be Jimmy v Hull in the last 32 in Berlin in early February.â¦
09 Dec 2016 17:32
Brilliant performance from to beat Matthew Stevens and qualify for the Tempodrome in February where he'll face Jimmy White .
09 Dec 2016 17:31
RESULT: Robin Hull also secures his spot at the Tempodrom after completing a 5-3 success over Matthew Stevens!.
09 Dec 2016 16:53
135 break for Hull now to add to his 101 from frame four and lead Matthew Stevens 4-2.
09 Dec 2016 16:39
Two great pots on blue and pink for Robin Hull to move 3-2 ahead of Matthew Stevens.
09 Dec 2016 15:00
Watching Mr on the stream this afternoon against Matthew Stevens. 1-0 Stevens thus far.
09 Dec 2016 14:09
Jimmy will play the winner of Matthew Stevens v Robin Hull in Berlin in the last 32 at the beginning of February.â¦
28 Sep 2016 13:31
Allan Taylor pick em with Matthew Stevens. Worse players on tour.
27 Aug 2016 16:26
RESULT:. Meanwhile, David Grace is through to round three after edging out Matthew Stevens 4-3 in the deciding frame!
27 Aug 2016 16:03
DECIDER:. Elsewhere, Matthew Stevens and David Grace are down to a final-frame shootout. Who will prevail?...
27 Aug 2016 11:42
ð· Great photo of close friends Matthew Stevens and Paul Hunter back in their junior days
27 Aug 2016 09:58
WIN | Matthew Stevens nearly makes a maximum in Rnd1, his attempt ending at 120 before sealing a 4-2 win
27 Aug 2016 09:37
Matthew Stevens beats Patrick Einsle 4-2 but still a good effort from the German.
27 Aug 2016 09:05
Matthew Stevens on a break of 120 with the 6 colours remaining!
27 Aug 2016 05:40
Another day of lies ahead. Can't wait to watch Matthew Stevens, Kyren Wilson , Mark Allen and many others. ððð
26 Aug 2016 21:49
If there's anything Dan Stevens proved as Matthew in Downton Abbey with Mary Crawley it's that: an INFP can out-stubborn an ENTJ.
26 Aug 2016 16:14
Kevin Rose previews Bob Jones/Austin, Josh Bean surveys preps football and Matthew Stevens on his surprise at the...
26 Aug 2016 16:04
Hey guys! Check out our YouTube channel SK8 Stevens if you never have, just one view means the world to us ð¯ð¯
25 Aug 2016 20:14
Watergate 5k Senior Men. Jonathan Stevens,Matthew Alderson, Liam Friel and Gavin Burn. . Jonathan was 3rd and...
15 Apr 2016 19:43
Want to know what gear Matthew Stevens uses? Check it out here.
15 Apr 2016 15:50
If I were his editor, I'd be so happy right now. Not easy to get that many people to talk about Wallace Stevens!
15 Apr 2016 14:17
too kind! Matthew would win awards for most scones eaten.
15 Apr 2016 08:21
if your having lady problems I can fix that
15 Apr 2016 07:57
Tristan I got a lot of things on u on ur side be good are its all out ðððð
15 Apr 2016 07:55
I'm getting my uncle wayne to beat you up
15 Apr 2016 05:18
alright tell julio I called him a sexbomb
14 Apr 2016 23:13
Me and rich homie john and matthew the rapper
14 Apr 2016 07:34
trust me I know you didn't have to tell me
14 Apr 2016 06:18
Notable names who lost in the final qualifying round: Ken Doherty , Matthew Stevens, Anthony Hamilton and Nigel Bond.
13 Apr 2016 22:57
I went to school with a kid named Matthew Stevens
13 Apr 2016 21:59
Snooker - World Championship - Ryan Day reaches last 32 - Matthew Stevens and Dominic Dale crash out
13 Apr 2016 19:58
WIN | beats Matthew Stevens 10-6 in the final qualifying round, through to the Crucible!
13 Apr 2016 19:18
Welshman Matthew Stevens misses out on the World Snooker Championship after losing his qualifier 10-6 against Kyren Wilson .
13 Apr 2016 19:12
He's there! Kettering's qualifies for the World Championship at the Crucible with a 10-6 win over Matthew Stevens. Brilliant!
13 Apr 2016 19:10
Thrilled to see Shanghai Masters champion through to the Crucible, 10-6 against Matthew Stevens. Will be a danger to the seeds.
13 Apr 2016 19:06
Kyren Wilson is also through to trouble the seeds in round one. He's beaten Matthew Stevens 10-6 tonight.
13 Apr 2016 19:06
WINNER!. Kyren Wilson 10-6 Matthew Stevens. Kyren Wilson has qualifies for the World Championship 2016!
13 Apr 2016 19:05
QUALIFIER: Kyren Wilson 's landmark season continues as he defeats Matthew Stevens 10-6 to reach the Crucible!
13 Apr 2016 19:05
Heees Done it. is at the Crucible. Beating Matthew Stevens 10-6.
13 Apr 2016 17:15
While Kyren has gone 7-5 up on Matthew Stevens in what I still think is the match of the session. 7-6 Dott at the MSI against Dunn
15 Feb 2016 23:17
Wales' Matthew Stevens is in the second round of the Welsh Snooker Open after a 4-2 first-round win over Ireland's David Morris
15 Feb 2016 23:17
RESULT: Home favourite Matthew Stevens is through to round two after overcoming David Morris 4-2!
15 Feb 2016 22:52
David Morris gets back to 2-3 behind Matthew Stevens. McLeod and Wasley still deadlocked at 3-3.
15 Feb 2016 21:50
LATEST: Matthew Stevens takes the opening frame for 1-0 against David Morris , as does Alfie Burden against Dominic Dale
02 Feb 2016 04:57
If you don't like Mr. Earl Stevens I don't like you
31 Jan 2016 04:48
Metro update- varsity finished 6th as a team with four medals. Aaron -2, Cody-2, Matthew B-3 and Anthony Mendoza-4th.
31 Jan 2016 00:51
Should the BHP boss have gone to Brazil instead of Broken Hill, asks Matthew Stevens.
26 Jan 2016 23:38
Agree with AFR's Matthew Stevens that BHP should unwind DLC. Rio Tinto should do same and move HQ to Australia.
26 Jan 2016 21:12
BHP's dual listing is as unnecesary as its dividend is unaffordable, says Matthew Stevens.
25 Jan 2016 23:27
Today's AFR by Matthew Stevens. Something to think about over the W/E.
25 Jan 2016 20:51
those ppl whose surname can also be a forename. why are u called Matthew Stevens. are u Matthew or Steven. stop
10 Jan 2016 10:53
think a team of Matthew Stevens, Darren morgan and doug mountjoy would be good for wales.
08 Jan 2016 09:01
Tonight at the Hall, Ronnie O'Sullivan teams up with Jimmy White against Mark Williams and Matthew Stevens:
24 Nov 2015 09:05
BHP's Jac Nasser is not a man made for regrets despite oil price woes, writes Matthew Stevens
09 Sep 2015 16:35
The 6 Red World Championship has reached the knockout stage. John Higgins and Matthew Stevens out:
09 Sep 2015 10:27
Stephen Lee, Quentin Hann, and Matthew Stevens have all underachieved
16 Aug 2015 16:55
Pretty sure Matthew Stevens & Jamie-Ray Hartshorne would be proud of me. This beer has green tea in it.
08 Aug 2015 04:20
Hello Canada I'm Matthew Stevens from Tim Horton's. Come have lunch with me.
09 Jun 2015 16:08
check out the Matthew Stevens Group debut album
09 Jun 2015 15:33
Matthew Stevens beats Mark Williams to reach second round of ...
09 Jun 2015 11:02
Former England prop Matthew Stevens could be a shock replacement for Carl Hayman at Toulon.
08 Jun 2015 15:16
Or I said "I love Cristiano" thousand times, but still in doubt about who's come first, Matthew Goodie or Dan Stevens. ð°
08 Jun 2015 11:49
"Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, For theirs is the kingdom of heaven.". â Matthew 5:10 (NKJV)
08 Jun 2015 10:28
Noah was the only man notified before Matthew Stevens relieved himself in the Atlantic Ocean.
08 Jun 2015 08:41
probably be better with Harrington the way Stevens form has been,lol!fancy Matthew to be back this year though!
08 Jun 2015 03:19
Ladies and gentlemen, Matthew Dellavedova, star of the night.
06 Jun 2015 21:42
Got Dan Stevens reading The Outcast as there was no Irons doing Brideshead *** I hear why everyone makes a fuss about a "Cousin Matthew"
06 Jun 2015 00:16
thanks for sharing Matthew Stevens, have a great Saturday :) (insight by
04 Jun 2015 19:57
FINDING NEVERLAND "What You Mean to Me" with Matthew Morri... I can't stop listening to this. Beautiful!
04 Jun 2015 16:54
Matthew Stevens Group sound check from httpâ¦
04 Jun 2015 11:53
"Wrap yourself around Matthew Stevensâ acoustic viral blanket" 5* from on 'Woodwork'
04 Jun 2015 07:44
.talks to about recent release 'Woodwork' hear a track here:
03 Jun 2015 12:25
Wrap your self round Matthew Stevensâ acoustic viral blanket
03 Jun 2015 09:07
Wrap your self spherical Matthew Stevensâ acoustic viral blanket
03 Jun 2015 08:49
Wrap your self around Matthew Stevensâ acoustic viral blanket
02 Jun 2015 14:23
Playing with Sun Pictures at the ISB Convention in Fort Collins, CO w Ben Wendel, Matthew Stevens and Ted Poor!...
25 May 2015 20:55
'This is a government apparently easily forced into extraordinary gyrations': Matthew Stevens on Fortescue and FIRB
30 Apr 2015 00:44
Here's a list of recent college coaches to the NBA not named Brad Stevens.
29 Apr 2015 14:20
2nd session result of the 2nd round:. Ronnie O'Sullivan 12-4 Matthew Stevens.
29 Apr 2015 11:49
Cat Stevens - MATTHEW AND SON. Listen it now to Concept Radio!.
29 Apr 2015 09:45
what about when Matthew Stevens left half his cue on the table twice playing the rocket while using extension
29 Apr 2015 09:42
what about when Matthew Stevens left one half of his cue on the table to use an extension
29 Apr 2015 09:14
Ronnie OSullivan needs one frame to beat Matthew Stevens and move into the World Snooker Championship last eight.
28 Apr 2015 20:38
Ronnie OâSullivan needs one frame on Monday to knock out Matthew Stevens: ⢠OâSullivan warned over rude handâ¦
28 Apr 2015 18:09
Plenty to be positive about, says Matthew Stevens after Crucible defeat by Ronnie O'Sullivan httpâ¦
28 Apr 2015 17:34
Matthew Stevens felt the pain as he crashed out to Ronnie O'Sullivan
28 Apr 2015 12:35
Stevens feels the pain as he crashes out to Ronnie MATTHEW Stevens revealed he almost pulled out of the final...
28 Apr 2015 12:29
Five-time winner Ronnie OSullivan reaches the quarter-finals of the World Championship by beating Matthew Stevens.
28 Apr 2015 09:41
No complaints from Matthew Stevens after L16 defeat at the WC 2015
28 Apr 2015 09:11
OSullivan reaches last eight at snooker Worlds: Five-time champion Ronnie O'Sullivan beat Matthew Stevens 13-5...
28 Apr 2015 08:33
Stevens can be stronger - Griffiths: Ex-world champion Terry Griffiths hopes Matthew Stevens can return "a lot...
25 Apr 2015 18:09
Ooh, settle in folks, It's Ronnie O'Sullivan vs Matthew Stevens - Here we go
22 Apr 2015 15:27
Hugest surprise so far? Matthew Stevens has obliterated Mark Williams 10-2(!) to set up a Last 16 match with Ronnie O'Sullivan
22 Apr 2015 14:50
Matthew Stevens eases past Mark Williams to set up a second round meeting with Ronnie O'Sullivan at The Crucible.
22 Apr 2015 14:38
Matthew Stevens beats Mark Williams 10-2 in the first round of the World Snooker Championship . He'll face Ronnie O'Sullivan in round two.
22 Apr 2015 14:34
Shocked by Mark Williams ' early exit at The Crucible, but Matthew Stevens was playing superb snooker. Tough match for Ronnie in Round 2.
22 Apr 2015 14:31
Matthew Stevens eases past Mark Williams with a 10-2 victory to book a place in the second round against Ronnie O'Sullivan
22 Apr 2015 14:31
And that's that! A stunning 73 clearance gives Matthew Stevens a 10-2 win over Mark Williams . Ronnie O'Sullivan next up for Stevens.
22 Apr 2015 14:30
Impressive from Matthew Stevens. He'll play Ronnie after thumping M Williams 10-2 Ronnie said he couldn't care less who he plays
22 Apr 2015 10:38
Ronnie O'Sullivan through 10-3 he will either face Welsh men Mark Williams or Matthew Stevens in the second round
22 Apr 2015 10:33
Ronnie will play Matthew Stevens or Mark Williams , probably the former
22 Apr 2015 10:30
Ronnie O'Sullivan is through a 10-3 winner. Will play Matthew Stevens or Mark Williams in the second round.
19 Apr 2015 18:19
tuesday night, well happy with random tickets bought: Mark Williams v my boy Matthew Stevens, first chance to see him at sheff!
19 Apr 2015 12:40
Now this will definitely be worth a watch!!! My money's on willo. 21st april 19:00 Mark Williams v Matthew Stevens ðºð±ðºð±
15 Apr 2015 16:18
Happy to see Graeme Dott and Matthew Stevens qualified for the Crucible.
15 Apr 2015 15:33
BBCWalesSport: Matthew Stevens, Ryan Day and Jamie Jones qualify for the World Snooker Championship : â¦
15 Apr 2015 14:53
Qualifiers so far today are Mark Davis , Ryan Day , Craig Steadman, Jamie Jones , Alan McManus, Graeme Dott and Matthew Stevens.
12 Apr 2015 14:09
Interesting to see Oli Lines v Mark Davis and Peter Lines v Matthew Stevens next to each other on the streamed tables
22 Feb 2015 23:35
Ex-snooker champ Matthew Stevens is declared bankrupt:
22 Feb 2015 04:51
Matthew Stevens: "I'll take any win against Ronnie!" after beating champion Ronnie O'Sullivan in the Welsh Open 4-3 httpâ¦
19 Feb 2015 21:04
What a Welsh Open this is! First of all Ronnie O'Sullivan loses 4-3 to Matthew Stevens, then Mark Selby loses 4-3...
16 Feb 2015 09:49
Good luck today against Matthew Stevens. You weren't too bad on Saturday against John Higgins , keep it up mateð
13 Feb 2015 19:06
and last night certain was a real treat thanks to and Matthew Bourne and a few other lovely people
13 Feb 2015 08:15
Just touched Dan Stevens outfit that he wore when Matthew proposed to Mary. Here tis with her dress.
13 Feb 2015 03:16
Listen to duet w/ Justin Vernon as part of a Matthew E White supergroup
12 Feb 2015 17:46
I kinda miss Matthew Stevens on BSR during baseball season so he can try and act like heâs smarter than everybody else on the game of BB.
12 Feb 2015 16:23
Justin Vernon, Sharon Van Etten and Matthew E White all collaborate on a new track as supergroup Sounds of the South.
12 Feb 2015 15:33
"The Magical Universe of William S. Burroughs" - great article by Matthew Levi Stevens
11 Feb 2015 20:14
Justin Vernon and the National have launched their own music festival in Wisconsin, and the lineup is very solid.
10 Feb 2015 05:14
Killing Qaddafi: Hillaryâs Secret Role /This is why Stevens was killed same way as Qaddafi. Hillary got & ignored msg.
09 Feb 2015 08:30
Listening to Matthew & Son by Cat Stevens isn't the best commuter playlist tune for a Monday morning.
08 Feb 2015 23:12
my name is Matthew Stevens. And I was referring to brandan as wheeler cause he is
08 Feb 2015 22:49
Matthew Stevens do you think you big or something.
08 Feb 2015 15:56
On air now:. Cat Stevens - MATTHEW AND SON. Listen to Concept Radio!
07 Feb 2015 23:18
"If you have the nerve to climb over Matthew Mark Luke and John" ðððð
07 Feb 2015 15:58
HOT TRAXX SIXTEES is now playing Cat Stevens - Matthew and son YOUR MEMORIES
06 Feb 2015 18:53
Read our latest blog post from Matthew Stevens, Senior Associate here -
06 Feb 2015 17:32
"None of us fit well in this world. What we have to cling to is Jesus." Matthew 11:28 - Dr. Eric Stevens.
26 Nov 2014 15:42
Matthew Stevens is through to the second round of the UK Championship but fellow Welshman Lee Walker is out:
26 Nov 2014 11:18
Technical problems preventing live blog at present, but John Higgins is 3-1 up on Lee Walker and Matthew Stevens leads Allan Taylor 3-1.
08 Nov 2014 10:07
Are we done horsing around? Australian Financial Review, Australia by Matthew Stevens 05 Nov 2014 They say the nation stops for the Melbourne Cup. They are wrong. Just like the rest of mining Australia, the haul truck drivers at the Hunter Valley's Drayton coalmine diligently ignored Flemington's glamour. Mind you, it seems big horse racing will eventually stop Drayton miners. The coal at Drayton will be exhausted by 2017. And, rather famously, the NSW Planning Assessment Commission recently knocked back an extension of the mine called Drayton South. The PAC found the new mine posed too much of a risk to the thoroughbred horses that populate two nearby stud farms. The battle to block Drayton South was led by the thoroughbred industry generally and the internationally owned Darley and Coolmore studs particularly. To understand why the horsey view has prevailed, we have spent a bit of time pouring through the accounts of the two refusenik studs in questions. But this, it would be fair to say, has not helped ...
04 Oct 2014 09:40
sorry Matthew Stevens he plays Ben Jones, both from Wales :)
03 Oct 2014 12:02
Former cast: Where are they now? See what Matthew, Sybil, Gwen, O'Brien & more are up.
02 Oct 2014 23:33
[Weekly Support] Check out Dan Stevens, who plays the character of Matthew Crawley on Downtown Abbey, in a new...
02 Oct 2014 18:38
Dan Stevens had really long hair back in the day - same blue eyes though. I miss Matthew...
02 Oct 2014 16:51
Comment deserves wide circulation on the attractions of Islam to decadent West: Matthew Stevens
02 Oct 2014 12:30
playing 2048 with sound effects and Matthew Stevens starts crying
01 Oct 2014 19:03
Highly recommend (aka The Revenge of Cousin Matthew). Dan Stevens is mesmerizing in an 80s horror tribute that actually works.
01 Oct 2014 18:01
Former Lakeland band teacher Matthew Stevens sentenced to 6-23 mos in jail for relationship with student
01 Oct 2014 18:00
Former Lakeland music teacher Matthew Stevens sentenced to 6-23 months in prison in Lackawanna County, fined $2,000 for victim counseling
01 Oct 2014 15:07
Matthew Stevens, Advisory Board Co: Walmart will alter healthcare by aggregating low-cost providers
30 Sep 2014 08:21
Cat Stevens - Matthew and son. Such a TUNE. . (Rob proceeds to present the 90's hand jesture of a T to support his bold claim)
29 Sep 2014 21:43
ok, gonna play like Matthew Stevens!
29 Sep 2014 12:25
So Dan Stevens left Downton as the loveable Matthew to hold a gun in some film. K.
28 Sep 2014 21:55
Wait. I saw 'The Guest' weeks ago and it's only just occured to me to refer to Dan Stevens as Matthew Phwoarley? I'm a disgrace.
28 Sep 2014 15:49
can you stop asking Matthew Stevens to stop ringing for cooking tips
27 Sep 2014 21:41
really I blame have you never heard of Matthew Stevens? He is infecting the minds of our youths!!!
27 Sep 2014 15:58
My hatred 4 Matthew Crawley is well documented, but in Dan Stevens is a certified G and bonafide stud and you can't teach that!
27 Sep 2014 14:51
Cat Stevens must have sk'd really hard back in the day.
27 Sep 2014 08:59
Matthew Stevens has mostly moved on from his shelved debut recording â but one tune remains in rotation
27 Sep 2014 05:44
Video of Cat Stevens "performing" "Matthew and Son" live at a Parisian cafe in 1967. The customers keep their cool. â¦
27 Sep 2014 04:19
Agreed. Even Matthew Crawley would want to bang Dan Stevens after that performance.
26 Sep 2014 22:38
Are you still watching the show? I still love Downton Abbey but do miss the *** out of Matthew Crawley/Dan Stevens. ðª
03 Sep 2014 20:55
*** Whiteway's Taekwondo fighter Matthew Stevens knocks out Muay Thai fighter in full contact fight and...
26 Jul 2014 14:40
Matt Stevens (rugby union). Matthew Stevens (born 1 October 1982) is an English rugby union player, who plays at prop for Saracens and Englan
21 Jun 2014 21:33
If Matthew Stevens was born in a different generation...
21 Jun 2014 21:31
Wishing I was at the glen arbor BBQ and beer fest with Matthew Stevens and Christine Elizabeth
21 Jun 2014 12:11
Thank you to EVERYONE who watched and/or performed at Pun Run on Thursday. The show started at 8pm and finished just before 10pm. CLASHING PERFECTLY WITH THE ENGLAND MATCH. I think this was arguably the biggest audience of any comedy night happening at the same time. I'm so proud of all my PUNters, but especially proud of our host, Darren Walsh and acts: Tobias Wilson, Jack Bernhardt, Tom Crowley, Robin Flavell, Amy Butterworth, Glenn Moore, Matthew Stevens, Gary Tro, Sophie Johnson, Steve X Cross and Leo Kearse - many of whom were itching to see the match. Putting on my promoting hat, the fact that you guys didn't cancel your spots and came to perform, despite missing some or all of the match, meant so much to me. You win all of the performer etiquette points. Anyone looking for reliable, solid and hilarious acts, see those I have tagged. Can't recommend them enough.
21 Jun 2014 05:33
watch his fights vs Matthew Macklin and Curtis Stevens
21 Jun 2014 02:08
Masterly survey of the global gas dynamic by Matthew Stevens,in today.
20 Jun 2014 21:02
Nobody cud act like Dan Stevens did..Drama is lovely esp Violet but with Mary ain't the same without Matthew..
20 Jun 2014 19:56
love cat Stevens, Matthew and son and wild world were always on in the car with my dad, dr hook too
19 Jun 2014 23:44
Need a little Matthew Stevens for the trifecta.
19 Jun 2014 04:57
The move to index-based iron ore pricing has had many benefits, says Matthew Stevens
18 Jun 2014 09:18
Kim licks everyone's *** , she well wants to win... And Stevens a creep... Matthew to win! x
17 Jun 2014 19:04
I want props for being 1st to say Dan Stevens is exceptionally, amazingly hot. You think you loved Matthew in Downton- juâ¦
17 Jun 2014 14:00
Editorial: Sports writer Matthew Stevens shows some character after dismissal:
16 Jun 2014 17:19
Former Lakeland teacher Matthew Stevens pleaded guilty to 1 count of a corruption of minor today in
16 Jun 2014 16:16
Jury selection was scheduled to begin today for Matthew Stevens, before plea agreement was reached. Sentencing has not been scheduled.
16 Jun 2014 16:11
Former Lakeland HS band teacher Matthew Stevens made a surprise guilty plea just as jury selection was about to start for his trial
16 Jun 2014 16:09
Matthew Stevens, former Lakeland teacher, pleads guilty to corruption of minors just as his trial was slated to begin. Faces 7 years max
15 Jun 2014 17:53
We know is in to film "Criminal Activities." But so is Dan Stevens aka MATTHEW CRAWLEY. You're welcome.
15 Jun 2014 13:19
"Monitoring should not be used to judge players; it should be used to inform them." -Tom Stevens Weekend
15 Jun 2014 05:35
âKennedy Orion Michelle Bradley-Stevens is the best thing that's touched the face of this planet.â
14 Jun 2014 18:27
my passing resemblance to Welsh snooker's Matthew Stevens saw me equally fighting them off with a stick back in the day. Or not.
15 Apr 2014 20:48
Dafabet World Snooker Championship final Qualifying results 1 Ken Doherty 10 Dechewat Poomjaeng 5 2 David Gilbert 10 Jimmy Robertson 6 3 Kyren Wilson 10 Graeme Dott 7 4 Dominic Dale 10 Andrew Higginson 6 5 Alan McManus 10 Mark Williams 8 6 Michael Holt 10 Jamie Jones 6 7 Jamie Cope 10 Mark King 7 8 Tom Ford 10 Matthew Stevens 8 Mark Williams will miss out on a crucible place for the first time since 1996 and Graeme Dott will miss out for the first time since 2000 both former World Champions and both Alan McManus And Ken Doherty who made thier debuts in 1991 have also qualified again this year and Kyren Wilson will be making his Debut in the World Championship s
11 Mar 2014 00:54
Santos already fixing that (minor) inherited problem. Matthew Stevens nails it here:
10 Mar 2014 22:38
Matthew Stevens column 'Pond and PR lessons for Santos' not bad summary on issues facing co's & l'holders
10 Mar 2014 21:39
Interesting column from Matthew Stevens in today's rebutting claims about Santos' Pilliga water leak
06 Mar 2014 15:23
Coming up in the Cave: Matthew Stevens, Bullettes Play Basie Recording Brunch, Craig Handy and More!
05 Mar 2014 05:59
Huge thanks to "Critical Jazz". Release date "Chameleon" April 29th. Who says you can't go home again? While seven gems from the seventies are given a second chance at life, Chameleon is a decidedly vibrant forward moving contemporary masterpiece. Some of the finest young lions in the business join Harvey including trumpet giant Christian Scott, critically acclaimed bassist Ben Williams and rising star Kris Bowers. Some of Mason's contemporaries lend a hand including premier bassist Jimmy Haslip along with Bill Summers and bassist Paul Jackson. The genesis for this dynamic outing came when Mason formed a band based on the original Herbie Hancock's Head Hunters group. After a tour that was wildly successful in Japan, the album was born. Chameleon opens with a funked out riff on the Grover Washington Jr. classic "Black Forrest." Kamasi Washington is another up and coming star on tenor and he lays down a blistering solo. The blues infused guitar of Matthew Stevens turns this into a contemporary jazz nasty th ...
27 Feb 2014 05:15
About to watch Matthew Stevens destroy the Blue Whale with Jonathan Pinson and Walter Smith III !!!
19 Feb 2014 18:12
Ding Junhui , Ali Carter, Matthew Stevens, Jamie Cope and Jimmy Robertson are among the afternoon winners at the Welsh Open.
21 Jan 2014 15:55
The 142 break from Judd Trump in his match against Matthew Stevens with thanks to snookerroomru
21 Jan 2014 14:57
Judd Trump makes 142 total clearance and win Round-Robin match with Matthew Stevens in the Championship League Group 3
21 Jan 2014 12:17
Lovely 142 total clearance from Judd Trump to beat Matthew Stevens. Great cueing early on with some tough pots.
20 Jan 2014 21:48
O'Sullivan began the 2011/2012 season at Event 1 of the Players Tour Championship, where he won 4â0 in the final against Joe Perry.[179] At the Paul Hunter Classic, he made the 11th official maximum break of his career, and set a new record of career maximum breaks.[180] He then reached the semi-finals, but lost 3â4 against Mark Selby .[181] His next tournament was the Shanghai Masters , where he reached the second round, but lost 3â5 against Anthony Hamilton .[182] In October 2011 he won the Kay Suzanne Memorial Trophy, by defeating Matthew Stevens 4â2 in the final.[183] In November 2011 he reached the final of the Antwerp Open, but lost 3â4 against Judd Trump .[184] After 12 of 12 events, O'Sullivan was ranked number two on the Order of Merit,[185] and qualified for the Finals,[186] but withdrew due to medical reasons.[187] Ronnie OâSullivan playing in the final of the 2012 German Masters. O'Sullivan won the 10th Premier League title of his career.[188] After topping the table in the league stag ...
20 Jan 2014 18:16
Judd Trump vs. Matthew Stevens. Tomorrow at noon. I can't wait.
08 Jan 2014 08:31
"Sun Pictures" Showcase this Friday the 10th at 4:30pm at Michiko Studios with Ben Wendel, Matthew Stevens and Ted...
28 Nov 2013 10:46
For the first view Stuart Carrington looks a bit like Matthew Stevens in the stream. He even moves similarly.
05 Oct 2013 00:26
Early to bed and early to rise makes a Hokie fan wise, wise, wise! Taking our nephew, Matthew Stevens, to his first college football game tomorrow. And who better to see than Virginia Tech?!?
29 Jul 2013 22:46
I like welsh two.I love to see Snooker and i am a big fan of the welsh dragon matthew stevens.
29 Jul 2013 17:56
I wonder if Elder Matthew Stevens got my nun chucks I sent to the MTC a couple days ago in order to protect himself from ninjas in Japan?
27 Jul 2013 00:28
Empire find a wide open Matthew Stevens for a point making it 11-6
26 Jul 2013 16:11
way to go all Matthew Stevens croomz ...geez
26 Jul 2013 08:53
If often takes a bad experience for companies to start addressing bribery and corruption issues, says Matthew Stevens
10 Jun 2013 19:55
Mark Williams , Matthew Stevens, Teryy Griffiths, Ray Riordan..this is cheating ya know
08 Jun 2013 19:45
Ronnie O'Sullivan, John Higgins , Shaun Murphy , Neil Robertson , Matthew Stevens and more are through to Bulgaria 2013's Last16, Who is your Bulgairan Champion? Details,
24 Apr 2013 16:26
Good to see Matthew Stevens rivalling Mikel Arteta for wearing the most gel in their hair.
14 Apr 2013 17:23
£5 down for Matthew Stevens to win World Championship , 40/1.£205 back, easy money? COME ON STEVENS!!
30 Mar 2013 09:23
You could actually see the disappointment on Matthew Stevens face even when Mark missed that yellow... Hard to see a buddy struggle.
10 Mar 2013 15:12
St. George wasn't English - and neither are half the England Rugby team. When the English supporters rock up at Twickenham on 25th of February, they will supposedly be supporting their national team. They will be supporting a team made up of English, South Africans, New Zealanders, and a Samoan. More like the Commonwealth then. The English of course have a history of plundering resources from other countries, and not just in Rugby Union. Mouritz Botha, Matthew Stevens, Manu Tuilagi, Dylan Hartley, Brad Barritt, Thomas Waldrom â all (apart from Tuilagi) are rejects from their respective countries. How can any die-hard Englishman or woman who belts out âGod Save the Queenâ after they have taken luncheon in the West Car Park support this team?.LoL
03 Mar 2013 08:59
The World Open final is well underway in Haikou between Mark Allen and Matthew Stevens. Allen raced into a 4-0 lead but Stevens has won the last couple to trail 4-2.
03 Mar 2013 08:36
if Matthew Stevens wins this I will the put £100 pound on Steve Davis to win the World Championship at 1000/1 anything can happen
03 Mar 2013 06:29
Mar 23,2013: Matthew Stevens: 7:00pm: Clay Center for the Arts. Matthew Stevens on 3/23/2013 at 7:00pm at Clay...
02 Mar 2013 11:04
5-5 decider time for Neil Robertson v Matthew Stevens.. the arena is empty cos the ref has thrown everyone out over the last 4½ hours.
01 Mar 2013 10:24
Matthew Stevens has beaten Judd Trump 5-3 to reach the semis however Judd did was hampered by his tip in the match. Elsewhere, Neil Robertson looks to be playing near his best again as he beat Mark Selby 5-3.
01 Mar 2013 09:32
wow Matthew Stevens must of found some old form he is 4-3 up against Judd Trump
28 Feb 2013 18:38
Latest Sports News: Trump faces Stevens in last eight - Judd Trump will face Matthew Stevens in the last eight of the World Open after recording a 5-1 win over Nigel Bond.
28 Feb 2013 11:15
Muchly sorry! Lots of stuff going on and I've not got the time to moderate this page daily. Some news: Ronnie O'Sullivan's coming back to live TV action in April! The four-time World Champion intends to defend his title! Currently, the Haikou World Open is happening, and the tournament has progressed to Round 2, with Mark Allen , Robert Milkins, Ricky Walden, Stephen Maguire , Marco Fu, Ding Junhui , Stuart Bingham, John Higgins , Judd Trump , Nigel Bond, Matthew Stevens, Shaun Murphy , Neil Robertson , Graeme Dott , Barry Hawkins, and Mark Selby featured in this last 16 round.
19 Feb 2013 17:29
SCRANTON -- A high school band director is accused of having sex with a student in a closet on school property. Matthew Stevens is the band director at Lakeland Junior-Senior High School in Scott T...
19 Feb 2013 12:49
Another adoption.Miss Gabby is off to live with Mr Hamish and family tomorrow night! Many thanks to Matthew Stevens, Gail Henderson, Rachel Lawson and Jodi Swinn and Chris for all of your impute into the rescue rehab and rehome of this little darling. Gabby's world has never looked better and nor has she. Another happy ending!
15 Feb 2013 04:50
Teaching Yahweh and His Son Yahshua the Messiah, as well as the salvation truths that have been neglected for centuries.
15 Feb 2013 04:36
February 14, 2013 Prayer Well it's been one of those day that should have been pleasant and nice, Happy Valentines Day, for those who can enjoy it. When you are trying to catch thieves that think what is your is theirs and they are entitled to it, it's not the best day!! Just would like to catch them in the act and introduce them to JCPD. Let's pray for: Michelle, Karen, Cleo, Nicholas, Sidney, Sana Hanna, Marvin and Mildred, Jennifer F., Angela and her family, David, Jeremy Albert's mother, Debby Holdson, Leon & Karen Wright, Lela, Anna, Vicki T., Lisa R., Nicole, Judy J., Diana, Karen W., Rudy, Mikki, Clayton, Mary Beth and Ray, Tina B., Gloria, Chester and Flo, Lisa, Victoria, Jennifer, Jessica, Ryan, Sheila, Tiffany, Skip, Caylin, Jessyl, Juan, Sarah, Kirby's family, Bobby Morgan, Issac, The Gabbi family, Jarrett, Stacy, Nannette, Michelle W., Karen, Diane and Tom, Mary and Mark, Stacy, Mary O., Buddy, Carol, Jr., Patsy, Shirley, Maurish, Greg, Katherine, Tommy, Jerry, Darlene, Rosalie, Ciara, Don ...
15 Feb 2013 04:05
Byway of Pastor Steven A Ashcraft Sr, Ever since Yahweh showed me His wonderful truth and brought me in unity with my new spiritual family, I have rejoiced. I have come to a deeper understanding through the love that we have for one another. Yahweh's truth is more than a set of rules or regulaÂtions. Yahweh's truth is a state of mind, an atÂtitude. For us to truly folÂlow Yahweh's law and Yahshua's footÂsteps we must always remember that the greatest commandments have to do with love. The Savior showed us this in Matthew 22: 34-40, to love Yahweh and love our neighbor. Without love in our lives Yahweh's Word would never have an opportunity to truly perfect us. We can see time afÂter time in the Scriptures where Yahweh tells us to love one another and admonish one another in love. Love is such a small word, yet the meaning is great. Love means never thinking of yourself. Love is having a deep concern for our spiritual family members and showÂing respect for those around us. Love is putting ourselves ...
15 Feb 2013 03:03
It doesn't hurt that some of the front runners for Darcy are Dan Stevens, Matthew Macfadyen, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Rupert Penry-Jones
15 Feb 2013 02:41
Okay 1st person who gives me the correct answer wins.Who is My Favorite Male Actor?
15 Feb 2013 02:37
My husband is the best !! I had a great day !! Ate case ole' our fav. Place and recieved boots and jeans for valentines !! Now headed home for more fun hopefully movies
15 Feb 2013 02:20
BEST AUSTRALIAN JOKE EVER An Aussie, a little bloke, was sitting at a bar in Sydney when this huge,burly American guy walks in. As he passes the Aussie, he hits him on the neck knocking him to the floor. The big, burly Yank says,"That's a karate chop from Korea." Well, the Aussie gets back on his barstool and resumes drinking his beer. The burly Yank then gets up to go to the bathroom and, as he walks by the Aussie, he hits him on the other side of the neck and knocks him to the floor. "That's a judo chop from Japan", he says. The Aussie decides he's had enough and leaves. A half hour later he comes back and sees the burly Yank sitting at the bar. He walks up behind him and smacks him on the head, knocking him out. The Aussie says to the bartender, "When he wakes up mate, tell him that was a crowbar from Bunnings."
15 Feb 2013 02:14
Date night with wife: for the 1st time, we will watch our wedding video, reception takes/pictures, and just rejoice in the greatest night of our lives. Special thanks to the groomsmen and ushers in the greatest wedding of all time. Please comment your favorite part below. Every mistake was perfect, and definitely worth it.
15 Feb 2013 02:09
Why doctors should not ask patients about guns: A conservative case Paul Hsieh, MD | Physician | February 12, 2013 Should doctors ask patients if they own guns? Currently, ObamaCare bans the federal government from using patient medical records to compile a list of gun owners. But following the Newtown, CT shootings, President Obama issued an executive order clarifying that âthe Affordable Care Act [ObamaCare] does not prohibit doctors asking their patients about guns in their homes.â The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) similarly encourages physicians to ask patients if they own firearms â in the name of protecting child safety. As a physician, I consider this advice misguided. Instead, physicians should not routinely ask patients whether they own guns, because it could compromise the integrity of the doctor-patient relationship. First, the American Academy of Pediatrics is not politically neutral in the gun debate. The AAP supports standard Left positions, including âfederal firearms legisla ...
15 Feb 2013 02:05
GIVING YOU THE TRUTH, BYWAY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, GIVEN UNTO ME; PASTOR STEVEN A ASHCRAFT SR, BYWAY OF THE FATHER YAHWEH, BYWAY OF THE SON YAHUSHUA. Using Acts 17:11 as a reference how do you react when someone disagrees with you? Do you seek to discover the truth in what they are saying? We are called to test what we hear against what Yahweh byway of Yahushua has revealed in the Holy Scriptures. Sometimes hearing something we donât agree with can be hard. Sometimes others speak to us in love and truth, though we may not want to hear it. Yahweh is always speaking to us. Sometimes Yahweh speaks to us through others. Therefore as you go to a time of prayer and reflection today, seek to see if you are honestly looking to find the truth, if any, in what is being revealed to you. Test what is being revealed against Yahwehâs Word and then seek to find a way to honor the differences, if any, so that all are lifted up and Yahweh byway of Yahushua is truly honored. Follow Yahushua HaMashiyach example, moment by ...
15 Feb 2013 01:57
The first Red Band trailer is here for the new end of the world comedy "This is the End" Plot: While attending a party at James Franco's house, Seth Rogen, J...
15 Feb 2013 01:18
Me and The Pope are sick of all of you and both of us resign effective February 28th 2013.
15 Feb 2013 01:08
Tonight is the Rollins annual Chinese Dinner. Special chop sticks, special food, special language. :-) Six years ago we had Chinese exchange students from China.. My kids claimed to be bi lingual. Ok, so not really in a traditional bi lingual sort of way. But WE know what we are saying... I love my family! Happy Valentines Day everyone! Xoxoxo
15 Feb 2013 01:00
We DEFINATELY Do Not get Out Much. Sweet Jeff kept snuggling Me up and saying " Happy Thanksgiving Baby". after about the 3rd time We have decided to try and have a Date Night at least 4 times a year to keep Our Holidays straight :)
15 Feb 2013 00:28
My baby had a blast at his 1st Valentines party! Mommy loves you Matthew Alexanader and Steven Doulgas Allen
14 Feb 2013 22:44
Just Breaking: Lakers owner Jerry Buss is dying of cancer, and is surrounded by family and close friends at his hospital bedside. Let's all hope (and pray, for the religious fans on the page) something miraculous happens and he gets better.
14 Feb 2013 22:06
In celebration of today, I am treating myself with a magnificent Subway sandwich. Also, a nap.
14 Feb 2013 20:58
just a few rolls with the new DV8 Diva, pin up 1/2 inch above ring finger, THS 39 ft. enjoy more in depth videos later.
14 Feb 2013 20:44
Meagan Morrissey Tayha Norman getting our hair done thank you Matthew Amendola and Steven Lovespamforever Bartlett love you guys
14 Feb 2013 19:30
I THANK GOD FOR MY Overseer,watch man ,the Prophet ,True man of God , my father in Christ Apostle Steven Anderson .. To God be the glory may he continue to use u until the coming of Christ ,i was blind but now i can see... God bless you my father in Christ i thank God for the divine annointing u are caring ,i thank God for the Authority that he has given u , Arise and shine for the Glory of God is upon your life.. I thank God for u servant of God ,im now onthe right direction because of God instruction thru u..MATTHEW : 5 vs 14 ...Shalom
14 Feb 2013 19:22
I feel like this could be a meme. Tommy get to work. You too Steven Matthew
14 Feb 2013 19:16
Just ordered something epic from amazon. Should be here in about 5 days!
14 Feb 2013 18:57
to my favorite Valentine's ,Memaw LOVES you bunches and bunches.Madison, Kayla, Matthew, Ryan, Steven, Patrick, Denise and my mane squeeze David ...
14 Feb 2013 18:44
I'm working out of Alan's apartment at the moment. Andy, who has been staying in a hostel in Queens, dropped by to leave off his belongings and he's off for the afternoon. Matthew and Deb arrived as Andy was leaving to drop off the swords and most of their stuff on their way from the airport to Deb's sisters in NJ, to return tomorrow. I really like bringing my world with me like this when I travel.
14 Feb 2013 18:22
Today THIS wall (this thread) will serve as an imaginary "BRICK WALL or THE town oak tree"... If you want to carve your I love you's for everyone to see and tag your love in it... please feel free do it ...
14 Feb 2013 18:20
Argus Sport: Matthew Stevens' exit extinguishes hopes of a Welsh winner in Newport: HOPES of a home winner of th...
14 Feb 2013 18:17
Lyric Look at the world as it's turning Look at the light as it shines down on me Every star softly burning Every atom of life in the sea It's such a beautif...
14 Feb 2013 18:05
More than 1 million miles of Twizzlers candy is made each year. This can go to the moon and back five times.
14 Feb 2013 17:58
To Steven and Matthew Hess... happy Valentines day to both of you... I love you very much... Love, you mom
14 Feb 2013 17:50
Happy Valentines Day to all my family and friends. GK Jason Steven Amanda Alexis Nick Matthew JOHN'S kIDS
14 Feb 2013 17:42
Had a fun trip with my hubby. traveled to Bloomington to see an IU game last night. plan was to eat dinner with Matthew Bridgewater and Gerel Richey. Then we would go to the game and spend the night. when we arrived in Bloomington, we passes by Asembly Hall and saw a man selling tickets. "tickets!" we forgot the tickets. so we went to the main box office and told them of our plight. Called nephew Steven who found the originals and told us the seats we had. called cousin Elizabeth from whom we purchased the tickets. she called her friend from whom she acquired the tickets. this person called the box office and told them, we were "legit." we got new tickets. Went out to eat as planned and made it to the game only 10 minutes late. we did enjoy watching IU beat Nebraska - by a lot! Oh the fun times with Bruce & Jene!
14 Feb 2013 17:32
Happy Valentine's Days to all the people who make my every day feel awesome! (and the ones I don't get to see often but wish I did.) (fb will only let me tag 20 people.)
14 Feb 2013 17:25
To all my beautiful sisters out there enjoy Valentine Day ur gifts and candy.Now there are 10 more months in the year and yall deserve the same love and respect all year long.Be strong ladies and faithful to god first and then the man!Then god will reveal to you the plans he has for your life!! Matthew:6:33 vs Ladies read this to your fellows today!And i guarantee to you if you do it god will bless yall in a very special way!I love Yall!Be blessed Steven Mints
14 Feb 2013 17:21
And the kids are in bed and resting for school tomorrow, so happy to see them and Katie and Matthew also very happy!
14 Feb 2013 16:50
Casie Marie, Darlene Berg, Heatherlovesher ConrodWitt, Liz Stuck, Steven & Matthew Bayer , Tom Gartzke and all my other friends!
14 Feb 2013 16:29
HAPPY VALENTINES DAY to All my Children and Grandchildren,TRACY,DOOBIE, MICHAEL, STEVEN, CARA, KAYLA, MATTHEW, AUSTIN, KENDAL, and SLADEN . We LOVE you ALL so very much !!! :)
14 Feb 2013 16:27
My PupLucky Page was blocked for 24hrs due to a post I shared. opps it was worth it cause it was really hot. I want to make another profile so I can change my profile name. I don"t use Ethan anymore so . I am just PupLucky or Matthew Steven Dona.
14 Feb 2013 16:21
There are now no Welsh players left in the hat after Matthew Stevens loses 4-2 to Stephen Maguire .
14 Feb 2013 16:10
Happy Valentines to my loves ! Steven Scott Pearson, Tiffany Lane Dean, Seth Strickland, Lindsey Strickland,Matt Matthew Dean. Jessi, James & Paxton. Ann Edwards. & to all my FB friends.
14 Feb 2013 16:10
Just something I wanted to share with my siblings.Steven(Heather Jones-Tamblin) Kellyann Martinez,Sharon Jones Crosby,Tiffany Tamblin, Matthew, and Jeremy (April Jones.Now that Mom is in "the House of the Lord, I wonder how the old "my house, my rules" thing is going over? lol
14 Feb 2013 15:57
Happy Valentine to my sweetness Timmy and my son Matthew& Steven dauther-in- law Jen & Sarah love Mom Kathy . (how is that Caorl)
14 Feb 2013 15:55
Happy Valentines Day!!! matthew has his first Valentines day party today and mommy cant wait lol. Mommy loves you Matthew Alexanader and Steven Douglas Allen.
14 Feb 2013 15:52
Matthew came home with 5 valentine cards! ! Takes after me of course.
14 Feb 2013 15:52
Happy Valentine's Day, Steven Swiniarski. Hope you're having fun at RadCon.
14 Feb 2013 15:49
My Poll Question today: In a relationship, is honesty always the best policy? 1: Honesty is always the best policy 2: Most of the time it is 3: No! I lie every chance I get because I don't want to get into trouble
14 Feb 2013 15:40
Stephen Maguire has beaten Matthew Stevens 4-2 and advances to the last eight of the Neil Robertson leads Stuart Bingham 3-2
14 Feb 2013 15:38
The last Welshman is out of the in Newport as Matthew Stevens is beaten by Stephen Maguire
14 Feb 2013 15:18
Happy Valentine's Day to my kids-Matthew, Frances (Kika), Rachel and Steven. I love you more today then when I carried you. ALWAYS and FOREVER! xoxoxoxo MOM :)
14 Feb 2013 15:11
Happy Valentine's Day to my awesome boys Joshua Vega, Anthony Lenino, Noah Steven and Matt Hyams Jr , whom I love with all that I am. Happy Valentine's Day to the ONLY man I will ever LOVE forever, my ANGEL, Matthew Hyams. I miss you and love you with my entire heart, now and forever. Till we meet again. MY FOREVER LOVE
14 Feb 2013 15:06
I want to wish all my children Mike Jeff Amy and Matthew a Happy Valentines Day and all my gandbabies I love u all very much..and to Charlie Chad and Steven I love all my children and grandbabies very much God has surely blessed me ...
14 Feb 2013 15:02
if you combined Cliff Thorburn's grit and determination with Matthew Stevens talent, Mathew would have 4 world titles
14 Feb 2013 14:18
awful match w a bunch of missed reds by now between Stevens and Maguire, still chances for Matthew though!
14 Feb 2013 14:02
happy valentine to my sons Matthew and Steven and my dauther-in-law Jen and Sarah have a great day love Mom and Kathy
14 Feb 2013 13:54
Big Matthew Stevens fan here all the way from Bulgaria! Go Matthew!!!
14 Feb 2013 13:46
rooting for Neil Robertson and Matthew Stevens in the Welsh Open!
14 Feb 2013 13:33
Adding game â¡ 1) comment your full name 2) add all the poeple who liked your comment ;) Sasali din me ;) abangan nyo nadin comment ko :*
14 Feb 2013 13:22
Happy Valentine's day to my Laura Ann Steven Nicholas Matthew and my granddaughther Alexis luv u all
14 Feb 2013 13:15
yes i sure do thank you Holly and Steven , Matthew and Breta, Bill and Debra ,NAD Wenda and Rick , Rolanda , Tresea , Ani you all are deeping rooted in my heart and soul thank you for being the friends you are you are and will always have that special place in my heart
14 Feb 2013 13:06
Good Morning Dragoon Family Members and Friends â What a great night last night for the Echo Enforcer Warrior Banquet! We hope that our Enforcer guests had fun catching up with their Soldier, meeting battle buddies, and interacting with the company cadre. Todayâs a huge day for the Enforcers as theyâve made it to graduation! Weâll see you at 11:00 a.m. at Baker Theater (on Iowa Street across from 3d Chemical Brigade headquarters). So â Itâs Valentineâs Day and youâre separated from your Soldierâ¦yep, been there (in fact, my wife and half our family is gone for the week) â kind of a downer. One thing our Familyâs learned over almost twenty years of Army life is that itâs not the actual date thatâs important as much as the celebration that occurs when you can reunite again. Love you babe, see you and the little girls soon! (I know youâre out there) On to todayâs training update: Alpha Rock (Graduated): Today itâs all about getting ready to âshipâ off to AIT. The Alpha ...
14 Feb 2013 12:28
Happy Valentines Day to the three men I love the most in the whole word!!! Michael, Steven and Matthew..as deep as the sea and high as the sky. I love you, Mom
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Which of Shakespeare’s plays features a herald named Mountjoy? | This Day & History ... - Page 3 - General Chat
This Day & History ...
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June 3rd
June 3 is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 211 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
1098 - First Crusade: Antioch falls to the crusaders after an eight-month siege.
1140 - French scholar Peter Abelard is found guilty of heresy.
1326 - Treaty of Novgorod delineates borders between Russia and Norway in Finnmark.
1539 - DeSoto claims Florida for Spain
1608 - Samuel de Champlain completes his third voyage to New France at Tadoussac, Quebec.
1620 - Construction of the oldest stone church in French North America, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, begins at Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
1621 - The Dutch West India Company receives a charter for New Netherlands.
1658 - Pope Alexander VII appoints Fran�ois de Laval vicar apostolic in New France.
1665 - James Stuart, Duke of York (later to become King James II of England) defeats the Dutch Fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.
1770 - Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo is founded in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.
1800 - U.S. President John Adams takes up residence in Washington, DC (in a tavern � the White House was not yet completed).
1850 - The traditional founding date of Kansas City, Missouri. This was the date on which it was first incorporated by Jackson County, Missouri as the "City of Kansas".
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor - Union forces attack Confederate troops in Hanover County, Virginia.
1866 - Fenians are driven out of Fort Erie, Ontario, into the United States
1885 - Last military engagement fought on Canadian soil: Cree leader Big Bear escapes the North West Mounted Police.
1888 - The poem "Casey at the Bat", by Ernest Lawrence Thayer, is published in the San Francisco Examiner.
1889 - The Canadian Pacific Railway is completed from coast to coast.
1889 - The first long-distance electric power transmission line in the United States is completed, running 14 miles between a generator at Willamette Falls and downtown Portland, Oregon, United States.
1907 - Centro Escolar University was established by Librada Avelino and Carmen de Luna in Manila, Philippines.
1916 - The ROTC is established by the U.S. Congress.
1916 - The National Defense Act is signed into law, increasing the size of the United States National Guard by 450,000 men.
1935 - One thousand unemployed Canadian workers board freight cars in Vancouver, British Columbia, beginning a protest trek to Ottawa, Ontario.
1937 - The Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson.
1940 - World War II: The Luftwaffe bombs Paris.
1940 - World War II: The Battle of Dunkirk ends with a German victory and with Allied forces in full retreat.
1943 - A mob of 60 from the Los Angeles Naval Reserve Armory beats up everyone perceived to be Hispanic, starting the week-long Zoot Suit Riots.
1956 - British Rail renames 'Third Class' passenger facilities as 'Second Class' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in 1875, leaving just First Class and Third Class).
1962 - An Air France Boeing 707 charter, Chateau de Sully crashed after aborted takeoff from Paris, killing 130. The largest single plane accident to date.
1963 - A Northwest Airlines DC-7 crashes in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of British Columbia, killing 101.
1965 - Launch of Gemini 4, the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew.
1965 - For 21 minutes, Edward H. White floats free outside the space vehicle Gemini IV for the first time.
1968 - Valerie Solanas, author of The SCUM Manifesto, attempts to assassinate Andy Warhol by shooting him three times.
1969 - Melbourne-Evans collision - Off the coast of South Vietnam, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne cuts the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in half.
1973 - A Soviet supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 crashes near Goussainville, France, killing 14, the first crash of a supersonic passenger aircraft.
1979 - A blowout at the Ixtoc I oil well in the southern Gulf of Mexico causes at least 600,000 tons (176,400,000 gallons) of oil to be spilled into the waters, the worst oil spill to date.
1982 - The Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, is shot on a London street. He survives but is permanently paralysed.
1984 - The Indian Army storms the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), the most sacred shrine of Sikhism, near Amritsar.
1989 - The government of China sends troops to force protesters out of Tiananmen Square after seven weeks of occupation.
1991 - Mount Unzen erupts in Japan in Kyūshū killing 43 people, all of them either researchers or journalists.
1998 - Eschede train disaster: an ICE high speed train derails in Lower Saxony, Germany, causing 101 deaths.
2006 - The union of Serbia and Montenegro comes to an end with Montenegro's formal declaration of independence.
Births
1540 - Charles I of Austria (d. 1590)
1635 - Philippe Quinault, French writer (d. 1688)
1659 - David Gregory, Scottish astronomer (d. 1708)
1723 - Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-born naturalist (d. 1788)
1726 - James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797)
1770 - Manuel Belgrano, Argentine politician (d. 1820)
1808 - Jefferson Davis, American politician and President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1889)
1818 - Louis Faidherbe, French general (d. 1889)
1819 - Anton Anderledy, Swiss Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1892)
1832 - Alexandre Charles Lecocq, French composer (d. 1918)
1843 - Frederick VIII of Denmark (d. 1912)
1844 - Garret Hobart, 24th Vice President of the United States (d. 1899)
1844 - Detlev von Liliencron, German poet (d. 1909)
1853 - William Matthew Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (d. 1942)
1864 - Otto Erich Hartleben, German writer (d. 1905)
1864 - Ransom E. Olds, American automobile pioneer (d. 1950)
1865 - George V of the United Kingdom (d. 1936)
1866 - George Howells Broadhurst, English director (d. 1952)
1873 - Otto Loewi, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (d. 1961)
1877 - Raoul Dufy, French painter (d. 1953)
1878 - Barney Oldfield, American race car driver (d. 1946)
1879 - Raymond Pearl, American biologist (d. 1940)
1881 - Mikhail Larionov, Russian painter (d. 1964)
1888 - Tom Brown, American musician (d. 1958)
1899 - Georg von B�k�sy, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (d. 1972)
1901 - Maurice Evans, English actor (d. 1989)
1903 - Eddie Acuff, American actor (d. 1956)
1904 - Jan Peerce, American tenor (d. 1984)
1905 - Martin Gottfried Weiss, German, commandant of Dachau concentration camp (d. 1946, by execution)
1906 - Josephine Baker, American dancer (d. 1975)
1907 - Paul Rotha, English director (d. 1984)
1911 - Ellen Corby, American actress (d. 1999)
1911 - Paulette Goddard, American actress (d. 1990)
1913 - Pedro Mir, Dominican Poet Laureate (d. 2000)
1917 - Leo Gorcey, American actor (d. 1969)
1918 - Patrick Cargill, English actor (d. 1996)
1918 - Lili St. Cyr, American ecdysiast (d. 1999)
1921 - Forbes Carlile, Australian athlete
1922 - Alain Resnais, French director
1923 - Igor Shafarevich, Russian mathematician
1924 - Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian actress (d. 1991)
1924 - Ted Mallie, American radio and television announcer (d. 1999)
1924 - Torsten Wiesel, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate
1924 - Jimmy Rogers, American blues guitarist (d. 1997)
1925 - Tony Curtis, American actor
1926 - Allen Ginsberg, American poet (d. 1997)
1927 - Boots Randolph, American saxophonist (d. 2007)
1929 - Werner Arber, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate
1929 - Chuck Barris, American game show host
1930 - Marion Zimmer Bradley, American author (d. 1999)
1930 - Dakota Staton, American jazz singer (d. 2007)
1930 - Ben Wada, Japanese television producers
1931 - Fran�oise Arnoul, French actress
1931 - Ra�l Castro, Cuban statesman
1931 - John Norman, American author
1931 - Lindy Remigino, American athlete
1933 - Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifah, emir of Bahrain (d. 1999)
1934 - Rolland D. McCune, American theologian
1936 - Jim Gentile, baseball player
1936 - Larry McMurtry, American author
1937 - Solomon P. Ortiz, American politician
1937 - Edward Winter, American actor (d. 2001)
1939 - Steve Dalkowski, baseball player
1939 - Ian Hunter (singer), English musician
1942 - Curtis Mayfield, American musician (d. 1999)
1943 - Billy Cunningham, American basketball player
1944 - Edith McGuire, American runner
1944 - Eddy Ottoz, Italian athlete
1946 - Eddie Holman, American singer
1946 - Michael Clarke American musician (d. 1993)
1947 - Mickey Finn, British guitarist and percussionist (T. Rex) (d. 2003)
1947 - Mike Burgmann, Australian racing driver (d. 1986)
1947 - John Dykstra, American special effects supervisor
1950 - Melissa Mathison, American screenwriter
1950 - Suzi Quatro, American musician and actress
1950 - Christos Verelis, Greek politician
1950 - Deniece Williams, American singer
1952 - Billy Powell, American keyboardist (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
1952 - David Richards, CBE, British motor racing entrepreneur
1954 - Dan Hill, Canadian singer and songwriter
1954 - Wally Weir, Quebec ice hockey player
1956 - Brad Nessler, American sports broadcaster
1956 - George Burley, Scottish football player and manager
1957 - Horst-Ulrich H�nel, German field hockey player
1961 - Lawrence Lessig, American lawyer and author
1962 - Susannah Constantine, British fashion guru
1963 - Rudy Demotte, Belgian politician
1963 - Toshiaki Karasawa, Japanese actor
1964 - Kerry King, American musician (Slayer)
1964 - Doro Pesch, German singer
1964 - James Purefoy, British actor
1965 - Mike Gordon, American musician
1965 - Jeff Blumenkrantz, American composer and actor
1966 - Wasim Akram, Pakistani cricketer
1967 - Anderson Cooper, American reporter
1968 - Jamie O'Neal, American singer
1968 - Samantha Sprackling, Nigerian singer
1969 - Takako Minekawa, Japanese musician
1969 - Hiroyuki Takami, Japanese musician
1970 - Esther Hart, Dutch singer
1970 - Julie Masse, French Canadian singer
1970 - Peter T�gtgren, Swedish musician (Hypocrisy) and producer
1970 - Ammon McNeely, American rock climber
1971 - Carl Everett, American baseball player
1974 - Kelly Jones, Welsh singer (Stereophonics)
1975 - Jose Molina, Puerto Rican baseball player
1976 - Jamie McMurray, American NASCAR driver
1976 - Yuri Ruley, American drummer
1976 - Enda Markey, Irish/Australian entertainer
1977 - Cris, Brazilian footballer
1977 - Az-Zahir Hakim, American football player
1977 - Travis Hafner, American baseball player
1980 - Lazaros Papadopoulos, Greek basketball player
1982 - Yelena Isinbayeva, Russian pole vaulter
1986 - Alexandros Karageorgiou, Greek archer
1986 - Brenden Richard Jefferson, African-American actor
1986 - Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player
1986 - Tomas Verner, Czech Republic ice skater
1986 - Adri�n Vall�s, Spanish racing driver
1986 - Al Horford, American basketball player
1987 - Lalaine, American actress and singer
1987 - Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress
2002 - Prince Tirso of Bulgaria, titular Bulgarian royal family
2006 - Countess Leonore, Member of the Dutch Royal Family
Deaths
1395 - Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria
1397 - William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (b. 1328)
1411 - Duke Leopold IV of Austria (b. 1371)
1548 - Juan de Zum�rraga, Spanish Catholic bishop of Mexico (b. 1468)
1594 - John Aylmer, English political theorist (b. 1521)
1615 - Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai (b. 1567)
1640 - Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician (b. 1584)
1657 - William Harvey, English physician (b. 1578)
1649 - Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (b. 1590)
1659 - Morgan Llwyd, Welsh Puritan preacher and writer (b. 1619)
1780 - Thomas Hutchinson, American colonial governor of Massachusetts (b. 1711)
1826 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Russian writer (b. 1766)
1858 - Julius Reubke, German composer (b. 1834)
1861 - Stephen A. Douglas, American politician (b. 1813)
1865 - Okada Izō, Japanese samurai (b. 1838)
1875 - Georges Bizet, French composer (b. 1838)
1877 - Ludwig Ritter von K�chel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1800)
1882 - Christian Wilberg, German painter (b. 1839)
1894 - Karl Eduard Zachariae, German expert on Byzantine Law (b. 1812)
1899 - Johann Strauss II, Austrian composer (b. 1825)
1924 - Franz Kafka, Czech novelist (b. 1883)
1928 - Li Y�an-hung, Chinese general and political figure (b. 1864)
1933 - William Muldoon, wrestler (b. 1852)
1955 - Barbara Graham, American murderer (b. 1923)
1963 - Nazim Hikmet, Turkish poet (b. 1902)
1963 - Pope John XXIII (b. 1881)
1964 - Frans Eemil Sillanp��, Finnish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
1970 - Hjalmar Schacht, Nazi official (b. 1877)
1971 - Heinz Hopf, German mathematician (b. 1894)
1973 - Dory Funk, professional wrestler (b. 1919)
1975 - Ozzie Nelson, American band leader, producer, director, and actor (b. 1906)
1975 - Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1901)
1977 - Archibald Vivian Hill, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
1977 - Roberto Rossellini, Italian film director (b. 1906)
1983 - Nanna, Rafi Khawar, Lollywood actor, Lahore
1989 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Iranian Shi'ite leader (b. 1900)
1989 - John McCauley, NHL official (b. 1945)
1990 - Stiv Bators, American musician (The Dead Boys) (b. 1949)
1990 - Robert Noyce, American inventor (b. 1927)
1991 - Katia Krafft, French volcanologist (eruption) (b. 1942)
1991 - Maurice Krafft, French volcanologist (eruption) (b. 1946)
1991 - Takeshi Nagata, Japanese geophysicist (b. 1913)
1992 - Robert Morley, English actor (b. 1908)
1994 - Puig Aubert, French rugby league footballer (b. 1925)
1997 - Dennis James, American television personality (b. 1917)
1998 - Poul Bundgaard, Danish actor and singer (b. 1922)
2001 - Anthony Quinn, Mexican-born actor (b. 1915)
2003 - Felix de Weldon, Austrian sculptor (b. 1907)
2004 - Quorthon, Swedish musician (Bathory) (b. 1966)
2005 - Harold Cardinal, Cree political leader, writer, and lawyer (b. 1945)
2006 - Johnny Grande, original accordion/piano/keyboard player for Bill Haley's Comets (b. 1932)
Holidays and observances
Roman Empire - Festival to Bellona.
Confederate Memorial Day observed in Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee.
Vladimirskaya (in Russia)
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June 4th
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 210 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
781 BC - The first historic solar eclipse is recorded in China.
1039 - Henry III becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
1584 - Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony on Roanoke Island, old Virginia (now North Carolina).
1615 - Forces under the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu take Osaka Castle in Japan.
1760 - Great Upheaval: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia Canada taken from the Acadians.
1769 - A transit of Venus is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse, the shortest such interval in history.
1783 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfi�re (hot air balloon).
1792 - Captain George Vancouver claims Puget Sound for Great Britain.
1794 - British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti.
1804 - Grieving over the death of his wife, Marie Clothilde, King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia abdicates his throne in favor of his brother, Victor Emmanuel.
1812 - Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the Louisiana Territory is renamed the Missouri Territory.
1859 - Italian Independence wars: in the Battle of Magenta, the French army, under Louis-Napoleon, defeats an Austrian army.
1862 - American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee.
1876 - An express train called the Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco, California, via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.
1878 - Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains nominal title.
1912 - Massachusetts becomes the first state of the United States to set a minimum wage.
1913 - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of King George V's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies a few days later, never having regained consciousness.
1917 - The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for biography (for Julia Ward Howe). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for history for his work With Americans of Past and Present Days. Herbert B. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World.
1919 - Women's rights: The U.S. Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification.
1920 - Hungary loses 71% of its territory and 63% of its population when the Treaty of Trianon is signed in Paris.
1928 - President of the Republic of China Zhang Zuolin is assassinated by Japanese agents.
1939 - Holocaust: the SS St. Louis, a ship carrying 963 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida, United States, after already being turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later died in Nazi concentration camps.
1940 - World War II: the Dunkirk evacuation ends - British forces complete evacuation of 300,000 troops from Dunkirk in France.
1940 - World War II: German forces enter Paris.
1942 - World War II: Reinhard Heydrich is assassinated by Czechoslovak paratrooperin Prague (Operation Anthropoid).
1942 - World War II: the Battle of Midway begins. Japanese Admiral Chuichi Nagumo orders a strike on Midway Island by much of the Imperial Japanese navy.
1943 - A Military coup in Argentina ousts Ram�n Castillo.
1944 - World War II: a hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the German submarine U-505 - the first time a U.S. Navy vessel captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.
1944 - World War II: Rome falls to the Allies, the first Axis capital to fall.
1967 - Stockport Air Disaster: British Midland flight G-ALHG crashes in Hopes Carr, Stockport, killing 72 passengers and crew.
1970 - Tonga gains independence from the United Kingdom.
1973 - A patent for the ATM is granted to Don Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain.
1979 - Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings takes power in Ghana after a military coup in which General Akuffo is overthrown.
1986 - Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.
1989 - Ali Khamenei is elected the new Supreme Leader of Islamic republic of Iran by the Assembly of Experts after the death of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
1989 - Tiananmen Square protests are violently ended in Chinese capital city Beijing by People's Liberation Army soldiers and tanks. Many innocent people are killed.
1989 - Solidarity's victory in the first partly free parliamentary elections in post-war Poland sparks off a succession of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Eastern Europe and leads to the creation of the so-called Contract Sejm.
1989 - Ufa train disaster: a natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia, kills 575 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.
1991 - The United Kingdom's Conservative government announces that some British regiments would disappear or be merged into others�the largest armed forces cuts in almost twenty years.
1998 - Terry Nichols is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.
2001 - Gyanendra, the last King of Nepal, ascends to the throne after the massacre in the Royal Palace.
Births
1394 - Philippa of England, queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (d. 1430)
1489 - Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1544)
1604 - Claudia de' Medici, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1648)
1665 - Zacharie Robutel de La Noue, Canadian soldier (d. 1733)
1694 - Fran�ois Quesnay, French economist (d. 1774)
1704 - Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor and manufacturer (d. 1776)
1738 - King George III of Great Britain (d. 1820)
1744 - Patrick Ferguson, Scots army officer and rifle designer (d. 1780)
1754 - Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Austrian editor and astronomer (d. 1832)
1787 - Constant Pr�vost, French geologist (d. 1856)
1801 - James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
1821 - Apollon Maykov, Russian poet (d. 1897)
1866 - Miina Sillanp��, Finnish politician (d. 1952)
1867 - C.G.E. Mannerheim, President of Finland (d. 1951)
1877 - Heinrich Wieland, German biochemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1957)
1879 - Mabel Lucie Attwell, English children's author and illustrator (d. 1964)
1880 - Clara Blandick, American actress (d. 1962)
1881 - Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter (d. 1962)
1887 - Tom Longboat, marathon runner (d. 1949)
1894 - Madame Bolduc, French Canadian singer (d. 1941)
1899 - Hassan Fathy, Egyptian architect (d. 1989)
1907 - Rosalind Russell, American actress (d. 1976)
1907 - Jacques Roumain, Haitian writer (d. 1944)
1907 - Patience Strong, English poet and journalist (d. 1990)
1910 - Christopher Sydney Cockerell, British engineer and inventor (d. 1999)
1916 - Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, Nobel laureate
1916 - Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter (The Automatistes)
1917 - Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004)
1921 - Bobby Wanzer, American professional basketball player and coach
1923 - Elizabeth Jolley, Australian writer (d. 2007)
1924 - Dennis Weaver, American actor (d. 2006)
1924 - Tofilau Eti Alesana, former Prime Minister of Samoa (d. 1999)
1926 - Robert Earl Hughes, American man who became the heaviest known human (d. 1958)
1927 - Geoffrey Palmer, English actor
1928 - Ruth Westheimer, German-born American sex therapist and author
1929 - Karolos Papoulias, Greek politician
1930 - Morgana King, American actress
1930 - Viktor Tikhonov, Russian hockey player and coach
1932 - Oliver Nelson, American jazz composer and arranger (d. 1975)
1932 - Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand writer
1932 - John Drew Barrymore, American actor (d. 2004)
1934 - Seamus Elliott, Irish cyclist (d. 1971)
1935 - Colette Boky, Quebec operatic soprano
1936 - Bruce Dern, American actor
1937 - Freddy Fender, American musician (d. 2006)
1937 - Robert Fulghum, American author
1937 - Gorilla Monsoon, American professional wrestler (d. 1999)
1937 - Mortimer Zuckerman, American publisher
1938 - Art Mahaffey, American baseball player
1940 - Cliff Bennett, British singer with the Rebel Rousers
1943 - Joyce Meyer, American religious leader
1944 - Michelle Phillips, American singer (The Mamas & the Papas) and actress
1945 - Anthony Braxton, American composer and instrumentalist
1945 - Gordon Waller, Scottish musician (Peter and Gordon)
1947 - Viktor Klima, Chancellor of Austria
1948 - Bob Champion, English Jump Jockey
1949 - Gabriel Arcand, French Canadian actor
1950 - Dagmar Krause, German singer (Slapp Happy, Henry Cow, Art Bears)
1950 - George Noory, American radio personality
1950 - Kevin Woodford, English celebrity chef
1951 - Charles Dickinson, American author
1952 - Parker Stevenson, American actor and director
1953 - Jimmy McCulloch, Scottish musician (d. 1979)
1953 - Susumu Ojima, Japanese entrepreneur (Huser)
1953 - Paul Samson, British guitarist (Samson) (d. 2002)
1955 - Paul Stewart, English writer
1955 - Mary Testa, American stage actress
1956 - Martin Adams, English darts player
1956 - Keith David, American actor
1956 - Gerry Ryan, Irish radio talkshow host
1956 - John Hockenberry, American journalist
1956 - Terry Kennedy, American baseball player
1957 - John Treacy, Irish athlete
1960 - Bradley Walsh, British actor
1961 - El DeBarge, American singer (DeBarge)
1962 - Zenon Jaskuła, Polish cyclist
1962 - Ferenc Gyurcs�ny, Hungarian prime minister
1962 - John P. Kee, American Gospel singer
1964 - Eva Fampas, Greek guitarist
1964 - Sean Pertwee, English actor
1965 - Mick Doohan, Australian motorcycle racer
1965 - Andrea Jaeger, American tennis player
1966 - Cecilia Bartoli, Italian mezzo-soprano
1966 - Vladimir Voevodsky, Russian mathematician
1969 - Horatio Sanz, Chilean-born comedian
1970 - Richie Hawtin, Canadian musician
1970 - David Pybus, British musician
1971 - Joseph Kabila, Congolese politician
1971 - Noah Wyle, American actor
1971 - Shoji Meguro, Japanese composer
1972 - Nikka Costa, American singer
1972 - Derian Hatcher, American ice hockey player
1972 - Rob Huebel, American comedian
1974 - Darin Erstad, American baseball player
1974 - Andrew Gwynne, British politician
1974 - Stefan Lessard, American musician
1975 - Russell Brand, British comedian and television personality
1975 - Henry Burris, American Football Quarterback
1975 - Angelina Jolie, American actress
1977 - Dionisis Chiotis, Greek footballer
1977 - Berglind Icey, Icelandic actor
1977 - Quinten Hann, Australian former snooker player
1977 - Alex Manninger, Australian footballer
1979 - Naohiro Takahara, Japanese footballer
1979 - Daniel Vickerman, Australian rugby union player
1980 - Alicja Janosz, Polish singer
1980 - Fran�ois Beauchemin, French Canadian ice hockey player
1981 - T. J. Miller, American actor and comedian
1981 - Giourkas Seitaridis, Greek footballer
1982 - Ronnie Prude, National Football League player
1982 - Jin, Chinese-American rapper
1982 - Jamie Dornan, Irish model and actor
1983 - Emmanuel Ebou�, Ivorian footballer
1984 - Ian White, Canadian hockey player
1984 - Rainie Yang, Taiwanese singer and actress
1985 - Lukas Podolski, Polish-born footballer
1985 - Bar Refaeli, Israeli model
1985 - Evan Lysacek, American figure skater
1985 - Ana Carolina Reston, Brazilian fashion model (d. 2006)
1986 - Shane Kippel, Canadian actor
1988 - Leigh Adams, Australian Footballer
1992 - Dino Jelusić, Croatian singer
Deaths
1039 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
1135 - Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
1206 - Ad�le of Champagne, wife of Louis VII of France
1257 - Duke Przemysl I of Poland
1394 - Mary de Bohun, wife of Henry IV of England
1463 - Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist (b. 1392)
1585 - Muretus, French humanist (b. 1526)
1663 - William Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1582)
1798 - Giacomo Casanova, Italian womanizer and writer (b. 1725)
1801 - Frederick Muhlenberg, American statesman (b. 1750)
1830 - Antonio Jos� de Sucre, Great Marshall of Ayacucho (b. 1795)
1872 - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
1875 - Eduard M�rike, German poet (b. 1804)
1922 - William Halse Rivers Rivers, English doctor (b. 1864)
1926 - Fred Spofforth, Australian cricketer (b. 1853)
1928 - Zhang Zuolin, Chinese warlord (b. 1873)
1929 - Harry Frazee, Boston Red Sox owner from 1916-1923 (b. 1881)
1939 - Tommy Ladnier, American musician (b. 1900)
1941 - Wilhelm II of Germany, German emperor (b. 1859)
1942 - Reinhard Heydrich, German SS senior officer and Nazi official, by assassination (b. 1904)
1951 - Serge Koussevitsky, Russian conductor (b. 1874)
1956 - Katherine MacDonald, American actress (b. 1881)
1962 - Clem McCarthy, American sportscaster (b. 1882)
1964 - Samuil Marshak, Russian poet (b. 1887)
1968 - Dorothy Gish, American actress (b. 1898)
1970 - Sonny Tufts, American actor (b. 1911)
1971 - Georg Luk�cs, Hungarian philosopher (b. 1885)
1973 - Maurice Ren� Fr�chet, French mathematician (b. 1878)
1973 - Murry Wilson, father of Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson and Carl Wilson (b. 1917)
1989 - Dik Browne, American cartoonist (b. 1917)
1992 - Carl Stotz, American Little League Founder (b. 1910)
1994 - Derek Leckenby, British guitarist (Herman's Hermits) (b. 1943)
1994 - Massimo Troisi, Italian actor (b. 1953)
1997 - Ronnie Lane, British bass player (b. 1946)
2001 - Dipendra of Nepal (b. 1971)
2001 - John Hartford, American musician (b. 1937)
2002 - Fernando Bela�nde Terry, Peruvian politician (b. 1912)
2004 - Steve Lacy, American saxophonist (b. 1934)
2004 - Nino Manfredi, Italian actor (b. 1921)
2007 - Clete Boyer, American baseball player
2007 - Jim Clark, American sheriff and segregationist (b. 1922)
2007 - Bill France Jr., NASCAR pioneer (b. 1933)
2007 - Sotiris Moustakas, Greek actor (b. 1940)
2007 - Freddie Scott, American singer and songwriter (b. 1933)
2007 - Craig L. Thomas, United States Senator (b.1933)
Holidays and observancesTonga - National Day.
Finland - National flag day of the Finnish Defence Forces (on Mannerheim's birthday).
Hong Kong - Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 memorial day.
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June 5th
June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 209 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
1257 - Krak�w, Poland received city rights.
1305 - Pope Clement V is elected.
1798 - Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.
1817 - First Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched.
1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.
1832 - Parisian student uprisings of 1832 begin.
1837 - Houston, Texas is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.
1849 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy by the signing of a new constitution.
1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery serial, Uncle Tom's Cabin or, Life Among the Lowly starts a ten-month run in the National Era abolitionist newspaper.
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont: Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
1888 - Rio de la Plata Earthquake 1888: Uruguay 3.20 UTC-3, 5,5 Richter Scale, 34�36'00S, 57�53'59'W.
1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
1915 - Denmark amends its constitution to allow women's suffrage.
1916 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
1917 - World War I: Conscription begins in the United States as "Army registration day."
1933 - The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
1941 - Four thousands Chongqing residents were asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing.
1944 - World War II: More than 1000 British bombers drop 5000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.
1945 - Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.
1946 - A fire in the LaSalle Hotel in Chicago, kills 61 people.
1947 - Marshall Plan: At a speech at Harvard University, United States Secretary of State George Marshall calls for economic aid to war-torn Europe.
1956 - Elvis Presley introduces his new single, "Hound Dog", on The Milton Berle Show, scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.
1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in.
1963 - British Secretary of State for War John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal.
1963 - Movement of 15 Khordad: protest against arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini by Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In several cities, masses of angry demonstrators were confronted by tanks and paratroopers.
1967 - Six-Day War begins: The Israeli air force launches simultaneous pre-emptive attacks on the air forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
1968 - U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies the next day.
1969 - International communist conference begins in Moscow.
1970 - Chile becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1975 - The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
1975 - The UK holds its first and only UK-wide referendum, on remaining in the EEC.
1976 - Collapse of the Teton Dam in Idaho, United States.
1977 - A coup takes place in Seychelles.
1977 - The Apple II, the first practical personal computer, goes on sale.
1981 - The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that five homosexual men in Los Angeles, California have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems, in what turns out to be the first recognized cases of AIDS.
1984 - Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Golden Temple, the holiest site of the Sikh religion.
1986 - A 52-year old man in Auburn, Washington, United States, dies after taking an Excedrin capsule laced with cyanide; this is the first of two Excedrin deaths.
1989 - The Inuvialuit Final Agreement is signed in Canada to give the Inuit of western Canada the first comprehensive land claim agreement north of the 60th parallel.
1989 - The Unknown Rebel halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
1995 - Bose-Einstein condensate is first created.
1998 - A strike begins at the General Motors parts factory in Flint, Michigan, that quickly spreads to five other assembly plants (the strike lasted seven weeks).
2001 - U.S. Senator Jim Jeffords leaves the Republican Party, an act which shifts control of the United States Senate from the Republicans to the Democratic Party.
2001 - Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall on the upper-Texas coastline as a strong tropical storm and dumps large amounts of rain over Houston. The storm caused $5.5 billion in damages, making Allison the costliest tropical storm in U.S. history.
2003 - Severe heat wave across Pakistan and India reaches its peak, as temperatures exceed 50�C (122�F) in the region.
2006 - Serbia declares independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
Births
469 BC - Socrates, Greek philosopher (d. 399 BC)
1341 - Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of Edward III of England (d. 1402)
1493 - Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (d. 1555)
1523 - Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1573)
1553 - Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1617)
1554 - Elisabeth of Austria, queen consort of France (d. 1592)
1640 - Pu Songling, Chinese writer (d. 1715)
1660 - Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1744)
1646 - Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician (d. 1684)
1718 - Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker (d. 1779)
1723 - Adam Smith, Scottish economist (d. 1790)
1757 - Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist (d. 1808)
1760 - Johan Gadolin, Finnish scientist (d. 1852)
1771 - Ernest Augustus I of Hanover (d. 1851)
1781 - Christian August Lobeck, German scholar (d. 1860)
1819 - John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)
1850 - Pat Garrett, American Western lawman (d. 1908)
1862 - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
1868 - James Connolly, Irish socialist (d. 1916)
1876 - Tony Jackson, American musician (d. 1920)
1878 - Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923)
1879 - Robert Mayer, German-born philanthropist (d. 1985)
1879 - Ren� Pottier, French cyclist (d. 1907)
1883 - John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
1884 - Ralph Benatzky, Czech composer (d. 1957)
1894 - Roy Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, English publisher (d. 1976)
1895 - William Boyd (actor), American actor (d. 1972)
1898 - Federico Garc�a Lorca, Spanish poet, lyricist and dramatist (d. 1936)
1900 - Dennis Gabor, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
1905 - John Abbott, British actor (d. 1996)
1912 - Dean Amadon, American ornithologist (d. 2003)
1919 - Richard Scarry, American children's author (d. 1994)
1920 - Cornelius Ryan, Irish-American author (d. 1974)
1923 - Daniel Pinkham, American composer, organist, and harpsichordist (d. 2006)
1923 - Jorge Daponte, Argentine racing driver (d. 1963)
1925 - Art Donovan, American football star
1928 - Tony Richardson, British film director (d. 1991)
1930 - Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian writer (d. 1996)
1931 - Jacques Demy, French film director (d. 1990)
1931 - Jerzy Prokopiuk, Polish philosopher, antroposopher
1932 - Christy Brown, Irish author (d. 1981)
1934 - Bill Moyers, American journalist
1938 - Karin Balzer, German hurdler
1939 - Joe Clark, sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada
1939 - Margaret Drabble, English novelist
1941 - Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
1941 - Spalding Gray, American actor and writer (d. 2004)
1941 - Robert Kraft, owner of the New England Patriots
1941 - Erasmo Carlos, Brazilian singer and songwriter
1942 - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Equatoguinean politician
1943 - Matthew Lesko, American author
1944 - Tommie Smith, American athlete
1944 - Colm Wilkinson, Irish singer
1945 - John Carlos, American Athlete
1945 - Patrick Head, English F1 technical director and team co-owner (WilliamsF1)
1946 - Freddie Stone, American guitarist (Sly & the Family Stone)
1946 - John Bach, Welsh actor
1947 - Laurie Anderson, American performance artist
1947 - Tom Evans, English musician (Badfinger) (d. 1983)
1949 - Ken Follett, Welsh author
1950 - J. J. Bittenbinder, American television host and author
1950 - Ronnie Dyson, American singer and actor (d. 1990)
1950 - Abraham Sarmiento, Jr., Filipino journalist & political activist (d. 1977)
1951 - Suze Orman, American financial advisor, writer, and television personality.
1952 - Daniel Katzen, Symphony musician
1952 - Carole Fredericks, American singer (d. 2001)
1954 - Nicko McBrain, English musician (Iron Maiden)
1955 - Edino Nazareth Filho, Brazilian football player
1956 - Richard Butler, English singer (Psychedelic Furs)
1956 - Kenny G, American saxophonist
1958 - Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, President of the Comoros
1961 - Anthony Burger, American musician and singer (d. 2006)
1961 - Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999)
1962 - Princess Astrid of Belgium
1962 - Jeff Garlin, American comedian
1963 - Joe Rud�n, Hungarian heavy metal singer
1964 - Karl Sanders, American musician (Nile)
1965 - Sandrine Piau, French soprano
1967 - Joe DeLoach, American athlete
1967 - Ray Lankford, baseball player
1967 - Ron Livingston, American actor
1969 - Brian McKnight, American musician
1970 - Martin Gelinas, Canadian hockey player
1971 - Susan Lynch, Northern Irish actress
1971 - Takaya Tsubobayashi, Japanese racing driver
1971 - Mark Wahlberg, American singer and actor
1972 - Pavel Kotla, Polish conductor
1972 - Chuck Klosterman, American journalist
1972 - Mike Bucci, American professional wrestler
1973 - Daniel Gildenl�w, Swedish musician and songwriter
1973 - Lamon Brewster, American boxer
1974 - Chad Allen, American actor
1974 - Russ Ortiz, American baseball player
1975 - �ydrūnas Ilgauskas, Lithuanian basketball player
1977 - Christian Martucci, American musician
1977 - Liza Weil, American actress
1977 - Nourhanne, Lebanese singer
1978 - Fernando Meira, Portuguese football player
1979 - David Bisbal, Spanish singer
1979 - Fraser Watts, Scottish cricketer
1979 - Pete Wentz, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
1979 - Jason White, American NASCAR driver
1980 - Yasser Latif Hamdani, Pakistani constitutional lawyer
1980 - Sutee Suksomkit, Thai football player
1981 - Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1981 - Jade Goody, British television personality
1983 - Bill Bray, American baseball player
1984 - C�cilia Cara, French singer and actress
1987 - Lara Bingle, Australian model
1987 - Charlie Clements ,Actor
2005 - Irene Urdangarin, granddaughter of King Juan Carlos I of Spain
Deaths
535 - Epiphanius of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
1017 - Emperor Sanjō of Japan (b. 976)
1118 - Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
1296 - Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)
1316 - King Louis X of France (b. 1289)
1383 - Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
1568 - Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (b. 1522)
1625 - Orlando Gibbons, English composer (b. 1583)
1667 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
1688 - Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1667)
1716 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (b. 1682)
1722 - Johann Kuhnau, German composer, organist, and harpsichordist (b. 1660)
1738 - Isaac de Beausobre, French Protestant pastor (b. 1659)
1791 - Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-born British colonial governor (b. 1718)
1816 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1741)
1825 - Odysseas Androutsos, hero in the Greek War of Independence
1826 - Carl Maria von Weber, German composer (b. 1786)
1866 - John McDouall Stuart, Australian explorer (b. 1815)
1898 - Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian Shoemaker
1900 - Stephen Crane, American author (b. 1871)
1902 - Louis J. Weichmann, chief witness in the trial of the assassins of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1842)
1906 - Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher (b. 1842)
1910 - O. Henry, American author (b. 1862)
1913 - Chris von der Ahe, baseball pioneer (b. 1851)
1916 - Horatio Kitchener, Lord Kitchener, British field marshal (b. 1850)
1920 - Rhoda Broughton, Welsh author (b. 1840)
1921 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b. 1862)
1930 - Pascin, Bulgarian painter (b. 1885)
1975 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (b. 1916)
1976 - Violet Wilkey, American actress (b. 1903)
1993 - Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
1998 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
1998 - Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles (b. 1909)
1999 - Mel Torm�, American singer ("The Velvet Fog"), composer, and actor (b. 1925)
2000 - Don Liddle, baseball player (b. 1925)
2001 - Pedro La�n Entralgo, Spanish writer, medical and humanist
2002 - Gwen Plumb, Australian actress (b. 1912)
2002 - Dee Dee Ramone, American bassist (The Ramones) (b. 1952)
2003 - J�rgen M�llemann, German politician (b. 1945)
2003 - Manuel Rosenthal, French composer and conductor (b. 1904)
2004 - Ronald Reagan, American radio broadcaster, film actor, governor of California and 40th President of the United States (b. 1911)
2004 - Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (b. 1941)
2005 - Adolfo Aguilar Z�nser, Mexican politician (b. 1949)
2005 - Susi Nicoletti, German actress (b. 1918)
2006 - Frederick Franck, American artist and writer (b. 1909)
2007 - Povel Ramel, Swedish entertainer (b. 1922)
Holidays and observances
World Environment Day, since the United Nations General Assembly resolution in 1972.
National holiday of Denmark (Constitution Day).
Suriname - Indian Arrival Day
Seychelles - Liberation Day.
Bah�'� Faith - Feast of N�r (Light) - First day of the fifth month of the Bah�'� calendar.
Take Care All
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June 6th
June 6 is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 208 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice.
1513 - Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis de la Tremoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan. Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.
1523 - Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden, marking the end of the Kalmar Union.
1644 - the Qing Dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor capture Beijing during the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The Manchus would rule China until 1912 when the Republic of China was established.
1654 - Charles X succeeds his abdicated cousin Queen Christina to the Swedish throne.
1683 - The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.
1752 - A devastating fire destroys one-third of Moscow, including 18,000 homes.
1808 - Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte is crowned King of Spain.
1809 - Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of Enlightened absolutism.
1813 - War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek - A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeat an American force three times its size under William Winder and John Chandler.
1832 - The barricades fall and the Paris student uprisings of 1832 end.
1833 - U.S. President Andrew Jackson becomes the first President to ride a train.
1844 - The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London.
1857 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.
1859 - Australia: Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales (Queensland Day).
1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Memphis - Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates.
1882 - More than 100,000 inhabitants of Bombay are killed as a cyclone in the Arabian Sea pushes huge waves into the harbour.
1882 - The Shewan forces of Menelik defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo. The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River.
1889 - The Great Seattle Fire destroys the entirety of downtown Seattle, Washington.
1894 - Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike.
1906 - Paris M�tro Line 5 is inaugurated with a first section from Place d'Italie to the Gare d'Orl�ans (today known as Gare d'Austerlitz).
1912 - Eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. Second largest volcanic eruption in historic time.
1919 - Republic of Prekmurje end.
1921 - Southwark Bridge in London, is opened for traffic by King George V and Queen Mary.
1925 - The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.
1932 - The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon (1/4 �/L) sold.
1933 - The first drive-in theater opens, in Camden, New Jersey, United States.
1934 - New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Act of 1933 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Judge Joseph Crater was declared dead in absentia.
1939 - German dictator Adolf Hitler gives a public address to returning German volunteers who fought as Legion Kondor during the Spanish Civil War.
1944 - World War II: Battle of Normandy begins. D-Day, code named Operation Overlord, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history.
1944 - Alaska Airlines commenced operations.
1946 - The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City.
1946 - Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Argentina.
1950 - Turkey: The Adhan in Arabic is legalized.
1956 - David Marshall, Singapore's first Chief Minister, resigns.
1964 - Under a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven, Germany, are terminated, though they never resume.
1966 - James Meredith, civil rights activist, is shot while trying to march across Mississippi.
1968- Don Drysdale, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher throws record 58th consecutive inning shutout, a major league record.
1968 - Senator Robert F. Kennedy dies from his wounds after he was shot the previous night.
1971 - Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 launches.
1971 - A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II jet fighter near Duarte, California claims 50 lives.
1974 - A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy.
1981 - A passenger train travelling between Mansi and Saharsa, India, jumps the tracks at a bridge crossing the Bagmati river. The government places the official death toll at 268 plus another 300 missing; however, it is generally believed that the actual figure is closer to 1,000 killed.
1982 - 1982 Lebanon War begins: Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their "Operation Peace for the Galilee," eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.
1984 - The Indian Army attacks the Golden Temple in Amritsar in an effort to flush out terrorists, following an order from Indira Gandhi. Official casualties are 576 combatants killed and 335 wounded; independent observers estimate that thousands of unarmed Sikh civilians are also killed in the crossfire. A total death count adds up to almost 2000.
1985 - The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is exhumed in Embu, Brazil; the remains found are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death". Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979.
1990 - U.S. District court judge Jose Gonzales rules that the rap album As Nasty As They Wanna Be by the 2 Live Crew violates Florida's obscenity law; he declares that the predominant subject matter of the record is "directed to the 'dirty' thoughts and the loins, not to the intellect and the mind."
1993 - Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections.
1999 - In Australian Rules Football, Tony Lockett breaks the record for career goals, previously 1299 by Gordon Coventry and which had stood since 1937.
1999 - At the Putim maximum security prison in Brazil, 345 prisoners run from the main gate in the largest jailbreak in Brazilian history, marking the 10th escape for the three-year-old facility. In the ensuing manhunt, two fugitives are killed and five innocent bystanders are accidentally jailed.
2002 - Eastern Mediterranean Event. A near-Earth asteroid estimated at 10 metres diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya. The resulting explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb.
2004 - Tamil was established as a Classical language by the President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Indian Parliament.
2005 - the United States Supreme Court votes to ban medical marijuana in Gonzales v. Raich.
Births
1236 - Wen Tianxiang, Chinese prime minister (d. 1283)
1436 - Regiomontanus, German mathematician (d. 1476)
1502 - King John III of Portugal (d. 1557)
1519 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (d. 1603)
1542 - Richard Grenville, English soldier and explorer (d. 1591)
1576 - Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman (d. 1649)
1580 - Godefroy Wendelin, Flemish astronomer (d. 1667)
1599 - Diego Vel�zquez, Spanish painter (d. 1660)
1606 - Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1684)
1622 - Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d.1857)
1714 - King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
1755 - Nathan Hale, American writer and patriot (d. 1776)
1756 - John Trumbull, American painter (d. 1843)
1772 - Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies, Holy Roman Empire Empress consort (d. 1807)
1799 - Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet (d. 1837)
1810 - Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin, German classical scholar (d. 1856)
1829 - Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (d. 1862)
1841 - Eliza Orzeszkowa, Polish novelist (d.1910)
1844 - Konstantin Savitsky, Russian painter (d. 1905)
1850 - Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918)
1857 - Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician (d. 1918)
1862 - Henry John Newbolt, English author (d. 1938)
1867 - David Abercrombie, Abercrombie & Fitch founder (d. 1931)
1868 - Robert Falcon Scott, English explorer (d. 1912)
1872 - Tsarina Alexandra of Russia (d. 1918)
1875 - Thomas Mann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
1890 - Ted Lewis, American bandleader (d. 1971)
1892 - Donald F. Duncan Sr., American entrepreneur (d. 1971)
1896 - Henry Allingham, English pilot
1898 - Ninette de Valois, Irish dancer (d. 2001)
1898 - Walter Abel, American actor (d. 1987)
1900 - Manfred Sakel, Polish psychiatrist (d. 1957)
1901 - Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (d. 1970)
1902 - Jimmie Lunceford, American bandleader (d. 1947)
1903 - Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (d. 1978)
1906 - Max August Zorn, German-born mathematician (d. 1993)
1907 - Bill Dickey, American baseball player (d. 1993)
1913 - Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991)
1915 - Vincent Persichetti, American composer (d. 1987)
1916 - Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972)
1917 - Kirk Kerkorian, American businessman
1918 - Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1923 - V. C. Andrews, American author (d. 1986)
1924 - Jinyong, Chinese novelist
1926 - Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (d. 1998)
1929 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (d. 2005)
1932 - David Scott, American astronaut
1933 - Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
1934 - King Albert II of Belgium
1934 - Roy Innis, American civil rights activist
1936 - Levi Stubbs, American musician (The Four Tops)
1936 - A. Venkatesh Naik, Indian politician
1938 - Prince Lu�s of Orl�ans-Braganza, pretender to the Brazilian throne
1939 - Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer
1939 - Gary U.S. Bonds, American musician
1939 - Ed Giacomin, hockey player
1940 - Larry Lujack, American disc jockey
1941 - Alexander Cockburn, Scottish-born American journalist
1943 - Ken Hatfield, former N.C.A.A. Football Head Coach
1943 - Richard Smalley, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
1944 - David Penhaligon, British politician
1944 - Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1945 - David E. Bonior, American politician
1945 - David Dukes, American actor (d. 2000)
1947 - David Blunkett, English politician
1947 - Ada Kok, Dutch swimmer
1948 - Tony Levin, American bassist (King Crimson)
1948 - Richard Sinclair, English musician (Caravan)
1949 - Robert Englund, American actor
1949 - Holly Near, American folksinger
1950 - Chantal Akerman, Belgian film director
1951 - Noritake Takahara, Japanese racing driver
1952 - Yukihiro Takahashi, Japanese musician and singer (Yellow Magic Orchestra)
1952 - Harvey Fierstein, American actor
1952 - Jean Hamel, French Canadian ice hockey player
1953 - Dimitris Avramopoulos, Greek politician
1954 - Cynthia Rylant, American author
1955 - Sandra Bernhard, American actress and comedian
1956 - Bj�rn Borg, Swedish tennis player
1956 - Bubbi Morthens, Icelandic singer and songwriter
1957 - Mike Gatting, English cricketer
1959 - Jimmy Jam, American record producer
1959 - Colin Quinn, American comedian
1959 - David Schultz, American wrestler (d. 1996)
1959 - Georgios Voulgarakis, Greek politician
1960 - Gary Graham, American actor
1960 - Steve Vai, American musician
1960 - Jozef Pribilinec, Slovak athlete
1961 - Bill Bates, American football player
1961 - Tom Araya, Chilean musician (Slayer)
1961 - Nir Brand, Israeli composer
1961 - Aldo Costa, Italian engineer
1963 - Wolfgang Drechsler, German social scientist
1963 - Jason Isaacs, English actor
1965 - Cam Neely, Canadian hockey player
1966 - Tony Yeboah, Ghanaian footballer
1966 - Sean Yseult, American musician (White Zombie)
1967 - Paul Giamatti, American actor
1968 - Fran�ois Avard, Canadian writer and scenarist
1968 - Alan Licht, American guitarist, composer and journalist
1970 - Eugeni Berzin, Russian cyclist
1970 - Anthony Norris, American professional wrestler
1970 - James Shaffer, American rock musician (Korn)
1970 - Sarah Dessen, American author
1972 - Cristina Scabbia, Italian singer (Lacuna Coil)
1973 - Kat Swift, US Presidential Candidate (Green Party)
1974 - Danny Strong, American actor
1975 - Cheer Chen, Taiwanese singer and musician
1975 - Nina Kaczorowski, American actress
1975 - Staci Keanan, American actress
1975 - Niklas Sundstr�m, hockey player
1976 - aKido, Canadian musician
1976 - Ross Noble, British comedian
1976 - Geoff Rowley, British skateboarder
1977 - David Connolly, Irish footballer
1978 - Carl Bar�t, English musician (The Libertines and Dirty Pretty Things)
1978 - Judith Barsi, American actress (d. 1988)
1978 - Mariana Popova, Bulgarian singer
1980 - Matt Belisle, American baseball player
1980 - Martin Devaney, English footballer
1983 - Gemma Bissix, British actress
1983 - Gianna Michaels, American porn actress
1984 - Noor Sabri, Iraqi footballplayer
1984 - Shannon Stewart, American model
1985 - Drew Galloway, Scottish professional wrestler
1987 - Kyle Falconer, Scottish musician
1987 - Daniel Logan, New Zealand actor
[edit] Deaths
1393 - Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan (b. 1359)
1480 - Vecchietta, Italian artist and architect
1548 - Juan de Castro, Portuguese explorer (b. 1500)
1563 - Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1519)
1583 - Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese warlord (b. 1556)
1730 - Alain Emmanuel de Co�tlogon, Marshal of France (b. 1646)
1740 - Alexander Spotswood, British governor of Virginia Colony
1784 - Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, Dutch politician (b. 1741)
1799 - Patrick Henry, American revolutionary (b. 1736)
1813 - Alexandre-Th�odore Brongniart, French architect
1832 - Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher (b. 1748)
1840 - Marcellin Champagnat, French priest (b. 1789)
1843 - Friedrich H�lderlin, German poet and dramatist (b. 1770)
1861 - Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1810)
1865 - William Quantrill, American Confederate raider (b. 1837)
1878 - Robert Stirling, Scottish inventor (b. 1790)
1881 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
1891 - John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1815)
1916 - Yuan Shikai, Chinese military officer and politician (b. 1859)
1922 - Lillian Russell, American actress (b. 1860)
1934 - Julije Kempf, Croatian historian and writer (b. 1864)
1935 - Julian Byng, British army officer (b. 1862)
1941 - Louis Chevrolet, American automotive pioneer (b. 1878)
1946 - Gerhart Hauptmann, German dramatist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
1948 - Louis Lumi�re, French movie pioneer (b. 1864)
1951 - Olive Tell, American actress (b. 1894)
1955 - Max Meldrum, Scottish-born Australian painter (b. 1875)
1961 - Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1875)
1962 - Yves Klein, French artist (b. 1928)
1968 - Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General and Senator (b. 1925)
1968 - Randolph Churchill, son of Winston Churchill (b. 1911)
1975 - Larry Blyden, American actor (b. 1925)
1976 - J. Paul Getty, American industrialist (b. 1892)
1976 - Victor Varconi, Hungarian actor (b. 1891)
1979 - Jack Haley, American actor (b. 1898)
1981 - Carleton S. Coon, American anthropologist (b. 1904)
1982 - Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (b. 1905)
1984 - A. Bertram Chandler, Australian author (b. 1912)
1991 - Stan Getz, American musician (b. 1927)
1992 - Larry Riley, American actor (b. 1952)
1994 - Mark McManus, Scottish actor (Taggart) (b. 1935)
1994 - Barry Sullivan, American actor (b. 1912)
1996 - George Davis Snell, American geneticist, Nobel laureate (b. 1903)
1999 - Anne Haddy, Australian actress (b. 1930)
2000 - Fr�d�ric Dard, French writer (b. 1921)
2002 - Robbin Crosby, American guitarist (Ratt) (b. 1959)
2003 - Ken Grimwood, American writer (b. 1944)
2003 - Dave Rowberry, British musician (The Animals) (b. 1940)
2005 - Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931)
1986 - Bhavana,Indian actress
2005 - Dana Elcar, American actor (b. 1927)
2006 - Billy Preston, American musician (b. 1946)
2006 - Hilton Ruiz, Puerto Rican-American jazz pianist (b. 1952)
2006 - Arnold Newman, American photographer (b. 1918)
Holidays and observances
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June 7th
June 7 is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 207 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.
1494 - Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.
1654 - Louis XIV is crowned King of France.
1692 - Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just three minutes, 1600 people are killed and 3000 are seriously injured.
1776 - Richard Henry Lee presents the "Lee Resolution" to the Continental Congress. The motion is seconded by John Adams and leads to the United States Declaration of Independence.
1800 - David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Saskatchewan River in Manitoba.
1832 - Asian cholera reaches Quebec, brought by Irish immigrants, and kills about 6,000 people in Lower Canada.
1862 - The United States and Britain agree to suppress the slave trade.
1863 - During the French intervention in Mexico, Mexico City is captured by French troops.
1866 - 1,800 Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after they loot and plunder around Saint-Armand and Frelighsburg, Quebec.
1880 - War of the Pacific: The Battle of Arica, assault and capture of Morro de Arica (Arica Cape), that ended the Campa�a del Desierto (Desert Campaign).
1892 - Benjamin Harrison becomes the first President of the United States to attend a baseball game.
1893 - Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience.
1905 - Norway dissolves its union with Sweden.
1906 - Cunard Line's RMS Lusitania is launched at the John Brown Shipyard, Glasgow(Clydebank), Scotland.
1917 - World War I: Battle of Messines - Allied ammonal mines underneath German trenches in Mesen Ridge are detonated, killing 10,000 German troops.
1919 - Sette giugno: Riot in Malta; four are killed.
1936 - The Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a trade union, is founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Philip Murray is elected its first president.
1938 - The Douglas DC-4E makes its first test flight.
1940 - King Haakon VII of Norway, Crown Prince Olav and the Norwegian government leave Troms� and go into exile in London.
1942 - World War II: The Battle of Midway ends.
1942 - World War II: Japanese soldiers occupy the American islands of Attu and Kiska, in the Aleutian Islands off Alaska.
1944 - World War II: Battle of Normandy - At Abbey Ardennes members of the SS Division Hitlerjugend massacre 23 Canadian prisoners of war.
1945 - King Haakon VII of Norway returns with his family to Oslo after five years in exile.
1948 - Edvard Bene� resigns as President of Czechoslovakia rather than signing a Constitution making his nation a Communist state.
1955 - Lux Radio Theater signs off the air permanently. The show launched in New York in 1934, and featured radio adaptations of Broadway shows and popular films.
1965 - The US Supreme Court decides Griswold v. Connecticut effectively legalizing the use of contraception by married couples.
1966 - Former movie star, Ronald Reagan, becomes the 33rd governor of the state of California.
1967 - The Israeli forces enter Jerusalem during the Six-Day War.
1968 - The body of assassinated U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy lies in state at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.
1971 - The US Supreme Court overturns the conviction of Paul Cohen for disturbing the peace, setting the precedent that vulgar writing is protected under the First Amendment.
1975 - Sony introduces the Betamax videocassette recorder for sale to the public.
1977 - 500 million people watch on television as the high day of Jubilee gets underway for Queen Elizabeth II.
1981 - The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor during Operation Opera. The Israelis charged the facility could have been used to make nuclear weapons.
1982 - Priscilla Presley opens Graceland to the public; the bathroom where Elvis Presley died five years earlier is kept off-limits.
1987 - Washington Dulles International Airport and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport are transferred to The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.
1989 - A Surinam Airways DC-8 Super 62 crashes near Paramaribo Airport, Suriname, killing 168.
1991 - Mount Pinatubo explodes generating an ash column 7 km (4.5 miles) high.
1995 - The long range Boeing 777 enters service with United Airlines
1998 - James Byrd, Jr is dragged to death by Shawn Allen Berry, Lawrence Russel Brewer, and John William King in Jasper, Texas in a racially-motivated hate crime.
2001 - Tony Blair's Labour Party wins another landslide victory in the General Election.
2006 - British Houses of Parliament temporarily shut down due to anthrax alert.
Births
1529 - �tienne Pasquier, French lawyer and man of letters (d. 1615)
1761 - John Rennie, Scottish engineer (d. 1821)
1770 - Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1828)
1778 - Beau Brummell, English fashion leader (d. 1840)
1811 - James Young Simpson, British obstetrician (d. 1870)
1831 - Amelia Edwards, English author and Egyptologist (d. 1892)
1837 - Alois Hitler, father of Adolf Hitler (d. 1903)
1840 - Charlotte of Belgium, Empress of Mexico (d. 1927)
1845 - Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist and composer (d. 1930)
1848 - Paul Gauguin, French painter (d. 1903)
1862 - Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
1868 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect, designer, and illustrator (d. 1928)
1877 - Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)
1879 - Knud Rasmussen, Greenland-born explorer (d. 1933)
1883 - Sylvanus Morley, U.S. archaeologist and spy (d. 1948)
1886 - Henri Coandă, Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (d. 1972)
1894 - Alexander de Seversky, Russian-American aviation pioneer (d. 1974)
1896 - Robert S. Mulliken, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
1896 - Imre Nagy, Hungarian politician (d. 1958)
1896 - Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (d. 1990)
1897 - George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970)
1899 - Elizabeth Bowen, Irish novelist (d. 1973)
1900 - Glen Gray, Jazz musician and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra (d. 1963)
1902 - Herman B Wells, president and chancellor of Indiana University (d. 2000)
1909 - Virginia Apgar, American physician and childbirth specialist (d. 1974)
1909 - Peter W. Rodino, American politician (d. 2005)
1909 - Jessica Tandy, English-born actress (d. 1994)
1910 - Bradford Washburn, American explorer, (d. 2007)
1911 - Brooks Stevens, automotive designer (d. 1995)
1917 - Gwendolyn Brooks, American poet (d. 2000)
1917 - Dean Martin, American actor (d. 1995)
1920 - Georges Marchais, French politician (d. 1997)
1921 - Tal Farlow, American jazz guitarist (d. 1998)
1922 - Leo Reise, Canadian ice hockey player
1923 - Jules Desch�nes, Canadian jurist (d. 2000)
1927 - Charles de Tornaco, Belgian racing driver (d. 1953)
1928 - Dave Bowen, former Wales international football manager (d. 1995)
1928 - James Ivory, American film director
1928 - Reg Park, British bodybuilder
1929 - John Turner, seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada
1929 - The Grand Wizard of Wrestling, Wrestling manager (d. 1983)
1931 - Malcolm Morley, English-born painter
1935 - Harry Crews, American author
1935 - Thomas Kailath, American engineer
1937 - Neeme J�rvi, Estonian conductor
1938 - Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
1940 - Tom Jones, Welsh singer
1943 - Nikki Giovanni, American poet
1945 - Wolfgang Sch�ssel, Chancellor of Austria
1946 - Jenny Jones, Palestinian-born comedian and talk show host
1947 - Don Money, American baseball player, manager
1947 - Thurman Munson, American baseball player (d. 1979)
1950 - Gary Graham American actor
1952 - Liam Neeson, Northern Irish actor
1953 - Dougie Donnelly, Scottish television broadcaster
1953 - Johnny Clegg, South African musician
1954 - Louise Erdrich, American author
1955 - William Forsythe, American actor
1955 - Tim Richmond, American race car driver (d. 1989)
1956 - L.A. Reid, American music producer
1957 - Juan Luis Guerra, Dominican musician
1957 - Paddy McAloon, English singer and songwriter (Prefab Sprout)
1958 - Surakiart Sathirathai, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
1958 - Prince, American musician
1960 - Bill Prady, American television producer
1961 - Dave Catching, American musician
1962 - Thierry Hazard, French singer and songwriter
1962 - Takuya Kurosawa, Japanese racing driver
1963 - Roberto Alagna, French tenor
1964 - Judie Aronson, American actress
1964 - Gia Carides, Greek-Australian actress
1965 - Mick Foley, American professional wrestler
1965 - Damien Hirst, English artist
1966 - Stephane Richer, Canadian ice hockey player
1966 - Eric Kretz, American musician (Stone Temple Pilots)
1967 - Dave Navarro, American musician
1969 - Kim Rhodes, American actress
1969 - Prince Joachim of Denmark
1970 - Mike Modano, American ice hockey player
1970 - Cafu, Brazilian footballer
1970 - Andrei Kovalenko, Russian ice hockey player
1971 - Alex X. Mooney, American politician
1972 - Karl Urban, New Zealand actor
1973 - Song Yun-ah, South Korean model and actress
1973 - Bear Grylls, British survivor
1974 - Cassius Khan Canadian Tabla player/vocalist
1974 - Mahesh Bhupathi, Indian tennis player
1975 - Allen Iverson, American basketball player
1976 - Necro, Jewish American rapper
1977 - Marcin Baszczyński, Polish soccer player
1977 - Joe Horgan, baseball player
1977 - Odalis P�rez, baseball player
1978 - Tony An, Korean singer H.O.T
1978 - Bill Hader, American comedian
1979 - Kevin Hofland, Dutch footballer
1981 - Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player
1981 - Stephen Bywater, British goalkeeper
1981 - Tyler Johnson, baseball player
1981 - Kevin Kyle, Scottish footballer
1981 - Larisa Oleynik, American actress
1981 - Amrita Rao, Indian model and actress
1982 - Virgil Vasquez, American baseball player
1983 - Mark Lowe, American baseball player
1985 - Charlie Simpson, British pop singer
1988 - Michael Cera, American actor
1988 - Milan Lucic, Canadian Hockey player (Boston Bruins)
1993 - Jordan Fry, American actor
Deaths
1329 - Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (b. 1274)
1358 - Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shogun (b. 1305)
1394 - Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II of England (plague) (b. 1367)
1618 - Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English Governor of Virginia (b. 1577)
1676 - Paul Gerhardt, German hymnist (b. 1606)
1711 - Henry Dodwell, Irish theologian (b. 1641)
1779 - William Warburton, English critic and Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1698)
1810 - Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (b. 1765)
1821 - Tudor Vladimirescu, Romanian rebellion-leader (b. cca. 1780)
1826 - Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist (b. 1787)
1840 - King Frederick William III of Prussia (b. 1770)
1854 - Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1792)
1859 - David Cox, English artist (b. 1783)
1866 - Chief Seattle, Native American leader
1896 - Pavlos Carrer, Greek composer (b. 1829)
1911 - Maurice Rouvier, French statesman (b. 1842)
1916 - �mile Faguet, French writer and critic (b. 1847)
1927 - Edmund James Flynn, Premier of Quebec (b. 1847)
1936 - Stjepan Seljan, Croatian explorer (b. 1875)
1937 - Jean Harlow, American actress (b. 1911)
1942 - Alan Blumlein, English electronics engineer (b. 1903)
1951 - Oswald Pohl, German Nazi leader (b. 1892)
1954 - Alan Turing, British mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1912)
1963 - Zasu Pitts, American actress (b. 1894)
1965 - Judy Holliday, American actress (b. 1921)
1966 - Jean Arp, Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (b. 1886)
1967 - Dorothy Parker, American writer (b. 1893)
1967 - Anatoly Maltsev, Russian mathematician (b. 1909)
1968 - Dan Duryea, American actor (b. 1907)
1970 - E. M. Forster, English author (b. 1879)
1978 - Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
1979 - Forrest Carter, American author (b. 1925)
1980 - Henry Miller, American writer (b. 1891)
1980 - Elizabeth Craig, British writer (b. 1883)
1988 - Vernon Washington, American actor (b. 1927)
1989 - Chico Landi, Brazilian racing driver (b. 1907)
1993 - Dra�en Petrović, Croatian basketball player (b. 1964)
1995 - Hsuan Hua, influential Buddhist master in the United States (b. 1918)
1996 - Max Factor, Jr., American businessman (b. 1904)
1999 - Paco Stanley, Mexican TV entertainer (b. 1942)
2001 - Carole Fredericks, American singer (Fredericks Goldman Jones) (b. 1952)
2001 - V�ctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Bolivia (b. 1907)
2002 - Mary Lilian Baels, Belgian princess (b. 1916)
2003 - Trevor Goddard, English actor (b. 1962)
2006 - John Tenta, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1963)
2006 - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Jordanian-born Mujahid (b. 1966)
2008 - Rudy Fernandez, Filipino actor (b. 1953)
Holidays and observances
Roman Empire - first day of the Vestalia (penus vestae) in honor of Vesta.
Norway - Union Dissolution Day, observing the 1905 decision to dissolve the Union between Sweden and Norway.
Malta - Sette giugno - Riot in Malta that began the road to self government and then independence.
Colman, bishop of Dromore
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June 8th
June 8 is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 206 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba.
536 - St. Silverius becomes Pope (probable date).
1191 - Richard I arrives in Acre thus beginning his crusade.
1405 - Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, executed in York on Henry IV's orders.
1776 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Trois-Rivi�res - American invaders are driven back at Trois-Rivi�res, Quebec.
1783 - The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills over 9,000 people and starts a seven-year famine.
1789 - James Madison introduces a proposed Bill of Rights in the U.S. House of Representatives.
1856 - The community of Pitcairn Islands and descendants of the mutineers of the Bounty consisting of 194 people arrived on the Morayshire at Norfolk Island Commencing the Third Settlement of the Island
1861 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Cross Keys - Confederate forces under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union assault on the James Peninsula led by General George B. McClellan.
1887 - Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his punch card calculator.
1906 - Theodore Roosevelt signs the Antiquities Act into law, authorizing the President to restrict the use of certain parcels of public land with historical or conservation value.
1912 - Carl Laemmle incorporated Universal Pictures.
1928 - Second Northern Expedition: NRA captures Peking, whose name is changed to Beijing.
1941 - World War II: Allies invade Syria and Lebanon.
1942 - World War II: Japanese imperial submarines I-21 and I-24 shell the Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle.
1948 - Milton Berle hosts the debut of Texaco Star Theater.
1949 - Such celebrities as Helen Keller, Dorothy Parker, Danny Kaye, Fredric March, John Garfield, Paul Muni and Edward G. Robinson are named in an FBI report as Communist Party members.
1950 - Sir Thomas Blamey becomes the only Field Marshal in Australian history.
1953 - Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence: A tornado hits the U.S. city of Flint, Michigan, and kills 115. This is the last tornado to claim more than 100 lives.
1953 - The United States Supreme Court rules that Washington, D.C. restaurants could not refuse to serve black patrons.
1959 - The USS Barbero and United States Postal Service attempt the delivery of mail via Missile Mail.
1966 - One of the XB-70 Valkyrie prototypes is destroyed in a mid-air collision with a F-104 Starfighter chase plane during a photo shoot. NASA pilot Joseph A. Walker and USAF test pilot Carl Cross were both killed.
1966 - Topeka, Kansas is devastated by a tornado that registers as an "F5" on the Fujita Scale: the first to exceed US$100 million in damages. Sixteen people are killed, hundreds more injured, and thousands of homes damaged or destroyed. [1]
1967 - Six-Day War: The USS Liberty incident occurs, killing 34 and wounding 171.
1968 - James Earl Ray is arrested for the murder of Martin Luther King Jr.
1968 - The body of assassinated U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy is laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery.
1974 - An F4 tornado strikes the U.S. city of Emporia, Kansas, killing six.
1984 - Homosexuality is declared legal in the state of New South Wales, Australia.
1986 - Former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim is elected president of Austria.
1987 - New Zealand's Labour government legislates against nuclear weapons and nuclear powered vessels. This makes New Zealand the first and (as at June 2006) only nation to ban these things from its territory.
1992 - The first World Ocean Day is celebrated, coinciding with the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1995 - Downed U.S. Air Force pilot Captain Scott O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines in Bosnia.
1996 - Panama becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
Births
1625 - Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian scientist (d. 1712)
1671 - Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer (d. 1751)
1717 - John Collins, American politician (d. 1795)
1724 - John Smeaton, English civil engineer (d. 1794)
1743 - Alessandro Cagliostro, Italian adventurer (d. 1795)
1745 - Caspar Wessel, Danish mathematician (d. 1818)
1757 - Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1824)
1810 - Robert Schumann, German composer (d. 1856)
1831 - Thomas J. Higgins, decorated Union Army soldier (d. 1917)
1842 - John Q. A. Brackett, 36th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1918)
1847 - Ida McKinley, First Lady of the United States (d. 1907)
1851 - Jacques-Ars�ne d'Arsonval, French physicist (d. 1940)
1859 - Smith Wigglesworth, British religious figure (d. 1947)
1860 - Alicia Boole Stott, Irish mathematician (d. 1940)
1867 - Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect (d. 1959)
1885 - Karl Genzken, Nazi physician (d. 1957)
1897 - John G. Bennett, British scientist and author (d. 1974)
1901 - Lena Baker, American murderer (d. 1945)
1903 - Ralph Yarborough, U.S. Senator from Texas (d. 1996)
1903 - Marguerite Yourcenar, French author (d. 1987)
1910 - John W. Campbell, American publisher and editor (d. 1971)
1910 - Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (d. 2003)
1911 - Edmundo Rivero, Argentine singer (d. 1986)
1912 - Harry Holtzman, American abstract artist (d. 1987)
1912 - Maurice Bellemare, French Canadian politician (d. 1989)
1916 - Francis Crick, English molecular biologist; Nobel laureate (d. 2004)
1916 - Luigi Comencini, Italian film director (d. 2007)
1917 - Byron White, American athlete and Supreme Court Justice (d. 2002)
1918 - Robert Preston, American actor (d. 1987)
1918 - John D. Roberts, American chemist
1921 - LeRoy Neiman, American painter
1921 - Alexis Smith, Canadian actress (d. 1993)
1921 - Suharto, President of Indonesia (d. 2008)
1923 - Malcolm Boyd, American Episcopal Priest and author
1924 - Lyn Nofziger, American political operative (d. 2006)
1925 - Barbara Bush, First Lady of the United States
1925 - Eddie Gaedel, American baseball player (d. 1961)
1925 - Del Ennis, baseball player (d. 1996)
1927 - Jerry Stiller, American comedian and actor
1930 - Robert Aumann, German-born Israeli mathematician; Nobel laureate
1930 - Marcel L�ger, Quebec politician (d. 1993)
1931 - Dana Wynter, German-born American actress
1933 - Joan Rivers, American comedian and author
1934 - Millicent Martin, English singer and actress
1936 - James Darren, American actor and singer
1936 - Kenneth G. Wilson, American physicist, Nobel laureate
1939 - Bernie Casey, American football player and actor
1940 - Nancy Sinatra, American singer
1941 - Robert Bradford, Northern Irish politician (d. 1981)
1941 - Fuzzy Haskins, American musician (P Funk)
1942 - Doug Mountjoy, Welsh snooker player
1942 - Chuck Negron, American singer (Three Dog Night)
1943 - Colin Baker, British actor
1943 - William Calley, American war criminal
1943 - Willie Davenport, American athlete (d. 2002)
1944 - Mark Belanger, American baseball player (d. 1998)
1944 - Marc Ouellet, Archbishop of Quebec City
1944 - Boz Scaggs, American singer and songwriter
1947 - Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1949 - Emanuel Ax, Polish-born pianist
1949 - Jeffrey Mylett, American actor (d. 1986)
1950 - Kathy Baker, American actress
1950 - Sonia Braga, Brazilian actress
1951 - Bonnie Tyler, Welsh singer and guitarist
1951 - Tony Rice, American acoustic guitarist
1953 - Olav Stedje, Norwegian singer-songwriter
1953 - Ad Tak, Dutch cyclist
1954 - Sergei Storchak, Russian deputy finance minister
1955 - Tim Berners-Lee, English internet developer
1955 - Griffin Dunne, American actor
1955 - Greg Ginn, American guitarist (Black Flag)
1957 - Scott Adams, American cartoonist
1957 - Don Robinson, baseball player
1958 - Keenen Ivory Wayans, American actor and director
1960 - Mick Hucknall, English singer and songwriter (Simply Red)
1960 - Thomas Steen, Swedish hockey player
1962 - Nick Rhodes, English musician (Duran Duran)
1962 - Kristine W, American musician
1963 - Keti Garbi, Greek singer
1964 - Butch Reynolds, American former 400m runner
1965 - Kevin Farley, American actor
1965 - Rob Pilatus, member of Milli Vanilli (d. 1998)
1965 - Chris Chavis, American professional wrestler
1966 - Julianna Margulies, American actress
1969 - J.P. Manoux, American actor
1969 - Marcos Siega, American director
1969 - David Sutcliffe, Canadian actor
1970 - Gabrielle Giffords, American politician
1970 - Teresa Strasser, American Morning Radio Host
1970 - Kelli Williams, American actress
1971 - Troy Vincent, American footballer
1971 - Mark Feuerstein, American actor
1972 - Christian Mayrleb, Austrian footballer
1973 - Lexa Doig, Canadian actress
1973 - Lucija �erbed�ija, Croatian actress
1975 - Bryan McCabe, Canadian hockey player
1975 - Shilpa Shetty, Indian actress
1976 - Lindsay Davenport, American tennis player
1976 - Kenji Johjima, Japanese baseball player
1977 - Kanye West, American rapper
1978 - Maria Menounos, American actress and television host
1979 - Pete Orr, Canadian baseball player
1979 - Derek Trucks, American guitarist (Derek Trucks Band)
1979 - Adine Wilson, New Zealand netball player
1981 - Alex Band, American singer (The Calling)
1981 - Matteo Meneghello, Italian racing driver
1981 - Ai Nonaka, Japanese voice actor
1981 - Sara Watkins, American fiddle player
1982 - Dickson Etuhu, Nigerian footballer
1982 - Irina Lazareanu, Canadian model
1982 - Katy Morgan-Davies, British politician
1982 - Nadia Petrova, Russian tennis player
1983 - Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
1983 - Lee Harding, Australian punk-rock singer
1983 - Mamoru Miyano, Japanese seiyuu
1984 - Andrea Casiraghi, son of Princess Caroline of Monaco
1984 - Javier Mascherano, Argentine footballer
1985 - Alexandre Despatie, French-Canadian diver
1986 - Patrick Kaleta, Hockey Player for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League
Deaths
632 - Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (b. 570)
1042 - Harthacanute, King of Denmark and England (b. 1018)
1376 - Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England (b. 1330)
1383 - Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (b. 1338)
1384 - Kanami, Japanese actor (b. 1333)
1476 - George Neville, English archbishop and statesman
1505 - Hongzhi, Emperor of China (b. 1470)
1611 - Jean Bertaut, French poet (b. 1552)
1612 - Hans Leo Hassler, German composer (b. 1562)
1621 - Anne de Xainctonge, French saint (b. 1567)
1628 - Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (b. 1547)
1714 - Sophia of Hanover, heir to the throne of Great Britain (b. 1630)
1716 - Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (b. 1658)
1727 - August Hermann Francke, German Protestant minister (b. 1663)
1768 - Johann Joachim Winckelmann, German classical scholar and archaeologist (b. 1717)
1771 - George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English statesman (b. 1716)
1795 - King Louis XVII of France (b. 1785)
1809 - Thomas Paine, American revolutionary and writer (b. 1737)
1835 - Gian Domenico Romagnosi, Italian physicist (b. 1761)
1845 - Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (b. 1767)
1857 - Douglas William Jerrold, British playwright and satirist (b. 1803)
1874 - Cochise, Apache leader
1876 - George Sand, French author (b. 1804)
1885 - Ignace Bourget, Bishop of Montreal (b. 1799)
1924 - Andrew Irvine, English mountain climber (climbing accident) (b. 1902)
1924 - George Leigh Mallory, English mountain climber (climbing accident) (b. 1886)
1929 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (b. 1861)
1945 - Karl Hanke, Nazi official (b. 1903)
1951 - Eug�ne Fiset, French Canadian military officer and politician (b. 1874)
1956 - Marie Laurencin, French painter (b. 1883)
1965 - Edmondo Rossoni, Italian fascist (b. 1884)
1966 - Anton Melik, Slovenian geographer (b. 1890)
1969 - Robert Taylor, American actor (b. 1911)
1970 - Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (b. 1908)
1972 - Jimmy Rushing, American blues singer (b. 1903?)
1980 - Ernst Busch, German singer and actor (b. 1900)
1982 - Satchel Paige, American baseball player (b. 1906)
1984 - Gordon Jacob, English composer (b. 1895)
1993 - Root Boy Slim, American entertainer (b. 1945)
1998 - Sani Abacha, President of Nigeria (b. 1943)
1998 - Maria Reiche, German-born mathematician and archaeologist (b. 1903)
2000 - Jeff MacNelly, American political cartoonist (b. 1948)
2003 - Leighton Rees, Welsh darts player (b. 1940)
2004 - Mack Jones, American baseball player (b. 1938)
2006 - Robert Donner, American actor (b. 1931)
2006 - Abouna Matta El Meskeen, Coptic Orthodox monk (b. 1919)
2007 - Kenny Olsson, Swedish speedway racer (b. 1977)
2007 - Richard Rorty, American postanalytic, pragmatic philosopher (b. 1931)
Holidays and observances
Norfolk Island Anniversary Day, also known as Bounty Day
Roman Empire - second day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta.
World Ocean Day.
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June 9th
June 9 is the 160th day of the year (161st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 205 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
68 - Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide, imploring his secretary Epaphroditos to slit his throat to evade a Senate-imposed death by flogging.
721 - Odo of Aquitaine defeats the Moors in the Battle of Toulouse.
1310 - Duccio's Maest� Altarpiece, a seminal artwork of the early Italian Renaissance, is unveiled and installed in the Siena Cathedral in Siena, Italy.
1534 - Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the St. Lawrence River.
1650 - The Harvard Corporation, the more powerful of the two administrative boards of Harvard, is established. It was the first legal corporation in the Americas.
1667 - The Raid on the Medway by the Dutch fleet starts lasting for five days and resulting in a decisive victory of the Dutch over the English in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and a favourable peace for the Dutch.
1732 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia.
1772 - British vessel Gaspee is burned off of Rhode Island.
1790 - Philadelphia Spelling Book by John Barry becomes the first book to be copyrighted in the United States.
1815 - End of the Congress of Vienna: new European political situation is set.
1856 - 500 Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.
1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia.
1909 - Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, became the first woman to drive across the United States. With three female companions, none of whom could drive a car, for fifty-nine days she drove a Maxwell automobile the 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York, to San Francisco, California.
1915 - U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding the United States' handling of the RMS Lusitania sinking.
1922 - First ringing of the Harkness Memorial Chime at Yale University.
1923 - Bulgaria's military takes over the government in a coup.
1928 - Charles Kingsford Smith completes the first trans-Pacific flight in a Fokker Trimotor monoplane, the Southern Cross.
1930 - Chicago Tribune reporter Jake Lingle is killed at the Illinois Central train station during rush hour by the Leo Vincent Brothers, allegedly over a 100,000 USD gambling debt owed to Al Capone.
1934 - Donald Duck debuts in The Wise Little Hen.
1935 - Ho-Umezu Agreement: the Republic of China, under KMT administration, recognized Japanese occupations in Northeast China.
1944 - World War II: The Soviet Union invades East Karelia and the previously Finnish part of Karelia, since 1941 occupied by Finland.
1946 - King Bhumibol Adulyadej ascends to the throne of Thailand. He is currently the world's longest reigning monarch.
1953 - Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence: A tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado hits in Worcester, Massachusetts killing 94.
1954 - McCarthyism: Joseph Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army.
1957 - First ascent of Broad Peak (12th highest mountain).
1958 - London Gatwick Airport, (LGW), Crawley, West Sussex, UK officially opened by HM Queen Elizabeth II.
1959 - The USS George Washington is launched as the first submarine to carry ballistic missiles.
1967 - Israel captures the Golan Heights from Syria during the Six-Day War.
1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson declares a national day of mourning following the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
1973 - Secretariat wins the Triple Crown.
1974 - The diplomatic relations between Portugal and the Soviet Union were established.
1978 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opens the priesthood to "all worthy men", ending a 148-year-old policy excluding black men.
1985 - Thomas Sutherland is kidnapped in Lebanon (he was not released until 1991).
1986 - The Rogers Commission releases its report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
1991 - The congress of the Italian party Proletarian Democracy decides to merge with the Communist Refoundation Party.
1999 - Kosovo War: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and North Atlantic Treaty Organization sign a peace treaty.
Births
1508 - Primo� Trubar, Slovenian Protestant reformer (d. 1586)
1580 - Daniel Heinsius, Flemish scholar (d. 1655)
1588 - Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer (d. 1666)
1595 - King Wladislaus IV of Poland (d. 1648)
1640 - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1705)
1661 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia (d. 1682)
1672 - Tsar Peter I of Russia (d. 1725)
1686 - Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (d. 1747)
1768 - Samuel Slater, American industrialist (d. 1835)
1781 - George Stephenson, English mechanical engineer (d.1848)
1810 - Otto Nicolai, German composer (d. 1849)
1812 - Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (d. 1910)
1843 - Bertha von Suttner, Austrian novelist and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914)
1845 - Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (d. 1914)
1849 - Michael Peter Ancher, Danish painter (d. 1927)
1851 - Charles Joseph Bonaparte, French politician (d. 1921)
1865 - Alb�ric Magnard, French composer (d. 1914)
1865 - Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (d. 1931)
1875 - Henry Hallett Dale, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1968)
1882 - Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963)
1890 - Leslie Banks, British actor (d. 1952)
1891 - Cole Porter, American composer and lyricist (d. 1964)
1893 - Irish Meusel, American baseball player (d. 1963)
1898 - Luigi Fagioli, Italian race car driver (d. 1952)
1900 - Fred Waring, American bandleader (d. 1984)
1911 - George Webb, British actor (d. 1998)
1912 - Ingolf Dahl, American composer (d. 1970)
1915 - Les Paul, American guitarist
1916 - Robert McNamara, United States Secretary of Defense and president of the World Bank
1921 - Arthur Hertzberg, American Jewish scholar (d. 2006)
1922 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr., American poet and aviator (d. 1941)
1922 - Fernand Seguin, Canadian biochemist - Radio and TV animator (d. 1988)
1922 - George Axelrod, American screenwriter, producer, playwright and film director (d. 2003)
1925 - Keith Laumer, science fiction writer (d. 1993)
1929 - Johnny Ace, American singer (d. 1954)
1930 - Barbara, French singer (d. 1997)
1931 - Jackie Mason, American comedian
1931 - Joe Santos, American actor
1931 - Bill Virdon, American baseball player and manager
1934 - Jackie Wilson, American singer (d. 1984)
1936 - Mick O'Dwyer, Gaelic footballer and manager
1937 - Harald Rosenthal, German biologist
1938 - Charles Wuorinen, American composer
1939 - Ileana Cotrubaş, Romanian soprano
1939 - David Hobbs, English race car driver and personality on American TV
1939 - Dick Vitale, American sportscaster
1939 - Charles Webb, author
1941 - Jon Lord, organist in Deep Purple
1943 - Joe Haldeman, science fiction writer
1945 - Luis Oca�a, Spanish cyclist (d. 1994)
1945 - Nike Wagner, German woman of the theater
1947 - Kiran Bedi, Indian Police Service Officer
1947 - John Gurda, American historian
1948 - Gudrun Schyman, Swedish politician
1951 - Dave Parker, American baseball player
1951 - James Newton Howard, American film composer
1952 - Uzi Hitman, Israeli singer
1954 - George P�rez, American comic book artist
1954 - Gregory Maguire, American fantasy writer
1956 - Patricia Cornwell, American author
1959 - Christian Wulff, German politician, currently prime minister of Lower Saxony.
1961 - Michael J. Fox, Canadian-born actor
1961 - Aaron Sorkin, American writer
1963 - Johnny Depp, American actor
1963 - Gilad Atzmon, Israeli jazz musician and author
1964 - Gloria Reuben, Canadian actress
1964 - Hiroko Yakushimaru, Japanese actress and singer
1968 - Niki Bakoyianni, Greek high jumper
1969 - Eric Wynalda, American footballer
1971 - Gilles De Bilde, Belgian footballer
1971 - John McKeown, Scottish musician (Yummy Fur, 1990s)
1971 - Rick Renstrom, American guitarist
1972 - Tomoe Hanba, Japanese voice actress
1973 - Tedy Bruschi, American football player
1973 - Laura Ponte, Spanish model and royal
1973 - Frederic Choffat, Swiss film director
1974 - Samoth, Norwegian guitarist (Emperor, Zyklon)
1974 - Tim Shaw, British radio personality
1974 - Randy Winn, American baseball player
1975 - Andrew Symonds, Australian cricketer
1975 - Otto Addo, Ghanaian footballer
1975 - Jeff Saturday, American football player
1977 - Roopa Mishra, Indian civil servant
1977 - Amisha Patel, Indian actress
1977 - Peja Stojakovic, Serbian basketball player
1978 - Shandi Finnessey, game hostess
1978 - Matthew Bellamy, British musician (Muse)
1978 - Miroslav Klose, German footballer
1979 - Ruka, Japanese Drummer
1980 - Mike Fontenot, American baseball player
1980 - Lehlohonolo Seema, Lesotho footballer
1980 - Udonis Haslem, American basketball player
1981 - Natalie Portman, Israeli-born actress
1981 - Vic Zhou, JVKV band member, Taiwanese actor, singer and model.
1981 - Anoushka Shankar, Famous sitarist and daughter of Ravi Shankar
1982 - Christina St�rmer, Austrian singer
1983 - Alektra Blue, American porn star
1983 - Danny Richar, Dominican baseball player
1984 - Yulieski Gourriel, Cuban baseball player
1984 - Kaleth Morales, Colombian singer and songwriter (d. 2005)
1984 - Wesley Sneijder, Dutch footballer
1984 - Masoud Shojaei, Iranian footballer
1985 - Sonam Kapoor, Indian actress
1985 - Sebastian Telfair, American basketball player
1986 - Adamo Ruggiero, Canadian actor
1986 - Kary Ng, Hong Kong singer and actress
1988 - Mae Whitman, American Actress
1993 - Danielle Chuchran, American actress
Deaths
62 - Claudia Octavia, wife of Nero (b. 40)
68 - Nero, Roman Emperor (b. 37)
373 - Ephrem the Syrian, Christian hymnodist
597 - St. Columba, Christian missionary (b. 521)
630 - King Shahrbaraz of Persia
1361 - Philippe de Vitry, French composer (b. 1291)
1563 - William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
1572 - Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (b. 1528)
1583 - Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1656 - Thomas Tomkins, Welsh composer (b. 1572)
1716 - Banda Bahadur, Sikh military commander (executed)
1717 - Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (b. 1648)
1834 - William Carey, one of the founders of the Baptist Missionary Society (b. 1761)
1870 - Charles Dickens, English author (b. 1812)
1875 - G�rard Paul Deshayes, French geologist (b. 1795)
1892 - Taiso Yoshitoshi, Woodblock print artist
1892 - William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (b. 1863)
1912 - Ion Luca Caragiale, Romanian writter (b. 1852)
1946 - Ananda Mahidol, Rama VIII, king of Thailand (b. 1925)
1952 - Adolf Busch, German composer (b. 1891)
1958 - Robert Donat, English actor (b. 1905)
1959 - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1876)
1961 - Camille Gu�rin, French scientist (b. 1872)
1964 - Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, Canadian-born business tycoon and politician (b. 1879)
1973 - Erich von Manstein, German military commander (b. 1887)
1974 - Miguel �ngel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
1979 - Cyclone Taylor, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1884)
1981 - Allen Ludden, TV game show host (b. 1917)
1989 - George Wells Beadle, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
1989 - Rashid Behbudov, Azerbaijani singer and actor (b. 1915)
1991 - Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
1993 - Alexis Smith, Canadian actress (b. 1921)
1994 - Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
1997 - Stanley Knowles, Canadian politician (b. 1908)
2000 - Jacob Lawrence, American painter (b. 1917)
2004 - Rosey Brown, American football player (b. 1932)
2006 - Drafi Deutscher, German Schlager singer (b. 1946)
2007 - Frankie Abernathy, Former The Real World: San Diego castmate (b. 1981)
Holidays and observances
Roman Empire paganism - third day of the Vestalia in honor of the goddess Vesta Catholicism
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June 10th
June 10 is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 204 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem.
1539 - Council of Trent: Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the Council due to war and the difficulty bishops had had traveling to Venice.
1619 - Thirty Years' War: Battle of Z�blat�, a turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.
1692 - Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for "certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries".
1719 - Jacobite Rising: Battle of Glen Shiel
1770 - Captain James Cook runs aground on the Great Barrier Reef.
1786 - A landslide dam on the Dadu River created by an earthquake ten days ealier collapses, killing 100,000 in the Sichuan province of China.
1793 - The Jardin des Plantes museum opens in Paris (becoming, a year later, the first public zoo).
1793 - French Revolution: Following arrests of Girondin leaders the Jacobins gain control of the Committee of Public Safety installing the revolutionary dictatorship.
1805 - First Barbary War: Yussif Karamanli signs a treaty ending hostilities with the United States.
1829 - First Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge.
1838 - Myall Creek Massacre in Australia: 28 Aboriginal Australians are murdered.
1846 - Mexican-American War: The California Republic declares independence from Mexico.
1854 - The first class of United States Naval Academy students graduate.
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Brice's Crossroads � Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.
1871 - Sinmiyangyo: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 Marines in naval attack on Han River forts on Kanghwa Island, Korea.
1886 - Eruption of Mount Tarawera in New Zealand, killing 153 people and destroying the famous Pink and White Terraces.
1898 - Spanish-American War: US Marines land on the island of Cuba.
1918 - Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent Istvan sinks after being torpedoed by an Italian MAS motorboat.
1924 - Fascists kidnap and kill Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.
1925 - Inaugural service for the United Church of Canada, a union of Presbyterian, Methodist, and Congregationalist churches held in Toronto arena
1935 - Dr. Robert Smith takes his last drink, and Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, United States, by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob.
1940 - World War II: Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.
1940 - World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounces Italy's actions with "Stab in the Back" speech from the graduation ceremonies of the University of Virginia.
1940 - World War II: German forces, under General Erwin Rommel, reach the English Channel.
1940 - World War II: Canada declares war on Italy.
1940 - World War II: Norway Surrenders to German forces.
1942 - World War II: Nazis burn the Czech village of Lidice as reprisal for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich.
1944 - World War II: 642 men, women and children are killed in the Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre in France.
1944 - World War II: In Distomo, Boeotia Prefecture, Greece 218 children,women and men were massacred by German troops.
1944 - In baseball, 15-year old Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds becomes the youngest player ever in a major-league game.
1945 - Australian Imperial Forces landed in Brunei Bay to liberate Brunei.
1947 - Saab produces its first automobile.
1965 - Vietnam War: Battle of Dong Xoai begins.
1967 - Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a cease-fire.
1967 - Argentina becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1973 - John Paul Getty III, grandson of billionaire J. Paul Getty, is kidnapped in Rome, Italy.
1977 - James Earl Ray escapes from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Petros, Tennessee, but is recaptured on June 13.
1977 - Apple Computer ships its first Apple II personal computer.
1978 - Costa Rica becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1980 - The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a call to fight from their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.
1996 - Peace talks begin in Northern Ireland without Sinn F�in.
1997 - Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief Son Sen and 11 of Sen's family members before Pol Pot flees his northern stronghold.
1999 - Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milo�ević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.
2001 - Pope John Paul II canonized Lebanon's first female saint Saint Rafqa
2002 - First direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom.
2003 - The Spirit Rover is launched, beginning NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission.
Births
1213 - Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, Persian philosopher
1632 - Esprit Fl�chier, French writer and bishop (d. 1710)
1637 - Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1675)
1657 - James Cragg the Elder, British politician (d. 1721)
1688 - James Francis Edward Stuart (d. 1766)
1706 - John Dollond, English optician (d. 1761)
1710 - James Short, Scottish mathematician (d. 1768)
1753 - William Eustis, 12th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1825)
1803 - Henry Darcy, French scientist (d. 1858)
1804 - Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (d. 1884)
1825 - Sondre Norheim, Norwegian skier (d. 1897)
1819 - Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877)
1825 - Princess Hildegard of Bavaria d. 1864
1835 - Rebecca Latimer Felton, U.S. Senator (d. 1930)
1839 - Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Council President of Denmark (d. 1912)
1861 - Pierre Duhem, French physicist (d. 1916)
1862 - Mrs. Leslie Carter, American actress (d. 1937)
1863 - Louis Couperus, Dutch novelist (d. 1923)
1880 - Andr� Derain, French painter (d. 1954)
1889 - Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor (d. 1973)
1891 - Al Dubin, American lyricist (d. 1945)
1895 - Hattie McDaniel, American actress (d. 1952)
1897 - Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia (d. 1918)
1901 - Frederick Loewe, Austrian-born composer (d. 1988)
1907 - Fairfield Porter, American painter (d. 1975)
1908 - Robert Cummings, American actor (d. 1990)
1910 - Howlin' Wolf, American musician (d. 1976)
1910 - Frank Demaree, American baseball player (d. 1958)
1910 - Robert Still, English composer (d. 1971)
1911 - Ralph Kirkpatrick, American musician and musicologist (d. 1984)
1911 - Terence Rattigan, British playwright (d. 1977)
1912 - Jean Lesage, Premier of Quebec (d. 1980)
1913 - Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer
1915 - Saul Bellow, Nobel laureate (d. 2005)
1918 - Barry Morse, British-born Canadian actor (d. 2008)
1919 - Kevin O'Flanagan, Irish athlete and physician (d. 2006)
1919 - Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Palestinian Negotiator and community leader (d. 2007)
1921 - Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
1921 - Jean Robic, French cyclist (d. 1980)
1922 - Judy Garland, American musical actress (d. 1969)
1923 - Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born newspaperman (d. 1991)
1925 - Nat Hentoff, American historian, novelist, jazz critic, and columnist
1926 - Lionel Jeffries, British actor
1927 - Lin Yang-kang, Chinese politician
1927 - Ladislao Kubala, Hungarian-born footballer (d. 2002)
1928 - Maurice Sendak, American writer
1929 - Harald Juhnke, German actor and comedian (d. 2005)
1929 - Ian McCahon Sinclair, Australian politician
1929 - E. O. Wilson, American biologist
1931 - Jo�o Gilberto, Brazilian singer and guitarist
1932 - Branko Lustig, film producer
1933 - Georgi Atanasov, Bulgarian Prime Minister
1933 - F. Lee Bailey, American attorney
1935 - Vic Elford, British racing driver
1940 - Augie Auer, Meteorologist and television presenter (d. 2007)
1940 - John Stevens, British drummer (d. 1994)
1941 - J�rgen Prochnow, German actor
1941 - Mickey Jones, American musician and actor
1941 - Shirley Owens, American singer (Shirelles)
1941 - David Walker, Australian racing driver
1942 - Preston Manning, Canadian politician
1947 - Ken Singleton, American baseball player
1949 - John Sentamu, Archbishop of York
1950 - Elias Sosa, Major League Baseball pitcher
1951 - Dan Fouts, American football player
1953 - John Edwards, American politician
1956 - Georg Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1957 - Lindsay Hoyle, British politician
1957 - Hidetsugu Aneha, Japanese architect
1959 - Eliot Spitzer, American politician
1959 - Carlo Ancelotti, A.C. Milan coach
1960 - Balakrishna Nandamuri, Indian actor
1960 - Maxi Priest, American musician
1961 - Kim Deal, American musician (Pixies), (The Breeders)
1961 - Kelley Deal, American musician (The Breeders)
1962 - Gina Gershon, American actress
1962 - Koma Wong Ka-Kui, Hong Kong musician (Beyond) (d. 1993)
1962 - Vincent Perez, Swiss actor
1962 - Akie Abe, current First Lady of Japan
1962 - Brent Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player
1963 - Brad Henry, American politician (current Oklahoma governor)
1963 - Jeanne Tripplehorn, American actress
1964 - Jimmy Chamberlin, American musician (The Smashing Pumpkins)
1964 - Ben Daniels, British actor
1964 - Tony Martin, Australian comedian
1965 - Elizabeth Hurley, British actress
1966 - David Platt, English footballer
1967 - Emma Anderson, British guitarist and songwriter (Lush, Sing-Sing)
1968 - Jimmy Shea, American skeleton racer
1968 - The D.O.C., American rapper
1969 - Ronny Johnsen, Norwegian footballer
1969 - Kate Snow, American TV journalist
1970 - Mike Doughty, American singer
1971 - Bobby Jindal, Louisiana Congressman, Governor
1971 - Joel Hailey, American singer
1971 - Bruno N'Gotty, French footballer
1971 - Kyle Sandilands, Australian radio host and TV personality
1972 - Steven Fischer, American film producer and director
1972 - Radmila �ekerinska, Macedonian politician
1973 - Faith Evans, American singer
1973 - Pokey Reese, American baseball player
1973 - Flesh-N-Bone, American rapper, (Bone Thugs-N-Harmony)
1975 - Henrik Pedersen, Danish footballer
1975 - Risto Jussilainen, Finnish ski jumper
1976 - Freddy Garc�a, American baseball player
1976 - Hadi Saei Bonehkohal, Persian taekwondoka
1976 - Stefan Postma, Dutch footballer
1976 - Esther Ouwehand, Dutch politician, parliamentarian for the Party for the Animals
1977 - Takako Matsu, Japanese singer and actress
1977 - Adam Darski, Polish musician most known for being the leader of Behemoth
1978 - Shane West, American actor
1978 - Brian West, American soccer player
1979 - Konstantinos Loumpoutis, Greek footballer
1979 - Jake Tsakalidis, Georgian-Greek basketball player
1980 - Francelino Matuzalem, Brazilian footballer
1980 - Jessica Di Cicco, American actress
1981 - Burton O'Brien, Scottish footballer
1981 - Hoku, American singer and actress
1981 - Prince Hashim bin Al Hussein, of Jordan
1981 - Jonathan Bennett, actor (Mean Girls)
1982 - Princess Madeleine of Sweden
1982 - Tara Lipinski, American figure skater
1983 - Leelee Sobieski, American actress
1985 - Kristina Lundberg, Swedish ice hockey player
1985 - Vasilis Torosidis, Greek footballer
1987 - Amobi Okoye, Nigeria-born American football player
1987 - Martin Harnik, Austrian footballer
1987 - Kelly Vitz, American actress
Deaths
323 BC - Alexander the Great (b. 356 BC)
1075 - Ernest of Austria (b. 1027)
1190 - Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor (drowned) (b. 1122)
1424 - Duke Ernest of Austria (b. 1377)
1552 - Alexander Barclay, English poet
1556 - Martin Agricola, German composer (b. 1486)
1580 - Lu�s de Cam�es, Portuguese poet
1607 - John Popham, English politician
1654 - Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor (b. 1598)
1680 - Johan G�ransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (b. 1635)
1735 - Thomas Hearne, English antiquarian (b. 1678)
1776 - Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (b. 1722)
1791 - Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (b. 1720)
1831 - Hans Karl von Diebitsch, Russian field marshal (b. 1785)
1836 - Andr�-Marie Amp�re, French physicist (b. 1775)
1849 - Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Marshal of France and duke of Isly (b. 1784)
1896 - Amelia Dyer, English murderer (b. 1829)
1899 - Ernest Chausson, French composer (b. 1855)
1901 - Robert Williams Buchanan, British dramatist (b. 1841)
1902 - Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (b. 1845)
1909 - Edward Everett Hale, American author (b. 1822)
1912 - Anton A�kerc, Slovenian poet (b. 1856)
1918 - Arrigo Boito, Italian composer (b. 1842)
1923 - Pierre Loti, French sailor (b. 1850)
1926 - Antoni Gaud�, Spanish, Catalan architect (b. 1852)
1930 - Adolf Harnack, German theologian (b. 1851)
1934 - Frederick Delius, English composer (b. 1862)
1937 - Robert Borden, eighth Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1854)
1940 - Marcus Garvey, American civil rights activist (b. 1887)
1944 - Willem Jacob van Stockum, Dutch physicist (b. 1910)
1946 - Jack Johnson, American boxer (b. 1878)
1947 - Alexander Bethune, Canadian politician (b. 1852)
1949 - Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel laureate (b. 1882)
1958 - Angelina Weld Grimke, American journalist (b. 1880)
1959 - Zolt�n Mesk�, Hungarian Nazi (b. 1883)
1967 - Spencer Tracy, American actor (b. 1900)
1971 - Michael Rennie, English actor (b. 1909)
1973 - William Inge, American playwright (b. 1913)
1973 - Erich von Manstein, German military commander (b. 1887)
1974 - Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1900)
1976 - Adolph Zukor, Hungarian-born producer (b. 1873)
1982 - Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German author (b. 1945)
1982 - Addie "Micki" Harris, American singer (Shirelles) (b. 1940)
1986 - Merle Miller, American biographer (b. 1919)
1987 - Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (b. 1943)
1988 - Louis L'Amour, American author (b. 1908)
1991 - Vercors, French writer (b. 1902)
1992 - U.S. Army Sgt. Zak Hern�ndez (b. 1973)
1993 - Les Dawson, English Comedian (b. 1934)
1996 - George Hees, Canadian politician (b. 1910)
1996 - Jo Van Fleet, American actress (b. 1914)
1998 - Hammond Innes, English author (b. 1914)
1998 - Jim Hearn, American baseball player (b. 1921)
2000 - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (b. 1930)
2000 - Brian Statham, English cricketer (b. 1930)
2001 - Princess Leila of Iran (b. 1970)
2001 - Mike Mentzer, American bodybuilder (b. 1951)
2002 - John Gotti, American gangster (b. 1940)
2003 - Donald Regan, Chief of Staff and U.S. Treasury Secretary (b. 1918)
2003 - Bernard Williams, English philosopher (b. 1929)
2003 - Dr Phil Williams, Welsh politician and scientist (b. 1939)
2004 - Ray Charles, American musician (b. 1930)
2005 - Curtis Pitts, American aircraft designer (b. 1915)
2007 - Augie Auer, Meteorologist and television presenter (b. 1940)
Holidays and observances
Roman Empire � fourth day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta
Portugal Day � National day of Portugal, Cam�es and the Portuguese Communities
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June 11th
June 11 is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 203 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy was sacked and burned, according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
631 - Emperor Taizong of Tang, the Emperor of China, sent envoys to the Xueyantuo bearing gold and silk in order to persuade the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners who were captured during the transition from Sui to Tang from the northern frontier; this embassy succeeded in freeing 80,000 Chinese men and women who were then returned to China.
758 - Abbasid Arabs and Uyghur Turks arrive simultaneously at Chang'an, the Tang Chinese capital, in order to offer tribute to the imperial court. The Arabs and Turks bicker and fight over diplomatic prominence at the gate, in order to present tribute before the other. A settlement was reached when both were allowed to enter at the same time, but through two different gates to the palace.
1429 - Hundred Years' War: The start of the Battle of Jargeau.
1509 - Marriage of King Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon.
1594 - Philip II recognized the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paved way to the creation of the Principal�a [i.e., elite ruling class of native nobility in Spanish Philippines].
1774 - Jews in Algiers escape the attacks of the Spanish army.
1776 - Continental Congress appoints Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston to a committee to draft a declaration of independence.
1788 - Russian explorer Gerasim Izmailov reaches Alaska.
1805 - A fire consumed large portions of Detroit in the Michigan Territory.
1825 - The first cornerstone is laid for Fort Hamilton in New York City.
1837 - The Broad Street Riot occurred in Boston, fueled by ethnic tensions between English-Americans and Irish-Americans.
1866 - The Allahabad High Court (then Agra High Court) is established in India.
1892 - The Limelight Department, one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in Melbourne, Australia.
1898 - Spanish-American War: U.S. war ships start to sail for Cuba.
1898 - The Hundred Days' Reform started by Guangxu Emperor in hope to change social,political and educational institutions in China,however suspended by Empress Dowager Cixi after 104 days. The failed reform though led to the abolishment of Imperial Examination in 1905.
1901 - New Zealand annexes the Cook Islands.
1907 - George Dennett, aided by Gilbert Jessop, dismisses Northamptonshire for 12 runs, the lowest total in first-class cricket.
1917 - King Alexander assumes the throne of Greece after his father Constantine I abdicated under pressure by allied armies occupying Athens.
1935 - Inventor Edwin Armstrong gives the first public demonstration of FM broadcasting in the United States, at Alpine, New Jersey.
1936 - International Surrealist Exhibition opens in London, England.
1937 - Great Purge: The Soviet Union executes eight army leaders under Joseph Stalin.
1938 - Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Wuhan starts.
1938 - Second Sino-Japanese War: The Nationalist government created the 1938 Yellow River flood to halt the Japanese forces. 500,000 to 900,000 civilians are killed.
1940 - World War II: British forces bomb Genoa and Turin in Italy.
1940 - World War II: First attack of the Italian Air force on the island of Malta.
1942 - World War II: The United States agrees to send Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
1955 - Eighty-three are killed and at least 100 are injured after an Austin-Healey and a Mercedes-Benz collide at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
1962 - Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin become the only prisoners to successfully escape from the prison on Alcatraz Island.
1963 - American Civil Rights Movement: Alabama Governor George Wallace stands at the door of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama in an attempt to block two black students from attending that school.
1963 - Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc burns himself with gasoline in a busy Saigon intersection to protest the lack of religious freedom in South Vietnam.
1964 - World War II veteran Walter Seifert runs amok in an elementary school in Cologne, Germany, killing at least eight children and two teachers and seriously injuring several more with a home-made flamethrower and a lance.
1967 - Mexico becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1970 - After being appointed on May 15, Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington officially receive their ranks as U.S. Army Generals, becoming the first females to do so.
1972 - Eltham Well Hall rail crash, caused by an intoxicated train driver, kills six people and injures 126
1978 - Altaf Hussain founded students' political movement All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation a.k.a (APMSO) in Karachi University
1981 - Richer Scale 6.9 magnitude Golbaf earthquake at Iran, killing at least 2,000.
1998 - Compaq Computer pays $9 billion for Digital Equipment Corporation in largest high-tech acquisition.
2001 - Timothy McVeigh is executed for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.
2002 - Antonio Meucci is acknowledged as the first inventor of the telephone by the United States Congress.
2004 - Cassini-Huygens makes its closest flyby of Phoebe.
2004 - Ronald Reagan's funeral held at Washington National Cathedral.
Births
1403 - John IV, Duke of Brabant (d. 1427)
1456 - Anne Neville, wife of Richard III of England (d. 1485)
1540 - Barnabe Googe, English poet (d. 1594)
1572 - Ben Jonson, English dramatist (d. 1637)
1588 - George Wither, English writer (d. 1667)
1672 - Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (d. 1749)
1696 - Francis Edward James Keith, Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal (d. 1758)
1704 - Carlos Seixas, Portuguese composer (d. 1742)
1713 - Edward Capell, English critic (d. 1781)
1723 - Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (d. 1788)
1741 - Joseph Warren, American doctor and soldier (d. 1775)
1776 - John Constable, English painter (d. 1837)
1815 - Julia Margaret Cameron, English photographer (d. 1879)
1842 - Carl von Linde, German engineer and industrialist (d. 1934)
1846 - William Louis Marshall, American general and engineer (d. 1920)
1847 - Millicent Fawcett, British suffragist and feminist (d. 1929)
1864 - Richard Strauss, German composer and conductor (d. 1949)
1867 - Charles Fabry, French physicist (d. 1945)
1876 - Alfred L. Kroeber, American anthropologist (d. 1960)
1877 - Renee Vivien, English-born poet (d. 1909)
1879 - Roger Bresnahan, baseball player (d. 1944)
1879 - Max Schreck, German actor (d. 1936)
1880 - Jeannette Rankin, American politician, feminist, and pacifist (d. 1973)
1888 - Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian anarchist (d. 1927)
1894 - Dai Vernon (David Frederick Wingfield Verner), Canadian magician, The Professor (d. 1992)
1895 - Nikolai Bulganin, Soviet politician (d. 1975)
1903 - Ernie Nevers, American football player (d. 1976)
1910 - Jacques-Yves Cousteau, French explorer and inventor (d. 1997)
1910 - Carmine Coppola, American composer, director and songwriter (d. 1991)
1913 - Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
1913 - Ris� Stevens, American operatic soprano
1914 - Gerald Mohr, American actor (d. 1968)
1915 - Nicholas Metropolis, Greek-American mathematician, physicist and computer scientist (d. 1999)
1919 - Richard Todd, British actor
1920 - Hazel Scott, West Indian-born singer (d. 1981)
1920 - Irving Howe, American literary and social critic (d. 1993)
1922 - John Bromfield, American actor (d. 2005)
1922 - Michael Cacoyannis, Greek Cypriot film maker
1924 - Ed Farhat, American professional wrestler (d. 2003)
1925 - William Styron, American author (d. 2006)
1926 - Carlisle Floyd, American composer
1928 - Fabiola de Mora y Arag�n, Queen of the Belgians
1930 - Charles B. Rangel, American politician
1931 - Audrey Schuh, American soprano
1932 - Athol Fugard, South African playwright
1933 - Gene Wilder, American actor
1934 - Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark
1936 - Jud Strunk, American musician and comedian (d. 1981)
1936 - Chad Everett, American actor
1937 - Robin Warren, Australian pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
1937 - Johnny Brown, American comic
1939 - Sir Jackie Stewart, Scottish race car driver, three-time F1 world champion and former F1 team principal
1939 - Bernard Purdie, American session drummer
1939 - Christina Crawford, American actress and writer
1940 - Joey Dee, American musician (Joey Dee and the Starliters)
1945 - Adrienne Barbeau, American actress
1947 - Laloo Prasad Yadav, Indian politician
1947 - Henry Cisneros, American politician, former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1947 - Richard Palmer-James, British lyricist and guitarist (King Crimson and Supertramp)
1947 - Bob Evans, British racing driver
1948 - Dave Cash, Major league baseball player
1949 - Frank Beard, American drummer (ZZ Top)
1949 - Tom Pryce, British racing driver (d. 1977)
1949 - Benjamin Vasserman, Estonian graphic artist
1950 - Lynsey De Paul, British singer and songwriter
1950 - Graham Russell, British guitarist and vocalist (Air Supply)
1951 - Yasumasa Morimura, Japanese appropriation artist
1951 - Mark D. Siljander, former Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan
1952 - Donnie Van Zant, American rock musician
1953 - Peter Bergman, American actor
1955 - Yuriy Sedykh, Soviet hammer thrower
1956 - Joe Montana. American football player
1957 - Jamaaladeen Tacuma, American musician
1959 - Hugh Laurie, English actor and comedian
1961 - Caroline Quentin, English actress
1961 - Mar�a Barranco, Spanish actress
1962 - Erika Salum�e, Estonian cyclist, Olympian
1963 - Bruce Kimball, American diver
1963 - Sandra Schmirler, Canadian curler (d. 2000)
1964 - Jean Alesi, French Formula One driver
1965 - Manuel Uribe, One of the world's heaviest people
1965 - Joey Santiago, Filipino guitarist (Pixies)
1968 - Prince Alois of Liechtenstein, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein
1969 - Peter Dinklage, American actor
1969 - Steven Drozd, American drummer
1969 - Bryan Fogarty, professional ice hockey player (d. 2002)
1969 - Matt McGrath, American actor
1970 - Chris Rice, singer/songwriter
1973 - Jos� Manuel Abundis, Mexican football (soccer) forward
1974 - David Starie, British boxer
1975 - Choi Ji Woo, South Korean actress and model
1975 - Thomas Bimis, Greek diver
1976 - Tai Anderson, American musician (bass player for Third Day)
1977 - Geoff Ogilvy, Australian golfer
1977 - Ryan Dunn, American actor
1978 - Joshua Jackson, Canadian actor
1978 - Ujjwala Raut, Indian supermodel
1979 - Amy Taylor, Australian football (soccer) player, television presenter and model
1980 - Yhency Brazoban, Dominican born baseball player
1981 - Emiliano Moretti, Italian footballer
1982 - Eldar R�nning, Norwegian cross-country skier
1982 - Johnny Candido, American professional wrestler
1982 - Joey Graham, American basketball player
1982 - Steven Graham, American basketball player
1982 - Diana Taurasi, American basketball player
1983 - Jos� Reyes, American baseball player
1983 - Chuck Hayes, American basketball player
1984 - Vagner Love, Brazilian footballer
1985 - Anja Rubik, Polish supermodel
1985 - Chris Trousdale, American pop singer and dancer
1986 - Shia LaBeouf, American actor
1987 - TiA, Japanese R&B singer
1988 - Yui Aragaki, Japanese actress and model
1994 - Ivana Baquero, Spanish actress
Deaths
1183 - Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (b. 1155)
1216 - Henry of Flanders, Emperor of the Latin Empire
1488 - King James III of Scotland
1557 - King John III of Portugal (b. 1502)
1695 - Andr� F�libien, French architect (b. 1619)
1712 - Louis Joseph, duc de Vend�me, Marshal of France (b. 1654)
1727 - King George I of Great Britain (b. 1660)
1796 - Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician (b. 1720)
1847 - John Franklin, English sea captain and explorer (b. 1786)
1852 - Karl Briullov, Russian painter (b. 1799)
1858 - Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Austrian statesman (b. 1773)
1879 - Prince Willem of the Netherlands, disgraced heir apparent to the Dutch throne (b. 1840)
1882 - Louis Maigret, Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1804)
1903 - Nikolai Bugaev, Russian mathematician (b. 1837)
1903 - Alexander Obrenovich, King of Serbia (b. 1876)
1911 - James Curtis Hepburn, American missionary and linguist (b. 1815)
1914 - Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1848)
1924 - Th�odore Dubois, French composer and teacher (b. 1837)
1927 - William Attewell, English cricketer (b. 1861)
1934 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (b. 1896)
1936 - Robert E. Howard, American author (b. 1906)
1937 - R. J. (Reginald Joseph) Mitchell, British aircraft designer (b. 1895)
1941 - Daniel Carter Beard, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1850)
1963 - Th�ch Quảng Đức, Vietnamese monk, self-immolation (b. 1897)
1965 - Jos� Mendes Cabe�adas, 95th Prime Minister of Portugal and 9th President of Portugal (b. 1883)
1970 - Earl Grant, American musician and singer (b. 1931)
1970 - Frank Laubach, Christian missionary (b. 1884)
1970 - William 'Billy Batts' Devino, American crime figure (b. 1921)
1974 - Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (b. 1898)
1974 - Eurico Gaspar Dutra, President of Brazil (b. 1883)
1976 - Jim Konstanty, American baseball player (b. 1917)
1979 - John Wayne, American actor (b. 1907)
1984 - Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (b. 1922)
1985 - Karen Ann Quinlan, American right-to-die cause c�l�bre (b. 1954)
1985 - Sapfo Notara, Greek actress (b. 1907)
1986 - Chesley Bonestell, American-born engineer, architect, and artist (b. 1888)
1991 - Cromwell Everson, South African composer (b. 1925)
1993 - Ray Sharkey, American actor (b. 1952)
1996 - Brigitte Helm, German actress (b. 1908)
1998 - Catherine Cookson, British novelist (b. 1906)
1999 - DeForest Kelley, American actor (b. 1920)
2001 - Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (by execution; b. 1968)
2001 - Amalia Mendoza, Mexican singer (b. 1923)
2003 - David Brinkley, American television reporter (b. 1920)
2004 - Egon von Furstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (b. 1946)
2004 - Xenophon Zolotas, Greek politician (b. 1904)
2005 - Vasco Gon�alves, Portuguese general (b. 1922)
2006 - Bruce Shand, father of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (b. 1917)
2006 - Michael Bartosh, computer expert and author (b. 1977)
2006 - Neroli Fairhall, New Zealand archer (b. 1944)
2007 - Imre Friedmann, American scientist (b. 1921)
2007 - Mala Powers, American film actress (b. 1931)
Holidays and Observances
Kamehameha Day, official state holiday of Hawaii, United States, in honor of its first monarch, celebrated with floral parades, hula competition, and festivals
Davis Day, in remembrance of William Davis, observed in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada
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June 12
June 12 is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 202 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
1381 - Peasants' Revolt: In England rebels arrive at Blackheath.
1418 - An insurrection delivers Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 - Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 - Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 - First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of the Gabbard � lasted until June 13.
1665 - England installs a municipal government in New York City. This was the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam.
1758 - French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg � James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commences.
1775 - American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts. The British offered a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1830 - Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 - The State Bank of the Russian Empire established.
1864 - American Civil War Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor - Ulysses S. Grant gives the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulls his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
1889 - 88 are killed in the Armagh rail disaster near Armagh in what is now Northern Ireland.
1896 - J.T. Hearne sets a cricket record for the earliest date of taking 100 first-class wickets.
1898 - Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
1899 - New Richmond Tornado: 8th deadliest tornado in U.S. history - killing 117 and injuring around 200 people.
1902 - Australia: Women in the four Australian States without female suffrage achieved the right to vote in Commonwealth elections under Section 3 of the Commonwealth Franchise Act for a Uniform Federal Franchise. Specifically excluded from enrolling to vote were 'aboriginal native[s] of Australia Africa Asia or the Islands of the Pacific except New Zealand' unless covered under Section 41 of the Constitution of Australia.
1903 - Sigma Alpha Iota International Music Fraternity is founded at the University of Michigan School of Music.
1922 - In Windsor Castle, King George V receives the colours of the six Irish regiments that are to be disbanded - the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
1931 - Charlie Parker equals cricket record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets. Tich Freeman reaches 100 wickets a day later.
1935 - Chaco War ends: A truce is called between Bolivia and Paraguay, fighting since 1932.
1939 - Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1940 - World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrender to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 - Holocaust: Future essayist Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 - Holocaust: German Nazis liquidate Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 Jews were led to the city's old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1963 - Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is murdered in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 - Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 - The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declares all U.S. state laws which prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 - Venera program: Venera 4 is launched (it will become the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data).
1978 - David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam" killer in New York City, is sentenced to 365 years in prison for six killings.
1979 - Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 - The Central African Republic's former Emperor Jean-B�del Bokassa is sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 - Cold War: U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall at Brandenburg Gate.
1988 - The Republic of Ireland beat England 1-0 at Euro88 thanks to a Ray Houghton headed goal. This was Ireland's first competitive match at a major football tournament.
1990 - Russia Day � The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.
1991 - Russians elect Boris Yeltsin as the president of their republic.
1991 - Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls win their first NBA Championship
1993 - Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola elected President of Nigeria in record turnout for Nigerian elections.
1994 - Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are murdered outside her home in Los Angeles, California. O.J. Simpson is later acquitted of the killings, but is held liable in a civil suit.
1996 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocks a law against indecency on the internet.
1998 - The Philippines celebrates its centennial year of Independence from Spain.
1999 - Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins � NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force KFor enters the province of Kosovo in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
2000 - Sandro Rosa do Nascimento takes hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the highly-publicized standoff becomes a media circus and ends with the death of do Nascimento and a hostage.
2004 - A 1.3 kg chondrite type meteorite strikes a house in Ellerslie, New Zealand causing serious damage but no injuries
Births
1107 - Emperor Gaozong of China (d. 1187)
1519 - Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
1577 - Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (d. 1643)
1659 - Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Japanese samurai (d. 1719)
1775 - Karl Freiherr von M�ffling, Prussian field marshal (d. 1851)
1777 - Robert Clark, American politician (d. 1837)
1802 - Harriet Martineau, controversial journalist, political economist, abolitionist and life-long feminist (d. 1876)
1806 - John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge) (d. 1869)
1812 - Edmond H�bert, French geologist (d. 1890)
1819 - Charles Kingsley, English writer (d. 1875)
1827 - Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (d. 1901)
1861 - William Attewell, English cricketer (d. 1927)
1875 - Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (d. 1953)
1888 - Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician (d. 1920)
1890 - Egon Schiele, Austrian painter and graphic artist (d. 1918)
1892 - Djuna Barnes, American author (d. 1982)
1897 - Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
1899 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1986)
1902 - Hendrik Elias, Flemish politician (d. 1973)
1903 - Emmett Hardy, American musician (d. 1925)
1905 - Ray Barbuti, American athlete (d. 1988)
1906 - Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977)
1908 - Alphonse Ouimet, Canadian TV pioneer and president of the CBC (d. 1988)
1908 - Marina Semenova, Russian ballerina
1908 - Otto Skorzeny, Famous WWII German SS commando (d. 1975)
1910 - Bill Naughton, English playwright (d. 1992)
1912 - Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani scholar, writer, and Urdu linguist
1913 - Jean Victor Allard, Canadian army general (d. 1996)
1915 - Christopher Mayhew, British politician (d. 1997)
1915 - David Rockefeller, American banker
1916 - Irwin Allen, American film producer (d. 1991)
1918 - Samuel Z. Arkoff, American film producer (d. 2001)
1919 - Uta Hagen, American actress (d. 2004)
1920 - Dave Berg, American cartoonist (d. 2002)
1920 - Peter Jones, English actor (d. 2000)
1920 - Jim Siedow, American actor (d. 2003)
1921 - Christopher Derrick, British writer (d. 2007)
1921 - James Houston, Canadian artist (d. 2005)
1923 - Monty Westmore, American make-up artist (d. 2007)
1924 - George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States
1926 - Jackie Pallo, English professional wrestler (d. 2006)
1928 - Vic Damone, American singer
1928 - Richard M. Sherman, American songwriter
1929 - Brigid Brophy, British writer
1929 - Anne Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim (d. 1945)
1930 - Donald Byrne, American chess player (d. 1976)
1930 - Jim Nabors, American actor
1932 - Rona Jaffe, American novelist
1932 - Mamo Wolde, Ethiopian athlete (d. 2002)
1933 - Eddie Adams, American photographer, won Pulitzer Prize (d. 2004)
1934 - John A. Alonzo, American cinematographer (d. 2001)
1937 - Vladimir Arnold, Russian mathematician
1937 - Antal Festetics, Austrian biologist
1938 - Tom Oliver, Australian actor
1939 - Frank McCloskey, American politician (d. 2003)
1941 - Marv Albert, American sportscaster
1941 - Chick Corea, American musician
1941 - Roy Harper, English musician
1942 - Bert Sakmann, German physiologist, Nobel laureate
1942 - Len Barry, American singer and musician (The Dovells)
1945 - Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer
1946 - Harry Glasper, English writer
1946 - Michel Bergeron, NHL head coach
1948 - Hans Binder, Austrian racing driver
1949 - Marc Tardif, Canadian ice hockey player
1949 - John Wetton, English musician (Asia)
1951 - Andranik Margaryan, 14th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. 2007)
1951 - Bun E. Carlos, American musician (Cheap Trick)
1951 - Brad Delp, American singer (Boston) (d. 2007)
1952 - Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders) (d. 1983)
1952 - Spencer Abraham, Secretary of Energy under George W. Bush
1953 - Allan Weiner, American radio station owner
1956 - Terry Alderman, Australian cricketer
1956 - Rob Collins, English musician (The Charlatans) (d. 1996)
1957 - Timothy Busfield, American actor
1957 - Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer and coach
1958 - Rebecca Holden, American actress and singer
1959 - John Linnell, American musician (They Might Be Giants)
1959 - Scott Thompson, Canadian comedian (Kids in the Hall)
1959 - Jervis Johnson, Games Designer for Games Workshop, Nottingham
1961 - Jim Goad, American author
1962 - Paul Clark, English musician (The Bolshoi)
1963 - Warwick Capper, Australian rules footballer
1963 - Jerry Lynn, American professional wrestler
1963 - Johnny Weiss, American professional wrestler
1964 - Paula Marshall, American actress
1965 - Filip Topol, Czech musician and writer
1965 - Vicky Vette, Norwegian-born adult film actress
1967 - Frances O'Connor, Australian actress
1968 - Scott Aldred, American baseball player
1968 - Bobby Sheehan, American musician (Blues Traveler) (d. 1999)
1969 - Zsolt Daczi, Hungarian guitarist (Omen, Bikini) (d. 2007)
1969 - Mathieu Schneider, American ice hockey player
1971 - Mark Henry, American professional wrestler
1971 - Ryan Klesko, American baseball player
1972 - Bounty Killer, Jamaican deejay
1973 - Takis Fyssas, Greek footballer
1973 - Darryl White, Australian rules footballer
1974 - Hideki Matsui, Japanese baseball player
1974 - Jason Mewes, American actor
1974 - Kerry Kittles, American basketball player
1976 - Thomas S�rensen, Danish footballer
1976 - Antawn Jamison, American basketball player
1977 - Kenny Wayne Shepherd, American blues-rock guitarist
1977 - Wade Redden, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 - Dallas Clark, American football player
1979 - Wil Horneff, American actor
1980 - Larry Foote, American football player
1980 - Marco Bortolami, Italian rugby union player
1981 - Adriana Lima, Brazilian supermodel
1982 - Ben Blackwell, American musician
1982 - Jason David, American football player
1983 - Josh Dies, American author and musician (Showbread)
1983 - Bryan Habana, South African rugby player
1983 - Christine Sinclair, Canadian soccer player
1985 - Blake Ross, American software developer
1985 - Tasha-Ray Evin, Canadian musician (Lillix)
1985 - Kendra Wilkinson, American Playboy bunny/Playmate
1985 - Chris Young, American musician
1997 - William Cuddy, Canadian Actor
Deaths
918 - Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians
1020 - Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
1418 - Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
1435 - John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1408)
1560 - Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyo (b. 1519)
1560 - Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b. 1506)
1565 - Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512)
1567 - Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1490)
1647 - Thomas Farnaby, English grammarian
1675 - Duke Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy (b. 1634)
1734 - James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French military commander (b. 1670)
1758 - Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (b. 1722)
1772 - Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, French explorer (b. 1724)
1778 - Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1716)
1816 - Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione (b. 1757)
1818 - Egwale Seyon, Emperor of Ethiopia
1904 - Camille de Renesse, Belgian Count (b. 1836)
1912 - Fr�d�ric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)
1917 - Teresa Carre�o, Venezuelan pianist (b. 1853)
1937 - Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1893)
1957 - Jimmy Dorsey, American musician (b. 1904)
1962 - John Ireland, English composer (b. 1879)
1963 - Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist (b. 1925)
1966 - Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (b. 1891)
1969 - Alexander Deyneka, Ukrainian painter (b. 1899)
1978 - Guo Moruo, Chinese writer (b. 1892)
1980 - Milburn Stone, American actor (b. 1904)
1980 - Billy Butlin, Founder of the brand of holiday venues known as Butlins (b. 1899)
1980 - Masayoshi Ohira, Prime minister of Japan (b. 1910)
1982 - Karl von Frisch, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1886)
1982 - Sgt Ian McKay VC, British soldier (Falklands War) (b. 1953)
1983 - Norma Shearer, Canadian actress (b. 1902)
1989 - Lou Monte, American singer (b. 1917)
1994 - Ronald Goldman, American actor and model (b. 1969)
1994 - Nicole Brown Simpson, American ex-wife of O.J. Simpson (b. 1959)
1994 - Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Lubavitcher Rebbe (b. 1902)
1994 - Christopher Collins, American actor and comedian (b. 1949)
1995 - Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (b. 1920)
1997 - Bulat Okudzhava, Russian writer and musician (b. 1924)
2000 - P.L.Deshpande, Marathi writer (b. 1919)
2002 - Bill Blass, American fashion designer (b. 1922)
2003 - Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
2005 - Scott Young, Canadian sports novelist and educationist (b. 1918)
2006 - Gy�rgy Ligeti, Hungarian composer (b. 1923)
2006 - Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian businessman and art collector (b. 1923)
2007 - Don Herbert aka "Mr. Wizard", American television host (b. 1917)
Holidays and observances
Roman Empire � sixth day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta
Philippines � Araw ng Kalayaan (Independence Day) 1898
Russian Federation � Russia Day (Independence Day) 1990
United Kingdom � Trooping the Colour (Military celebration of the monarch's official birthday held in London on the second Saturday of June)
Brazil � Dia dos Namorados (Lover's Day; similar to St. Valentine's)
United States � Loving Day celebrates the legalization of interracial marriage
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| i don't know |
What is the name of the only lake in the Lake District? | Why is Bassenthwaite Lake considered the only one in the lake district that is technically a lake? - Quora
Quora
Why is Bassenthwaite Lake considered the only one in the lake district that is technically a lake?
(i.e. Cumbria, United Kingdom)
Why is Lake Bassenthwaite considered the only one in the lake district (i.e. Cumbria, United Kingdom) that is "technically a lake"? We have just come back from a holiday in the area and came across this statement which has left us confused. I get that it is the only one in the area that has "Lake" in it's name, but I haven't found any definition of lake that would not equally apply to all the bodies of water in the region (e.g. Windermere, Derwentwater, Buttermere etc).
Updated Aug 23
The obvious reply to a question like that is "look it up on Wikipedia". However, in this case that appears to be the source of the problem - the wikipedia page stated that Bassenthwaite Lake " is the only body of water in the Lake District to be technically defined as a "lake" and to use the word "lake" in its name, all the others being "waters" (for example, Derwent Water ), "meres" (for example, Windermere ) or " tarns " (for example, Dock Tarn )." The latter part of the sentence, that the other lakes don't have lake in their name, is a well-known piece of Lake District trivia but is not generally regard as anything other than an etymological curiosity. The former part, that it is the only one which is technically a lake, is bizarre and the page does not give any explanation of what is meant here by "technically defined as a lake". There is certainly no geographical, geological or legislative logic to it. I strongly suspect the final answer is don't believe everything you read on wikipedia - and I will edit the page.
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The The Lake District , also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is an English national park of unique cultural significance. As the first British centre of scenery-tourism, and as the home of the Lake Poets , it played a large part in forming the modern English-speaking world's relationship with Nature.
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Here is beauty indeed – Beauty lying in the lap of Horrour!
Charles Avison , the composer, quoted in William Gilpin Observations, Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty (London: R. Blamire, 1786) vol. 1, p. 183.
Of Derwentwater and its surrounding fells .
Here is Skiddaw and then, between thickets and parks, the delightful Lake Windermere , which I drew on an evening so sweet and peaceful that I felt uneasy with happiness; the sunset was combing the curly wavelets with a golden comb, and here the pilgrim sat by the quiet reeds and had no desire to go home again, so dazing and peaceful was the water.
Karel Čapek , trans. Paul Selver, Letters from England (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1925) pp. 150-1.
Know, too, that when a pilgrim strays,
In morning mist or evening maze,
Along the mountain lone,
Of the Valley of Saint John .
Walter Scott The Bridal of Triermain (1813), Canto 3, Conclusion, st. 1.
They found God to be a God both of the hills and valleys, and nowhere more present than in the mountains of Cumberland.
I rode over to Lorton , a little village at the foot of a high mountain. Many came from a considerable distance, and I believe did not repent of their labour; for they found God to be a God both of the hills and valleys, and no where more present than in the mountains of Cumberland .
John Wesley , journal entry for May 15 , 1759 ; in The Works of the Reverend John Wesley, A.M. (New York: T. Mason and G. Lane, 1840) vol. 4, p. 23.
It was customary, I am told, to dash by [the Lakes] with an exclamation or two of "Oh, how fine!" &c. – or as a gentleman said to Robin Partridge the day after we were upon Windermere, "Good God! how delightful! – how charming! – I could live here for ever! – Row on, row on, row on, row on;" and, after passing one hour of exclamations upon the Lake, and half an hour at Ambleside , he ordered his horses into his phaeton , and flew off to take (I doubt not) an equally flying view of Derwentwater.
Joseph Budworth, Preface to A Fortnight's Ramble to the Lakes (London: J. Nichols, 1795).
Nor were these hills high and formidable only, but they had a kind of an unhospitable terror in them.
Nor were these hills high and formidable only, but they had a kind of an unhospitable terror in them. Here were no rich pleasant valleys between them, as among the Alps; no lead mines and veins of rich oar, as in the Peak ; no coal pits, as in the hills about Hallifax , much less gold, as in the Andes, but all barren and wild, of no use or advantage either to man or beast…Here we entred Westmoreland , a country eminent only for being the wildest, most barren and frightful of any that I have passed over in England, or even in Wales it self.
Daniel Defoe A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-27), Letter 10.
Right before me is a great camp of single mountains – each in shape resembles a Giant's Tent; and to the left, but closer to it far than the Bassenthwaite Water to my right, is the lake of Keswick , with its islands and white sails, and glossy lights of evening – crowned with green meadows. But the three remaining sides are encircled by the most fantastic mountains, that ever earthquakes made in sport; as fantastic, as if Nature had laughed herself into the convulsion, in which they were made.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge , letter to Samuel Purkis, July 29 , 1800 ; Earl Leslie Griggs (ed.) Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956-1971) vol. 1, pp. 614-15.
Skiddaw shews its vast base, and bounding all that part of the vale, rises gently to a height that sinks the neighboring hills; opens a pleasing front, smooth and verdant, smiling over the country like a gentle generous lord, while the fells of Borrowdale frown on it like a hardened tyrant.
Thomas Pennant A Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides (London: Benjamin White, [1774-6] 1790) p. 46.
The full perfection of Keswick consists of three circumstances, beauty, horror, and immensity united…But to give you a complete idea of these three perfections, as they are joined in Keswick, would require the united powers of Claude , Salvator , and Poussin . The first should throw his delicate sunshine over the cultivated vales, the scattered cots, the groves, the lake, and wooded islands. The second should dash out the horror of the rugged cliffs, the steeps, the hanging woods, and foaming waterfalls; while the grand pencil of Poussin should crown the whole with the majesty of the impending mountains.
John Brown A Description of the Lake at Keswick (and the Adjacent Country) in Cumberland (1767); cited from Thomas West A Guide to the Lakes (Kendal: W. Pennington, 1821) pp. 194-5.
A glorious region, of which I had only seen the similitude in dreams.
The Lake country is a glorious region, of which I had only seen the similitude in dreams, waking or sleeping…I longed to slip out unseen, and to run away by myself in amongst the hills and dales.
Charlotte Brontë , letter to Elizabeth Gaskell , September 27 , 1850 ; Elizabeth Gaskell, Life of Charlotte Brontë (New York: D. Appleton, 1858) vol. 2, p. 144.
The whole view is entirely of the horrid kind. Not a tree appeared to add the least chearfulness to it. With regard to the adorning of such a scene with figures, nothing could suit it better than a group of banditti. Of all the scenes I ever saw, this was the most adapted to the perpetration of some dreadful deed.
William Gilpin Observations, Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty (London: R. Blamire, 1786) vol. 1, p. 166.
Of the view southward from Dunmail Raise .
We have clambered up to the top of Skiddaw, & I have waded up the bed of Lodore. In fine I have satisfied myself, that there is such a thing as that, which tourists call romantic, which I very much suspected before.
Charles Lamb , letter to Thomas Manning, September 24 , 1802 ; Edwin W. Marrs, Jr. (ed.) The Letters of Charles and Mary Anne Lamb (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975-8) vol. 2, p. 69.
Symbols of the power, the vitality, the force of nature.
With Wordsworth , the mountains of Cumberland passed into World Literature, became, like the music of Beethoven and the paintings of Turner , symbols of the power, the vitality, the force of nature and super-nature which haunted and compelled the imagination of the nineteenth century.
Norman Nicholson The Lake District (Harmondsworth: Penguin, [1977] 1982) p. 14.
Your sport, my Lord, I cannot take,
For I must go and hunt a lake;
And while you chase the flying deer,
I must fly off to Windermere.
Instead of hallooing to a fox,
I must catch echoes from the rocks;
With curious eye and active scent,
I on the Picturesque am bent.
William Combe The Tour of Doctor Syntax in Search of the Picturesque (London: Ackermann, [1812] 1844) p. 142.
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What is the alternative name for Puck, in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’? | By what other name is Puck known in A Midsummer Night's Dream? | eNotes
By what other name is Puck known in A Midsummer Night's Dream?
litteacher8 | High School Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted on
May 15, 2013 at 6:23 AM
Puck is also known by the name Robin Goodfellow.
Puck is a sprite or Hobgoblin, a fairy from British folklore. He is a trickster and magic user, and serves Oberon, the king of the fairies.
When Puck meets the fairy, she knows immediately who he is.
Either I mistake your shape and making quite,
Or else you are that shrewd and knavish sprite
Call'd Robin Goodfellow. (Act 2, Scene 1)
Puck acknowledges that he is a prankster, and that he is Puck/Robin Goodfellow. He describes himself as “that merry wanderer of the night.” He “jests” with Oberon, and serves Titania. In his spare time he has some fun with human beings, playing pranks on them like pretending to be a stool and then pulling it out so someone falls down.
Puck’s role in the play is actually pretty important. He anoints the wrong Athenian youth, and gets the lovers all mixed up. He replaces Bottom’s head with that of a donkey, causing the craftsmen to run away. He then makes sure Titania sees him first when she wakes up, so she falls in love with a mortal wearing a donkey head. Although Oberon is annoyed at his mistakes, Puck generally does intent to follow orders, and he usually gets them right.
Sources:
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To which minor character does Hamlet refer as a ‘waterfly’? | A Midsummer Night's Dream
Iambic Pentameter and Blank Verse : What Is Iambic Pentameter? What Is Blank Verse? Origin of Blank Verse
Type of Work
A Midsummer Night's Dream is a stage comedy centering on the travails, pitfalls, and joys of love and marriage.
Dates of Composition and Publication
Shakespeare probably wrote the play between 1594 and 1596. It was published in 1600 and 1619 in quarto editions and then in 1623 as part of the First Folio , the first authorized collection of Shakespeare's plays.
Sources
Shakespeare based parts of the play on "The Knight's Tale," by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400). Chaucer's story�which is part of a longer work, The Canterbury Tales�has an entirely different plot. But the setting and two of the main characters, Theseus and Hippolyta, are the same. Other sources Shakespeare used include The Golden Ass, by Apuleius (second century AD); "Theseus", a biography in Parallel Lives, by Plutarch (46 BC?-AD 120?); and possibly King James the Fourth, a play by Robert Greene (1560?-1592). Pyramus and Thisbe, the play within the play, is based on passages in Metamorphoses (Book 4), by the Roman poet Ovid (43 BC-AD 17). The character Puck, a mischievous sprite in A Midsummer Night's Dream, appeared as Robin Goodfellow in a 1593 play, Terrors of the Night, by Thomas Nashe (1567-1601). Edmund Spenser referred to a devilish sprite called Pook in Epithalamium (1595), and Shakespeare may have adopted Pook and changed his name to Puck. Puck is also the name of a mischievous fairy in Celtic and English folklore.
Settings and Time of Action
The action takes place in Athens and nearby woods during the age of myth in ancient Greece. However, the play has the atmosphere and lighthearted mood of a land of enchantment that could be anywhere. Although the characters reside in the environs of Athens, many of them speak and act like Elizabethan Englishmen. The time of the action is June 24. In Elizabethan England, Midsummer Day�the feast of Saint John the Baptist�fell on that date. It was a time of feasting and merriment. On Midsummer Night, fairies, hobgoblins, and witches held their festival. To dream about Midsummer Night, therefore, was to dream about strange creatures and strange happenings�like those in the play.
Tone
The tone of the play is lighthearted, mischievous, and magical.
Characters
Theseus: Duke of Athens. In Greek mythology, Theseus was a hero of many accomplishments, one of which was to kill the Minotaur, a monster that was half-man and half-bull. Another was to defeat the Amazons, a race of warrior women. Afterward, he married the queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. In Shakespeare's play, he orders lavish festivities and merriment for his marriage to Hippolyta, telling her "I will wed thee . . . with pomp, with triumph and with revelling."
Hippolyta: In Greek mythology, Queen of the Amazons. In the play, she is the wife-to-be of Theseus. She was once a battlefield foe of Theseus, as the character description of Theseus points out.
Hermia: Strong-willed young woman in love with Lysander. She refuses to marry Demetrius, her father's choice for her. Her father asks Theseus to settle the dispute.
Egeus: Hermia's father.
Lysander, Demetrius: Young men in love with Hermia.
Helena: Young woman in love with Demetrius.
Philostrate: Master of Revels for Duke Theseus.
Bottom: Weaver who plays Pyramus in a play staged with his fellow Athenian tradesmen.
Peter Quince: Carpenter who plays Thisbe's father in the tradesmen's play. He also recites the prologue.
Snug: Joiner (cabinetmaker) who plays a lion in the tradesmen's play.
Francis Flute: Bellows-mender who plays Thisbe in the tradesmen's play.
Tom Snout: Tinker who plays Pyramus's father.
Robin Starveling: Tailor who plays Thisbe's mother.
Oberon: King of the fairies in the forest outside Athens.
Titania: Queen of the fairies.
Puck (also called Robin Goodfellow): Mischievous sprite who acts on behalf of Oberon. He can take the form of any creature or thing�hog, bear, horse, dog, and even fire. For more information on Puck, see Sources .
Nedar: Father of Helena. He has no speaking part in the play.
Peaseblossom, Cobweb, Moth, Mustardseed: Fairies.
Other Fairies: Attendants of Oberon and Titania.
Attendants of Theseus and Hippolyta
Plot Summary
Only four days remain until the marriage of Theseus, the duke of Athens, to Hippolyta, who served as queen of warrior women called Amazons. When Theseus bemoans how lazily the hours pass before their wedding day, Hippolyta observes:
Four days will quickly steep themselves in night;
Four nights will quickly dream away the time;
And then the moon, like to a silver bow
New-bent in heaven, shall behold the night
Of our solemnities. (1.1.9-13)
To prepare for the wedding, Theseus orders his master of revels, Philostrate, to �stir up the Athenian youth to merriments; / Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth� (1.1.15-16). After Philostrate leaves to go about his task, one of the duke�s subjects, Egeus, arrives with his daughter, Hermia, and two Athenian youths, Lysander and Demetrius. Egeus informs Theseus that he has ordered his daughter to marry Demetrius but that she has refused, vowing to marry Lysander instead. Egeus now wants Hermia to swear before the duke that she will marry Demetrius or suffer the penalty of an ancient law decreeing that a disobedient daughter shall either be put to death or banished. After hearing the full complaint, Duke Theseus reminds Hermia of her duty to obey her father, saying, �To you your father should be as a god� (1.1.51).
The duke then warns her that if she does not change her mind on this matter before the new moon, he will have no choice but to enforce the ancient law. Hermia and Lysander later decide to steal away to the woods the following night, and Hermia confides the plan to her friend Helena. Bad move. Helena is a blabbermouth who loves the man Hermia rejected, Demetrius. To gain favor with him, Helena informs him of Hermia�s plan.
Meanwhile, tradesmen in Athens rehearse for a play they plan to stage as part of the festivities celebrating the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta. The tradesmen include Bottom, a weaver; Snout; a tinker; Snug, a cabinetmaker; Quince, a carpenter; and Flute, a bellows-mender. Their play is to be called The most lamentable comedy, and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisby. (Thisby should be Thisbe. But the tradesmen, no scholars, misspell the word.) Although the men know nothing of play-making, they fancy themselves great wits and great actors. When Bottom learns that he will play Pyramus, a young man who kills himself after mistakenly thinking his beloved Thisbe is dead, Bottom predicts he will be a hit who will win the audience�s sympathy: �That will ask some tears in the true performing of it: if I do it, let the audience look to their eyes; I will move storms. . .� (1.2.14).
To avoid the scrutiny of curious eyes, the actors decide to rehearse in the woods the next day. In the woods are fairies who have traveled from India to pronounce their blessing on the bed of Theseus and Hyppolyta. But all is not well with fairykind, for the queen of the fairies, Titania, will not give her husband, King Oberon, a changeling boy he wants as a page. (A changeling was a fairy child left to take the place of another child.)
Oberon and Titania argue violently over the boy, so violently that the forest elves take refuge in acorn cups. But Titania stands fast. In revenge, Oberon orders his fairy mischief-maker, Puck (also called Robin Goodfellow), to harvest a magical flower whose juice, when squeezed on the eyelids of Titania while she sleeps, will cause her to fall in love with the first creature she sees upon awakening, perhaps a monster. Puck says he will circle the earth and, within forty minutes, produce the flower. After Puck zooms off, Oberon relishes his dastardly scheme, saying:
Having once this juice,
I�ll watch Titania when she is asleep,
And drop the liquor of it in her eyes.
The next thing then she waking looks upon,
Be it on lion, bear, or wolf, or bull,
On meddling monkey, or on busy ape,
She shall pursue it with the soul of love:
And ere I take this charm from off her sight,
As I can take it with another herb,
I�ll make her render up her page [the changeling] to me. (2.1.183-192)
On the following day, Lysander and Hermia escape to the woods. Demetrius also enters the woods in hopes of encountering Hermia, ignoring the lovestruck Helena, who trails after him like a lapdog. After Puck returns with the magical flower juice, Oberon�feeling sorry for Helena�orders Puck to squeeze the juice on the eyelids of Demetrius to make him fall in love with Helena. Oberon then ventures forth and squeezes flower juice on the eyelids of Titania, who is sleeping peacefully in a bed of violets and thyme. Puck, meanwhile, mistakenly squeezes flower juice on the eyelids of Lysander while he is sleeping with Hermia at his side. Upon awakening, Lysander�s gaze falls upon Helena, who is wandering in search of Demetrius.
Lysander woos her. When she flees, he pursues her. After Hermia awakens, she wanders forth in search of Lysander.
As the tradesmen rehearse their play, they discuss having someone play the moon. And, because the play calls for Pyramus and Thisbe to talk through a chink in a wall that separates them, Bottom suggests someone also be recruited to play the wall: "Some man or other must present Wall: and let him have some plaster, or some loam, or some rough-cast about him, to signify wall; and let him hold his fingers thus [in the shape of a V], and through that cranny shall Pyramus. . . and Thisby whisper" (3.1.25). (The tradesmen think Thisbe is spelled with a y at the end instead of an e.)
When Puck happens by, he makes mischief by giving Bottom the head of an ass. Upon seeing Bottom with his new top, the other actors flee in terror. Bewildered, Bottom thinks they are trying to scare him, so he strolls about singing a song to demonstrate his fearlessness. The song awakens Titania, and the flower juice makes her fall deeply in love with Bottom, whom she escorts away. Demetrius encounters Hermia, who accuses him of murdering Lysander. When she runs away, he lies down to sleep.
Oberon, meanwhile, has discovered that Puck bewitched the eyes of the wrong man�Lysander rather than Demetrius. So he puts flower juice on the eyes of Demetrius while Puck fetches Helena. When she arrives, pursued by Lysander, Demetrius falls in love with her. As both young men compete for her attentions, she concludes that they are only ridiculing her. Hermia, attracted to the scene by the noise, then blames Helena for stealing Lysander.
The men go off to fight a duel. Helena, afraid of Hermia, flees; Hermia follows her. Oberon assigns Puck to restore order. Using magic, he causes the four young people to fall asleep near one another, then applies magical juice to Lysander�s eyes to undo the previous spell. Titania sleeps next to Bottom. Oberon, meanwhile, who has gained possession of the changeling boy, removes the enchantment from Titania�s eyes.
At daybreak, Theseus, Hippolyta, Egeus, and others enter the woods to hunt. Sounding horns, they awaken the four lovers. Egeus again demands that Hermia marry Demetrius. But Demetrius announces that he is interested only in Helena. Theseus, pleased with the outcome, sanctions the marriage of the two couples to coincide with his own marriage to Hippolyta. Theseus is amused by the activities of the lovers during their time in the forest and says:
Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends.
The lunatic, the lover and the poet.
Are of imagination all compact. (5.1.6-10)
In the evening, during the wedding celebration, the craftsmen put on their play, with Snout playing Wall and Bottom enacting his tour de force suicide scene as Pyramus.
Thus die I, thus, thus, thus. [Stabs himself.]
Now am I dead,
Moon take thy flight.
Now die, die, die, die, die. [Dies.] (5.1.277-283)
Thisbe, discovering Pyramus dead, then kills herself. Bottom gets back up and asks Theseus whether he would like to hear an epilogue or see a dance. Theseus opts for a dance, then says it is time for bed.
The iron tongue of midnight hath told twelve:
Lovers, to bed; �tis almost fairy time.
I fear we shall out-sleep the coming morn
As much as we this night have overwatch�d.
This palpable-gross play hath well beguiled
The heavy gait of night. Sweet friends, to bed.
A fortnight hold we this solemnity,
In nightly revels and new jollity. (5.1.322-329)
At midnight, the bridal couples retire to their chambers. Oberon and Titania dance and sing as they bless the blissful sleepers while Puck bids good night to the audience
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Climax and Denouement
The play reaches its climax near the end of Act 4, when Lysander and Hermia reunite and Demetrius pledges his love for Helena. The denouement (falling action or conclusion) takes place in the fifth act.
Structure
Shakespeare layers the story of the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta upon the story of other lovers pursuing one another in a forest inhabited by mischievous fairies. To these stories he adds still another: the misadventures of a group of tradesmen who rehearse and stage a play for the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta. Shakespeare skillfully arranges all the story lines into a unified whole�a kind of symphony, with a major theme, love. He even blends ancient Greek and Elizabethan societies and customs into his mix.
Format: Verse, Prose, Poetry
Introduction
Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in verse interspersed with prose passages and, occasionally, a poem or poetic passage. A Midsummer Night's Dream contains numerous poems and poetic passages, along with the traditional verse and prose passages, to make it one of Shakespeare's most poetic play.
Verse
Verse is an elegant collection of lines that follow a regular, rhythmic pattern. In Shakespeare, this pattern is usually iambic pentameter, a rhythm scheme in which each line usually has five pairs of syllables. Each pair consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Verse resembles poetry, and the word verse is often used as a synonym for poetry. However, Shakespeare's iambic-pentameter verse contains no rhyming lines, as does his poetry. (An explanation of iambic-pentameter verse appears below.)
Prose
Prose, of course, is the language of everyday conversation, letters, lectures, sermons, newspaper articles, book chapters, and encyclopedia articles. Prose has no rhyme or rhythm scheme.
In a Shakespeare play, royal, noble, and upper-class characters usually speak in verse; commoners generally speak in prose. In a prose passage in A Midsummer Night's Dream and other Shakespeare plays, the first line begins with a capital letter and each succeeding line with a lower-case letter (unless the first word of a line is a proper noun or the beginning of a new sentence). Here is a prose passage spoken by Bottom.
When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer: my next (next cue) is, �Most fair Pyramus.� Heigh-ho! Peter Quince! Flute, the bellows-mender! Snout, the tinker! Starveling! God�s my life! stolen hence, and left me asleep! I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream, past the wit of man to say what dream it was: man is but an ass, if he go about to expound this dream. Methought I was�there is no man can tell what. Methought I was,�and methought I had,�but man is but a patched fool, if he will offer to say what methought I had. The eye of man hath not heard, the ear of man hath not seen, man�s hand is not able to taste, his tongue to conceive, nor his heart to report, what my dream was. I will get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream: it shall be called "Bottom�s Dream," because it hath no bottom; and I will sing it in the latter end of a play, before the duke: peradventure, to make it the more gracious, I shall sing it at her death.
Notice that the lines in the prose passage continue to the right margin and that the lines in the verse passage, because each has only ten syllables, do not.
Poetry
In poetic passages and poems in A Midsummer Night's Dream, end rhyme occurs. So does a regular, rhythmic pattern, as in verse passages.
Here is a poetic passage in which Lysander confides to Helena that he and Hermia plan to steal away to the forest. The rhyming words are boldfaced.
Helen, to you our minds we will unfold.
To-morrow night, when Phoebe behold
Her silver visage in the wat�ry glass,
Decking with liquid pearl [moonlight] the bladed grass,�
A time that lovers� flights doth still conceal,�
Through Athens� gates have we devis�d to steal. (1.1-215-220)
And here is a poem recited by Puck as he stands alone on the stage. The rhyming words are boldfaced. Note that one of the rhyming pairs (moon and fordone) contains words with a similar�but not the same�sound. Such rhymes are called near rhymes, slant rhymes, or half-rhymes.
Now the hungry lion roars,
And the wolf behowls the moon;
Whilst the heavy ploughman snores,
All with weary task fordone.
Now the wasted brands do glow,
Whilst the screech-owl, screeching loud,
Puts the wretch that lies in woe
In remembrance of a shroud.
Now it is the time of night
That the graves, all gaping wide,
Every one lets forth his sprite,
In the church-way paths to glide:
And we fairies, that do run
By the triple Hecate�s team,
From the presence of the sun,
Following darkness like a dream,
Now are frolic; not a mouse
Shall disturb this hallow�d house:
I am sent with broom before,
To sweep the dust behind the door. (5.2.2-21)
Iambic Pentameter and Blank Verse
Under " Format: Verse, Prose, Poetry ," you read that Shakespeare wrote his plays in verse, prose, poems, and poetic passages. You also read that he used a rhythm pattern called iambic pentameter in verse passages.
What Is Iambic Pentameter?
To understand iambic pentameter, you first need to understand the term iamb (pronounced EYE am). An iamb is a unit of rhythm consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Consider the words annoy, fulfill, pretend, regard, and serene. They are all iambs because the first syllable of each word is unstressed (or unaccented) and the second syllable is stressed (or accented): an NOY, ful FILL, pre TEND, re GARD, and ser ENE. Iambs can also consist of one word with a single unstressed (unaccented) syllable followed by another word with a single stressed (accented) syllable (example: the KING). In addition, they may consist of a final unstressed syllable of one word followed by an initial stressed syllable of the next word. The following lines from A Midsummer Night's Dream demonstrate the use of iambs. The stressed syllables or words are capitalized.
How NOW, my LOVE! Why IS your CHEEK so PALE?
How CHANCE the RO ses THERE do FADE so FAST? (1.1.133-134)
When a line has five iambs, it is in iambic pentameter. In the word pentameter, the prefix pent- means five. The suffix -meter refers to the recurrence of a rhythmic unit (also called a foot). Thus, because the above lines contain iambs, they are iambic. Because they contain five iambs (or five feet) they are said to be in iambic pentameter. (A line with five iambs, or five feet, contains ten syllables, as in the quoted lines immediately above.)
What Is Blank Verse?
When the words at the end of each line of iambic pentameter do not rhyme, the lines are said to be in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Another term for unrhymed iambic pentameter is blank verse.
Occasionally, a line in blank verse may have nine syllables, or perhaps ten or eleven, instead of the usual ten. The reason is that the importance of conveying the right meaning dictates veering from standard practice. At times, a passage mainly in blank verse may contain a line with even fewer syllables. Such a deviation may occur when a character ends a passage with a transitional statement, as in the following.
I wonder if Titania [pronounced ty TAN yuh] be awak�d; (ten syllables)
Then, what it was that next came in her eye, (ten syllables)
Which she must dote on in extremity. (ten syllables)
Here comes my messenger. (3.2.3-6) (six syllables)
Note that the first three lines each have five iambs, or ten syllables, but that the last line has only three iambs, or six syllables.
A deviation from iambic pentameter may also occur when a character responds to a question with a short reply, such as yes or no.
Origin of Blank Verse
Blank verse was modeled after ancient Greek and Latin verse. It was first used in 1514 in Renaissance Italy by Francesco Maria Molza (1489-1544). In 1539, Italian Giovanni Rucellai was the first poet to label the unrhymed iambic pentameter in his poetry as blank verse (versi sciolti in Italian). Englishman Henry Howard, an earl of Surrey (1516-1547), first used blank verse in English in his translation of Vergil's epic Latin poem The Aeneid (19 BC). The first English drama in blank verse was Gorboduc, staged in 1561, by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. It was about an early British king. Later in the same century, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare turned blank verse into high art when they used it in their plays. Marlowe used the verse form in Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine, and Edward II. Shakespeare used it in all of his plays. In Germany, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) popularized blank verse in his long poem Nathan the Wise (Nathan der Weise), published in 1779.
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Themes
Love's Pitfalls
Lysander sums up the main theme of the play when he tells Hermia, "The course of true love never did run smooth" (1.1.134). Even the relationship between Theseus and Hippolyta did not begin smoothly, as Theseus observes.
Hippolyta, I woo�d thee with my sword,
And won thy love doing thee injuries;
But I will wed thee in another key,
With pomp, with triumph, and with revelling. (1.1.19-22)
In Greek mythology, Hippolyta was the queen of the Amazons, a race of warrior women in Scythia, a country that was between the Black Sea and the Aral Sea. Theseus, a king of Athens and courageous adventurer, decided one day that he would marry Hippolyta, so he traveled to her country to woo her. But after she refused his proposal, he kidnapped her, precipitating a war with the Amazons. Theseus won the war and�according to Shakespeare's interpretation of the myth�the hand of Hippolyta.
For all the other lovers in the forest outside Athens, the course of love likewise does not run smooth. Oberon and Titania argue over the changeling boy. Lysander, who deeply loves Hermia, announces that he loves Helena after Puck enchants him with the magical juice of a flower. Helena, meanwhile, chases after Demetrius, who despises her. Demetrius, also enchanted by flower juice, chases after Hermia. In the end, all these lovers make up.
In the tradesmen's play, Pyramus and Thisbe are forbidden by their familes to see one another and limited to communicating through a hole in a wall separating their dwellings. After they run off to meet in the woods, Pyramus mistakenly thinks a lion has killed Thisbe, and he draws a dagger (or sword) and kills himself. When Thisbe comes upon his body, she stabs herself with the same weapon.
Love's Elusiveness
Love is elusive. Theseus had to go to war to win Hippolyta. Lysander, Hermia, Demetrius, and Helena have to chase through woods, endure confusion, and become victims of Puck's pranks before they can rest content at the sides of their true loves. For poor Pyramus and Thisbe, togetherness eludes them forever.
The Forest as a Magical Place
In A Midsummer Night's Dream, fanciful, irrational, magical things happen in the forest. Fairies sing and dance. The mischievous sprite Puck uses enchanted flower juice to alter the reality that the lovers see. The fairy king Oberon becomes invisible to eavesdrop on a conversation between Demetrius and Helena (2.1.193-194). Puck gives the tradesman Bottom the head of an ass. And the young lovers confuse the dream world with the real world. As Demetrius says,
Are you sure
That we are awake? It seems to me
That yet we sleep, we dream. (4.1.181-183)
The experiences of Lysander, Hermia, Demetrius, Helena, Oberon, and Titania appear to represent the trials that all couples undergo from time to time in courtship and marriage. Such trials test a couple's patience and faith in one another and cause the relationship to mature�and, in some cases, to disintegrate.
Seeing Through Differerent Eyes
After Bottom appears with the head of an ass, his friends see him as a beast. When Quince first beholds him, he says,
O monstrous! O strange! we are haunted.
Pray, masters! fly, masters!�Help! (3.1.51-52)
But when the bewitched Titania sees him, she says,
Mine eye [is] enthralled to thy shape;
And thy fair virtue�s force, perforce, doth move me,
On the first view, to say, to swear, I love thee. (3.1.70-72)
These scenes mimic real life, in which one person's perception of reality frequently differs from another's.
Dreaming the Impossible Dream
The tradesmen know little of acting and stagecraft. Yet they dare to dream the impossible dream: presenting a play before Theseus, the ruler of Athens. Though they bumble through their performance, they succeed in entertaining Theseus. Lysander and Hermia also realize an impossible dream�becoming husband and wife over the objections of Hermia's father, Egeus. Helena, too, realizes an impossible dream: winning the heart of Demetrius.
Celebrating Marriage
The play celebrates marriage with dancing, singing, and a joyous embracement of love. Theseus introduces this theme when he tells his Master of Revels,
Go, Philostrate,
Stir up the Athenian youth to merriments;
Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth;
Turn melancholy forth to funerals;
The pale companion [death] is not for our pomp [celebration]. [Exit PHILOSTRATE.
Hippolyta, I woo�d thee with my sword,
And won thy love doing thee injuries;
But I will wed thee in another key [way, manner],
With pomp, with triumph, and with revelling. (1.1.14-22)
Oberon reinforces this theme when he says,
Now, until the break of day,
Through this house each fairy stray.
To the best bride-bed will we,
Which by us shall blessed be;
And the issue [children] there create
Ever shall be fortunate.
So shall all the couples three
Ever true in loving be;
And the blots of Nature�s hand
Shall not in their issue stand: (5.2.33-42)
Theseus, Hippolyta; Oberon, Titania (he tricks her); Demetrius, Helena (she chases him); Egeus, Hermia
Father Does Not Always Know Best
Egeus orders his daughter, Hermia, to marry Demetrius, a man she does not love. Hermia protests and runs away with her true love, Lysander. In the end, Theseus sanctions the marriage of Hermia and Lysander, and Demetrius vows his love for Helena. Egeus is proven wrong.
Is Demetrius Tricked Into Loving Helena?
Demetrius pursues Hermia in the first three acts. But, in Act 4, after Puck spritzes him with magic flower juice, Demetrius ceases pursuing Hermia and turns his attentions to Helena as his true love. Was he tricked into loving Helena? No. He simply matured. The magic juice helped bring him to his senses. Demetrius explains that his attraction to Hermia was a crush, an infatuation born of immaturity, and that Helena was always his true love even though he did not realize it. Note the following passage addressed to Theseus.
My good lord, I wot [know] not by what power,�
But by some power it is,�my love to Hermia,
Melted as doth the snow, seems to me now
As the remembrance of an idle gaud [passing fancy; mere trifle]
Which in my childhood I did dote upon;
And all the faith, the virtue of my heart,
The object and the pleasure of mine eye,
Is only Helena. To her, my lord,
Was I betroth�d ere [before] I saw Hermia:
But, like in sickness, did I loathe this food;
But, as in health, come to my natural taste,
Now do I wish it, love it, long for it,
And will for evermore be true to it. (4.1.151-163)
Allusions and References to Mythology
In keeping with the ancient Mediterranean setting, the characters often allude or refer directly to people, places, and gods in Greek and Roman myth and legend. Following are examples.
Acheron (3.2.379): River in the Underworld (Hades).
Aeneas (1.1.180): See Dido , below.
Apollo and Daphne (2.1.239): Apollo�god of poetry, music, medicine, and the sun�pursued the nymph Daphne, daughter of a river god. After she prayed for a way to escape Apollo, her father changed her into a laurel tree. Apollo later used the leaves of the laurel in wreaths with which victors of various contests were crowned.
Ariadne (2.1.84): Daughter of King Minos of Crete. She gave Theseus a thread that enabled him to find his way out of the labyrinth, a maze constructed to house the Minotaur, a creature with the head of a bull and the body of a man.
Cadmus (4.1.98): Son of the king of Phoenicia and founder of the Greek city of Thebes.
Cupid (1.1.175, 3.2.108)): Roman name for the Greek god of love, Eros, who shot arrows at humans to wound them with love.
Diana (1.1.94): Roman name of Artemis, goddess of the moon and the hunt.
Dido (1.1.179): Dido is not referred to by name but by the designation Carthage queen, meaning she was the queen of the North African country of Carthage. She appears in Virgil�s great epic poem, The Aeneid. Dido falls desperately in love with The Aeneid�s main character, Aeneas, after he stops in Carthage on his way from Troy to Italy. But after he abandons her, she kills herself by falling on a sword. At sea on his ship, Aeneas can see Carthage glowing with the flames of Dido�s funeral pyre.
Hercules (4.1.98): Greek demigod known for his feats of strength.
Jove (5.1.181): One of two Roman names for Zeus, the king of the Olympian gods in Greek mythology. The other Roman name is Jupiter.
Neptune (2.1.131): Roman name of Poseidon, god of the sea in Greek mythology.
Phibbus: (1.2.14): Mispronounced and misspelled reference to Phoebus, a name used for Apollo whenever he was spoken of in his role as the sun god.
Venus (1.1.177, 3.2.66): Roman name for the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. She was the mother of Cupid .
Here is an example of a passage, spoken by Hermia, referring to figures of myth and legend. They include Cupid (second line), Venus (fourth line), Dido (sixth line, referred to as the Carthage queen), and Aeneas (seventh line, referred to as a Troyan, meaning Trojan).
My good Lysander!
I swear to thee, by Cupid�s strongest bow,
By his best arrow with the golden head,
By the simplicity of Venus� doves,
By that which knitteth souls and prospers loves,
And by that fire which burn�d the Carthage queen,
When the false Troyan [false Trojan, Aeneas] under sail was seen,
By all the vows that ever men have broke,
In number more than ever women spoke,
In that same place thou hast appointed me,
To-morrow truly will I meet with thee. (1.1.174-184)
Nature and Animal Imagery
Nature and animal imagery abounds in the play, helping to maintain the �enchanted forest� atmosphere. Oberon�s description of the place where Titania sleeps is an example of this imagery:
I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows,
Quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine,
With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine:
There sleeps Titania sometime of the night,
Lull'd in these flowers with dances and delight;
And there the snake throws her enamell'd skin,
Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in. (2.1.259-266)
The song of the fairies is another example. It emphasizes the spooky creatures that inhabit the forest.
You spotted snakes with double tongue,
Thorny hedgehogs, be not seen;
Newts and blind-worms, do no wrong,
Come not near our fairy queen.
Philomel, with melody
Come our lovely lady nigh;
So, good night, with lullaby.
Weaving spiders, come not here;
Hence, you long-legg'd spinners, hence!
Beetles black, approach not near;
Worm nor snail, do no offence. (2.2.12)
Use of Couplets
Sometimes characters speak in couplets. (A couplet consists of two successive lines with end rhyme). Here are two examples:
Captain of our fairy band,
Helena is here at hand;
And the youth, mistook by me,
Pleading for a lover's fee.
Shall we their fond pageant see?
Lord, what fools these mortals be! (Puck: 3.2.116-121)
Now, until the break of day,
Through this house each fairy stray.
To the best bride-bed will we,
Which by us shall blessed be;
And the issue there create
Ever shall be fortunate. (Oberon: 5.2.33-38)
O Helena, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine!
To what, my love, shall I compare thine eyne?
Crystal is muddy. O, how ripe in show
Thy lips, those kissing cherries, tempting grow!
That pure congealed white, high Taurus snow,
Fann'd with the eastern wind, turns to a crow
When thou hold'st up thy hand: O, let me kiss
This princess of pure white, this seal of bliss! (3.2.144-151)
Figures of Speech
Among examples of figures of speech in the play are the following. For definitions of figures of speech, see Literary Terms .
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of words or syllables.
Turn melancholy forth to funerals;
The pale companion is not for our pomp. (1.1.17-18)
Fair Hermia, look you arm yourself
To fit your fancies to your father�s will. (1.1.122-123)
No night is now with hymn or carol blest. (2.1.106)
Hoary-headed frosts
Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose. (2.1.111-112)
Anaphora
Anaphora is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of a sentence, clause, or phrase.
But I will wed thee in another key,
With pomp, with triumph, and with revelling. (1.1.21-22)
So will I grow, so live, so die, my lord. (1.1.84)
Over hill, over dale,
The eastern gate, all fiery-red,
Opening on Neptune with fair blessed beams,
Turns into yellow gold his salt green streams. (3.2.413-415)
Comparison of dawn to a fiery gate, comparsion of the ocean to yellow gold
Oxymoron
An oxymoron is the use of contradictory words that occur together. Little giant and brave coward are examples of oxymorons. Following is an oxymoron from the play.
I never heard
So musical a discord, such sweet thunder. (4.1.103-104)
Personification
Personification is a form of metaphor that compares a thing to a person, as in the following example.
The moon methinks, looks with a watery eye;
And when she weeps, weeps every little flower. (3.1.116-117)
Comparison of the moon to a person. (The moon is a female who weeps.)
Simile
A simile is a comparison between unlike things with the use of like, as, or than. Here are examples.
The moon, like to a silver bow
New-bent in heaven. (1.1.11-12)
Comparison of the moon to a silver bow
The starry welkin cover thou anon
With drooping fog as black as Acheron (3.2.378-379)
Comparson of the blackness of the fog to that of Acheron. In Greek mythology, Acheron was a river in the abode of the dead, Hades.
Superior Descriptive Passages
English essayist and literary critic William Hazlitt (1778-1830) wrote that A Midsummer Night's Dream contains outstanding descriptive passages. In Characters of Shakespeare's Plays (London: C. H. Reynell, 1817), he said:
In the Midsummer Night's Dream alone, we should imagine, there is more sweetness and beauty of description than in the whole range of French poetry put together. What we mean is this, that we will produce out of that single play ten passages, to which we do not think any ten passages in the works of the French poets can be opposed, displaying equal fancy and imagery. Shall we mention the remonstrance of Helena to Hermia, or Titania's description of her fairy train, or her disputes with Oberon about the Indian boy, or Puck's account of himself and his employments, or the Fairy Queen's exhortation to the elves to pay due attendance upon her favourite, Bottom; or Hippolita's description of a chace, or Theseus's answer? The two last are as heroical and spirited as the others are full of luscious tenderness. The reading of this play is like wandering in a grove by moonlight: the descriptions breathe a sweetness like odours thrown from beds of flowers.
Titania's exhortation to the fairies [3.1.93-103] to wait upon Bottom, which is remarkable for a certain cloying sweetness in the repetition of the rhymes, is as follows:�
Be kind and courteous to this gentleman.
Hop in his walks, and gambol in his eyes,
Feed him with apricocks and dewberries,
With purple grapes, green figs and mulberries;
The honey-bags steal from the humble bees,
And for night tapers crop their waxen thighs,
And light them at the fiery glow-worm's eyes,
To have my love to bed, and to arise:
And pluck the wings from painted butterflies,
To fan the moon-beams from his sleeping eyes;
Nod to him, elves, and do him courtesies.
The sounds of the lute and of the trumpet are not more distinct than the poetry of the foregoing passage, and of the conversation between Theseus and Hiopolita [4.1.89-113].
Theseus. Go, one of you, find out the forester,
For now our observation is perform'd;
And since we have the vaward of the day,
My love shall hear the music of my hounds.
Uncouple in the western valley, go,
Dispatch, I say, and find the forester.
We will, fair Queen, up to the mountain's top,
And mark the musical confusion
Of hounds and echo in conjunction.
Hippolita. I was with Hercules and Cadmus once,
When in a wood of Crete they bay'd the bear
With hounds of Sparta; never did I hear
Such gallant chiding. For besides the groves,
The skies, the fountains, every region near
Seem'd all one mutual cry. I never heard
So musical a discord, such sweet thunder.
Theseus. My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
So flew'd, so sanded, and their heads are hung
With ears that sweep away the morning dew;
Crook-knee'd and dew-lap'd, like Thessalian bulls,
Slow in pursuit, but matched in mouth like bells,
Each under each. A cry more tuneable
Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn,
In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly:
Judge when you hear.�
Character Habitats
Shakespeare's plays frequently present characters in settings far removed from urban centers. However, they generally are creatures of the city, the court, the vibrant life where people throng. Consider the following observation:
Shakespeare's characters are . . . dubious of rusticity. Valentine [in The Two Gentlemen of Verona] does not rejoice in his woodland life as head of an outlaw band; the lovers of A [Midsummer Night's] Dream find their woodland adventure unnerving, and mountain life seems rude to the characters in Cymbeline who are forced to endure it. Although Florizel [in The Winter's Tale] dreams of spending his life with Perdita in a cottage, she knows that pastoral bliss is only a dream; true content lies in Leontes' court, to which all the characters . . . return. Even Prospero [in The Tempest], who has no great desire to see Milan again, knows that he and Miranda must leave their island, which is as much prison as refuge to them. Although critics can idealize the pastoral experiences of Shakespeare's characters as renewing contacts with nature, that experience is often somewhat harrowing. (Shakespeare's Comedies From Roman Farce to Romantic Mystery. Newark: U of Delaware, 1986 (page 144).
Study Questions and Essay Topics
When Hermia�s father opposes her choice of husbands, Duke Theseus tells her not to go against her father�s wishes, saying, �To you, your father should be as a god� (1.1.51). Is Theseus right?
The play ends with a triple wedding. Do you believe those getting married will stay married?
Write an informative essay focusing on what a typical wedding was like in Shakespeare�s day.
Puck�s magic spells cause several characters to fall in love with the wrong persons. Are there �magic spells��that is, special circumstances, arrangements, or events�in real life that affect people this way?
Hippolyta, bethrothed to Theseus, is the queen of the Amazons, who play prominent roles in various stories in Greek mythology. Who were the Amazons?
German composer Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote music based on the themes in A Midsummer Night�s Dream. One of these compositions inspired by Shakespeare�s play accompanies a ceremony performed tens of thousands of times in churches throughout the world every year. What is this ceremony? What is the composition?
Write an essay focusing on one of the themes of the play.
Example of an MLA Citation for This Study Guide
Cummings, Michael J. �A Midsummer Night's Dream: a Study Guide.� Shake Sphere: a Guide to the Complete Works of William Shakespeare. N.p., 2013. Web. 5 Feb. 2016. <http://shakespearestudyguide.com/Midsummer.html#Midsummer>.
Note: "5 Feb. 2016" is the date that the essay writer accessed the site. Be sure to insert the date you accessed the site instead of "5 Feb. 2016." Note also that the second line of an MLA works-cited entry is indented.
Example of an APA Citation for This Study Guide
Cummings, M. (2013). "
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Diogenes is the name of the dog in which Dickens’ novel? | Doctor Barkman Speaks: Charles Dickens' Dogs
Thursday, February 7, 2013
Charles Dickens' Dogs
It’s said that a good writer writes what he knows, and Charles Dickens knew dogs.
His sympathetic characters Oliver Twist and David Copperfield may be more well-known, but no more three-dimensional than their stories’ fictional dogs, Bulls-Eye and Jip, that Dickens sketched with pathos and personality. Dickens’ canine characters were based on the rich material he gathered from observing his own menagerie which included among others, a Pomeranian, Havanese Spaniel, Mastiff, St. Bernard, Newfoundland, St. Bernard x Bloodhound hybrid and two St. Bernard x Newfoundland hybrids.
Dickens took long walks in the afternoon,
ten miles or more, with the dogs as his sole companions.
Illustration from Princes, Authors, and Statesmen of Our Time,
Henry Bill Publishing Co., 1885
Within his many books, Dickens included a great number of major dog characters that, according to Cumberland Clark’s 1926 book, The Dogs in Dickens, often determined the course of events in his stories: The vicious Bulls-Eye, as brutal and loathsome as his master Bill Sikes in Oliver Twist but so devoted that he died trying to save his life; sagacious Diogenes, companion to the lonely Florence Dombey who lived in the gloomy home of father, in Dombey and Sons; good natured affectionate Boxer, from the Cricket and the Hearth; Jip, a little spaniel dog, “not of the friendly sort,” who belonged to David Copperfield’s love Dora Spenlow, and whom David had to woo to win Dora’s heart; Merrylegs, the trained circus dog of Signor Jupe, a clown in Hard Times; and the less-than-handsome Poodles, from the Uncommercial Traveler who was found starving on the steps of the East London Children’s’ Hospital where he eventually made his home and who wore a collar bearing the inscription, “Judge not Poodles by external appearances.”
A dog collar worn by one of Dickens' dogs
sold at auction for $11,590 in 2010.
The following letter was written by Dickens on May 25, 1868, to the wife of his publisher Thomas Fields, describing his return home after an extended visit to America:
Mr. Dear Mrs. Fields,
As you ask me about the dogs, I begin with them. When I came down first, I came to Gravesend, five miles off. The two Newfoundland dogs [Newfoundland x St. Bernard hybrids], coming to meet me with the usual carriage and the usual driver, and beholding me coming in my usual dress out at the usual door, it struck me that their recollection of my having been absent for any unusual time was at once cancelled. They behaved (they are both young dogs) exactly in their usual manner; coming behind the basket phaeton as we trotted along, and lifting their heads to have their ears pulled – a special attention which they receive from no one else. But when I drove into the stable-yard, Linda [St. Bernard] was greatly excited; weeping profusely, and throwing herself on her back that she might caress my foot with her great fore-paws. Mamie’s little dog, too, Mrs. Bouncer [Pomeranian], barked in the greatest agitation on being called down and asked by Mamie, “Who is this?” and tore round and round me…"
Today is the 201st anniversary of Dickens' birth. Click here to read an article I wrote about Dickens' Dogs .
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What was the first name of Don Warrington’s character in ‘Rising Damp’? | The Dog in the Dickensian Imagination by Beryl Gray | NSW Dickens Society
The Dog in the Dickensian Imagination by Beryl Gray
Posted on January 19, 2016 by nswdickens
Ashgate Publishing (Farnham, Surrey 2014) – Reviewed by Malvina Yock.
This book explores the dogs in Charles Dickens’ life, both real and fictional. It begins with a lively introduction from the author, asserting that the streets of London where Dickens walked as a boy created rich fodder for his writings. This included dog sightings, whether they were actual dogs, or those seen on a picture, a sign, or featured on a building (the cover depicts same), and so on. Gray considers that Dickens’ career literally grew out of those London streets. She suggests the term ‘Victorian London’ immediately conjures up an image of ‘Dickens’s London’, and that dogs (real and imagined) are inextricably linked to that image. As Gray says: “…one of the purposes of this book is to reflect their place in it”, and goes on to say that Dickens’ portrayals of dogs are as alive and vibrant on the page as his portrayals of people. Thus the dogs in his work have become incredibly memorable.
The book is in two large sections. The first section, A Life With Dogs, is largely biographical about Dickens and the dogs he owned and knew, and how he then transcribes/transforms these dogs into his letters, books, short stories, and other writings.
Years before he owned a dog, Dickens used them in his works. A dog was in his first published story in December 1833, A Dinner At Poplar Walk, in London’s The Monthly Magazine. Then along came Ponto in The Pickwick Papers (1836-7), Bill Sikes’ Bulls-eye in Oliver Twist (1837-9), and others followed.
His first ‘real’ dog arrived in 1842. Timber was a small, shaggy Havana spaniel, according to Dickens’ daughter Mamie. Dickens himself described Timber as “a very small white dog, curling all over; and barking.” The dog began to feature in letters to friends as Dickens watched his behaviour, trying to work out dog thought processes and psychology. Watching Timber naturally led to creating other dogs in his writing, even as Timber himself was frequently mentioned in Dickens’ letters. Gray states that Dickens believed the person he was writing to was always interested in the dog, and so the references and anecdotes were quaint and entertaining. We ‘see’ Timber in Pictures From Italy. Witness the poor dog’s (embarrassed? painful?) fall from the carriage, and his subsequent infestation with fleas at their villa. All documented, but – Gray notes – curiously without much attached emotion.
There were other large dogs at Gad’s Hill before Dickens died: Turk, a mastiff, Sultan, possibly an Irish bloodhound, Linda, a St Bernard (and four of her puppies, two to Turk, two to Sultan), and Don, a young, black Newfoundland. They were primarily used as guard dogs from passing riffraff, but Sultan had to be shot when he savaged a young child. There was also Mamie’s dog, Mrs Bouncer. Mamie said that Dickens liked to take his shoes off in the evening, smoke, and stroke Mrs Bouncer with his foot while he read. What a picture of domestic bliss and relaxation.
Of course, Dickens used other animals as well as dogs in his books: caged birds, horses, donkeys, poultry, and cats, etc. But Gray remarks constantly on Dickens’ innate ability to translate his observations about dogs onto the page and states: “The acuity of Dickens’s observations is remarkable. Anthropomorphic though the notion of the dog’s reasoning with himself may be, the description of his actual behaviour is in every detail absolutely that of a dog.”
She considers that societal attitudes changed towards the treatment of dogs as Dickens championed better care, and credits some of this influence in the establishment of what eventually became known as the Battersea Dog’s Home.
In the second part of the book, Knowing His Place: The Dog in Dickens’s Art, Gray goes into further detail about the author as an astute dog watcher, and how this translated into his body of work.
Mentioned before, arguably the most famous dog in Dickens is Bulls-eye, Bill Sikes’ dog in Oliver Twist, who accidentally dies after his master’s accidental hanging. The role of the wretched dog was further immortalised in Dickens’ Readings as he travelled around. The script for the death of Nancy, Bill Sikes and Bulls-eye in the Readings was highly dramatised for maximum impact. The dog’s unhappy end as he falls off the body of Sikes and ‘dashed out his brains’ was as vivid and shocking to listeners (and readers) as the deaths of Nancy and Bill.
I was interested to read that Gray considers Quilp, the villain from The Old Curiosity Shop, as a metaphor for a fierce canine. Quilp taunts other dogs, he has ‘fangs’, over-large teeth, he pants, he howls, he shakes himself like a dog, his tongue lolls out, he threatens to bite, and he chews his food with ‘ferocity’. That adds a new character dimension to consider when reading the book.
Gray looks at Hard Times (the performing dogs), Bleak House (a dog is the first animal seen in the book), Dombey and Son (discussing how Diogenes brings vitality to the novel), Little Dorrit (Lion is the faithful dog belonging to the cruel and careless Henry Gowan), and David Copperfield (the defining dog being Jip, inseparable from Dora; there is also the terrible black dog that charges David on his return after his mother’s marriage – in some part an interpretation of the terrible Mr Murdstone). In Great Expectations Gray again sees the convict Magwitch as being another ‘dog metaphor’: leaping on Pip and scaring him in the graveyard, gobbling his food, skulking on the marshes, and his eventual sudden, furtive, scruffy reappearance.
Through her book Gray fascinatingly compares and contrasts Dickens’ original illustrations and plates with the texts. She also looks at periodicals of the time, newspapers, letters, and archives. How were dogs depicted in society? How were they treated? Was this a true reflection of the society at the time? Did the illustrations of the dogs in Dickens’ work ‘match’ the text? Did they add or subtract any meaning to the text? And so on. She uses original illustrators George Cruickshank and Hablot Knight Browne, and paintings by artists such as Thomas Gainsborough and Edwin Landseer.
I found the book well researched, presented and illustrated. It has clear footnotes, an extensive bibliography to tempt you with further reading, and a good index. It is extremely interesting to read – and indeed, very readable, for all its scholarly aspect. I imagine it will become an excellent resource for Dickens scholars and readers alike, and also for those simply interested in the social history of nineteenth-century England. Highly recommended.
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In 1936, who composed ‘Carmina Burana’, the first part of a trilogy? | The Story Of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana | Orff - Classic FM
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The Story Of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana
Carl Orff ’s Carmina Burana is probably the most frequently performed choral work of the 21st century, made popular by the memorable surfing advert for Old Spice aftershave. But have you ever wondered where its familiar title comes from?
The name has Latin roots – “Carmina” means “songs”, while “Burana” is the Latinised form of Beuren, the name of the Benedictine monastery of Benediktbeuren in Bavaria.
So, “Carmina Burana” translates as “Songs Of Beuren”, and refers to a collection of early 13th-century songs and poems that was discovered in Beuren in 1803 – although it has since been established that the collection originated from Seckau Abbey, Austria – and is now housed in the Bavarian State Library.
The songs (over 1000 of them) were written in a mix of Latin, German and medieval French by the Goliards, a band of poet-musicians comprising scholars and clerical students, who celebrated with earthy humour the joys of the tavern, nature, love and lust. Although Orff set the original texts, he chose not to use the primitive musical notation that accompanied some of the songs.
The collection was first published in Germany in 1847, but it wasn’t until 1934 that Orff came across the texts; a selection had been translated into English and formed part of a publication called Wine, Women And Song.
With the help of Michael Hofmann, a law student and Latin scholar, Orff chose 24 songs and set them to music in what he termed a “scenic cantata”.
Carmina Burana is divided into three sections – Springtime, In the Tavern and The Court Of Love – preceded by and ending with an invocation to Fortune. Written between 1935 and 1936 for soloists, choruses and orchestra, it was originally conceived as a choreographed stage work.
It was in this form that it was first heard on June 8, 1937, in Frankfurt, under its full title Carmina Burana: Cantiones Profanae Cantoribus Et Choris Cantandae Comitantibus Instrumentis Atque Imaginibus Magicis (Songs Of Beuren: Secular Songs For Singers And Choruses To Be Sung Together With Instruments And Magic Images).
After the triumphant premiere of Carmina Burana, Orff, then 41, wrote to his publishers: “Everything I have written to date, and which you have, unfortunately, published, can be destroyed. With Carmina Burana my collected works begin.” However, nothing Orff subsequently wrote ever came close to approaching the popularity of Carmina Burana.
Hear it on
Deutsche Opera Chorus & Orchestra/Jochum
Although there are many good modern alternatives, the classic account that triumphantly stands the test of time was recorded in the presence of the composer in 1968, and features soloists Gundula Janowitz, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Gerhard Stolze (DG 447 4372).
Did you know?
Orff’s masterpiece greatly appealed to the Nazi regime, to whom its rhythms, as one critic put it, were reminiscent of the “stamping columns of the Third Reich”. When Carmina Burana was first performed at La Scala, in 1942, it was as a showpiece for fascist values.
| Carl Orff |
Which opera, first performed in 1874, is set largely in a cigarette factory? | Carmina Burana
Carmina Burana
From 05-10-2011 until 05-10-2011
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Carl Orff wrote his masterpiece 'Carmina Burana' in 1937. The songs are based on the 24 poems contained in the medieval manuscript written during the 11th and 12th century. Orff composed songs about the coming of spring, drinking, gambling, erotic, joy and the impermanent nature of life. The style is powerful, uplifting with driving rhythms all of which create an impressive sound that is widely regarded as one of the most popular collections of music ever written. The whole is preceded and concluded by the famous 'O Fortuna', the hymn to the goddess of fate. 'Carmina Burana' is the first of a trilogy. Part two, 'Catulli Carmina' is played before the break.
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Who painted ‘Luncheon of the Boating Party’, 1880-1? | Amazon.com: Luncheon of the Boating Party (9780143113522): Susan Vreeland: Books
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Imagining the banks of the Seine in the thick of la vie moderne, Vreeland (Girl in Hyacinth Blue) tracks Auguste Renoir as he conceives, plans and paints the 1880 masterpiece that gives her vivid fourth novel its title. Renoir, then 39, pays the rent on his Montmartre garret by painting "overbred society women in their fussy parlors," but, goaded by negative criticism from Émile Zola, he dreams of doing a breakout work. On July 20, the daughter of a resort innkeeper close to Paris suggests that Auguste paint from the restaurant's terrace. The party of 13 subjects Renoir puts together (with difficulty) eventually spends several Sundays drinking and flirting under the spell of the painter's brush. Renoir, who declares, "I only want to paint women I love," falls desperately for his newest models, while trying to win his last subject back from her rich fiancé. But Auguste and his friends only have two months to catch the light he wants and fend off charges that he and his fellow Impressionists see the world "through rose-colored glasses." Vreeland achieves a detailed and surprising group portrait, individualized and immediate. (May)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to the Audible Audio Edition edition.
From Bookmarks Magazine
Author of the previous hit Girl in Hyacinth Blue, Susan Vreeland comes through with another compelling historical novel centered on artists and their work. Critics agree that the concept (tracing Renoir's steps back from this joyous painting) and the research (combining facts not only about Renoir's inner circle but also details about French café society, culture, and painting techniques) demonstrate considerable skill and dedication. The Seattle Times even calls Luncheon "this summer's most satisfying historical novel." Others find that Vreeland gets too bogged down in historical detail, which slows the plot and sometimes creates a strained narrative. Despite this perhaps overabundance of historical material, Luncheon succeeds as a portrait of both a man and an era.
Copyright © 2004 Phillips & Nelson Media, Inc. --This text refers to the Audible Audio Edition edition.
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Publisher: Penguin Books; Reprint edition (February 26, 2008)
Language: English
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on October 25, 2012
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Impressionism has always been my favorite style of art. A print of Monet's Water Lilies has hung in my bedroom for years. But I've never really understood the obsession with Renoir's Luncheon of the Boating Party. After reading this book, I realize that I didn't truly understand Impressionism. This book brought home to me who these painters were, what their lives were like and how Paris influenced their lifestyles.
This book only follows Renoir as he paints Luncheon, which is about a two month period. The painting is literally brought to life. Instead of being nameless boaters, I now know the names of the models in the painting. Susan Vreeland steps insides their lives for a mere two months and, yet, I feel like I know them now. I've never looked at a painting and thought about how hard it would be to hold that pose for hours. I've never thought of the posers as actual people. I was fascinated by the descriptions of color, by the discussions of how to pose and by the inner thoughts of Renoir as he tries to figure out how to make this painting come together.
This book also described a pivotal moment for the Impressionists. In the past, they stuck together as a group. Monet, Sisley, Pissaro, Degas, Cezanne, Renoir and many others presented a united front against critics of their new style. Now, their group is starting to break apart. Many of the original group are going separate ways and the entire field of Impressionism is changing. Also, private dealers are about to become more important as opposed to submission based art shows. The entire art community is changing and this book is able to give a sense of the politics of art at that time.
While most of the book is narrated from Renoir's perspective, several of the models he uses also have point of view chapters. Read more ›
| Pierre-Auguste Renoir |
What is the chemical formula for the substance commonly known as ‘laughing gas’? | Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880-81, By French impressionist Pierre Auguste Renoir Photo Canvas Print | Great Big Canvas
1647 , Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), French School. Luncheon of the Boating Party. 1880-1881. Oil on canvas.
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A simple quadrilateral whose sides are all of the same length is known as a what? | Classification of Quadrilaterals
Classification of Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral is a geometric shape that consists of four points (vertices) sequentially joined by straight line segments (sides). We find the etymology of the word in S. Schwartzman's The Words of Mathematics :
quadrilateral (noun, adjective): the first element is from Latin quadri- "four" from the Indo-European root kwetwer- "four." The second element is from Latin latus, stem later-, "side," of unknown prior origin. A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. The Latin term is a partial translation of Greek tetragon, literally "four angles," since a closed figure with four angles also has four sides. Although we use words like pentagon and polygon, the term quadrilateral has completely replaced tetragon.
The seldom used term quadrangle has exactly the same meaning as quadrilateral, however the two related terms -- complete quadrangle and complete quadrilateral -- describe essentially different configurations.
A quadrilateral may be convex or concave (see the diagram below.) A quadrilateral that is concave has an angle exceeding 180o. In either case, the quadrilateral is simple, which means that the four sides of the quadrilateral only meet at the vertices, two at a time. So that two non-adjacent sides do not cross. A quadrilateral that is not simple is also known as self-intersecting to indicate that a pair of his non-adjacent sides intersect.
The point of intersection of the sides is not considered a vertex of the quadrilateral.
The shapes of elementary geometry are invariably convex. Starting with the most regular quadrilateral, namely, the square, we shall define other shapes by relaxing its properties.
A square is a quadrilateral with all sides equal and all angles also equal. Angles in any quadrilateral add up to 360°. It follows that, in a square, all angles measure 90°. An equiangular quadrilateral, i.e. the one with all angles equal is a rectangle. All angles of a rectangle equal 90°. An equilateral quadrilateral, i.e. the one with all sides equal, is a rhombus.
In a square, rectangle, or rhombus, the opposite side lines are parallel. A quadrilateral with the opposite side lines parallel is known as a parallelogram. If only one pair of opposite sides is required to be parallel, the shape is a trapezoid. A trapezoid, in which the non-parallel sides are equal in length, is called isosceles. A quadrilateral with two separate pairs of equal adjacent sides is commonly called a kite. However, if the kite is concave, a dart is a more appropriate term. Kite and dart are examples of orthodiagonal quadrilaterals, i.e. quadrilaterals with perpendicular diagonals. A square and a rhombus are also particular cases of this class.
The four vertices of a quadrilateral may be concyclic, i.e., lie on the same circle. In this case, the quadrilateral is known as circumscritptible or, simpler, cyclic. If a quadrilateral admits an incircle that touches all four of its sides (or more generally, side lines), it is known as inscriptible. A quadrilateral, both cyclic and inscriptible, is bicentric .
The diagram below (which is a modification of one from wikipedia.org ) summarize the relationship between various kinds of quadrilaterals:
The applet below illustrates the properties of various quadrilaterals. In the applet, one can drag the vertices and the sides of the quadrilateral. You can display its diagonals, angle bisectors and the perpendicular bisectors of its sides. With these props, it's a simple matter to observe every single kind of quadrilateral, with a possible exception of bicentric. Which, too, is not overly difficult if you first get an isosceles trapezoid.)
This applet requires Sun's Java VM 2 which your browser may perceive as a popup. Which it is not. If you want to see the applet work, visit Sun's website at http://www.java.com/en/download/index.jsp, download and install Java VM and enjoy the applet.
What if applet does not run?
As in the classification of triangles , the definitions may be either inclusive or exclusive. For example, trapezoid may be defined inclusively as a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel opposite sides, or exclusively as a quadrilateral with exactly one such pair. In the former case, parallelogram is a trapezoid, in the latter, it is not. Similarly, a square may or may not be a rectangle or a rhombus. My preference is with the inclusive approach. For, I'd like to think of a square as a rhombus with right angles, or as a rectangle with all four sides equal.
Here is a list of all the properties of quadrilaterals that we have mentioned along with the classes of the quadrilaterals that possess those properties:
Property
Rectangle, Square
Orthodiagonal or inscriptible parallelogram is a rhombus; cyclic parallelogram is a rectangle. In particular, a parallelogram with equal diagonals is necessarily a rectangle. And not to forget, every simple quadrilateral tiles the plane .
A simple quadrilateral with two pairs of equal opposite angles is a parallelogram. (Because then the opposite sides are parallel.) A simple quadrilateral with two pairs of equal opposite sides is a parallelogram. (Because of SSS when you draw one of the diagonals.)
There is a simple quadrilateral with two pairs of equal sides: a kite (or a dart). It does have a pair of opposite equal angles.
Nathan Bowler suggested a general construction of a quadrilateral with a pair of equal opposite sides and a pair of equal opposite angles which is not necessarily a parallelogram (there is a dynamic illustration ):
Let ABC be isosceles with AB = AC. Pick D on BC. Let C' be the reflection of C in the perpendicular bisector of AD. ABDC' has two opposite sides the same length and two opposite angles equal but is not a parallelogram if D isn't the midpoint of AB. This construction gives all such quadrilaterals.
For an isosceles trapezoid ABCD with AB = CD, the quadrilateral ABDC has a pair of equal opposite sides and two pairs of equal opposite angles.
| Rhombus |
Charles Darwin was born on Feb. 12th, 1809. Which US president was born on that day? | Tessellations by Squares, Rectangles and other Polygons - EscherMath
Tessellations by Squares, Rectangles and other Polygons
From EscherMath
K-12: Materials at high school level.
Oberkapfenberg Castle, Styria, Austria.
7 Notes
Some Basic Tessellations
Recall that a polygon is just a simple geometric shape. The polygons we will be talking about are squares, rectangles, parallelograms, the rhombus and maybe a couple of other ones.
If you haven't thought about polygons for a couple of weeks it may be useful to quickly sneek a peek at some of the examples we talked about earlier: Squares, Rectangles, Parallelograms and Other Polygons
In this section we will be looking at the following:
Question: Which polygons tile the plane?
Another way of saying this is: which polygons can be used to tile say a floor or a wall? This means we are looking for shapes that fit together nicely, without any gaps or overlaps to create a pattern. Some people call these patterns tilings, while others call them tessellations. Both words are correct. We may use them both in this text.
The most common and simplest tessellation uses a square. You may not have thought about it, but you will ahve seen titlings by squares before. A lot of bathrooms have square tiles on the floor. A lot of classsrooms will have squares on the floor and there may even be squares in the ceiling.
Squares easily form horizontal strips:
Stacks of these strips cover a rectangular region and the pattern can clearly be extended to cover the entire plane. This easily gives us the result that:
All squares tessellate.
The same technique works with parallelograms. You can put parallelograms side by side and create these strips. If you stack the trips you will have a tiling by parallelograms, and so:
All parallelograms tessellate.
Looking for other tessellating polygons is a complex problem, so we will organize the question by the number of sides in the polygon. The simplest polygons have three sides, so we begin with triangles:
All triangles tessellate.
To see this, take an arbitrary triangle and rotate it about the midpoint of one of its sides. The resulting parallelogram tessellates:
The picture works because all three corners (A, B, and C) of the triangle come together to make a 180° angle - a straight line. This property of triangles will be the foundation of our study of polygon tessellations, so we state it here:
The sum of angles of any triangle is 180°.
Moving up from triangles, we turn to four sided polygons, the quadrilaterals. Before continuing, try the Quadrilateral Tessellation Exploration .
Tessellations by Quadrilaterals
Recall that a quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides.
The sum of angles in any quadrilateral is 360°
To prove, divide a quadrilateral into two triangles as shown:
Since the angle sum of any triangle is 180°, and there are two triangles, the angle sum of the quadrilateral is 180° + 180° = 360°. Taking a little more care with the argument, we have:
and
.
This division into triangles does not calculate the angle sum of the quadrilateral.
The point of all the letters is that the angles of the triangles make the angles of the quadrilateral, which would not work if the quadrilateral was divided as shown on the right.
We now turn to the main result of this section:
All quadrilaterals tessellate.
Begin with an arbitrary quadrilateral ABCD. Rotate by 180° about the midpoint of one of its sides, and then repeat using the midpoints of other sides to build up a tessellation.
The angles around each vertex are exactly the four angles of the original quadrilateral. Since the angle sum of the quadrilateral is 360°, the angles close up, the pattern has no gaps or overlaps, and the quadrilateral tessellates.
Recall from Fundamental Concepts that a convex shape has no dents. All triangles are convex, but there are non-convex quadrilaterals. The technique for tessellating with quadrilaterals works just as well for non-convex quadrilaterals:
It is worth noting that the general quadrilateral tessellation results in a wallpaper pattern with p2 symmetry group.
Tessellations by Convex Polygons
Every shape of triangle can be used to tessellate the plane. Every shape of quadrilateral can be used to tessellate the plane. In both cases, the angle sum of the shape plays a key role. Since triangles have angle sum 180° and quadrilaterals have angle sum 360°, copies of one tile can fill out the 360° surrounding a vertex of the tessellation.
The next simplest shape after the three and four sided polygon is the five sided polygon: the pentagon. The angle sum of any pentagon is 540°, because we can divide the pentagon into three triangles:
Since each triangle has angle sum 180° the angle sum of the pentagon is 180° + 180° + 180° = 540°.
Rather than repeat the angle sum calculation for every possible number of sides, we look for a pattern. The angle sum of a triangle (3-gon) is 180°, the angle sum of a quadrilateral (4-gon) is 2x180°, and the angle sum of a pentagon is 3x180°. A general polygon with
sides can be cut into
triangles and so we have:
The sum of the angles of an
-gon is
.
Unlike the triangle and quadrilateral case, the pentagon's angle sum of 540° is not helpful when trying to fit a bunch of pentagons around a vertex. In fact, there are pentagons which do not tessellate the plane.
For example, the regular pentagon has five equal angles summing to 540°, so each angle of the regular pentagon is
. Attempting to fit regular polygons together leads to one of the two pictures below:
Both situations have wedge shaped gaps that are too narrow to fit another regular pentagon. Thus, not every pentagon tessellates. On the other hand, some pentagons do tessellate, for example this house shaped pentagon:
The house pentagon has two right angles. Because those two angles sum to 180° they can fit along a line, and the other three angles sum to 360° (= 540° - 180°) and fit around a vertex.
Thus, some pentagons tessellate and some do not. The situation is the same for hexagons, but for polygons with more than six sides there is the following:
No convex polygon with seven or more sides can tessellate.
This remarkable fact is difficult to prove, but just within the scope of this book. However, the proof must wait until we develop a counting formula called the Euler characteristic, which will arise in our chapter on Non-Euclidean Geometry .
Nobody has seriously attempted to classify non-convex polygons which tessellate, because the list is quite likely to be too long and messy to describe by hand. However, there has been quite a lot of work towards classifying convex polygons which tessellate. Because we understand triangles and quadrilaterals, and know that above six sides there is no hope, the classification of convex polygons which tessellate comes down to two questions:
Which convex pentagons tessellate?
Which convex hexagons tessellate?
Question 2 was completely answered in 1918 by K. Reinhardt. [1] Reinhardt showed that there are only three types of convex hexagons which tessellate:
File:Convex-hexagons.svg
Reinhardt also addressed Question 1 and gave five types of pentagon which tessellate. In 1968, R. Kershner [2] found three new types, and claimed a proof that the eight known types were the complete list. A 1975 article by Martin Gardner [3] in Scientific American popularized the topic, and led to a surprising turn of events.
In fact Kershner's "proof" was incorrect. After reading the Scientific American article, a computer scientist, Richard James III, found a ninth type of convex pentagon that tessellates. Not long after that, Marjorie Rice , a San Diego homemaker with only a high school mathematics background, discovered four more types, and then a German mathematics student, Rolf Stein, discovered a fourteenth type in 1985.
Since 1985, no new types have been discovered, and many mathematicians believe that the list is finally complete. However, there is no well accepted proof of the classification, so it remains possible that there is a fifteenth or even many more types of convex pentagons that tessellate. Today, question 1 is an open problem, a problem whose solution is unknown.
Summary of Polygon Tessellations
Regular tessellation
A tessellation using one regular polygon tile, arranged so that edges match up.
Corners of the tiles need to fit together around a point, which means the corner angle of the regular polygon must evenly divide 360°. Since
,
there is a regular tessellation using six triangles around each vertex. Since
,
there is a regular tessellation using four squares around each vertex. And since
there is a regular tessellation using three hexagons around each vertex. We have already seen that the regular pentagon does not tessellate. A regular polygon with more than six sides has a corner angle larger than 120° (which is 360°/3) and smaller than 180° (which is 360°/2) so it cannot evenly divide 360°. We conclude:
There are three regular tessellations of the plane: by triangles, by squares, by hexagons.
A major goal of this book is to classify all possible regular tessellations. Apparently, the list of three regular tessellations of the plane is the complete answer. However, these three regular tessellations fit nicely into a much richer picture that only appears later when we study Non-Euclidean Geometry .
Tessellations using different kinds of regular polygon tiles are fascinating, and lend themselves to puzzles, games, and certainly tile flooring. Try the Pattern Block Exploration .
Archimedean tessellations - * Optional
An Archimedean tessellation (also known as a semi-regular tessellation) is a tessellation made from more that one type of regular polygon so that the same polygons surround each vertex.
Archimedean Tessellations
(4,6,12)
(3,3,3,3,6)
We can use some notation to clarify the requirement that the vertex configuration be the same at every vertex. We can list the types of polygons as they come together at the vertex. For instance in the top row we see on the left a semi-regular tessellation with at every vertex a (3,6,3,6) configuration. We see a 3-gon, a 6-gon, a 3-gon and a 6-gon.
The other tessellations on the top row have a (3,4,6,4), a (3,12,12), and a (3,3,3,4,4) configuration. These configurations are unique up to cyclic reordering (and possibly reversing the order). For example (3,12,12) can also be written as (12,12,3) or (12,3,12). In the bottom row we have (4,8,8), (3,3,4,3,4), (4,6,12) and (3,3,3,3,6) configurations.
Recall that creating a tessellation requires the angle sums of the polygons to add up to 360° around a vertex. We know from a previous section that the angle of a regular n-gon is
. If we have a collection of n-gons:
, then the angles of those polygons need to add up to 360°:
Dividing both sides by 180° gives us the following equation:
.
For example, suppose that
, then we have:
. This means that 3 triangles and 2 squares will give us a vertex type. In this case we can arrange these polygons around the vertex in two different ways: (3,3,3,4,4) and (3,3,4,3,4). Both of these will give rise to a semi-regular tessellation.
Recall that a semi-regular tessellation satisfies the following requirements:
All the tiles are regular polygons
It is a tessellation, hence no gaps or overlaps
All the vertices are of the same type.
There are only 21 combinations of regular polygons that will fit around a vertex. And of these 21 there are there are only 11 that will actually extend to a tessellation. Below are the different vertex types. An asterisk indicates that this vertex type cannot be extended to a tessellation.
type
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Who took over from Jeff Stelling as the host of ‘Countdown’? | Nick Hewer is Countdown's new host, taking over from Jeff Stelling | Daily Mail Online
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He reportedly changed his mind and tried to do a U-turn only to be told by show chiefs they were looking for a new host.
Hewer will now act as main host of the game show, appearing alongside 25-year-old maths beauty Rachel Riley, who took over from Carol Vorderman in January, 2009 to kick start the 60th series.
Old look: Nick Hewer will now stand alongside current co-presenter Rachel Riley instead of Jeff Stelling
Swapping numbers for football: Jeff Stelling is waving goodbye to maths to concentrate on presenting football on Sky Sports
A Channel 4 spokesperson says: 'We are absolutely delighted to have Nick on board. He is such a fantastic character and has a huge fan base so he'll make a great addition to the team.'
The father of two spent 21 years working for Lord Sugar's Amstrad plc before he started working as the entrepreneur's advisor on BBC1's The Apprentice in 2005.
He originally refused to star in the popular business talent series, insisting he didn't 'crave the limelight.'
How we're used to seeing him: Nick Hewer's coming out from behind Lord Alan Sugar's shadow
He will begin filming the new series of Countdown next month, ready for it to air in January.
The deal means Hewer will still be able to maintain his role on The Apprentice, while he intends to travel from his luxury home in Northamptonshire to Leeds, where the programme is filmed.
Previous presenters in the show's 30-year history include the late Richard Whitely, Des Lynam and Des O'Connor, who was replaced by Stelling in 2009.
Former hosts: Carol Vorderman and Des O'Connor previously presented the cult show
| Nick Hewer |
“Away, you rolling river” is one of the refrains in which traditional folk song? | Countdown presenter Rachel Riley's conundrum: How can I get on with Nick Hewer? - Telegraph
TV and Radio
Countdown presenter Rachel Riley's conundrum: How can I get on with Nick Hewer?
Rachel Riley and Nick Hewer are said to be struggling to develop a genial working relationship on the Channel 4 quiz show Countdown.
Countdown Presenter, Rachel Riley Photo: David Rose
By Richard Eden
Comments
As Lord Sugar's right-hand man on The Apprentice, Nick Hewer is used to abrasive communications. In his new role as the host of Countdown, he is, however, said to be struggling to forge a genial working relationship with his colleague Rachel Riley.
Members of the Channel 4 quiz show’s production team claim that the 26-year-old Oxford graduate has not warmed to Hewer, 68, since he took over from Jeff Stelling earlier this year. “She does not get Hewer’s sense of humour,” says one of them.
The crew allegedly “cringe” at the way in which Riley talks to the former public relations man. She was very friendly with Stelling, 57, who started on the programme at the same time as her in 2009.
The mathematician has done little to play down suggestions of tensions with remarks that she has made about Hewer to Hello!, which usually publishes only flattering comments.
“Like most families, we do have our fights,” she tells the feel-good magazine. “It’s like the blind leading the blind. Nick always says he has imposter syndrome. He has no confidence, but we get loads of nice letters about him. He needs a boost.”
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The former data analyst, who is due to marry Jamie Gilbert, a computer tycoon, this summer, adds that there is “definitely a generation gap” between her and Hewer. “Half the time he hasn’t got a clue what I’m talking about and vice versa,” she says.
A spokesman for Countdown, the final of which will be broadcast on Friday, declines to comment.
Foxy career move
Tamzin Merchant has starred in period dramas including Pride and Prejudice, but she is now ready to hang up her corset while she moves behind the camera.
The Cambridge graduate has become a screenwriter. “I’ve just written a film called Downward Facing that we’re going to start shooting soon,” she tells Mandrake at the Emporio Armani summer garden live, sponsored by Ciroc vodka. “It’s about making decisions. It is experimental, but it has a storyline – it’s about paths crossing.”
Her own path crossed with Freddie Fox, the son of Edward Fox and Joanna David, on the set of the BBC drama The Mystery of Edwin Drood and the pair are now courting.
“I’m writing a lot at the moment, so it is something I want to do more of, but still act,” she adds. “I think they compliment each other really well.”
Love is a labyrinth
On the BBC programme Newsround, Joe Tidy tells children uplifting stories from around the world. The 26-year-old presenter has not yet had the chance to tell them one about himself.
Mandrake learns that Tidy proposed to Sophie, the 27-year-old daughter of Brig Guy de Vere Hayes, a former United Nations commander in Bosnia, by hiring out Cliveden Maze.
“When she found the centre, there was a box with her favourite sweets, marshmallows, and a book which had a note in it asking her to marry me,” he says. “It took a while to organise, so I was relieved she said 'yes’.”
He will marry the accountant at a church near her home in Wiltshire in the winter. Let’s hope that the wedding breakfast is up to scratch. The bride’s mother, Penny, once sacked a Ministry of Defence chef after complaining that her hollandaise sauce was curdled and her pastry undercooked.
| i don't know |
Who composed the Oscar-winning song, ‘Moon River’? | Henry Mancini — Moon River — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm
60s
"Moon River" is a song composed by Johnny Mercer (lyrics) and Henry Mancini (music) in 1961, for whom it won that year's Academy Award for Best Original Song. It is most well-known for being sung in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany's by Audrey Hepburn , although it has been covered by many other artists.
It became the theme song for Andy Williams , who first recorded the song in 1961 and performed it at the Academy Awards ceremonies in 1962. He sang… read more
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Houdun and Light Sussex are types of which farmyard creature? | Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) Moon River
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Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) Moon River
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Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) Moon River
Truly Audrey Hepburn (as "Holly Golightly") singing, the Oscar-winning tune written by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer to suit her voice, "Moon River," serenading her writer neighbor and maybe-boyfriend Paul (George Peppard) in Blake Edwards' Breakfast At Tiffany's, 1961.
View the TCMDb entry for Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
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Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip)...
Truly Audrey Hepburn (as "Holly Golightly") singing, the...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) --...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) Moon River
Truly Audrey Hepburn (as "Holly Golightly") singing, the Oscar-winning tune written by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer to suit her voice, "Moon River," serenading her writer neighbor and maybe-boyfriend Paul (George Peppard) in Blake Edwards' Breakfast At Tiffany's, 1961.>
Breakfast at Tiffany's - (Original Trailer)
Original Theatrical trailer for "Breakfast at Tiffany's"...
A young writer gets caught up in a party...
Breakfast at Tiffany's - (Original Trailer)
Audrey Hepburn is Truman Capote's Holly Golightly, the New York sophisticate who spends Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961).>
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip)...
Extended pantomime at the "Five and Ten" as Holly (Audrey...
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) --...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) Ever Steal Anything?
Extended pantomime at the "Five and Ten" as Holly (Audrey Hepburn) and Paul (George Peppard) enjoy their Manhattan "shopping" spree, with Henry Mancini music, in Breakfast At Tiffany's, 1961.>
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip)...
Opening credit sequence with Henry Mancini's music, with...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) --...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) Opening Credits
Opening credit sequence with Henry Mancini's music, with Audrey Hepburn executing the act described in the title, from Blake Edwards' 1961 hit Breakfast At Tiffany's, also starring George Peppard, from the Truman Capote novella.>
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie...
We've just met George Peppard, so we don't know why he's...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) --...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) The Mean Reds
Weve just met George Peppard, so we dont know why hes visiting blind-folded and ear-plugged Holly (Audrey Hepburn), whom weve surmised is something like a paid socialite, at her Manhattan apartment, early in Blake Edwards Breakfast At Tiffanys, 1961. >
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Breakfast At...
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Breakfast At Tiffany's, 1961.
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Breakfast At...
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Breakfast At Tiffanys, 1961. >
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Breakfast At...
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Breakfast At Tiffany's, 1961.
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Breakfast At...
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Breakfast At Tiffanys, 1961. >
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip)...
Martin Balsam is O.J., stand-in host and, we soon learn, the...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) --...
Breakfast At Tiffany's (1961) -- (Movie Clip) I Thought It Was Fred Baby
Martin Balsam is O.J., stand-in host and, we soon learn, the show-business agent for paid Manhattan party-girl Holly (Audrey Hepburn), who has yet to appear for her own event, as her new neighbor, writer Paul (George Peppard), whom she calls Fred, arrives, in Breakfast At Tiffanys, 1961. >
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Khaki Campbell and Rouen are types of which farmyard creature? | Rouen, Khaki Campbell and Indian Runner Ducks
by sten
(santa rosa,california)
I have Khaki Campbell, Rouen and Indian Runner ducks.
My experience is the Khakis and the Rouen lay better. The Rouen lay larger, white eggs whereas the Indian Runners that lay smaller, green eggs. Also the Indian Runners are not consistent on the location of laying and they are obnoxious ducks.
I prefer Rouens and Khakis over Indian Runners however green eggs are different for a change...
| Duck |
The Great Schism was a split within the Catholic church in what century? | Ducks - BackYard Chickens Community
Ducks
Pros: Good eggs, tame, easy care
Cons: Poop a lot
I hatched these out for a 4-H project having no intention of keeping them. I ended up with a beautiful pair and I'm looking forward to getting more. The eggs are fatastic! She started laying around Christmas and gives me an egg every day. They free range in the yard, but don't go very far. They are very nice to work around and are content to hang around the kiddie pool all day. They tolerate...
Pros: Great foragers, pest control, prolific layers
Cons: Quite high strung
Pros: Great layers, Cute, very tame, and good mothers!
Cons: Very aggressive drake.
Pros: Lots of personality, great flyers, and beautiful.
Cons: Not good layers, less tame, and hens can be louder.
Manufacturer
6 Reviews
“ I've had Anconas for over a year now, after admiring them for awhile before then. I LOVE them. My two hens are fantastic egg-layers. Since they started laying early this spring, they hardly ever miss a day (except for my hen who went broody - she took a few weeks off during incubation, and then about 1-1/2 weeks after they hatched she is back at it!). They are also quite calm and friendly,...” -- wordgirl
100% Positive Reviews
2 Reviews
“I actually posted in a comment by mistake but I love my Aylesbury drake. Absolutely adore him. He has so much personality. I had two brothers but lost one to a fox attack. They are not aggressive, they love to wander around the garden, they shout a lot and dont like being on their own. My boy needs a companion but i have to wait until Spring when its breeding...” -- julia305
100% Positive Reviews
4 Reviews
“I actually ordered blue swedish an got 1 blue an one black. The black is the female an shes very nice an quiet an will eat out of my hand. hasnt started laying yet but I can't wait til she does!! ” -- sharebear840
75% Positive Reviews
19 Reviews
“We have a drake and two ladies for him. They are a joy. They are our ducky order patrol, parading the property, checking in on the other animals, offering suggestions, keeping everyone in line and making sure we all are in our proper places. They are the epitome of duck sense. All three will tolerate being held and petted, and bob their heads and call...” -- HnkyDnkyZZFarm
95% Positive Reviews
Write the First Review!
The Buff Orpington duck is a dual-purpose breed that lays 180-240 large white eggs per year, and weighs 7-9 pounds at maturity, making it a tasty, lean meat duck. These beautiful ducks also can go broody each year. dress clean, blend in well, can't fly, making them a true quad-duty duck (eggs, meat, broody, exhibition or show). They are calm, tame birds that are a favourite among many....
“Very nice ducks, originating in England. Good layers, not good flyer's, and similar to Khaki Campbell's.” -- mymilliefleur
100% Positive Reviews
13 Reviews
“ I love call ducks! They are the ideal duck for persons with not much room for bigger ducks. To those close to neighbors, I suggest a pen of males as the hens are vocal. These ducks are quick and efficient insect and worm eradicaters. Provide them with a kiddie pool for hours of amusement. With one wing clipped, they won't fly off. They are...” -- NajmoNests
100% Positive Reviews
25 Reviews
“These are definitely ducks with personality and individuality! I have three and I'm extremely happy with this breed. They are strikingly beautiful and fun-loving, and quite intelligent. They run all over my yard and LOVE snatching up every slug and snail they can find, playing in the sprinkler, and trying new things to nibble on. Mine are just over a month old at the time of this...” -- Ibicella
96% Positive Reviews
1 Review
“ I have one Crested Blue Swedish, Squeaky. She has a Mate named Redford who is a male Black Swedish. I am pretty sure Squeaky (crest blue Swede) is a Crested Blue Swedish, her dad i think was but her mom wasn't. Not sure if she is just a blue swede with a tuft, or she is one of these. Anyway, she is adorable,when she isn't quacking at me asking me to leave her pen. Lettuce and peas are...” -- Fluffers
100% Positive Reviews
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Which gas, indicating the presence of possible life forms, has been discovered on Mars? | NASA - Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet
Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet
01.15.09
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> Larger, labeled image Mars today is a world of cold and lonely deserts, apparently without life of any kind, at least on the surface. Worse still, it looks like Mars has been cold and dry for billions of years, with an atmosphere so thin, any liquid water on the surface quickly boils away while the sun's ultraviolet radiation scorches the ground.
But there is evidence of a warmer and wetter past -- features resembling dry riverbeds and minerals that form in the presence of water indicate water once flowed through Martian sands. Since liquid water is required for all known forms of life, scientists wonder if life could have risen on Mars, and if it did, what became of it as the Martian climate changed.
New research reveals there is hope for Mars yet. The first definitive detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars indicates the planet is still alive, in either a biologic or geologic sense, according to a team of NASA and university scientists.
"Methane is quickly destroyed in the Martian atmosphere in a variety of ways, so our discovery of substantial plumes of methane in the northern hemisphere of Mars in 2003 indicates some ongoing process is releasing the gas," said Dr. Michael Mumma of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "At northern mid-summer, methane is released at a rate comparable to that of the massive hydrocarbon seep at Coal Oil Point in Santa Barbara, Calif."
Scientists don't yet know enough to say with certainty what the source of the Martian methane is, but this artist's concept depicts a possibility. In this illustration, subsurface water, carbon dioxide and the planet's internal heat combine to release methane. Although we don’t have evidence on Mars of active volcanoes today, ancient methane trapped in ice "cages" might now be released. Credit: NASA/Susan Twardy
> Larger image Methane -- four atoms of hydrogen bound to a carbon atom -- is the main component of natural gas on Earth. It's of interest to astrobiologists because organisms release much of Earth's methane as they digest nutrients. However, other purely geological processes, like oxidation of iron, also release methane. "Right now, we don’t have enough information to tell if biology or geology -- or both -- is producing the methane on Mars," said Mumma. "But it does tell us that the planet is still alive, at least in a geologic sense. It's as if Mars is challenging us, saying, hey, find out what this means." Mumma is lead author of a paper on this research appearing in Science Express Jan. 15.
If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane, it likely resides far below the surface, where it's still warm enough for liquid water to exist. Liquid water, as well as energy sources and a supply of carbon, are necessary for all known forms of life.
"On Earth, microorganisms thrive 2 to 3 kilometers (about 1.2 to 1.9 miles) beneath the Witwatersrand basin of South Africa, where natural radioactivity splits water molecules into molecular hydrogen (H2) and oxygen. The organisms use the hydrogen for energy. It might be possible for similar organisms to survive for billions of years below the permafrost layer on Mars, where water is liquid, radiation supplies energy, and carbon dioxide provides carbon," said Mumma.
"Gases, like methane, accumulated in such underground zones might be released into the atmosphere if pores or fissures open during the warm seasons, connecting the deep zones to the atmosphere at crater walls or canyons," said Mumma.
"Microbes that produced methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide were one of the earliest forms of life on Earth," noted Dr. Carl Pilcher, Director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute which partially supported the research. "If life ever existed on Mars, it's reasonable to think that its metabolism might have involved making methane from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide."
However, it is possible a geologic process produced the Martian methane, either now or eons ago. On Earth, the conversion of iron oxide (rust) into the serpentine group of minerals creates methane, and on Mars this process could proceed using water, carbon dioxide, and the planet's internal heat. Although we don’t have evidence on Mars of active volcanoes today, ancient methane trapped in ice "cages" called clathrates might now be released.
The team found methane in the atmosphere of Mars by carefully observing the planet over several Mars years (and all Martian seasons) with NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility, run by the University of Hawaii, and the W. M. Keck telescope, both at Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
The team used spectrometer instruments attached to the telescopes to make the detection. Spectrometers spread light into its component colors, like a prism separates white light into a rainbow. The team looked for dark areas in specific places along the rainbow (light spectrum) where methane was absorbing sunlight reflected from the Martian surface. They found three such areas, called absorption lines, which together are a definitive signature of methane, according to the team. They were able to distinguish lines from Martian methane from the methane in Earth's atmosphere because the motion of the Red Planet shifted the position of the Martian lines, much as a speeding ambulance causes its siren to change pitch as it passes by.
"We observed and mapped multiple plumes of methane on Mars, one of which released about 19,000 metric tons of methane," said Dr. Geronimo Villanueva of the Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. Villanueva is stationed at NASA Goddard and is co-author of the paper. "The plumes were emitted during the warmer seasons -- spring and summer -- perhaps because the permafrost blocking cracks and fissures vaporized, allowing methane to seep into the Martian air. Curiously, some plumes had water vapor while others did not," said Villanueva.
According to the team, the plumes were seen over areas that show evidence of ancient ground ice or flowing water. For example, plumes appeared over northern hemisphere regions such as east of Arabia Terra, the Nili Fossae region, and the south-east quadrant of Syrtis Major, an ancient volcano 1,200 kilometers (about 745 miles) across.
It will take future missions, like NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, to discover the origin of the Martian methane. One way to tell if life is the source of the gas is by measuring isotope ratios. Isotopes are heavier versions of an element; for example, deuterium is a heavier version of hydrogen. In molecules that contain hydrogen, like water and methane, the rare deuterium occasionally replaces a hydrogen atom. Since life prefers to use the lighter isotopes, if the methane has less deuterium than the water released with it on Mars, it's a sign that life is producing the methane. The research was funded by NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
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| Methane |
Francis II 1792-1835 was the last person to hold which 1000-year-old title? | Mars | Alien Species | Fandom powered by Wikia
686.97 Earth days
All credit goes to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars .
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is often described as the "Red Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain within the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature.
Until the first flyby of Mars occurred in 1965, by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on an observed periodic variations in light and dark patches, particularly in the polar latitudes, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark striations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid water. These straight line features were later explained as optical illusions, though geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface. In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Mars rover Spirit sampled chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007. The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.
Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids, similar to 5261 Eureka, a Martian trojan asteroid. Mars is currently host to three functional orbiting spacecraft: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. On the surface are the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and its recently decommissioned twin, Spirit, along with several other inert landers and rovers, both successful and unsuccessful. The Phoenix lander completed its mission on the surface in 2008. Observations by NASA's now-defunct Mars Global Surveyor show evidence that parts of the southern polar ice cap have been receding. Observations by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.
Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye. Its apparent magnitude reaches −3.0 a brightness surpassed only by Venus, Jupiter, the Moon, and the Sun.
Contents
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Mars has approximately half the radius of Earth. It is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of the mass. Its surface area is only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land. While Mars is larger and more massive than Mercury, Mercury has a higher density. This results in the two planets having a nearly identical gravitational pull at the surface—that of Mars is stronger by less than 1%. Mars is also roughly intermediate in size, mass, and surface gravity between Earth and Earth's Moon (the Moon is about half the diameter of Mars, whereas Earth is twice; the Earth is about nine times more massive than Mars, and the Moon one-ninth as massive). The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide, more commonly known as hematite, or rust.
Geology
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Based on orbital observations and the examination of the Martian meteorite collection, the surface of Mars appears to be composed primarily of basalt. Some evidence suggests that a portion of the Martian surface is more silica-rich than typical basalt, and may be similar to andesitic rocks on Earth; these observations may also be explained by silica glass. Much of the surface is deeply covered by finely grained iron(III) oxide dust.[24][25]
Although Mars has no evidence of a current structured global magnetic field, observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized, and that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in the past. This paleomagnetism of magnetically susceptible minerals has properties that are very similar to the alternating bands found on the ocean floors of Earth. One theory, published in 1999 and re-examined in October 2005 (with the help of the Mars Global Surveyor), is that these bands demonstrate plate tectonics on Mars four billion years ago, before the planetary dynamo ceased to function and caused the planet's magnetic field to fade away.
Current models of the planet's interior imply a core region about 1,480 km in radius, consisting primarily of iron with about 14–17% sulfur. This iron sulfide core is partially fluid, and has twice the concentration of the lighter elements than exist at Earth's core. The core is surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but now appears to be inactive. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, with a maximum thickness of 125 km. Earth's crust, averaging 40 km, is only one third as thick as Mars’ crust, relative to the sizes of the two planets.
During the Solar System's formation, Mars was created out of the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun as the result of a stochastic process of run-away accretion. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points such as chlorine, phosphorus and sulphur are much more common on Mars than Earth; these elements were probably removed from areas closer to the Sun by the young Sun's powerful solar wind.
After the formation of the planets, all were subjected to the "Late Heavy Bombardment". About 60% of the surface of Mars shows an impact record from that era. Much of the rest of the surface of Mars is probably underlain by immense impact basins that date from this time—there is evidence of an enormous impact basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars, spanning 10,600 km by 8,500 km, or roughly four times larger than the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin, the largest impact basin yet discovered. This theory suggests that Mars was struck by a Pluto-sized body about four billion years ago. The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, created the smooth Borealis basin that covers 40% of the planet.
The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but the following are the three primary periods:
[*]Noachian period (named after Noachis Terra): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of Mars, 4.5 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The Tharsis bulge, a volcanic upland, is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the period. [*]Hesperian period (named after Hesperia Planum): 3.5 billion years ago to 2.9–3.3 billion years ago. The Hesperian period is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains. [*]Amazonian period (named after Amazonis Planitia): 2.9–3.3 Gyr ago billion years ago to present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact craters, but are otherwise quite varied. Olympus Mons formed during this period, along with lava flows elsewhere on Mars.
Some geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet-like lava flows up to about 200 Mya. Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions. On February 19, 2008, images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed evidence of an avalanche from a 700 m high cliff.
Soil
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Main article: Martian soil
The Phoenix lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride. These nutrients are found in gardens on Earth, and are necessary for growth of plants. Experiments performed by the Lander showed that the Martian soil has a basic pH of 8.3, and may contain traces of the salt perchlorate.
Streaks are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first and get lighter with age. Sometimes the streaks start in a tiny area which then spreads out for hundreds of metres. They have also been seen to follow the edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path. The commonly accepted theories include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or dust devils.[42] Several explanations have been put forward, some of which involve water or even the growth of organisms.[43][44]
Hydrology
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Main article: Water on Mars Microscopic photo taken by Opportunity showing a gray hematite concretion, indicative of the past presence of liquid water
Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure, except at the lowest elevations for short periods.[45][46] The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water.[47][48] The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 meters.[49] A permafrost mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60°.[47]
Large quantities of water ice are thought to be trapped underneath the thick cryosphere of Mars. Radar data from Mars Express and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show large quantities of water ice both at the poles (July 2005)[17][50] and at mid-latitudes (November 2008).[18] The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.[20]
Landforms visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has at least at times existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as outflow channels, cut across the surface in around 25 places. These are thought to record erosion which occurred during the catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of these structures have also been hypothesised to result from the action of glaciers or lava.[51][52] The youngest of these channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million years ago.[53] Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic networks of valleys are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution very strongly imply that they were carved by runoff resulting from rain or snow fall in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.[54]
There are also thousands of features along crater and canyon walls that appear similar to terrestrial gullies. The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the southern hemisphere and to face the Equator; all are poleward of 30° latitude. A number of authors have suggested that their formation process demands the involvement of liquid water, probably from melting ice,[55][56] although others have argued for formation mechanisms involving carbon dioxide frost or the movement of dry dust.[57][58] No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these are very young features, possibly even active today.[56]
Other geological features, such as deltas and alluvial fans preserved in craters, also argue very strongly for warmer, wetter conditions at some interval or intervals in earlier Mars history.[59] Such conditions necessarily require the widespread presence of crater lakes across a large proportion of the surface, for which there is also independent mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological evidence.[60] Some authors have even gone so far as to argue that at times in the martian past, much of the low northern plains of the planet were covered with a true ocean hundreds of meters deep, though this remains controversial.[61]
Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as hematite and goethite, both of which sometimes form in the presence of water.[62] Some of the evidence believed to indicate ancient water basins and flows has been negated by higher resolution studies by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.[63] In 2004, Opportunity detected the mineral jarosite. This forms only in the presence of acidic water, which demonstrates that water once existed on Mars.
Polar caps
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Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing 25–30% of the atmosphere to condense out into thick slabs of CO2 ice (dry ice).[65] When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the frozen CO2 sublimes, creating enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 km/h. These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving rise to Earth-like frost and large cirrus clouds. Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the Opportunity rover in 2004.[66]
The polar caps at both poles consist primarily of water ice. Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only, while the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about eight metres thick.[67] The northern polar cap has a diameter of about 1,000 kilometres during the northern Mars summer,[68] and contains about 1.6 million cubic km of ice, which if spread evenly on the cap would be 2 km thick.[69] (This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic km (km3) for the Greenland ice sheet.) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a thickness of 3 km.[70] The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has also been estimated at 1.6 million cubic km.[71] Both polar caps show spiral troughs, which are believed to form as a result of differential solar heating, coupled with the sublimation of ice and condensation of water vapor.[72][73]
The seasonal frosting of some areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1 metre thick slabs of dry ice above the ground. As the region warms with the arrival of spring, pressure from subliming CO2 builds up under a slab, elevating and ultimately rupturing it. This leads to geyser-like eruptions of CO2 gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a rate of change rather unusual in geology—especially for Mars. The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spider-like pattern of radial channels under the ice.
Geography
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Main article: Geography of Mars
Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first "areographers". They began by establishing that most of Mars’ surface features were permanent, and more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and Mädler simply designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus feature "a."[78]
Today, features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than 60 kilometres (37 mi) are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars. Craters smaller that 60 km are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word mars or star in various languages, small valleys are named for rivers.[79]
Large albedo features retain many of the older names, but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example, Nix Olympica (the snows of Olympus) has become Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus).[80] The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian 'continents' and given names like Arabia Terra (land of Arabia) or Amazonis Planitia (Amazonian plain). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names Mare Erythraeum, Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is Syrtis Major Planum.[81] The permanent northern polar ice cap is named Planum Boreum, while the southern cap is called Planum Australe.
Mars’ equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its Prime Meridian was specified, as was Earth's (at Greenwich), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mädler and Beer selected a line in 1830 for their first maps of Mars. After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called Airy-0), located in the Sinus Meridiani ("Middle Bay" or "Meridian Bay"), was chosen for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection.[82]
Since Mars has no oceans and hence no 'sea level', a zero-elevation surface also had to be selected as a reference level; this is also called the areoid [83] of Mars, analogous to the terrestrial geoid. Zero altitude is defined by the height at which there is 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) of atmospheric pressure.[84] This pressure corresponds to the triple point of water, and is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).[85] In practice, today this surface is defined directly from satellite gravity measurements. An approximate true-color image, taken by Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, shows the view of Victoria Crater from Cape Verde. It was captured over a three-week period, from October 16 – November 6, 2006. Impact topography
The dichotomy of Martian topography is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. Research in 2008 has presented evidence regarding a theory proposed in 1980 postulating that, four billion years ago, the northern hemisphere of Mars was struck by an object one-tenth to two-thirds the size of the Moon. If validated, this would make the northern hemisphere of Mars the site of an impact crater 10,600 km long by 8,500 km wide, or roughly the area of Europe, Asia, and Australia combined, surpassing the South Pole-Aitken basin as the largest impact crater in the Solar System.[14][15]
Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 craters with a diameter of 5 km or greater have been found.[86] The largest confirmed of these is the Hellas impact basin, a light albedo feature clearly visible from Earth.[87] Due to the smaller mass of Mars, the probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of the Earth. Mars is located closer to the asteroid belt, so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. Mars is also more likely to be struck by short-period comets, i.e., those that lie within the orbit of Jupiter.[88] In spite of this, there are far fewer craters on Mars compared with the Moon because the atmosphere of Mars provides protection against small meteors. Some craters have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the meteor impacted.
Tectonic sites
Edit
The shield volcano, Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus), at 27 km is the highest known mountain in the Solar System.[90] It is an extinct volcano in the vast upland region Tharsis, which contains several other large volcanoes. Olympus Mons is over three times the height of Mount Everest, which in comparison stands at just over 8.8 km.[91]
The large canyon, Valles Marineris (Latin for Mariner Valleys, also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of 4,000 km and a depth of up to 7 km. The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the Grand Canyon on Earth is only 446 km long and nearly 2 km deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. Another large canyon is Ma'adim Vallis (Ma'adim is Hebrew for Mars). It is 700 km long and again much bigger than the Grand Canyon with a width of 20 km and a depth of 2 km in some places. It is possible that Ma'adim Vallis was flooded with liquid water in the past.[92] Caves THEMIS image of probable Mars cave entrances. The pits have been informally named (A) Dena, (B) Chloe, (C) Wendy, (D) Annie, (E) Abby (left) and Nikki, and (F) Jeanne.
Images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter have revealed seven possible cave entrances on the flanks of the Arsia Mons volcano.[93] The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the "seven sisters."[94] Cave entrances measure from 100 m to 252 m wide and they are believed to be at least 73 m to 96 m deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is likely that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. "Dena" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 m deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, solar flares and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.[95] Atmosphere Main article: Atmosphere of Mars The tenuous atmosphere of Mars, visible on the horizon in this low-orbit photo
Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago,[96] so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected these ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars.[96][97] Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface ranges from a low of 30 Pa (0.030 kPa) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155 Pa (1.155 kPa) in the Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600 Pa (0.60 kPa).[98] The surface pressure of Mars at its thickest is equal to the pressure found 35 km[99] above the Earth's surface. This is less than 1% of the Earth's surface pressure (101.3 kPa). The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 km,[100] which is higher than Earth's (6 km) because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.
The atmosphere on Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and contains traces of oxygen and water.[6] The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 µm in diameter which give the Martian sky a tawny color when seen from the surface.[101]
Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere with a mole fraction of about 30 ppb;[12][102] it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane was released from discrete regions. In northern midsummer, the principal plume contained 19,000 metric tons of methane, with an estimated source strength of 0.6 kilogram per second.[103][104] The profiles suggest that there may be two local source regions, the first centered near 30° N, 260° W and the second near 0°, 310° W.[103] It is estimated that Mars must produce 270 ton/year of methane.[103][105]
The implied methane destruction lifetime may be as long as about 4 Earth years and as short as about 0.6 Earth years.[103][106] This rapid turnover would indicate an active source of the gas on the planet. Volcanic activity, cometary impacts, and the presence of methanogenic microbial life forms are among possible sources. Methane could also be produced by a non-biological process called serpentinization[b] involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.[107] Climate Mars from Hubble Space Telescope October 28, 2005 with dust storm visible. Main article: Climate of Mars
Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's, as Mars’ greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −87 °C (−125 °F) during the polar winters to highs of up to −5 °C (23 °F) in summers.[45] The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.[108] The planet is also 1.52 times as far from the sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.[109]
If Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its axial tilt is similar to Earth's. The comparatively large eccentricity of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near perihelion when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the north, and near aphelion when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in the southern hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can reach up to 30 °C (54.0 °F) warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north.[110]
Mars also has the largest dust storms in our Solar System. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.[111] Orbit and rotation Mars’ average distance from the Sun is roughly 230 million km (1.5 AU) and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days as depicted by the red trail, with Earth's orbit shown in blue for reference.
Mars’ average distance from the Sun is roughly 230 million km (1.5 AU) and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or sol) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.[6]
The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19 degrees, which is similar to the axial tilt of the Earth.[6] As a result, Mars has seasons like the Earth, though on Mars they are nearly twice as long given its longer year. Currently the orientation of the north pole of Mars is close to the star Deneb.[9] Mars passed its perihelion in April 2009[112] and its aphelion in March 2010.[112] The next perihelion comes in March 2011 and the next aphelion in February 2012.
Mars has a relatively pronounced orbital eccentricity of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only Mercury shows greater eccentricity. It is known that in the past Mars has had a much more circular orbit than it does currently. At one point 1.35 million Earth years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today.[113] The Mars cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to the Earth's cycle of 100,000 years.[114] Mars also has a much longer cycle of eccentricity with a period of 2.2 million Earth years, and this overshadows the 96,000-year cycle in the eccentricity graphs. For the last 35,000 years the orbit of Mars has been getting slightly more eccentric because of the gravitational effects of the other planets. The closest distance between the Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.[115] ThePlanets Orbits Ceres Mars PolarView.svg The image to the left shows a comparison between Mars and Ceres, a dwarf planet in the Asteroid Belt, as seen from the north ecliptic pole, while the image to the right is as seen from the ascending node. The segments of orbits south of the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors. The perihelia (q) and aphelia (Q) are labelled with the date of the nearest passage. The orbit of Mars is shown in red, Ceres is in yellow. ThePlanets Orbits Ceres Mars.svg Moons Main articles: Moons of Mars, Phobos (moon), and Deimos (moon) Phobos in color by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter – HiRISE, on March 23, 2008 Deimos in color on February 21, 2009 by the same (not to scale)
Mars has two relatively small natural moons, Phobos and Deimos, which orbit close to the planet. Asteroid capture is a long-favored theory but their origin remains uncertain.[116] Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall, and are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Ares was known as Mars to the Romans.[117][118]
From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear very different from that of our own moon. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit—where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation—rises as expected in the east but very slowly. Despite the 30 hour orbit of Deimos, it takes 2.7 days to set in the west as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars, then just as long again to rise.[119]
Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years it will either crash into Mars’ surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet.[119]
The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory. The unstable orbit of Phobos would seem to point towards a relatively recent capture. But both have circular orbits, very near the equator, which is very unusual for captured objects and the required capture dynamics are complex. Accretion early in the history of Mars is also plausible but would not account for a composition resembling asteroids rather than Mars itself, if that is confirmed.
A third possibility is the involvement of a third body or some kind of impact disruption.[120] More recent lines of evidence for Phobos having a highly porous interior[121] and suggesting a composition containing mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals known from Mars,[122] point toward an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit,[123] similar to the prevailing theory for the origin of Earth's moon. While the VNIR spectra of the moons of Mars resemble those of outer belt asteroids, the thermal infrared spectra of Phobos are reported to be inconsistent with chondrites of any class.[122] Life Main article: Life on Mars
The current understanding of planetary habitability—the ability of a world to develop and sustain life—favors planets that have liquid water on their surface. This most often requires that the orbit of a planet lie within the habitable zone, which for the Sun currently extends from just beyond Venus to about the semi-major axis of Mars.[124] During perihelion Mars dips inside this region, but the planet's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Some recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life.[125]
The lack of a magnetosphere and extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar wind and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimates to a gaseous state). Mars is also nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.[126]
Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown. The Viking probes of the mid-1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil at their respective landing sites and had positive results, including a temporary increase of CO2 production on exposure to water and nutrients. This sign of life was later disputed by some scientists, resulting in a continuing debate, with NASA scientist Gilbert Levin asserting that Viking may have found life. A re-analysis of the Viking data, in light of modern knowledge of extremophile forms of life, has suggested that the Viking tests were not sophisticated enough to detect these forms of life. The tests could even have killed a (hypothetical) life form.[127] Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars lander have shown that the soil has a very alkaline pH and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride.[128] The soil nutrients may be able to support life but life would still have to be shielded from the intense ultraviolet light.[129]
At the Johnson space center lab, some fascinating shapes have been found in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. Some scientists propose that these geometric shapes could be fossilized microbes extant on Mars before the meteorite was blasted into space by a meteor strike and sent on a 15 million-year voyage to Earth. An exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has also been proposed.[130]
Small quantities of methane and formaldehyde recently detected by Mars orbiters are both claimed to be hints for life, as these chemical compounds would quickly break down in the Martian atmosphere.[131][132] It is remotely possible that these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or geological means such as serpentinization.[107] Exploration Main article: Exploration of Mars Viking Lander 1 site February 1978
Dozens of spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, and Japan to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology. As of 2008, the price of transporting material from the surface of Earth to the surface of Mars is approximately US$309,000 per kilogram.[133]
Active probes at the Martian system as of 2011 include the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (since 2006), Mars Express (since 2003), 2001 Mars Odyssey (since 2001), and on the surface, Opportunity Rover (since 2004). More recently concluded missions include Mars Global Surveyor (1997–2006) and Spirit Rover (2004–2010).
Roughly two-thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars have failed in one manner or another before completing or even beginning their missions, including the difficult late 20th century period of early pioneers and first-timers. In the 21st century failures are much less common.[134] Mission failures are typically ascribed to technical problems, such as failed or lost communications or design errors, often due to inadequate funding or incompetence for a given mission.[134] Such failures have given rise to a satirical counter-culture blaming the failures on an Earth-Mars "Bermuda Triangle", a Mars "Curse", or the "Great Galactic Ghoul" that feeds on Martian spacecraft.[134] Some of the latest failures include Beagle 2 (2003), Mars Climate Orbiter (1999), and Mars 96 (1996). Past missions Mars 3 lander on a 1972 stamp
The first successful fly-by of Mars was on July 14–15, 1965, by NASA's Mariner 4. On November 14, 1971 Mariner 9 became the first space probe to orbit another planet when it entered into orbit around Mars.[135] The first objects to successfully land on the surface were two Soviet probes: Mars 2 on November 27 and Mars 3 on December 2, 1971, but both ceased communicating within seconds of landing. The 1975 NASA launches of the Viking program consisted of two orbiters, each having a lander; both landers successfully touched down in 1976. Viking 1 remained operational for six years, Viking 2 for three. The Viking landers relayed color panoramas of Mars[136] and the orbiters mapped the surface so well that the images remain in use.
The Soviet probes Phobos 1 and 2 were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons. Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars. Phobos 2, while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos, failed just before it was set to release two landers to the surface of Phobos.[137]
Following the 1992 failure of the Mars Observer orbiter, the NASA Mars Global Surveyor achieved Mars orbit in 1997. This mission was a complete success, having finished its primary mapping mission in early 2001. Contact was lost with the probe in November 2006 during its third extended program, spending exactly 10 operational years in space. The NASA Mars Pathfinder, carrying a robotic exploration vehicle Sojourner, landed in the Ares Vallis on Mars in the summer of 1997, returning many images.[138] Spirit's lander on Mars, 2004 View from the Phoenix lander, 2008
The NASA Phoenix Mars lander arrived on the north polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008.[139] Its robotic arm was used to dig into the Martian soil and the presence of water ice was confirmed on June 20.[140][141][141] The mission concluded on November 10, 2008 after contact was lost.[142] Current missions
The NASA Mars Odyssey orbiter entered Mars orbit in 2001.[143] Odyssey's Gamma Ray Spectrometer detected significant amounts of hydrogen in the upper metre or so of regolith on Mars. This hydrogen is thought to be contained in large deposits of water ice.[144]
The Mars Express mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) reached Mars in 2003. It carried the Beagle 2 lander, which failed during descent and was declared lost in February, 2004.[145] In early 2004 the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer team announced the orbiter had detected methane in the Martian atmosphere. ESA announced in June 2006 the discovery of aurorae on Mars.[146]
In January 2004, the NASA twin Mars Exploration Rovers named Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B) landed on the surface of Mars. Both have met or exceeded all their targets. Among the most significant scientific returns has been conclusive evidence that liquid water existed at some time in the past at both landing sites. Martian dust devils and windstorms have occasionally cleaned both rovers' solar panels, and thus increased their lifespan.[147]
On March 10, 2006, the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) probe arrived in orbit to conduct a two-year science survey. The orbiter will map the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions. The MRO snapped the first image of a series of active avalanches near the planet's north pole, scientists said March 3, 2008.[148]
The Dawn spacecraft flew by Mars in February 2009 for a gravity assist on its way to investigate Vesta and then Ceres.[149] Future missions
The Mars Science Laboratory, named Curiosity, will be launched in 2011. It is a larger and more advanced version of the Mars Exploration Rovers, with a movement rate of 90 m/h. Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 13 m.[150]
The joint Russian and Chinese Phobos-Grunt mission to return samples of the Martian moon, Phobos, was launched in 2011, but failed to depart from Earth orbit and destroyed during reentry. The Phobos-Grunt team would be responsible and soon be hunted down by Russian Spetsnaz forces on a possible containment if the parts did reach the surface harming anybody. In 2008, NASA announced MAVEN, a robotic mission in 2013 to provide information about the atmosphere of Mars.[151] In 2018 the ESA plans to launch its first Rover to Mars; the ExoMars rover will be capable of drilling 2 m into the soil in search of organic molecules.[152]
The Finnish-Russian MetNet mission will land[when?] multiple small vehicles on Mars to establish a widespread observation network to investigate the planet's atmospheric structure, physics and meteorology.[153] A precursor mission using one or a few landers is scheduled for launch in 2009 or 2011.[154] One possibility is a piggyback launch on the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission.[154] Manned mission plans Main article: Manned mission to Mars
The ESA hopes to land humans on Mars between 2030 and 2035.[155] This will be preceded by successively larger probes, starting with the launch of the ExoMars probe[156] and a joint NASA-ESA Mars sample return mission.[157]
Manned exploration by the United States was identified as a long-term goal in the Vision for Space Exploration announced in 2004 by then US President George W. Bush.[158] The planned Orion spacecraft would be used to send a human expedition to Earth's moon by 2020 as a stepping stone to a Mars expedition. On September 28, 2007, NASA administrator Michael D. Griffin stated that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.[159]
Mars Direct, a low-cost human mission proposed by Robert Zubrin, founder of the Mars Society, would use heavy-lift Saturn V class rockets, such as the Space X Falcon X, or, the Ares V, to skip orbital construction, LEO rendezvous, and lunar fuel depots. A modified proposal, called "Mars to Stay", involves not returning the first immigrant explorers immediately, if ever (see Colonization of Mars).[160] Astronomy on Mars Main article: Astronomy on Mars Phobos transits the Sun, as seen by Mars Rover Opportunity on March 10, 2004
With the existence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is now possible to study astronomy from the Martian skies. While Mars’ moon Phobos appears about one third the angular diameter of the full Moon as it appears from Earth, Deimos appears more or less star-like, and appears only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth.[161]
There are also various phenomena well-known on Earth that have now been observed on Mars, such as meteors and auroras.[146] A transit of the Earth as seen from Mars will occur on November 10, 2084.[162] There are also transits of Mercury and transits of Venus, and the moons Phobos and Deimos are of sufficiently small angular diameter that their partial "eclipses" of the Sun are best considered transits (see Transit of Deimos from Mars).[163][164] Viewing Animation of the apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003 as seen from Earth
Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric its apparent magnitude at opposition from the Sun can range from −3.0 to −1.4. The minimum brightness is magnitude +1.6 when the planet is in conjunction with the Sun.[7] Mars usually appears a distinct yellow, orange, or reddish color; the actual color of Mars is closer to butterscotch, and the redness seen is just dust in the planet's atmosphere; considering this NASA's Spirit rover has taken pictures of a greenish-brown, mud-colored landscape with blue-grey rocks and patches of light red colored sand.[165] When farthest away from the Earth, it is more than seven times as far from the latter as when it is closest. When least favorably positioned, it can be lost in the Sun's glare for months at a time. At its most favorable times—at 15- or 17-year intervals, and always between late July and late September—Mars shows a wealth of surface detail to a telescope. Especially noticeable, even at low magnification, are the polar ice caps.[166]
As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of retrograde motion, which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.[167] Closest approaches Relative
The point Mars’ geocentric longitude is 180° different from the Sun's is known as opposition, which is near the time of closest approach to the Earth. The time of opposition can occur as much as 8½ days away from the closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about 54[168] and about 103 million km due to the planets' elliptical orbits, which causes comparable variation in angular size.[169] The last Mars opposition occurred on January 29, 2010. The next one will occur on March 3, 2012 at a distance of about 100 million km.[170] The average time between the successive oppositions of Mars, its synodic period, is 780 days but the number of days between the dates of successive oppositions can range from 764 to 812.[171]
As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of retrograde motion, which makes it appear to move backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days. Absolute, around the present time Mars oppositions from 2003–2018, viewed from above the ecliptic with the Earth centered
Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness in nearly 60,000 years, 55,758,006 km (0.372719 AU), magnitude −2.88, on 27 August 2003 at 9:51:13 UT. This occurred when Mars was one day from opposition and about three days from its perihelion, making Mars particularly easy to see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to have been on September 12, 57 617 BC, the next time being in 2287.[172] This record approach was only very slightly closer than other recent close approaches. For instance, the minimum distance on August 22, 1924 was 0.37285 AU, and the minimum distance on August 24, 2208 will be 0.37279 AU.[114]
An email sent during the close approach in 2003 has, in succeeding years, repeatedly spawned hoax emails saying that Mars will make its closest approach for thousands of years, and will look as big as the Moon.[173] Historical observations Main article: History of Mars observation
The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars, when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars which occur every 15 or 17 years, and are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to Earth.
The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient Egyptian astronomers and by 1534 BCE they were familiar with the retrograde motion of the planet.[174] By the period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Babylonian astronomers were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior. For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 synodic periods, or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years. They also invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets.[175][176]
In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle noted that Mars disappeared behind the Moon during an occultation, indicating the planet was farther away.[177] Ptolemy, a Greek living in Alexandria,[178] attempted to address the problem of the orbital motion of Mars. Ptolemy's model and his collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi-volume collection Almagest, which became the authoritative treatise on Western astronomy for the next fourteen centuries.[179] Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by Chinese astronomers by no later than the fourth century BCE.[180] In the fifth century CE, the Indian astronomical text Surya Siddhanta estimated the diameter of Mars.[181]
During the seventeenth century, Tycho Brahe measured the diurnal parallax of Mars that Johannes Kepler used to make a preliminary calculation of the relative distance to the planet.[182] When the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun-Earth distance. This was first performed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672. The early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments.[183] The only occultation of Mars by Venus observed was that of October 13, 1590, seen by Michael Maestlin at Heidelberg.[184] In 1610, Mars was viewed by Galileo Galilei, who was first to see it via telescope.[185] The first person to draw a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens.[186] Martian "canals" Map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli Mars sketched as observed by Lowell sometime before 1914. (South top) Map of Mars from Hubble Space Telescope as seen near the 1999 opposition. (North top) Main article: Martian canal
By the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified. In September 1877, a perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on September 5. In that year, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli used a 22 cm telescope in Milan to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called canali, which were later shown to be an optical illusion. These canali were supposedly long straight lines on the surface of Mars to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term, which means "channels" or "grooves", was popularly mistranslated in English as "canals".[187][188]
Influenced by the observations, the orientalist Percival Lowell founded an observatory which had a 300 and 450 mm telescope. The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on the planet, which had a great influence on the public.[189] The canali were also found by other astronomers, like Henri Joseph Perrotin and Louis Thollon in Nice, using one of the largest telescopes of that time.[190][191]
The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals lead to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight canali were observed. During an observation in 1909 by Flammarion with a 840 mm telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no canali were seen.[192]
Even in the 1960s articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars. Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published.[193]
It was not until spacecraft visited the planet during NASA's Mariner missions in the 1960s that these myths were dispelled. The results of the Viking life-detection experiments started an intermission in which the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.[194]
Some maps of Mars were made using the data from these missions, but it was not until the Mars Global Surveyor mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that complete, extremely detailed maps of the martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals were obtained.[195] These maps are now available online, for example, at Google Mars. In culture Main article: Mars in culture
Mars is named after the Roman god of war. In different cultures, Mars represents masculinity and youth. Its symbol, a circle with an arrow pointing out to the upper right, is also used as a symbol for the male gender. Intelligent "Martians" An 1893 soap ad playing on the popular idea that Mars was populated. Main article: Mars in fiction
The popular idea that Mars was populated by intelligent Martians exploded in the late 19th century. Schiaparelli's "canali" observations combined with Percival Lowell's books on the subject put forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling, dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrigation works.[196]
Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed "Mars Fever".[197] In 1899 while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab, inventor Nikola Tesla observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901 interview Tesla said:
It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.[198]
Tesla's theories gained support from Lord Kelvin who, while visiting the United States in 1902, was reported to have said that he thought Tesla had picked up Martian signals being sent to the United States.[199] Kelvin "emphatically" denied this report shortly before departing America: "What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity."[200]
In a New York Times article in 1901, Edward Charles Pickering, director of the Harvard College Observatory, said that they had received a telegram from Lowell Observatory in Arizona that seemed to confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with the Earth.[201]
Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.[201]
Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas with the intention of signaling Martians.[202]
In recent decades, the high resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by 'intelligent' life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland. Reminiscent of the canali controversy, some speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images, such as 'pyramids' and the 'Face on Mars'. Planetary astronomer Carl Sagan wrote:
Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.[188]
Martian tripod illustration from the 1906 French edition of The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells.
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface conditions not only might support life, but intelligent life.[203] Thus originated a large number of science fiction scenarios, among which is H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds, published in 1898, in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth. A subsequent US radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds on October 30, 1938 by Orson Welles was presented as a live news broadcast, and became notorious for causing a public panic when many listeners mistook it for the truth.[204]
Influential works included Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles, in which human explorers accidentally destroy a Martian civilization, Edgar Rice Burroughs' Barsoom series, C. S. Lewis' novel Out of the Silent Planet (1938),[205] and a number of Robert A. Heinlein stories before the mid-sixties.[206]
Author Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel Gulliver's Travels.[207]
A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared on television in 1948 as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present.[208]
After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to be abandoned and a vogue for accurate, realist depictions of human colonies on Mars developed, the best known of which may be Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy. Pseudo-scientific speculations about the Face on Mars and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by space probes have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.[209]
The theme of a Martian colony that fights for independence from Earth is a major plot element in the novels of Greg Bear as well as the movie Total Recall (based on a short story by Philip K. Dick) and the television series Babylon 5. Some video games also use this element, including Red Faction and the Zone of the Enders series. Mars (and its moons) were also the setting for the popular Doom video game franchise and the later Martian Gothic.
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In Italy what is ‘calcio’? | calcio {1} translation English | Italian dictionary | Reverso
simile a {1,}, almeno una presenza.
similar to {1,}, at least 1 occurrence.
c) per accuratezza si intende la prossimità del valore di un risultato ottenuto al valore di riferimento riconosciuto {ISO 3534-1}.
(c) "accuracy": shall be the closeness of agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value {ISO 3534-1}.
Tenendo conto delle importanti implicazioni finanziarie delle attività legate al calcio professionistico: 1.
Given the major financial implications of activities relating to professional football: 1.
Naturalmente, oltre a questi dannosi effetti, va anche ricordato che - per parlare solo del calcio - il professionismo rappresenta soltanto l'1 percento dei tesserati della Federazione internazionale del calcio.
Setting aside the excesses, we should also be aware that, in the world of association football for example, only one per cent of all players registered with the International Federation of Football Associations are professionals.
1. Ciascuno Stato membro crea o designa un punto nazionale d'informazione sul calcio avente carattere di polizia.
1. Each Member State shall set up or designate a national football information point of a police nature.
Miscelare il campione da analizzare sino ad amalgamarlo con 1 g di carbonato di calcio (3.1).
Mix the test sample until completely merged with 1 g of calcium carbonate (3.1).
See how “calcio {1}” is translated from Italian to English with more examples in context
Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary.
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Which creature was used as a symbol of Christianity in the early days of persecution? | Is 'Calcio Storico' The Most Violent Sport In The World? | So Bad So Good
Is 'Calcio Storico' The Most Violent Sport In The World?
Is 'Calcio Storico' The Most Violent Sport In The World?
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Is 'Calcio Storico' The Most Violent Sport In The World?
You might not have heard of a game called Calcio Storico (translation 'Historic Football') but it's probably one of the most violent sports in the world.
Now you might think that UFC, MMA, Thai Kickboxing or even Rugby could go toe to toe with the sport, but you'd be wrong. It's origins date back to around the 16th century in Piazza Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Each team has 27 players ready for battle, modern-day gladiators if you will, whose sole aim is to score as many goals as they can using their hands or feet.
So why is it consider the most violent sport on the planet?
Players are actively encouraged to use a combination of boxing, mixed martial arts and traditional Greco-Roman wrestling to overpower their opponents on the way to scoring a goal. If someone stands in your way, you can legitimately cracked them in the face with an uppercut or roundhouse kick on your way to slamming the ball home.
Whilst it's popularity has dwindled over time (if use to be played all over Italy), each year in the Piazza Santa Croce they host the annual tournament, the place where it al began. Here's a video which showcases the game in full and more importantly, just how intense the on-field action truly is.
So, who's up for a quick game?
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Abolished in 1966 by the Catholic Church what was the Index Expergatorius? | Research Paper on Book Banning | Free Research Paper Samples, Research Proposal Examples and Tips
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Research Paper on Book Banning
Books banning was the rules set by the Roman Catholic Church to ban the reading of certain books under threat of excommunication. The rules also contain instructions about the reading, and selling, of books. The official purpose of books banning was protection of the faith and morals against abuse and theological errors.
Those students who are interested to write a good research paper on Books banning lust know that Books that passed censorship and were allowed to be printed had a stamp “Nihil obstat” (no obstacle) and “Imprimatur” (let it be printed) on the title page.
Catholic writers have the right to defend their books and were allowed to present a new, revised edition, to lift the ban. The banning was very effective: for many years the book, appear on the banning list, it was very difficult to find in the Catholic countries, especially outside the major cities. List had the force of law until 1966, when it was abolished by the Second Vatican Council. But remained a Catholic moral obligation not to sell or to read books that can endanger the faith or morals.
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The first list was published in the Netherlands in 1529. Venice, and Paris followed the example of the Netherlands in 1543 and 1551 respectively. The first Roman list was compiled by Pope Paul IV. Censorship principles of this list were considered too rigid, and the Church changed the law on the books banning. This list served as the basis for all subsequent lists of banned books until in 1897 Pope Leo XIII has not published his own list, Index Leonianus.
In 1572, the Holy Congregation of the List was formed, specially designed for the detection of banned literature, making additions to the list, as well as creating lists corrections in cases where the book required corrections rather than its absolute prohibition. In such cases, the book was included in the list with the special notes, for example, «donec corrigatur» (banned, if not corrected) or «donec expurgetur» (banned, if not cleaned). As a result, sometimes appeared very long list of corrections, published in a special edition – Index Expurgatorius.
Congregation List was abolished in 1917, and the books banning became a prerogative of the Holy Cabinet. The rules for reading books were transferred to the new Code of Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici). The list went on and updated regularly thereafter. Last 32 edition of the list was published in 1948. There were 4,000 books banned because of heresy, immorality, pornography elements, political incorrectness, etc.
At various times in the list included works by authors such as Erasmus, Lorenzo Valla, Voltaire, Laurence Sterne, Giordano Bruno, Daniel Defoe, Galileo, Kepler, Copernicus, Sartre and others. The full list of authors whose books have been banned is given in the book «J. Martinez de Bujanda, Index librorum prohibitorum, 1600-1966 (Geneva, 2002).
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At EssayLib.com custom writing service you can get a high-quality custom research paper on Book Banning topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details:
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In which Spielberg film does an FBI agent pursue a highly talented fraudster? | Research Paper on Book Banning | Free Research Paper Samples, Research Proposal Examples and Tips
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Research Paper on Book Banning
Books banning was the rules set by the Roman Catholic Church to ban the reading of certain books under threat of excommunication. The rules also contain instructions about the reading, and selling, of books. The official purpose of books banning was protection of the faith and morals against abuse and theological errors.
Those students who are interested to write a good research paper on Books banning lust know that Books that passed censorship and were allowed to be printed had a stamp “Nihil obstat” (no obstacle) and “Imprimatur” (let it be printed) on the title page.
Catholic writers have the right to defend their books and were allowed to present a new, revised edition, to lift the ban. The banning was very effective: for many years the book, appear on the banning list, it was very difficult to find in the Catholic countries, especially outside the major cities. List had the force of law until 1966, when it was abolished by the Second Vatican Council. But remained a Catholic moral obligation not to sell or to read books that can endanger the faith or morals.
We can write a Custom Research Paper on Book Banning for you!
The first list was published in the Netherlands in 1529. Venice, and Paris followed the example of the Netherlands in 1543 and 1551 respectively. The first Roman list was compiled by Pope Paul IV. Censorship principles of this list were considered too rigid, and the Church changed the law on the books banning. This list served as the basis for all subsequent lists of banned books until in 1897 Pope Leo XIII has not published his own list, Index Leonianus.
In 1572, the Holy Congregation of the List was formed, specially designed for the detection of banned literature, making additions to the list, as well as creating lists corrections in cases where the book required corrections rather than its absolute prohibition. In such cases, the book was included in the list with the special notes, for example, «donec corrigatur» (banned, if not corrected) or «donec expurgetur» (banned, if not cleaned). As a result, sometimes appeared very long list of corrections, published in a special edition – Index Expurgatorius.
Congregation List was abolished in 1917, and the books banning became a prerogative of the Holy Cabinet. The rules for reading books were transferred to the new Code of Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici). The list went on and updated regularly thereafter. Last 32 edition of the list was published in 1948. There were 4,000 books banned because of heresy, immorality, pornography elements, political incorrectness, etc.
At various times in the list included works by authors such as Erasmus, Lorenzo Valla, Voltaire, Laurence Sterne, Giordano Bruno, Daniel Defoe, Galileo, Kepler, Copernicus, Sartre and others. The full list of authors whose books have been banned is given in the book «J. Martinez de Bujanda, Index librorum prohibitorum, 1600-1966 (Geneva, 2002).
Use free example research paper on Books banning if there are any trouble in writing your research proposal.
At EssayLib.com custom writing service you can get a high-quality custom research paper on Book Banning topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details:
Enjoy professional research paper writing service!
This entry was posted in Research papers on
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In Jaws what was the name of the shark-hunting captain of the boat Orca? | Orca (boat) | Jaws Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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ORCA: The Amity incident
Captained by the misanthropic, eccentric war veteran known simply among island locals as Quint , Orca was sunk off the coast of Martha's Vineyard following an extended fishing excursion in the summer of 1973.
On its final voyage, Orca was crewed by Martha's Vineyard chief of police, Martin Brody, and a schooled oceanographer from Woods Hole, Matt Hooper . A game fisherman in every sense, Quint was steadfast as the boats' beleaguered captain to the very end, with machete and blood flying in dramatic recoil.
The demise of the Orca was due in part to structural damage resulting from relentless attacks by a now infamous maniacal rogue shark. Although the boat had been designed to seek out and catch sharks, it was ultimately no match for the overtly cunning, pursuing predator Quint was hired to catch. Attempting to draw the monster in to the shallows, the Orca was eventually over revved and inadvertently scuttled. After listing to port, Brody was able to fire one final explosive shot from the sinking mast at a compressed air tank in the jaws of the attacking shark.
Conspiracy theory
It was well known by most Islanders that Chief Brody had been at odds with the mayor which thereby cast doubt as to the validity of the subsequent police report filed upon his return. The town council also steadfastly refused to pay the agreed bounty ($10,000) as promised, claiming there was still no verifiable proof the shark had either been caught or killed per the terms of the contract.
Members of the council claimed the mayor had reluctantly been coerced into signing, citing fraud on the part of the chief. The town council believed that ORCA was purposely sabotaged, rather than having been sunk by the shark which had been terrorizing the island. Their official claim on record stated the ORCA had merely been scuttled as part of an insurance scheme, cooked up by Brody in order to appropriate the bounty. In addition, it was claimed that Quint had gone into hiding in collusion with Chief Brody to avoid tax revenue and fines due in part to civic ordinance violations, and zoning laws.
As a result, an investigation was launched and Brody was removed from his post as chief of police rather than being lauded as the islands savior. Brody subsequently fled his place of residence, and while evading local authorities was entangled in an altercation with a pair of amateur nature photographers who encountered Brody on a trail. One of the pair were able to take a photo of Brody at gun point before fleeing down the mountainside.
History
During the war in the pacific (WW2), while on a return trip to home port after having delivered the atomic bomb, Quint's ship, (the USS Indianapolis) was hit by torpedos fired from a Japanese submarine. With only a life jacket for floatation, he survived an ordeal at sea for five days surrounded by swarms of killer sharks. Quint's mission during the war had been so secret, no distress call was sent, and a crew of nearly 1100 were lost.
Taking his new found passion and disdain for sharks to the extreme, Quint used what little funds he had and purchased a modified wooden lobster boat off Nova Scotia. As a working boat, 'Novi's' were dependable, highly buoyant, tough, and easy to repair; and were the mainstay for most lobster fisherman in the region. Aptly named 'Warlock', when Quint purchased it, the boat had been named by its first owner in an ode to warding off evil spirits. For Quint, this name seemed apropos as he had been plagued emotionally following his harrowing wartime ordeal at sea, and the last thing he wanted was to be in a ship that would ever sink again.
Components
With the purchase of his vessel complete, Quint set about transforming 'Warlock' into the formidable 'shark seeker' known as ORCA. To improve its hunting capabilities, Quint added an expanded fly bridge, surplus search light, and a reinforced crow's nest to aid in measuring dorsal fins from extended distances.
While Quint was steadfastly against using fancy or advanced hardware, or portable cages to capture or kill sharks, he did use a limited amount of rudimentary tools. Many of which were homemade or jerry-rigged, like painted yellow rain barrels modified for use as ballast kegs. The kegs were set in a track system which could then be tied to harpoon wire fired from a makeshift Greener rifle Quint had acquired at an auction in Boston.
Quint utilized his innovative 'sharking system' to great effect while stationed at the end of a pulpit extending out past the bow. In this way, Quint could readily oversee sharks moving past in close proximity thereby allowing for more precision correlated aims.
Raising the ORCA.
Scientists inspect the purported remains of the ORCA in a top secret area at the Woods Hole institute - [CLASSIFIED IMAGE]
Legacy
After sinking, Orca's wreck was a popular destination for casual divers, but was thought to be cursed by the superstitious following the mysterious disappearance of a diver taking photographs in the summer of 1978. The wreck was subsequently raised and purportedly utilized for further study by Dr. Matthew Hooper at the Woods Hole Institute .
Remnants were also meticulously researched by visiting occultists and archeologists who firmly believed there was some paranormal connection with the boat and the shark. Scientists at the institute discounted any superstitions in their quarterly report, however Dr. Hooper was still firmly convinced that the shark which had attacked swimmers near the Island was likely possessed, or a genetic mutation of a more common great white shark.
The boat is believed to still be in a classified area housed in an off limits area of the institute to this day. Oddly, Woods Hole institute does not acknowledge the existence of a Dr. Matthew Hooper as ever having been on their staff or whether the ORCA is anywhere on the premises.
Film Production: JAWS
A boat was built to resemble the actual ORCA for the film adaption of The Amity Incident (JAWS) in 1974. It was later sold to a crew person who worked on the film, then sold back again to Universal Studios after the crew person complained the boat was possibly haunted, or cursed by flying luminescent ghost sharks. In addition, there were reports of repeated hull breaches taking on water even when it was in dry dock or land. Moreso, the crew person had recurring daydreams whereby he would be pursued by a great white shark when near any body of water, and simply wanted the boat gone. After years serving as a tram attraction center piece of the 'JAWS' attraction at USH, the boat simply disappeared, and to this day its current whereabouts are unknown.
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Chalcopyrite is a major ore of which metal? | Jaws (1975) - Goofs - IMDb
Jaws (1975)
Goofs
Showing all 175 items
Jump to: Anachronisms (1) | Audio/visual unsynchronised (3) | Boom mic visible (1) | Character error (14) | Continuity (82) | Crew or equipment visible (14) | Factual errors (15) | Incorrectly regarded as goofs (6) | Plot holes (2) | Revealing mistakes (17) | Spoilers (20)
Anachronisms
At the beginning of the film, a cherry tree is seen in full bloom. The film is set in July. Cherry trees bloom in May.
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Audio/visual unsynchronised
When Chrissie is attacked by the shark, her mouth doesn't match her screams in many shots of her.
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Boom mic visible
After the boat's engine has died and Hooper tells Brody and Quint that he will go into the shark cage, you can see a reflection of the boom mic in the window behind him, moving from left-to-right.
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Sheriff Brody learns from his deputy that the boy scouts are doing their "Mile Swim" in the bay for their merit badge. While the Boy Scouts of America do offer a "Mile Swim" patch for those scouts able to swim, non-stop for that distance, there is no merit badge that requires swimming a mile. (An Eagle Scout like Steven Spielberg should have known that.)
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When Hooper is examining Chrissie Watkin's corpse, he attributes the attacking squalus (shark) as Longimanus or Isurus Glaucus. Carcharhinis Longimanus is the pelagic White Tip Shark, and wouldn't come close to shore. Its bite would never be mistaken for a great white's. Isurus Glaucus is a Short Fin Mako, and is only found in the Pacific Ocean, not the Atlantic, as the Isurus Oxyrinchus would be.
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As Brody argues with Mayor Vaughan about keeping the beaches closed over the Fourth of July, he states that five people were chewed up in the surf (in New Jersey) in five days, in 1916. In fact, it took place over a twelve-day period, and three of the victims were attacked in a tidal creek.
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When Hooper first meets Quint, Quint asks him to tie a sheep shank. Hooper ties a knot and tosses it to him. However, the knot Hooper ties is actually a trumpet knot, not a sheep shank. They both serve the same purpose (shortening a length or rope) but they are tied differently and have a slight difference in appearance.
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The two sharks mentioned by Hooper during Chrissy Watkins's post-mortem are Carcharhinus longimanus, the Oceanic whitetip shark, which is a pelagic shark and doesn't enter the surf zone where the Watkins character was killed, and Isurus paucus (not "glaucus"), the Longfin mako, and is also not known for coming as close to shore as depicted in the movie.
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The police report that Brody is typing for the first victim states that her death occurred at 11:50PM, but the sun was obviously shining when she entered the water. Also, the time of discovery of the body is stated as 10:20PM, but it is obviously the next morning when her body is discovered (Brody had just gotten out of bed when he received the phone call at home).
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After Hooper and Brody necropsy the Tiger Shark, Hooper wants to go out and search for the rogue shark, stating "It's a night feeder." All of the attacks happen either early morning, in the daytime, or at dusk. He almost never attacks at night.
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The sign for Alex Kitner's reward says he was killed on June 29 but when chief Brody is typing his medical report of the death of the girl, which occurred BEFORE the death of the Kitner boy, he types July 1 as the date of the incident.
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Continuity
The word ORCA on the back of the boat continually changes from shot to shot varying from very rusty letters to shiny letters.
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During the town meeting, the shot before Quint scrapes his fingers over a chalk drawing of a man-eating shark on the blackboard shows the back of the meeting room, including the blackboard. There is no drawing, and Quint is not in the shot, even though both are there a split second later.
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When the Shark first approaches Hooper in the cage, the above water shot shows the barrels being towed through the water at great speed. However, underwater the shark passes Hooper at less than half the speed of the barrels, and the shark has no (barrel) lines attached.
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When the two little kids who pull the fake shark fin around, finally surface, they find themselves surrounded by the Coast Guard's boats and rifles: the kid on the left then takes his mask off and removes his headgear (a diver's cap). But, just a second or two later, when he's being hoisted into one of the surrounding boats, the cap is back on his head, in its original position.
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As the camera is zooming in on Quint as he gives his speech at the town meeting, there are two women, one wearing blue and the other black, seated next to each other. When it cuts to the shot of people in the room listening to Quint, the woman in blue is still there, but the one in black has disappeared.
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Hooper wears glasses (old fashioned rimless) throughout the film, but the temples (the part that goes from the glasses themselves to the ears) change from time to time, even within the same scene. Sometimes they are connected to the glass part of the frame at the top, and sometimes in the middle.
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When Hooper and Quint are comparing their scars, Hooper shows him a large scar on his left forearm. Later on (climbing down a ladder), when the boat engine has died and Hooper has his sleeves pulled up, the scar is gone.
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When Brody boards the ferry and tells them to take him out to the Boy Scouts in the water, Larry Vaughn also boards the ferry. Although the ferry driver has not been given new instructions, he takes them all over to the other side to the ferry terminal, ignoring Brody's initial request.
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When Quint is hauling in the rope from the first barrel and the shark appears suddenly, he jerks back in surprise and still has the rope in one hand only. The next shot shows the rope flying out of both hands, which are cut by the force.
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When Hooper visits Brody's home, he brings two bottles of wine. Brody pours himself a large measure, and then gives his wife and Hooper some. If you look at the bottle, firstly it seems rather full for the amount he's just poured, and secondly the level changes from shot to shot. Sometimes it's above the label, sometimes below.
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When Chief Brody and Hooper tie the ropes to the stern cleats, Quint shoots a harpoon under the shark's mouth. When Hooper is in the shark cage, look at the shark's mouth when it passes by. There is no harpoon there.
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When the two old fishermen are fishing for the shark from the pier, the shark takes the bait and you can see the chain getting pulled into the sea. In the next shot you can still hear the chain being pulled into the sea but if you look on the pier, you can't see any chain being dragged in and the wooden post that the chain is secured to changes into a different position.
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During Quint's speech at the town meeting during which he offers to kill the shark, there is an obvious shift after he warns them they could be on Wellfare. When the camera cuts back to him as he begins, "I don't want no volunteers," his hair and sideburns are longer, his shirt collar is disheveled, the audio has a slight echo, the chalkboard has moved about a foot to the right and its drawing has slightly changed, the room behind him is completely different; the furniture and papers posted on the wall are different, and Quint's own shadow and the shadow of a citizen on the left wall are different, indicating that the lighting has shifted. This last line was clearly shot at a different time and edited back in.
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Before Alex Kintner is attacked, Sean Brody is shown sitting on the beach singing. After Alex is attacked and people are running out of the water, Sean can be seen standing on the beach, and in one shot, Chief Brody can be seen grabbing him. But a couple of seconds later, Sean is shown sitting on the beach in the same spot he was before, as if he had not moved.
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On the Fourth of July, Sean (the youngest Brody kid) is wearing a white t-shirt with orange around the collar, and green shorts. But after Michael goes into shock and Sean is seen crying, he's suddenly wearing darker shorts and a plain white shirt with no orange. Later at the hospital, he has his orange and white shirt and green shorts on again.
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In the scene where the two fisherman are trying to catch the shark with the holiday roast on the pier, it is very dark outside yet when it cuts to Brody (the scenes go back and forth proving that it takes place in the same evening), it is still very light outside.
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When Chief Brody throws the air tank into the sharks mouth, he throws it in bottom first meaning the valve part is sticking out of the sharks mouth. Later, when the shark is charging him and Chief Brody is shooting at the tank, it's reversed and now the bottom of the tank is sticking out of the sharks mouth.
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Brody, Hooper, and Quint get soaked when the shark is pulling the boat backwards, but in the next shot, with Quint still wielding the machete above his head (after having cut the ropes), they appear dry. When the shot returns to a close-up of the three men, they're wet again.
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When the three men are in the cabin of the Orca at night, Quint is leaning forward against the table and is drinking something. In the next shot, as Chief Brody feels the cut on his forehead, Quint is turned towards the side leaning on the back of his seat, but in the next shot of Quint, he is leaning forward again in the same position as the first shot.
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Just before the Kintner boy is attacked, when Chief Brody is sitting on the beach watching the water, he speaks with the old man called Harry. In the close-up shot of Harry the chin strap of his rubber cap hangs down loose at his chest, but in the side shots the chin strap is tucked up at his ear.
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When Brody is doing the chum line for the second time you see that his cigarette has been lit for some time, yet when he has just seen Jaws for the first time and tells Quint, "... you're gonna need a bigger boat..." he is clearly smoking a freshly lit, full length cigarette.
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When Quint yells "untie this, he'll pull out the transom" a shot from inside the boat shows the next barrel (which has been shot onto the shark) move from the front of the boat and smash a cabin window, and there is just one barrel remaining aboard. When the shark is pulling the boat backwards there are now two barrels aboard.
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When Chief Brody is typing up his report of Chrissie's attack, he lists the date of the incident/her date of death as 7/1/74. Mrs. Kintner's bounty sign says she'll pay the men who kill the shark that killed her son June 29th at the town beach. Alex was killed after Chrissie so these date don't align.
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When there is a false alarm in the water, a lady screams when she sees the fin. Behind her there are a girl and a boy on a blow-up raft. In the next shot a man is seen in a similar position, and behind him, there is now an extra girl on the raft.
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When Hooper is in the shark cage he removes the cork from his spear that holds poison, then when the shark hits the cage he loses his spear and as it floats through the water the cork reappears, then the next time you see the spear hit the ocean floor the cork is gone again.
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The action in "Jaws" is supposed to take place during Fourth of July Weekend in New England. At that time of year the temperature in New England, during the day, usually ranges from the mid-70s to the mid-90s (Fahrenheit)...yet, with very few exceptions, the cast -including the extras-are wearing long pants, long-sleeved shirts, heavy jackets, wool hats, etc. They appear to be dressed for autumn weather, not summer weather.
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When Michael and his two friends are sitting in their boat, in the pond, in the first close-up they sit on the white wrinkled up sail, but in the next wide-shot two of them sit on the spread out blue tarp.
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When the pump is given to Brody, Quint says, "Pump it out, Chief," and then Quint, with his long blue sleeves, thrusts his machete into the side of the boat. However, in the close-up Quint's arm has no sleeve whatsoever, as the machete meets the wood.
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Chief Brody pulls his son out of the water, who is in shock after a close encounter with the shark. His pants get very wet as he splashes through the shallow water and we see a bunch of wet spots. Cut to Brody laying the boy onto the sand, and the wet spots are in a completely different arrangement. Areas that were wet a second before are now dry and vice versa.
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When Chief Brody is in the hardware store getting supplies to make "Beach Closed" signs, there are two buildings across the street (visible through the shop window), painted dark gray/blue, with large windows trimmed in white. When the chief exits the building and stands on the curb right out front loading the supplies into the deputy's car, the building across the street is a large brick building with small windows.
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When Hooper, Brody and Quint are preparing the cage for Hooper's confrontation with the shark, overhead shots show that the deck of the boat is dry. But scenes before and after show a few inches of water in the boat, a result of the shark battering in the Orca's side.
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When Hooper and Brody are tying off the ropes on the back of the boat and Brody traps Hooper and pulls him free, the rope breaks when it snaps back. Yet in the next shot it's still tied around the boat.
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When the mouth of the tiger shark is first opened on the dock there is blood on the mouth and in the back of its throat. After it has been hung up and when one of the boaters puts his head in its mouth, there is no blood.
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In one of the first scenes scene when Quint stands at the bow of the boat to shoot the shark with a harpoon, he takes aim at eye level with the camera behind him. But when the camera cuts in front of him he is shooting from hip level
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When the engine of the Orca is blown, you see Hooper jumping into over a foot of water, and the entire engine compartment is flooded. In the next shot, you see Quint reaching for, and using a fire extinguisher to put out the fire in a dry engine compartment.
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When Quint notices his rod starting to click, the rim of the reel has a shiny metallic coloration that reflects the sky, but when he is hooking it up to his vest a few seconds later, the reel has a dull gray metallic coloration which doesn't reflect a thing.
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When Quint shoots the second barrel onto the shark there are three barrels remaining on deck. Just over a minute later when they are chasing the shark and Quint yells "run him down Hooper" there are now four barrels remaining on deck.
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While Brody is sitting on the beach watching the lady in the water, several items next to him on the left of screen, and the bottom of a blowup raft which can be seen under the door of the changeroom behind him, disappear between shots, while a blue esky suddenly appears next to Brody.
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At the Hospital, when Ellen leaves with Sean, Brody looks over and sees Larry standing at the reception. In the next shot when Brody approaches Larry, a black ashtray, which was not there in the previous shot, has appeared on the counter.
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During the town hall scene, Mr. Polk (next to Larry) is leaning forward against the bench, as are most of the other selectmen. However in one shot from behind the selectmen, he is leaning so far back that he cannot even be seen, but in the next shot, still on the men, he is back leaning forward.
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When Brody, Hooper and Quint encounter the shark for the first time, the direction which the shark approaches from is inaccurate. When Brody and Quint walk out on deck, they along with Hooper look towards the port side, like the shark is approaching from that direction. In the next shot from behind Brody and Quint, the shark is approaching from the starboard side, then the three men are all looking towards port side again, before the shark swims past the stern coming from starboard side again.
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When Brody asks the ferry driver to take him over to the kids out swimming, there is a sign -"Amity" on the front of the ferry above the water. When it gets to the other side, the ferry is facing the same way, but the sign no longer appears at the front.
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When the shark first shows up on the boat we see Hooper and Brody go to the front of the boat and they are both wearing sneakers. But when we see Brody going out to the edge of the barrels he's wearing boots.
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During the first chum-line scene, Quint's fishing rod starts out in the fighting-chair's left rod-holder. It then suddenly switches to the right holder during the incident with Brody and the SCUBA-tanks. Even though there are some cuts in the sequence, there was neither a reason nor enough time for Quint to move the rod from the left to the right holder. Incidentally, the very next scene (after the dissolve, when Quint starts noticing he may have hooked something), the rod is back to its original position in the left holder.
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Towards the end of the movie, Hooper acknowledges to Quint he cannot get "this little needle" (a normal hypodermic needle) through the shark's skin, but says if he gets close enough he can "get him in the mouth." However, in the next scene, during a montage sequence for Hooper's shark cage assembly, it shows that the hypodermic is not the actual weapon. The hypodermic is only used to measure and deposit poison into a much larger steel, Farallon-brand Shark Dart Repeater, one which does penetrate shark skin.
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When the shark eats the guy in the red boat in the pond, Brody grabs a red blanket and goes for a brown blanket after exclaiming, "He's in shock," in reference to his son's close encounter with the shark. In the next shot, his wife is laying down blue and brown blankets over Michael.
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Brody asks Hooper to help with the group of men crowding into a small boat. Hooper says that the officer wants him to tell them that they're overcrowding the boat. They show the men climbing in and there's a guy in a blue jacket climbing down the ladder into the boat. He waves his arm and says, "What do you care?" They then show Hooper asking if they know a good restaurant or hotel on the island. When they show the men again, uttering the line "Yeah, walk straight ahead," the man in the blue jacket is on the deck again and is again descending the ladder.
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When the engine of the Orca explodes and the shark swims away, Brody is standing on the bridge, then when the camera pans down to Hooper standing below him, the iron ladder, used to climb on and off the bridge, has disappeared. When Quint comes out and hands Brody and Hooper a life jacket, the ladder has returned.
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Crew or equipment visible
In the underwater scene when the shark attacks the cage and just when Hooper escapes, we can see the rigging that maneuvers the shark.
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When the two barrels pop up out of the water, there is a cut to Brody and Hooper then a cut back to the barrels with the Orca in the background. In this shot Quint is on the bridge while Brody and Hooper are at the stern, but if you look closely you can also see a crewman moving around inside the cabin.
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When the shark starts to pull the Orca backwards, a towline is clearly visible running from the stern of the Orca (to the tow/camera vessel), in spite of the attempted use of the rope lines from the yellow floats to cover it.
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When Ben Gardner is heading out on his boat, it cuts to a shot from behind which shows his and other surrounding boats. At the front is Ben on his boat, and mounted to the bow is the camera and reflector screen, which filmed the previous shot.
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On the TV/video version of Chrissie's death scene, a fine wire can be seen connected to the buoy as she is being shaken about by the shark. This was probably used to stop it drifting out of shot. The wire has been removed on the DVD version.
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When Brody, Quint and Hooper are watching the shark coming towards them after seeing it for the first time, for a brief moment, shadows of the cameraman and crew members can be seen on the shark as it approaches the stern of the boat.
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Factual errors
Great White Sharks cannot move backwards once their gills are under water, as seen towards the end of the film.
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Like Quint said, "Black eyes. Like a doll's eyes. When he comes at ya, he doesn't even seem to be livin'... 'til he bites ya, and those black eyes roll over white and then..." So for all those scenes where we see Jaws attack someone, like Quint or the guy in the pond, his eyes should have rolled back as a way to protect them.
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When Hooper finds the shark tooth in the hull of Ben Gardner's boat, the point is sticking up, with the root end of the tooth embedded in the wood. If the shark had lost the tooth while biting into the hull, Hooper should have found the point stuck in the wood, with the root end exposed.
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When Brody is left on the boat by himself the 3000 psi scuba tank floats beside him. A full scuba tank would sink. Only an empty tank would float because it does not include the weight of the compressed air inside. For the tank to explode however, it would have to be full and pressurized.
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When Brody and Hooper are out on Hooper's "High Tech" boat, there is a radar antenna rotating on the bow of the boat. A radar antenna should be at the highest point possible on a boat. In the position shown on Hooper's boat, there would be no radar coverage behind the boat as it would be blocked by the cabin and bridge of the boat.
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During Quint's description of the Indianapolis sinking, he says the ship was on her way from the island of Tinian to Leyte but in fact, the Indianapolis first sailed from Tinian to Guam and was sailing from Guam to Leyte when she was torpedoed and sunk.
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The Farallon Shark Dart Repeater, into which Hooper pours "20cc of strychnine nitrate" before he enters the shark cage, was not designed to accept, nor be a receptacle for, poison. It was designed solely to cause massive internal damage by triggering a CO2 charge once the steel dart penetrates the shark's skin.
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Incorrectly regarded as goofs
When Hooper is examining Chrissie's body he attributes it to an attacking squalus. Squalus is genus of dog sharks. He should know this, being a shark expert. However, at this point, Hooper does not know what kind of shark attacked her and so he is listing all of the species it could be. (He also indicates Longimanus and Isurus glaucus, which are whitetip and mako sharks, respectively.) More than that, though, "squalus" is the Latin word for "shark" and is often used by marine biologists as a generic name for sharks.
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During the barrel scene, the shark pulls three barrels underwater. MythBusters discovered that the shark would have had to exert 1200 pounds of pressure, which it would be incapable of doing. However, this is a thriller/horror movie, and shark's strength is intentionally exaggerated to make it appear invincible.
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Some think that when Quint first encounters the shark, he incorrectly refers to the Great White shark as an orca, saying that he's "gotta get a good shot at that orca's head". In fact, as he referred to the great white when first approached by Hooper and Brody inside his boathouse, he is calling it a "porker" - slang term for "big & white" - but with his accent it sounds similar to "orca".
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Real great white sharks do not behave in the manner depicted in this film. In fact, unprovoked shark attacks are very rare, with only a handful of them being fatal and two out of three people survive a great white shark attack. However, this is a thriller/horror movie and many things are intentionally exaggerated to fit the genre.
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MythBusters discovered that the shark was incapable of pulling the boat backwards by the cleats. To do so the shark would have had to pull twice its own body weight. However, this is a thriller/horror movie, and shark's strength is intentionally exaggerated to make it appear invincible.
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When Quint stabs the machete into the Orca's gunwale, the wood has already been marked up with gashes from the machete, probably from previous takes. However, it is conceivable that this was not the first time Quint has done this, and the marks in the wood were not a mistake.
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Plot holes
When Mike shows up at the beach Martin asks him to go to the pond instead with the boat and friends. Then when the kids pull the fake shark stunt and everyone is running out of the water we see Ellen calling for Mike. But when she goes up to Martin she tells him that he's in the pond. How did she know that?
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Ben Gardner, who is later found dead, is shown with his hands on his boat's window as it's going out for the shark hunt. A young crewman wearing a black jacket is seen standing right behind Gardner. A third crewman has to be driving the boat to keep it straight and avoid hitting all the other boats. Although it's presumed that the two crewmen were also killed by the shark, no one in Amity seems to notice their fates, and there is no mention of them in the film.
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Revealing mistakes
The corners of Jaws' mouth change throughout the movie, whether we are seeing a footage shark or the mechanical one. When we see a real one, the lines of its mouth are parallel. But when we see the fake one, the top corners of its jaws are overlapping the bottom ones.
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As the camera begins to zoom in on Quint after he scratches the blackboard at the town meeting, Brody can be seen kneeling down to stay out of shot on the lower right of screen. Then ten seconds later his shadow is seen on the blackboard as he stands up.
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Later in the movie the shark is chasing the fishing vessel Orca after the intrepid crew has harpooned it and put "three barrels" on him, which are clearly seen following them in the background of the shot. What is also clearly seen in this shot is the wake from the towline that attaches the barrels to the fishing vessel itself.
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When the shark jumps onto the boat, you will notice daylight shining through his gills. The sharks used for filming included a right and left design. Which meant one side had skin and the other side didn't. This design allowed the daylight to shine through to the other end and through the gills.
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After Quint chops the rope to stop the boat from being pulled by the shark, a calm moment follows during which the men are just catching their breath. After a few seconds, three barrels suddenly appear, but during that time, you can see the barrels in the foreground just under the water, waiting to be released and pop to the surface.
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The shots from under the water of Chrissie swimming show a brilliant light above her, but the sun is on the horizon and a first quarter Moon wouldn't be that bright. It can't be from a full Moon either as that would be opposite the Sun in the sky, and so it could not be overhead whilst the Sun is on the horizon.
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During the scene at the hospital after the shark attack in the pond, as Michael and his bed are being wheeled out of the room and down the hall by a female nurse and a male doctor the actor playing the male doctor looks directly into the camera.
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When the shark swims out from under the Orca after nearly tipping it, the "sea sled" apparatus is visible under the mechanical shark, including the tow cable which is very visible pulling the shark from ahead of it and to its left.
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When the shark attacks a character, his severed leg floats to the bottom of the water. When the leg hits the bottom, it doesn't behave like a leg with a real knee joint. The knee joint doesn't bend at all on impact with the bottom, for instance.
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One of the first scenes in which the shark engages the boat- Orca , you see Brody, Quint and Hooper fall to one side as the boat tips to the side. If you watch closely, it appears that the actors appear to fall over, prior to the boat actually tipping over ,as if they are anticipating the effect.
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During the first scene on the ferry dock on the Fourth of July, the male actor portraying a souvenir shopper wearing a white rimmed hat and a striped polo-style shirt, quickly cuts his eyes upward and to the right and looks directly into the camera.
The goof items below may give away important plot points.
Character error
The first victim in the film is the female student named Chrissy. We see some of her remains being discovered being eaten by crabs and this occurs in daylight. According to the Police report Chief Brody prepares at the typewriter the time of her death is 7-1-74 (Monday 1 July 1974) at 11.50pm. The time the deceased was discovered is listed as the next day, 7-2-74 at 10.20pm (not am - first error). The second victim in the film is the Alex Kintner boy. According to the reward notice posted by the boy's mother, he was killed on Sunday June 29th (no year given - but surely must be same year as the first victim). Therefore, the second victim in the film was killed before the first victim, going by the dates given (second error). Finally, when one checks the calendar 29 June 1974 was in fact a Saturday, not a Sunday (third error).
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Nephrite is one of the two forms of which ornamental rock? | 1000+ images about Jade Jadeite Nephrite on Pinterest | Gemstones, Jade and Maya
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Jadeitite | Jade, the "gemstone" mined from subduction zones, is really two types of metamorphic rock: nephrite and the rarer jadeitite (shown here). Jade is rare because it forms only along faults deep within active subduction zones. Windows have been polished on this sample to show the rock’s true colors.
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What is the scientific name for brown coal? | Jadeite: The mineral Jadeite information and pictures
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The Mineral jadeite
Jadeite is most famous for its gem form of Jade . Jewelry and ornamental carvings were made from Jade throughout history. Jade was very precious in some ancient societies, and was sometimes worth even more than Gold. Jadeite is not the only form of Jade; the amphibole mineral Nephrite (a variety of Actinolite ) also has a gem form of Jade.
On a gemological standpoint, all tough masses of Jadeite and Nephrite are called Jade. The Jadeite and Nephrite forms of Jade are almost identical, and it may be very difficult to distinguish the two. In fact, they were thought to be one mineral type until 1863, when it was discovered that they are scientifically different minerals. Jadeite Jade is the rarer and more valuable form of Jade. The most common color for both forms of Jade is pale green. Emerald-green Jade, known as Imperial Jade , is the most valuable form of Jade.
Jadeite is rarely represented in mineral collections, since it is usually uninteresting in its rough form and commercially mined only for gemstone use.
USES
Jadeite is an important mineral, as it is the primary form of the gemstone Jade . It is cut into cabochon s, beads, and earrings, and some rings and bracelets may be carved out of an entire mass of Jade. Valuable ornamental sculptures and figures are often carved from this gem.
See the gemstone section on Jade for more information.
NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES
Some of the finest Jadeite comes from Tawmaw, Myanmar (Burma), which is one of the largest producers of gem-quality Jade. Other important deposits are Itmurundy Massif, Krasnyi Oktyabr, Kazakhstan; Kharp, Siberia, Russia; Yunian, Tibet, China; Itoigawa, Niigata Prefecture, Japan; and Sierra de las Minas, Motagua Valley, Guatemala.
In the U.S., large masses come from Clear Creek in the Diablo Range, San Benito Co., California; and waterworn nugget s from Cape San Martin (Jade Cove), Big Sur, Monterey Co., California. Small yet visible crystals come from the Russian River in the vicinity of Cloverdale, Mendocino Co., (and nearby Sonoma Co.) California.
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To which secret society did Gavrilo Princip, Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassin belong? | First World War.com - Who's Who - Gavrilo Princip
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Who's Who - Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918) was born in June or July 1894, the son of a postman. One of nine children, six of whom died in infancy, Princip's health was poor from an early age: his eventual death was caused by tuberculosis.
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After attending schools in Sarajevo and Tuzla, Princip left for Belgrade in May 1912. While in Serbia Princip joined the secret Black Hand society, a nationalist movement favouring a union between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia.
Princip was one of three men sent by Dragutin Dimitrijevic , the chief of the Intelligence Department in the Serbian Army and head of the Black Hand, to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, during his visit to Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Ferdinand had accepted the invitation of General Oskar Potiorek to inspect army manoeuvres in his capacity of Inspector General of the army. The other men sent to assassinate Ferdinand were Nedjelko Cabrinovic, and Trifko Grabez.
The three men were instructed to commit suicide after killing the Archduke. To this end they were each given a phial of cyanide, along with a revolver and grenades . Each of the men suffered from tuberculosis and consequently knew that they did not have long to live; meanwhile, Dimitrijevic did not wish any of the men to live to tell who was behind the assassination.
The prime minister of Serbia was given advance warning of the assassination plot, and whilst a sympathiser of the Black Hand's objectives - Bosnia-Herzegovina achieving independence from Austro-Hungary - he feared war with Austria-Hungary should an assassination attempt be successful. He therefore gave orders for the arrest of the three men as they left the country; his orders were not acted upon however.
Once in Bosnia-Herzegovina the three men met up with six fellow conspirators and travelled onwards to Sarajevo.
Franz Ferdinand arrived in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, a Sunday, and was met at the railway station by General Potiorek, to be taken on to the city hall for the reception and speeches.
Seven members of the Black Hand lined the route due to be taken by the Archduke's cavalcade along Appel Quay. One of the men, Nedjelko Cabrinovic, threw a grenade at the Archduke's car. The driver took evasive action and quickly sped from the scene. The grenade bounced off the back of the Archduke's car and rolled underneath the next car, exploding seconds later; two of its occupants were severely wounded.
Cabrinovic swallowed his cyanide capsule as instructed, and jumped into the River Miljacka. He did not die however, but was captured and arrested. It is speculated that the capsule contained nothing other than a harmless water-based solution.
Ferdinand attended the reception at the city hall and complained vociferously about his reception at the city.
"What is the good of your speeches? I come to Sarajevo on a visit, and I get bombs thrown at me. It is outrageous!"
Archduke Franz Ferdinand interrupting the Mayor's welcome speech at Sarajevo's city hall, 28 June 1914.
Following the reception the Archduke determined to visit those injured in the grenade explosion at the city hospital. General Potiorek decided that the motorcade should take an alternate route to the hospital, avoiding the city centre altogether. However the driver of Ferdinand's car, Franz Urban, was not informed of the change of plan and so took the original route.
Turning into Franz Joseph Street, General Potiorek, who was a passenger in Ferdinand's car, noticed that the altered route had not been taken. He remonstrated with the driver who in turn slowed the car and then began to reverse out of the street.
Gavrilo Princip, who happened to be in Franz Joseph Street at a cafe, seized his opportunity, and took aim at Ferdinand from a distance of five feet. His bullets struck the Archduke in the neck and his wife, Sophie, who was travelling with him, in the abdomen.
Urban drove the car to the governor's residence at Konak; the couple died soon afterwards.
After the shooting Princip made to turn his gun upon himself but was seized and restrained by a man nearby, aided by several policemen. He was arrested and taken to a police station.
In total eight men were charged with treason and Franz Ferdinand's murder. However under Austro-Hungarian law capital punishment could not be applied to anyone under the age of 20 when the crime was committed. Gavrilo Princip, whose precise date of birth could not be firmly established at his trial, was therefore imprisoned for the maximum duration, twenty years. He died however of tuberculosis on 28 April 1918.
Click here to view film footage of Archduke Franz Ferdinand arriving at Sarajevo's Town Hall on 28 June 1914
| Black Hand |
What was the name of the unsuccessful ‘war plan’ developed by the Germans in 1905? | Gavrilo Princip
Princip, Gavrilo (1894 -1918) Born: Oblej. The Bosnian-Serb who shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and set the wheels of world war in motion.
Gavrilo Princip was born the fourth of nine children (six died in infancy). His father worked as a postman. Gavrilo, never in robust health, attended high school in Sarajevo and Tuzla, but in 1912 traveled to Belgrade for a more Serb-nationalist education. There he became an active propagandist for the Greater Serbian cause.
He was admitted to Major Tankosic's Black Hand partisan academy in 1912, but his poor health rendered him unfit for active duty. Two years later, Tankosic recruited Princip and two others for a plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Because of his earlier partisan training, Princip was the best shot of the three and showed leadership qualities.
The assassination was ultimately successful. (See the Sarajevo article for a fuller account.) Police resuced Princip from the mob, many of whom wanted to kill him. Once in custody, Princip and Cabrinovic managed to confuse their amateurish interrogators, revealling nothing of the Black Hand organization and sponsorship of the plot. Danilo Ilic's confession nearly brought down their house of cards, but during the trial (in which all the defendants were present) Princip was quietly able to exercise his leadership. The code of silence held.
While some of the defendants expressed remorse over their crime, Princip maintained his silence about the Black Hand with a stoic detachment. His final statement in court was short.
" In trying to insinuate that someone else has instigated the assassination, one strays from the truth. The idea arose in our own minds, and we ourselves executed it. We have loved the people. I have nothing to say in my defense."
Princip was found guilty. Whether he would receive the death penalty or a prison term hinged on his exact birthday. One oaccount had him turn 20 days before the crime, another that he turned 20 a few days after . The court gave Princip the benefit of the doubt, and sentenced him to 20 years in prison. He died in the hospital of Theresienstadt prison on April of 1918, from tuberculosis of the bone.
MS
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The kakapo is the world’s only flightless type of which bird? | Kakapo videos, photos and facts - Strigops habroptila | ARKive
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Kakapo biology
The kakapo is the only parrot to have a lek mating system (5) ; early in the breeding season (between December and April) (3) , males gather on display grounds where a number of bowl shaped depressions are dug out in the ground. Having competed for access to the best locations, a male settles into a bowl and then begins to 'boom' to attract females (5) . This strange, very low frequency call can be heard up to five kilometres away, and obtains its resonance via inflatable throat air sacs; lek-displaying males also make a metallic, high pitched 'ching' call (5) . After mating, female kakapos incubate the eggs and rear the chicks alone. Two to three eggs are usually produced and the chicks hatch after 30 days (5) . Sexual maturity is not reached until nine to ten years of age; furthermore, breeding is erratic and slow, occurring every two to five years, and is dictated by the infrequent availability of super-abundant food supplies (3) . One such event is the 'mast fruiting' of the 'rimu' tree (Dacrydium cupressinum), which only occurs every two to five years (7) . The kakapo feeds on a variety of fruits, seeds, roots, stems, leaves, nectar and fungi (5) . Today, introduced plants are important foods on some islands (3) .
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Kakapo range
The subfamily Strigopinae is endemic to New Zealand, and was once widespread within the North, South and Stewart Islands, but is now extinct throughout this former range (2) . Between 1980 and 1997 (3) , all kakapo remaining on Stewart Island were transported to offshore, predator-free islands in order to protect them from introduced mammalian carnivores. The species now occurs on Codfish and Chalky Islands (3) .
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Kakapo status
The kakapo is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1) , and listed on Appendix I of CITES (4) .
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Kakapo threats
The first human settlers of New Zealand were the Maori, who hunted kakapo for their feathers and meat; the Polynesian dog and rat introduced by the Maori also preyed upon this species (5) . When Europeans began to settle in the 1800s, the range of the kakapo had already dramatically declined, and the situation became critical as Europeans set about clearing forests, hunting and releasing mammalian predators such as domestic cats, dogs, stoats and rats. The kakapo is particularly vulnerable to predation by mammals due to its strong scent, habit of freezing when threatened, and especially its ground nesting behaviour (5) and flightlessness; the latter, together with very slow breeding strategies, are key elements in the demise of many endangered and extinct New Zealand species (8) . Introduced possums and deer compete with the kakapo for food sources (5) .
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Kakapo conservation
The drastic measure of removing all surviving kakapo to predator-free islands has averted extinction of this remarkable bird. There is a National Kakapo Team and a ten-year Recovery Plan for the species (5) . Measures to conserve the kakapo include intensive, invasive management of free-living individuals, including supplementary feeding in order to stimulate and support breeding, and measures to improve the survival of chicks. Although research and management are ongoing, the dedication and hard work have paid off and initial results are very encouraging; the kakapo population has increased from 51 individuals in 1995 to 86 in 2002 (3) . Unfortunately, in July 2004 three young female kakapos died as the result of a mystery infection, taking the total population down to 83 individuals. New Zealand's Department of Conservation was quick to respond, giving the remaining kakapos antibiotics (9) . A productive year in 2009 saw the kakapo population increase to 124 individuals (10) , although the loss of a male in February 2010 brought the total down to 123 (5) . In January 2012, the kakapo population stood at 127 individuals (11) .
For more information on the kakapo see:
Kakapo Recovery Programme:
| Parrot |
Which cowboy was played by Ty Hardin? | The World's 10 Most Unusual Flightless Birds | Amazing Animals
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The World’s 10 Most Unusual Flightless Birds
These birds have wings but won”t fly! Surprised — then go scroll down the listto know more interesting facts about the world”s 10 most unusual flightless bird.
Titicaca grebe
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The Titicaca flightless grebe or short-winged grebe (Rollandia microptera), is a grebe found primarily in Lake Titicaca which straddles the border between Peru and Bolivia. Though it can”t fly, it is an excellent diver. The upperparts of this flightless grebe are a black-brown colour. The chin, throat and foreneck are white. The nape is chestnut to dark sooty brown.
Takahē
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The Takahē or South Island takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) is a flightless bird indigenous to New Zealand. The species was believed to be extinct by the end of the nineteenth century, but was rediscovered by Geoffrey Orbell in Fiordland in 1948. The takahē is still considered critically endangered with fewer than 300 individuals. This stocky bird with reduced wings is the largest living member of the Rallidae family. An adult measures 63 cm (25 in) and weighs about 2.7 kg (6.0 lb). It is generally purple-blue in colour, with a greenish back and inner wings. It has a red-based pink bill and pink legs.
Kiwi
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The kiwi is any of five species of the non-flying family of birds called ratites native to New Zealand. Two of the species are vulnerable, one is endangered, and one is critically endangered. They can be found in different types of habitats: farmland, pine forest, scrubland, swamps, and vegetated gullies. The species is characterized by its round little body, brown fluffy feathers and its modest whiskered face. Its wings are only about 1 inch (3 cm) long and are useless, completely hidden under the feathers. Kiwis grow to about the size of a chicken and weigh between three and nine pounds.
Cassowary
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The cassowary is a large, flightless bird distributed throughout Northern Australia, New Guinea, and surrounding islands. It is the heaviest bird in Australia and the second heaviest in the world after its cousin, the ostrich. There are three species of cassowary — the southern cassowary, the northern cassowary and the dwarf cassowary. All three cassowary species have a casque that starts to develop on top of their head at one to two years of age. Adults stand between 1.5-2 metres in height. Adults are striking with their jet black plumage and bright blue neck with touches of red.
Guam rail
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The Guam rail (Gallirallus owstoni) is a flightless bird, endemic to the United States territory of Guam. The last individual in the wild of this species died in 1987 following catastrophic declines owing to predation by the introduced brown tree-snake. A captive population survives and is now being bred in captivity on Guam and at some mainland U.S. zoos. The species remains classified as Extinct in the Wild until an introduced population becomes firmly established.
It is a medium-sized rail about 28 cm in total length. The upperparts are chocolate-brown. The underparts are barred black and white. The head and back are brown. It has grey eyebrow, brown iris and a dark blackish breast with white barring. The legs and beak are dark brown.
Galapagos Flightless cormorant
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The Galapagos Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi) is one of the rarest birds in the world because it is the only cormorant that has lost the ability to fly. This cormorant is native only to the Galapagos Islands.
The unusual bird measures between 89–100 cm (35–40 in) in length and weighing 2.5–5.0 kg (5.5-11 lbs). The upper body plumage is blackish and the underparts are brown. It has elongated body, long neck, long, hooked bill, and short set-back legs with large, webbed feet.
Tasmanian nativehen
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The Tasmanian nativehen (Tribonyx mortierii) is a stocky flightless bird found only in Tasmania. Although many flightless birds have a history of extinction with the arrival of humans, the Tasmanian nativehen has actually benefited from the introduction of European style agricultural practices that provide easy food for grazing. Although they cannot fly, they are good swimmers and very fast runners. They have been clocked at up to 30 miles per hour.
It stands between 43 and 51 centimetres (17 and 20 in) in length. The upper body is olive brown with a white patch on the flank. The underparts are darker with a bluish grey tinge. The bill is a greenish yellow colour. The short tail and abdomen are black.
Campbell teal
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The Campbell teal (Anas nesiotis) is a small, flightless, nocturnal species of dabbling duck endemic to the Campbell Island group of New Zealand. Both sexes are sexually dimorphic in plumage and size. Females are a uniformly dark brown with a paler abdomen, while males have a green, iridescent head and back, with a chestnut coloured breast. Both sexes have dark brown eyes, prominent white eye-patch, dark-grey bill, legs and feet. The Campbell teal is listed as Endangered because it has an extremely small population.
Kakapo
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The Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), also called owl or night parrot, is a very unusual bird found only in New Zealand. It is the world”s rarest, heaviest, and the only flightless nocturnal parrot. The species is known for its beautiful mossy green plumage mottled with brown and yellow. It has very soft feathers and an owl-shaped face. It has short legs, large grey beak, wings and feet. The tail is relatively short. An adult can measure from 58 to 64 cm (23 to 25 in) in length, and weight can vary from 0.95 to 4 kg (2 to 9 lbs). The Kakapo is critically endangered with only 126 known surviving birds as of March 2014.
Inaccessible Island rail
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The Inaccessible Island rail (Atlantisia rogersi) is probably the coolest bird one should ever see – cool in a sense that it lives on an island that is literally inaccessible. This species, the smallest extant flightless bird in the world, is found only on Inaccessible Island in the Tristan Archipelago. Unlike many other islands, Inaccessible Island has remained free from introduced predators, allowing this species to flourish without threats.
The species is characterized by its short black bill, red eyes and greyish legs. It has dark rusty-brown plumage on its upper body and dark grey on underparts. It has an average length of 17 cm (6.7 in) and weight of 30 g (1.1 oz).
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The Stoop is the home of which Premiership club? | Harlequins Rugby Union
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Join us at The Stoop
Show your support and bring the colour for the remainder of the season as Harlequins continue in their Aviva Premiership and Anglo-Welsh Cup campaigns. Tickets from £6 for juniors and £12 for adults.
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Which has been known as the ‘Horned Planet’? | Premiership: Harlequins 35-28 Bath - BBC Sport
Premiership: Harlequins 35-28 Bath
From the section Rugby Union
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Charlie Walker is the Premiership's leading try scorer this season with eight
Harlequins (21) 35
Tries: Sloan, Walker 2, Horwill Cons: Botica 3 Pens: Botica 3
Bath (6) 28
Friday's Premiership action as it happened
Harlequins survived a late Bath onslaught to earn a bonus-point win and go fifth in the Premiership.
Bath conceded 24 points either side of half-time while they were down to 14 men after Chris Cook was sin-binned.
Charlie Walker crossed twice and James Horwill also went over for the hosts, adding to Harry Sloan's early score.
But Bath scored three tries and 22 unanswered points in the final 15 minutes to earn an unlikely bonus point of their own.
Amanaki Mafi, Jeff Williams and Semesa Rokoduguni all touched down after Harlequins replacement Sam Twomey was sin-binned, and Tom Homer kicked a penalty in the closing seconds to ensure Mike Ford's side would not leave The Stoop empty-handed.
However, last season's Premiership finalists remain ninth in the table, having won only two of their eight league games in 2016 and five of 15 Premiership outings all season.
Sloan's first Premiership try for more than two years gave Quins a perfect start and Conor O'Shea's side stretched their lead from 11-6 to 35-6 in the 10 minutes after Bath scrum-half Cook was shown a yellow card for a deliberate knock-on.
Walker's brace of tries took his tally for the season to eight, making him the leading scorer in the Premiership this season.
And the home side held out for a league double over Bath, despite the visitors using their extra man to full effect while Twomey and later Horwill were sent from the field for indiscretions.
Harlequins director of rugby Conor O'Shea:
"What a game of rugby, the first half was lung-bursting and we played some brilliant rugby and it's a massive win.
"We were killed by the referee in the second half as we were penalised for the fun of it. It was as if the referee felt that the game shouldn't have been all one way.
"This eight-game challenge has been very tough for us with five out of the seven games on the road with a young and small group."
Bath head coach Mike Ford:
"The sin-bin cost us as they scored 24 points in Cook's absence. They scored just before half-time so we had to change the half-time team talk and then we conceded another soft one so our heads went down.
"We should have had a penalty try at a crucial stage in the first half when Horacio Agulla was hauled down near the line. Their player tackled Amanaki Mafi when he was in an offside position.
"We showed great character to get a bonus point from that position and that was very positive. We'll take heart from the last 30 minutes but we did give them three of their four tries."
Harlequins: R. Chisholm; Walker, Lowe, Sloan, Cheeseman; Botica, Dickson; Lambert, Ward, Sinckler, Merrick, Horwill (capt), Luamanu, Wallace, Easter.
Replacements: Gray, Evans, Collier, Twomey, J. Chisholm, Tebaldi, Marchant, Lindsay-Hague.
Sin-bin: Twomey (65), Horwill (77).
Bath: Homer; Rokoduguni, Banahan, Eastmond, Agulla; Devoto, Cook; Lahiff, Webber, Thomas, Ewels, Day, Garvey, Louw (capt), Mafi.
Replacements: Frost, Catt, Wilson, Houston, Mercer, Evans, Clark, Williams.
Sin-bin: Cook (35).
For the latest rugby union news follow @bbcrugbyunion on Twitter.
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Who drinks poison to save Peter Pan? | Saving Tinkerbell - Chris Busch
Saving Tinkerbell
May 19, 2008
Do you remember the story of Peter Pan?
The little fairy Tinkerbell drinks the poison intended for Peter and her light begins to dim and fade as certain death approaches. But, why is she dying? It’s not because she drank poison, oh no, it’s because not enough of us believed in fairies.
Peter implores the audience to show their belief in fairies by clapping and as the live audience is worked into a frenzy, Tinkerbell is miraculously revived and averts certain death. We just needed to believe in fairies hard enough.
I’ve seen a lot of people in business over the years trying to save Tinkerbell. I’ve done it myself. Made a dumb decision, or two… OK, or three, and then believed that in spite of my own bad judgment I could somehow revive Tinkerbell if I just believed hard enough.
I consider myself a person of faith, but there are times if you drink the poison you die. You can’t always believe yourself out of bad decisions. Sometimes you just have to drink the antidote, which is usually a good dose of humility followed with a generous serving of taking responsibility for your choices. And as you slowly climb out of the hole you dug for yourself, you begin to see that all the wildly clapping audiences in the world cannot really save Tinkerbell. Peter Pan lied to us.
But we believed it because it was more comfortable than admitting we were wrong. Then there was Jiminy Cricket who sang about wishing upon a star and your dreams would come true. It seems that a lot of his disciples are regulars down at the Creek Nation Casino.
And who could forget Old Yeller. A noble and faithful dog, he casts himself into mortal danger to shield his young master. But, the bites lead to rabies and the young boy does the humane thing for his canine friend, he puts him down with a rifle shot to the head. Man I cried when Old Yeller died. I just knew he wasn’t really dead. Maybe if we just clapped wildly and believed in dogs hard enough. It just wasn’t fair.
Decisions have consequences. Faith will help us through the process of facing those consequences, but the way of escape is through the consequences, not around them. Life isn’t going to give you or me a pass. We’re not that special.
As a teenage lad I was grumbling one day to my dad about how hard life was. A man of few words, he never looked up from the big wheel bearing he was packing with heavy grease, but just said, “It’s supposed to be hard.”
Hmmm. Come to think of it, I don’t remember Dad clapping for Tinkerbell.
| Tinker Bell |
What Latin phrase is used for one’s old school or university? | Peter Pan (film) | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[Source]
Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney and based on the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up by J.M .Barrie . It is the fourteenth film in the Disney Animated Canon , and was originally released on February 5 , 1953 by RKO Radio Pictures . Peter Pan is the final Disney animated feature released through RKO before Walt Disney's founding of his own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution , later in 1953 after the film was released. Peter Pan is also the final Disney film in which all nine members of Disney's Nine Old Men worked together as directing animators. It is also the second Disney animated film starring Kathryn Beaumont , Heather Angel , and Bill Thompson after their roles in the animated feature Alice in Wonderland .
The film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival. A sequel titled Return to Never Land was released in 2002 , and a series of direct - to - DVD prequels focusing on Tinker Bell began in 2008 . A preschoolers' television series featuring some of the characters, Jake and the Never Land Pirates , premiered in 2011 . The film is one of the most commercially successful Disney movies, as well as one of the most popular.
Contents
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Plot
In the Edwardian London neighborhood of Bloomsbury, George and Mary Darling's preparations to attend a party are disrupted by the antics of the boys, John and Michael, acting out a story about Peter Pan and the pirates that were told to them by their older sister, Wendy . Their father angrily declares that Wendy has gotten too old to continue staying in the nursery with them, and it's time for her to grow up much to everyone's shock. When George Darling began to storm out the room he trips over Nana. Both Nana and George fall but the rest of the family only comforts Nana. George is shocked and this causes Nana to be put in the dog house. Nana is heartbroken as she never sleeps in the dog house. George feels sympathy for Nana but claims the children are not puppies and Nana is truly a dog. When George and Mary leave for the party, Mary asks if the children will be okay without Nana, because Wendy mentioned about capturing Peter Pan's shadow the previous night at the window. George calls the whole thing garbage and tells his wife that she's as bad as the children are, and that it's no wonder that Wendy is getting crazy ideas. That night they are visited in the nursery by Peter Pan himself. Wendy is awakened when Peter is trying to get his shadow on. Wendy offers to sew it on for him (as he is trying to reattach it with a bar of soap). Through conversation, Wendy learns that Peter likes to hear her stories. However, when Peter learns that she is to "grow up" the next day, Peter offers to take her to Never Land where she would never grow up. There, she could be the mother of the boys who live there. Wendy tries to kiss Peter out of gratitude, but Tinker Bell, who is jealous, pulls Wendy's hair. By this time, Michael and John awaken and are allowed to go with them. Peter sprinkles the three with pixie dust, and after a few false tries, they are able to fly by thinking happy thoughts.
Peter then takes them with him to the island of Never Land. A ship of pirates is anchored off Never Land, commanded by Captain Hook with his henchman Mr. Smee . Hook boldly plots to take revenge upon Peter Pan for cutting off his hand. Captain Hook laments Peter Pan's role in causing the crocodile to follow him, due to Peter cutting off his hand and throwing it to the crocodile. Tick-Tock found it so delicious he's following him everywhere for another taste. Tick-Tock suddenly shows up next to the ship. Hook hears the clock ticking and his eyebrows and pointing mustache begin twitching in rhythm (with the music of "Never Smile at a Crocodile"). The crocodile's eyes begin popping up to the tune, sending Hook into a panic. The crocodile then emerges from the water onto a rock rubbing his belly and licking his lips, accompanied by a wide smile towards the captain. Hook then screams for Mr. Smee to save him, and Smee shoos off the crocodile. The crocodile then frowns and wiggles his tail to the ticking clock while sulking away. The crew's restlessness is interrupted by the arrival of Peter and the Darlings. The children easily evade them, and despite a trick by jealous Tinker Bell to have Wendy killed, they meet up with the Lost Boys: six lads in animal-costume pajamas, who look to Peter as their leader. John and Michael set off with the Lost Boys to find the island's Indians, who instead capture them, believing them responsible for taking the chief's daughter Tiger Lily .
Meanwhile, Peter takes Wendy to see the mermaids, where they see that Hook and Smee have captured Tiger Lily, to coerce her into revealing Peter's hideout. Peter and Wendy free her, and Peter duels Hook and has the crocodile chase him away. As Peter crows in triumph, Wendy reminds him of Tiger Lilly, and he rescues the princess. Peter is honored by the tribe. Eventually, Wendy tells her brothers and the lost boys about the real world and having a mother, at which Peter believes they are leaving to grow up, never to come back. Meanwhile, Hook plots to take advantage of Tinker Bell's jealousy of Wendy, tricking her into revealing the location of Peter's lair. The pirates lie in wait and capture the Lost Boys and the Darlings as they exit, leaving behind a time bomb to kill Peter. Tinker Bell learns of the plot just in time to snatch the bomb from Peter as it explodes.
Peter rescues Tinker Bell from the rubble and together they confront the pirates, releasing the children before they can be forced to walk the plank. Peter engages Hook in single combat as the children fight off the crew and finally succeeds in humiliating the captain. Peter fights Hook in a final showdown until the pirate begs for mercy. Peter then allows Hook to leave and never return. He crows, and Hook lunges at him from behind. Wendy warns Peter, and he ducks, while Hook falls into the water below, where the crocodile was waiting. Hook and his crew flee, with the crocodile in hot pursuit. Peter gallantly commandeers the deserted ship, and with the aid of Tinker Bell's pixie dust, flies it to London with the children aboard.
Mr. and Mrs. Darling return home from the party to find Wendy, not in her bed, but sleeping at the open window; John and Michael are asleep in their beds. Wendy wakes and excitedly tells about their adventures. The parents look out the window and see what appears to be a pirate ship in the clouds. Mr. Darling, who has softened his position about Wendy staying in the nursery, recognizes it from his own childhood, as it breaks up into clouds itself.
Production
However, he could not get the rights until four years later after he came to an arrangement with Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, to whom Barrie had bequeathed the rights to the play. The studio started the story development and character designs in the late-1930s and early-1940s, and intended it to be his fourth film, after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Bambi and Pinocchio ( Bambi was later put on hold for a short while for technical difficulties and ended up being his fifth film while Pinocchio became his second film).
During this time Disney explored many possibilities of how the story could be interpreted. In the earliest version of the story, the film started by telling Peter Pan's back story. But on May 20, 1940, during a story meeting Disney said "We ought to get right into the story itself, where Peter Pan comes to the house to get his shadow. That's where the story picks up. How Peter came to be is really another story." Walt also explored opening the film in Neverland and Peter Pan coming to Wendy's house to kidnap her as a mother for the Lost Boys. Eventually, Disney decided that the kidnapping was too dark and went back to Barrie's original play where Peter comes to get his shadow and Wendy is eager to see Neverland. The scene in the nursery went through many alterations. For instance, in one version it was Mrs. Darling who found Peter Pan's shadow and showed it to Mr. Darling as in the original play. In another version of the film, Nana went to Neverland with Pan and the Darling children, and the story was told through her eyes. In other interpretations of the story, John Darling was left behind for being too serious, practical and boring. The film also included Wendy taking her "Peter Pan Picture Book" and Peter and the children eating an "Imaginary Dinner." At one point there was a party in Peter's hideout where Tinker Bell got humiliated and in her rage went and deliberately told Captain Hook the location of Peter Pan's hideout at her own free will. However, Walt felt that this was against Tinker Bell's character and that she had "gone too far" and changed it to Captain Hook kidnapping and persuading Tinker Bell to tell him. There is a point in Barrie's play where Captain Hook puts poison in Peter's dose of medicine and Tinker Bell saves Peter by drinking the poison herself only to be revived by the applause by the theater audience. After much debate Disney discarded this fearing it would be difficult to achieve in a film. In earlier scripts, there were more scenes involving the Pirates and the Mermaids that were similar to what Disney had previously done with the "Seven Dwarfs" in Snow White. Ultimately these scenes were cut for pacing reasons. The film was also a little bit darker at one point since there were scenes involving Captain Hook being killed by the crocodile, the Darling family mourning over their lost children, and Pan and the children discovering the pirates' treasure which is loaded with booby traps.
Then on December 7, 1941, the United States joined the Second World War after Pearl Harbor was attacked. The following day the U.S military took control of the studio and commissioned them to produce war propaganda films. They also forced Peter Pan as well as Alice in Wonderland , The Wind in the Willows , Song of the South , Mickey and the Beanstalk and Bongo , among others, to be put on hold. After the war ended in 1945, the studio was in debt and they could only produce package films to support themselves. It was not until 1947, as the studio's financial health started to improve again, that the actual production of Peter Pan commenced, even though Roy O. Disney did not think that Peter Pan would have much box office appeal.
Rumor has it that Tinker Bell's design was based on Marilyn Monroe, but in reality, her design was based on Tinker Bell's live-action reference model, Margaret Kerry . Margaret Kerry posed for reference film shots on a sound stage; the footage was later used by supervising Tinker Bell animator Marc Davis and his team when they drew the character. Kerry also provided the voice of the redheaded mermaid in the film.
Like Kerry, Bobby Driscoll was both the live-action reference model, mainly used for the close-up scenes, and the voice actor for Peter Pan. Peter's flying and action reference shots, however, were provided by dancer and choreographer Roland Dupree. In an interview, she said she had to hold out her arms and pretend to fly for all the scenes requiring it. Kathryn Beaumont, the voice of Wendy, eldest of the Darling children, also performed for the live-action reference footage. Similarly, Hans Conried , the voice of both Captain Hook and Mr. Darling, also performed the live-action reference footage for those characters (it was one of the few elements left over from the play, that Hook and Mr. Darling were played by the same actor). In contrast to rotoscoping the animators did not merely trace the live-action footage, for this would make the animation look stiff and unnatural. Instead the animators used it as a guide for animating by studying the human movement in the situation required. For example: "How far does the head turn when a character looks over his shoulder?" Milt Kahl the supervising animator of Peter Pan and The Darling Children, claimed that the hardest thing to animate was a character floating in mid air.
Cast
June Foray as Mermaids / Squaw
Reception
Peter Pan got mainly positive reviews from the critics, and currently holds a 75% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews. The New York Times gave the film a mixed review, praising the animation itself, but also declaring that the film was not really true to the spirit of the original Barrie play. However, Time Magazine gave the film a highly favorable review, making no reference to the changes from the original play. Alternately the controversies over the differences between the play and the film were short lived and Peter Pan is today considered one of Disney's animated classics. There is another controversy that spawned in recent years over the portrayal of the Indians, which is considered racially stereotypical.
Michael Jackson cited Peter Pan as his favorite movie of all time, from which he derived the name for his estate Neverland Ranch in Santa Barbara, where he had a private amusement park. Ronald D. Moore, one of the executive producers of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica, has cited this film as the inspiration for the series' theme of the cyclical nature of time, using the film's opening line, "All of this has happened before and it will all happen again," as a key tenet of the culture's scripture.
This is considered the most commercial Disney movie to date, having a theatrical sequel and five Tinker Bell spin-off films (as of 2014), as well as a popular children's programs on Disney Junior to this day, which also airs on Hamilton to this day.
Crew
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Peter Pan (film) .
Release history
February 5, 1953 (first theatrical release)
May 14, 1958 (second theatrical release)
June 18, 1969 (third theatrical release)
June 18, 1976 (fourth theatrical release)
December 17, 1982 (fifth theatrical release)
July 14, 1989 (sixth theatrical release)
September 21, 1990 (VHS - Walt Disney Classics)
March 3, 1998 (VHS - Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection)
July 1998 (VHS reissue - Made in Brazil - Abril Vídeo/Walt Disney Home Video)
November 23, 1999 (DVD - Walt Disney Limited Issue)
July 2000 (DVD - Made in Brazil - Buena Vista Home Entertainment)
February 12, 2002 (VHS/DVD - Special Edition)
August 2002 (VHS Reissue - Made in Brazil - Walt Disney Home Entertainment)
April 5, 2003 (seventh and final theatrical release in the Philadelphia International Film Festival)
March 6, 2007 (2-Disc DVD, Platinum Edition)
February 5, 2013 (60th Anniversary Diamond Edition - Blu-ray/DVD Combo and 2-Disc DVD - U.S. only)
Worldwide release dates
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Who had a backing group called The Jordanaires? | The Jordanaires Biography
One Sunday afternoon, in 1955, the Jordanaires played a show in Memphis with Eddy Arnold. They had just completed the "Eddy Arnold Show" for TV in 1954, and, were in Memphis, publicizing the series. The Jordanaires had sung "Peace In The Valley" on the show that afternoon. When the show was over, a young man, blond, quiet and courteous, and, plenty of combed-back hair, came backstage to meet them. He was Elvis Presley, a young, practically unheard of singer, just getting his start in the area. There were a few polite exchanges, then Elvis said, "If I ever get a recording contract with a major company, I want you guys to back me up." He was on "Sun" at that time. Thinking back to that night, The Jordanaires' first tenor, Gordon Stoker, remembers wishing Elvis well, "But we never expected to hear from him again," he said. "People were always coming up and saying that. We're still told that."
Sure enough!! Elvis recorded his first session with RCA on January 10, 1956, with Scotty, Bill, and, D. J. . That day, "I Got A Woman", "Heartbreak Hotel", and, "Money Honey" were recorded. On January 11, 1956, Gordon Stoker was called by Chet Atkins to do a session with a "new-probably-wouldn't-be-around-long kid, named Elvis Presley"---oily hair, pink shirt, black trousers. RCA had, also, just signed "The Speer Family". Chet asked Gordon to sing with Ben and Brock Speer so he could use them. On that day, "I'm Counting On You" and "I Was The One" made history by being the first recording session that Elvis, did with vocal background. By April 1956, "Heartbreak Hotel" was "No. 1". After having done several more recording sessions in New York with Scotty, Bill and D. J., Elvis flew to Nashville on April 14, 1956, to record "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You". Gordon was called, again, to sing a vocal trio with Ben and Brock. After the session, Elvis took Gordon aside and told him (not knowing, at the time, why all the Jordanaires were not there) that he wanted "the" Jordanaires on all his future recording sessions. This time, Stoker saw to it that it was known - and - true to his word - Elvis used the Jordanaires on nearly every one of his recording sessions for the next 14 years. At a time when no backing musicians, producers, or engineers received a name recognition on any records, Elvis insisted that he have the "Jordanaires" on the "labels" of his records. The reflected glory was enough to earn the Jordanaires "Group of the Year" awards well into the Beatles era.
The Jordanaires were familiar with Elvis by 1956, partially because, Hank Snow had told the Grand Ole Opry artists that there was a young man "...tearing up the stage..." on some of the Country shows and that "...no one would follow him...", and, that, "...when he left the stage, the audience went with him...". Elvis was, certainly, familiar with the Jordanaires. Of all the music Elvis knew and loved, it was the gospel quartets that touched him so deeply. The Jordanaires were among Elvis' favorites, because, he heard them every Saturday night on the Grand Ole Opry. Formed in 1948 in Springfield, Missouri, the Jordanaires had arrived in Nashville in 1949, immediately securing a spot on the Opry. Their music was spirited and black-influenced, very much in keeping with Elvis's tastes. "We were the first white quartet to sing spirituals...", Gordon Stoker asserted. It was music that moves, that you can snap your fingers to.". Elvis could relate.
The group, Bill and Monty Matthews (brothers, and, no relation to Neal), Bob Hubbard, and, Culley Holt who all hailed from Springfield, MO., soon changed. In 1950, Gordon Stoker replaced the lead tenor, in '52 Hoyt Hawkins replaced the baritone, in '53 Neal Matthews became the second tenor, and, bass singer Culley Holt, left in December '54 to be replaced by Hugh Jarrett. It was this line-up consisting of Stoker, Hawkins, Matthews and Jarrett which made up the group that backed Elvis on most of his sessions in the mid '50s. They also appeared in his movies, and on some of his landmark television appearances. Hugh Jarrett left in 1958 and was replaced by bass singer, Ray Walker. This line-up remained for the next 24 years. Hoyt Hawkins died in 1982, and was replaced by Duane West, who had filled the baritone part, intermittently, since Hoyt had first fallen ill in the '70s. Duane became ill in 1999 and Louis Nunley stepped in. Neal passed away in April of 2000, and, Curtis Young has stepped in. Now the Jordanaires consists of Gordon Stoker, Ray Walker, Louis Nunley, and, Curtis Young.
In 1969, when Elvis decided to play long engagements in Las Vegas, the Jordanaires opted to stay in Nashville. In doing so, they never found themselves short of work. In addition to their work with Elvis, the Jordanaires backed up Jim Reeves, Patsy Cline, Marty Robbins, Ricky Nelson and virtually every other major name in both Pop and Country music during the '50s, '60s, and '70s; between 2,200 and 2,500 hundred artists and over 30,000 sides recorded in the studios; plus, their stage work, radio transcriptions and shows, and television appearances, to date. "Back around the time of our first hit record in 1957, a record producer told us to forget about the hit parade," Stoker remembered, "Stars are here today and gone tomorrow. The industry needed good backup singers. We didn't think he was telling the truth, but, boy, was he ever. For 23 years we had two to four sessions a day, six days a week."
They reckon that they're on records that have now sold 8 billion plus copies - and they might well be right. In 1976 and 1979, they were given a "Superpickers" award by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences for having sung on more Top 10 discs than any other vocal group in history. In November 1984, they were honored with the "CMA Masters Award" for their lifetime contribution to music. Just for the record, that tally includes Jimmy Dean's "Big Bad John", Jim Reeves' "Four Walls", Loretta Lynn's "Coal Miner's Daughter", Patsy Cline's "Crazy", Ricky Nelson's "Travelin' Man", Conway Twitty's "It's only Make Believe", Johnny Horton's "Battle of New Orleans", and, literally, hundreds of others. Through Elvis, the Jordanaires' influence has passed into the mainstream of popular music. Thinking back to a meeting with Beatle member, Paul McCartney, Stoker remembered his telling him, "When Elvis's records came out, we listened to the vocal backing harmonies. They encouraged us to sing harmony."
The Jordanaires are credited with using the "numbers system" before anyone else. Neal Matthews developed it in 1955 for speed in their background work, and, at present, it is used worldwide in the music field. They are an integral part of the "Nashville Sound", now known as "The A-Team"; the original sound that brought stars to Nashville from all over the world, and, established it as a premier recording center of the world.
Speaking with Ray Walker, he noted that in the past 3 years, the Jordanaires have worked every week, traveling the world and spending a great deal of that time in Las Vegas, doing their memories of Elvis and "The Original Tribute To Patsy Cline". He adds, "It's great on this side of the hill."
As you know by now, the lives and works of the Jordanaires would fill volumes that cannot be addressed here. We hope you enjoy the brief summary that we have been able to include.
The year 2000 is the Jordanaires' fiftieth anniversary as a group, as the world knows them today. They are still performing world wide. They're still friends, too. "We don't fight with each other, fuss or carry on," Stoker said recently. "That's right", said Walker, "It's like an enduring marriage, and, we love it." When the industry roasted them a few years ago, there were many jokes about their longevity. "Have you heard the original record of the Gettysburg address," quipped producer Norro Wilson. "Well, the Jordanaires are the guys doing the doowops behind Lincoln."
.....and The Jordanaires "doowop" on..............
| Elvis Presley |
In which film does Meg Ryan simulate orgasm in a crowded restaurant? | The Jordanaires on Apple Music
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Biography
For over 40 years, the Jordanaires remained one of the premier backup vocal groups in country music, working with such greats as Jim Reeves, Patsy Cline, George Jones, and, of course, Elvis Presley. The quartet began in Springfield, MO during the late '40s, featuring original members Bob Hubbard, Bill Matthews, Monty Matthews, and Culley Holt, and sang barbershop and spirituals. They debuted on The Grand Ole Opry in 1949. The group changed members during the early '50s, with Gordon Stoker and Hoyt Hawkins replacing Hubbard (who was drafted) and Bill Matthews (who became seriously ill). In 1953, Monty Matthews left the group for personal reasons, and was replaced by Neal Matthews. By 1954, the Jordanaires were singing behind artists such as Elton Britt, Red Foley, and Jimmy Wakely. That year they appeared on Eddy Arnold's television show, but didn't get their big break until Elvis Presley, a longtime fan, invited the group to back him after receiving a major recording contract from RCA Victor. When Elvis became a star, he honored his promise to keep them as his backup singers, and they worked with him until 1970, appearing in many of his films and on his gospel recordings. In 1954, Culley Holt became ill and was replaced by Hugh Jarrett; he left in 1958 and was replaced by Ray Walker. When not backing Elvis, the Jordanaires were busy making their own mark in country music. Neal Matthews was a talented arranger and was responsible for Jim Reeves' massive hit "Four Walls" (1957). In 1959, the Jordanaires began working with Patsy Cline, and also devised the Nashville number system of chords that is still widely used in recording studios and performances. They also recorded their own gospel and country albums. It was the Jordanaires who provided the main impetus for the formation of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists/Screen Actors' Guild in Nashville. They also established Nashville's commercial jingle market, which helped singers like Janie Fricke and Judy Rodman get their start. ~ Sandra Brennan
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What type of creature is a bleak? | Show the Monster - The New Yorker
Show the Monster
Guillermo del Toro’s quest to get amazing creatures onscreen.
By
Daniel Zalewski
Del Toro, whose films include “Hellboy” and “Pan’s Labyrinth,” has amassed in a house outside Los Angeles an enormous collection of horror iconography. “All this stuff feeds you back,” he says.CreditPhotograph by JOSEF ASTOR
In 1926, Forrest Ackerman, a nine-year-old misfit in Los Angeles, visited a newsstand and bought a copy of Amazing Stories—a new magazine about aliens, monsters, and other oddities. By the time he reached the final page, he had become America’s first fanboy. He started a group called the Boys’ Scientifiction Club; in 1939, he wore an outer-space outfit to a convention for fantasy aficionados, establishing a costuming ritual still followed by the hordes at Comic-Con. Ackerman founded a cult magazine, Famous Monsters of Filmland, and, more lucratively, became an agent for horror and science-fiction writers. He crammed an eighteen-room house in Los Feliz with genre memorabilia, including a vampire cape worn by Bela Lugosi and a model of the pteranodon that tried to abscond with Fay Wray in “King Kong.” Ackerman eventually sold off his collection to pay medical bills, and in 2008 he died. He had no children.
But he had an heir. In 1971, Guillermo del Toro, the film director, was a seven-year-old misfit in Guadalajara, Mexico. He liked to troll the city sewers and dissolve slugs with salt. One day, in the magazine aisle of a supermarket, he came upon a copy of Famous Monsters of Filmland. He bought it, and was so determined to decode Ackerman’s pun-strewed prose—the letters section was called Fang Mail—that he quickly became bilingual.
Del Toro was a playfully morbid child. One of his first toys, which he still owns, was a plush werewolf that he sewed together with the help of a great-aunt. In a tape recording made when he was five, he can be heard requesting a Christmas present of a mandrake root, for the purpose of black magic. His mother, Guadalupe, an amateur poet who read tarot cards, was charmed; his father, Federico, a businessman whom del Toro describes, fondly, as “the most unimaginative person on earth,” was confounded. Confounding his father became a lifelong project.
Before del Toro started school, his father won the Mexican national lottery. Federico built a Chrysler-dealership empire with the money, and moved the family into a white modernist mansion. Little Guillermo haunted it. He raised a gothic menagerie: hundreds of snakes, a crow, and white rats that he sometimes snuggled with in bed. Del Toro has kept a family photograph of him and his sister, Susana, both under ten and forced into polyester finery. Guillermo, then broomstick-thin, has added to his ensemble plastic vampire fangs, and his chin is goateed with fake blood. Susana’s neck has a dreadful gash, courtesy of makeup applied by her brother. He still remembers his old tricks. “Collodion is material used to make scars,” he told me. “You put a line on your face, and it contracts and pulls the skin. As a kid, I’d buy collodion in theatrical shops, and I’d scar my face and scare the nanny.”
Del Toro filled his bedroom with comic books and figurines, but he was not content to remain a fanboy. He began drawing creatures himself, consulting a graphic medical encyclopedia that his father, an unenthusiastic reader, had bought to fill his gentleman’s library. Del Toro was a good draftsman, but he knew that he would never be a master. (His favorite was Richard Corben, whose drawings, in magazines such as Heavy Metal, helped define underground comics: big fangs, bigger breasts.) So del Toro turned to film. In high school, he made a short about a monster that crawls out of a toilet and, finding humans repugnant, scuttles back to the sewers. He loved working on special effects, and his experiments with makeup grew outlandish. There is a photograph from this period of del Toro, now overweight, transformed into the melting corpse of a fat woman; his eyeballs drip down his cheeks like cracked eggs. (“It’s a gelatine,” he recalled. “It looks messy, but it’s all sculpted.”)
He attended a new film school, the Centro de Investigación y Estudios Cinematográficos, in Guadalajara, and after graduating, in 1983, he published a book-length essay on Alfred Hitchcock. (Discussing “The Birds,” del Toro notes that “in the terror genre, an artist, unbound by ‘reality,’ can create his purest reflection of the world—the cinematic equivalent of poetry.”) In 1985, he launched Necropia, a special-effects company, making low-end bogeymen for films being shot in Mexico City. “Producers would call me on Friday and say, ‘We need a monster on Tuesday,’ “ he said. In 1993, he released his first feature, “Cronos,” about a girl whose tenderness for her grandfather deepens after he becomes a vampire. The girl has her abuelo sleep in a toy box, not a coffin, and pads it with stuffed animals. The grandfather doesn’t want to kill, and his predicament is captured with grim humor; at one point, he licks the results of a nosebleed off a bathroom floor.
“Cronos” won an award at Cannes, and del Toro began working in Hollywood, where monster design was in a torpid state. The last major period of innovation dated back to 1979, when the Swiss artist H. R. Giger unveiled his iconic designs for Ridley Scott’s “Alien.” The titular beast’s head resembles a giant dripping phallus, and for years afterward monster designers emulated Giger’s lurid sliminess. In 1982, the effects technicians Stan Winston and Rob Bottin slathered the spastic creatures of “The Thing” with Carbopol, a polymer used in personal lubricants; four years later, in “The Fly,” Jeff Goldblum’s skin sloughs off, revealing the gelatinous insect within.
Del Toro embraced the cliché with his first studio feature, “Mimic” (1997), in which oozing giant insects overtake the New York subway system. But his subsequent monsters were strikingly original, combining menace with painterly beauty. Starting in 2004, he made two lush adaptations of the “Hellboy” comic-book series, which is about a clumsy horned demon who becomes a superhero and battles monsters. The vicious incisors of “tooth fairies” were offset by wings resembling oak leaves; the feathers of a skeletal Angel of Death were embedded with blinking eyes that uncannily echoed the markings on a peacock. A del Toro monster is as connected to a succubus in a Fuseli painting as it is to the beast in “Predator.” His films remind you that looking at monsters is a centuries-old ritual—a way of understanding our own bodies through gorgeous images of deformation.
The dark, sensual fairy tale “Pan’s Labyrinth” (2006), del Toro’s most heralded film, is not what is typically conjured by the phrase “monster movie.” As is often the case in del Toro’s work, the worst monsters are human beings. In the violent aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, a defiantly imaginative girl, Ofelia, recoils from her harsh life—her stepfather is a Fascist captain who tortures dissidents—and descends into a ravishing underworld of sprites and satyrs. Though she barely evades the jaws of a famished ogre, she ultimately finds comfort in this spectral realm. For del Toro, who jokes that he “never willingly goes outside,” fantasy, even violent fantasy, is a refuge. The story of Ofelia inverts the usual scheme of horror; it’s as if one of the teens in “A Nightmare on Elm Street” had fought to remain trapped inside the world of dreams.
Many contemporary filmmakers seem embarrassed by the goofiness of monsters, relegating them to an occasional lunge from the shadows. Del Toro wants the audience to gawk. In the Mexican film industry, he told me, “it was so expensive to create a monster that, even if it was cardboard, they showed it a lot.” For del Toro, one of the key moments of horror cinema is in “Alien,” when Harry Dean Stanton “cannot run because he is in awe of the creature when it’s lowering itself in front of him. It’s a moment of man in front of a totemic god.”
Del Toro has battled to get his opulent vision of monsters onscreen. Miramax, which financed “Mimic,” found del Toro tediously arty and commissioned a second-unit director to add what del Toro calls “cheap scares.” He returned half his salary for “Hellboy,” and his entire salary for “Pan’s Labyrinth,” because he insisted on creature effects that his backers considered too expensive.
“Pan’s Labyrinth” received an Oscar nomination for Best Foreign Language Film, but del Toro refused to reposition himself as a highbrow auteur. His next film was the hectic “Hellboy II.” As del Toro has put it, “There is a part of me that will always be pulp.” He may be proudest of his schlockiest creations, such as the vampire Nomak, in “Blade II” (2002), whose toothy mouth folds open sideways, like labia, forming the ultimate vagina dentata; or the behemoth plant of “Hellboy II” (2008), which ravages Lower Manhattan like a greenhouse Godzilla. The plant monster’s demise is one of the most memorable in movie history: it spurts emerald blood that covers everything it touches in a lush carpet of moss. Del Toro does not worry that such fancies will sully his reputation. “In emotional genres, you cannot advocate good taste as an argument,” he said.
Although del Toro makes suspenseful movies, he often seems less like a disciple of Alfred Hitchcock than of Hieronymus Bosch. “I don’t see myself ever doing a ‘normal’ movie,” del Toro said. “I love the creation of these things—I love the sculpting, I love the coloring. Half the joy is fabricating the world, the creatures.” The movie that he most longs to make is an adaptation of a grandly ridiculous H. P. Lovecraft novella, “At the Mountains of Madness,” in which explorers, venturing into Antarctica, discover malevolent aliens in a frozen, ruined city. Some of the aliens mutate wildly, which would allow del Toro to create dozens of extreme incarnations. He said, “If I get to do it, those monsters will be so terrifying.”
Del Toro, now forty-six, owns a mock-Tudor mansion in Westlake Village, a sterile suburb northwest of Los Angeles. The house, which is a three-minute drive from an equally large house where he lives with his wife, Lorenza, and their two daughters, functions as his office, but it’s also a temple to his obsession with collecting—Forrest Ackerman’s mansion reborn.
Even outside, there are ghoulish touches. A weathervane on the roof is a dragon, and the front windowpanes are darkly tinted, suggesting a serial killer deflecting the postman. A sign on the lawn announces the estate’s formal name: Bleak House. Del Toro calls the place his “man cave.”
I knocked, and an assistant hollered for me to come in. When I opened the door, a rectangle of California sunshine invaded the dark entryway, landing on the hideous face of a large, lunging demon. It was a life-size cast-resin model of Sammael, from “Hellboy,” standing where a decorator would have placed a welcoming spray of flowers. Behind it, French doors offered a shimmery view of the back-yard pool. Sammael was far from the only model on display. Del Toro had filled the house with dozens of monster maquettes from his films—scale models created by special-effects shops during the early design phase, allowing the imaginary to become palpable. Del Toro had given Sammael, who has a lion’s mane of writhing tentacles, a subtle motif of asymmetry; one front limb is slightly longer than the other, setting his gait off balance, and he has an extra eye on the right side of his snout. Doug Jones, a mime turned actor who has played creatures in dozens of films, including “Hellboy” and “Pan’s Labyrinth,” says that, in the subculture of monster design, del Toro’s creatures are couture. “It’s because he’s a fanboy,” he said. “He knows exactly how fanboys critique movies. He anticipates the ‘That wouldn’t really work!’ response.”
I heard a heavy shuffling sound: del Toro, who at the time weighed more than three hundred pounds, was coming from a back room. (As Doug Jones observes, “Guillermo doesn’t pick up his feet when he walks.”) Del Toro gave me a genial slap on the back, his hand like a bear paw. Bleak House, he said, had been “inspired by Forry Ackerman,” who had been his “hero of heroes.” He said, “He was so nice! If you called him in advance, he would let you come to the house. Then he’d take you out for a slice of cherry pie.” Del Toro wore black sweatpants, a black T-shirt, and an unzipped black hoodie, all of which had been laundered so many times that they had faded into clashing inky shades. He had large ice-blue eyes, round glasses, and the rubbery cheeks of a kindergartner. An unruly brown beard, touched with gray, grounded him in manhood. A film of perspiration on his forehead trapped strands of hair that were supposed to be combed to the side.
Looming over the entryway was a huge contemporary painting of St. George and the Dragon, by a Russian painter named Viktor Safonkin. A curator at
MOMA
would cringe, but del Toro had keyed in on the originality of Safonkin’s dragon: all tail and no body, it coiled around St. George’s horse like a giant eel. Dragons, he told me, were his “favorite mythological animal,” and he was finally getting to design one: Smaug, the talking serpent who hoards the treasure in J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Hobbit.”
Del Toro, in the biggest project of his career, had signed on to direct two films based on the novel. The project had already received enormous publicity, but, curiously, it did not yet have a green light. The film rights to “The Hobbit” were shared by New Line Cinema and M-G-M, and M-G-M, which had amassed a crippling $3.7-billion debt, could not finance a blockbuster project. But “The Hobbit” was likely to be a huge moneymaker, and del Toro felt certain that funds would be forthcoming. Peter Jackson, who had directed the “Lord of the Rings” trilogy, was an executive producer of the “Hobbit” films. After Jackson declared that he had no interest in directing five movies set in Middle Earth, del Toro was named his successor.
“My next poem is written in the shape of a woman’s body.”
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Del Toro, with his ornate aesthetic, was hardly the obvious choice to follow Jackson, who in his trilogy had placed Tolkien’s mythological characters in realistic landscapes—one worried about Frodo’s furry toes getting frostbite as he trudged through heavy snow. As del Toro put it, Jackson had reconstructed the Battle of Mordor with the same exactitude as the Battle of Gallipoli. Del Toro described his own style as more “operatic.” Speaking of Tolkien, he said, “I never was a mad fan of the ‘Rings’ trilogy.” “The Hobbit,” he said, “is much less black-and-white. The monsters are not just evil. They’re charming, funny, seductive. Smaug is an incredibly smart guy!” Del Toro later said that he inevitably imposed his sensibility on source material: “It’s like marrying a widow. You try to be respectful of the memory of the dead husband, but come Saturday night . . . bam.”
He began to show me around Bleak House. The windows had blood-red curtains and shirred blinds, giving the place a bordello vibe. In the downstairs library, the shelves were rigorously taxonomized. “This is Vampire Fiction,” he said, pointing to a row of books. “And this is Vampire Fact.” He picked up an aged leather-bound volume. “This is a treatise on vampirism, probably one of the best ones ever published, from 1759.” The book, “Dissertations Upon the Apparitions of Angels, Dæmons, and Ghosts, and Concerning the Vampires of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia,” was printed in Paris and helped establish the idea that vampirism was contagious. (“Those who have been sucked suck also in their turn.”) Del Toro, who has inflexible preferences when it comes to vampires, admires the Polish folkloric tradition, in which erotic fangs are replaced by vile stingers. “They are the nastiest creatures,” he said. “Nothing romantic about them.” In 2009, he co-wrote a novel, “The Strain,” a gory update of the Polish typology—and a riposte to the swoony “Twilight.”
We headed upstairs, del Toro adopting the hushed garrulity of a docent. The walls were crowded with framed images, as at the Barnes Foundation, except in this case the collection featured Edward Gorey illustrations, concept-art sketches of the demon from “Fantasia” (“I’m an obsessive Disney-villain guy”), and comic-book panels, including a Richard Corben drawing of a mutant with four breasts. Del Toro himself still drew. “I cannot learn technique from Caravaggio and those guys—how they did it, I have no idea,” he said. “That’s why I started collecting original illustrations. I wanted to see the brushstroke or the Wite-Out. Then I could understand how they did it.”
Over a doorframe, del Toro had hung a Magic Marker skeleton drawn by his older daughter, Mariana, now fourteen. She “comes here to play,” he said; his younger daughter, Marisa, who is nine, found Bleak House too frightening. Lorenza, a former veterinary surgeon who is now a homemaker, met del Toro when they were in high school. They had a shared interest in animal anatomy. For a while, she assisted him with his makeup designs. (Uxoriousness, as expressed by del Toro: “She was the best foam technician I’ve ever had.”) It was Lorenza who had transformed him into the leaky-eyed corpse, for a Mexican television show.
The show’s script had been silly, he recalled, but when it came to horror it was foolish to focus on dialogue: “Some of the most immortal things in our glossary of images come from movies with not necessarily the greatest screenplays.” He refers to a script as a “libretto”; horror, he said, is special because it “excites a nonverbal part of us.” He mentioned Kubrick’s “The Shining”: “You’re reading, ‘Danny rides his tricycle through the corridors.’ You just don’t get it—how lonely they are, the rhythm of the prrr, the change of frequency in the wheels, the pattern in the carpet going frh, frh, frh, the lens enhancing the field and the perspective, and the moment he turns the corner the twins being there. You can’t explain that in words.” Del Toro often spends months planting “visual rhymes” in his movies; the tunnels that Ofelia travels through in “Pan’s Labyrinth,” for example, all have “feminine apertures.” What others call eye candy del Toro calls “eye protein.”
We went back downstairs, and del Toro gently tapped a glass panel covering a mounted Malaysian stick bug; its rigid abdomen was nearly a foot long. He had bought the bug at Maxilla & Mandible, the famous Manhattan emporium, on a childhood visit to New York, and its form had steeped in his imagination. Two decades later, it inspired a key sequence in “Pan’s Labyrinth.” In her first glimpse of magic, Ofelia witnesses a stick bug on her bed change into a chattering pixie. “That’s why I collect images,” he said. “All this stuff feeds you back.”
In an adjoining hallway, he pushed on a bookcase: the inevitable hidden door. A severed leg, from “Cronos,” was propped near the fireplace. Del Toro picked it up and smiled. “This is complete with fake hair!” he said. “We used to do this at Necropia. You put the hair through a hypodermic needle and inject it.” While running Necropia, he worked regularly on “Hora Marcada,” a Mexican homage to “The Twilight Zone.” In one episode, del Toro played an ogre who befriends a child; the show was directed by Alfonso Cuarón, who later made “Y Tu Mamá También.” They became good friends, and essential editors of each other’s work. The ménage-à-trois scene near the end of “Mamá” was del Toro’s idea.
The latest addition to Bleak House was a clockwork automaton of a skeleton playing the accordion, which del Toro had bought for sixteen thousand dollars. He has said of his fetish for the macabre, “It’s as hard to explain as a sexual proclivity. Some guys like high-heeled shoes. I like horror.” The size of the collection was disconcerting; it was as if the 40-Year-Old Virgin had been handed a three-million-dollar decorating budget. Del Toro owned more than five thousand comic books and several puppets of Nosferatu. On a shelf, a posed plastic figurine of Leatherface, from “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre,” battled Edward Scissorhands. A life-size statue of Boris Karloff, in the guise of Frankenstein’s Creature, lurked in a corner of the dining room. At one point, del Toro issued the apt warning, “This is the room where I keep most of my aliens.”
The kitchen had no food other than a box of crackers. But, just as Carrie Bradshaw stored Manolos in her oven, del Toro had slyly repurposed the kitchen into a museum of anatomical models. Fetuses crowded the counters. As a young child, del Toro had read a book featuring laparoscopic photographs of babies in utero; the images eventually provided a visual rhyme for “The Devil’s Backbone” (2001), a ghost story set during the Spanish Civil War. (A doctor keeps a collection of jarred mutants; the ghost drowns a villain in a pool that has the golden tinge of amniotic fluid.) Del Toro then shared a story that, like many tales he tells about his Mexican youth, had the polished feel of a fable.
“I saw a guy with a split skull walking down the street,” he said. “The guy wasn’t mentally stable, because somebody had hit him, and I took him to the hospital. And they said, ‘We’ll take care of him.’ I came back the next morning, and they said, ‘We returned him to the mental ward.’ So I went there, and they said that he escaped in the night. I went to the director and I said, ‘What kind of hospital is this?’ And she said, ‘Look, if you have something to say about it, come and volunteer.’ So I got to know the embalmers. One day I visited, and there was a pile of fetuses, new arrivals. Maybe it’s magnified in my memory, but I remember it being this tall.” He lifted his arm to his waist.
Del Toro had been raised Catholic, but this sight, he said, upended his faith. Humans could not possibly have souls; even the most blameless lives ended as rotting garbage. He became a “raging atheist.” Guadalajara was a rough place, and he recalled his childhood as a slide show of harrowing images: the decapitated body of a teen-age boy, found by a barbed-wire fence; a crashed motorist aflame inside his VW Beetle. Del Toro said, “People tell me, ‘Oh, you must love forensic photos.’ But I can’t stand the sight of real pain or blood.”
At one point, I asked him why he no longer lived in Mexico. He explained that, in 1998, his father had been kidnapped by bandits for seventy-two days. After the family paid two ransoms, Federico was released, and Guillermo moved his family to America. Although the experience was wrenching, he observed, “I highly recommend you save your father’s life. You don’t see yourself as somebody’s child anymore. You become a man saving another man.” He claimed that the experience had ended his “perpetual puberty.”
We walked past a display case of Star Wars aliens, and returned to the front door. Del Toro told me that, in a few weeks, he’d be locking up Bleak House for a while. He was taking his family with him to New Zealand, where filming for “The Hobbit” was to begin once he had finished designing dozens of costumes and creatures. The production-design work would be completed at Weta Digital—the Wellington visual-effects firm that Jackson co-founded, and that created much of the dreamscape of James Cameron’s “Avatar.”
For several months, del Toro said, he had been working on the dragon. “It will be a very different dragon than most,” he said. He proposed discussing it over lunch. He went upstairs to retrieve several notebooks. “I keep my journals locked in a safe in my bathroom,” he said abashedly, as if this had been the afternoon’s sole display of eccentricity. As we left, I noticed that several boxes of eye protein from Amazon—comic books, DVDs, model kits—had been tossed onto the floor before Sammael’s gaping maw.
We drove east to Burbank. Del Toro is devoted to the Valley—he calls it “that blessed no man’s land that posh people avoid in L.A.” We pulled into Ribs U.S.A., a frayed establishment on Olive Avenue. Del Toro ordered ribs and a lemonade, along with a redundant appetizer of “riblets.”
He told me that each of his notebooks was “an art project in itself.” He’d bought seven leather-bound journals at an antiquarian bookstore in Venice. I opened up his current notebook, which included sketches for “The Hobbit,” while he put on a plastic bib bearing the inscription “I ♥ RIBS.” Ink drawings of creatures were surrounded by text that jumped between Spanish and English: captions, musings, story ideas. The first drawing I saw was titled “Peces Sin Ojos”—“Fish Without Eyes.” Del Toro writes with a fountain pen, and lately he has used a Montblanc ink the color of blood. The over-all effect is that of a Leonardo codex.
I paused at what looked like an image of a double-bitted medieval hatchet. “That’s Smaug,” del Toro said. It was an overhead view: “See, he’s like a flying axe.” Del Toro thinks that monsters should appear transformed when viewed from a fresh angle, lest the audience lose a sense of awe. Defining silhouettes is the first step in good monster design, he said. “Then you start playing with movement. The next element of design is color. And then finally—finally—comes detail. A lot of people go the other way, and just pile up a lot of detail.”
I turned to a lateral image of the dragon. Smaug’s body, as del Toro had imagined it, was unusually long and thin. The bones of its wings were articulated on the dorsal side, giving the creature a slithery softness across its belly. “It’s a little bit more like a snake,” he said. I thought of his big Russian painting. Del Toro had written that the beast would alight “like a water bird.”
Smaug’s front legs looked disproportionately small, like those of a T. rex. This would allow the dragon to assume a different aspect in closeup: the camera could capture “hand” gestures and facial expressions in one tight frame, avoiding the quivery distractions of wings and tail. (Smaug is a voluble, manipulative dragon; Tolkien describes him as having “an overwhelming personality.”) Smaug’s eyes, del Toro added, were “going to be sculpturally very hidden.” This would create a sense of drama when the thieving Bilbo stirs the beast from slumber.
Del Toro wanted to be creative with the wing placement. “Dragon design can be broken into essentially two species,” he explained at one point. Most had wings attached to the forelimbs. “The only other variation is the anatomically incorrect variation of the six-appendage creature”—four legs, like a horse, with two additional winged arms. “But there’s no large creature on earth that has six appendages!” He had become frustrated while sketching dragons that followed these schemes. The journal had a discarded prototype. “Now, that’s a dragon you’ve seen before,” he said. “I just added these samurai legs. That doesn’t work for me.”
Del Toro’s production design for “The Hobbit” seemed similarly intent on avoiding things that viewers had seen before. Whereas Jackson’s compositions had been framed by the azure New Zealand sky, del Toro planned to employ digital “sky replacement,” for a more “painterly effect.” Sometimes, instead of shooting in an actual forest, he wanted to shoot amid artificial trees that mimicked the “drawings in Tolkien’s book.” In his journal, I spied many creatures with no precedent in Tolkien, such as an armor-plated troll that curls into a ball of metal plates. Del Toro said that it would be boring to make a slavish adaptation. “Hellboy,” he noted, was based on a popular comic-book series, but he had liberally changed the story line, and the demon had become an emotionally clumsy nerd. “I am Hellboy,” he said.
Even the major characters of “The Hobbit” bore del Toro’s watermark. In one sketch, the dwarf Thorin, depicted in battle, wore a surreal helmet that appeared to be sprouting antlers. “They’re thorns—his name is Thorin, after all,” he said. The flourish reminded me of a similar arboreal creature in “Hellboy II,” which was slightly worrying. That film is so overpopulated with monsters that it begins to feel like a Halloween party overrun by crashers. Midway through the film, del Toro stages a delightful but extraneous action sequence in a creature-clogged “troll market” hidden beneath the Brooklyn Bridge. The scene comes across as del Toro’s bid to supplant the famous Cantina scene in “Star Wars.”
The ribs arrived, and after one bite del Toro pushed them aside. “They must have changed management,” he said sadly. He had frequented the place while editing “Cronos” and “Blade II” at a studio in the Valley.
“I can’t just switch gears and be smart.”
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He showed me some notebooks from that early period. One contained the first incarnation of the Pale Man, the ogre that chases Ofelia in “Pan’s Labyrinth.” A metaphor for gluttony, he is del Toro’s most personal creation, and the five wordless minutes in which he appears are among the scariest in modern cinema. Ofelia, wandering through a tunnel, encounters the Pale Man sitting motionless at the head of a banquet table covered with food. He is sickeningly thin, his chalky white skin hanging in drapelike folds. He has apparently been cursed—placed, like Tantalus, before objects of temptation. The Pale Man “came out of a really dark, primal place,” del Toro said. “I had lost weight, and I saw my belly sagging.”
He pointed at the notebook drawing, which depicted a wizened creature. Originally, he said, the ogre was “going to have an old man’s face,” to indicate that he had been cursed for centuries, but he “didn’t like how trivial it seemed.” To emphasize the Pale Man’s monomaniacal hunger, del Toro asked his designers to render the ogre’s face blank, except for a mouth and tiny nasal punctures. He told them, “Let’s take out the eyes and put them on a platter before him.” The eyes are an allusion to St. Lucy: “I saw a statue when I was a kid where she had the eyes on a little plate. That was pretty freaky, and I liked it.”
As Ofelia creeps through the banquet hall, she glances upward. A series of frescoes on the ceiling silently unfurls the story of the Pale Man. In one panel, a hearty-looking ogre devours a child, as in Goya’s painting of Saturn. Del Toro told me that, in imagining the monster, he had settled on a twisted rule: the Pale Man could “engage in gluttony only if a kid indulged in gluttony. If a kid broke the rule of not eating, then he could.” When Ofelia snatches a grape from the table, the curse is broken and the Pale Man quickens. In a sickening change of silhouette, the ogre picks the eyes off the plate and squishes them into his palms. Placing his hands in front of his face, like goggles, he pursues Ofelia with a shuffling gait, his outstretched fingers like grotesque eyelashes. The image, del Toro said, owes something to a poster for the trashy 1979 film “Phantasm,” in which the eyes of a screaming woman can be seen through the hands covering her face.
Closing the notebook, del Toro spoke about his struggles with his weight. His pants size was down from its peak, size 62, but he was concerned about the physical challenges of shooting on location in New Zealand. He worried that his next few films might be his last. Maybe it was time to resist temptation. Looking at the plate of uneaten ribs, he joked, “I’m not just Hellboy—I’m the Pale Man, too.”
Before decamping to New Zealand, del Toro checked in on another monster—a new version of Frankenstein’s Creature. Since childhood, he had dreamed of adapting Mary Shelley’s novel, which he considers a founding text of modern monster mythology. “Monsters exist only if the pretense of reason exists,” del Toro had told me. “Before the Age of Reason, you cannot generally claim monsters as an unnatural force. There were dragons on the map—as much of a fact as sunrise.” For someone like del Toro, giving birth to a new Frankenstein’s Creature is even more exciting than designing an original monster. Just as a Renaissance painter relished the challenge of rendering the Crucifixion, a true monster-maker wants to take on the icons.
“Frankenstein” was one of nearly a dozen projects that del Toro had in development. He hoped to follow “The Hobbit” with a spate of more personal films, including “Saturn and the End of Days,” a “deranged little movie” about a boy who witnesses the Rapture from his bedroom window. Del Toro is sometimes mocked for his tendency to announce projects prematurely. Recently, on the Hollywood news site Deadline, a commenter sniped, “This man is more famous for what he hasn’t done than what he has.”
To secure financing for “Frankenstein” from Universal, which signed a production deal with del Toro in 2007, he had to direct a “proof of concept” video: a brief sequence demonstrating that his Creature was thrilling enough to justify a new film. Though he had mentally sketched out the film, he hadn’t even begun a script. Everything would emanate from the monster’s design.
Work on Frankenstein’s Creature was being done at Spectral Motion, a design studio in a warehouse in Glendale. Most of del Toro’s monsters come to life there. When we arrived at the studio, del Toro was greeted by the company’s founder, Mike Elizalde, and they amiably exchanged curses in Spanish. Born in Mazatlán, Elizalde has the compact, muscled build of a superhero sidekick. He is a master of animatronics—making puppets move with robotics. With del Toro’s support, Spectral Motion has become an avant-garde studio for traditional monster design. It innovates with latex, not pixels.
We headed to the sculpting area, at the back of the warehouse. Monster maquettes were crammed atop bookshelves, like sports trophies in a locker room. A headless Hellboy suit hung on a gray mannequin. Desks were strewn with muscle magazines—the sculptors consult them when designing monster physiques. A torso lay on a long table, harshly illuminated by a swing lamp; several maquettes had been wrapped in black garbage bags, in preparation for storage. The place felt like a makeshift morgue.
At Spectral, a monster design is first rendered in clay. A mold is then made, and a plastic compound is poured into it to produce a maquette. Even when a creature is destined to be primarily computer-generated, del Toro commissions maquettes; seeing a beast in physical form helps him detect design flaws. Elizalde said that del Toro was by far his favorite client, because of “his tremendous imagination and appreciation for what can be done practically.” Many directors, Elizalde said, haplessly begged him to make something scary; del Toro provided blueprints from his notebooks, and assessed maquettes like a biologist supervising a dissection. They shared a distrust of excessive computerized effects, which often looked weightless onscreen. “That’s part of the goal of his films,” Elizalde said. “To celebrate the handmade, old-school creature.”
The “Frankenstein” project was tucked in a side room. Just before we got there, del Toro stopped short. “Is that the original casting?” he asked. On a high shelf sat a bust of Gill-man, from “Creature from the Black Lagoon.” One of Elizalde’s sculptors had borrowed the bust from an archive for close study. Del Toro, who considers Gill-man the apex of man-in-a-suit design, informed me that its creator was Milicent Patrick, a former Disney animator. Patrick did not receive official credit—apparently, nobody involved in “Lagoon” had wanted it known that a woman created the monster. Judging from the staff at Spectral, the demographics of monster design hadn’t changed much. Del Toro could recall working with only one female designer, on “Hellboy.” “This is a very geeky pursuit,” he said.
Sculpting Frankenstein’s Creature was Mario Torres, a slight, doleful-looking Latino whose head was covered by a navy-blue ski cap. For “Hellboy II,” he had helped del Toro design Mr. Wink, a troll with a mace for a fist. On Torres’s desk, near a small portable oven, was a large red clay bust of the Creature. Once the design was settled, the staff at Spectral Motion would use the bust as a guide for creating prosthetics that could be layered on an actor’s face.
In accordance with Mary Shelley’s description, the head appeared to have been stolen from a cadaver: there was exposed sinew around the jaw, and the cheekbones looked ready to poke through the scrim of flesh. Most appallingly, the Creature lacked a nose; a single bridge bone protruded over an oval breathing hole. Torres had been etching deep furrows into the Creature’s forehead, and shaved bits of clay were scattered on his desk, like clippings on a barbershop floor.
The Creature’s face was inspired, in part, by the graphic artist Bernie Wrightson, who, in 1983, published a stunning illustrated edition of “Frankenstein.” Four panels from the book hung in del Toro’s study at Bleak House. Wrightson’s Creature has been rudely cobbled together from several corpses, but he also has a lithe, sensual grace. It’s Michelangelo’s David, if Goliath had won.
For ten seconds, del Toro beheld the bust. “Que lástima,” he began—“What a shame.” Torres looked ready to pull his ski cap over his eyes. Del Toro unleashed a twenty-minute critique, largely in Spanish, lessening the sting with humor and pats on the back. “Cabrón, is that the nose of Skeletor?” he teased. The nose bridge was implausibly long, del Toro said. The facial decay was inconsistent: if the nostrils and underlying cartilage had rotted away, the earlobes would be long gone, too. “Anything that dangles goes away faster,” he noted. And the Creature’s furrowed expression was too limiting: “If it was going to be the monster just for a few minutes, I would say it’s really good. But it’s the main character.” The prosthetics for the Creature needed “to accommodate a personality,” allowing the actor wearing them to express “calm, vacancy, or even happiness.”
“So these lines are too deep?” Elizalde, who was taking notes, said.
“Yes,” del Toro said. “It needs to go beyond a good sculpture. You need to really believe.” He wanted fewer wrinkles across the face. “It has to convey being newborn.”
Del Toro studied the bust again, then told Torres that the jawline should be “bulked up” to look more square—it would be the single allusion to the famous Boris Karloff incarnation.
“Más Karloff,” Torres agreed, meekly.
The bust was modelled on the face of Doug Jones, the former mime, who had already agreed to play the role. Jones has performed as a monster so many times that Spectral Motion keeps a full-body cast of him on hand. Jones is prized by del Toro for his tiny head, swanlike neck, and spindly physique (six feet three, a hundred and forty pounds). Makeup artists can layer prosthetics on him without giving him a clunky silhouette. “Is this his real neck?” del Toro said of the bust, admiringly. “He’s inhuman!”
Elizalde asked del Toro about the Creature’s hair. Shouldn’t it be patchy, to emphasize the theme of decay?
“No, it should be long and full,” del Toro said. “He’s the Iggy Pop of Frankensteins!” He wiggled his hips. Shelley’s story had resonated with del Toro as a metaphor for the rebelliousness of teen-agers, and so he wanted the Creature to have the unnerving vitality of a rock star.
Del Toro turned to a nearby table, where he examined a green clay version of the Creature’s entire body. The figure, about a foot high, was lurching forward. “This is very twenty-first century,” he joked, pointing at the figure’s dangling penis.
“Lose it?” Elizalde asked.
“Yes,” del Toro said. “We’re going to have to make a gauze-cotton loincloth that is sort of falling off.” This would indicate that the monster “just came out of the lab table.” To underscore the Creature’s origin in multiple cadavers, one of the arms needed to be longer than the other.
He complained that the sculpture didn’t graphically indicate where the sutures were. “Give me the gauge,” he said to Torres. He grabbed the tool and, squinting, carved into the lower right hip; turning the sculpture wheel, he continued the line across the Creature’s buttocks. The suture lines, he told Torres, should “look jagged,” and the various body parts should have different skin tones.
Torres took some warm clay out of his oven and began Karloffing the jaw. Del Toro, scrutinizing the bust again, ordered a radical rhinoplasty: “Take this nose off.” He was questioning Wrightson’s breathing-hole concept. Later, he explained, “It’s a great graphic idea, but I’m not sure it works so much practically. When an actor acts with his eyes, you want to be looking at his eyes, not at a breathing plug-hole.” He requested a nose that looked semi-crushed and “about to slide off.”
Elizalde liked the idea. “It’s a cool effect, when you have that ridge of the bone, and you have tissue that’s sort of stringy and hanging on. It’ll be pretty creepy-looking.”
Torres asked, “How should the nose look on the inside?”
“Not like this!” del Toro said, patting him. “This is too Halloween.” He paused. “Don’t you have a skull around?” He flipped through Bone Clones, a catalogue of osteological replicas. “See? There are some very tiny, skinny bones in there.” Del Toro told Torres that he would return in four days, “to determine exactly what the nose area should look like.”
While we were in the sculpture studio, a pair of assistants filled del Toro’s Chrysler sedan with maquettes that had been polished for display at Bleak House. As del Toro emerged outside, the Angel of Death was being gingerly lowered into the back seat. “Es la Virgen María!” he said. Elizalde wished del Toro good luck in New Zealand. Del Toro climbed in and headed toward the freeway; a seat-belted maquette of Mr. Wink rode shotgun.
Shortly after that, del Toro and his family moved to Wellington, but he never shot a frame of “The Hobbit.” For nine months, he waited for a starting date, but M-G-M was unable to resolve its financial woes. In May, after the earliest possible release date for Part 1 slid back a year, to December, 2012, del Toro abruptly flew home to Los Angeles. A statement was released: “In light of ongoing delays in the setting of a start date for filming ‘The Hobbit,’ I am faced with the hardest decision of my life. After nearly two years of living, breathing and designing a world as rich as Tolkien’s Middle Earth, I must, with great regret, take leave from helming these wonderful pictures.”
A week later, I met with del Toro in a restaurant on New York’s Lower East Side. He was a bit sheepish, perhaps because his sudden departure raised the question of whether he had been fired. Since “The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King” won eleven Oscars, Jackson had made two overblown messes, “King Kong” and “The Lovely Bones.” Revisiting Tolkien would allow him to rebound. And with Jackson in charge, “The Hobbit” could be presented to investors as a no-risk product. Though the studios initially announced that another successor would be found, Jackson soon signed on himself, and the green light came. Steve Cooper, one of the heads of M-G-M, said, “Under Peter’s direction, the films will undoubtedly appeal to fans of the original ‘L.O.T.R.’ trilogy.”
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At the restaurant, del Toro had trouble squeezing into the booth; he had gained weight in Wellington. He was adamant that he had left “The Hobbit” of his own accord, but his language seemed careful. “The visual aspect was under my control,” he said. “There was no interference with that creation.” In collaboration with Jackson and two screenwriters, del Toro had completed drafts for Parts 1 and 2. But final revisions were still to come, and he noted that any “strong disagreements” between him and Jackson would have occurred when they debated which scenes to film and which to cut—“You know, ‘I want to keep this.’ ‘I want to keep that.’ “ But, he said, he had quit “before that impasse.” I asked him if there had been creative tension. At Weta, he said, the production delay had made everyone anxious, and he “could not distinguish between a real tension and an artificial tension.”
He admitted that there had been discomfort over his design of Smaug. “I know this was not something that was popular,” he said. He said that he had come up with several audacious innovations—“Eight hundred years of designing dragons, going back to China, and no one has done it!”—but added that he couldn’t discuss them, because the design was not his intellectual property. “I have never operated with that much secrecy,” he said of his time at Weta.
Del Toro said that it had hurt “like a motherfucker” to leave the production, but I got the sense that he had found it even more painful to be away from L.A. “I really missed my man cave,” he said. In an attempt to approximate his collections at Bleak House, assistants had shipped two dozen boxes of duplicate material to Wellington, but del Toro still felt as if he were in a sensory-deprivation tank. A different kind of man would have enjoyed being close to the New Zealand Alps, but del Toro, the ultimate indoorsman, rarely left Wellington. Being stuck in New Zealand caused him to lose important creative opportunities. He had agreed to launch a new animation label at Disney, Double Dare You, specializing in scary movies for kids, but the deal foundered during his absence.
The most difficult part, he said, was “making peace with the fact that somebody else is going to have control of your creatures, your wardrobe, and change it, or discard it, or use it. All options are equally painful.” He added, “The stuff I left behind is absolutely gorgeous. I’m absolutely in love with it.” He suddenly became animated, waving his hands in the air like a conductor navigating a treacherous passage of Mahler. “We created a big exhibit in the last few weeks, in preparation for a studio visit. I had color-coded the movie: there was a green passage, a blue passage, a crimson passage, a golden passage. In Tolkien, there is a clear season for autumn, winter, summer, spring in the journey. And I thought, I cannot just stay in four movements in two movies. It will become monotonous. So I thought of organizing the movie so you have the feeling of going into eight seasons. So a certain area of the movie was coded black and green, a certain area was crimson and gold, and when we laid out the movie in a big room, we had all the wardrobe, all the props, all the color-coded key art. When you looked and saw that beautiful rainbow, you could comprehend that there was a beautiful passage.” His scheme would probably be abandoned, he said later: “Not much is going to make it. That’s my feeling.” Would his art be returned to him? “I hope to get maquette visitation rights.” But he was grateful not to have them already at Bleak House; they would be a torment.
At the restaurant, he reminded me that the subtitle of “The Hobbit” is “There and Back Again.” He said, “There was a moment in the screenplay—I don’t know if it’s going to survive or not—where it was made clear that the purpose of the journey is for Bilbo to know that he wants to be home, to say, ‘I understand my place in the world.’ For me, the journey to New Zealand was like that.”
Del Toro had gone on a quest, but he came home with no treasure. The triumph of “Pan’s Labyrinth” was now five years old. He needed a comeback project. In Wellington, he hadn’t been able to film the proof-of-concept video for “Frankenstein.” That could be next. But he was thinking of taking an even bigger risk, and pursuing the adaptation of Lovecraft’s “At the Mountains of Madness”—his “Sisyphean project.” He had begun sketching images for an adaptation in 1993 and had completed a script in 1998. But the project had seemed too daunting; digital effects weren’t yet good enough to render creatures that changed shape far more radically than Transformers. Then, while del Toro was in Wellington, “Avatar” was released, and its landmark effects made “Madness” seem plausible. Crucially, James Cameron, a friend, had agreed to be a producer for “Madness,” sharing his expertise in designing strange worlds. And del Toro was now less wary of making digital monsters. At Weta, he had experimented with a “virtual camera,” which allows a director to maintain a sense of physicality when filming a C.G.I. creature. “They lay out the animation, you grab a camera, and you can change the angles within that virtual environment,” he said. “One day, I ended up dripping sweat from handling the virtual camera on the motion-capture stage. This camera would be very handy on ‘Madness.’ “
The movie would not be an easy sell, though. Del Toro envisaged “Madness” as a “hard R” epic, shot in 3-D, with a blockbuster budget. Creating dozens of morphing creatures would be expensive, and much of the film needed to be shot somewhere that approximated Antarctica; one of the most disquieting aspects of Lovecraft’s novella is that the explorers are being pursued by monsters in a vast frozen void, and del Toro wanted to make the first horror movie on the scale of a David Lean production. But a “tent-pole horror film,” as del Toro put it, hadn’t been made in years. High-budget productions such as “Alien” and “The Shining” had been followed by decades of cheaper thrills. “The natural flaw of horror as a genre is that, ninety-nine per cent of the time, it’s a clandestine genre,” he said. “It lives and breathes—‘Texas Chainsaw Massacre,’ the first ‘Saw,’ ‘The Blair Witch Project’—in dark little corners that come out and haunt you. Rarely is there a beautiful orchid that blooms.” He mentioned Hitchcock’s “The Birds”: “It was a major filmmaker using cutting-edge optical technology and special effects. It was a big-budget movie. It had Edith Head designing costumes, it had all the luxuries. And it was appealing because it had all the polished aspects of a studio film.”
Del Toro thought that nearly all his previous movies had conveyed “sympathy for the monsters.” With “Madness,” he said, he would terrify the audience with their malignancy. First, though, he needed to make Universal executives feel that, in allowing del Toro to design a creature-filled world, they weren’t being reckless—rather, they were commissioning a variation on “Avatar,” the most successful film in history. “Studios look backward,” del Toro said. “Filmmakers look forward.”
To anybody who owns thousands of comic books, “At the Mountains of Madness” is as central to the American canon as “Moby-Dick.” H. P. Lovecraft, who was born in 1890 and died in 1937, wrote densely interlinked stories that convey “cosmic horror.” More than one tale features a giant tentacled alien named Cthulhu. Lovecraft refers to Cthulhu several times in “Madness,” and del Toro, in writing his script, had devised a way to integrate the iconic beast into the climax. (“Its membranous wings extend, filling the horizon, its abominable head silhouetted by lightning in the clouds!”) Del Toro could create a totemic god.
Although Lovecraft’s work was dismissed in his lifetime, contemporary writers including Stephen King and Joyce Carol Oates have celebrated him as the heir to Edgar Allan Poe. Lovecraft’s prose may have the highest adverbial density in English: “I saw the freshly glistening and reflectively iridescent black slime which clung thickly to those headless bodies and stank obscenely.” But, like an outsider artist, he is so committed to his lunatic visions that they achieve a strange grandeur.
In “Madness,” twenty Edwardian scientists sail from Tasmania to Antarctica in search of geological samples, and they discover a mountain range that dwarfs the Himalayas. On one summit is a hidden, ruined city whose bizarre architecture suggests that its inhabitants were not human. As the scientists explore the ice-encased structures, they discover “pictorial friezes” revealing an awful secret. Hyper-intelligent aliens, the Old Ones, landed on earth millions of years ago. Creating organic life forms as tools, the Old Ones fashioned every creature on the planet, including human beings. One of their inventions, shape-shifters known as Shoggoths, were intended as slaves; but the Shoggoths rebelled, slaughtering the Old Ones. After the explorers accidentally thaw a few surviving Old Ones, a hidden army of Shoggoths emerges from the shadows, and the humans find themselves caught in an alien war. Del Toro loves the story, in part because Lovecraft combines terror—the panicked effort to escape the creatures—with metaphysical horror: “The book essentially says how scary it is to realize that we are a cosmic joke.”
This past summer, Universal gave del Toro seed money, allowing him to create an “art room” for “Madness.” Once again, del Toro was designing creatures without a green light. By the end of the year, he would present his vision to the studio. If Universal executives said yes, he would start filming by June; if not, he would have provided more support for the parental claim that monsters don’t really exist.
I met with del Toro in Los Angeles on the first day of preproduction. He had hired five artists to engage in ten weeks of “design promiscuity” at Lightstorm, James Cameron’s production company, which is in Santa Monica. Parts of “Avatar” had been designed in the same suite of offices. Corkboards were covered with constellations of silver pushpins; in an interior room, “Avatar” maquettes were still on display.
Del Toro had transformed his own silhouette. He had lost twenty-seven pounds in three weeks, after undergoing sleeve-gastrectomy surgery. “They take three-quarters of your stomach out and throw it out!” he said. “I feel great.” That day, he had eaten a light lunch with his daughter Mariana, and in an elevator they had played a family game: Guillermo aimed his belly and crushed her, gently, into a corner. In Spanish, she lamented, “This game won’t be fun when you’re no longer fat.” Mariana, who is slender, has the flinty confidence of Thora Birch in “Ghost World”; she was toting an iPad, upon which she had sketched an apple-green, lizardy creature—a monster leavened with Nickelodeon cheer.
For the first few days, del Toro wanted his “Madness” artists to draw without precepts. These men had been sketching Shoggoths since junior high school. What had Lovecraft made them see? “Lovecraft is actually really stringent about describing the Old Ones,” he noted. “And his design is really hard to solve, because they are essentially winged cucumbers.”
He wanted the creatures in “Madness” to be fascinating, not disgusting. He said, “Normally, creatures are designed in the same way that gargoyles were carved in churches—for maximum shock value.” He cited Ray Harryhausen, a master of stop-motion animation, who designed the effects for the 1981 “Clash of the Titans”: “He used to say, ‘Whenever you think of a creature, think of a lion—how a lion can be absolutely malignant or benign, majestic, depending on what it’s doing. If your creature cannot be in repose, then it’s a bad design.’ When you see our creatures, you’re not going to say, ‘Oh, what a great movie monster.’ You’re going to say, ‘What aquarium, what specimen jar did that thing come from?’ They need to look entirely possible in their impossibility.” He’d been watching nature documentaries. “The worst thing that you can do is be inspired solely by movie monsters. You need to be inspired by National Geographic, by biological treatises, by literature, by fine painters, by bad painters.”
At Lightstorm, del Toro met first with Callum Greene, a British producer. Greene warned him that, without discipline, his budget could easily exceed Universal’s limit of a hundred and twenty-five million dollars. Greene had identified thousands of moments in the script where special effects would be employed.
Most of them, del Toro declared, required C.G.I. “Animatronic effects don’t look good in daylight,” he noted, and much of the movie would be shot in foggy snowscapes. He would be adopting an “Eastern palette,” in which whiteness connoted death. “Also, a physical approach doesn’t lend itself to the way I want to depict the creatures that much, because I want them to look very heavy. You’d have to do multiple core molds, and—you know how it is—the heavier the puppet is, the easier it breaks down. On set, you always end up saying, ‘Do not hit the deadly monster too hard, or it will break!’ “ When possible, del Toro said, he would initiate a shock sequence with physical objects, to ground the viewer in something real. The Old Ones are first seen as corpses, and Mike Elizalde could make those at Spectral Motion.
Del Toro wanted to shoot in Canada, which offered tax rebates. Greene proposed filming outside Vancouver: “You’re looking at mountains covered in snow every day.” But, he warned, “every night with two hundred people on per diem in a hotel is money.”
“We’re going to shoot there for a long period of time,” del Toro insisted. Otherwise, “you take away the scope instantly, and then you are doing a fucking Hallmark movie-of-the-week.” He also insisted on having two weeks to shoot landscapes in Antarctica, where, he noted later, scientists had recently mapped a massive mountain range hidden under ice.
He told Greene that digital-effects houses needed to understand that each Shoggoth had at least “eight permutations.” He said, “Let’s say that creature A turns into creature A-B, then turns into creature B, then turns into creature B-C. And by the time it lands on a guy it’s creature E.” He discussed one grisly Shoggoth transformation: “It’s like when you grab a sock and you pull it inside out. From his mouth, he extrudes himself.”
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Del Toro then visited his art team—guys who nodded in unison when someone said, “You know how sea cucumbers puke their insides out to evade predators?” The veteran was Wayne Barlowe, a mild, bespectacled man in his fifties; he had collaborated with del Toro on “Hellboy” and had helped define many of the creatures in “Avatar,” including the Great Leonopteryx, the flying beast that Jake Sully tames on the planet Pandora. Barlowe still draws with pencils, and he sat in a sunny corner room. He had been sketching Cthulhu in a surprisingly soft hand. In his rendition, many appendages emanated from a central vertical column; it had the majesty of a redwood tree. When del Toro looked at it, he said, “I love the idea of the floating things!” Cthulhu was surrounded by satellite parasites, just as some sharks are haloed by schools of fish. Barlowe said that he was going for a “regal look,” and pointed at the creature’s neck. “It’s like an Elizabethan collar!” del Toro said, smiling. “Great.”
The group’s gross-out specialist was Guy Davis, the author of “The Marquis,” a graphic novel that features, as del Toro put it, “awesome genitalia-like monsters.” Davis, a sweet man with a downturned smile and a thinning buzz cut, showed del Toro a Shoggoth mid-transformation.
“Really nice,” del Toro said. “It’s sort of like a tapeworm.”
“Yeah,” Davis said. “When it’s forming, instead of just forming eyes, maybe it’s bubbling like mud, or pudding, so you have these sockets forming but no eyes yet. Then it gets one eye and has this cavernous companion. Mummies always freak me out because they have sockets but no eyes.”
“I hadn’t noticed,” del Toro teased. “Lovely.”
Allen Williams was the neophyte; del Toro had hired him at Comic-Con, in July, after seeing his illustrations on display. Several of Williams’s sketches were inspired by marine life: a morphing Shoggoth looked like giant jellyfish sliding across the Antarctic ice. It would be especially creepy, Williams said, if the viewer could see innards “vaguely moving under membranous material.” Del Toro nodded. Pointing at a creature with a profusion of fins, he said, “I like this, because it’s very much like a lionfish”—one of the weirdest inhabitants of a coral reef.
Though del Toro was enthusiastic about Williams’s work, he admonished him for incorporating too many signs of “infection or disease.” “These creatures are like Ferraris,” del Toro said. He sliced the air with his hands, suggesting aerodynamic contours. “The Old Ones didn’t create shitty machines.”
Peter Konig, who also designs characters for video games, sat in a pitch-dark room, before a glowing screen. His work was sharply etched, like Egyptian hieroglyphs. He had been playing around with symmetry, and showed a Shoggoth that appeared to be perched on spindly legs. With a click, he flipped the image upside down, and the legs became long arms, like those on a monkey.
“The silhouette works both ways,” del Toro said.
Next, Konig showed a Shoggoth whose tentacles were surging from what resembled a long, retracting foreskin. The creature had dozens of eyes, randomly placed, like those on a potato.
“Dude,” del Toro said, laughing. “It’s like a botched circumcision!” He told Konig that he was banning phallic imagery—the most obvious sign that an alien was designed by a nerdy Homo sapiens.
Del Toro told me that the group was off to a great start, but he was eager to impose discipline. “I will ruin their lives,” he joked. “There is no rhythm, and everything is too busy.”
Even though del Toro’s team had three months to experiment, the challenge was immense. The frozen city, for example, could emerge only after the artists had settled how the Old Ones moved, ate, and slept. “If you spend enough time strolling in the street—seeing a cathedral, seeing a door opening and closing in a building or a car—you understand the ergonomics of human beings,” he said. With a few key shots, del Toro needed to conjure, wordlessly, the lives of the aliens.
He also had to master 3-D. He had been studying “Avatar” on his laptop, and praised the “crystalline depth” that Cameron had created for Pandora. He said, “What is really great about 3-D is not what comes at you but the depth—what I call the ‘aquarium effect.’ “
The digital spectacle of “Madness” was worlds away from the days of collodion scars and rubber suits. I asked him if technology was effacing his art. “The great consolation always comes in the form of Hitchcock,” he said. “Hitchcock did 3-D, wholeheartedly, with ‘Dial M for Murder.’ He would try every gimmick, every lens, every camera mount. He’s the patron saint for my proclivities.” With some embarrassment, he noted that, at Comic-Con, he had introduced a line of “Pan’s Labyrinth” figurines. “Hitchcock would have gone to Comic-Con,” he said. “He would have signed collectible shower curtains. He was a showman and an auteur.”
In early December, on the evening be fore del Toro presented his vision for “Madness” to Universal, he was fretting at Bleak House. The mansion had been expanded since the summer. The French doors had been dismantled, and a new hallway led to the Rain Room, a red parlor whose sole window was not a window at all. Old-school effects behind the glass—a mirror, a projector—insured that it was always a dark and stormy night.
The effect mimicked a similar window in the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland. A few months earlier, del Toro had announced plans to develop a feature film based on the attraction. Like “Frankenstein,” a haunted-house movie was something he had contemplated for years, but he wanted both projects to be realized after “Madness.” He said, “Seriously, I’ve been in preproduction between ‘The Hobbit’ and ‘Madness’ for two and a half years.” He could handle “only so much foreplay.”
Del Toro was pallid, and it did not look as if he had continued losing weight: he was still wearing black sweats. He went into the kitchen and rummaged through the freezer. “Want a Popsicle?” he said, taking one for himself. His lips were soon stained red.
The designs created at Lightstorm had been delivered to Bleak House, and del Toro’s assistants had prepared presentation boards. They were on a kitchen counter, and del Toro began going through them.
The aquarium look that he had spoken of at Lightstorm had clearly become a governing metaphor. “I wanted the whole city to be like an abandoned coral reef,” he said. He showed me an image of a cavernous interior space. Everything was tubular and encrusted with skeletal remains—abandoned tools. “A coral reef is a shitload of skeletons fused together, right? All the technology those creatures have, all their technology is organic. You and I use metals, plastics. These creatures don’t have weapons or chisels. They create other creatures as tools.”
The architecture of the Old Ones was based on “curves and cylinders,” he said. “There are no steps, no ramparts. And the edifices are not at all human. There’s no balconies or doorways.” The city resembled a labyrinth of pneumatic tubes.
As del Toro had promised, the city’s form intimated the silhouette of the Old Ones. “They are essentially suppositories,” he said. “They sort of torpedo through the tubes.” But didn’t Lovecraft write that they had wings? Del Toro smiled: wings and tentacles had been hidden inside the ovoid silhouette. An Old One opened up “like a Swiss Army knife.”
The oceanic motif was particularly evident in the design of the Old Ones. Del Toro’s enthusiasm for the lionfish had endured, and the aliens’ wings echoed their flamboyant fins. In motion, he explained, the Old Ones would appear buoyant—“unbound by gravity.” As the camera tracked them caroming around the city, the viewer would feel disoriented, like a panicked scuba diver inside a cave. “We designed the creatures in such a way that they can go forward or backward, or hang, or be vertical, and they still make sense,” he said. Beckoning me into the Rain Room, he opened his laptop and showed me a rough digital rendering of an Old One. As Peter Konig had done at Lightstorm, he flipped the image upside down; then he flipped it on its side—in all formations, locomotion was plausible. “It has no forward and no backward,” he explained. “If this moves forward or backward in a way that I can recognize, it’s boring. Have you seen a Spanish dancer move in the water? They go like this”—his hand made an undulating motion. “It’s muscular and creepy.”
The Shoggoths, he said, performed an even more fluid transformation. Creating them would push digital technology to the limit: you weren’t just tweaking a polygon; you were ditching one polygon for another. Del Toro had commissioned several maquettes from Mike Elizalde. The cast-resin monsters rested on beds of artificial snow, and hovering Shoggoths were held aloft with thin metal poles. The models were poignant relics of twentieth-century technology, but they helped connect del Toro’s current vision with the tradition of Forrest Ackerman. These were the next Famous Monsters of Filmland.
The Shoggoths had a racecar sheen. “They are pristine,” he said. “They are functional. They are not asymmetric. Symmetry is efficiency. And these guys need to be efficient.” He wasn’t sure yet if the Shoggoth palette should be “pearlescent” or “circulatory”—reds and blues. Since the Shoggoths could mutate into anything, there was no fixed silhouette, but many would feature a “protoplasmic bowl,” an abdomen-like area from which new forms could sprout. One maquette was a disorienting twist on classic Lovecraftian form. It looked like a giant octopus head with tentacles jutting from the top and the bottom—a fearful symmetry. “That’s my belly in the middle,” del Toro joked.
In another maquette, the Shoggoth had sprouted two heads, each extending from brontosaurus-like necks. Their skulls could be smashed together to destroy victims. “The idea is to create craniums that function as jaws,” he said. The Shoggoths would often create ghastly parodies of human forms; as they pursued the humans, they would imitate them, imperfectly.
Having read the script, I knew that the body count would be high. (“
BAMMMMM
!!!!! A massive Shoggoth explodes out from the tower!!!!! It grabs and devours Gordon in mid-sentence!”) But del Toro promised that the film was “not gory.” Victims would be “absorbed” by the aliens in ways that were “eerie and scary.” He explained, “When you watch a documentary of a praying mantis eating the head of its mate, because of the complexity of the mouth mechanism, you’re fascinated. It’s a horrible act, but you’re fascinated.” Though he wouldn’t be spattering blood, he said that he needed to fight Universal for an R rating, “to have the freedom to make it really, really uncomfortable and nasty.”
The meeting at Universal, he said, was at ten-thirty: “I’ve never been this nervous going to a meeting. This invested.” He added, “There are certain rules to dating a movie. You try to fall in love when it’s a reality, and try not to be completely head over heels on the first date. But I’m hopelessly in love with the creatures.”
Adam Fogelson and Donna Langley, the top executives at Universal, would attend, as would James Cameron. Del Toro said, “He’s supporting what I want. He said to me, ‘You did this with five guys in ten weeks? That’s astounding.’ “
Del Toro indicated that he would not be willing to make radical adjustments to his vision. “I don’t want to make a movie called ‘At the Mountains of Madness.’ I want to make this movie. And if I cannot make this movie I’ll do something else.” He paused. “It’ll be horrible.”
Fogelson was impressed with the presentation. “The sense of scope, the sense of danger, and just the sheer popcorn commercial appeal of the creatures that he was presenting to us were a sight to behold,” he told me. “At each step, he wowed us, and, to be candid, he knew— and we all knew—that a ‘wow’ was required to keep this movie moving forward. It’s a big bet.” Still, Universal wasn’t quite ready to give the project a green light. Del Toro went to another meeting, and then another. As of late January, the project remained potential energy. Del Toro was confident that his creatures would one day roam the multiplex, but I remembered that he had called Hollywood “the Land of the Slow No.”
On that December night at Bleak House, I noticed that del Toro had moved some of his journals from the bathroom safe to a shelf in the Rain Room. I asked to see early sketches for “Madness.”
The notebook was from 1993. He turned the pages, stopped, and smiled. “Look!” he said. It was an image of one of the explorers falling into icy water. An inky creature lunging at him looked breathtakingly similar to the Shoggoth with symmetrical tentacles. Del Toro’s monsters had inhabited his mind for nearly two decades. From the beginning, del Toro had imagined that his creatures, unlike Lovecraft’s, would have a fatal vulnerability—one that explained why the horrible beasts had remained trapped in Antarctica. Salt water: it dissolved a Shoggoth like a slug. ♦
Daniel Zalewski is the magazine’s features director. He has contributed profiles of Werner Herzog, Ian McEwan, and others.
| Fish |
What did the Romans call Mare Nostrum? | Show the Monster - The New Yorker
Show the Monster
Guillermo del Toro’s quest to get amazing creatures onscreen.
By
Daniel Zalewski
Del Toro, whose films include “Hellboy” and “Pan’s Labyrinth,” has amassed in a house outside Los Angeles an enormous collection of horror iconography. “All this stuff feeds you back,” he says.CreditPhotograph by JOSEF ASTOR
In 1926, Forrest Ackerman, a nine-year-old misfit in Los Angeles, visited a newsstand and bought a copy of Amazing Stories—a new magazine about aliens, monsters, and other oddities. By the time he reached the final page, he had become America’s first fanboy. He started a group called the Boys’ Scientifiction Club; in 1939, he wore an outer-space outfit to a convention for fantasy aficionados, establishing a costuming ritual still followed by the hordes at Comic-Con. Ackerman founded a cult magazine, Famous Monsters of Filmland, and, more lucratively, became an agent for horror and science-fiction writers. He crammed an eighteen-room house in Los Feliz with genre memorabilia, including a vampire cape worn by Bela Lugosi and a model of the pteranodon that tried to abscond with Fay Wray in “King Kong.” Ackerman eventually sold off his collection to pay medical bills, and in 2008 he died. He had no children.
But he had an heir. In 1971, Guillermo del Toro, the film director, was a seven-year-old misfit in Guadalajara, Mexico. He liked to troll the city sewers and dissolve slugs with salt. One day, in the magazine aisle of a supermarket, he came upon a copy of Famous Monsters of Filmland. He bought it, and was so determined to decode Ackerman’s pun-strewed prose—the letters section was called Fang Mail—that he quickly became bilingual.
Del Toro was a playfully morbid child. One of his first toys, which he still owns, was a plush werewolf that he sewed together with the help of a great-aunt. In a tape recording made when he was five, he can be heard requesting a Christmas present of a mandrake root, for the purpose of black magic. His mother, Guadalupe, an amateur poet who read tarot cards, was charmed; his father, Federico, a businessman whom del Toro describes, fondly, as “the most unimaginative person on earth,” was confounded. Confounding his father became a lifelong project.
Before del Toro started school, his father won the Mexican national lottery. Federico built a Chrysler-dealership empire with the money, and moved the family into a white modernist mansion. Little Guillermo haunted it. He raised a gothic menagerie: hundreds of snakes, a crow, and white rats that he sometimes snuggled with in bed. Del Toro has kept a family photograph of him and his sister, Susana, both under ten and forced into polyester finery. Guillermo, then broomstick-thin, has added to his ensemble plastic vampire fangs, and his chin is goateed with fake blood. Susana’s neck has a dreadful gash, courtesy of makeup applied by her brother. He still remembers his old tricks. “Collodion is material used to make scars,” he told me. “You put a line on your face, and it contracts and pulls the skin. As a kid, I’d buy collodion in theatrical shops, and I’d scar my face and scare the nanny.”
Del Toro filled his bedroom with comic books and figurines, but he was not content to remain a fanboy. He began drawing creatures himself, consulting a graphic medical encyclopedia that his father, an unenthusiastic reader, had bought to fill his gentleman’s library. Del Toro was a good draftsman, but he knew that he would never be a master. (His favorite was Richard Corben, whose drawings, in magazines such as Heavy Metal, helped define underground comics: big fangs, bigger breasts.) So del Toro turned to film. In high school, he made a short about a monster that crawls out of a toilet and, finding humans repugnant, scuttles back to the sewers. He loved working on special effects, and his experiments with makeup grew outlandish. There is a photograph from this period of del Toro, now overweight, transformed into the melting corpse of a fat woman; his eyeballs drip down his cheeks like cracked eggs. (“It’s a gelatine,” he recalled. “It looks messy, but it’s all sculpted.”)
He attended a new film school, the Centro de Investigación y Estudios Cinematográficos, in Guadalajara, and after graduating, in 1983, he published a book-length essay on Alfred Hitchcock. (Discussing “The Birds,” del Toro notes that “in the terror genre, an artist, unbound by ‘reality,’ can create his purest reflection of the world—the cinematic equivalent of poetry.”) In 1985, he launched Necropia, a special-effects company, making low-end bogeymen for films being shot in Mexico City. “Producers would call me on Friday and say, ‘We need a monster on Tuesday,’ “ he said. In 1993, he released his first feature, “Cronos,” about a girl whose tenderness for her grandfather deepens after he becomes a vampire. The girl has her abuelo sleep in a toy box, not a coffin, and pads it with stuffed animals. The grandfather doesn’t want to kill, and his predicament is captured with grim humor; at one point, he licks the results of a nosebleed off a bathroom floor.
“Cronos” won an award at Cannes, and del Toro began working in Hollywood, where monster design was in a torpid state. The last major period of innovation dated back to 1979, when the Swiss artist H. R. Giger unveiled his iconic designs for Ridley Scott’s “Alien.” The titular beast’s head resembles a giant dripping phallus, and for years afterward monster designers emulated Giger’s lurid sliminess. In 1982, the effects technicians Stan Winston and Rob Bottin slathered the spastic creatures of “The Thing” with Carbopol, a polymer used in personal lubricants; four years later, in “The Fly,” Jeff Goldblum’s skin sloughs off, revealing the gelatinous insect within.
Del Toro embraced the cliché with his first studio feature, “Mimic” (1997), in which oozing giant insects overtake the New York subway system. But his subsequent monsters were strikingly original, combining menace with painterly beauty. Starting in 2004, he made two lush adaptations of the “Hellboy” comic-book series, which is about a clumsy horned demon who becomes a superhero and battles monsters. The vicious incisors of “tooth fairies” were offset by wings resembling oak leaves; the feathers of a skeletal Angel of Death were embedded with blinking eyes that uncannily echoed the markings on a peacock. A del Toro monster is as connected to a succubus in a Fuseli painting as it is to the beast in “Predator.” His films remind you that looking at monsters is a centuries-old ritual—a way of understanding our own bodies through gorgeous images of deformation.
The dark, sensual fairy tale “Pan’s Labyrinth” (2006), del Toro’s most heralded film, is not what is typically conjured by the phrase “monster movie.” As is often the case in del Toro’s work, the worst monsters are human beings. In the violent aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, a defiantly imaginative girl, Ofelia, recoils from her harsh life—her stepfather is a Fascist captain who tortures dissidents—and descends into a ravishing underworld of sprites and satyrs. Though she barely evades the jaws of a famished ogre, she ultimately finds comfort in this spectral realm. For del Toro, who jokes that he “never willingly goes outside,” fantasy, even violent fantasy, is a refuge. The story of Ofelia inverts the usual scheme of horror; it’s as if one of the teens in “A Nightmare on Elm Street” had fought to remain trapped inside the world of dreams.
Many contemporary filmmakers seem embarrassed by the goofiness of monsters, relegating them to an occasional lunge from the shadows. Del Toro wants the audience to gawk. In the Mexican film industry, he told me, “it was so expensive to create a monster that, even if it was cardboard, they showed it a lot.” For del Toro, one of the key moments of horror cinema is in “Alien,” when Harry Dean Stanton “cannot run because he is in awe of the creature when it’s lowering itself in front of him. It’s a moment of man in front of a totemic god.”
Del Toro has battled to get his opulent vision of monsters onscreen. Miramax, which financed “Mimic,” found del Toro tediously arty and commissioned a second-unit director to add what del Toro calls “cheap scares.” He returned half his salary for “Hellboy,” and his entire salary for “Pan’s Labyrinth,” because he insisted on creature effects that his backers considered too expensive.
“Pan’s Labyrinth” received an Oscar nomination for Best Foreign Language Film, but del Toro refused to reposition himself as a highbrow auteur. His next film was the hectic “Hellboy II.” As del Toro has put it, “There is a part of me that will always be pulp.” He may be proudest of his schlockiest creations, such as the vampire Nomak, in “Blade II” (2002), whose toothy mouth folds open sideways, like labia, forming the ultimate vagina dentata; or the behemoth plant of “Hellboy II” (2008), which ravages Lower Manhattan like a greenhouse Godzilla. The plant monster’s demise is one of the most memorable in movie history: it spurts emerald blood that covers everything it touches in a lush carpet of moss. Del Toro does not worry that such fancies will sully his reputation. “In emotional genres, you cannot advocate good taste as an argument,” he said.
Although del Toro makes suspenseful movies, he often seems less like a disciple of Alfred Hitchcock than of Hieronymus Bosch. “I don’t see myself ever doing a ‘normal’ movie,” del Toro said. “I love the creation of these things—I love the sculpting, I love the coloring. Half the joy is fabricating the world, the creatures.” The movie that he most longs to make is an adaptation of a grandly ridiculous H. P. Lovecraft novella, “At the Mountains of Madness,” in which explorers, venturing into Antarctica, discover malevolent aliens in a frozen, ruined city. Some of the aliens mutate wildly, which would allow del Toro to create dozens of extreme incarnations. He said, “If I get to do it, those monsters will be so terrifying.”
Del Toro, now forty-six, owns a mock-Tudor mansion in Westlake Village, a sterile suburb northwest of Los Angeles. The house, which is a three-minute drive from an equally large house where he lives with his wife, Lorenza, and their two daughters, functions as his office, but it’s also a temple to his obsession with collecting—Forrest Ackerman’s mansion reborn.
Even outside, there are ghoulish touches. A weathervane on the roof is a dragon, and the front windowpanes are darkly tinted, suggesting a serial killer deflecting the postman. A sign on the lawn announces the estate’s formal name: Bleak House. Del Toro calls the place his “man cave.”
I knocked, and an assistant hollered for me to come in. When I opened the door, a rectangle of California sunshine invaded the dark entryway, landing on the hideous face of a large, lunging demon. It was a life-size cast-resin model of Sammael, from “Hellboy,” standing where a decorator would have placed a welcoming spray of flowers. Behind it, French doors offered a shimmery view of the back-yard pool. Sammael was far from the only model on display. Del Toro had filled the house with dozens of monster maquettes from his films—scale models created by special-effects shops during the early design phase, allowing the imaginary to become palpable. Del Toro had given Sammael, who has a lion’s mane of writhing tentacles, a subtle motif of asymmetry; one front limb is slightly longer than the other, setting his gait off balance, and he has an extra eye on the right side of his snout. Doug Jones, a mime turned actor who has played creatures in dozens of films, including “Hellboy” and “Pan’s Labyrinth,” says that, in the subculture of monster design, del Toro’s creatures are couture. “It’s because he’s a fanboy,” he said. “He knows exactly how fanboys critique movies. He anticipates the ‘That wouldn’t really work!’ response.”
I heard a heavy shuffling sound: del Toro, who at the time weighed more than three hundred pounds, was coming from a back room. (As Doug Jones observes, “Guillermo doesn’t pick up his feet when he walks.”) Del Toro gave me a genial slap on the back, his hand like a bear paw. Bleak House, he said, had been “inspired by Forry Ackerman,” who had been his “hero of heroes.” He said, “He was so nice! If you called him in advance, he would let you come to the house. Then he’d take you out for a slice of cherry pie.” Del Toro wore black sweatpants, a black T-shirt, and an unzipped black hoodie, all of which had been laundered so many times that they had faded into clashing inky shades. He had large ice-blue eyes, round glasses, and the rubbery cheeks of a kindergartner. An unruly brown beard, touched with gray, grounded him in manhood. A film of perspiration on his forehead trapped strands of hair that were supposed to be combed to the side.
Looming over the entryway was a huge contemporary painting of St. George and the Dragon, by a Russian painter named Viktor Safonkin. A curator at
MOMA
would cringe, but del Toro had keyed in on the originality of Safonkin’s dragon: all tail and no body, it coiled around St. George’s horse like a giant eel. Dragons, he told me, were his “favorite mythological animal,” and he was finally getting to design one: Smaug, the talking serpent who hoards the treasure in J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Hobbit.”
Del Toro, in the biggest project of his career, had signed on to direct two films based on the novel. The project had already received enormous publicity, but, curiously, it did not yet have a green light. The film rights to “The Hobbit” were shared by New Line Cinema and M-G-M, and M-G-M, which had amassed a crippling $3.7-billion debt, could not finance a blockbuster project. But “The Hobbit” was likely to be a huge moneymaker, and del Toro felt certain that funds would be forthcoming. Peter Jackson, who had directed the “Lord of the Rings” trilogy, was an executive producer of the “Hobbit” films. After Jackson declared that he had no interest in directing five movies set in Middle Earth, del Toro was named his successor.
“My next poem is written in the shape of a woman’s body.”
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Del Toro, with his ornate aesthetic, was hardly the obvious choice to follow Jackson, who in his trilogy had placed Tolkien’s mythological characters in realistic landscapes—one worried about Frodo’s furry toes getting frostbite as he trudged through heavy snow. As del Toro put it, Jackson had reconstructed the Battle of Mordor with the same exactitude as the Battle of Gallipoli. Del Toro described his own style as more “operatic.” Speaking of Tolkien, he said, “I never was a mad fan of the ‘Rings’ trilogy.” “The Hobbit,” he said, “is much less black-and-white. The monsters are not just evil. They’re charming, funny, seductive. Smaug is an incredibly smart guy!” Del Toro later said that he inevitably imposed his sensibility on source material: “It’s like marrying a widow. You try to be respectful of the memory of the dead husband, but come Saturday night . . . bam.”
He began to show me around Bleak House. The windows had blood-red curtains and shirred blinds, giving the place a bordello vibe. In the downstairs library, the shelves were rigorously taxonomized. “This is Vampire Fiction,” he said, pointing to a row of books. “And this is Vampire Fact.” He picked up an aged leather-bound volume. “This is a treatise on vampirism, probably one of the best ones ever published, from 1759.” The book, “Dissertations Upon the Apparitions of Angels, Dæmons, and Ghosts, and Concerning the Vampires of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia,” was printed in Paris and helped establish the idea that vampirism was contagious. (“Those who have been sucked suck also in their turn.”) Del Toro, who has inflexible preferences when it comes to vampires, admires the Polish folkloric tradition, in which erotic fangs are replaced by vile stingers. “They are the nastiest creatures,” he said. “Nothing romantic about them.” In 2009, he co-wrote a novel, “The Strain,” a gory update of the Polish typology—and a riposte to the swoony “Twilight.”
We headed upstairs, del Toro adopting the hushed garrulity of a docent. The walls were crowded with framed images, as at the Barnes Foundation, except in this case the collection featured Edward Gorey illustrations, concept-art sketches of the demon from “Fantasia” (“I’m an obsessive Disney-villain guy”), and comic-book panels, including a Richard Corben drawing of a mutant with four breasts. Del Toro himself still drew. “I cannot learn technique from Caravaggio and those guys—how they did it, I have no idea,” he said. “That’s why I started collecting original illustrations. I wanted to see the brushstroke or the Wite-Out. Then I could understand how they did it.”
Over a doorframe, del Toro had hung a Magic Marker skeleton drawn by his older daughter, Mariana, now fourteen. She “comes here to play,” he said; his younger daughter, Marisa, who is nine, found Bleak House too frightening. Lorenza, a former veterinary surgeon who is now a homemaker, met del Toro when they were in high school. They had a shared interest in animal anatomy. For a while, she assisted him with his makeup designs. (Uxoriousness, as expressed by del Toro: “She was the best foam technician I’ve ever had.”) It was Lorenza who had transformed him into the leaky-eyed corpse, for a Mexican television show.
The show’s script had been silly, he recalled, but when it came to horror it was foolish to focus on dialogue: “Some of the most immortal things in our glossary of images come from movies with not necessarily the greatest screenplays.” He refers to a script as a “libretto”; horror, he said, is special because it “excites a nonverbal part of us.” He mentioned Kubrick’s “The Shining”: “You’re reading, ‘Danny rides his tricycle through the corridors.’ You just don’t get it—how lonely they are, the rhythm of the prrr, the change of frequency in the wheels, the pattern in the carpet going frh, frh, frh, the lens enhancing the field and the perspective, and the moment he turns the corner the twins being there. You can’t explain that in words.” Del Toro often spends months planting “visual rhymes” in his movies; the tunnels that Ofelia travels through in “Pan’s Labyrinth,” for example, all have “feminine apertures.” What others call eye candy del Toro calls “eye protein.”
We went back downstairs, and del Toro gently tapped a glass panel covering a mounted Malaysian stick bug; its rigid abdomen was nearly a foot long. He had bought the bug at Maxilla & Mandible, the famous Manhattan emporium, on a childhood visit to New York, and its form had steeped in his imagination. Two decades later, it inspired a key sequence in “Pan’s Labyrinth.” In her first glimpse of magic, Ofelia witnesses a stick bug on her bed change into a chattering pixie. “That’s why I collect images,” he said. “All this stuff feeds you back.”
In an adjoining hallway, he pushed on a bookcase: the inevitable hidden door. A severed leg, from “Cronos,” was propped near the fireplace. Del Toro picked it up and smiled. “This is complete with fake hair!” he said. “We used to do this at Necropia. You put the hair through a hypodermic needle and inject it.” While running Necropia, he worked regularly on “Hora Marcada,” a Mexican homage to “The Twilight Zone.” In one episode, del Toro played an ogre who befriends a child; the show was directed by Alfonso Cuarón, who later made “Y Tu Mamá También.” They became good friends, and essential editors of each other’s work. The ménage-à-trois scene near the end of “Mamá” was del Toro’s idea.
The latest addition to Bleak House was a clockwork automaton of a skeleton playing the accordion, which del Toro had bought for sixteen thousand dollars. He has said of his fetish for the macabre, “It’s as hard to explain as a sexual proclivity. Some guys like high-heeled shoes. I like horror.” The size of the collection was disconcerting; it was as if the 40-Year-Old Virgin had been handed a three-million-dollar decorating budget. Del Toro owned more than five thousand comic books and several puppets of Nosferatu. On a shelf, a posed plastic figurine of Leatherface, from “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre,” battled Edward Scissorhands. A life-size statue of Boris Karloff, in the guise of Frankenstein’s Creature, lurked in a corner of the dining room. At one point, del Toro issued the apt warning, “This is the room where I keep most of my aliens.”
The kitchen had no food other than a box of crackers. But, just as Carrie Bradshaw stored Manolos in her oven, del Toro had slyly repurposed the kitchen into a museum of anatomical models. Fetuses crowded the counters. As a young child, del Toro had read a book featuring laparoscopic photographs of babies in utero; the images eventually provided a visual rhyme for “The Devil’s Backbone” (2001), a ghost story set during the Spanish Civil War. (A doctor keeps a collection of jarred mutants; the ghost drowns a villain in a pool that has the golden tinge of amniotic fluid.) Del Toro then shared a story that, like many tales he tells about his Mexican youth, had the polished feel of a fable.
“I saw a guy with a split skull walking down the street,” he said. “The guy wasn’t mentally stable, because somebody had hit him, and I took him to the hospital. And they said, ‘We’ll take care of him.’ I came back the next morning, and they said, ‘We returned him to the mental ward.’ So I went there, and they said that he escaped in the night. I went to the director and I said, ‘What kind of hospital is this?’ And she said, ‘Look, if you have something to say about it, come and volunteer.’ So I got to know the embalmers. One day I visited, and there was a pile of fetuses, new arrivals. Maybe it’s magnified in my memory, but I remember it being this tall.” He lifted his arm to his waist.
Del Toro had been raised Catholic, but this sight, he said, upended his faith. Humans could not possibly have souls; even the most blameless lives ended as rotting garbage. He became a “raging atheist.” Guadalajara was a rough place, and he recalled his childhood as a slide show of harrowing images: the decapitated body of a teen-age boy, found by a barbed-wire fence; a crashed motorist aflame inside his VW Beetle. Del Toro said, “People tell me, ‘Oh, you must love forensic photos.’ But I can’t stand the sight of real pain or blood.”
At one point, I asked him why he no longer lived in Mexico. He explained that, in 1998, his father had been kidnapped by bandits for seventy-two days. After the family paid two ransoms, Federico was released, and Guillermo moved his family to America. Although the experience was wrenching, he observed, “I highly recommend you save your father’s life. You don’t see yourself as somebody’s child anymore. You become a man saving another man.” He claimed that the experience had ended his “perpetual puberty.”
We walked past a display case of Star Wars aliens, and returned to the front door. Del Toro told me that, in a few weeks, he’d be locking up Bleak House for a while. He was taking his family with him to New Zealand, where filming for “The Hobbit” was to begin once he had finished designing dozens of costumes and creatures. The production-design work would be completed at Weta Digital—the Wellington visual-effects firm that Jackson co-founded, and that created much of the dreamscape of James Cameron’s “Avatar.”
For several months, del Toro said, he had been working on the dragon. “It will be a very different dragon than most,” he said. He proposed discussing it over lunch. He went upstairs to retrieve several notebooks. “I keep my journals locked in a safe in my bathroom,” he said abashedly, as if this had been the afternoon’s sole display of eccentricity. As we left, I noticed that several boxes of eye protein from Amazon—comic books, DVDs, model kits—had been tossed onto the floor before Sammael’s gaping maw.
We drove east to Burbank. Del Toro is devoted to the Valley—he calls it “that blessed no man’s land that posh people avoid in L.A.” We pulled into Ribs U.S.A., a frayed establishment on Olive Avenue. Del Toro ordered ribs and a lemonade, along with a redundant appetizer of “riblets.”
He told me that each of his notebooks was “an art project in itself.” He’d bought seven leather-bound journals at an antiquarian bookstore in Venice. I opened up his current notebook, which included sketches for “The Hobbit,” while he put on a plastic bib bearing the inscription “I ♥ RIBS.” Ink drawings of creatures were surrounded by text that jumped between Spanish and English: captions, musings, story ideas. The first drawing I saw was titled “Peces Sin Ojos”—“Fish Without Eyes.” Del Toro writes with a fountain pen, and lately he has used a Montblanc ink the color of blood. The over-all effect is that of a Leonardo codex.
I paused at what looked like an image of a double-bitted medieval hatchet. “That’s Smaug,” del Toro said. It was an overhead view: “See, he’s like a flying axe.” Del Toro thinks that monsters should appear transformed when viewed from a fresh angle, lest the audience lose a sense of awe. Defining silhouettes is the first step in good monster design, he said. “Then you start playing with movement. The next element of design is color. And then finally—finally—comes detail. A lot of people go the other way, and just pile up a lot of detail.”
I turned to a lateral image of the dragon. Smaug’s body, as del Toro had imagined it, was unusually long and thin. The bones of its wings were articulated on the dorsal side, giving the creature a slithery softness across its belly. “It’s a little bit more like a snake,” he said. I thought of his big Russian painting. Del Toro had written that the beast would alight “like a water bird.”
Smaug’s front legs looked disproportionately small, like those of a T. rex. This would allow the dragon to assume a different aspect in closeup: the camera could capture “hand” gestures and facial expressions in one tight frame, avoiding the quivery distractions of wings and tail. (Smaug is a voluble, manipulative dragon; Tolkien describes him as having “an overwhelming personality.”) Smaug’s eyes, del Toro added, were “going to be sculpturally very hidden.” This would create a sense of drama when the thieving Bilbo stirs the beast from slumber.
Del Toro wanted to be creative with the wing placement. “Dragon design can be broken into essentially two species,” he explained at one point. Most had wings attached to the forelimbs. “The only other variation is the anatomically incorrect variation of the six-appendage creature”—four legs, like a horse, with two additional winged arms. “But there’s no large creature on earth that has six appendages!” He had become frustrated while sketching dragons that followed these schemes. The journal had a discarded prototype. “Now, that’s a dragon you’ve seen before,” he said. “I just added these samurai legs. That doesn’t work for me.”
Del Toro’s production design for “The Hobbit” seemed similarly intent on avoiding things that viewers had seen before. Whereas Jackson’s compositions had been framed by the azure New Zealand sky, del Toro planned to employ digital “sky replacement,” for a more “painterly effect.” Sometimes, instead of shooting in an actual forest, he wanted to shoot amid artificial trees that mimicked the “drawings in Tolkien’s book.” In his journal, I spied many creatures with no precedent in Tolkien, such as an armor-plated troll that curls into a ball of metal plates. Del Toro said that it would be boring to make a slavish adaptation. “Hellboy,” he noted, was based on a popular comic-book series, but he had liberally changed the story line, and the demon had become an emotionally clumsy nerd. “I am Hellboy,” he said.
Even the major characters of “The Hobbit” bore del Toro’s watermark. In one sketch, the dwarf Thorin, depicted in battle, wore a surreal helmet that appeared to be sprouting antlers. “They’re thorns—his name is Thorin, after all,” he said. The flourish reminded me of a similar arboreal creature in “Hellboy II,” which was slightly worrying. That film is so overpopulated with monsters that it begins to feel like a Halloween party overrun by crashers. Midway through the film, del Toro stages a delightful but extraneous action sequence in a creature-clogged “troll market” hidden beneath the Brooklyn Bridge. The scene comes across as del Toro’s bid to supplant the famous Cantina scene in “Star Wars.”
The ribs arrived, and after one bite del Toro pushed them aside. “They must have changed management,” he said sadly. He had frequented the place while editing “Cronos” and “Blade II” at a studio in the Valley.
“I can’t just switch gears and be smart.”
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He showed me some notebooks from that early period. One contained the first incarnation of the Pale Man, the ogre that chases Ofelia in “Pan’s Labyrinth.” A metaphor for gluttony, he is del Toro’s most personal creation, and the five wordless minutes in which he appears are among the scariest in modern cinema. Ofelia, wandering through a tunnel, encounters the Pale Man sitting motionless at the head of a banquet table covered with food. He is sickeningly thin, his chalky white skin hanging in drapelike folds. He has apparently been cursed—placed, like Tantalus, before objects of temptation. The Pale Man “came out of a really dark, primal place,” del Toro said. “I had lost weight, and I saw my belly sagging.”
He pointed at the notebook drawing, which depicted a wizened creature. Originally, he said, the ogre was “going to have an old man’s face,” to indicate that he had been cursed for centuries, but he “didn’t like how trivial it seemed.” To emphasize the Pale Man’s monomaniacal hunger, del Toro asked his designers to render the ogre’s face blank, except for a mouth and tiny nasal punctures. He told them, “Let’s take out the eyes and put them on a platter before him.” The eyes are an allusion to St. Lucy: “I saw a statue when I was a kid where she had the eyes on a little plate. That was pretty freaky, and I liked it.”
As Ofelia creeps through the banquet hall, she glances upward. A series of frescoes on the ceiling silently unfurls the story of the Pale Man. In one panel, a hearty-looking ogre devours a child, as in Goya’s painting of Saturn. Del Toro told me that, in imagining the monster, he had settled on a twisted rule: the Pale Man could “engage in gluttony only if a kid indulged in gluttony. If a kid broke the rule of not eating, then he could.” When Ofelia snatches a grape from the table, the curse is broken and the Pale Man quickens. In a sickening change of silhouette, the ogre picks the eyes off the plate and squishes them into his palms. Placing his hands in front of his face, like goggles, he pursues Ofelia with a shuffling gait, his outstretched fingers like grotesque eyelashes. The image, del Toro said, owes something to a poster for the trashy 1979 film “Phantasm,” in which the eyes of a screaming woman can be seen through the hands covering her face.
Closing the notebook, del Toro spoke about his struggles with his weight. His pants size was down from its peak, size 62, but he was concerned about the physical challenges of shooting on location in New Zealand. He worried that his next few films might be his last. Maybe it was time to resist temptation. Looking at the plate of uneaten ribs, he joked, “I’m not just Hellboy—I’m the Pale Man, too.”
Before decamping to New Zealand, del Toro checked in on another monster—a new version of Frankenstein’s Creature. Since childhood, he had dreamed of adapting Mary Shelley’s novel, which he considers a founding text of modern monster mythology. “Monsters exist only if the pretense of reason exists,” del Toro had told me. “Before the Age of Reason, you cannot generally claim monsters as an unnatural force. There were dragons on the map—as much of a fact as sunrise.” For someone like del Toro, giving birth to a new Frankenstein’s Creature is even more exciting than designing an original monster. Just as a Renaissance painter relished the challenge of rendering the Crucifixion, a true monster-maker wants to take on the icons.
“Frankenstein” was one of nearly a dozen projects that del Toro had in development. He hoped to follow “The Hobbit” with a spate of more personal films, including “Saturn and the End of Days,” a “deranged little movie” about a boy who witnesses the Rapture from his bedroom window. Del Toro is sometimes mocked for his tendency to announce projects prematurely. Recently, on the Hollywood news site Deadline, a commenter sniped, “This man is more famous for what he hasn’t done than what he has.”
To secure financing for “Frankenstein” from Universal, which signed a production deal with del Toro in 2007, he had to direct a “proof of concept” video: a brief sequence demonstrating that his Creature was thrilling enough to justify a new film. Though he had mentally sketched out the film, he hadn’t even begun a script. Everything would emanate from the monster’s design.
Work on Frankenstein’s Creature was being done at Spectral Motion, a design studio in a warehouse in Glendale. Most of del Toro’s monsters come to life there. When we arrived at the studio, del Toro was greeted by the company’s founder, Mike Elizalde, and they amiably exchanged curses in Spanish. Born in Mazatlán, Elizalde has the compact, muscled build of a superhero sidekick. He is a master of animatronics—making puppets move with robotics. With del Toro’s support, Spectral Motion has become an avant-garde studio for traditional monster design. It innovates with latex, not pixels.
We headed to the sculpting area, at the back of the warehouse. Monster maquettes were crammed atop bookshelves, like sports trophies in a locker room. A headless Hellboy suit hung on a gray mannequin. Desks were strewn with muscle magazines—the sculptors consult them when designing monster physiques. A torso lay on a long table, harshly illuminated by a swing lamp; several maquettes had been wrapped in black garbage bags, in preparation for storage. The place felt like a makeshift morgue.
At Spectral, a monster design is first rendered in clay. A mold is then made, and a plastic compound is poured into it to produce a maquette. Even when a creature is destined to be primarily computer-generated, del Toro commissions maquettes; seeing a beast in physical form helps him detect design flaws. Elizalde said that del Toro was by far his favorite client, because of “his tremendous imagination and appreciation for what can be done practically.” Many directors, Elizalde said, haplessly begged him to make something scary; del Toro provided blueprints from his notebooks, and assessed maquettes like a biologist supervising a dissection. They shared a distrust of excessive computerized effects, which often looked weightless onscreen. “That’s part of the goal of his films,” Elizalde said. “To celebrate the handmade, old-school creature.”
The “Frankenstein” project was tucked in a side room. Just before we got there, del Toro stopped short. “Is that the original casting?” he asked. On a high shelf sat a bust of Gill-man, from “Creature from the Black Lagoon.” One of Elizalde’s sculptors had borrowed the bust from an archive for close study. Del Toro, who considers Gill-man the apex of man-in-a-suit design, informed me that its creator was Milicent Patrick, a former Disney animator. Patrick did not receive official credit—apparently, nobody involved in “Lagoon” had wanted it known that a woman created the monster. Judging from the staff at Spectral, the demographics of monster design hadn’t changed much. Del Toro could recall working with only one female designer, on “Hellboy.” “This is a very geeky pursuit,” he said.
Sculpting Frankenstein’s Creature was Mario Torres, a slight, doleful-looking Latino whose head was covered by a navy-blue ski cap. For “Hellboy II,” he had helped del Toro design Mr. Wink, a troll with a mace for a fist. On Torres’s desk, near a small portable oven, was a large red clay bust of the Creature. Once the design was settled, the staff at Spectral Motion would use the bust as a guide for creating prosthetics that could be layered on an actor’s face.
In accordance with Mary Shelley’s description, the head appeared to have been stolen from a cadaver: there was exposed sinew around the jaw, and the cheekbones looked ready to poke through the scrim of flesh. Most appallingly, the Creature lacked a nose; a single bridge bone protruded over an oval breathing hole. Torres had been etching deep furrows into the Creature’s forehead, and shaved bits of clay were scattered on his desk, like clippings on a barbershop floor.
The Creature’s face was inspired, in part, by the graphic artist Bernie Wrightson, who, in 1983, published a stunning illustrated edition of “Frankenstein.” Four panels from the book hung in del Toro’s study at Bleak House. Wrightson’s Creature has been rudely cobbled together from several corpses, but he also has a lithe, sensual grace. It’s Michelangelo’s David, if Goliath had won.
For ten seconds, del Toro beheld the bust. “Que lástima,” he began—“What a shame.” Torres looked ready to pull his ski cap over his eyes. Del Toro unleashed a twenty-minute critique, largely in Spanish, lessening the sting with humor and pats on the back. “Cabrón, is that the nose of Skeletor?” he teased. The nose bridge was implausibly long, del Toro said. The facial decay was inconsistent: if the nostrils and underlying cartilage had rotted away, the earlobes would be long gone, too. “Anything that dangles goes away faster,” he noted. And the Creature’s furrowed expression was too limiting: “If it was going to be the monster just for a few minutes, I would say it’s really good. But it’s the main character.” The prosthetics for the Creature needed “to accommodate a personality,” allowing the actor wearing them to express “calm, vacancy, or even happiness.”
“So these lines are too deep?” Elizalde, who was taking notes, said.
“Yes,” del Toro said. “It needs to go beyond a good sculpture. You need to really believe.” He wanted fewer wrinkles across the face. “It has to convey being newborn.”
Del Toro studied the bust again, then told Torres that the jawline should be “bulked up” to look more square—it would be the single allusion to the famous Boris Karloff incarnation.
“Más Karloff,” Torres agreed, meekly.
The bust was modelled on the face of Doug Jones, the former mime, who had already agreed to play the role. Jones has performed as a monster so many times that Spectral Motion keeps a full-body cast of him on hand. Jones is prized by del Toro for his tiny head, swanlike neck, and spindly physique (six feet three, a hundred and forty pounds). Makeup artists can layer prosthetics on him without giving him a clunky silhouette. “Is this his real neck?” del Toro said of the bust, admiringly. “He’s inhuman!”
Elizalde asked del Toro about the Creature’s hair. Shouldn’t it be patchy, to emphasize the theme of decay?
“No, it should be long and full,” del Toro said. “He’s the Iggy Pop of Frankensteins!” He wiggled his hips. Shelley’s story had resonated with del Toro as a metaphor for the rebelliousness of teen-agers, and so he wanted the Creature to have the unnerving vitality of a rock star.
Del Toro turned to a nearby table, where he examined a green clay version of the Creature’s entire body. The figure, about a foot high, was lurching forward. “This is very twenty-first century,” he joked, pointing at the figure’s dangling penis.
“Lose it?” Elizalde asked.
“Yes,” del Toro said. “We’re going to have to make a gauze-cotton loincloth that is sort of falling off.” This would indicate that the monster “just came out of the lab table.” To underscore the Creature’s origin in multiple cadavers, one of the arms needed to be longer than the other.
He complained that the sculpture didn’t graphically indicate where the sutures were. “Give me the gauge,” he said to Torres. He grabbed the tool and, squinting, carved into the lower right hip; turning the sculpture wheel, he continued the line across the Creature’s buttocks. The suture lines, he told Torres, should “look jagged,” and the various body parts should have different skin tones.
Torres took some warm clay out of his oven and began Karloffing the jaw. Del Toro, scrutinizing the bust again, ordered a radical rhinoplasty: “Take this nose off.” He was questioning Wrightson’s breathing-hole concept. Later, he explained, “It’s a great graphic idea, but I’m not sure it works so much practically. When an actor acts with his eyes, you want to be looking at his eyes, not at a breathing plug-hole.” He requested a nose that looked semi-crushed and “about to slide off.”
Elizalde liked the idea. “It’s a cool effect, when you have that ridge of the bone, and you have tissue that’s sort of stringy and hanging on. It’ll be pretty creepy-looking.”
Torres asked, “How should the nose look on the inside?”
“Not like this!” del Toro said, patting him. “This is too Halloween.” He paused. “Don’t you have a skull around?” He flipped through Bone Clones, a catalogue of osteological replicas. “See? There are some very tiny, skinny bones in there.” Del Toro told Torres that he would return in four days, “to determine exactly what the nose area should look like.”
While we were in the sculpture studio, a pair of assistants filled del Toro’s Chrysler sedan with maquettes that had been polished for display at Bleak House. As del Toro emerged outside, the Angel of Death was being gingerly lowered into the back seat. “Es la Virgen María!” he said. Elizalde wished del Toro good luck in New Zealand. Del Toro climbed in and headed toward the freeway; a seat-belted maquette of Mr. Wink rode shotgun.
Shortly after that, del Toro and his family moved to Wellington, but he never shot a frame of “The Hobbit.” For nine months, he waited for a starting date, but M-G-M was unable to resolve its financial woes. In May, after the earliest possible release date for Part 1 slid back a year, to December, 2012, del Toro abruptly flew home to Los Angeles. A statement was released: “In light of ongoing delays in the setting of a start date for filming ‘The Hobbit,’ I am faced with the hardest decision of my life. After nearly two years of living, breathing and designing a world as rich as Tolkien’s Middle Earth, I must, with great regret, take leave from helming these wonderful pictures.”
A week later, I met with del Toro in a restaurant on New York’s Lower East Side. He was a bit sheepish, perhaps because his sudden departure raised the question of whether he had been fired. Since “The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King” won eleven Oscars, Jackson had made two overblown messes, “King Kong” and “The Lovely Bones.” Revisiting Tolkien would allow him to rebound. And with Jackson in charge, “The Hobbit” could be presented to investors as a no-risk product. Though the studios initially announced that another successor would be found, Jackson soon signed on himself, and the green light came. Steve Cooper, one of the heads of M-G-M, said, “Under Peter’s direction, the films will undoubtedly appeal to fans of the original ‘L.O.T.R.’ trilogy.”
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At the restaurant, del Toro had trouble squeezing into the booth; he had gained weight in Wellington. He was adamant that he had left “The Hobbit” of his own accord, but his language seemed careful. “The visual aspect was under my control,” he said. “There was no interference with that creation.” In collaboration with Jackson and two screenwriters, del Toro had completed drafts for Parts 1 and 2. But final revisions were still to come, and he noted that any “strong disagreements” between him and Jackson would have occurred when they debated which scenes to film and which to cut—“You know, ‘I want to keep this.’ ‘I want to keep that.’ “ But, he said, he had quit “before that impasse.” I asked him if there had been creative tension. At Weta, he said, the production delay had made everyone anxious, and he “could not distinguish between a real tension and an artificial tension.”
He admitted that there had been discomfort over his design of Smaug. “I know this was not something that was popular,” he said. He said that he had come up with several audacious innovations—“Eight hundred years of designing dragons, going back to China, and no one has done it!”—but added that he couldn’t discuss them, because the design was not his intellectual property. “I have never operated with that much secrecy,” he said of his time at Weta.
Del Toro said that it had hurt “like a motherfucker” to leave the production, but I got the sense that he had found it even more painful to be away from L.A. “I really missed my man cave,” he said. In an attempt to approximate his collections at Bleak House, assistants had shipped two dozen boxes of duplicate material to Wellington, but del Toro still felt as if he were in a sensory-deprivation tank. A different kind of man would have enjoyed being close to the New Zealand Alps, but del Toro, the ultimate indoorsman, rarely left Wellington. Being stuck in New Zealand caused him to lose important creative opportunities. He had agreed to launch a new animation label at Disney, Double Dare You, specializing in scary movies for kids, but the deal foundered during his absence.
The most difficult part, he said, was “making peace with the fact that somebody else is going to have control of your creatures, your wardrobe, and change it, or discard it, or use it. All options are equally painful.” He added, “The stuff I left behind is absolutely gorgeous. I’m absolutely in love with it.” He suddenly became animated, waving his hands in the air like a conductor navigating a treacherous passage of Mahler. “We created a big exhibit in the last few weeks, in preparation for a studio visit. I had color-coded the movie: there was a green passage, a blue passage, a crimson passage, a golden passage. In Tolkien, there is a clear season for autumn, winter, summer, spring in the journey. And I thought, I cannot just stay in four movements in two movies. It will become monotonous. So I thought of organizing the movie so you have the feeling of going into eight seasons. So a certain area of the movie was coded black and green, a certain area was crimson and gold, and when we laid out the movie in a big room, we had all the wardrobe, all the props, all the color-coded key art. When you looked and saw that beautiful rainbow, you could comprehend that there was a beautiful passage.” His scheme would probably be abandoned, he said later: “Not much is going to make it. That’s my feeling.” Would his art be returned to him? “I hope to get maquette visitation rights.” But he was grateful not to have them already at Bleak House; they would be a torment.
At the restaurant, he reminded me that the subtitle of “The Hobbit” is “There and Back Again.” He said, “There was a moment in the screenplay—I don’t know if it’s going to survive or not—where it was made clear that the purpose of the journey is for Bilbo to know that he wants to be home, to say, ‘I understand my place in the world.’ For me, the journey to New Zealand was like that.”
Del Toro had gone on a quest, but he came home with no treasure. The triumph of “Pan’s Labyrinth” was now five years old. He needed a comeback project. In Wellington, he hadn’t been able to film the proof-of-concept video for “Frankenstein.” That could be next. But he was thinking of taking an even bigger risk, and pursuing the adaptation of Lovecraft’s “At the Mountains of Madness”—his “Sisyphean project.” He had begun sketching images for an adaptation in 1993 and had completed a script in 1998. But the project had seemed too daunting; digital effects weren’t yet good enough to render creatures that changed shape far more radically than Transformers. Then, while del Toro was in Wellington, “Avatar” was released, and its landmark effects made “Madness” seem plausible. Crucially, James Cameron, a friend, had agreed to be a producer for “Madness,” sharing his expertise in designing strange worlds. And del Toro was now less wary of making digital monsters. At Weta, he had experimented with a “virtual camera,” which allows a director to maintain a sense of physicality when filming a C.G.I. creature. “They lay out the animation, you grab a camera, and you can change the angles within that virtual environment,” he said. “One day, I ended up dripping sweat from handling the virtual camera on the motion-capture stage. This camera would be very handy on ‘Madness.’ “
The movie would not be an easy sell, though. Del Toro envisaged “Madness” as a “hard R” epic, shot in 3-D, with a blockbuster budget. Creating dozens of morphing creatures would be expensive, and much of the film needed to be shot somewhere that approximated Antarctica; one of the most disquieting aspects of Lovecraft’s novella is that the explorers are being pursued by monsters in a vast frozen void, and del Toro wanted to make the first horror movie on the scale of a David Lean production. But a “tent-pole horror film,” as del Toro put it, hadn’t been made in years. High-budget productions such as “Alien” and “The Shining” had been followed by decades of cheaper thrills. “The natural flaw of horror as a genre is that, ninety-nine per cent of the time, it’s a clandestine genre,” he said. “It lives and breathes—‘Texas Chainsaw Massacre,’ the first ‘Saw,’ ‘The Blair Witch Project’—in dark little corners that come out and haunt you. Rarely is there a beautiful orchid that blooms.” He mentioned Hitchcock’s “The Birds”: “It was a major filmmaker using cutting-edge optical technology and special effects. It was a big-budget movie. It had Edith Head designing costumes, it had all the luxuries. And it was appealing because it had all the polished aspects of a studio film.”
Del Toro thought that nearly all his previous movies had conveyed “sympathy for the monsters.” With “Madness,” he said, he would terrify the audience with their malignancy. First, though, he needed to make Universal executives feel that, in allowing del Toro to design a creature-filled world, they weren’t being reckless—rather, they were commissioning a variation on “Avatar,” the most successful film in history. “Studios look backward,” del Toro said. “Filmmakers look forward.”
To anybody who owns thousands of comic books, “At the Mountains of Madness” is as central to the American canon as “Moby-Dick.” H. P. Lovecraft, who was born in 1890 and died in 1937, wrote densely interlinked stories that convey “cosmic horror.” More than one tale features a giant tentacled alien named Cthulhu. Lovecraft refers to Cthulhu several times in “Madness,” and del Toro, in writing his script, had devised a way to integrate the iconic beast into the climax. (“Its membranous wings extend, filling the horizon, its abominable head silhouetted by lightning in the clouds!”) Del Toro could create a totemic god.
Although Lovecraft’s work was dismissed in his lifetime, contemporary writers including Stephen King and Joyce Carol Oates have celebrated him as the heir to Edgar Allan Poe. Lovecraft’s prose may have the highest adverbial density in English: “I saw the freshly glistening and reflectively iridescent black slime which clung thickly to those headless bodies and stank obscenely.” But, like an outsider artist, he is so committed to his lunatic visions that they achieve a strange grandeur.
In “Madness,” twenty Edwardian scientists sail from Tasmania to Antarctica in search of geological samples, and they discover a mountain range that dwarfs the Himalayas. On one summit is a hidden, ruined city whose bizarre architecture suggests that its inhabitants were not human. As the scientists explore the ice-encased structures, they discover “pictorial friezes” revealing an awful secret. Hyper-intelligent aliens, the Old Ones, landed on earth millions of years ago. Creating organic life forms as tools, the Old Ones fashioned every creature on the planet, including human beings. One of their inventions, shape-shifters known as Shoggoths, were intended as slaves; but the Shoggoths rebelled, slaughtering the Old Ones. After the explorers accidentally thaw a few surviving Old Ones, a hidden army of Shoggoths emerges from the shadows, and the humans find themselves caught in an alien war. Del Toro loves the story, in part because Lovecraft combines terror—the panicked effort to escape the creatures—with metaphysical horror: “The book essentially says how scary it is to realize that we are a cosmic joke.”
This past summer, Universal gave del Toro seed money, allowing him to create an “art room” for “Madness.” Once again, del Toro was designing creatures without a green light. By the end of the year, he would present his vision to the studio. If Universal executives said yes, he would start filming by June; if not, he would have provided more support for the parental claim that monsters don’t really exist.
I met with del Toro in Los Angeles on the first day of preproduction. He had hired five artists to engage in ten weeks of “design promiscuity” at Lightstorm, James Cameron’s production company, which is in Santa Monica. Parts of “Avatar” had been designed in the same suite of offices. Corkboards were covered with constellations of silver pushpins; in an interior room, “Avatar” maquettes were still on display.
Del Toro had transformed his own silhouette. He had lost twenty-seven pounds in three weeks, after undergoing sleeve-gastrectomy surgery. “They take three-quarters of your stomach out and throw it out!” he said. “I feel great.” That day, he had eaten a light lunch with his daughter Mariana, and in an elevator they had played a family game: Guillermo aimed his belly and crushed her, gently, into a corner. In Spanish, she lamented, “This game won’t be fun when you’re no longer fat.” Mariana, who is slender, has the flinty confidence of Thora Birch in “Ghost World”; she was toting an iPad, upon which she had sketched an apple-green, lizardy creature—a monster leavened with Nickelodeon cheer.
For the first few days, del Toro wanted his “Madness” artists to draw without precepts. These men had been sketching Shoggoths since junior high school. What had Lovecraft made them see? “Lovecraft is actually really stringent about describing the Old Ones,” he noted. “And his design is really hard to solve, because they are essentially winged cucumbers.”
He wanted the creatures in “Madness” to be fascinating, not disgusting. He said, “Normally, creatures are designed in the same way that gargoyles were carved in churches—for maximum shock value.” He cited Ray Harryhausen, a master of stop-motion animation, who designed the effects for the 1981 “Clash of the Titans”: “He used to say, ‘Whenever you think of a creature, think of a lion—how a lion can be absolutely malignant or benign, majestic, depending on what it’s doing. If your creature cannot be in repose, then it’s a bad design.’ When you see our creatures, you’re not going to say, ‘Oh, what a great movie monster.’ You’re going to say, ‘What aquarium, what specimen jar did that thing come from?’ They need to look entirely possible in their impossibility.” He’d been watching nature documentaries. “The worst thing that you can do is be inspired solely by movie monsters. You need to be inspired by National Geographic, by biological treatises, by literature, by fine painters, by bad painters.”
At Lightstorm, del Toro met first with Callum Greene, a British producer. Greene warned him that, without discipline, his budget could easily exceed Universal’s limit of a hundred and twenty-five million dollars. Greene had identified thousands of moments in the script where special effects would be employed.
Most of them, del Toro declared, required C.G.I. “Animatronic effects don’t look good in daylight,” he noted, and much of the movie would be shot in foggy snowscapes. He would be adopting an “Eastern palette,” in which whiteness connoted death. “Also, a physical approach doesn’t lend itself to the way I want to depict the creatures that much, because I want them to look very heavy. You’d have to do multiple core molds, and—you know how it is—the heavier the puppet is, the easier it breaks down. On set, you always end up saying, ‘Do not hit the deadly monster too hard, or it will break!’ “ When possible, del Toro said, he would initiate a shock sequence with physical objects, to ground the viewer in something real. The Old Ones are first seen as corpses, and Mike Elizalde could make those at Spectral Motion.
Del Toro wanted to shoot in Canada, which offered tax rebates. Greene proposed filming outside Vancouver: “You’re looking at mountains covered in snow every day.” But, he warned, “every night with two hundred people on per diem in a hotel is money.”
“We’re going to shoot there for a long period of time,” del Toro insisted. Otherwise, “you take away the scope instantly, and then you are doing a fucking Hallmark movie-of-the-week.” He also insisted on having two weeks to shoot landscapes in Antarctica, where, he noted later, scientists had recently mapped a massive mountain range hidden under ice.
He told Greene that digital-effects houses needed to understand that each Shoggoth had at least “eight permutations.” He said, “Let’s say that creature A turns into creature A-B, then turns into creature B, then turns into creature B-C. And by the time it lands on a guy it’s creature E.” He discussed one grisly Shoggoth transformation: “It’s like when you grab a sock and you pull it inside out. From his mouth, he extrudes himself.”
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Del Toro then visited his art team—guys who nodded in unison when someone said, “You know how sea cucumbers puke their insides out to evade predators?” The veteran was Wayne Barlowe, a mild, bespectacled man in his fifties; he had collaborated with del Toro on “Hellboy” and had helped define many of the creatures in “Avatar,” including the Great Leonopteryx, the flying beast that Jake Sully tames on the planet Pandora. Barlowe still draws with pencils, and he sat in a sunny corner room. He had been sketching Cthulhu in a surprisingly soft hand. In his rendition, many appendages emanated from a central vertical column; it had the majesty of a redwood tree. When del Toro looked at it, he said, “I love the idea of the floating things!” Cthulhu was surrounded by satellite parasites, just as some sharks are haloed by schools of fish. Barlowe said that he was going for a “regal look,” and pointed at the creature’s neck. “It’s like an Elizabethan collar!” del Toro said, smiling. “Great.”
The group’s gross-out specialist was Guy Davis, the author of “The Marquis,” a graphic novel that features, as del Toro put it, “awesome genitalia-like monsters.” Davis, a sweet man with a downturned smile and a thinning buzz cut, showed del Toro a Shoggoth mid-transformation.
“Really nice,” del Toro said. “It’s sort of like a tapeworm.”
“Yeah,” Davis said. “When it’s forming, instead of just forming eyes, maybe it’s bubbling like mud, or pudding, so you have these sockets forming but no eyes yet. Then it gets one eye and has this cavernous companion. Mummies always freak me out because they have sockets but no eyes.”
“I hadn’t noticed,” del Toro teased. “Lovely.”
Allen Williams was the neophyte; del Toro had hired him at Comic-Con, in July, after seeing his illustrations on display. Several of Williams’s sketches were inspired by marine life: a morphing Shoggoth looked like giant jellyfish sliding across the Antarctic ice. It would be especially creepy, Williams said, if the viewer could see innards “vaguely moving under membranous material.” Del Toro nodded. Pointing at a creature with a profusion of fins, he said, “I like this, because it’s very much like a lionfish”—one of the weirdest inhabitants of a coral reef.
Though del Toro was enthusiastic about Williams’s work, he admonished him for incorporating too many signs of “infection or disease.” “These creatures are like Ferraris,” del Toro said. He sliced the air with his hands, suggesting aerodynamic contours. “The Old Ones didn’t create shitty machines.”
Peter Konig, who also designs characters for video games, sat in a pitch-dark room, before a glowing screen. His work was sharply etched, like Egyptian hieroglyphs. He had been playing around with symmetry, and showed a Shoggoth that appeared to be perched on spindly legs. With a click, he flipped the image upside down, and the legs became long arms, like those on a monkey.
“The silhouette works both ways,” del Toro said.
Next, Konig showed a Shoggoth whose tentacles were surging from what resembled a long, retracting foreskin. The creature had dozens of eyes, randomly placed, like those on a potato.
“Dude,” del Toro said, laughing. “It’s like a botched circumcision!” He told Konig that he was banning phallic imagery—the most obvious sign that an alien was designed by a nerdy Homo sapiens.
Del Toro told me that the group was off to a great start, but he was eager to impose discipline. “I will ruin their lives,” he joked. “There is no rhythm, and everything is too busy.”
Even though del Toro’s team had three months to experiment, the challenge was immense. The frozen city, for example, could emerge only after the artists had settled how the Old Ones moved, ate, and slept. “If you spend enough time strolling in the street—seeing a cathedral, seeing a door opening and closing in a building or a car—you understand the ergonomics of human beings,” he said. With a few key shots, del Toro needed to conjure, wordlessly, the lives of the aliens.
He also had to master 3-D. He had been studying “Avatar” on his laptop, and praised the “crystalline depth” that Cameron had created for Pandora. He said, “What is really great about 3-D is not what comes at you but the depth—what I call the ‘aquarium effect.’ “
The digital spectacle of “Madness” was worlds away from the days of collodion scars and rubber suits. I asked him if technology was effacing his art. “The great consolation always comes in the form of Hitchcock,” he said. “Hitchcock did 3-D, wholeheartedly, with ‘Dial M for Murder.’ He would try every gimmick, every lens, every camera mount. He’s the patron saint for my proclivities.” With some embarrassment, he noted that, at Comic-Con, he had introduced a line of “Pan’s Labyrinth” figurines. “Hitchcock would have gone to Comic-Con,” he said. “He would have signed collectible shower curtains. He was a showman and an auteur.”
In early December, on the evening be fore del Toro presented his vision for “Madness” to Universal, he was fretting at Bleak House. The mansion had been expanded since the summer. The French doors had been dismantled, and a new hallway led to the Rain Room, a red parlor whose sole window was not a window at all. Old-school effects behind the glass—a mirror, a projector—insured that it was always a dark and stormy night.
The effect mimicked a similar window in the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland. A few months earlier, del Toro had announced plans to develop a feature film based on the attraction. Like “Frankenstein,” a haunted-house movie was something he had contemplated for years, but he wanted both projects to be realized after “Madness.” He said, “Seriously, I’ve been in preproduction between ‘The Hobbit’ and ‘Madness’ for two and a half years.” He could handle “only so much foreplay.”
Del Toro was pallid, and it did not look as if he had continued losing weight: he was still wearing black sweats. He went into the kitchen and rummaged through the freezer. “Want a Popsicle?” he said, taking one for himself. His lips were soon stained red.
The designs created at Lightstorm had been delivered to Bleak House, and del Toro’s assistants had prepared presentation boards. They were on a kitchen counter, and del Toro began going through them.
The aquarium look that he had spoken of at Lightstorm had clearly become a governing metaphor. “I wanted the whole city to be like an abandoned coral reef,” he said. He showed me an image of a cavernous interior space. Everything was tubular and encrusted with skeletal remains—abandoned tools. “A coral reef is a shitload of skeletons fused together, right? All the technology those creatures have, all their technology is organic. You and I use metals, plastics. These creatures don’t have weapons or chisels. They create other creatures as tools.”
The architecture of the Old Ones was based on “curves and cylinders,” he said. “There are no steps, no ramparts. And the edifices are not at all human. There’s no balconies or doorways.” The city resembled a labyrinth of pneumatic tubes.
As del Toro had promised, the city’s form intimated the silhouette of the Old Ones. “They are essentially suppositories,” he said. “They sort of torpedo through the tubes.” But didn’t Lovecraft write that they had wings? Del Toro smiled: wings and tentacles had been hidden inside the ovoid silhouette. An Old One opened up “like a Swiss Army knife.”
The oceanic motif was particularly evident in the design of the Old Ones. Del Toro’s enthusiasm for the lionfish had endured, and the aliens’ wings echoed their flamboyant fins. In motion, he explained, the Old Ones would appear buoyant—“unbound by gravity.” As the camera tracked them caroming around the city, the viewer would feel disoriented, like a panicked scuba diver inside a cave. “We designed the creatures in such a way that they can go forward or backward, or hang, or be vertical, and they still make sense,” he said. Beckoning me into the Rain Room, he opened his laptop and showed me a rough digital rendering of an Old One. As Peter Konig had done at Lightstorm, he flipped the image upside down; then he flipped it on its side—in all formations, locomotion was plausible. “It has no forward and no backward,” he explained. “If this moves forward or backward in a way that I can recognize, it’s boring. Have you seen a Spanish dancer move in the water? They go like this”—his hand made an undulating motion. “It’s muscular and creepy.”
The Shoggoths, he said, performed an even more fluid transformation. Creating them would push digital technology to the limit: you weren’t just tweaking a polygon; you were ditching one polygon for another. Del Toro had commissioned several maquettes from Mike Elizalde. The cast-resin monsters rested on beds of artificial snow, and hovering Shoggoths were held aloft with thin metal poles. The models were poignant relics of twentieth-century technology, but they helped connect del Toro’s current vision with the tradition of Forrest Ackerman. These were the next Famous Monsters of Filmland.
The Shoggoths had a racecar sheen. “They are pristine,” he said. “They are functional. They are not asymmetric. Symmetry is efficiency. And these guys need to be efficient.” He wasn’t sure yet if the Shoggoth palette should be “pearlescent” or “circulatory”—reds and blues. Since the Shoggoths could mutate into anything, there was no fixed silhouette, but many would feature a “protoplasmic bowl,” an abdomen-like area from which new forms could sprout. One maquette was a disorienting twist on classic Lovecraftian form. It looked like a giant octopus head with tentacles jutting from the top and the bottom—a fearful symmetry. “That’s my belly in the middle,” del Toro joked.
In another maquette, the Shoggoth had sprouted two heads, each extending from brontosaurus-like necks. Their skulls could be smashed together to destroy victims. “The idea is to create craniums that function as jaws,” he said. The Shoggoths would often create ghastly parodies of human forms; as they pursued the humans, they would imitate them, imperfectly.
Having read the script, I knew that the body count would be high. (“
BAMMMMM
!!!!! A massive Shoggoth explodes out from the tower!!!!! It grabs and devours Gordon in mid-sentence!”) But del Toro promised that the film was “not gory.” Victims would be “absorbed” by the aliens in ways that were “eerie and scary.” He explained, “When you watch a documentary of a praying mantis eating the head of its mate, because of the complexity of the mouth mechanism, you’re fascinated. It’s a horrible act, but you’re fascinated.” Though he wouldn’t be spattering blood, he said that he needed to fight Universal for an R rating, “to have the freedom to make it really, really uncomfortable and nasty.”
The meeting at Universal, he said, was at ten-thirty: “I’ve never been this nervous going to a meeting. This invested.” He added, “There are certain rules to dating a movie. You try to fall in love when it’s a reality, and try not to be completely head over heels on the first date. But I’m hopelessly in love with the creatures.”
Adam Fogelson and Donna Langley, the top executives at Universal, would attend, as would James Cameron. Del Toro said, “He’s supporting what I want. He said to me, ‘You did this with five guys in ten weeks? That’s astounding.’ “
Del Toro indicated that he would not be willing to make radical adjustments to his vision. “I don’t want to make a movie called ‘At the Mountains of Madness.’ I want to make this movie. And if I cannot make this movie I’ll do something else.” He paused. “It’ll be horrible.”
Fogelson was impressed with the presentation. “The sense of scope, the sense of danger, and just the sheer popcorn commercial appeal of the creatures that he was presenting to us were a sight to behold,” he told me. “At each step, he wowed us, and, to be candid, he knew— and we all knew—that a ‘wow’ was required to keep this movie moving forward. It’s a big bet.” Still, Universal wasn’t quite ready to give the project a green light. Del Toro went to another meeting, and then another. As of late January, the project remained potential energy. Del Toro was confident that his creatures would one day roam the multiplex, but I remembered that he had called Hollywood “the Land of the Slow No.”
On that December night at Bleak House, I noticed that del Toro had moved some of his journals from the bathroom safe to a shelf in the Rain Room. I asked to see early sketches for “Madness.”
The notebook was from 1993. He turned the pages, stopped, and smiled. “Look!” he said. It was an image of one of the explorers falling into icy water. An inky creature lunging at him looked breathtakingly similar to the Shoggoth with symmetrical tentacles. Del Toro’s monsters had inhabited his mind for nearly two decades. From the beginning, del Toro had imagined that his creatures, unlike Lovecraft’s, would have a fatal vulnerability—one that explained why the horrible beasts had remained trapped in Antarctica. Salt water: it dissolved a Shoggoth like a slug. ♦
Daniel Zalewski is the magazine’s features director. He has contributed profiles of Werner Herzog, Ian McEwan, and others.
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Which operatic character has a son called Dolore? | Madame Butterfly
Blanche Bates in the Belasco play
Madame Butterfly
by Sigismond Ivanowski
(Century Magazine, March 1900)
David Belasco was a flamboyant and ambitious playwright and producer, who developed the possibilities for spectacular sets, emotionally powerful lighting, and other stage effects. He was born in San Francisco in 1853 and in the late 1880s moved to New York and by 1895 was famous for his plays. Madame Butterfly, based on Long's story, was an important triumph. It was a one-act play, the second item on a double bill (preceded by a farce).
The entire play is set at the time when Pinkerton returns to Japan, after an absence of 2-4 years (depending on the age of the child recruited to play Trouble). Cho-Cho-San, her maid Suzuki, the American consul, and the Japanese marriage broker all discuss her marriage in the opening scene, but Pinkerton himself does not appear onstage until the very end. A striking piece of stagecraft was a long pause during which Cho-Cho and Suzuki watch the sunset, evening, night, and dawn, waiting for Pinkerton to come to visit; this took place on stage with no dialogue, just music and lights to indicate the passage of time.
The baby "Trouble" is now a girl, and at least a year older than in the story. When Butterfly sees that Pinkerton's ship has returned, she tells the baby, "This is the bes' nizest momen' since you was borned. Now your name's Miss Joy!" (My copy of the play is missing the earlier discussion of the baby's name--see the opera section below for more.)
Butterfly gives her daughter a doll to hold during their night-long vigil. Pinkerton, arriving at the house, expresses surprise and regret that Butterfly has remained faithful; he picks up the dropped doll, explaining that he did not know about the baby until they arrived, when his wife Kate was the first to hear of it:
"Well, it was rather rough on [my wife]--only married four months. Sharpless, my Kate's an angel--she offered to take the child."
Kate confronts Butterfly knowing who she is in the play (by contrast with the story), and when she calls her a "pretty little plaything" and "takes her in her arms," Butterfly replies:
"No--playthin'--I am Mrs. Lef-ten-ant B. F.-- No--no--now I am O-Cho-Cho-San, but no playthin'...."
The most important change Belasco made to Long's plot was the ending: whereas Long allowed Cho-Cho-San to decide to live and take care of her baby, Belasco had her go through with her suicide, so that the half-Japanese child will be adopted by the American couple. The woman's suicide remained in the opera, and became the essential focus of the story as a tragedy.
(Quotations from a 1935 acting version of the play published by Samuel French)
3. Madama Butterfly, opera by Giacomo Puccini, libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa
Based on the play by Belasco and the story by Long
Premiere February 17, 1904, Milan, Italy; revised version premiere May 28, 1904
The opera Madama Butterfly was inspired by Belasco's play, which Giacomo Puccini, already the successful composer of several operas, saw in London in 1900. In developing the libretto, Long's novella was used extensively, so that Pinkerton again became an important character. However, whereas in Long's story his destruction of Butterfly involves trying to make her think like an American (for example, that marriage is not a temporary affair), in the opera it is love more than modern ideas that convinces her that Pinkerton will return for her. Thus the baby's name, Dolore ("Pain") is no longer ironic:
(Butterfly, speaking on the baby's behalf to the American consul):
Oggi il mio nome è Dolore. Però dite al babbo, scrivendogli, che il giorno del suo ritorno, Gioia, Gioia mi chiamerò.
Today my name is Sorrow. Yet tell my daddy, when you write to him, that on the day he returns, I shall be named Joy--Joy!
(Later, when Pinkerton's ship appears in the harbor, to Trouble:)
Or bimbo mio fa in alto sventolar la tua bandiera: Gioia, ti chiami.
Now my baby, wave your [American] flag on high: I call you Joy!
The confrontation between the two Mrs. Pinkertons is brief and quieter, without the cruel comment that Butterfly is a "plaything." Kate asks Cio-Cio for her hand, which Cio-Cio refuses.
Puccini of course retained the heroine's suicide from Belasco's play, and wanted also to retain the vigil scene, though after the disastrous first premiere the opera was re-worked and this idea was eliminated.
The doll prop introduced by Belasco has a more important role in the opera. In the stage directions for the last scene, Butterfly gives her son Dolore a doll to hold as she blindfolds him:
Butterfly prende il bambino, lo posa su di una stuoia col viso voltato verso la parte di sinistra, gli dà nelle mani la banderuola americana ed una puppattola e lo invita a trastullarsene, mentre delicatamente gli benda gli occhi. Poi afferra il coltello e, collo sguardo sempre fisso sul bambino, va dietro il paravento.
Butterfly takes the baby, sits him on a stool with his face turned to the left, gives him the American flag to hold and a doll as distractions, while she gently blindfolds him. Then she takes the knife and, always watching the baby, goes behind the screen.
She then stabs herself with her father's sword. The Americans enter and find her dying, with Trouble sitting waving an American flag and holding the doll.
In the picture of the "New English Grand Opera Company" production shown here (1), the doll appears to be a Western rag doll. In other productions, a Japanese doll was used.
There also exist early Japanese photos of a Japanese baby holding an American flag and a blonde doll, which may be yet another interpretation of "Trouble."
Italian quotations from the 1904 libretto, online at http://opera.stanford.edu/Puccini/Butterfly/atto2_m.html
Images 2, 3, and 4 from The Victor Book of the Opera, 3rd revised ed., 1912, 1913, 1915.
1. The suicide scene, with non-Japanese doll. Elizabeth Wolff and Corinne Malvern in the production of an English-language Madam Butterfly by Henry Savage's "New English Grand Opera Company," at the Garden Theatre in New York City, 1907.
Thanks to David Foy for information about Savage's company.
2. Butterfly and Dolore, with Japanese doll. Opera production, before 1915 (probably Geraldine Farrar)
3. The suicide scene, with Japanese doll; opera production before 1915, probably Farrar.
5-6 Two more Dolore with doll examples, from European productions, probably in the 1920s.:
Title
| Madama Butterfly |
Which Czech composer wrote The Bartered Bride? | M. Butterfly Summary - eNotes.com
M. Butterfly Summary
David Henry Hwang
M. Butterfly Summary
In M. Butterfly, Rene Gallimard becomes infatuated with Song Liling, a Chinese opera singer he believes to be female. Unbeknownst to Gallimard, Liling is a Communist operative who has been using him to collect valuable information about the Vietnam War. Eventually, Gallimard loses his position in Vietnam and is sent back to France. Living follows him there to gain more information, and is revealed to be male.
Gallimard enters into an affair with Liling, who's famous for her performance in Puccini's Madama Butterfly. Gallimard continuously denigrates Liling, forcing her to say that she's his "butterfly."
Gallimard lets his prejudiced idea about race and gender get in the way of his work, and he's sent back to France. Liling gets sent to a labor camp, but is later released so that she can travel to France and continue spying on him for the government.
Later, it's publicly revealed that Liling is a man, and the dynamic between Gallimard and Liling changes. Gallimard becomes subservient, and Liling becomes dominant.
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M. Butterfly is David Henry Hwang’s fictionalized account of a real French diplomat who carried on an affair with a Chinese opera singer for twenty years, only to discover she was actually a man. Hwang’s compelling drama examines themes of sexual and racial stereotyping, Western imperialism, the role illusion plays in perceptions, and the ability for one person to truly know another.
M. Butterfly contrasts Rene Gallimard with Pinkerton in Giacomo Puccini’s Madama Butterfly (produced, 1904; published, 1935). Gallimard sees himself as awkward, clumsy at love, but somehow being blessed with the utter devotion of Song Liling, a beautiful Oriental woman. Hwang uses the word “Oriental” to convey an exotic, imperialistic view of the East. Gallimard becomes so absorbed with his sexist perception of Asian women that it distorts his thinking. He tests Liling’s devotion by neglecting and humiliating her, ultimately forcing her to admit she is his “Butterfly,” a character she has publicly denounced.
Unknown to Gallimard, Liling is a Communist agent, manipulating him to extract information about the Vietnam War. At the embassy Gallimard finds increased status because of his Oriental affair. When his analysis of East-West relations, based entirely on his self delusions, prove wrong, Gallimard is demoted and returned to France. His usefulness spent, Liling is forced to endure hard labor, an official embarrassment because “there are no homosexuals in China.” Eventually, the Communists send Liling to France to reestablish his affair with Gallimard. When Gallimard is caught and tried for espionage, it is publicly revealed that Liling is a man. Liling now changes to men’s clothing, effecting a complete role-reversal between Liling and Gallimard. Liling becomes the dominant masculine figure while Gallimard becomes the submissive feminine figure. Preferring fantasy to reality, Gallimard becomes “Butterfly,” donning Liling’s wig and kimono, choosing an honorable death over a dishonorable life.
M. Butterfly demonstrates the dangers inherent in living a life satisfied with shallow stereotypes and misconceptions. Gallimard’s singular desire for a submissive Oriental woman was fulfilled only in his mind. It blinded him to every truth about his mistress, refusing even to accept the truth about Liling until he stood naked before him. It first cost him his career, then his wife, then his dignity, then his lover, and finally his life. Even when he is confronted by the truth, Gallimard can only respond that he has “known, and been loved by, the perfect woman.”
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René Gallimard is in a prison cell in 1980’s Paris, listening to an audiocassette player. He recalls the skill with which his Chinese Communist lover, Liling Song, performed in traditional plays at the Peking Opera, as well as in Giacomo Puccini’s Madama Butterfly (1904; Madame Butterfly)—a thematically important juxtaposition of Eastern and Western cultures. Gallimard flashes back to his days in Beijing, reliving the events that led to his imprisonment.
In the 1960’s, Gallimard is a rather nondescript, low-level diplomat at the French Embassy in Beijing, China, at a time when France and the People’s Republic of China are establishing diplomatic relations. He has come to China harboring several stereotypes about “Oriental” women. Gallimard’s stereotype of Oriental women as beautiful, submissive, self-sacrificing, and hankering after white men was formed through his exposure to Puccini’s Madame Butterfly. In this opera, the American naval lieutenant Pinkerton lures a beautiful, loving Japanese woman, Butterfly (Cio-Cio San), into a fake marriage. They set up house, she becomes pregnant, and he sails off with vague promises to return. Butterfly gives birth to a son and loyally awaits Pinkerton’s return, rebuffing the courtship of a wealthy Japanese admirer. After some years, Pinkerton does return—accompanied by his new American wife, who is childless and wishes to take Butterfly’s son. Butterfly obligingly commits suicide. As Gallimard listens to Puccini’s music, he fantasizes himself as Pinkerton and constructs his stereotypical ideal of a selfless, loving Asian woman.
Gallimard’s susceptibility to this fantasy is partly due to his unsatisfactory sexual experiences with Western women. As a teenager, Gallimard’s pal Marc called him a wimp when he declined to go skinny dipping with some eager girls. Gallimard also seemed to be more voyeur than participant when he watched an exhibitionist girl undressing and remained flaccid. His deflowering was a joyless experience with an athletic girl who adopted the superior position and pounded his loins. His marriage was a dispassionate career move, his father-in-law being the French ambassador to Australia.
At a soirée in Beijing, Gallimard meets Liling Song, an opera singer who performs Madame Butterfly’s death scene. Gallimard is predictably entranced, unable to disentangle the performer from the role. In conversation, Song scoffs at the Butterfly character’s self-sacrificing pandering to Western male egotism, but Gallimard persists in admiring Song/Butterfly. Gallimard frequents the Peking Opera to see Song, and they regularly take tea in Song’s apartment, Song projecting the image of an Oriental maiden awed by white virility. The French ambassador promotes Gallimard, assuming that he has begun keeping a Chinese mistress and therefore possesses inside knowledge about the Chinese. After receiving this promotion, Gallimard hastens to Song’s apartment to realize his superior’s assumption, and the two consummate their affair accompanied by a duet from Madame Butterfly.
After their consummation, Gallimard and Song build a love nest for themselves. Meanwhile, the French embassy (and Gallimard) are asked by the Americans for advice about the Vietnam War. Gallimard, extrapolating from his conquest of Song, declares that “Orientals” submit to forcefulness, so the Americans should allow the dubiously elected president of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, to be assassinated and allow a military junta to conduct the war. Gallimard also shares these views with Song, who is actually spying on him for the Chinese Communist government. Moreover, Song is not a woman but a nan dan, a man who plays women’s roles in Chinese theater.
Gallimard has a brief affair with a liberated Danish student named Renée, but he is soon put off by her aggressive sexuality. This experience convinces Gallimard that Song’s (apparently) submissive femininity is the ideal of womanhood. Later, when Gallimard’s wife, Helga, wishes to have a baby, the couple tries unsuccessfully to get pregnant. Helga consults a doctor, takes a fertility test, and passes. She wants Gallimard to do likewise. Gallimard balks at this calling of his virility into question. He complains to Song, demanding to see his lover nude, something Song had avoided up to that point, pleading Chinese modesty. Song then announces “her” pregnancy, thereby reassuring Gallimard’s sense of virility and distracting him from the need to see “her” naked. After a few months’ absence from the city, Song returns with a blond, blue-eyed Chinese “son.”
In 1966, Chairman Mao Zedong unleashes the Cultural Revolution, turning Chinese society upside down for a decade. Intellectuals and artists such as Song are branded counterrevolutionaries and undergo forced “reeducation” by hard labor in the Chinese hinterland. Meanwhile, the aggressive, “masculine” military policy advocated by Gallimard of bombing the Vietnamese fails, and he is demoted and returned to Paris (which is also experiencing upheaval through student riots and workers’ strikes). Unhappy and nostalgic for the perfect woman he loved in China, Gallimard asks Helga for a divorce. Then, magically, Song shows up in Paris. Gallimard is elated, but, as the curtain descends on act 2, Song tells the audience in an aside that he will make a costume change during intermission.
Unlike the usual backstage costume change, however, Song’s occurs onstage, visible to the audience. As he sheds his wig, makeup, and kimono, the audience sees the transformation of a woman into a man. Song and his son arrive in Paris in 1970 and live with Gallimard for fifteen years, spying on the French. Eventually, however, the espionage is detected. The pair are tried and jailed by a judge who is incredulous that, throughout twenty years of intimacy, Gallimard believed that Song was a woman. Song ascribes this gullibility to Gallimard’s (and Western men’s) orientalizing romantic fantasies about Asian women. To shatter this fantasy for Gallimard, Song strips completely, showing his manhood. Gallimard, however, steadfastly rejects reality and preserves his fantasy by donning Song’s wig, kimono, and makeup and committing suicide, ironically in the same romantic manner as Puccini’s Madame Butterfly.
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Which is the only city on the river Wye, which follows the England/Wales border? | England–Wales border
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England–Wales border
The England–Wales border is the border between England and Wales , two of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom . [1] It runs for 257 km (160 miles) from the Dee estuary , in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south. It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa’s Dyke ; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area were abolished and new county boundaries were created.
The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1972 . Whether Monmouthshire was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales.
Contents
The River Dee marking the England–Wales border between Holt and Farndon
Bilingual “Welcome to England” sign
The modern boundary between Wales and England runs from the salt marshes of the Dee estuary adjoining the Wirral Peninsula , across reclaimed land to the River Dee at Saltney just west of Chester . It then loops south to include within England an area south-west of Chester, before rejoining the Dee, and then loops east of the river to include within Wales a large area known as Maelor , formerly an exclave of Flintshire , between Bangor-on-Dee (in Wales) and Whitchurch (in England). Returning to the River Dee as far as Chirk , the boundary then loops to the west, following Offa’s Dyke itself for about 2 miles, and including within England the town of Oswestry , before reaching the River Vyrnwy at Llanymynech . It follows the Vyrnwy to its confluence with the River Severn , and then continues southwards, rising over Long Mountain east of Welshpool . East of Montgomery , the boundary again follows the line of Offa’s Dyke for about 2 miles, before looping eastwards to include within Wales a large area near Churchstoke . It then runs westwards to the River Teme , and follows the river south-eastwards through Knighton before turning south towards the River Lugg at Presteigne , which is within Wales.
The boundary continues southwards across hills to the River Wye , and follows the river upstream for a short distance to Hay-on-Wye , on the Welsh side of the border. It continues southwards and rises through and across the Black Mountains , following the Hatterall Ridge past Llanthony on the Welsh side and Longtown on the English side, to reach the River Monnow near Pandy . It then generally follows the river, past Pontrilas (in England) and Skenfrith (in Wales), towards Monmouth , looping eastwards to include the town itself and a surrounding area within Wales. At Redbrook , the boundary again reaches the Wye, and follows the river southwards, past Tintern and Chepstow on the Welsh side, to its confluence with the Severn at the Severn Bridge . The boundary then continues down the Severn estuary towards the Bristol Channel , with the small island of Flat Holm being administered within Wales and the neighbouring island of Steep Holm within England.
Administrative boundary
The boundary passes between the current local authority principal areas of Flintshire , Wrexham , Powys and Monmouthshire , in Wales; and Cheshire West and Chester , Shropshire , Herefordshire and Forest of Dean district of Gloucestershire , in England.
In relation to the historic counties, it passes between the historic counties of Flintshire , Denbighshire , Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire , Brecknockshire and Monmouthshire on the Welsh side; and Cheshire , Shropshire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire on the English side .
There are several places where the border runs along the centre of a lane or street, resulting in properties on one side of the street being in Wales and those on the other side being in England. Notable examples include Boundary Lane in Saltney and the main street of Llanymynech .
History
Post-Roman Welsh kingdoms or tribes. The modern border between England and Wales is shown in purple.
Origins
Before and during the Roman occupation of Britain , all the native inhabitants of the island (other than the Pictish and Caledonian tribes of what is now Scotland) spoke Brythonic languages , a sub-family of the Celtic languages , and were regarded as Britons . The clear geographical divide between the mountainous western areas of southern Britain and the generally lower-lying areas to the east was reflected in the pattern of Roman occupation. The main Roman military bases for the control of what became Wales were beyond the mountains, at Deva ( Chester ), Viroconium ( Wroxeter , near Shrewsbury ), and Isca Augusta ( Caerleon , near Newport ), all located close to the later national border.
When the Roman garrison left around 410, the various parts of Britain were left to govern and defend themselves. The western area, later Wales , had become largely Christian, and soon comprised a number of separate kingdoms, the largest being Gwynedd in the northwest and Powys in the east. Powys roughly coincided with the territory of the Celtic Cornovii tribe whose civitas or administrative centre during the Roman period was at Viroconium. Gwynedd, at the height of its power, extended as far east as the Dee estuary. Gradually, from the 5th century onwards, pagan tribes from the east, including the Angles and Saxons , conquered eastern and southern Britain, which later became England. [2] [3]
In the south, the Welsh kingdom of Gwent broadly covered the same area as the pre-Roman Silures , traditionally the area between the rivers Usk , Wye and the Severn estuary. It was centred at different times on Venta ( Caerwent ), from which it derived its name, and Isca Augusta (Caerleon). Gwent generally allied with, and at various times was joined with, the smaller Welsh kingdom of Ergyng , centred in present-day southern Herefordshire west of the Wye (and deriving its name from the Roman town of Ariconium ); and the larger kingdom of Glywysing in modern Glamorgan . The name Glywysing may indicate that it was founded by a British native of Glevum ( Gloucester ).
Peoples of southern Britain, circa 600 AD
The Battle of Mons Badonicus , circa 500, could have been fought near Bath between the British, the victors, and Anglo-Saxons attempting to reach the Severn estuary, but its date and location are very uncertain and it may equally well have taken place in Somerset or Dorset . However, it is more certain that the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged in the 6th and 7th centuries in the upper Thames valley, Cotswolds and Hampshire areas. In 577, the Battle of Deorham in the southern Cotswolds was won by the Anglo-Saxons, and led to Wessex extending its control to the Severn estuary and the cities of Gloucester, Cirencester , and Bath. This severed the land link between the Britons of Wales and those of the south west peninsula . By about 600, however, the area of modern Gloucestershire east of the Severn, as well as most of Worcestershire , was controlled by another group, the Hwicce , who may have arisen from intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon and British leading families, possibly the successors to the pre-Roman Dobunni . The Hwicce came increasingly under Mercian hegemony.
At the Battle of Chester in 616, the forces of Powys and other allied Brythonic kingdoms were defeated by the Northumbrians under Æthelfrith . This divided the Britons of Wales from those in the uplands of northern England, including Lancashire , Cumbria, and south west Scotland , an area which became known as “Yr Hen Ogledd “ or “the Old North”. Within a few decades, the Welsh became engaged in further defensive warfare against the increasingly powerful kingdom of Mercia , based at Tamworth in what became the West Midlands of England. The capital of Powys, Pengwern , at or near modern Shrewsbury, was conquered by Oswiu of Northumbria in 656 when he had become overlord of the Mercians. Powys then withdrew from the lowland areas now in southern Cheshire , Shropshire and Herefordshire , which became known to Welsh poets as “The Paradise of Powys”. [2] The areas were occupied by Anglo-Saxon groups who became sub-kingdoms of Mercia, the Wreocensǣte or Wrekinset in the northern part of what became Shropshire , and the Magonsæte in the southern part. [3] Further south, the area north west of the Severn later known as the Forest of Dean seems to have remained in British (that is, Welsh) hands until about 760. [4]
Offa’s Dyke
Offa’s Dyke near Clun in Shropshire
After Ine of Wessex abdicated in 726, Æthelbald of Mercia established Mercia’s hegemony over the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber . However, campaigns by Powys against Mercia led to the building of Wat’s Dyke , an earthwork boundary extending from the Severn valley near Oswestry to the Dee at Basingwerk in what became Flintshire , perhaps to protect recently acquired lands. [2] After Æthelbald was killed in 757, a brief civil war in Mercia then ended in victory for his distant cousin, Offa . As king, he rebuilt Mercia’s hegemony over the southern English through military campaigns, and also caused the construction of Offa’s Dyke, around the years 770 and 780. [5]
Offa’s Dyke is a massive linear earthwork, up to 65 feet (20 m) wide (including its surrounding ditch) and 8 feet (2.5 m) high. It is much larger and longer than Wat’s Dyke, but runs roughly parallel to it. The earthwork was generally dug with the displaced soil piled into a bank on the Mercian (eastern) side, providing an open view into Wales and suggesting that it was built by Mercia to guard against attacks or raids from Powys. The late 9th-century writer Asser wrote that Offa “terrified all the neighbouring kings and provinces around him, and … had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea”. In the mid-20th century, Sir Cyril Fox completed a major survey of the Dyke and stated that it ran from the Dee to the Severn, as Asser suggested, but with gaps, especially in the Herefordshire area, where natural barriers of strong rivers or dense forests provided sufficient defence. More recent research by David Hill and Margaret Worthington concluded that there is little evidence for the Dyke stretching “from sea to sea”, but that the earthwork built by Offa stretched some 64 miles (103 km) between Rushock Hill near Kington in Herefordshire, and Treuddyn in Flintshire. Earthworks in the far north and south, including sections overlooking the Wye valley and east of the Wye at Beachley , may in their view have been built for different purposes at different times, although their conclusions are themselves disputed. [5] [6]
Offa’s Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English in later centuries. By the 9th century, the expanding power of Mercia led to it gaining control over Ergyng and nearby Hereford . The system of shires which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout England and eventually Wales originated in Wessex, where it became established during the 8th century. Wessex and Mercia gradually established an occasionally unstable alliance, with Wessex gaining the upper hand. According to Asser, the southern Welsh kings, including Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing, commended themselves to Alfred the Great of Wessex in about 885. Alfred’s son Edward the Elder also secured homage from the Welsh, although sporadic border unrest continued. In the early 10th century, a document known as The Ordinance Concerning the Dunsaete records procedures for dealing with disputes between the English and the Welsh, and implies that areas west of the Wye in Archenfield were still culturally Welsh. It stated that the English should only cross into the Welsh side, and vice versa, in the presence of an appointed man who had the responsibility of making sure that the foreigner was safely escorted back to the crossing point. [7] In 926, Edward’s successor Athelstan , “King of the English”, summoned the Welsh kings including Hywel Dda of Deheubarth to a meeting at Hereford, and according to William of Malmesbury laid down the boundary between England and Wales, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the eastern bank of the Wye should form the boundary.
By the mid-eleventh century, most of Wales had become united under the king of Gwynedd , Gruffudd ap Llywelyn . In 1055, he marched on Hereford and sacked the city. He also seized Morgannwg and the Kingdom of Gwent, together with substantial territories east of Offa’s Dyke, and raided as far as Chester and Leominster . [3] He claimed sovereignty over the whole of Wales, a claim recognised by the English, and historian John Davies states that Gruffudd was “the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales.”. [2] However, after his most powerful ally – Earl Elfgar of Mercia and East Anglia – died, Harold and Tostig Godwinson took advantage of the situation – Gruffudd being besieged in Snowdonia – and invaded Wales. In 1063, Gruffudd was killed by his own men. Harold returned many of the Welsh princes their lands, so that after Harold’s death at the Battle of Hastings , Wales was again divided without a leader to resist the Normans.
March of Wales
The River Wye , 1816 road bridge and castle at Chepstow . The river forms the boundary between Monmouthshire , Wales (left) and Gloucestershire , England (right)
Immediately after the Norman conquest of England , King William installed one of his most trusted confidants, William FitzOsbern , as Earl of Hereford. By 1071 he had started the building of Chepstow Castle , the first castle in Britain built of stone, near the mouth of the Wye. It served as a base from which the Normans continued to expand westward into south Wales , establishing a castle at Caerleon and extinguishing the Welsh kingdom of Gwent. William also installed Roger de Montgomerie at Shrewsbury, and Hugh d’Avranches at Chester, creating a new expansionist earldom in each case. [8] In the Domesday Book of 1086, Norman lands are recorded west of the Wye at Chepstow and Caldicot in the Gwent Levels ( Welsh : Gwent Is-coed); over the whole of north east Wales as far west as the River Clwyd , an area known to the Welsh as the Perfeddwlad ; and west of Offa’s Dyke, especially in Powys where a new castle was named, after its lord, Montgomery. [2]
Domesday Book no doubt records the extent of English penetration into Wales. This suggests that Offa’s Dyke still approximately represented the boundary between England and Wales. However, during the anarchy of Stephen various Welsh princes were able to occupy lands beyond it, including Whittington, Shropshire (see Whittington Castle ) and Maelor Saesneg , hitherto in England. These lands were brought under English lordship by Henry II of England , but became Marcher lordships , and so part of Wales. This involved a loss of direct rule by the English crown. [9]
Over the next four centuries, Norman lords established mostly small lordships, at times numbering over 150, between the Dee and Severn and further west. The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied, as did their size. Hundreds of small castles, mostly of the motte and bailey type, were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries, predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels. Many new towns were established across the area, some such as Chepstow, Monmouth , Ludlow and Newtown becoming successful trading centres, and these tended to be a focus of English settlement. However, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans. [2] [3]
Wales c. 1217. Yellow: areas directly ruled by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth ; Grey: areas ruled by Llywelyn’s vassels. Both the Kingdom of England , and also Anglo-Norman marcher lordships in Wales, are shown in green.
The Marches , or Marchia Wallia, were to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the Principality of Wales , which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By the early 12th century, they covered the areas which would later become Monmouthshire and much of Flintshire , Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire , Brecknockshire, Glamorgan , Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire . Some of the lordships, such as Oswestry, Whittington , Clun , and Wigmore had been part of England at the time of Domesday, while others such as the Lordship of Powys were Welsh principalities that passed by marriage into the hands of Norman barons. In ecclesiastical terms, the ancient dioceses of Bangor and St. Asaph in the north, and St. David’s and Llandaff in the south, collectively defined an area which included both the Principality and the March, and coincided closely with later definitions of Wales. [2]
The Principality of Wales ( Welsh : Tywysogaeth Cymru) covered the lands ruled by the Prince of Wales directly, and was formally founded in 1216, and later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn ab Iorwerth , Prince of Gwynedd , and King John of England . Encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales, the principality operated as an effectively independent entity from the reign of Llywelyn until 1283 (though it underwent a period of contraction during the early part of the reign of Dafydd ap Llywelyn in the 1240s, and again for several years from the beginning of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ‘s rule in 1246). Its independence was characterised by a separate legal jurisprudence based on the well established laws of Cyfraith Hywel , and by the increasingly sophisticated court of the Aberffraw dynasty. [2]
The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by Edward I of England . It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title “ Prince of Wales ” as legally part of the lands of England, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The Council of Wales , based at Ludlow Castle , was also established in the 15th century to govern the area.
Formation of “England and Wales” and county boundaries
However, the Marches remained outside the shire system, and at least nominally outside the control of the English monarchy, until the first Laws in Wales Act was introduced in 1535 under Henry VIII . This, and a further Act in 1542, had the effect of annexing Wales to England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction , commonly referred to as England and Wales . The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas formed into new counties, or amalgamated into existing ones.
At this point, the boundary between England and Wales, which has existed ever since, was effectively fixed. In the border areas, five new counties were created – Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire and Monmouthshire – and Flintshire gained some additional territory. However, several of the marcher lordships were incorporated in whole or in part into English counties. The lordships of Ludlow, Clun, Caus and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire; and Wigmore , Huntington , Clifford and most of Ewyas were included in Herefordshire. According to John Davies: [2]
Thus was created the border between Wales and England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa’s Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as Cambria irredenta. Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers.
An 1844 Act of Parliament later abolished several enclaves . One of these, Welsh Bicknor , was an exclave of Monmouthshire between Gloucestershire and Herefordshire.
Monmouthshire
Although Monmouthshire was included in the 16th century legislation, it was treated anomalously, with the result that its legal status as a Welsh county fell into some ambiguity and doubt until the 20th century. [10] It was omitted from the second Act of Union, which established the Court of Great Sessions , and like English shires it was given two Knights of the Shire , rather than one as elsewhere in Wales. However, in ecclesiastical terms, almost all of the county remained within the Diocese of Llandaff , and most of its residents at the time spoke Welsh . In the late 17th century under Charles II it was added to the Oxford circuit of the English Assizes , following which, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , it gradually “came to be regarded as an English county”. [11] Under that interpretation, the boundary between England and Wales passed down the Rhymney valley , along Monmouthshire’s western borders with Brecknockshire and Glamorgan, so including Newport , and other industrialised parts of what would now generally be considered to be South Wales , within England.
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but noted that “whenever an act [...] is intended to apply to [Wales] alone, then Wales is always coupled with Monmouthshire”. Some legislation and UK government decisions, such as the establishment of a “Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire” in 1908, [12] referred to “Wales and Monmouthshire”, so that it was treated as one with Wales rather than as a legal part of Wales. The county’s status continued to be a matter of debate in Parliament, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in the 20th century. In 1921 the area was included within the Church in Wales . The Welsh Office , established in 1966, included Monmouthshire within its remit, and in 1969 George Thomas , Secretary of State for Wales , proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. The issue was finally clarified in law by the Local Government Act 1972 , [10] which provided that “in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) “Wales”, subject to any alterations of boundaries…” included “the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport”. [13] The legal boundary between England and Wales therefore passes along Monmouthshire’s eastern boundaries with Herefordshire and Gloucestershire , essentially along the River Monnow and River Wye .
The border today
Map showing the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales, showing the relatively lower proportions in areas close to the border with the longest history of English settlement and influence.
The first legislation applying solely to Wales since the 16th century was passed in 1881. Subsequently, the border between England and Wales has taken on increasing legal and political significance. In 1964 a separate department of state was established for Wales – the Welsh Office – which assumed an increasing range of administrative responsibilities from Whitehall . [14] By 1992, the Welsh Office oversaw housing , local government , roads, historic buildings, health , education, economic development , agriculture , fisheries and urban regeneration , [14] although the extent to which it was able to be autonomous from England in public policy is a matter of debate. [15]
The establishment of devolved government in Wales through the Welsh Assembly , set up in 1999, has led to a divergence between England and Wales on some Government policies. One such is the fact that prescription charges were abolished in Wales in 2007. [16] In 2008, residents of the village of Audlem , Cheshire, 9 miles from the border, “voted” to become part of Wales in what was originally a joke ballot. Some residents sought to make a case for securing Welsh benefits such as free hospital parking and prescriptions. [17] The modern border lies between the town of Knighton and its railway station, and divides the village of Llanymynech where a pub straddles the line. Knighton is the only town that can claim to be on the border as well as on Offa’s Dyke . The postal and ecclesiastical borders are in places slightly different – for example the Shropshire village of Chirbury has Montgomery , as its post town , and the Welsh town of Presteigne is in the English Diocese of Hereford .
The M4 Second Severn Crossing seen from the English side of the Severn estuary
The main road links over the border in the south are across the M4 Second Severn Crossing and the M48 Severn Bridge . A toll must be paid on both routes, when travelling from England into Wales. The continuing existence and size of these tolls, which are set by legislation and revised annually, is a contentious issue; some businesses and politicians in south Wales arguing that they stunt the growth of Wales’ economy. [18] [19]
A competition was launched in 2005 to design one or more new iconic images, along the same lines as the “ Angel of the North “, to be placed at the borders of Wales. [20] This became known as the “Landmark Wales” project, and a shortlist of 15 proposals was unveiled in 2007. [21] [22] However, the proposal was shelved after it failed to receive Lottery funding. [23]
Place names
In general, placenames of Welsh origin are found to the west of the border, and those of English origin to the east. However, many historically Welsh names are also found east of the border, particularly around Oswestry in northern Shropshire, such as Gobowen ; in southern Shropshire, such as Clun ; and in southern Herefordshire, such as Kilpeck and Pontrilas . Most of these areas were not incorporated fully into England until the 16th century, and native Welsh speakers still lived there until at least the 19th century. Equally, placenames of English origin can be found on the Welsh side of the border where there was Mercian and Norman settlement, particularly in the north east, such as Flint and Prestatyn ; in English Maelor , such as Overton ; in central Powys, such as Newtown and Knighton ; in south Pembrokeshire [24] and Gower ; [25] and in south-eastern Monmouthshire, including Chepstow and Shirenewton .
Metaphorical significance
The poet, playwright and prominent Welsh Nationalist, Saunders Lewis , referring to the Englishness of Caernarfon in his youth and the Welsh-speaking environment of his native Wallasey , addressed Cardiff university students with the words “The border between England and Wales runs through this room”.
See also
| Hereford |
St Michael’s Mount is situated three miles east of which Cornish town? | Herefordshire | unitary authority, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com
unitary authority, England, United Kingdom
Written By:
Herefordshire, also called Hereford, unitary authority and historic county that covers a roughly circular area in the Welsh borderland of west-central England . The city of Hereford , in the centre of the unitary authority, is the administrative centre.
St. Bartholomew’s Church, Much Marcle, Herefordshire, Eng.
Paul J Houlbrooke
The historic county includes three small areas outside the unitary authority. One, just south of Ludlow , is in the South Shropshire region of the administrative county of Shropshire . The others are in the Malvern Hills district of the administrative county of Worcestershire : one is the area between Leigh Sinton and Acton Green, and the other is the parish of Stoke Bliss. Conversely, the unitary authority includes three small areas that are part of the historic county of Worcestershire: the parishes of Edvin Loach and Acton Beauchamp and an area including West Malvern and Mathon.
The unitary authority and county centre on a lowland plain drained by the River Wye and its tributaries. The plain borders scarplands of Silurian shale and limestone in the northwest and the Woolhope Dome and Malvern foothills in the east. The core of the Malvern Hills , with an elevation above 1,300 feet (400 metres), comprises Precambrian gneisses and volcanic rocks. Those hills form the boundary with Worcestershire. The Forest of Dean plateau lies to the southeast. In the west, along the Welsh border, lie the sandstone Black Mountains, which exceed 2,200 feet (670 metres) in elevation.
The River Wye at Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, England.
© Digital Vision/Jupiterimages
Herefordshire has several notable prehistoric sites, including Sutton Walls, Croft Ambrey, Herefordshire Beacon, and Leintwardine. During the 7th century the West Saxons crossed the River Severn and occupied Herefordshire, which lay between Wales and the kingdom of Mercia . In the 8th century King Offa extended the Mercian frontier to the River Wye in Herefordshire, which he secured with the earthwork known as Offa’s Dyke , still visible at Moorhampton and near Kington. Herefordshire probably originated as a shire in the time of the English king Athelstan (reigned 925–939). The county was the scene of constant border warfare with the Welsh under Gruffudd ap Llewelyn, prince of Gwynedd. Harold Godwinson (later Harold II of England), whose earldom included this county, restored order in 1063. Richard’s Castle in the north and Ewyas Harold in the southwest were the first Norman fortresses erected on English soil, and Wigmore, Clifford, Weobley, Hereford, and Kilpeck were all Norman strongholds.
Similar Topics
| i don't know |
High Willhays is the highest point of which county? | High Willhays
High Willhays
Marilyn, Hump, Simm, Hewitt, Nuttall,
Historic County Top, Current County/UA Top, Administrative County Top, Buxton & Lewis, Bridge
(Ma,Hu,Tu,Sim,Hew,N,CoH,CoU,CoA,BL,Bg,P500)
large cairn on rock tor
Drop:
Devon (1974) administrative county top
Devon historic county top
This page uses the Ordnance Survey OpenSpace API
which does not include Explorer (1:25000 scale) mapping.
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Logged Descriptions (logged by 496 users)
By
From Meldon Res, Tes Tor, High Willays, Kitty Tor Great Links back over Corn Ridge to resevoir
underhill
03/12/2016
3 hour circular trek from Meldon Reservoir car park with African peak baggers Stuart and Pete. Clear blue skies.
Graeme
20/11/2016
From Meldon reservoir car park up to Yes Tor, across to High Willhays then down to Black Rock and back to car. Misty up, clear down, realy nice walk
keithelliott
Parked near Black Down.Yes Tor and High Willhays on pleasant cool day.With Bridget and Oscar.
catman
Solo. From Yes Tor. On To Dinger Tor, Lints Tor and up to Kitty Tor.
Aimless Rambler
Visited many years ago. Visited today for pillar on Yes Tor.
Dusty
24/04/2016
Starting at the dam, walked around Meldon Reservoir and up the West Okement Valley. Then ascended straight up the hill, stopping at Black Tor on the way. descended SW. Wild camped by the West Okement River. Walked to Lane End car park the next day.
PiranhaFish
Wind was whipping in. Snow on the top in places. Didn't hang about on top...
Mash2016
From Meldon Reservoir together with Yes Tor. Superb clear day although boggy underfoot in places
rlee5040
26/09/2015
From the track southeast of Okehampton Camp via Rowtor, West Mill Tor and Yes Tor to the summit
Mariana Trench
with Chris, a circular walk from Meldon reservoir.
magirob
From Meldon reservoir, taking in Yes Tor.
squeegs
07/08/2015
8/8 Last one of long day Belstone Tor/Cosdon Hill/Hound Tor/Hangstone Hill/Steeperton Tor/East Mill Tor/Yes Tor/High Willays
Fergalh
18/07/2015
from yes tor and back down camp rd could see nothing at the top but clear after i left
colinfielding
16/07/2015
parked south of the army camp at SX 596 922, just at the end of the tarmac road. Followed good stone tracks around Rowtor and West MIll Tor to Yes Tor and then High Willhays. Descended by the same route, just under 2hrs total
dicky bird
Ramblingpaul
05/07/2015
from resv.. a nice easy walk to the long planned, eagerly anticipated summit of Dartmoor - the most southerly of the hewitts. only 29 to go now. summit is not quite a typical Dartmoor tor in that the top isn't that much of an outcrop. returned via the ancient woods and the naughty naughty no access path.
stig_nest
28/06/2015
Windy, cold and the summit was up in the clouds (ca. 20m visibility) - did it the old way - map, compass and pacing - just to be sure that I still can. Ponies decided that I looked enough like the farmer to be worth chasing... perhaps he has food in that big bag
M3WDD
A long walk from Okehampton, taking in Yes Tor. Glorious.
edmundjohnson
Included three other Tors did 10 miles instead of the 5 initially planned. With Rogue
maltose
From Meldon quarry via West Mill Torr and Yes Torr
Owain G
tour de sud west nice
pigerg
From Meldon Res. on a misty day with no views.
mad max
From Meldon Res. on a misty day with no views.
ju ju
03/10/2014
From army camp. High Wilhays then Yes Tor, West Mill Tor and Row Tor. Showers. With Val.
mike.hoult
Val Deisler
13/08/2014
Started out from Meldon reservoir and round to Yes tor before crossing to High Willhays in a pea souper! Return back to the car via Fordsland hut and Black tor then onto the reservoir and round to the car park
fostersm
28/05/2014
Parked at Meldon Reservoir, walked to West Okement River and from there to High Willhays - on to Yes Tor and back. Middle ground very boggy indeed, but dry overhead (for a change on our little tour of SW county tops).
callumorr
27/05/2014
Parked at Meldon reservoir CP. Across dam w Jenx. Break left and track around north side of hill before contouring back to East. Direct then up Yes Tor avoiding top of the drainage line. Onto High Willays, then to Kitty Tor, Great Links Tor and trig finish on Sourton Tors. Back down track to West of Meldon to CP.
nordicstar
Wheelsy
08/08/2012
One of two walks to this summit. Parked near Meldon Quarry and walked up to Yes Tor beside Red-a-ven Brook.
Skip
climbed from the resevoir car park from Amelie with Bella on honeymoon
mr bounce
25/07/2012
Top no.7. Bagged during our holiday in Appledore. Drove from Appledore to the Meldon Reservoir car park, then walked directly to Yes Tor and on to High Willhays. Quite a tough climb up to Yes Tor with no clear path visible. Humid with dense hill fog and wet underfoot. Distance 5.9 miles; climb 1482 feet; time 2.6 hours
alan.65to70
08/07/2012
With G. From car park at Meldon Reservoir up track then cross country to Yes Tor > High Willhays > Black Down > car park on tracks via SX 566 920.
RT1970
A grand walk from Okehampton camp via Yes tor.
steven ruffles
31/05/2012
Climbed with my wife from Meldon, Up Yes Tor, up High Willhayes, onto Black Tor, back along south side of Meldon res and into Meldon. Approx. 6 miles and just under 4 hours.
BHMC
11/05/2012
With Lesley, Kate, Stuart, Sue, Alice and Harry. From Meldon Reservoir but a longer route as the permissive path to the west is currently closed. Ascending from Black Tor the summit is only visible when nearly there. On to Yes Tor.
Newton Maximus
06/04/2012
nice walk up from reservoir nice day warm but a bit hazy bagged this summit with yes tor
russf69
Sherpa Langstaff is at it again !! Bagged 21st March.
morrislube
21/03/2012
Car park at Meldon Reservoir � Cross dam � Bridleway around Longstone Hill � Yes Tor � High Willhays � Dinger Tor � Lints Tor � Drop down into upper reaches of the West Oakment River � Down valley through Black-a-Tor Copse � Meldon Reservoir � Path along E. shore of reservoir � Car Park. Had to ascend late afternon as live firing taking place - Check MoD website before visit! (Solo)
gerrybowes
14/03/2012
Approach from the reservoir by Meldon: good car park. Across the dam, over Longstone Hill then head for Yes Tor first (which has the trig point): High Willhays is linked to it by a saddle.
AlexanderHoward
12/03/2012
A misty and cold day and rather windy on top. But a nice walk bagging a couple of caches and several letterboxes en-route.
Bambography
13/02/2012
On CUHWC Dartmoor trip as part of a 47km traipse from Postbridge all the way to Yes Tor, High Willhays and back. Took in White Ridge and Hangingstone Hill on way out, Cut Hill and Higher White Tor on way back. Bogs mostly frozen, fortunately.
Mark Jackson
CUHWC Dartmoor Trip. Same as Mark. What a day!
AGWilliamson
11/02/2012
Very nice walk although the access back along the north side or the res is now blocked, had to find a new route back along the south bank.
benstacey
Good path to the top from Lints Tor, on to Yes Tor.
Nick
From Okehampton, part of 3 day backpack. Rain and showers all day.
LauraGuy
Climbed on same day as Yes Tor
Wombat%100
From Okehampton Camp in heavy rain and wind via track
nevans84
Me, Meg Donna, Matrix and Pebbles
Roland Brooks
16/04/2011
Parked at Meldon Res. Followed course of Red-a-Ven Brook, then on up to West Mill Tor. From here back over to Yes Tor then on up to High Willhays. Down to Fordsland ledge for a spot of lunch. Over to Black Tor then down to the valley floor to follow the p
stevebiswalkin
12/04/2011
NUTTALL 118. BEEN UP HERE MANY TIMES BEFORE BUT NOT AS A NUTTALL-BAGGER. COLD AND WINDY BUT CLEAR WITH BOGS FROZEN SOLID. A QUICK UP AND DOWN FROM OKEHAMPTON CAMP, ALSO TAKING IN YES TOR. ALSO REGISTERED AS ENGLISH MARILYN 41.
BURGESS
High cloud, calm, mild, good views.
iangalbraith
used the opportunity during the OMM 2010 to bag a couple of peaks...
bhanusch
30/10/2010
Visited as part of nutter walk 13.3. The walk back along West Okement River is very enjoyable with ancient stunted oak woodland. I have some acorns growing in my garden.
mindlessflogger
23/10/2010
Started from Meldon Reservoir at 1:00am up to Black Tor, Fordsland Ledge, High Willhays, Yes Tor and onto West Mill Tor
escottjon
01/09/2010
Roughly followed Nuttalls' route from Meldon res. Managed to run most of the way. Pretty deserted part of the world.
huwthomas
Walked along ridge from Yes Tor in a horrible wind. Walked on to Kitty Tor.
bescot42
24/08/2010
With Darren From Haginstone Hill into wind now for tracks /road then marshy foot soaking swamp to High Willhays and Yes Tor
Chris Pearson
Solo run from Meldon Reservoir.
mikejacobs
03/08/2010
Not actual date as log not kept. Meldon Reservoir, High Willhays, Dinger Tor, Lints Tor. Walked with Derek Ball.
ijpowell
01/08/2010
From parking north of Meldon reservoir and Longstone ridge with Jamie plus Steve and Penny Grove followed by staying overnight with them. via Yes Tor first then west into valley, Vellake corner and along west side of reservoir.
vegibagger
part of run round West Okement River
benwloudon
25/07/2010
Walked on an epic days walk with John Tanner, really good views though with some rain spots in the morning.
Matt Smith
Great moorland ramble to the two mountains of southern England.
DanTrig
Climbed during a stay in Okehampton.
marktrengove
19/06/2010
One of the two Nuttalls today,the scenery around here far outweighed my expectations. A loveley part of the country.
simocity
Nice walk whilst holidaying in Cornwall. Approached from Meldon.
Flipperfeet
08/06/2010
From Meldon res. Over Longstone Hill then straight line to Yes Tor & on to High Willhays. Lovely, easy walk on a sunny (MOD Non-firing) Sunday. Plenty of people around the res, hardly anyone on the moor. Great views.
Argentum66
Did on way home from Hols in Cornwall
Hill Wanderer
From Meldon Reservoir c.p. via Yes Tor return via Black a tor copse.
mart0797
Walk from Okehampton & Meldon Reservoir with scouts
AJones
From Okehampton Camp via Yes Tor
glewis10
Wintry showers - ascended from Okehampton YH 1st thing in morning.
JK
02/04/2010
Walked from Meldon resevoir car park via Yes Tor in thick cloud, pity as I am pretty sure the views would have been great. Note, you need to check out if MOD are using area before you set off.
SteveClay
With Imperial College Fellwanderers, ascended via Black Tor, descended via Yes Tor.
Edgemaster
nuttall route, early start but plenty about, good views and easy walking all the way.
asbown
Ascent via Black Tor from Sourton Descent via Yes Tor to Okehampton. RHB (HF)
Land Rover
18/05/2009
From campsite near A30 via Black Tor and back via Yes Tor and Meldon Reservoir. Perfect weather.
Overthehilljill
Boggy ascent via Black Tor and back via Yes Tor
Tom
Rough tracks out of Oakhampton. Only a short stroll from Yes Tor. Grey day
marketherton
Did the Nuttall route from Meldon Reservoir.
David Gradwell
05/04/2009
Did along with Yes Tor, dropped off by my outside the Army barracks. Watched some helicopter gunships fly below me.
preynish
30/03/2009
Meldon Reservoir to Black Tor, High Willhays and then Yes Tor. Lovely sunny day although thick cloud on very top.
Herbert Anchovy
23/02/2009
With 3 sons, 1 daughter, two grandsons dog. Start Meldon Res. via Black Tor, back via Yes Tor. After walking around Meldon res cross West Okenment at top of res!
Getting there
With Eric. Dry but hazy
johnjennison
16/08/2008
round route from Meldon Reservoir over Yes Tor and High Willhays. Return along banks of west Okement River, very pleasant
dianepick
Linear route during a backpacking trip around Dartmoor.
Gayle
19/07/2008
From Meldon reservoir on a warm and sunny morning but still damp under foot. Prefered Yes Tor.
Dugswell2
31/05/2008
With Jo, circular walk from Meldon Reservoir: paths over Longstone Hill onto Yes Tor and High Willhays, various paths and rough ground to Okement Hill, Hangingstone Hill and Cranmere Pool Letter Box, returning alongside West Okement River. Weather; sunny, warm, good visibility.
amblerbob
At the end of a wet day cycling then camped lower down. Soldier-runners friendly.
Eddie
21/04/2008
My first walking experience. Thank goodness I was with someone I trusted as it was like pea soup. It didn't put me off though!
devon boots
From Yes Tor to High Willhays many times
abi
Hike with Gareth Humberstone, Matt Harnden and Chris Horswill at Bond Pearce
roamingdave
26/10/2007
Entered Dartmoor from Oakhampton Camp, parked halfway up West Mill Tor then walked in from there, went to Yes Tor Summit first.
rossdrummond
10/10/2007
Direct and pathless ascent from car park at Meldon Reservoir, bagging Yes Tor en route. Cold, wet, no visibility, but still a great top. Check MoD website before setting out for firing times.
wheresthepath
25/09/2007
A day out while staying on Dartmoor. Up via Yes Tor, back down via West Mill Tor. Mixed weather including hail.
kaapiovuohi
not a bad walk up from meldon reservoir with good views.
DARRENG
21/08/2007
Meldon reservior-over dam-up longstone hill to Yes Tor, across to High Wilhays.Then down valley between Shelstone Tor and Homerton hill, back along reservior and over dam to car park. Very windy day, nice sheep.
electricratman
completed as a two day hike on north dartmoor
hodder
date a wild guess. with Katherine.
IanHHill
On own, from Meldon Reservoir.
Crib Goch
29/05/2007
Parked at Meldon Reservoir and took a circular route around Yes Tor, High Willhays, Dinger Tor, Lints Tor, Kitty Tor and Great links Tor. Suprised how unspoilt the area was considering it's use.
rhalstead
Climbed with Chris from Okehampton Camp.
dhbond
RHW
01/01/1990
On return journey from a week's climbing in Cornwall with Julie. Climbed atmospheric Right Angle route on coast in am and then J waited in car from high moorland road whilst I ran over HW and Yes Tor (wanted 2000ers)in 35 mins. Then up to the Roaches -led Sloth next day -climbing well. Also here in 2008 running with L on a 4 hour score event which we won (got some nice arty glazed tiles), and again both tops with Darren on 4/8/2010 a part of bagging loop of 400 /500ers
Chris Pearson
02/09/1989
Okehampton-Meldon-Black Tor-High Willhays-Yes Tor-Oek Tor-Belstone-Sticklepath. My notes say I found it easy going except for a very wet area round Oke Tor- and I enjoyed an interesting, varied walk. Cloudy but cloud above the tops.
pwheeler
Year approx. During hol in Exeter; with Tom and Matt
dbb
From North, Yes Tor and High Willhays late evening
PeterD
Ascent made easier by army tarmac roads on moor.
arranc
On 2 Sqn RAF Regt navex
beorwulf
On holiday with parents many years ago, good clear weather as I recall
Glenelg
Probably 2001. Approach from SX561918.
summitsup
| Devon |
What was initiated by Pope Urban II’s sermon at Clermont in 1095? | High Willhays - Wikishire
High Willhays
High Willhays with Yes Tor beyond
Range:
2,039 feet SX580892
High Willhays or, according to some authors, High Willes [1] is the highest point on Dartmoor , Devon , at 2,039 feet above sea level, [2] and the highest point in Great Britain south of the Brecon Beacons .
Contents
4.1 Books
Toponymy
In 1912, William Crossing, writer and documenter, said that the name High Willes had been thought to have derived from the word huel or wheal meaning mine, but he did not think that very likely as old mine workings were invariably located near to streams. He suggested instead that the name derived from gwylfa, a watching place, noting its similarity with Brown Willy , the name of the highest hill on nearby Bodmin Moor , and suggested that a watch for beacon fires used to be kept here. He also posited a possible link to the word gwili meaning winding or tortuous, but said it was unlikely this was where it originated from. [3]
The Place-Names of Devon (1931) notes that the peak was named Hight Wyll in a document of 1532, and was known in 1827 as High Willows. The authors state that the name may simply be a compound of high and well (meaning spring), though they admit that the additional syllable at the end is hard to explain. [4]
Shape of the land
High Willhays is near the north western edge of Dartmoor, about 1½ miles south east of Meldon Reservoir and about 3 miles south of the town of Okehampton . Although it is the highest point of the moor, it is relatively insignificant in comparison to most of the moor's tors, consisting of no more than a few low outcrops of rock along a north-south ridge. The largest outcrop is crowned with a cairn. The more impressive, but slightly lower, Yes Tor is less than a mile north along this ridge, which is known as "the roof of Devon". [5]
High Willhays and Yes Tor are the only summits in England south of Kinder Scout in the Peak District to rise above 2,000 feet, apart from Black Mountain which marks the border of Herefordshire and Brecknockshire . Before the Ordnance Survey measured accurately the heights of High Willhays and Yes Tor, the latter was widely regarded as the higher of the two, and it was only the local farmers and moormen that believed the contrary. The first topographical survey of the area carried out by Ordnance Survey suggested that High Willhays was twelve feet higher, [3] although the difference has now been measured at just eight feet. William Crossing stated that High Willhays was the highest point in England south of Ingleborough in the Yorkshire Dales , [3] but since then surveys have shown that Kinder Scout is also higher.
The geology of High Willhays, like most of Dartmoor, consists of granite intruded about 280 million years ago. However High Willhays is in an area of the northern plateau of the moor where the exposed rock has noticeably fewer of the large feldspar megacrysts that are typical of most of Dartmoor's tors. [6] Each of the outcrops displays lamellar bedding. [5]
High Willhays is situated within one of Dartmoor's Danger Zones; areas used periodically by the Army for exercises. Red flags are raised around the perimeter when live-firing is due to take place and a timetable is published.
Outside links
Computer generated summit panorama High Willhays
References
| i don't know |
What did Usain Bolt supposedly describe as ‘a bit shit’? | Usain Bolt denies calling Glasgow’s 2014 Commonwealth Games ‘a bit shit’ | Sport | The Guardian
Usain Bolt denies calling Glasgow’s 2014 Commonwealth Games ‘a bit shit’
• Bolt dismisses reports of his comments as ‘nonsense’
• The Times stands by claims “100%”
Jamiaca’s Usain Bolt at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Photograph: Barcroft Media
Usain Bolt denies calling Glasgow’s 2014 Commonwealth Games ‘a bit shit’
• Bolt dismisses reports of his comments as ‘nonsense’
• The Times stands by claims “100%”
Wednesday 30 July 2014 19.22 EDT
First published on Wednesday 30 July 2014 04.30 EDT
Close
This article is 2 years old
The row between Usain Bolt and the Times over whether he called the Commonwealth Games “a bit shit” shows no sign of abating – with the newspaper insisting they stand by the story “100%” and Bolt calling it “nonsense”.
Bolt has spent most of his time in Glasgow in his room in the athletes’ village, but he did venture out on Wednesday to watch Jamaica’s netball team, the Sunshine Girls, lose 50-42 to New Zealand . And while he appeared relaxed, posing for photographs with volunteers, waving a Jamaican flag, and even vigorously joining a Mexican wave, his entourage quickly called for security when he was approached by journalists for a comment.
One reporter, the Daily Mail’s Jonathan McEvoy, had his accreditation ripped off him in a heated row with one security guard before being led out of the netball arena – although he was later allowed to return. His crime, he claimed, was to say to Bolt’s agent Ricky Simms “is he denying that he did the interview?”
According to the Times journalist, Katie Gibbons, she approached Bolt on Tuesday as he waited in the rain for his car at the athletes’ village. After she showed Bolt her media accreditation, he reportedly said that “the Olympics were better”, that he was “not really” having fun in Glasgow, and that he felt the Games were “a bit shit”, before he left “to do some business”.
The Times published a 70-word transcript of the conversation in Thursday’s paper. The paper’s Scottish editor, Angus Macleod, said he had full confidence in Gibbons, adding: “We stand by this story 100%. We have utter confidence in this story.” As Bolt passed Gibbons at the netball mixed zone on Wednesday, she shouted to him: “Why did you deny what you said to me yesterday?” Bolt didn’t appear to hear – or didn’t want to hear. His response to a question about what he thought of the Games consisted of one word: “Awesome.”
However, earlier the Jamaican sprinter was more forthcoming on Twitter , saying: “I’m waking up to this nonsense. journalist please don’t create lies to make headlines”. Simms also claimed the reports were “utter rubbish”, adding: “The atmosphere in and around the stadiums has been absolutely fantastic and I have absolutely no idea where these quotes have come from.”
Pinterest
Many of Jamaica’s netball players appeared to wave at Bolt at half-time, but afterwards they were reluctant to talk about whether his appearance had distracted them. “Can’t you ask me a question about the game?” said Romelda Aiken, while the team’s goal defence, Stacian Facey, insisted: “I didn’t even know he was here.”
Games officials have denied the row is distracting from the competition. Mike Hooper, the chief executive of the Commonwealth Games Federation, said: “We take Mr Bolt at his word. His tweet says it all. These are a fantastic Games.
“As you saw in his press conference last Saturday he is very upbeat. He is really positive about running the relay and I don’t wish to comment on the journalist and work of the Times.”
Bolt, who has not raced all season because of a foot injury, is due to run in the heats of the 4x100m relay Thursday night and the finals on Saturday. When he met the media last weekend he insisted he was eager to make his Commonwealth Games debut, having missed Melbourne through injury in 2006 and Delhi in 2010 because the event came too late in the season. Cynics, however, suspect his multi-million pound sponsorship deal with Virgin – who are “the official presenting partner of athletics” at these Games - has played a part in his involvement too.
Another Jamaican sprinter, Jason Livermore, also expressed disquiet about the Games. Asked what he was making of the life in the athletes’ village and his well-being he told the BBC: “Well it can be better – things can be a little bit better for us. Can be better in a lot of sense. We have to just enjoy and give God thanks.”
Speaking after his 200m heat, he added: “I hope Usain’s having a better time than me. The people in Scotland are very welcoming so I can’t complain. There’s a nice atmosphere and a nice crowd. But it’s very cold. Back in Jamaica it’s not like this. I need to get me some clothes. It’s freezing.”
On Monday, the Jamaican 100m sprinter Kemar Bailey-Cole negatively compared his Glasgow experience with that of London 2012. “I can’t compare them,” he said. “London was really different food. It was way better than this. Scottish food could do with some more seasoning”. A question about whether he had tried haggis was met with a look of outright horror.
Usain St. Leo Bolt (@usainbolt)
I'm waking up to this nonsense..journalist please don't create lies to make headlines
| Commonwealth Games |
Who presents the Radio 4 panel game Just A Minute? | Glasgow 2014: Usain Bolt transcript published by The Times - BBC News
BBC News
Glasgow 2014: Usain Bolt transcript published by The Times
31 July 2014
Close share panel
Image copyright AP
Image caption Bolt told reporters he thought the Games were "awesome" after watching a netball match at the SECC on Wednesday
The Times has released its transcript of a conversation in which it claimed Usain Bolt made disparaging remarks about the Commonwealth Games.
The newspaper reported on Wednesday that the Olympic 100m champion said he was not enjoying the Glasgow Games.
But Bolt described the article as "nonsense" and "lies" on Twitter and later told reporters the Games were "awesome".
The Times has now published its full account of the brief conversation.
The newspaper's Scottish editor, Angus Macleod, said: "We stand by this story 100%. We have utter confidence in this story."
The Times claimed that the 100m world record holder had been waiting in the rain for his car to arrive shortly after meeting members of the royal family at the athletes' village on Tuesday when he was approached by reporter Katie Gibbons.
It said the brief encounter between the Jamaican sprinter and Ms Gibbons proceeded as follows:
Katie Gibbons (KG): Hi Usain, I'm Katie Gibbons, a reporter from The Times. Nice to meet you.
Usain Bolt (UB): Hi.
KG: So are you enjoying the games? Are you having fun?
UB: No.
UB: I'm just not... it's a bit shit. (Shrugs, looks up to grey sky).
KG: What do you mean?
UB: I've only been here two days.
KG: Is it like the Olympics?
UB: Nah. Olympics were better.
KG: Really, how?
KG: Where are you off to now?
UB: To do some business.
Bolt took to Twitter on Wednesday morning to dismiss the newspaper's account of the conversation, writing: "I'm waking up to this nonsense.. journalist please don't create lies to make headlines".
His manager, Ricky Simms, also told the BBC the newspaper allegations were "utter rubbish".
Mr Simms added: "The atmosphere in and around the stadiums has been absolutely fantastic and I have absolutely no idea where these quotes have come from."
Later on Wednesday, Bolt turned up at the SECC to watch Jamaica play New Zealand at netball, but did not comment on the Times article.
The 27-year-old athlete appeared relaxed, posing for photographs and signing autographs before joining in with a Mexican wave.
As he left the venue, he shouted "awesome" to reporters who asked how he felt about the Games.
Bolt, who has never before competed in a Commonwealth Games, will not participate in any individual events in Glasgow 2014.
However, he has agreed to run in the heats of the sprint relay on Friday. The final will be held at Hampden Park on Saturday.
The arrival of the six-time Olympic champion in Glasgow at the weekend sparked a media frenzy , with Bolt facing a barrage of questions on subjects ranging from the respective political situations in Scotland and Gaza (no comment on either) to whether he wanted to play football for Manchester United (yes).
| i don't know |
The 2014 UK Christmas No.1 record was Something I Need – who was the performer? | X Factor’s Ben Haenow crowned 2014 Official Christmas Number 1
21 December 2014
X Factor’s Ben Haenow crowned 2014 Official Christmas Number 1
Ben Haenow claims the 2014 Official Christmas Number 1 with Something I Need, holding off Mark Ronson’s Uptown Funk and surprise late contender The Wealdstone Raider.
Twitter
First he wins The X Factor , now he’s Official Christmas Number 1, it’s not been a bad old month for Ben Haenow.
And, with a combined chart sales figure of over 214,000, Something I Need – whose proceeds go to charity Together for Short Lives - is now the second-fastest selling single of the year, behind Band Aid 30’s Do They Know It’s Christmas?, which shifted nearly 313,000 copies in its first week back in November.
“To have even been in the running for Christmas Number 1 against some of the names that were in the race, and then to have actually won is incredible,” Ben told OfficialCharts.com, “It’s an incredible end to my year.
“I’m gonna go and have a few good drinks with my mates…definitely more than a few good drinks… to really celebrate! I’m absolutely shocked, I can’t believe it.”
Mark Ronson’s Uptown Funk breaks all-time streaming record
For the first time this year, it’s not just what the British public have been buying and downloading that counts towards the final tally, audio streams from services such as Spotify, Deezer and O2 Tracks were also counted.
Breaking the all-time record for the most streamed track in a single week , Mark Ronson’s Uptown Funk FT Bruno Mars (Number 2 today) has been listened to nearly 2.34 million times this week. The record was previously held by Ed Sheeran’s Thinking Out Loud which notched up over 1.72 million streams in a single week in November.
Six other tracks have been streamed over one million times this week, including a personal best for Ed Sheeran’s Thinking Out Loud (1.8m), plus Hozier’s Take Me To Church (1.1m), Mariah Carey’s All I Want For Christmas Is You (1.1m), Olly Murs’ Wrapped Up FT Travie McCoy (1.1m), Calvin Harris’ Outside FT Ellie Goulding (1m) and One Direction’s Steal My Girl (1m).
Down one place to three today is Ed Sheeran’s Thinking Out Loud, followed by new entry Olly Murs’ Up FT Demi Lovato (4).
Rounding out the Top 5 today is surprise last minute Christmas Number 1 contender, The Wealdstone Raider with Got No Fans (5). The track has rocked the chart this week, climbing an impressive 32 places since entering the Top 200 for the first time on Wednesday.
New Entries
Aside from Ben Haenow’s Something I Need (1), Olly Murs’ Up FT Demi Lovato (4) and The Wealdstone Raider’s Got No Fans (5), there is just one new entry in today’s Official Singles Chart Top 40.
Gorgon City – aka Kye Gibbon and Matt Robson-Scott - score their fourth Top 20 with Go All Night FT Jennifer Hudson (14). Go All Night is the fifth single to be lifted from the dance duo’s Top 10 album, Sirens.
The Official Singles Chart Top 10 is as follows. Click here to see the Official Singles Chart Top 100 in full after 7pm.
1
| Ben Haenow |
Who plays Mr Brown in the new Paddington Bear movie? | X Factor winner Ben Haenow on course for Christmas No. 1 spot - ITV News
17 December 2014 at 5:39pm
X Factor winner Ben Haenow on course for Christmas No. 1 spot
Could Ben Haenow be the latest winner of The X Factor to take the top spot at Christmas?
Credit: ITV/The X Factor
Winner of The X Factor 2014 Ben Haenow is on course for the coveted Christmas No. 1 spot after increasing the gap over his nearest rival, Mark Ronson.
Haenow has already sold 107,000 copies of his single Something I Need since its release on Sunday night, putting him in line to be the seventh winner of the ITV contest to clinch a festive chart-topper.
Although he is outselling last year's winner Sam Bailey, he is way behind the huge sales achieved by 2012 champ James Arthur, who had racked up 255,000 sales by this stage of the week two years ago.
Read: Ben Haenow crowned winner of The X Factor 2014
Bailey achieved sales of 67,000 after two days with her track Skyscraper, but she still wen on to snag the No. 1 spot.
Figures released by the Official Charts Company today show that Haenow is 33,000 copies ahead of Ronson, whose Uptown Funk track with Bruno Mars is the closest realistic contender for the prized seasonal top slot.
Ed Sheeran's hit Thinking Out Loud is set to take the No. 3 slot, according to data in the midweek chart.
But chart bosses say the race is not over just yet - figures for online streaming will be included which could make a huge difference to the final result.
Uptown Funk - which X Factor runner-up Fleur East performed on the show - is the most-streamed track of the week so far.
One Direction were just one of the many acts to record the Band Aid 30 single.
Credit: ITV/Band Aid 30
Band Aid 30's revamped charity hit Do They Know It's Christmas?, once considered a strong bet for the Christmas No. 1, is only at No. 11 at the moment.
The acts have until the final announcement on Sunday to battle it out.
Last updated Wed 17 Dec 2014
| i don't know |
On TV and in film who are Neil, Simon, Will and Jay? | The Inbetweeners 2 (2014)
Author: LydiaOLydia
from Cambridge, UK
The inbetweeners series used to be about tightly scripted "off the cuff" clever banter and a pretty good sense of chemistry between the boys. the first movie was a bit looser but fit the bill as a 'vacation' away from the school environment and the plot was at least passable as light fare. even well before the time a piece of Neil's poo slides down a water-slide and hits will in the face, it's clear that the inbetweeners are utterly finished and this is the cast members trying to stretch one more pay day out of a low budget, presumably after the failure of their follow-up series 'chickens.' If you're a fan of the inbetweeners and want to keep cherished memories of them going forward, for the love of god stay away from this film. it's if Monty python made 'the love guru.' avoid at all costs. 2 stars not one simply because 1 is truly bottom of the barrel, but this may be the worst movie of 2014.
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| The Inbetweeners |
In which layer of the atmosphere does the ‘ozone layer’ occur? | The Inbetweeners - Wikiquote
The Inbetweeners
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The Inbetweeners is an award-winning comedy series airing on the British TV channel E4 . It is based on the lives of four teenage boys in their last years of school.
Contents
The First Day [1.1][ edit ]
Boy: You're gonna die here, Will.
Will: ...OK.
Boy: That briefcase makes me wanna punch you.
Will: 'Course it does.
Boy: Briefcase wanker!
Mr Gilbert: As you can tell from his rather natty badge, this is your new classmate Will. As you'll be sharing most of the same classes - Cooper, you'll be looking after him.
Simon Cooper: Sir, that's not fair!
Mr Gilbert: Rule one of the Sixth Form: Life is not fair.
Simon: But Sir, look at his blazer for starters! He's got an actual briefcase! His shoes are clumpy, his hair's a bit gay and that badge! I mean, the badge alone.
Will: I went for what turned out to be one of the more eventful shits of my life.
Simon: (referring to Carli) I've lusted her since I was eight.
Neil: You fancy eight year olds?
Simon: No, Neil. Our families are friends. We were both eight.
Neil: So? You still fancied an eight year old.
Will: Anyone can be your friend. All you have to do is hang round them long enough.
Bartender: You got proof of age?
Will: You have my word.
Simon: (sarcastically to Jay) Yeah, that's it. I've had 210 wanks and my cock's like a pepperami.
(Will's mum drives up to the school gates)
Will: Oh, no...
Simon: (surprised) Is that your mum?
Will: I told her not to come and pick me up.
Neil: She's fit.
Will: (hesitates) Well, thanks very much.
Jay: Well wouldn't you?
Will: Well, considering she's my mother...no?!
Jay: Yeah, but what if she wasn't?
Will: Well she is, so still no.
Simon: Yeah, but what he's saying is, if she wasn't your mum...would you fuck her?
Will: (sarcastically) Oh, are we still doing this?
Jay: Look, all I wanna know is whether you'd get down between her knees, spread them, and...
Will: (cutting him off angrily) Can we please stop talking about my mother's VAGINA?!
Jay: Get the beers in and let the gash form an orderly queue.
Will: (to Simon) Sorry, did he actually just say "the gash?"
Bunk Off [1.2][ edit ]
Will:(entering a wine shop, dressed in Mr Cooper's suit) Good day!
Shopkeeper:(looking up)...Sorry?
Shopkeeper: Oh...hello.
Shopkeeper:(to Will) Can I help?
Will:(with several bags of crisps, to Shopkeeper)Er, yes. I am...a man. Who has recently bought a house in the local area, and I'm having a house-warming party...to which I'll be inviting a lot of the local adults...(counting the Pringles cans in his hands absent-mindedly)...to...Hence the crisps.
(he dumps them onto the counter)
Will: And I'll also probably need some...(swallows nervously)...al-co-hol, as well as the crisps, et cetera.
Shopkeeper: Right. What sort of thing are you looking for?
Will: Some...(eyes a bottle of gin on the shelf)...Beefeater Gin?
Shopkeeper: OK. How about two bottles?
Will: (posh) Excellent.
Will: Christ no, I'm not made of money! And I'll have some...Extra-Strong Mints.
(the shopkeeper looks at him wearily)
Will: For those who are drink-driving.
Shopkeeper: Right...comes to £29.50. Anything else?
Will: What's on Special?
Shopkeeper:(suddenly fierce) I'll give you a bottle of Drambuie for a tenner if you pay and are out the shop in 5 seconds.
Will:...Done. Thank you, my good man...I shall invite you to the party.
Will:(coming out of the newsagents, laden with bags) Mission accomplished!
Jay: What's in all the bags then?
Will: Just something to soak up the alcohol.
(Jay takes a bag and opens it)
Jay: Crisps?!
Jay: I've just seen the clunge head towards Nemesis.
Will: Well sounds like they are thrill seekers too.
Jay: I hope they are cock seekers too!
Jay: (to Simon, about a group of girls in a car up ahead) Si, we're losing them!
Will: You make it sound as if we're about to attack them.
(Will, Neil, Jay and Simon have been queueing for the front seats on Nemesis Inferno, but only one front seat is left)
Ride Attendant: Room for one more at the front.
Will: Sorry?
Ride Attendant: One more. At the front.
Will: How can there possibly be room for only one more at the front?
Ride Attendant: Well there's three people on the front, so there's a spare seat there-
Will: Let's just rewind a bit, shall we? Why are there now three people at the front?
Ride Attendant: Sir, if you could just get on-
Will: (getting more and more angry) They've pushed in! We've been queueing for over an hour specifically for the front, and they've pushed in?
Ride Attendant: Sir-
Will: Get them off! Get them off and make them move! Fucking pushing in!
Simon: (Aware of the scene now being created) Will, it doesn't matter. We'll sit at the back.
Ride Attendant: Sir, if you could just-
Will: Are they so dumb they think it's OK to push in? Make them move!
Jay: Shut up, you plum, and get on the ride.
Ride Attendant: Sir, it's the last ride of the day, please get on.
Simon: Will, honestly, it doesn't matter, just get on.
Will: Fine, fucking fine! I'll just...I'll just get on. I'll just get on, and sit at the front (he sits at the front and straps himself in) next to these inconsiderate arseholes.
(He looks across to give the "inconsiderate arseholes" a dirty look, but his face falls as he realises that the other three people are two young men with Down Syndrome and their minder)
Will: I'm the worst human being in the world.
(Will has been unable to enjoy the Nemesis Inferno due to his guilt at insulting the two young men with Down Syndrome)
Will v/o: When I look back on my life, I'm pretty sure that ride will be a low point. But with a bit of luck, the others wouldn't find out who I'd insulted...
(The three people at the front get off and walk past Simon, Jay and Neil)
Simon: They were on the front? Oh no, Will, no..."
Jay: (laughing) Oh my god.
Simon: Oh Will.
Jay: Fuck the book with us, Simon!
Caravan Club [1.5][ edit ]
Jay: It's a sense of freedom you don't get with other holidays.
Will: It's a sense of shitting in a bucket in a cupboard you don't get with other holidays... in England... with your parents!
Jay: (about Becky) That one has fucked EVERYONE. I've slung one up her a few times, myself.
Will: And who is everyone, exactly? That old man over there, has he had a go on her?
Jay: Take a look around, there's loads of girls here! Over there! (points to a girl on a seesaw)
Simon: She looks about 12, Jay.
Jay: Nah, she's older than that...believe me.
Simon: What should I text back?
Jay: "Spread 'em. I'll be there in thirty minutes."
Will: Or, "it was lovely to hear from you, I look forward to meeting up with you."
Jay: "P.S. I'm a poofter."
Simon: Its YOUR spunk!!
Neil: But it's YOUR car!
Simon: What...so if I spunked in your face it would be yours?
Xmas Party [1.6][ edit ]
Jay: Can you suck me off?
Neil: Oh go on I love boats, I used to go fishing with my dad.
Jay: Fisting?
Neil: FISHING!
Will McKenzie: [a fish has jumped into the boat] Jesus Christ! How the hell has that happened?
Neil Sutherland: I dunno, it didn't have any bait on it.
Jay Cartwright: Get it out!
Neil Sutherland: It's just a fish.
Will McKenzie: It's a fucking terrifying massive fish! Get rid of it Neil!
Will McKenzie: [after Jay has let off the emergency flare] Why the fuck did you do that?
Jay Cartwright: To get the sea police out!
Will McKenzie: And say what?! "Help, we've caught a fish?"? We're already in the harbour, What are they gonna do - tow us four feet closer to the shore?
Neil Sutherland: Better kill it, It's the kindest thing to do; it won't survive back in the sea now
[punches the fish repeatedly, to a bloody pulp]
Will McKenzie: Well, that was a much more dignified end for it (!)
Will McKenzie:: Fuck off you beady eyed little shits!
Work Experience [2.2][ edit ]
Jay: (reading card) "Jay, you massive stud. I've just packed a finger pie. Why don't you 'cum', spelt C-U-M, and taste it. Love, your Valentine's bitch."
Will: How come all these cards are all written in the same scrawny handwriting? They're either from really young girls, or they've got severe learning difficulties, which I admit is a possibility.
Jay: Nah...it was just cos they were strumming themselves off as they were writing it!
Will: It's just that I'm much more cleverer than you need to be to do this.
Owner: This?
Jim: Maybe Wolfie'll pull her.
Will: Except he won't, because she loves me!
Jay: (On underage girls) If theres grass on the pitch play ball .
Will: Well, what if there isn't any?
Jay: By the time you find out, it's too late anyway.
Jay: Looks like there's some tidy minge here.
Will: Yes, it's tidy because it hasn't got any hair on it!
Simon: (To Will) Maybe Charlotte needs someone to help service her car!
Jay: Oh, I'd service her alright! I'd slide my dipstick in right deep!
Hannah: I'm so horny, tongue me!
Jay: Christ, Simon's only gone and pulled himself an experienced cock handler!
Will: Or, someone so inexperienced she thinks this is the best way to pull a boy.
Jay: Well, either way, thanks to me we're now watching Simon get wanked off!
Will: Yes, well we really do have a lot to thank you for.
Simon: He kicked me in the cock!
Jay: Good shot to get you in the cock!
Charlotte: (to Will): You're a nasty little virgin. (throws drink in his face).
Will's Birthday [2.3][ edit ]
Patrice: And I think some went on the floor, sorry.
Will: Right. Thanks, Patrice.
[at Will's dinner party]
Will: Look, I put a lot of effort into this! I made a really nice coq au vin...
Jay: Cock of what?!
Simon: You don't help yourself, do you?
Will: Oh yes, I see, 'coq' au vin, very mature! It actually mean chicken in wine, doesn't it, Patrice?
Patrice: Quoi?
Will: Well, it does, and it doesn't mean cock up my arse, or cock on my head, or...
Simon: ...you got some cock in the back of a van...
Will: Or that I got some cock in the back of a van! Look, all I wanted was a nice, civilised and sophisticated dinner party. Just something a little different from the usual parties - maybe even the sort of party that girls are impressed by! OK, so there aren't any girls here, but why don't we at least attempt to have a sophisticated conversation? I know it's a tall order, and I'm not expecting sparkling, but let's give it a go, eh, since it is my FUCKING BIRTHDAY!
[everyone sits in chastened silence for a while. Then...]
Neil: How much Lego can you stuff up your bum?
Will: Oh, for Christ's sake!
Neil:No not now, like when you were younger how much did you get up there?
Jay: You are grim mate.
Simon:Why were sticking Lego up your bum?
Will: Oh God, what if my birthdays just get worse and worse from now on? What'll happen next year?
Jay: You get AIDS?
Will: I'd have to have sex for that to happen.
Neil: Or fuck a monkey?
Will: Technically, that still counts as sex.
Simon: Or drink from the same cup as Neil's dad.
Neil: Oi, my dad does not have AIDS!
Jay: Your dad is so AIDS. He's the one who gave it to monkeys.
Neil: You take that back!
Jay: That's what the monkeys said to him.
Night Out In London [2.4][ edit ]
Jay: Slow down a minute, Si.
[Simon brings the speed of the yellow Fiat Cinquecento Hawaii he's driving to roughly 20mph. Jay takes off his seatbelt, rolls down the window and leans out.]
Jay: [Leaning out the window] BUS WANKERS! [The boys all laugh as Jay gets back in and puts his seatbelt back on.]
Simon: Where did that come from? Bus wankers!
Jay: I dunno, it just felt right.
Will: Those people just saw us passing by and thought, 'We must be the bus wankers!'
Neil: [Leaning over Will to get to Simon] Pull over, Si! I need a piss.
Angry Man From Bus Stop: I'd rather be a bus wanker than drive that piece of yellow shit!
Jay: [Neil is in the toilet nursing his penis after cutting it earlier] What's taking so fucking long?
Neil: Oh, mate, it's not good, Get us some bog roll it's bleeding Look!
[displays his bleeding penis to Jay]
Jay: Ah, Jesus! Put it away, Neil!
Neil: I can't. It stings when it rubs on my pants!
Jay: Well... take your pants off then!
Neil: Then it'll rub on my jeans.
Jay: Neil, no matter what your old man says, you can't walk around London with your knob hanging out.
Neil: [being chucked out of the club for wanking in the toilets, but in reality nursing his cut penis] No wait no!, I wasn't wanking!
Simon: Oh god!
Neil: Ma cocks cut... me cock is cut!
Duke of Edinburgh [2.5][ edit ]
Neil: Just who is this Duke of Edinburgh, does he teach it?
Jay: No, of course he doesn't teach it you fucking idiot, the Duke of Edinburgh is Prince Charles.
Will: Umm, no he isn't, it's his dad.
Neil: King Phillip?
Will: No, I mean, that IS the Duke of Edinburgh you're thinking of, but he's not the King.
Neil: But he fucks the Queen though.
Jay: Probably up the arse.
Will: LOOK, do you wanna sign up or not?
Jay: You've gotta be fucking joking, there's no way I'm gonna get bummed by some royal bloke on a mountain!
Neil: Yeah fuck it, I'm in.
Jay: "Ooh, hello I'm Will, pop your teeth out, Doris, and have a gnosh on this!"
Will: Brilliant.
Will: Not in a gay way. It's just that something's gone wrong.
Simon: I think looking at your cock in any way is a bit gay.
Will: Please, I'm serious. All my pubes have fallen out.
Simon: What?
Will: I was asleep at school, and...I must have had a wet dream because when I woke up it was all sticky, and...
Simon: You spunked in the common room?
Will: Yes, but listen...I went home to clean up, and all my pubes came off in the shower.
Simon: You spunked yourself, in the common room, during the day...when there were people around?
Will: (matter of factly) Yes.
Simon: And then your pubes fell out?
Will: (exasperated) Yes!
Simon: I think this is way out of my league.
Will: Look, you've got to help me. I've got that date with Daisy tonight, and if she touches or at least sees the bald old fella, what's she going to think?
Simon: That you're a porn star?
Will: Simon, look at me: I don't think she's going to think I'm a porn star!
Simon: Maybe you could draw some pubes on with a marker pen.
Will: (sarcastic) Oh yes, then maybe I'll draw a six-pack on my stomach! Or a longer cock!
Simon: Or maybe stuff a wig down there.
Will: (exasperatedly sarcastic) Oh...good idea! A cock wig!
Will: I dont have any pubes! I did have pubes, but I had a wet dream and they fell out!
Jay: At least I don't have to wipe old arse for the next three months, just to get a Duke of Spastic award!
Exam Time [2.6][ edit ]
Chloe: Shouldn't you be revising, too?
Jay: Nah, teacher said cos I've got a photographic memory it wouldn't be fair on the other kids.
Jay: Have you had a wank over Will's mum?
Will: Please don't have a wank over my mum!
Neil: I can't promise that, Will.
[Will is having his politics exam, which has been going for quite a while now. Mr. Gilbert is walking between the tables, and we hear Will's tummy rumble. He puts his hand up and Mr. Gilbert comes over to him.]
Mr. Gilbert (whispering): What is it now, McKenzie?
Will (also whispering): Sir, I need to go to the toilet.
Mr. Gilbert: Again?
Jay: Dad, can I ask you a question?
Mr Cartwright: Woman trouble, is it? That piece you were with the other day?
Jay: Chloe? Yeah.
Mr Cartwright: So she's dumped ya? Good. I thought she was facking pig!
Jay: Nah, it's not that, Dad. I'm just getting jealous cos I think she's seen a few more people than I have.
Mr Cartwright: That's a given, innit?! If she's seen one person she's seen more than you!
(Jay looks sad)
Mr Cartwright: Look, mate. Women are like fairground rides. Fuckin mental. Your only hope is to make sure when she wants some, you do the best with your tiny equipment...oh, and check where she is the whole time. That's the only way you'll know she's not fucking this other bloke.
Jay: Right, cheers, Dad.
The Fashion Show [3.1][ edit ]
Simon: Isn't that the ear you have pierced to say you're gay?
Jay: Well, there's a quick way to find out, Neil, which ear's ya Dad got pierced?
Neil: Which ear is it, Will?
Will: Oh, I'm the last person to ask.
Neil: I thought you knew everything?
Will: Well, I don't know any boys who've had their ears pierced because I went to a private school.
Will: Riding around in Jay's car made me feel like royalty. Unfortunately, the royalty I felt like was Princess Diana.
Will: I'm still exercising my right to protest (about the fashion show)
Mr Gilbert: Good. Just make sure it's not a dirty protest, like the last one.
Simon's Dad: Is that David Beckham?
Simon: (who had been practicing catwalking in the conservatory) You spying on me?! Is that it?! Is that how you get your kicks?!
Simon's Dad: You look good.
Simon: Fuck off! I'm going out.
Simon's Mom: You can't go out now you've got school in the morning.
Simon's Dad: Yeah, run away at the weekend when you've got your car back.
Simon: Well, I'm not spending another minute in this house with you UTTER TWATS!!!
(Opens door)
Mr Gilbert: I suppose you thought that was funny.
Simon: Sir, no, honest.
Mr Gilbert: Well, there's nothing funny about testicles, Cooper. As you'll discover tomorrow morning in my office.
Will: (Perturbed) Sorry, sir, that sounded a bit wrong.
Mr Gilbert: No it didn't. See you tomorrow.
The Gig And The Girlfriend [3.2][ edit ]
Will's Mum: Have fun, and if anyone offers you any D-R-U-G-S, be careful.
Will: What?!?
Will's Mum: I overheard you. It's ok, petal. I know boys will be boys, but I can trust *you* to do the responsible thing. I'm very lucky to have you, because you're so boring.
Will: Boring?
Jay: Please...sort me out, geeza? I've got twenty quid.
Dealer: So? What do you want from me?
Jay: You know, gear?! Sweet Mary Jane. Ganja, man.
Dealer: Oh, so you want to buy drugs! And you came to me. Why?
Neil: Well, because we saw you-
Dealer: Because I'm black? You saw a black guy at a gig and thought 'he must be a drug dealer'?
Jay: No, we didn't...
Dealer: You f*cking white boys are all the same, you know that? Scratch beneath the surface just a little bit and you're RACIST. Yeah, that's right, I said it - racist.
*silence*:
Neil: But...have you got any drugs?
Dealer: Yes, I have, but that's not the point. The point is you *assumed* I had some just because I'm black.
Jay: Could we buy some please?
Dealer: Why should I deal to you? Why should I deal to two little suburban racists who see me as some kind of stereotype? I'm at university!
Neil: But you are a drug dealer as well, yeah?
Dealer: Yes, I do deal, but you keep missing the point!
Jay: Look, here's thirty quid, could we just have some puff?
Dealer: Yes, you can. But only because I'm a dealer. NOT because I'm black.
Will: Can somebody call me an ambulance? Because I'm in trouble. Time is moving really, really slowly, and everything is flat. I need you to call me an ambulance, or failing that, my mummy. I really want my mummy because, and I'm not being dramatic, but I think I might be dead. Is that clear? Mummy or ambulance.
The Will's Dilemma [3.3][ edit ]
Simon: (to Will) You've only kissed three girls. Your type is 'anyone who'll let you'.
Jay: Oi, Neil, hear about Boy? He was messing about up the rec, got his head wedged in a bottle bank. When they found him the next morning, he'd been arse raped eighteen times.
Neil: Oh, mate, that's grim!
Will: I have a few questions.
Jay: Like what?
Will: Well, firstly, what was he doing with his head wedged in a bottle bank?
Jay: Looking for bottles, you mug.
Will: OK. Secondly, the first 18 people to find him happened to be opportunistic homosexual rapists?
Jay: Obviously...oi, Neil, where was ya Dad last night?
Neil: Badminton, why?
Jay: (suspiciously) 'Course he was.
Will: And finally, after what was, at best, a humiliating experience, would he, as the victim, tell anyone - let alone YOU - about it?!
Jay: I used to sit next to him in woodwork.
#
Will: Well, that's awful. Obviously. But not-
Tara: What?
Will: Well it's not...it's not relevant , is it?
Will: If you want the truth, Kerry gives out blowjobs like they're going out of fashion and, by all accounts, I'm one of the only ones to have turned her down!
Kerry: *sobbing* I hate you!
Mr Sutherland: Will, I want you to leave.
Kerry: I'll give you a blowjob.
Will: I'm sure you will.
Neil: Have you had that blowjob, yet?
Will: Yes, Neil, I've had one on the escalator and one in Nandos.
Neil: Really?
The Trip To Warwick [3.4][ edit ]
Jay: Oh mate, you've gotta have a plan. One mate I knew, he didn't have a plan and went in too quick, broke his nob in half!
Tara's Sister: I don't like the idea of you having sex at all, but at least I know you're doing it somewhere comfortable.
Simon: Oh, of course, only in her vagina.
silence*
Jay: Why'd you say vagina then?
Jay: Well when I fingered her, she shit down my arm.
Neil: This has been the best night of my life.
Simon: I'm gonna fuck your fuckin fanny off you twat!
Simon: My penis is hard for you.
Jay: C'mon Iv'e got enough young meat for the both of ya
Jay: (pretending to be Simon) Oh look at me I've got a girlfriend and I love going round hers and listining to her shit music and laughing at her shit jokes and pretending she is fit when she isn't.
Simon: Who isn't that fit?
Jay: Your mum.
Will Is Home Alone [3.5][ edit ]
Mr. Gilbert: (to Will, in his office): You've got until Monday to find out (who vandalised the roundabout flower display), or it's 'Goodbye, first-rate education, hello, the University of Lincoln'.
Will:: Sorry, is there a sign on the permanently open front door saying 'this way to the free toast bar?'
Jay: (commenting on Will's house rules) God, it's like staying at the Ritz!
Will: Famous of course for its 'no chucking drinks or toast' policy.
Jay: Ah,yes,Will's mum's vibrator!
Neil: And has he always watched you tug one off?
Jay: No! I wasn't wanking when I was 10, was I?!
Neil: I thought you got laid when you was nine? With that fit babysitter?
(Will stares)
Jay: ...Erm...yeah, and that's WHY I wasn't wanking so much.
Will: (after a squirrel refuses to dodge Jay's car) You've just lost a game of chicken with a rodent!
Neil: Oh, that's so funny! He's mugging you off, mate!
Jay: Right, we'll see about that!
(Jay reverses really hard. You hear a bump)
Will: Oh god.
(They get out to see a dead squirrel lying on the ground)
Neil: Oh, why did you do that for?!
Jay: That'll show him! Fucking little piss taker.
Will: I don't think he was trying to take the piss, Jay!
Neil: Let's go get a spade, we'll bury it.
Jay: Nah, fuck him!
(Pause as they look at the body. Jay looks solemn)
Jay: (Mournfully) His eyes look sad.
Will: (Narration) So in Neil and Jay's course of destruction, the death toll stood at ten destroyed daffodils and one piss-taking squirrel.
Will: (after witnessing his garden's daffodils being destroyed by the other boys):What are you going to do next? Tag up my bedroom?! Piss through my letterbox?!
Neil: Can we?
Will: No! Right! We're going out again! Come on!
Will: Okay, I'd assumed it was a given, but I'll make this clear just in case: No one is to shit in my back garden!!!
Will: (kicks the door into an old woman's face) Fucking Mrs. Springett!
Camping Trip [3.6][ edit ]
Simon: (to his parents): Brilliant(!) You've effectively ended my life. Why not go the whole hog and just shoot me? Or better still, why don't you take me to the vets and have me secretly put down, just like you did with Patch?!
Neil: What is Swansea, is it an animal?
Gilbert: Teachers don't start each day by swearing alliegance to the Education Fairies under a portrait of The Queen. It's not so much a calling as a graveyard for the unlucky and the unambitious. Between you and me, the only reason anyone teaches these days is that they've taken a more relaxed stance on police checks in recent years.
Will: They say the art of teaching is aiding discovery. And Mr. Gilbert had helped me discover that he was a wanker.
Simon: (about the dinnerlady) That stupid ugly bitch just ruined it for me with Carli!!
Jay: Why, has she been controlling your personality for the last eighteen years?
Jay: I knocked out a cow in the countryside once, one punch to the face.
Will: Hmmm, course you did.
Jay: But then its mate saw what was going on and I had to scarper from a whole group of them. Managed to get off the gate, but then they stood up on their hind legs and started firing milk at me from their tits!
Will: Udders.
| i don't know |
Which Mediterranean island is divided by the Attila Line? | Varosha drone footage shows stunning view of Cyprus' ghost town | Daily Mail Online
Next
A bird's-eye view of the 'ghost town' of the Mediterranean: Drone footage shows decaying hotels and land reclaimed by nature at Cyprus resort once visited by Elizabeth Taylor and Brigitte Bardot
Varosha, on the divided island of Cyprus, was last inhabited in 1974 when it was seized by Turkish troops
High-end beach resort was a playground for the rich and famous, including actress Elizabeth Taylor, in its heyday
After decades of neglect, high-rise hotels are crumbling in the fenced-off suburb and visitors are banned
| Cyprus |
Which story is about the torments endured by a prisoner during the Spanish Inquisition? | Cyprus Road Map - Car Hire in Cyprus
Travel Tips
Cyprus Road Map
Cyprus is the third largest Mediterranean island after Sicily and Sardinia, and nestles at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. This eastern position ensures that Cyprus enjoys over 300 days of sunshine a year, and has a climate that attracts visitors from all over Europe and beyond.
Download Cyprus Road Map
A quick glance at the Cyprus map shows an island divided into two separate countries, the Republic of Cyprus in the south and the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus in the north. The countries are divided by the famous UN buffer zone, known as the Green Line, which runs east to west along the northern foothills of the Troodos Mountains. Thanks to an improvement in north-south relationships, you can now travel across the border with ease, opening up the whole of the lovely island of Cyprus to visitors.
Cyprus is served by Paphos airport and Larnaca airport , and includes the popular resorts of Aphrodite Hills as well as picturesque fishing villages such as Latchi. The Troodos Mountains occupy most of the centre of the islands, with their wealth of hidden monasteries and ancient icons. The popular resort of Limassol looks over a sweeping bay on the south coast, whilst Larnaca also has great beaches and watersports on the east coast. Party animals will head straight for the non-stop clubbing town of Ayia Napa on the far eastern point of the coast, just below the former celebrity resort of Famagusta in North Cyprus.
The capital Nicosia is a fascinating town to visit with its massive Venetian walls, and is also the main border crossing point into North Cyprus. Northern Cyprus itself if quieter than the south, and has a wealth of great beaches, Crusader castles and ruined Roman towns to explore.
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After whose execution in 1794 was the apparatus of ‘The Terror’ in France dismantled? | French Revolution - Credo Reference
Topic Page: French Revolution
Definition: French Revolution from The Macquarie Dictionary
the movement that, beginning in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of class privilege, and ended in the seizure of power by Napoleon in 1799.
Summary Article: French Revolution from Encyclopedia of Global Studies
Image from: Women helping the injured during the French Revolution, engraved by Labrousse, c.1795 (coloured engraving) in The Bridgeman History of Science
The French Revolution has made an impact on global history. The revolution of 1789 was one of the most prominent elements in historical master narratives. On the one hand, it was presented as the origin of modern Western democracy and of a political culture based on human rights, the principle of people's sovereignty guaranteed by a constitution, and the centrality of private property. On the other hand, Marxist interpretations saw the event occurring between the storming of the Bastille and Maximilien Robespierre's Committee of Public Welfare, and concluded that it was an initial important step toward the definitive emancipation of humanity from exploitation and therefore a model for modern revolution. Not by accident, Bolsheviks in Russia view themselves as the Jacobins of the 20th century, and many more revolutionaries in the world since the French Revolution have made a reference to the ideals of 1789.
Diverse Perspectives on the Significance of the French Revolution
Because the French Revolution produced metaphors for subsequent political constellations, it is no wonder that the memory of 1789 was polarized politically for almost two centuries. François Furet, a French historian who declared in the 1980s that the peripety of revolutionary history in France was complete, found himself discredited by the enormous mobilization that characterized the anniversary in 1989. President François Mitterrand invited, on the eve of the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, his colleagues from Africa, Latin America, and Asia to demonstrate how alive the revolutionary message was. Correspondingly, many commentators took the revolutions of the same year as a new chapter in that history of freedom and democracy that was opened in 1789.
Positioning the French Revolution primarily at the origin of a diffusionist scenario is based on internal accounts; at the same time, the cause of the outbreak of the revolution was investigated mainly either from the short-term perspective regarding the food crisis at the time or from a long-term perspective that focused on gradually increasing forms of social confrontation. In both cases, the perspective is largely from within France. Accordingly, the former concerned the grain supply mainly in cities, whereas the latter considered the increasingly economically successful middle classes looking for political representation and a bigoted majority of nobles and clergymen unwilling to contribute to the country's expenses. The only attempt to overcome this limitation of French affairs was Robert Palmer and Jacques Godechot's interpretation of an Atlantic revolution that linked the American and French revolutions into a larger international pattern. Whereas this portrayal was popular in the United States, it was never successful in France because it was seen as a discourse legitimatizing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance, which was not very popular among French leftist intellectuals.
The Global Consequences of the French Revolution
Whereas the causation of the revolution was located in France's internal developments, the consequences of it were identified at a global level. The echo of the revolution was investigated by many scholars, and the most radical followers worldwide were seen as revolutionary Jacobins. Although these revolutionaries shared the agenda of the club in 1792, they were by no means as radical as the Robespierrists were in France from 1793 to 1794 owing to the fact that they never had the necessary popular support in their respective countries. Another consequence, directly related to the many contemporary comments on what was transpiring in France, is a new political language that allowed transforming the understanding and the communication of politics not only in France but almost all across the globe. Furthermore, the Napoleonic Wars play a central role within that narrative of global consequences of the revolution of 1789, resulting in Egypt, Saint-Domingue, Italy, Spain, and Russia being confronted by French troops and accompanying civilians representing the French ambition to measure the world for both intellectual and military purposes. In the course of Napoleon's expansionist campaigns, sister republics emerged in Switzerland, in the Rhineland, in the Netherlands, and in Italy, with Napoleon later offering his marshals and brothers parts of the occupied territories as dependent kingdoms of the French Empire. The expedition to Egypt in 1798 targeted not only the margins of the already weakened Ottoman Empire but was also part of a worldwide competition with Britain, a campaign that led Napoleon to attempt—and in the end fail—to block British products from entering the entire European continent. While some proto-industrial regions in Europe profited to a great degree from this temporary protectionism, France was not able to win the economic and military competition with Britain, even after 15 years of substantial transformation of European social and political landscapes.
This intense impact of French ideas and the presence of French armed forces in countries not only in the geographical neighborhood of France but also as far away as India, as well as in northern Africa and the Americas, can be seen as the first chapter of the long influence of that revolution; a multitude of societies followed in referring to the legacy of 1789 and/ or 1793. Leftist, liberal, and right-wing intellectuals of the 19th century, through their social theories, were occupied by the question if one could expect a revolution similar to the one the world had seen in 1789 and what would be the consequences of such a perspective. The search for plausible causation of the French Revolution—either to prevent or to promote a renewal—promoted the comparative analysis of societies and strengthened the internalist accounts of the revolution itself.
Although historians debated the “success” of the revolution in terms of economic performance and social transformation, most of them agreed that the nation-state started its career through the transformations of the French Revolution as a model for societal self-organization as based on equal rights of men and sovereignty of the people. Given this assumption, there are no doubts that this nation-state would be the appropriate framework for the interpretation of the revolution itself. The French Revolution—which is often described as the most global event in these narratives—therefore became, ironically enough, a privileged case for methodological nationalism.
The global reach of the French Empire was, in this perspective, not very apparent. As a consequence, although the colonial aspect of the empire was not entirely neglected, it played only a minor role as a subordinate chapter in the heroic story of the revolution. French planters from the Caribbean, who joined the counterrevolution during the first year of the revolution, and a parliament deciding to abolish the slave trade, and later on slavery, are the only prominent themes in this regard. Only in recent years did Saint-Domingue—where the first and only successful revolution by slaves occurred since the beginning of the 1790s—attract more interest. However, with Saint-Domingue, the French Revolution is connected to the heart of the already established globalized economy of the 18th century. Sugar production in large plantations used forced labor from African slaves, thereby guaranteeing fabulous profits not only for a small planter oligarchy but also for the French crown. At the same time, Saint-Domingue became a part of the French Empire that was increasingly difficult to defend. Geography played a role for the reason that the island was divided into two sections: one owned by the French and the other by the Spanish. This allowed the British colonial powers an opportunity to intervene and to disturb the otherwise unhindered profits of the colonial economy. Demography played a role as well since Saint-Domingue was the island with the highest concentration of African slaves compared to the number of White settlers and mulattos. Colonial administration was consequently more difficult in Saint-Domingue than in other places, not the least because French planters were so wealthy and powerful that they looked for partial emancipation from the over-bureaucratized French rule over the island. The colony, consequently, became a plausible candidate for the explosion of unrest as well as social and racial confrontation.
It was therefore logical that the French crown tried to use the opportunity of the North American war for independence to strengthen its position in the region, to weaken its English competitor, and to win new allies. Although the victory of the American settlers over Great Britain influenced the geopolitical situation in the Americas, France had paid a high price for its support of George Washington's army by overstretching its financial capacities. When Louis XVI accepted the Third Estate—with its double representation compared to the nobility and clergy of the General Estates convened at Versailles on May 1, 1789-a certain point of no return surfaced. What seemed necessary to solve the state crisis, caused by the increasing debt, had its origin in the engagement in the Americas some 15 years before. At this time, the French Empire was not able and willing to retire from its colonial possessions, while at the same moment the financial burden became increasingly incriminating and the old elite refused to accept a redistribution of taxation.
In that perspective, the French Revolution was much less a first experience at the beginning of a new age than another chapter in a long series of adjustments of domestic politics to the needs of imperial structures. The so-called gunpowder empires in the Middle East and in South Asia were probably the first that were confronted at the beginning of the 18th century by social transformations and geopolitical challenges caused by local rulers and European companies. As a result, they tried to redefine the balance of centralization and decentralization. Similarly, the Seven Years' War in the middle of the century, being waged across India, Europe, and North America, as well as the war of independence in the 1770s, were elements of that world crisis where old imperial structures were under stress and had to modernize in order to survive. Moreover, the so-called enlightened absolutism in Spain and Portugal developed a similar program of administrative reforms in their colonies in Latin America.
Instead of reducing the global reach of the revolution to its echoes and consequences, one can also claim that the French revolutionaries profited from the experience of their predecessors. It is therefore interesting not only to see how other societies echoed the message of 1789 but to analyze more in depth how the French made use of the failures of revolutionaries, for example, in Geneva and in Switzerland, to develop their understanding of the relationship between state and society, of direct and representative democracy, of popular sovereignty, and of the executive power of the monarch.
While the origins of the revolution can be understood as part of a global crisis, the revolution itself was also part of a cycle of similar revolutions connecting both sides of the Atlantic. Undeniably, Saint-Domingue was far from being only an auxiliary chapter to the French Revolution. The rebels under Toussaint L'Ouverture seized control of the island from the French as early as 1791, which influenced the outcome in France as much as the French influenced the former slaves' room to maneuver. Nonetheless, this was not the only connection between the continents. Power relations within the Iberian Peninsula became so destabilized by the French-British competition that the Lisbon court decided to move to Rio de Janeiro. There they ran the Portuguese Empire from its former margins while Spain, occupied by Napoleon's troops, was no longer able to hold control over the Creolian elite in Central and South America. The resulting independence throughout Latin America became an important factor for the outbreak of the liberal revolutions in the early 1820s in southern Europe.
This transatlantic cycle of revolutions—based on the enormously increasing circulation of ideas and the mobility of political elite—became possible owing to the previously mentioned global crisis that created a situation whereby the world became more and more integrated. The old patterns of imperial structures were no longer appropriate to secure this integration, and a search for new political forms began. The French Revolution, therefore, became a part of a global moment that was much larger than France or the French Empire. For these reasons, it invites historical comparison with global moments later in the 19th and 20th centuries, where local events became synchronized in the same way the transatlantic revolutionary cycle brought about individual upheavals on both sides of the ocean.
See also:
American Revolution, Civil Rights, Empires, Modern, Human Rights, International, Independence Movements, Revolutions, Universalism
Further Readings
Armitage, D.Subrahmanyam, S.(2010). The age of revolutions in global context, c. 1760-1840. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bayly, C. A.(2004). The birth of the modern world, 1780-1914: Global connections and comparisons. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cheney, P. B.(2010). Revolutionary commerce: Globalization and the French monarchy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dubois, L.(2004). Avengers of the New World: The story of the Haitian revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hunt, L.(2007). Inventing human rights: A history. New York: Norton.
Kossok, M.(2000). Ausgewählte Schriften [Selected writings] (3 vols.). Leipzig, Germany: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
Osterhammel, J.(2009). Die Verwandlung der Welt. Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts [The transformation of the world. A history of the 19th century]. München, Germany: Beck.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, O.(1996). L'Argent de la traite: Milieu négrier, capitalisme et développement: un modèle [Money from trafficking: The slave trade, capitalism and development: A model]. Paris: Aubier.
Stone, B.(2002). Reinterpreting the French Revolution. A global-historical perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vovelle, M.(1989). L'État de la France pendant la Révolution: 1789-1799 [The state of France during the Revolution: 1789-1799]. Paris: La Découverte.
Middell, Matthias
MLA
Middell, M., & Middell. (2012). French Revolution. In H. K. Anheier, & M. Juergensmeyer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of global studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageglobal/french_revolution/0
Middell, Matthias, and Middell. "French Revolution." In Encyclopedia of Global Studies, edited by Helmut K. Anheier, and Mark Juergensmeyer. Sage Publications, 2012. http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageglobal/french_revolution/0
Middell, M. and Middell. (2012). French Revolution. In H.K. Anheier & M. Juergensmeyer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of global studies. [Online]. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Available from: http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageglobal/french_revolution/0 [Accessed 19 January 2017].
Middell, Matthias, and Middell. "French Revolution." Encyclopedia of Global Studies, edited by Helmut K. Anheier, and Mark Juergensmeyer, Sage Publications, 2012. Credo Reference, http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageglobal/french_revolution/0. Accessed 19 Jan 2017.
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| Maximilien Robespierre |
Which vegetable is the chief ingredient in a Spanish Omelette? | French Revolution chronology
1799
On October 5, 1793, a republican calendar devoid of all Catholic religious associations was adopted. It was used officially until January 1, 1806. The following chronology is based on the Gregorian calendar with occasional references to those republican calendar dates associated with certain famous events.
The republican calendar year begins on September 22, 1792 (the first day of Year I of the Republic); it provides for months of equal lengths, three weeks of ten days (called decades) in each month, and five extra solar days grouped at the end of the year (known as the sans-culottides or days of the sans-culottes), and a leap-year day every four years.
The months were vendemiaire (September-October), brumaire (October- November), frimaire (November-December), nivose (December-January), pluviose (January-February),ventose (February-March), germinal (March-April), floreal (April-May), prairial (May-June), messidor (June-July), thermidor (July-August), fructidor (August-September).
Throughout France a poor harvest augurs more hunger and financial difficulties.
November through December
A Second Assembly of Notables demands that the Estates-General follow the tradition of 1614, each order granted one vote.
December 27
At the end of 1788, France is the most populuous country in Europe (about 27 million). Most of the population belongs to the Third Estate. Louis XVI decrees that the Third Estate will have twice the number of representatives as the Orders of the Nobles
and the Clergy. But each Order will be entitled to only one vote, thus giving Nobles and Clergy a combined majority vote.
The National Assembly appoints a committee of thirty members to draft a constitution.
July 9
The National Assembly proclaims itself the Constituent National Assembly, with full authority and power to decree law; their primary task is to draw up and adopt a constitution.
July 11
Jacques Necker, who had become a popular minister and who had zealously sought a solution to the budgetary crisis, is dismissed by Louis XVI.
July 12-14
The Fall of the Bastille. Parisians, many from the class of artisans and journeyman workers from the Faubourg St. Antoine, are alarmed by the gathering of troops, angry at the dismissal of Necker and the price of grain. They seek to protect themselves from feared attacks of the mercenary troops with 3,000 rifles and some cannon seized from the Invalides. They march to the Bastille and demand that it be opened and its gunpowder delivered to them. The Swiss Guards inside fire on the crowd. About 100 persons are killed. An attack begins and the Bastille falls. Though it held only seven prisoners, the Bastille was one of Europe's most famous symbols of cruel and arbitrary power.
July 16
Upon the insistence of the Constituent National Assembly, Jacques Necker is recalled to his post as Director General of Finances and Minister of State.
July 17, 1789 to September 30, 1791: The Constituent National Assembly
July 17
It can be said that on this date the formal power of the Constituent National Assembly begins. Louis XVI travels from Versailles, with some of his retinue, to the city hall of Paris, where he is received by the new mayor, Jean Sylvain Bailly and an enormous crowd of people crying out "Long live the Nation!" The king places the new national blue and red ribbon on his hat. Thomas Jefferson, Ambassador to France, who had witnessed meetings of the Estates- General, was present also on this day. He would take a great interest in the writing of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The work of designing the new constitution begins.
July through August
The period of the so-called "Great Fear," when peasants feared the revenge of the nobles. Peasant riots occur in many regions of France.
August 4-11
The National Assembly abolishes most feudal privileges still held by the aristocracy and the clergy, including taxes, tithes, obligatory labor on roads and payment of crops.
August 26
The National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It is translated into several other languages and quickly condemned by the Spanish Inquisition. This declaration is inspired by the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The Bill of Rights, in the form of the ten first amendments to the American Constitution, would be passed on September 25, 1789.
September 12
First appearance of Jean-Paul Marat's L'Ami du peuple (The Friend of the People), an eight-page daily newspaper-pamphlet, one of the most influential and radical publications of the Revolution. At first sympathetic to a constitutional monarchy, and progressively supportive of the sans-culottes and the Commune of Paris, Marat's fiery texts raged against both aristocrats and those who argued for egalitarian distribution of property.
October 5-6
The Women's March Upon Versailles. Parisians, led by a large number of women, march upon Versailles and force the royal family back to Paris, where they take up residence at the Tuileries. Louis XVI is considered by many a "Prisoner" in Paris. The Assembly, still in Versailles, declares, in the spirit of constitutional monarchy, its inseparability from the king. Its meetings are transferred to a hall close to the Tuileries.
All aristocratic, hereditary titles are abolished.
July 12
Adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. It provides for the appointment of all church officers, from archbishop down, by the National Assembly; thus, a Gallican Catholic Church is established.
July 14
The first anniversary of the Revolution is celebrated on the fields of the Champ-de-Mars-the "Fete de la Federation."
October
Louis XVI secretly explores a possible coalition with foreign powers to end the Revolution. He writes a letter to his cousin Charles IV of Spain, complaining of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
November 27
All public officials and priests are required to sign an oath of loyalty to the new French nation.
Worker unions and strikes are prohibited by the Le Chapelier Law.
June 20-25
Attempting to flee France, Louis XVI, Marie -Antoinette, and their children are arrested at Varennes and brought back to Paris. The Constituent National Assembly suspends the king's authority until further notice. This is a major turning point in the Revolution and would play a role in eventually destroying the constitutional monarchy, still to be formally established by the new constitution. Louis XVI, though in some ways much loved by the people of France, begins to be thought of by many as a traitor and a danger to the nation. Suspicions grow of conspiracies and foreign invasions.
July 6
The Emperor Leopold II appeals to other royalty to join with him in demanding respect for the liberty and honor of Louis XVI.
July 17
The Massacre of the Champ-de-Mars. Ever since the forced return of Louis XVI to Paris, debates rage over establishing a constitutional monarchy or declaring a republic. The Cordeliers Club demands a republic. The Jacobin Club splits on the question; those against a republic quit the Jacobins to form a new faction-the Feuillants. For the second anniversary of the Fall of the Bastille, a grand Altar of the Nation had been erected on the Champ-de-Mars. The Cordeliers come to this altar on the 17th to declare their demands that a republic be established. The Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American War of Independence and now Commander of the National Guard, orders his troops to fire upon a large crowd that had gathered. About fifty persons are killed. The attempted flight of the royal family and incidents such as this massacre alarm many members of the National Assembly. Many continue to fear internal and foreign conspiracies and think the Revolution is in danger of being crushed.
August 27
The Declaration of Pillnitz. The rulers of Austria and Prussia agree to halt the French Revolution. They insist that England participate.
Louis XVI, swearing to uphold the new constitution, is restored to power.
September 27
Jews in all regions of France are granted full citizenship (those in the Midi had been granted citizenship on January 28, 1790). Slavery in the French colonies is not yet abolished.
September 30
Last session of the Constituent National Assembly. During its two years, it dismantled feudalist privileges and had begun reordering both government and society. The constitution now in place legalized a constitutional monarchy and a unicameral legislature over whose laws Louis XVI had a veto. It also provided for only a limited franchise for "citoyens actifs," those who paid a certain amount in taxes. And, in effect, only about 50,000 citizens, chosen amongst the richest taxpayers, could elect deputies and representatives to various district councils.
October 1, 1791 to September 20, 1792: The Legislative Assembly
France declares war on Austria. Prussia joins with Austria.
April 25
Rouget de Lisle composes his War Hymn for the Army of the Rhine and performs it for the Mayor of Strasbourg. In July of this year, it would become La Marseillaise.
June 20
Invasion of the Tuileries. In the previous weeks, tensions increased over a law on the deportation of refractory priests, the king's veto of this law, the dismantling of the king's constitutional Garde (6,000 men), and the stationing of 20,000 troops by the Assembly in Paris. Louis XVI had dismissed his Jacobin ministers on June 12 and replaced them with more moderate Feuillants. When the Assembly objects, Lafayette sends a letter condemning the Assembly and the Jacobins. On June 20, a large crowd, mostly from the neighborhoods of St. Antoine and St. Marcel, invade the Tuileries. They demand the return of the Jacobin ministers. They force Louis to don a liberty cap (bonnet rouge or bonnet phrygien) and to drink to the health of the people.
July 28
The Brunswick Manifesto (declared on July 25) is distributed throughout Paris. The Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro-Prussian Army, in an inflammatory declaration, warns Parisians to obey Louis XVI. It threatens them with violent punishment if they do not. The Assembly is offended and orders the sections of Paris to ready themselves. The Manifesto creates both fear and anger in Paris.
At a meeting of the Jacobin Club, Robespierre calls for the removal of the king.
July 30
Singing Rouget de Lisle's War Hymn of the Army of the Rhine or La Marseillaise, a battalion of troops from Marseille arrives in Paris. Plans are made by a revolutionary committee to proceed toward the overthrow of the king.
August 10
Second Invasion of the Tuileries. From August 3 to August 10, the procedure to end the monarchy had begun. Forty-seven of the forty-eight sections of Paris had petitioned the Legislative Assembly to abrogate the king's powers. One Parisian section (in the St. Antoine neighborhood) declares that it will bring down the monarchy on August 10, if the Assembly does not carry out the will of the people.
The Legislative Assembly does nothing before August 10; true to their word, citizens-mostly sans-culottes-march towards the Tuileries, which is defended by a contingent of French soldiers and Swiss Guards. The king, realizing that his French Garde is sympathetic to the Revolution (they had cried: "Vive la Nation!" when passing in review), decides to seek refuge at the Assembly. His troops, however, remain in a position of defense, are attacked, and many are killed by the insurgents. The Tuileries is taken and pillaged.
In the afternoon, the Assembly strips Louis of his powers and declares him a prisoner of the nation. It also decrees the formation of a new assembly to be called the Convention. Like the American Constitutional Convention (held in Philadelphia, from May to September, 1787), the National Convention would write a new constitution to replace that of 1791. The French Convention, however, would last for over three years and produce two constitutions.
August 11
An Executive Council of six ministers is elected by the Assembly to oversee the national election of representatives to the Convention. The Assembly also authorizes the arrest throughout France of suspected enemies of the Revolution. Royalist newspapers are prohibited.
August 13
The royal family is imprisoned in the tower of the Temple, former monastery of the Order of the Templars.
August 15
Robespierre asks the Assembly to create a People's Tribunal, but this idea is rejected. In the West of France, Jean Cottereau, known as Jean Chouan, declares for the king and refuses to be inducted into the national army. The revolt of the Chouans, connected to the revolt in the Vendee against the Republic, begins.
August 19
Lafayette deserts the army and the Revolution and flees to Austria. General Dumouriez takes command of the Armies of the North.
Prussian armies, including French emigres, invade France.
September 2-7
The September Massacres. In Paris, rumors abound of imminent invasion, the collapse of the Revolution, and of conspiracies mounted by imprisoned aristocrats. On September 3, the Prussian Army seizes Verdun. Widespread fear, incited in pamphlets, speehes, and rumors, precedes the massacre of about 1,500 prisoners.
September 20
Last session of the Legislative Assembly and the Constitutional Monarchy. The French Army defeats the Prussians at Valmy. Goethe witnessed this battle and said of it: "On this day begins a new era in the history of the world."
September 21, 1792 to October 26, 1795: The Convention
The Convention actually became a provisional revolutionary government. While debating new constitutional principles and new laws, the Convention also carried out a European war, oversaw the daily affairs of the nation, and repressed several revolts. The Convention can be divided into three periods. During the first (from September 21, 1792, to June 2, 1793) the Convention is dominated by deputies sometimes called Brissotins, or more commonly, Girondins (from the Gironde, in the southwest of France). These deputies represented interests of the provinces, often in opposition to those of the commune of Paris, dominated by the Jacobins. The Jacobins, organized into a political club and usually supported by radical "sections" of Paris, dominate the second period of the Convention, from June 2, 1793, to July 28, 1794. During this period, France was attacked by foreign enemies and unsettled by internal revolts. There was also popular discontent over food distribution, inflation, and legislative factionalism. Day-to-day administration was given over to two important national committees: the Committee of General Surveillance and the Committee of Public Safety. During this time, the Terror was made official policy up to the ninth of Thermidor (July 27, 1794), when Robespierre and his supporters lost their dominant position in the Committee of Public Safety and in the Convention, were accused, and executed. In the third, or post- Thermidorean, period of the Convention the Revolution began to dissolve into dangerous disputes between radical, liberal, and conservative factions.
September 21-22
The Convention abolishes the Monarchy and decrees the establishment of a republic. It begins deliberations on the new constitution.
September 28
Georges Danton, one of the most influential of the revolutionary orators, declares at the Convention that the French Revolution is a revolution against all kings.
October 11
A committee to draw up the new constitution is appointed. Danton and the Abbe Sieyes are members, but the majority are Girondins.
October
Throughout October of 1792, the French Army pushes the Prussians out of Verdun and Longwy. It enters Mainz and takes possession of Frankfort. In Mainz, a German Jacobin society is formed. The army under Dumouniez enters Belgium and defeats the Austrians at Jemmapes. The Austrians leave Belgian territory.
A revolt attempted by the Enrages in Paris fails.
March 10
The Convention sets in place an "extraordinary criminal tribunal," later to be called the Revolutionary Tribunal. Its purpose is to judge all enemies of the Republic and to transform into institutional authority popular insurrections and attacks upon suspected counter-revolutionaries.
March 11
Beginnings of the Vendee revolt against the Republic. It is composed of royalists, Catholics, aristocracy and peasants, United with the Chouans of Brittany.
March 18
The Convention, increasingly wary of the Enrages, decrees capital punishment for anyone who urges agrarian laws and attacks the principle of private property.
Dumouriez's army, suffers an important defeat at Neenwinden in Belgium.
March 21
Revolutionary committees of surveillance are created in each commune. They are charged with taking account of all those suspected of being enemies or traitors to the nation.
Jacobins begin to increase their influence in the Convention.
April 5
General Dumouriez deserts to the Austrians. After several important defeats, General Dumouriez had proclaimed the Convention primarily responsible for them. Like Lafayette before him, Dumouriez had also attempted to urge his army to march with him upon Paris, where he would dissolve the Convention, but the army refused. After being summoned to Paris and refusing, Dumouriez flees to the enemy. This treason would bring in its path great suspicion of his allies in the Convention, the Girondins.
April 6
The Committee of Public Safety. The Convention, attempting to deal with the radical movements of the Enrages, food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendee and in Brittany, recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general, creates the Committee of Public Safety (Comite de Salut Public). This committee is charged with carrying out a policy of "terrorizing" all of France's enemies within and without.
April 21
Robespierre, at the Jacobin Club, proposes a new version of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Though he is opposed to the Enrages, his new version puts certain restrictions on the right of property and establishes the principle of the duty of society towards the well-being of its citizens.
April 23-24
Marat is arrested but almost immediately liberated by the Revolutionary Tribunal, an event which further intensifies the antagonism between the Girondins and Jacobins.
Price control voted for grain, known as the maximum.
May 18-24
The Commission of Twelve is created on the motion of the Girondins. It is aimed at rooting out "extremist" elements in the Commune of Paris, center of the activity of the Enrages, the Hebertists, led by Jacques-Rene Hebert. This commission further aggravates the Jacobins, much of whose support is in the Commune of Paris. The Commission arrests Hebert and others.
May 25
Representatives of the Commune come to the Convention to seek the liberation of the Hebertists. In the Convention, the Jacobins demand the arrest of the Girondins.
June 24
The Convention approves of the Constitution of 1793 or the Constitution of the Year I. Though adopted by national referendum on the following August 4, it would never actually be applied. Still, it was influential in the nineteenth century, admired by the sans-culottes and remembered during the Revolution of 1848. It invoked the right to work, the right to education, widely extended the franchise and de-emphasized private property in relation to liberty and social order. It also specifically enunciated the sacred right and duty of a people to revolt against a government that violates the "rights of the people."
[Period of Jacobin dominance in the Convention]
July 13
Charlotte Corday assassinates Marat, powerful journalist, convention delegate, and supporter of Robespierre, but also one of the most important of revolutionary heroes to the people of Paris. His assassination and the subsequent national rite of mourning made him into a revolutionary saint.
Toulon, a crucial naval port, falls to the British.
September 5
An important demonstration of sans-culottes at the Convention. Amongst other things, they demand immediate arrest of suspected enemies and traitors, the establishment of a revolutionary army of 6,000 men and 1,200 artillery to put down revolts. In a state of urgency and fear for the survival of the Republic, the Convention decrees most of what is demanded.
September 21
All women are required by the Convention to wear the tricolored ribbon, insignia of the Republic.
September 29
The law of the general maximum is decreed, a system of price controls on essential goods and wage regulation.
A number of Girondins are executed. Others flee to the provinces.
November 10
The Festival of Reason is celebrated in Notre Dame, replacing Catholic symbolism with the secular principles of knowledge, reason, and political liberty. All Catholic churches in Paris would be closed a short time later.
December
Although it continues sporadically, the important revolt in the Vendee is, for the most part, defeated.
December 4
The Convention decrees the Law of the 14th Frimaire. This provides a provisional constitutional order, designed to curb the anarchical authority of representatives in mission throughout the country. It centralizes administrative power until a new Constitution can be put in place. The two central revolutionary committees are given complete administrative power. The Committee of Public Safety is charged with prosecuting the war and assigning duties to the representatives in mission sent into the departments. The Committee of General Surveillance is given responsibility for the police and the administration of justice. A single revolutionary army is established. All revolutionary tribunals are suppressed in favor of one tribunal in Paris.
December 5
Camille Desmoulins publishes the first issue of Le Vieux Cordelier. He favors the ideas of Danton, urging peace negotiations with foreign powers and an end to the official Terror.
Slavery is abolished in some of the French colonies.
February 5
Robespierre reports on the principles of political morality that should be respected by the Convention, in which he declares that the revolutionary government is based on both virtue and terror-"... virtue without which terror is evil, terror without which virtue is powerless."
February 26-March 3
The Laws of Ventose. They authorize the seizure and redistribution of all property belonging to those suspected of working against the Republic.
March 24
The Hebertists are judged to be extremists and anarchists by Robespierre and the Jacobins. They are accused of conspiracy and collusion with foreign powers. Most are executed.
March 29
The arrest of Danton and the dantonists ordered by the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security.
The poet Andre Chenier is executed.
July 27-28
The fall of Robespierre. The events of these days are often referred to simply as "Thermidor" (the month of July-August in the republican calendar). Robespierre and his political allies are charged in the Convention with crimes against the Republic. Reaction against them had been developing for many weeks in the Committee of Public Safety and the Convention. They are accused, condemned, and guillotined within two days.
The Post- Thermidorean Convention
In this period, the Republic recovers from both the major military threats from the Alliance, its internal revolts in the Vendee and the Southeast, and the Terror.
September 18
A separation of Church and State is effected with the decree of the Convention that it will no longer pay salaries or expenses of the Church.
A peace treaty is signed with the Netherlands.
May 20-23
Riots in the sans-culottes sections of Paris. The Convention is also invaded by demonstrators calling for bread and the enforcement of the Constitution of 1793. The army puts down these insurrections.
June 8
Louis XVII, dauphin of France, dies in the Temple. Many legends have developed since about the survival of the dauphin.
June 23
A new Constitution is reported on by Boissy d'Anglas. It is accompanied by the assertion that those most worthy of governing are those who own property.
June 26
The Chouans Join 4,000 emigres landed oil the shores of Brittany by an English fleet. They, would be defeated by General Hoche on July 21.
A peace treaty is signed with Spain.
August 22
The Constitution of the Year III is approved. Its preface is now a declaration of the rights and duties of man and of the citizen. It decrees voting privileges only to those who pay indirect taxes. It provides for a bicameral legislature, a Council of Five Hundred, which proposes laws and a Council of the Elders (250 members), which adopts or rejects them. All administrative power is placed in a Directory of five members, elected by the two councils for five years. Paul Barras would be the emerging leader of the Directory.
March 4
John Adams is elected American President. During Ills regime the Franco-American alliance would come to all end. Adams favored expelling all French "Jacobins" from the United States.
May 27
Gracchus Babeuf is guillotined. His conspiracy had little effect, but his ideas are part of the development of nineteenth-century socialism.
August 22
The beginnings of the independence movement in the slave colony of Santo Domingo, present-day Haiti. A revolution there is led by Toussaint- L'Ouverture. He would finish his days imprisoned in France.
September 2
A group of moderate and rightist delegates to the legislative Councils of the Five Hundred and of the Elders, members of the political club of Clichy, plan a coup d'etat against the Directory.
September 4
The three dominant members of the Directory (Barras, Reubell, La Revelliere-Lepeaux), aware of the conspiracy, have the chief conspirators arrested. Many are exiled to Guyana. This is known as the Coup d'etat of the 18th Fructidor.
September to December
Dominique Ramel de Nogaret, Minister of Finances, liquidates the public debt by two-thirds with a system of coupons that, in effect, simply invalidates two-thirds of what is owed to various public creditors.
Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, is elected president of the Council of the Five Hundred.
November 1
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, the former Abbe Sieyes, author of What Is the Third Estate?, prominent leader at every stage of the Revolution, meets with Napoleon. They plan together a coup d'etat, which Sieyes thinks (erroneously) will allow him to institute the rational constitution he had been elaborating for years.
November 9-10
On the 18th Brumaire, Napoleon stages his military coup d'etat. He becomes First Consul of The Consulate.
December 15
A new constitution, known as the Constitution of the Year VIII (the fourth since 179 1) is proclaimed and submitted for approval in a plebiscite. This constitution is not preceded by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. In a preface announcing the new constitution the following is declared: "Citoyens, la Revolution est fixee aux principes qui Pont commencee: elle est finie." [Citizens, the Revolution is established upon its founding principles: the Revolution is over.]
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What name was given to the code of the Samurai? | Samurai and Bushido - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
Samurai and Bushido
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Introduction
The samurai, members of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, began as provincial warriors before rising to power in the 12th century with the beginning of the country’s first military dictatorship, known as the shogunate. As servants of the daimyos, or great lords, the samurai backed up the authority of the shogun and gave him power over the mikado (emperor). The samurai would dominate Japanese government and society until the Meiji Restoration of 1868 led to the abolition of the feudal system. Despite being deprived of their traditional privileges, many of the samurai would enter the elite ranks of politics and industry in modern Japan. More importantly, the traditional samurai code of honor, discipline and morality known as bushido–or “the way of the warrior”–was revived and made the basic code of conduct for much of Japanese society.
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Early Samurai
During the Heian Period (794-1185), the samurai were the armed supporters of wealthy landowners–many of whom left the imperial court to seek their own fortunes after being shut out of power by the powerful Fujiwara clan. The word “samurai” roughly translates to “those who serve.” (Another, more general word for a warrior is “bushi,” from which bushido is derived; this word lacks the connotations of service to a master.)
Did You Know?
The wealth of a samurai in feudal Japan was measured in terms of koku; one koku, supposed to be the amount of rice it took to feed one man for a year, was equivalent to around 180 liters.
Beginning in the mid-12th century, real political power in Japan shifted gradually away from the emperor and his nobles in Kyoto to the heads of the clans on their large estates in the country. The Gempei War (1180-1185) pitted two of these great clans–the dominant Taira and the Minamoto–against each other in a struggle for control of the Japanese state. The war ended when one of the most famous samurai heroes in Japanese history, Minamoto Yoshitsune, led his clan to victory against the Taira near the village of Dan-no-ura.
Rise of the Samurai & Kamakura Period
The triumphant leader Minamoto Yoritomo–half-brother of Yoshitsune, whom he drove into exile–established the center of government at Kamakura. The establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, a hereditary military dictatorship, shifted all real political power in Japan to the samurai. As Yoritomo’s authority depended on their strength, he went to great lengths to establish and define the samurai’s privileged status; no one could call himself a samurai without Yoritomo’s permission.
Zen Buddhism, introduced into Japan from China around this time, held a great appeal for many samurai. Its austere and simple rituals, as well as the belief that salvation would come from within, provided an ideal philosophical background for the samurai’s own code of behavior. Also during the Kamakura period, the sword came to have a great significance in samurai culture. A man’s honor was said to reside in his sword, and the craftsmanship of swords–including carefully hammered blades, gold and silver inlay and sharkskin handgrips–became an art in itself.
Japan in Chaos: the Ashikaga Shogunate
The strain of defeating two Mongol invasions at the end of the 13th century weakened the Kamakura Shogunate, which fell to a rebellion led by Ashikaga Takauji. The Ashikaga Shogunate, centered in Kyoto, began around 1336. For the next two centuries, Japan was in a near-constant state of conflict between its feuding territorial clans. After the particularly divisive Onin War of 1467-77, the Ashikaga shoguns ceased to be effective, and feudal Japan lacked a strong central authority; local lords and their samurai stepped in to a greater extent to maintain law and order.
Despite the political unrest, this period–known as the Muromachi after the district of that name in Kyoto–saw considerable economic expansion in Japan. It was also a golden age for Japanese art, as the samurai culture came under the growing influence of Zen Buddhism. In addition to such now-famous Japanese art forms as the tea ceremony, rock gardens and flower arranging, theater and painting also flourished during the Muromachi period.
Samurai under the Tokugawa Shogunate
The Sengoku-Jidai, or Period of the Country at War finally ended in 1615 with the unification of Japan under Tokugawa Ieyasu . This period ushered in a 250-year-long stretch of peace and prosperity in Japan, and for the first time the samurai took on the responsibility of governing through civil means rather than through military force. Ieyasu issued the “ordinances for the Military Houses,” by which samurai were told to train equally in arms and “polite” learning according to the principles of Confucianism. This relatively conservative faith, with its emphasis on loyalty and duty, eclipsed Buddhism during the Tokugawa period as the dominant religion of the samurai. It was during this period that the principles of bushido emerged as a general code of conduct for Japanese people in general. Though bushido varied under the influences of Buddhist and Confucian thought, its warrior spirit remained constant, including an emphasis on military skills and fearlessness in the face of an enemy. Bushido also emphasized frugality, kindness, honesty and care for one’s family members, particularly one’s elders.
In a peaceful Japan, many samurai were forced to become bureaucrats or take up some type of trade, even as they preserved their conception of themselves as fighting men. In 1588, the right to carry swords was restricted only to samurai, which created an even greater separation between them and the farmer-peasant class. The samurai during this period became the “two-sword man,” wearing both a short and a long sword as a mark of his privilege. The material well-being of many samurai actually declined during the Tokugawa Shogunate, however. Samurai had traditionally made their living on a fixed stipend from landowners; as these stipends declined, many lower-level samurai were frustrated by their inability to improve their situation.
Meiji Restoration & the End of Feudalism
In the mid-19th century, the stability of the Tokugawa regime was undermined by a combination of factors, including peasant unrest due to famine and poverty. The incursion of Western powers into Japan–and especially the arrival in 1853 of Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U.S. Navy, on a mission to get Japan to open its doors to international trade–proved to be the final straw. In 1858, Japan signed a commercial treaty with the United States, followed by similar ones with Russia, Britain, France and Holland. The controversial decision to open the country to Western commerce and investment helped encourage resistance to the shogunate among conservative forces in Japan, including many samurai, who began calling for a restoration of the power of the emperor.
The powerful clans of Choshu and Satsuma combined efforts to topple the Tokugawa Shogunate and announce an “imperial restoration” named for Emperor Meiji in early 1868. Feudalism was officially abolished in 1871; five years later, the wearing of swords was forbidden to anyone except members of the national armed forces, and all samurai stipends were converted into government bonds, often at significant financial loss. The new Japanese national army quashed several samurai rebellions during the 1870s, while some disgruntled samurai joined secret, ultra-nationalist societies, among them the notorious Black Dragon Society, whose object was to incite trouble in China so that the Japanese army would have an excuse to invade and preserve order.
Ironically–given the loss of their privileged status–the Meiji Restoration was actually engineered by members of the samurai class itself. Three of the most influential leaders of the new Japan–Inoue Kaoru, Ito Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo–had studied with the famous samurai Yoshida Shouin, who was executed after a failed attempt to kill a Tokugawa official in 1859. It was former samurai who put Japan on the road to what it would become, and many would become leaders in all areas of modern Japanese society.
Bushido in Modern Japan
In the wake of the Meiji Restoration, Shinto was made the state religion of Japan (unlike Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity, it was wholly Japanese) and bushido was adopted as its ruling moral code. By 1912, Japan had succeeded in building up its military strength–it signed an alliance with Britain in 1902 and defeated the Russians in Manchuria two years later–as well as its economy. By the end of World War I , the country was recognized as one of the “Big Five” powers alongside Britain, the U.S., France and Italy at the Versailles peace conference.
The liberal, cosmopolitan 1920s gave way to a revival of Japan’s military traditions in the 1930s, leading directly to imperial aggression and Japan’s entrance into World War II . During that conflict, Japanese soldiers brought antique samurai swords into battle and made suicidal “banzai” attacks according to the bushido principle of death before dishonor or defeat. At war’s end, Japan again drew on its strong sense of honor, discipline and devotion to a common cause–not the daimyos or shoguns of the past, but the emperor and the country–in order to rebuild itself and reemerge as one of the world’s greatest economic and industrial powers in the latter 20th century.
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Bushidô zankoku monogatari (original title)
2h 2min
After a salary-man's fiancée attempts suicide, he remembers his gruesome family history, which sees his ancestors sacrificing themselves for the sake of their cruel lords, and realizes that he's about to repeat their mistakes.
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A samurai pursues a married lady-in-waiting.
Director: Teinosuke Kinugasa
February 17 to March 3, 1860, inside Edo castle. A group of assassins wait by Sakurada Gate to kill the lord of the House of Ii, a powerful man in the Tokugawa government, which has ruled ... See full summary »
Director: Kihachi Okamoto
Post war Hiroshima: It's been four years since the last time she visited her hometown. Takako faces the after effects of the A-bomb when she travels around the city to call on old friends.
Director: Kaneto Shindô
The lives of two slum neighbors, one of a happy-go-lucky gambler and the other of a poor ronin, converge when the two get involved with the affairs of a powerful samurai official and his gangsters.
Director: Sadao Yamanaka
A poor rickshaw driver finds himself taking care of a young woman and her son after the woman's husband dies suddenly.
Director: Hiroshi Inagaki
After killing a high-ranking officer in an illegal duel, a low-ranking samurai is declared insane and challenged to a fixed duel by the vengeful clan to which his dead opponent belonged to.
Director: Tadashi Imai
A simple yet devout Christian makes a vow to Saint Barbara after she saves his donkey, but everyone he meets seems determined to misunderstand his intentions. Will he be able to keep his promise in the end?
Director: Anselmo Duarte
After killing a child when his plane crashes in a Vietnamese village, Pierre suffers from delayed stress and partial amnesia. Returning to France, he lives like a vegetable until he meets a... See full summary »
Director: Serge Bourguignon
Ishun is a wealthy, but unsympathetic, master printer who has wrongly accused his wife and best employee of being lovers. To escape punishment, the accused run away together, but Ishun is certain to be ruined if word gets out.
Director: Kenji Mizoguchi
Two Jesuit priests encounter persecution when they travel to Japan in the 17th century to spread Christianity and to locate their mentor.
Director: Masahiro Shinoda
A destitute ronin allies himself with an established clan, but its ruthless leader tries to turn him into a mindless killer.
Director: Hideo Gosha
Hirotaro Iguchi (as Ko Kimura)
Rest of cast listed alphabetically:
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Storyline
After a salary-man's fiancée attempts suicide, he remembers his gruesome family history, which sees his ancestors sacrificing themselves for the sake of their cruel lords, and realizes that he's about to repeat their mistakes.
The Shock Picture of the Year! See more »
Genres:
28 April 1963 (Japan) See more »
Also Known As:
Cruel Tales of Bushido (1963)
30 March 2015 | by mevmijaumau
(Croatia) – See all my reviews
Well, I think I've found a movie which beats those Italian exploitation films in the number of alternative titles; get this, the movie is usually known as Cruel Tale(s) of Bushido, but also went under the titles Bushido Samurai Saga, Cruel Stories of Samurai Ways, The Oath of Obedience, Bushido: The Cruel Code of the Samurai, Stories of Samurai Cruelty, or simply Bushido.
It was directed by Tadashi Imai, who specialized in directing social indictment films. This one in particular and Revenge (1965) were part of the zankoku jidaigeki (cruel jidaigeki) subgenre of films, a subgenre which crossed film noir with samurai films, portraying a dark world of doomed souls, of corruption, cruelty and raw emotions. Probably the most famous zankoku jidaigeki film is Masaki Kobayashi's Harakiri (1962). Tadashi Imai was also forced to do propaganda films during wartime, under threats of being sent to the front. Later he became an outspoken critic of the military, active in Communist politics.
Cruel Tales of Bushido, based on Norio Nanjo's novel, is a story about a contemporary salaryman whose wife-to-be attempts suicide and he reflects on his bloodline's tragic past. After we find out that each of the ancestors sacrificed themselves pointlessly in some way to their lord, he comes to the realization that nothing has changed in Japanese society, and that now he's a slave to his company just as how his ancestors were slaves to feudal lords. It's not exactly subtle, actually it's completely confrontational and harsh, but it's always interesting to follow.
This movie features some actors you may know from other Japanese films, like Kyoko Kishida from Woman in the Dunes, but the two prominent ones are Kinnosuke Nakamura and Masayuki Mori, who, Blackadder style, appear in each generation as the exploited family member and the cruel lord, respectively. Nakamura is especially excellent because all of the characters he plays have a completely different presence and you forget it's the same actor. The stories range from Edo period to 60s Japan, focusing on everyone from samurai to kamikaze pilots, and are usually connected with the ninjo-giri dilemma (the clash of duty and humanity).
The B&W photography is incredibly dark, as is to be expected from films of this genre. There are barely any light sources and the characters are lined up perfectly geometrically, so that every corner of the frame is always occupied by at least one actor, with Masayuki Mori always at the center of the frame.
The movie is very brutal and uncompromising, but it has sort of an uplifting final scene. All in all, it's one of the most underrated samurai films I know of. I'm really looking forward to seeing more films from the zankoku jidaigeki subgenre.
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Which footwear is also a venomous snake? | TPWD Kids: Venomous Snakes
Venomous Snakes
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Texas Poisonous (Venomous) Snakes
Snakes! Are they sneaky, slimy, scary?...or...skillful and simply sensational? People either love 'em or hate 'em, but either way, snakes play an important role in our world!
Snakes are reptiles. Reptiles are cold-blooded so they must warm themselves in the sun or on rocks. Snakes have skin covered with scales and most lay eggs. Some snakes hold their eggs inside until they hatch. Snakes have no legs and no ears.
Snakes are skilled predators. How would you catch prey without arms or legs? Venomous snakes have poison to inject in their prey. The venom keeps small prey still so the snake can grab it with its mouth and swallow it whole. This is a helpful adaptation for snakes. Snakes help the balance of nature by eating prey that reproduces frequently, everything from earthworms to rabbits. Snakes also eat eggs. Snakes are especially important in the control of mice and rats.
Venomous Snakes in Texas
There are four kinds of venomous snakes in Texas: coral snakes, copperheads, cottonmouths (water moccasins) and rattlesnakes.
Coral Snakes
Only one species of coral snake is native to Texas. The coral snake is shy and rarely seen. It has, in order, red, yellow and black colors. The coral snake has a small mouth, and is usually not aggressive. Its bites are dangerous, but very rare.
Other, harmless snakes have similar colors in a different order. The rhyme "red and yellow kill a fellow" can help you remember that the coral snake's red and yellow colors touch, but the harmless milk snake has red touching black.
What is a Pit Viper?
A pit viper is a type of venomous snake. Copperheads, cottonmouths and rattlesnakes are called pit-vipers because they have a pit near each nostril which is highly sensitive to heat. This pit helps the snake in locating warm-blooded prey.
Copperheads
Copperhead snakes have bands of gray and/or brown with a copper-colored heard. They blend in with leaf-covered forest floors and it's possible to stare right at a copperhead without seeing it! Copperheads bite rather than strike. Because they are so well camouflaged, most bites occur when a snake is accidentally picked up or sat or laid on. Always use care when picking up or flipping over logs, boards, old tin or other items where copperheads may be resting.
Cottonmouths
The cottonmouth, or water moccasin, rarely strays far from water. It can be found in marshes, swamps, ponds, lakes, ditches, and canals in East and Central Texas and along the Gulf coast. It is a stubby, muscular snake and can grow to nearly six feet. When threatened, it will open its mouth to show its fangs. The inside of its mouth is white and reminded people of cotton, hence the name cottonmouth. They eat frogs, fish an small animals. These snakes can be very defensive and sometimes aggressive. They can bite underwater. Swimmers, bathers and anglers on river banks should always keep an eye open for these snakes.
Rattlesnakes
The Western Massasauga lives in prairies from the Gulf Coast up to the Panhandle
The Timber Rattlesnake lives in East Texas.
Western Diamondback lives in North, Central, South and West Texas.
Nine kinds of rattlesnakes are found in Texas, including the massasauga. Rattlesnakes usually "rattle" before striking, but if they are totally surprised, they may strike before rattling. Most of the rattlesnakes are active at night, when they hunt for prey such as mice, rats and rabbits.
Preventing Snake Bites
Watch where you step, put your hands, or sit down. Venomous snakes live on or near the ground. They lay on rocks, wood piles and other spots for a place to sun and a place to hide. Snakes avoid your huge body, but will definitely bite if stepped on or feel trapped. Most bites happen around the ankle and about 99% of all bites occur below the knee, except when someone accidentally picks up or falls on the snake.
The fangs of venomous snakes are long and sharp but they break easily. These fangs usually don't penetrate canvas tennis shoes and almost never penetrate leather shoes or boots. Watch carefully where you step, and wear boots in tall grass to prevent most snake bites. If you or a friend get bitten, you need to get to a hospital immediately.
Snakes are not something to be feared, but rather a creature to be respected as a fascinating and helpful member of the outdoors.
What did we learn about the venomous snakes?
Is this animal a bird, mammal, reptile or fish?
Is it warm-blooded or cold-blooded?
Is it a predator, prey or both?
Why are some venomous snakes called pit-vipers?
How can you prevent being bitten by a snake?
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| Moccasin |
What lies roughly along 180 degrees longitude? | 4 Ways to Identify a Venomous Snake - wikiHow
North American Snakes
1
Know the snakes. There are four different types of venomous snakes in the United States: [1] cottonmouths, rattlesnakes, copperheads and coral snakes.
2
Cottonmouths. The cottonmouths have elliptical pupils and range in color from black to green. They have a white stripe along the side of their heads. They are often found in or around water, but have also adapted to live well on land. Young snakes have a bright yellow tail. They are often loners, so if you see multiple snakes coexisting peacefully, it is probably not a cottonmouth.
3
Rattlesnakes. Look for the rattle on the tail. Some harmless snakes imitate the rattle by brushing their tails through leaves, but only rattle snakes have the button-like rattle at the end of the tail. If you can't see the rattle, they also have a heavy triangular head and elliptical eyes like a cat's.
4
Copperheads. These beauties have a similar body shape to cottonmouths but are much brighter, ranging from coppery brown to bright orange, silver-pink and peach. [2] The young have yellow tails as well.
5
Coral snakes. Another beautiful but deadly snake is the Coral snake—so beautiful that other snakes—not-venomous ones such as the Milk snake—look just like them. They have distinctive coloring, though, with a black, yellow and red bands, a yellow head, and a black band over their nose. One rhyme to help distinguish coral snakes from king snakes is 'Red to yellow, kill a fellow. Red to black, friend of Jack.' Another variation is 'Red on black, venom lack; red on yellow, deadly fellow'. However, most of the time coral snakes will not bite - they are very shy. There are no known deaths from the Arizona coral snake and only a few from the Eastern Coral snake.
6
Look at the color patterns. Venomous Snakes in the U.S. tend to have varying colors. Most snakes that are one solid color are completely harmless. However, cottonmouths are also venomous so this is not a foolproof way to tell them apart. Also, beware of venomous escaped pets.
7
Check out their head shape. Non-venomous snakes have a spoon-shaped rounded head and venomous snakes will have a more triangular head. this is because of the venom glands (this is less noticeable on the coral snake).
8
Look for a rattle. If the snake has a rattle on its tail it is a rattlesnake, and therefore venomous. However, some non-venomous snakes do mimic the rattle by rattling their tails, but lack the rattle "buttons" that sound like little salt shakers.
9
Look for the heat sensor. Some venomous snakes in the U.S. will have a small depression between the eye and the nostril. This is called a pit (hence "pit viper"), which is used by the snake to sense heat in their prey. Coral snakes are not pit vipers, and lack this feature.
10
Watch out for mimics. Some non-venomous snakes mimic the patterns and behaviors of venomous snakes. Rat snakes can look like Rattlers, and harmless Milk and King snakes can look like Coral snakes.
Always treat any snake as a venomous snake if you are uncertain whether it is venomous or non-venomous. And though you should remain cautious, do not kill any snake—it could be illegal to do so, and killing non-venomous snakes allows venomous snake and vermin populations to grow.
11
A water moccasin will have elliptical pupils and the harmless water snake will have round pupils. Either way, leave it alone and allow it to leave the area.
Method
Snakes in the UK
1
Look out for the Adder! The adder—common viper, or vipera Berus—features a distinctive V- or X-shaped marking on its head. It also features a vertically-slit pupils, dark zigzag stripes on its back, and dark ovals along its flank. The dark patches range from gray to blue to black (most commonly). The background color is usually a pale gray, though can be brown or brick red.
The adder is common throughout the UK, mostly in the southern regions. While painful and requiring prompt medical attention, adder bites are generally not fatal.
Adders are not particularly aggressive unless disturbed. Given a choice, they'd rather be anywhere than near you.
Method
Snakes in India
1
Watch out for the Big Four. India is host to a number of snakes, many of them venomous, but the Big Four are widely distributed and quite venomous.
2
The Common Cobra. When you think of snake charmers and snakes in a basket (vs. snakes on a plane), the snake you're thinking of is the Cobra.
They range in length from about 3 feet (0.9 m) to about 6 feet (1.8 m) in length, and have a broad head. They can spread a hood behind their head, which gives them their famous, very scary appearance.
Their body color varies based on their geographical location. Generally, cobras in southern India range in color from yellow to brown. Northern India cobras are usually dark brown or black.
Cobras are shy—they'll threaten when provoked, but would prefer to back away. If they attack, they will strike quickly—and sometimes repeatedly. Larger cobras may latch on and dig in, releasing maximum venom!
In the event of a cobra bite, seek medical attention immediately—the common cobra is responsible for a large number of human deaths across India.
3
Common krait. The krait ranges in length from about 4 feet (1.2 m) to about 6 ft (3m). Their head is depressed, slightly broader than the neck, with a rounded snout. Its eyes are small and entirely black.
The krait's body is black, with single or double milky-white bands. Its scales are hexagonal in shape, and the subcaudal scales (those beneath the tail) are undivided.
The krait is nocturnal, and during the day can be found in dark, dry places. They're docile and shy during the day, but at night will attack if provoked.
4
Russel's Viper. The Russel's viper is a stout snake, with a brown body mixed with reds and yellows. The body features three longitudinal rows of eye-like spots of dark brown or black, that start from the head and fade out towards the tail. The spots on either side are smaller and more rounded than the top spots.
The head is triangular, pointed at the snout, and much broader at the neck, and features two triangular-shaped spots. Its eyes have vertical pupils, and it's tongue is purplish black.
Russel's viper is venomous enough that you should seek treatment immediately. If you provoke one (and not just step on it accidentally), it will warn with a high-pitched whistle like a pressure cooker.
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Saw-scaled viper. These are the second most common vipers in India, after Russel's viper. They range in size from about 15 inches (40cm) to about 30 inches (80cm). Their body ranges from dark brown to red, gray, or a mix of those colors. Light colored spots of light yellow or very light brown, with dark-colored lines woven through.
The saw-scaled viper is very aggressive when provoked, and makes a saw-like sound by rubbing its side dorsal scales together. Don't stick around if you hear that sound—the saw-scaled viper is one of the fastest-striking species in the world!
If bit, get treatment. It may dry-bite on occasion, but only a medical expert can say for sure.
Method
Australia: The Deadliest Snakes in the World
1
Fierce Snake. AKA the Inland Taipan, the Fierce Snake has the reputation of being the most deadly snake on the planet. Its venom is more potent than any other species by far, and yet—there's no record of a human fatality caused by the Fierce Snake.
This bad boy can reach a length of over 6 ft (2m), and varies in color from dark brown to a light straw. It's darker in the winter than it is in the summer. It's head can appear almost black.
It lives in the black soil plains where Queensland, South Australia, and the Northern Territory borders meet.
2
Eastern Brown Snake. Unlike the most venomous snake, the Inland Taipan, the Eastern Brown Snake is responsible for the most snakebite deaths in Australia. Like all snakes, they would much rather slither away than attack, but if they are threatened, or grabbed, or stepped on, all bets are off.
They can exceed 6 feet (2m) in length, and are very fast—especially on hot days. They're slender, with a variable color ranging from tan to gray or dark brown. Their belly is lighter, and has darker orange spots.
They inhabit eastern Australia, from the desert to the coast, and prefer open grasslands, pastures, and woodland.
Needless to say, if you're bitten by one of these snakes, get help immediately!
Community Q&A
What does it mean if a snake hisses at me?
wikiHow Contributor
Do all venomous snakes have triangular heads?
wikiHow Contributor
No; many species have narrow heads with only small bulges to indicate the presence of venom glands.
Do venomous snakes have pointed or blunt tails?
wikiHow Contributor
Which snakes are the most venomous and dangerous?
wikiHow Contributor
This has no true answer - while reports are mixed on whether the inland taipan or the black mamba has the deadliest venom, the saw-scaled viper is believed to have the highest body count. Some snakes are also extremely aggressive and therefore more likely to bite, or will even bite multiple times during a single attack, making them more dangerous than other species with more potent venoms.
What type of snake has a black diamond pattern, rounded head and a tail that rattles?
wikiHow Contributor
Depending on where you saw it, the most likely species are the Pacific rattlesnake, the Arizona black rattlesnake, or the southern Pacific rattlesnake.
Are small snakes poisonous at less than 1 feet?
wikiHow Contributor
Venomous snakes are born with fully functional venom glands, and are generally more dangerous than adults due to their inability to control their dosing.
What are some of the most deadly snakes in the world? Are antivenoms available?
wikiHow Contributor
Black mambas, death adders and rattlesnakes are all deadly snakes, but antivenom is available for all three.
What shapes are the king cobra's eyes?
wikiHow Contributor
Which venomous snakes can swim in water?
wikiHow Contributor
Can snakes be friendly to humans?
wikiHow Contributor
Absolutely! Though not cuddly in the way a cat or dog is, many non-venomous species are common in captivity and make excellent pets. Corn snakes and ball pythons in particular are known for being non-aggressive and even picking out their favorite human.
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Tips
Remember, snakes are actually more scared of us than we are of them. The only reason they bite is because they are startled or find you as a threat, especially venomous ones. Be careful when traveling on foot.
Keep your eyes open, always survey the area you are working in, and make a lot of noise. Give the snake all the opportunity to get out of your way.
When in an area with both venomous coral snakes and non-venomous milk-snakes, remember this; Red touches yellow, you're a dead fellow, red touches black you're okay, Jack. Keep in mind that this is 'only true in eastern North America!
Don't put your hands and feet where you cannot see their immediate surroundings; this is what gets a fair number of climbers bitten.
Look up snakes in your area on the Internet. It's good to know all of the snakes that live around you. If you live in an area where there are a lot of snakes, take a field guide when you go out to help you identify them.
If you are young, never go near a snake, unless you are familiar with it.
When you are in a place where there are lots of snakes, make sure that you look at your feet once in a while.
Never touch a snake if you don't know if its venomous, and never keep a venomous snake as a pet.
Wear boots or good shoes, thick socks and heavy slacks, (not shorts), whenever you are going into an area with a high density of venomous snakes. Knee-high rubber boots are often worn by field biologists when treading through these areas.
Due to sudden fear, most snakes will inject lot of venom. However, larger, matured snakes know the venom limit. That doesn't make it safe, though!
If you see a snake in your neighborhood, let your neighbors know. This way they'll remain cautious for a while when they're outside with children or pets. especially if you think the snake may be venomous.
Education is the most important factor in snake safety. Learn to identify the snakes in any area you will be spending time. A field guide is essential.
If you come across a snake in a wooded area make sure you back away slowly. Walk in short grass to prevent this from happening.
Snakes also hangout in trees, be aware of your surroundings.
Warnings
Some snakes that look like they are non-venomous may be venomous or the other way around. Make sure you know the kinds of snakes in your area.
Looking at a snakes eyes is not a valid way to identify if it is venomous or not. Cobras, Black Mamba's and other types of very venomous snakes have round pupils, while red tailed boas, emerald tree boas and green tree pythons have elliptical eyes. Do not approach an unknown snake just because it has round pupils, it does not mean it is not venomous.
Many venomous snakes are now critically endangered or threatened in the United states. It is against federal law to kill or interfere with any endangered species, and that includes protected venomous snakes. In addition, in many states it is illegal to kill, capture, harass, or possess wild snakes of any sort, venomous or non-venomous.
Do not harass a snake or get extra-close to it to try to identify it, unless you are already sure it is not venomous. Most snakes would prefer to avoid you.
| i don't know |
The mastodon was an early relative of which modern creature? | Elephant Evolution: Phosphatherium to Woolly Mammoth
By Bob Strauss
Updated May 27, 2016.
Thanks to a hundred years of Hollywood movies, many people are convinced that mammoths, mastodons and other prehistoric elephants lived alongside dinosaurs. In fact, these huge, lumbering beasts evolved from the tiny, mouse-sized mammals that survived the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago, and the first mammal even remotely recognizable as a primitive elephant didn't appear until five million years after the dinosaurs went kaput. (See a gallery of prehistoric elephant pictures and a slideshow of 10 prehistoric elephants everyone should know .)
That creature was Phosphatherium , a small, squat, pig-sized herbivore that popped up in Africa about 60 million years ago. Classified by paleontologists as the earliest known proboscid (an order of mammals distinguished by their long, flexible noses), Phosphatherium looked and behaved more like a pygmy hippopotamus than an early elephant. The giveaway was this creature's tooth structure: we know that the tusks of elephants evolved from incisors rather than canines, and Phosphatherium's choppers fit the evolutionary bill.
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The two most notable proboscids after Phosphatherium were Phiomia and Moeritherium , which also lived in northern African swamps and woodlands circa 37-30 million years ago. The better known of the two, Moeritherium, sported a flexible upper lip and snout, as well as extended canines that (in light of future elephant developments) could be considered rudimentary tusks. Like a small hippo, Moeritherium spent most of its time half-submerged in swamps; its contemporary Phiomia was more elephant-like, weighing about half a ton and dining on terrestrial (rather than marine) vegetation.
Yet another northern African proboscid of this time was the confusingly named Palaeomastodon , which should not be confused with the Mastodon (genus name Mammut ) that ruled the North American plains 20 million years later. What's important about Palaeomastodon is that it was recognizably a prehistoric elephant, demonstrating that by 35 million years ago nature had pretty much settled on the basic pachyderm body plan (thick legs, long trunk, large size and tusks).
Toward True Elephants: Deinotheres and Gomphotheres
Twenty-five million years or so after the dinosaurs went extinct, the first proboscids appeared that could easily be discerned as prehistoric elephants. The most important of these, from an evolutionary perspective, were the gomphotheres ("bolted mammals"), but the most impressive were the deinotheres, typified by Deinotherium ("terrible mammal"). This 10-ton proboscid sported downward-curving lower tusks and was one of the largest mammals ever to roam the earth; in fact, Deinotherium may have inspired tales of "giants" in historical times, since it survived well into the Ice Age.
As terrifying as Deinotherium was, though, it represented a side branch in elephant evolution. The real action was among the gomphotheres, the odd name of which derives from their "welded," shovel-like lower tusks, which were used to dig for plants in soft, swampy ground. The signature genus, Gomphotherium , was especially widespread, stomping across the lowlands of North America, Africa and Eurasia from about 15 million to 5 million years ago. Two other gomphotheres of this era-- Amebelodon ("shovel tusk") and Platybelodon ("flat tusk")--had even more distinctive tusks, so much so that these elephants went extinct when the lakebeds and riverbeds where they dredged up food went dry.
Mammoths and Mastodons - What's the Difference?
Few things in natural history are as confusing as the difference between mammoths and mastodons. Even these elephants' scientific names seem designed to befuddle kids: what we know informally as the North American Mastodon goes by the genus name Mammut , while the genus name for the Woolly Mammoth is the confusingly similar Mammuthus (both names partake of the same Greek root, meaning "earth burrower"). Mastodons are the more ancient of the two, evolving from gomphotheres about 20 million years ago and persisting well into historical times. As a rule, mastodons had flatter heads than mammoths, and they were also slightly smaller and bulkier. More important, the teeth of mastodons were well-adapted to grinding the leaves of plants, whereas mammoths grazed on grass, like modern cattle.
Mammoths emerged on the historical scene much later than mastodons, popping up in the fossil record about two million years ago and, like mastodons, surviving well into the last Ice Age (which, along with the hairy coat of the North American Mastodon, accounts for much of the confusion between these two elephants). Mammoths were slightly bigger and more widespread than mastodons, and had fatty humps on their necks, a much-needed source of nutrition in the harsh northern climates in which some species lived. The Woolly Mammoth , Mammuthus primigenius, is one of the best-known of all prehistoric animals, since entire specimens have been found encased in Arctic permafrost. It's not beyond the realm of possibility that scientists will one day sequence the complete genome of the Woolly Mammoth and gestate a cloned fetus in the womb of a modern elephant!
There is one important thing mammoths and mastodons shared in common: both of these prehistoric elephants managed to survive well into historical times (as late as 10,000 to 4,000 B.C.), and both were hunted to extinction by early humans.
Here's a list of the most notable prehistoric elephants; just click on the links for more information.
Amebelodon This "shovel-toothed" elephant thrived in flooded lowlands.
Anancus This early elephant's tusks were as long as its entire body.
Barytherium This ancient elephant sported eight short, stubby tusks.
Cuvieronius One of the few prehistoric elephants to have lived in South America.
Deinotherium One of the largest mammals ever to roam the earth.
Dwarf Elephant This pint-sized proboscid went extinct 10,000 years ago.
Gomphotherium One of the earliest shovel-toothed elephants.
Mammut Better known as the North American mastodon.
Mammuthus The one, and only, woolly mammoth.
Moeritherium This ancient elephant was about the size of a pig.
Palaeomastodon One of the earliest elephant-like proboscids.
Phiomia An early ancestor of modern elephants.
Phosphatherium The earliest known ancestor of modern elephants.
Platybelodon This prehistoric elephant came equipped with its own spork.
Primelephas The immediate predecessor of the modern elephant.
Stegomastodon Not quite a cross between a Stegosaurus and a mastodon.
Stegotetrabelodon This elephant's footprints have been found in the Arabian peninsula.
| Elephant |
Which castle is known as ‘The Key of England’? | Woolly Mammoths, Mastodons - Crystalinks
Woolly Mammoths - Mammuthus Primigenius
The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a species of mammoth, the common name for the extinct elephant genus Mammuthus. The woolly mammoth was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with Mammuthus subplanifrons in the early Pliocene. M. primigenius diverged from the steppe mammoth, M. trogontherii, about 200,000 years ago in eastern Asia. Its closest extant relative is the Asian elephant.
The appearance and behaviour of this species are among the best studied of any prehistoric animal because of the discovery of frozen carcasses in Siberia and Alaska, as well as skeletons, teeth, stomach contents, dung, and depiction from life in prehistoric cave paintings. Mammoth remains had long been known in Asia before they became known to Europeans in the 17th century. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate, and often explained as being remains of legendary creatures. The mammoth was identified as an extinct species of elephant by Georges Cuvier in 1796.
The woolly mammoth was roughly the same size as modern African elephants. Males reached shoulder heights between 2.7 and 3.4 m (9 and 11 ft) and weighed up to 6 tonnes (6.6 short tons). Females averaged 2.6�2.9 metres (8.5�9.5 ft) in height and weighed up to 4 tons (4.4 short tons). A newborn calf weighed about 90 kilograms (200 lb). The woolly mammoth was well adapted to the cold environment during the last ice age. It was covered in fur, with an outer covering of long guard hairs and a shorter undercoat. The color of the coat varied from dark to light. The ears and tail were short to minimize frostbite and heat loss. It had long, curved tusks and four molars, which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual. Its behavior was similar to that of modern elephants, and it used its tusks and trunk for manipulating objects, fighting, and foraging. The diet of the woolly mammoth was mainly grass and sedges. Individuals could probably reach the age of 60. Its habitat was the mammoth steppe, which stretched across northern Eurasia and North America.
The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for making art, tools, and dwellings, and the species was also hunted for food. It disappeared from its mainland range at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 years ago, most likely through climate change and consequent shrinkage of its habitat, hunting by humans, or a combination of the two. Isolated populations survived on St. Paul Island until 6,400 years ago and Wrangel Island until 4,000 years ago. After its extinction, humans continued using its ivory as a raw material, a tradition that continues today. It has been proposed the species could be recreated through cloning, but this method is as yet infeasible because of the degraded state of the remaining genetic material. Read more
Woolly Mammoths In the News ...
Last Alaskan woolly mammoths 'died of thirst' BBC - August 2, 2016
One of the last known groups of woolly mammoths died out because of a lack of drinking water, scientists believe. The Ice Age beasts were living on a remote island off the coast of Alaska, and scientists have dated their demise to about 5,600 years ago.
The smoking gun 'proving ancient man killed woolly mammoth 45,000 years ago' Ancient Origins - June 1, 2016
When Science journal earlier this year highlighted an ancient woolly mammoth with suspected spear wounds it provoked media interest around the world. Until now, the pictures of the remarkable prehistoric 'injuries' were not widely seen outside academic circles. Today The Siberian Times is publishing the images which respected Russian scientists believe is clear proof of ancient man's attacks on a creature preserved in the permafrost. If true, the implications are enormous. It would mean, firstly, that man was present in the frozen Arctic wastes a full 10,000 years earlier than previously understood. Yet it would also establish that early Siberians were just 2,895 miles (4,660 kilometres) from what was then a land bridge between modern Russia and Alaska. A long distance, for sure, but far from insurmountable, opening the possibility that Stone Age Siberians colonized the Americas at this early point.
Mammoth DNA Study Pinpoints Key Difference From Elephants Epoch Times - July 6, 2015
A group of researchers might have successfully isolated what makes a mammoth so different from an elephant. The key was in resurrecting a mammoth gene. After all, mammoths were very similar to the modern elephant. The biggest difference - aside from all that hair - is that today's elephants tend to live in hot climates and the mammoths survived in the extreme cold.
Domestication of dogs may explain mammoth kill sites and success of early modern humans Science Daily - May 30, 2014
A new analysis of European archaeological sites containing large numbers of dead mammoths and dwellings built with mammoth bones has led to a new interpretation of these sites -- that their abrupt appearance may have been due to early modern humans working with the earliest domesticated dogs to kill the now-extinct mammoth.
Neck ribs in woolly mammoths provide clues about their decline and eventual extinction PhysOrg - March 25, 2014
Mammals, even the long-necked giraffes and the short-necked dolphins, almost always have seven neck vertebrae (exceptions being sloths, manatees and dugongs), and these vertebrae do not normally possess a rib. Therefore, the presence of a 'cervical rib' (a rib attached to a cervical vertebra) is an unusual event, and is cause for further investigation. A cervical rib itself is relatively harmless, but its development often follows genetic or environmental disturbances during early embryonic development. As a result, cervical ribs in most mammals are strongly associated with stillbirths and multiple congenital abnormalities that negatively impact the lifespan of an individual.
Mini-mammoths lived on Crete: scientists PhysOrg - May 9, 2012
'The enamel rings on the Cretan tooth fossil had 3 character features that resembled mammoths, the genus Mammuthus, and, importantly, not the straight-tusked elephant Palaeoloxodon,' says Herridge.
Smallest mammoths found on Crete BBC - May 9, 2012
The smallest mammoth ever known to have existed roamed the island of Crete millions of years ago, researchers say. Adults were roughly the size of a modern baby elephant, standing over a metre tall at the shoulders. Remains were discovered more than a century ago, but scientists had debated whether the animal was a mammoth or an ancient elephant.
Being Good Moms Couldn't Save the Woolly Mammoth Science Daily - December 22, 2010
New research from The University of Western Ontario leads investigators to believe that woolly mammoths living north of the Arctic Circle during the Pleistocene Epoch (approx. 150,000 to 40,000 years ago) began weaning infants up to three years later than modern day African elephants due to prolonged hours of darkness. This adapted nursing pattern could have contributed to the prehistoric elephant's eventual extinction.
Climate Change Wiped Out Woolly Mammoths, Saber-Toothed Cats Live Science - May 24, 2010
Mighty swings in climate played a major role in causing mass extinctions of mammals, such as woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats, in the last 50,000 years, researchers now suggest. Between 50,000 and 3,000 years ago, 65 percent of mammal species weighing over 97 pounds (44 kg) went extinct, together with a lesser fraction of small mammals.
How Woolly Mammoths Survived Arctic Cold Live Science - May 4, 2010
The lumbering, shaggy-haired woolly mammoth once thrived in the frigid Arctic plains despite having originally migrated from a more tropical climate. A new study has found tiny genetic mutations that changed the way oxygen was delivered by its blood could be responsible for its tolerance to the cold climate. The woolly mammoth was an elephantid species and most closely related to today's Asian elephants. It went extinct around 10,000 years ago. But because the mammoth lived in the Arctic, many remains of the species have been found preserved in the permafrost. Ancestors of both the mammoth and Asian elephant originated in Africa around 6.7 million to 7 million years ago and stayed for about 4 million years before moving up into Southern Europe and then farther up into what is now Siberia and the northern plains of Canada around a million years later.
Mammoths had 'anti-freeze blood', gene study finds BBC - May 3, 2010
Scientists have discovered genetic mutations that allowed woolly mammoths to survive freezing temperatures. Nature Genetics reports that scientists "resurrected" a mammoth blood protein to come to their finding. This protein, known as haemoglobin, is found in red blood cells, where it binds to and carries oxygen. The team found that mammoths possessed a genetic adaptation allowing their haemoglobin to release oxygen into the body even at low temperatures. The ability of haemoglobin to release oxygen to the body's tissues is generally inhibited by the cold.
Mammoths Were Alive More Recently Than Thought Live Science - December 16, 2009
Woolly mammoths and other large beasts in North America may not have gone extinct as long ago as previously thought. The new view that pockets of beasts survived to as recently as 7,600 years ago, rather than the previous end times mark of 12,000 years ago is supported by DNA evidence found in a few pinches of dirt. After plucking ancient DNA from frozen soil in central Alaska, researchers uncovered "genetic fossils" of both mammoths and horses locked in permafrost samples dated to between 10,500 and 7,600 years ago.
Lost Giants: Did Mammoths Vanish Before, During and After Humans Arrived? Scientific American - December 15, 2009
Before humans arrived, the Americas were home to woolly mammoths, saber-toothed cats, giant ground sloths and other behemoths, an array of megafauna more impressive than even Africa boasts today. Researchers have advanced several theories to explain what did them in and when the event occurred. A series of discoveries announced in the past four weeks, at first glance apparently contradictory, adds fresh details to the mystery of this mass extinction.
Mammoth dung unravels extinction BBC - November 19, 2009
Mammoth dung has proved to be a source of prehistoric information, helping scientists unravel the mystery of what caused the great mammals to die out. An examination of a fungus that is found in the ancient dung and preserved in lake sediments has helped build a picture of what happened to the beasts. The study sheds light on the ecological consequences of the extinction and the role that humans may have played in it.
Climate Events Let Ice Age Mammoths Pass Far Below 40 Degrees North Latitude Science Daily - October 27, 2009
Europe's southern-most skeletal remains of a mammoth were unearthed in a moor on the 37 degree N latitude. This is considerably south of the inhospitable habitat than one usually imagines for mammoths, and for the characteristically dry and cold climate that prevailed during the ice ages in the north of Eurasia.
Mammoths survived late in Britain BBC - June 18, 2009
Woolly mammoths lived in Britain as recently as 14,000 years ago, according to new radiocarbon dating evidence. Dr Adrian Lister obtained new dates for mammoth bones unearthed in the English county of Shropshire in 1986. His study in the Geological Journal shows the great beasts remained part of Britain's wildlife for much longer than had previously been supposed. Mammoths may finally have died out when forests encroached on the grassland habitats they favored for grazing. The radiocarbon results from the adult male and four juvenile mammoths from Condover, Shropshire, reveal that the great beasts were in Britain more than 6,000 years longer than had previously been thought.
Mobile DNA elements in woolly mammoth genome give new clues to mammalian evolution PhysOrg - June 8, 2009
The woolly mammoth died out several thousand years ago, but the genetic material they left behind is yielding new clues about the evolution of mammals. In a study published online in Genome Research, scientists have analyzed the mammoth genome looking for mobile DNA elements, revealing new insights into how some of these elements arose in mammals and shaped the genome of an animal headed for extinction.
Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit MSNBC - June 3, 2009
Central Europe's prehistoric people would likely have been amused by today's hand-sized hamburgers and hot dogs, since archaeologists have just uncovered a 29,000 B.C. well-equipped kitchen where roasted gigantic mammoth was one of the last meals served. The site, called Pavlov VI in the Czech Republic near the Austrian and Slovak Republic borders, provides a homespun look at the rich culture of some of Europe's first anatomically modern humans. While contemporaneous populations near this region seemed to prefer reindeer meat, the Gravettian residents of this living complex, described in the latest issue of the journal Antiquity, appeared to seek out more super-sized fare.
A million-year-old mammoth skeleton found in Serbia: report PhysOrg - June 3, 2009
A woman works on an exhibit at a mammoth show. A finely preserved skeleton of a mammoth, believed to be one million years old, was uncovered near an archaeological site in eastern Serbia. The skeleton was uncovered during ongoing excavations of the site at Viminacium, a Roman military settlement on the Danube river, said archaeologist Miomir Korac.
Mammoth Bones Found in San Diego Live Science - February 5, 2009
The skull and other remains from an adult mammoth, a mega-mammal that went extinct in the last Ice Age, were unearthed this week at a construction site in downtown San Diego. The bones, including a tusk, skull and foot bones, belonged to an adult Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), according to The San Diego Union-Tribune. The mammoth's tusk was slightly more than 10 feet (3 meters) in length.
Mammoth Genome Decoded -- Clones on the Way? National Geographic - November 20, 2008
Using hairs from woolly mammoths, scientists have sequenced an extensive genome of these elephant cousins, a new report says. The development brings researchers a step closer to "resurrecting" the extinct species via cloning, though so many technical obstacles stand in the way that some experts doubt it could ever happen.
Mammoth's genome pieced together BBC - November 20, 2008
A US-Russian team of researchers has pieced together most of the genome of a woolly mammoth, Nature journal reports. The experts extracted DNA from samples of mammoth hair to reconstruct the genetic sequence of this Ice Age beast. Though some stretches are missing, the researchers estimate that the genome is roughly 80% complete. The work could provide insights into the extinction of the mammoth and also resurrects questions about the viability of cloning long-dead species. The scientists were aided in their task by the fact that several deep-frozen carcasses of woolly mammoths have been dug out of the permafrost in Siberia. These conditions are ideal for the preservation of hair, which is a preferred source for the extraction of ancient DNA.
Siberian Woolly Mammoths Had North American Blood National Geographic - September 5, 2008
Siberia's last woolly mammoths descended from North American not exclusively Eurasian stock, according to new research. Scientists studying DNA from the remains of 160 of the animals found the ancient beasts migrated back and forth between Eurasia and Alaska several times over hundreds of thousands of years. Cousins of present-day elephants (learn more), woolly mammoths are believed to have descended from African mammoths that traveled north through Eurasia and grew "woolly" long hair to survive the harsh climate of Siberia.
Mammoth Mystery: The Beasts' Final Years Live Science - September 4, 2008
Woolly mammoths' last stand before extinction in Siberia wasn't made by natives - rather, the beasts had American roots, researchers have discovered. Woolly mammoths once roamed the Earth for more than a half-million years, ranging from Europe to Asia to North America. These Ice Age giants vanished from mainland Siberia by 9,000 years ago, although mammoths survived on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until roughly 3,700 years ago.
Mammoths moved 'out of America' BBC - September 4, 2008
Scientists have discovered that the last Siberian woolly mammoths may have originated in North America. Their research in the journal Current Biology represents the largest study of ancient woolly mammoth DNA. The scientists also question the direct role of climate change in the eventual demise of these large beasts. They believe that woolly mammoths survived through the period when the ice sheets were at their maximum, while other Ice Age mammals "crashed out". The iconic Ice Age woolly mammoth - Mammuthus primigenius - roamed through mainland Eurasia and North America until about 10,000 years ago. Previous studies had hinted that the last mammoths left in Siberia were not natives - but immigrants from North America. However, more evidence was required to strengthen the case for this "out of America" theory.
France: Extremely 'Rare' mammoth skull discovered BBC - September 2, 2008
The "extremely rare" fossilized skull of a steppe mammoth has been unearthed in southern France. The discovery in the Auvergne region could shed much needed light on the evolution of these mighty beasts. Many isolated teeth of steppe mammoth have been found, but only a handful of skeletons exist; and in these surviving specimens, the skull is rarely intact. Palaeontologists Frederic Lacombat and Dick Mol describe this skull specimen as being well preserved. Mr Lacombat, from Crozatier Museum in nearby Le Puy-en-Velay, and Mr Mol, from the Museum of Natural History in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, said the fossil belongs to a male steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) that stood about 3.7m (12ft) tall and lived about 400,000 years ago, during Middle Pleistocene times.
Woolly Mammoth Gene Study Changes Extinction Theory Science Daily - June 12, 2008
A large genetic study of the extinct woolly mammoth has revealed that the species was not one large homogenous group, as scientists previously had assumed, and that it did not have much genetic diversity. The discovery is particularly interesting because it rules out human hunting as a contributing factor, leaving climate change and disease as the most probable causes of extinction.
Climate Change, Then Humans, Drove Mammoths Extinct National Geographic - April 1, 2008
Ancient climate change cornered the woolly mammoth into a shrinking habitat, but humans delivered the final blow by hunting the species into extinction, a new study suggests. Climate change and hunting have long been blamed for forcing the mammoth into decline at the end of the Pleistocene era about 10,000 years ago. The last mammoth died out 4,000 years ago, experts estimate. But this study marks the first time that the massive, shaggy-haired animal's demise has been explained using combined population and climate change modeling, researchers say.
Mammoth hair produces DNA bounty BBC - September 28, 2007
A rapid technique for isolating DNA in hair has yielded a mass of new information about woolly mammoths. An international research team says the process should work on other extinct animals, allowing their genetics to be studied in detail for the first time. The mammoth DNA was taken from the hair shaft which was long thought to be a poor source for the "life molecule". But the group tells Science magazine that the shaft's keratin material slows degradation and limits contamination.
Gene reveals mammoth coat color BBC - July 6, 2006
The coat color of mammoths that roamed the Earth thousands of years ago has been determined by scientists. Some of the curly tusked animals would have sported dark brown coats, while others had pale ginger or blond hair. The information was extracted from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth bone from Siberia using the latest genetic techniques. Writing in the journal Science, the researchers said a gene called Mc1r was controlling the beasts' coat colors. This gene is responsible for hair-color in some modern mammals, too. In humans, reduced activity of the Mc1r gene causes red hair, while in dogs, mice and horses it results in yellow hair.
Complete mammoth skeleton found in Siberia BBC - May 23, 2006
Fishermen in Siberia have discovered the complete skeleton of a mammoth - a find which Russian experts have described as very rare. The remains appeared when flood waters receded in Russia's Krasnoyarsk region. The mammoth's backbone, skull, teeth and tusks all survived intact. It appears to have died aged about 50. Mammoths lived in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America between about 1.6 million years ago and 10,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch. Alexander Kerzhayev, deputy director of the museum in the small town of Novoselovo, says it is the most significant find he can remember.
Scientists Sequence Complete Genome of Woolly Mammoth BBC - February 8, 2006
Scientists have completed the oldest mitochondrial genome sequence from the 33,000-year-old remains of a woolly mammoth; results show mammoths and Asian elephants are a sister species that diverged soon a fter their common ancestor split from the lineage of the African elephant.
Woolly Mammoth Resurrection, "Jurassic Park" Planned National Geographic - April 8, 2005
A team of Japanese genetic scientists aims to bring woolly mammoths back to life and create a Jurassic Park-style refuge for resurrected species. The effort has garnered new attention as a frozen mammoth is drawing crowds at the 2005 World Exposition in Aichi, Japan. The team of scientists, which is not associated with the exhibit, wants to do more than just put a carcass on display. They aim to revive the Ice Age plant-eaters, 10,000 years after they went extinct.
Complete mammoth skull unearthed in England BBC - January 20, 2004
A complete mammoth skull has been unearthed in southern England, only the second to be found in Britain. The specimen was discovered in a gravel pit in the Cotswolds and is estimated to be about 50,000 years old. The only other complete specimen found in the UK is displayed in the Natural History Museum in London. Scientists will attempt to date the mammoth skull using radiocarbon methods and will also use it to study the evolutionary history of mammoths. The skull was found on Sunday 11 January by Dr Neville Hollingworth, a palaeontologist who works at the Natural Environment Research Council, and Dr Mark O'Dell, of science firm QinetiQ.
Woolly Mammoth Study Shows Complexity of Evolution National Geographic - November 1, 2001
The woolly mammoth is the rock star of Ice Age mammals. It's been immortalized in Stone Age cave paintings and carvings and in museum displays as the quintessential Ice Age animal. How did this Ice Age icon evolve from an elephant-type species grazing in Africa to a highly specialized Arctic dweller? Two researchers studying the fossil record of European and Siberian mammoths have traced the evolution of the woolly mammoth. The research has raised a few questions about current evolutionary theories.
When mammoths roamed England BBC - November 2, 2001
A clash of the mammoths could have taken place in what is now southern England thousands of years ago. Fossils found in Buckinghamshire and Norfolk suggest that two types of mammoth lived side-by-side in prehistoric times. Scientists believe herds of more advanced mammoths moving south from Siberia encountered primitive European ones. The newcomers were better adapted to a cold climate and eventually outbred their contemporaries. But the European mammoths might have interbred with the Siberian invaders, leaving their mark in the gene pool.
Mastodon
Mastodons or Mastodonts (meaning "nipple-teeth") are members of the extinct genus Mammut of the order Proboscidea and form the family Mammutidae; they resembled, but were distinct from, the woolly mammoth which belongs to the family Elephantidae. Mastodons were browsers and mammoths were grazers.
The American mastodon (Mammut americanum) lived in North America. Mastodons are thought to have first appeared almost four million years ago and became extinct about 10,000 years ago, at the same time as most other Pleistocene megafauna. Though their habitat spanned a large territory, mastodons were most common in the Ice age spruce forests of the eastern United States, as well as in warmer lowland environments.
Their remains have been found as far as 300 kilometers offshore in the northeastern United States, in areas that were dry land during the low sea level stand of the last ice age. There have been, however, findings of mastodon fossils in South America and also on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state. Mastodon fossils have been found in Stewiack, Nova Scotia, Canada, and also were discovered north of Fort Wayne, Indiana, resulting in the "Mastodons" being chosen as the mascot for athletic teams at Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne (IPFW) by the students. The uncovered fossils are displayed inside Kettler Hall on the IPFW campus.
While mastodons were furry like woolly mammoths, and similar in height at roughly three meters at the shoulder, the resemblance was superficial. They differed from mammoths primarily in the blunt, conical shape of their teeth, which were more suited to chewing leaves than the high-crowned teeth mammoths used for grazing; the name mastodon means mastoid teeth, and is also an obsolete name for their genus. Their skulls were larger and flatter than those of mammoths, while their skeleton was stockier and more robust.
Mastodons also seem to have lacked the undercoat characteristic of mammoths. The tusks of the mastodon sometimes exceeded five meters in length, and were nearly horizontal, in contrast with the more curved mammoth tusks. Young males had vestigial lower tusks that were lost in adulthood. The tusks were probably used to break branches and twigs although some evidence suggests males may have used them in mating challenges; one tusk is often shorter than the other, suggesting that, like humans, mastodons may have had laterality.
Examination of fossilized tusks revealed a series of regularly spaced shallow pits on the underside of the tusks. Microscopic examination showed damage to the dentin under the pits. It is theorized that the damage was caused when the males were fighting over mating rights. The curved shape of the tusks would have forced them downward with each blow, causing damage to the newly forming ivory at the base of the tusk. The regularity of the damage in the growth patterns of the tusks indicates that this was an annual occurrence, probably occurring during the spring and early summer.
The meat of mastodons was a food source for early humans. Archaeologists are still trying to determine what role, if any, the early human settlers of North America played in the extinction of the mastodon. Recent studies by scientists in Ohio and New York concluded that tuberculosis may have been partly responsible for the extinction of the Mastodon 10,000 years ago. Read more ...
Stegomastodon Skull Unearthed Live Science - June 19, 2014
Elephant Butte Lake State Park in New Mexico is named for an elephant-shaped hill on the north side of the park, but now the name seems even more appropriate after a bachelor party hiking there discovered a 3-million-year-old stegomastodon skull - the prehistoric ancestor of mammoths and elephants. Members of the bachelor party noticed a bone sticking a couple inches out of the sand by the Rio Grande River earlier this month, the Telegraph reported. The men dug up what turned out to be an enormous skull and sent photos to the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Paleontologists who arrived on the scene identified the remains as a stegomastodon skull.
Greek mastodon find 'spectacular' BBC - July 24, 2007
The remains of a prehistoric mastodon - a mammoth-like animal - have been found in northern Greece, including intact long tusks. A Dutch scientist at the site, Dick Mol, says the find near Grevena should help explain why mastodons died out in Europe two to three million years ago.
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Which castle is the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports? | Sandwich Kent UK: The Cinque Ports
Royal Charter 1668
The Cinque Ports: a Brief History
Originally, the Cinque Ports (pronounced 'Sink' Ports) were a confederation of five harbours, Sandwich, Romney, Dover, Hythe, and Hastings plus the two Ancient Towns of Rye & Winchelsea.
These were grouped together, for defence purposes, by Edward the Confessor. They supplied the Crown with ships and men.
In early times, the fishing fleets, maintained by the South Eastern coastal towns were frequently pressed into service to convey people, and armies, to and from the Continent, as well as to fight battles at sea. They formed the first Navy, and, in return for the use of their vessels, the ports received many privileges from the Crown.
Gradually the ports grouped together for mutual support and a confederation of the five main ones, Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and Hastings, was formed and became known as the Cinque Ports. This grouping probably began before the Norman conquest, the Domesday Book records the obligation of the ports to supply ships and men to the King once a year. This ship service continued for over three hundred years until larger ships were needed by the Navy
The Royal Charter & Privileges
The privileges obtained by the Cinque Ports were set down in a series of Royal Charters—the last one granted by Charles II in 1668, can be seen in the Guildhall, Sandwich. These privileges included freedom from tolls and customs duties, freedom to trade and to hold their own judicial courts. The Cinque Ports were also entitled to send Barons, to carry the Canopy over the Sovereign at his or her coronation. A section of the canopy, in cloth of gold, used at the coronation of George 3rd may be seen in Guildhall.
Between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, Sandwich reached the top of its importance as the main port in England.
But, the Great Storm of 1287 was the beginning of the end for many of the ports, it silted up harbours, blocked rivers, and submerged towns. Despite this, the Cinque Ports still retained their status and privileges.
Today, these towns are still known as the Cinque Ports, but the coastline has changed considerably over the centuries - Sandwich is now 2 miles inland and only Dover retains its major port status
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
There has been a Lord Warden in charge of the Cinque Ports since the 12th century.
The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is today an honorary but still prestigious position, formerly held by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother - the present Lord Warden is Admiral Lord Boyce.
The Official Residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is based at Walmer Castle.
Former recent Lord Wardens include Sir Winston Churchill 1941-1965 and Sir Robert Menzies, former Prime Minister of Australia 1966-1978.
Sandwich Haven on the River Stour
Flag of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.
Note that this image shows the particular flag of Admiral Lord Boyce - the badge in the flag's hoist changes with the appointment of a new Lord Warden.
Admiral Lord Boyce was preceded in post by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, who used the same flag but with her Royal Cypher as the badge in the hoist.
(Image & text from Wiki Media)
| Walmer Castle |
Crohn’s Disease affects which part of the body? | Walmer Castle and Gardens | English Heritage
Walmer Castle and Gardens
Open the door to this charming Tudor castle by the sea. Explore eight acres of magnificent gardens, woodland, and sea views now home to the Lord Warden. See the original Wellington Boots. Take a fresh look at the castle and see new displays, hear previously untold stories, and discover a new side to its famous residents.
Walmer Timeline
1539-43Spanish–French Alliance
Faced with an alliance between Spain and France, Henry VIII commissions a chain of defences from Hull to Milford Haven.
1539-40Three Defensive Castles
Henry commissions three Kent castles, Sandown, Deal and Walmer. 1,400 workmen complete building works in a year.
Find out more about the history of Walmer Castle
1540Walmer Garrisoned
A captain, lieutenant, ten gunners, four soldiers and two porters are hired for Walmer's garrison.
1640Civil War
With the outbreak of Civil War, the three castles come under Parliamentarian control.
1649Royalist Uprising
Charles I's execution provokes uprising in Kent. Royalists occupy Sandown, Deal and Walmer and lay siege to Dover Castle, but fail to take it.
Early 18th centuryOfficial Residence
The Duke of Dorset moves from Dover Castle to Walmer and makes it his official residence as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.
1714Training Ground
The Master General of Ordnance establishes land and sea ranges here for gunnery practice.
1792William Pitt
George III appoints Prime Minister William Pitt as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He and his niece Lady Hester Stanhope improve the gardens and grounds.
1829The Duke of Wellington
The hero of Waterloo is made Lord Warden and frequently stays at the castle. He often entertains and interacts with the local people.
1842Royal Holiday Home
Queen Victoria stays at the castle for nearly a month with Prince Albert and their children.
1852Frozen in Time
Wellington dies at Walmer. His room is displayed as it was on the day of his death.
See highlights of the collection at Walmer Castle
1865-91Granville Additions
Earl Granville is appointed Lord Warden. He and his wife improve the grounds and have extra rooms built above the gatehouse.
1891Smith’s Furniture Trust
WH Smith, bookshop owner and politician, Lord Warden for only six months, sets up a trust to ensure the historical furniture remains in the castle forever.
1913-34Beauchamp Socials
As Lord Warden. Earl Beauchamp hosts annual summer parties, tennis and croquet matches and dances.
1915Wartime Retreat
Beauchamp lends Walmer to Prime Minister Asquith as a weekend retreat. Guests include Lord Kitchener, poet Rupert Brooke, author Henry James and Winston Churchill, later Lord Warden himself.
1978-2002Royal Favour
Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother stays at the castle every year, as Lord Warden. She takes a close interest in the gardens and grounds.
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What medical term is used for an extreme life-threatening allergic reaction? | Anaphylaxis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue
Unconsciousness
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will examine the person and ask about what might have caused the condition.
Tests for the allergen that caused anaphylaxis (if the cause is not obvious) may be done after treatment.
Treatment
Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that needs medical attention right away. Call 911 immediately.
Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation, which are known as the ABC's of Basic Life Support. A warning sign of dangerous throat swelling is a very hoarse or whispered voice, or coarse sounds when the person is breathing in air. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR .
Call 911.
Calm and reassure the person.
If the allergic reaction is from a bee sting, scrape the stinger off the skin with something firm (such as a fingernail or plastic credit card). Do not use tweezers. Squeezing the stinger will release more venom.
If the person has emergency allergy medicine on hand, help the person take or inject it. Do not give medicine through the mouth if the person is having difficulty breathing.
Take steps to prevent shock . Have the person lie flat, raise the person's feet about 12 inches (30 centimeters), and cover the person with a coat or blanket. Do not place the person in this position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected, or if it causes discomfort.
DO NOT:
Do not assume that any allergy shots the person has already received will provide complete protection.
Do not place a pillow under the person's head if they are having trouble breathing. This can block the airways.
Do not give the person anything by mouth if they are having trouble breathing.
Paramedics or other providers may place a tube through the nose or mouth into the airways. Or emergency surgery will be done to place a tube directly into the trachea .
The person may receive medicines to further reduce symptoms.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening without prompt treatment. Symptoms usually do get better with the right therapy, so it is important to act right away.
Possible Complications
Without prompt treatment, anaphylaxis may result in:
Blocked airway
Shock
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call 911 if you or someone you know develops severe symptoms of anaphylaxis. Or, go to the nearest emergency room.
Prevention
To prevent allergic reactions and anaphylaxis:
Avoid triggers such as foods and medicines that have caused an allergic reaction in the past. Ask detailed questions about ingredients when you are eating away from home. Also carefully examine ingredient labels.
If you have a child who is allergic to certain foods, introduce one new food at a time in small amounts so you can recognize an allergic reaction.
People who know that they have had serious allergic reactions should wear a medical ID tag.
If you have a history of serious allergic reactions, carry emergency medicines (such as a chewable antihistamine and injectable epinephrine or a bee sting kit) according to your provider's instructions.
Do not use your injectable epinephrine on anyone else. They may have a condition (such as a heart problem) that could be worsened by this drug.
Alternative Names
Anaphylactic reaction; Anaphylactic shock; Shock - anaphylactic; Allergic reaction - anaphylaxis
Images
Antibodies
References
Brown SGA, Kemp SF, Lieberman PL. Anaphylaxis. In: Adkinson NF Jr, Bochner BS, Burks AW, et al, eds. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 77.
Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis – a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(5):341-384. PMID: 26505932 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932 .
Schwartz LB. Systemic anaphylaxis, food allergy, and insect sting allergy. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 253.
Tran TP, Muelleman RL. Allergy, hypersensitivity, angioedema, and anaphylaxis. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 119.
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Which physical disability is called medically ‘talipes’? | Serious Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Serious Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Reacción alérgica grave (anafilaxia)
Someone with certain types of allergies (like food allergies) can be at risk for a sudden, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. If it happens to you, it can seem scary: You may start out feeling as if you are having a mild allergic reaction, then faint, have trouble breathing, or feel like your throat is closing, for example. But, with the right action, anaphylaxis can be treated.
Anaphylaxis isn't common. But some people with allergies are more at risk than others. People with allergies to insect bites and stings, foods, or certain medications are most at risk for anaphylaxis. So if you have allergies (or a friend or family member does), it's good to know about anaphylaxis and be prepared.
Signs of Anaphylaxis
How can people tell if an allergic reaction is an emergency? One clue is if it happens in two or more of these body systems:
skin
respiratory system
cardiovascular system
For example, someone may feel tightness or closing in the throat (respiratory system) together with a fast heartbeat (cardiovascular system).
Here are the most common signs that a person who has been exposed to an allergen (anything that can cause an allergic reaction) might have anaphylaxis:
difficulty breathing
continue
What to Do
Anaphylaxis requires immediate treatment. It can get worse very quickly. If you have a known allergy and start to have a reaction, use your epinephrine injector (if you have one) and call 911, or immediately go to the nearest emergency room. Let friends know about your allergy so they can help you, if necessary.
What Is Epinephrine?
When someone has anaphylaxis, the body releases allergic chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause the types of problems mentioned earlier — like a fast heartbeat and trouble speaking.
To work against this reaction, doctors usually want people with life-threatening allergies to carry a medication called epinephrine. Epinephrine works by relieving the symptoms of anaphylaxis. For example, it decreases swelling and raises blood pressure.
Epinephrine has to get into the bloodstream as fast as possible in an emergency. So it needs to be given as an injection. This isn't as scary as it sounds. There's no big needle and plunger involved. Instead, scientists have developed an auto injector about the size of a large pen that's easy to carry and use.
If you need to carry an epinephrine auto injector, your doctor will write you a prescription and show you how to use it.
When to Use Epinephrine
If your doctor prescribes an epinephrine auto injector, carry it with you at all times. With anaphylaxis, seconds count. Epinephrine can be a lifesaver.
If you start to have difficulty breathing, tightness in your throat, feel faint, or if you have allergic symptoms in more than one of the body systems mentioned earlier, give yourself epinephrine right away. Don't try to use your inhaler and wait to see what happens. Go straight for the epinephrine injector! That's especially true if you have food allergies and also have asthma.
After using an epinephrine auto injector, go to a hospital emergency room right away. Sometimes a person has a second wave of symptoms (called a biphasic reaction). The hospital will observe you for at least 4 hours to be sure you are OK and give you additional treatment, if needed.
Serious allergies can sound scary, but they are treatable. So if you have an auto injector, carry it with you always. That tiny pinprick can mean the difference between life and death!
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World Championships in which sport took place at Frimley Green recently? | BDO World Championship: Alan Norris knocked out by Darryl Fitton - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
BDO World Championship: Alan Norris knocked out by Darryl Fitton
By Phil Cartwright
BBC Sport at Lakeside Country Club
7 Jan 2015
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Darryl Fitton beat number two seed Alan Norris in a deciding set tie-break to reach the quarter-finals of the BDO World Championships.
The first six sets between Fitton and 2014 runner-up Norris went with the darts, the latter being pegged back on three occasions after edging ahead.
Norris missed three match darts, two of them in the last leg of the sixth set and another in the seventh.
Fitton missed four match darts before landing double eight for victory.
Needing to win the final set by two clear legs, the Stockport-born 52-year-old took it 4-2 to reach the quarter-finals for the sixth time in 13 appearances at Frimley Green.
He told BBC Sport: "Alan was awesome when he got to the final last year.
"But I know I've got the game in me and it means so much to me because I'm still in the tournament.
"I hit the doubles at the important times."
Swedish qualifier Peter Sajwani, who defeated top seed James Wilson in round one, was beaten 4-0 by a ruthless Robbie Green.
Sajwani hit a 139 checkout during the first set but it was only enough for one of just three legs that he won against the 16th seed from Wallasey.
Number four seed Scott Mitchell and three-time world champion Martin Adams are in second-round action on Wednesday evening.
Dutch third seed Aileen de Graaf's 2-0 win over England's Paula Jacklin concluded the first round of the women's draw.
All four women's quarter-final matches take place on Thursday.
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We call it grilling – what do Americans call it? | BBC Sport - BDO World Championship: Alan Norris knocked out by Darryl Fitton
BBC Sport
Fitton knocks out second seed Norris
7 January 2015 Last updated at 17:02
BDO World Championship: Alan Norris knocked out by Darryl Fitton
By Phil Cartwright BBC Sport at Lakeside Country Club
Darryl Fitton beat number two seed Alan Norris in a deciding set tie-break to reach the quarter-finals of the BDO World Championships.
The first six sets between Fitton and 2014 runner-up Norris went with the darts, the latter being pegged back on three occasions after edging ahead.
Norris missed three match darts, two of them in the last leg of the sixth set and another in the seventh.
Fitton missed four match darts before landing double eight for victory.
Needing to win the final set by two clear legs, the Stockport-born 52-year-old took it 4-2 to reach the quarter-finals for the sixth time in 13 appearances at Frimley Green.
He told BBC Sport: "Alan was awesome when he got to the final last year.
"But I know I've got the game in me and it means so much to me because I'm still in the tournament.
"I hit the doubles at the important times."
Swedish qualifier Peter Sajwani, who defeated top seed James Wilson in round one, was beaten 4-0 by a ruthless Robbie Green.
Sajwani hit a 139 checkout during the first set but it was only enough for one of just three legs that he won against the 16th seed from Wallasey.
Number four seed Scott Mitchell and three-time world champion Martin Adams are in second-round action on Wednesday evening.
Dutch third seed Aileen de Graaf's 2-0 win over England's Paula Jacklin concluded the first round of the women's draw.
All four women's quarter-final matches take place on Thursday.
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Raclette is a mild cheese – what is its country of origin? | Swiss Cheese - Kitchen Dictionary - Food.com
Nutrition
Swiss cheese the generic name for several varieties of cheese originally made in Switzerland. In the United States "swiss cheese" is an imitation of the Swiss Emmental or Emmentaler. Swiss cheese is a mild cheese made from cow's milk and has a firmer texture than baby Swiss. The flavor is mild, sweet and nut-like. Swiss cheese is known for being shiny, pale yellow, and having large holes (called eyes) resulting from carbon dioxide released during the maturation process. Cheesemakers can control the size of the holes by changing the acidity, temperature, and curing time.
Commonly known as "Swiss" cheese, Emmental originally came from the Emme River Valley near Bern. Emmental is one of the largest cheeses in the world, requiring 262 gallons of cow's milk for one 200-pound wheel of cheese. It is deep yellow in color and has holes the size of cherries, sometimes up to golf ball size. The scent of Emmental suggests meadows, raisins and wood fires. The flavor is strong and fruity with a mature woody finish. French Emmental has a slightly stronger taste that the Swiss variety. Emmental stands well on its own as a snacking cheese. It is fantastic in salads with mushrooms, cornichons, bell peppers and shallots. A Reuben would not be a Reuben without a slice of melting Emmental. Try a slice with apples or pears, rye, pumpernickel or sourdough breads, coarse mustard's, corned beef and sauerkraut. Fruity red wines such as Beaujolais, Merlot, Syrah or Shiraz are all good choices.
Baby Swiss~ pale yellow in color, it has a soft, silky texture with small holes, or eyes and is made from whole cow's milk. The flavor is mild, buttery, creamy and slightly sweet. It makes an excellent melting cheese for egg dishes such as omelets, frittatas and quiches. It complements ham, rye and mustard, as well as apples, pears, grapes cashews and corned beef. White wines such as Chardonnay or Viognier, or a red such as Pinot Noir are good choices.
Swiss-Type Cheeses~
Blarney~ Blarney Irish Castle Cheese is a natural, semi-soft part-skim cheese rather like a young Gouda. Available in red wax, it is aged for a minimum of 90 days. Smoked Blarney Irish Castle Cheese is a non-waxed variation naturally smoked over oak fires.
Comte~ Actually a member of the Gruyere family, the actual name is Gruyere de Comte. A round cheese with round marble sized holes, it has a tough and darkly colored rind enclosing a yellowish interior. Aged longer than Swiss Gruyere, Comte is a creamy, piquant cheese with a sweet, fruity flavor.
Jarlsberg~ is a cheese from Norway that is often subsituted for Emmental. It is made from full-cream cow's milk and is buttery rich, milk and slightly sweet.
Raclette~ a cow's milk cheese that is fantastic heated under a hot grill. The heat intensifies the full, nutty and slightly fruity aroma of Raclette. When grilled, the rind becomes crunchy and has a wonderfully savory flavor.
Tete de Moine~ Made from rich summer milk, the interior is firm and creamy to straw yellow, darkening as it ages. The flavor is sweet and tangy with hints of musty wood and nuts. It is the strongest of the Swiss Cheeses. A French counterpart is Girollin.
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Matches well with:
apples, pears, grapes, proscuitto ham, salami, fruity white wine, red wine, cran-raspberry juice, tomato juice, merlot, mustards, walnuts, potato dishes, eggs, cured meats. Breads: Rye, French, Sourdough and rustic crackers.
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Vitamin B2 has what medical name? | RIBOFLAVIN: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings - WebMD
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Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain 2009;25(5):446-452. View abstract.
Szentmary, N., Goebels, S., Bischoff, M., and Seitz, B. [Photodynamic therapy for infectious keratitis]. Ophthalmologe 2012;109(2):165-170. View abstract.
Taylor, P. R., Li, B., Dawsey, S. M., Li, J. Y., Yang, C. S., Guo, W., and Blot, W. J. Prevention of esophageal cancer: the nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China. Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials Study Group. Cancer Res 4-1-1994;54(7 Suppl):2029s-2031s. View abstract.
Tepper, S. J. Complementary and alternative treatments for childhood headaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12(5):379-383. View abstract.
Thakker, K. M., Sitren, H. S., Gregory, J. F., III, Schmidt, G. L., and Baumgartner, T. G. Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 from multivitamin preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(6):1472-1479. View abstract.
Toh, S. Y., Thompson, G. W., and Basu, T. K. Riboflavin status of the elderly: dietary intake and FAD-stimulating effect on erythrocyte glutathione reductase coefficients. Eur.J Clin Nutr 1994;48(9):654-659. View abstract.
Trygg, K., Lund-Larsen, K., Sandstad, B., Hoffman, H. J., Jacobsen, G., and Bakketeig, L. S. Do pregnant smokers eat differently from pregnant non-smokers? Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol 1995;9(3):307-319. View abstract.
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What do we call a quadrilateral with just two sides parallel? | How Vitamin B2 Works | HowStuffWorks
How Vitamin B2 Works
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Like many scientific discoveries, vitamin B2 was discovered almost accidentally. In the 1920s and 1930s, nutritionists were searching for a growth-promoting factor in food . Their search kept turning up yellow substances. Meanwhile, biochemists who were busy trying to solve the mysteries of metabolism kept encountering a yellow enzyme. The yellow substances in food and the enzyme that the researchers kept encountering were all riboflavin. In this article, we'll learn why vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is important and how to get enough of it in your diet. Here's a preview.
What Is Vitamin B2?
Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, works together with the family of B-complex vitamins to provide the body with energy by metabolizing carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It also helps in the regeneration of glutathione, an enzyme that rids the body of free radicals.
Vitamin B2 Deficiency
Hypersensitivity to light can be a sign of a riboflavin deficiency, which causes the skin to become greasy, scaly, and dry. A riboflavin deficiency might contribute to cataracts, so those who have suffered from cataracts in the past should consider a riboflavin supplement.
Riboflavin is just one of the many vitamins you need to maintain overall health. Follow the links below to learn more about these essential vitamins.
Vitamin A, or retinol, plays a vital role in vision. Learn more in How Vitamin A Works .
A vitamin B1, or thiamin, deficiency results in the disease beriberi. Learn more in How Vitamin B1 Works.
Vitamin B3, or niacin, acts as a coenzyme, assisting other substances in the conversion of food into energy. Learn more in How Vitamin B3 Works.
Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, can be found in all living cells and in all foods. Learn about its importance to your diet in How Vitamin B5 Works.
Vitamin B6 is actually three substances, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal, that work to metabolize protein and amino acids. Read more in How Vitamin B6 Works.
To learn about the many vitamins in our diet, how much you should be eating, and where to find them, go to our general Vitamins page.
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Who was the Roman equivalent of the Greek Goddess Artemis? | Artemis | Greek Mythology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Weapons
Silver Bow and Arrows
Artemis (Ancient Greek: Ἄρτεμις) was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities. Her Roman equivalent is Diana. Some scholars believe that the name, and indeed the goddess herself, was originally pre-Greek. Homer refers to her as Artemis Agrotera, Potnia Theron: "Artemis of the wildland, Mistress of Animals". The Arcadians believed she was the daughter of Demeter .
In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto , and the twin sister of Apollo . She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and protector of young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women; she often depicted as a huntress carrying a Bow & Arrows . The deer, wolves , and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times she also assumed the ancient role of Eileithyia in aiding childbirth.
Ancient Greek writers linked Artemis (Doric Artamis) by way of folk etymology to artemes (ἀρτεμής) "safe" or artamos (ἄρταμος) "butcher". However, the name Artemis (variants Arktemis, Arktemisa) is most likely related to Greek árktos "bear" (from PIE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos), supported by the bear cult that the goddess had in Attica (Brauronia) and the Neolithic remains at the Arkoudiotissa Cave, as well as the story about Callisto, which was originally about Artemis (Arcadian epithet kallisto).
This cult was a survival of very old totemic and shamanistic rituals and formed part of a larger bear cult found further afield in other Indo-European cultures (e.g., Gaulish Artio). It is believed that a precursor of Artemis was worshiped in Minoan Crete as the goddess of mountains and hunting, Britomartis. While connection with Anatolian names has been suggested, the earliest attested forms of the name Artemis are the Mycenaean Greek a-te-mi-to and a-ti-mi-te, written in Linear B at Pylos. Artemis was venerated in Lydia as Artimus.
Contents
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Birth
Various conflicting accounts are given in Classical Greek mythology of the birth of Artemis and her twin brother, Apollo. All accounts agree, however, that she was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and that she was the twin sister of Apollo .
An account by Callimachus has it that Hera forbade Leto to give birth on either terra firma (the mainland) or on an island. Hera was angry with Zeus , her husband, because he had impregnated Leto. But the island of Delos (or Ortygia in the Homeric Hymn to Artemis) disobeyed Hera, and Leto gave birth there.
Once, Artemis was tricked into having a child. Artemis had offended Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. She told Athena and Hera that they were not true virgin goddess. After all, Athena had children, and Hera was the goddess of marriage. She then told Aphrodite that love was worthless, since you would most likely have a broken heart in the end. She showed the example of Orpheus and Eurydice. They still had broken hearts. Of course, these goddess did not take offense easily. They plotted to get revenge. With the help of Dionysus, they made every young man look like a golden stag. But really, they were the men of Athens. Soon she was in childbirth, which was very painful. Hera (who was also the goddess of childbirth), made sure that the birth would not come easily for Artemis. People are not sure who her daughter was. Some say it is Haley's comet. Others say that she is the shadows of night. Most most people believe that it was moon that was her daughter, always shining down upon us.
In ancient Cretan history Leto was worshiped at Phaistos and in Cretan mythology Leto gave birth to Apollo and Artemis at the islands known today as the Paximadia. A scholium of Servius on Aeneid iii. 72 accounts for the island's archaic name Ortygia by asserting that Zeus transformed Leto into a quail (ortux) in order to prevent Hera from finding out his infidelity, and Kenneth McLeish suggested further that in quail form Leto would have given birth with as few birth-pains as a mother quail suffers when it lays an egg.
The myths also differ as to whether Artemis was born first, or Apollo. Most stories depict Artemis as born first, becoming her mother's mid-wife upon the birth of her brother Apollo. Artemis caused no pain to Leto, earning her the title of goddess of childbirth. After she was born she helped Leto give birth to Apollo her twin brother.
Childhood
The childhood of Artemis is not fully related in any surviving myth. The Iliad reduced the figure of the dread goddess to that of a girl, who, having been thrashed by Hera , climbs weeping into the lap of Zeus. A poem of Callimachus to the goddess "who amuses herself on mountains with archery" imagines some charming vignettes: according to Callimachus, Artemis, at three years old, while sitting on the knee of her father, Zeus , asked him to grant her six wishes: to remain always a virgin; to have many names to set her apart from her brother Apollo ; to be the Phaesporia or Light Bringer; to have a bow and arrow and a knee-length tunic so that she could hunt; to have sixty "daughters of Okeanos", all nine years of age, to be her choir; and for twenty Amnisides Nymphs as handmaidens to watch her dogs and bow while she rested. She wished for no city dedicated to her, but to rule the mountains, and for the ability to help women in the pains of childbirth.
Artemis believed that she had been chosen by the Fates to be a midwife, particularly since she had assisted her mother in the delivery of her twin brother, Apollo. All of her companions remained virgins, and Artemis closely guarded her own chastity. Her symbols included the silver bow and arrow, the hunting dog, the stag, and the moon. Callimachus tells how Artemis spent her girlhood seeking out the things that she would need to be a huntress, how she obtained her bow and arrows from the isle of Lipara, where Hephaestus and the Cyclops worked.
Okeanus' daughters were filled with fear, but the young Artemis bravely approached and asked for bow and arrows. Callimachus then tells how Artemis visited Pan , the god of the forest, whom gave her seven female dogs and six dogs. She then captured six golden-horned deer to pull her chariot. Artemis practiced with her bow first by shooting at trees and then at wild beasts.
Possible Relations & Others
As a virgin, Artemis had interested many gods and men.
Artemis was friends with the giant Orion, but long after Orion's death humans thought that they could have been something more. This was unlikely true because the first stories of their friendship were things like Orion being a rapist and attempting to take advantage of their friendship and rape Artemis, which in turn led to her killing him. Others were things like Orion attempting to kill every beast in the world to win her heart, in order to stop him either Artemis killed him without regret (she thought he was crazy and that she would never fall in love no matter what, or Gaia sending Scorpio to kill him. Either way unlike popular belief there was plenty of evidence that they had nothing other than a mere friendship (despite Orion wanting more but he may or may not have acted on it and tried to rape her). In the unlikely case of Artemis being in love with Orion it would have likely ended with with Apollo wanting to make sure Artemis kept her vow and he either sent Scorpio to kill him or tricked Artemis into shooting Orion. Orion was the self-proclaimed best hunter in another version and Hera sent Scorpio to kill him, in this version Zeus put him in the stars as a constellation as an apology to Orion for what his wife did. It was most likely in most case that Zeus was the one who put him in the sky and only the ones where Artemis was in love with him would Artemis have put her in the sky. The whole idea of Artemis loving Orion was started way after the first stories of any possible friendship between the two.
Alpheus , a river god, was in love with Artemis, but he realizes that he can do nothing to win her heart. So he decides to capture her. Artemis, who is with her companions at Letrenoi, goes to Alpheus, but, suspicious of his motives, she covers her face with mud so that the river god does not recognize her. In another story, Alphaeus tries to rape Artemis' attendant Arethusa . Artemis pities Arethusa and saves her by transforming Arethusa into a spring in Artemis' temple, Artemis Alphaea in Letrini, where the goddess and her attendant drink.
Bouphagos, the son of the Titan Iapetos, sees Artemis and thinks about raping her. Reading his sinful thoughts, Artemis strikes him at Mount Pholoe. Sipriotes is a boy, who, either because he accidentally sees Artemis bathing or because he attempts to rape her, is turned into a girl by the goddess.
Aktaeon
Multiple versions Actaeon myth survive, though many are fragmentary. The details vary but at the core they involve a great hunter, Aktaeon who Artemis turns into a stag for a transgression and who is then killed by hunting dogs. Usually the dogs are his own, whom no longer recognize their master. Sometimes they are Artemis' hounds.
According to the standard modern text on the work, Lamar Ronald Lacey's The Myth of Aktaion: Literary and Icongraphic Studies, the most likely original version of the myth is that Aktaeon was the hunting companion of the goddess who, seeing her stark naked in her sacred spring, attempts to force himself on her. For this hubris he is turned into a stag and devoured by his own hounds. However, in some surviving versions Aktaeon is a stranger who happens upon her. Different tellings also diverge in the hunter's transgression, which is sometimes merely seeing the virgin goddess naked, sometimes boasting he is a better hunter than she, or even merely being a rival of Zeus for the affections of Semele .
Adonis
In some versions of the story of Adonis , who was a late addition to Greek mythology during the Hellenistic period, Artemis sent a wild boar to kill Adonis as punishment for his hubristic boast that he was a better hunter than she.
In other versions, Artemis killed Adonis for revenge. In later myths, Adonis had been related as a favorite of Aphrodite , and Aphrodite was responsible for the death of Hippolytus , who had been a favorite of Artemis. Therefore, Artemis killed Adonis to avenge Hippolytus's death.
In yet another version, Adonis was not killed by Artemis, but by Ares , as punishment out of jealousy.
Orion
Orion was Artemis' hunting companion. In some versions, he is killed by Artemis, while in others he is killed by a scorpion sent by Gaia . In some versions, Orion tries to seduce Opis , one of her followers, and she killed him. In a version by Aratus , Orion took hold of Artemis's robe and she killed him in self-defense.
In yet another version, Apollo sends the scorpion. According to Hyginus , Artemis once loved Orion (in spite of the late source, this version appears to be a rare remnant of her as the pre-Olympian goddess, who took consorts, as Eos did), but was tricked into killing him by her brother Apollo, who was "protective" of his sister's maidenhood.
Artemis was friends with the giant Orion, but long after Orion's death humans thought that they could have been something more. This was unlikely true because the first stories of their friendship were things like Orion being a rapist and attempting to take advantage of their friendship and rape Artemis, which in turn led to her killing him. Others were things like Orion attempting to kill every beast in the world to win her heart, in order to stop him either Artemis killed him without regret (she thought he was crazy and that she would never fall in love no matter what, or Gaia sending Scorpio to kill him. Either way unlike popular belief there was plenty of evidence that they had nothing other than a mere friendship (despite Orion wanting more but he may or may not have acted on it and tried to rape her). In the unlikely case of Artemis being in love with Orion it would have likely ended with with Apollo wanting to make sure Artemis kept her vow and he either sent Scorpio to kill him or tricked Artemis into shooting Orion. Orion was the self-proclaimed best hunter in another version and Hera sent Scorpio to kill him, in this version Zeus put him in the stars as a constellation as an apology to Orion for what his wife did. It was most likely in most case that Zeus was the one who put him in the sky and only the ones where Artemis was in love with him would Artemis have put her in the sky. The whole idea of Artemis loving Orion was started way after the first stories of any possible friendship between the two
The Aloadae
These twin sons of Iphidemia and Poseidon , Otos and Ephialtes, grew enormously at a young age. They were aggressive, great hunters, and could not be killed unless they killed each other. The growth of the Aloadae never stopped, and they boasted that as soon as they could reach heaven, they would kidnap Artemis and Hera and take them as wives. The gods were afraid of them, except for Artemis who captured a fine deer (or in another version of the story, she changed herself into a doe) and jumped out between them. The Aloadae threw their spears and so mistakenly killed each other.
Callisto
Callisto was the daughter of Lycaon, King of Arcadia and also was one of Artemis' hunting attendants. As a companion of Artemis, she took a vow of chastity. Zeus appeared to her disguised as Artemis, or in some stories Apollo , gained her confidence, then took advantage of her. As a result of this encounter she conceived a son, Arcas.
Enraged, Hera or Artemis (some accounts say both) changed her into a bear. Arcas almost killed the bear, but Zeus stopped him just in time. Out of pity, Zeus placed Callisto the bear into the heavens, thus the origin of Callisto the Bear as a constellation. Some stories say that he placed both Arcas and Callisto into the heavens as bears, forming the Ursa Minor and Ursa Major constellations.
Iphigenia and the Taurian Artemis
Artemis punished Agamemnon after he killed a sacred stag in a sacred grove and boasted that he was a better hunter than the goddess. When the Greek fleet was preparing at Aulis to depart for Troy to begin the Trojan War , Artemis becalmed the winds. The seer Calchas advised Agamemnon that the only way to appease Artemis was to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia . Artemis then snatched Iphigenia from the altar and substituted a deer. Various myths have been told around what happened after Artemis took her. Either she was brought to Tauros and led the priests there, or became Artemis' immortal companion.
Niobe
A Queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion , Niobe boasted of her superiority to Leto because while she had fourteen children (Niobids), seven boys and seven girls, Leto had only one of each. When Artemis and Apollo heard this impiety, Apollo killed her sons as they practiced athletics, and Artemis shot her daughters, whom died instantly without a sound. Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them, though according to some versions two of the Niobids were spared, one boy and one girl. Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, killed himself. A devastated Niobe and her remaining children were turned to stone by Artemis as they wept. The gods themselves entombed them.
Niobe and Amphion boasted they were better than Leto, becuase they had raised fourteen children and Leto had only raised two. Artemis and Apollo, very angered that the two dared to compare their mortal lives to that of a goddess, killed their children. Apollo killed all the male children and Artemis killed all the female children, each with their bow and arrows. Amphion committed suicide and Niobe wept until she was turned into a rock. This myths is said to be the explanation of why rocks "cry".
Khione
Khione was a princess of Pokis. She was beloved by two gods, Hermes and Apollo, and boasted that she was prettier than Artemis because she made two gods fall in love with her at once. Artemis was furious and killed Khione with her arrow or struck her dumb by shooting off her tongue. However, some versions of this myth say Apollo and Hermes protected her from Artemis' wrath.
Atalanta, Oeneus and the Meleagrids
Artemis saved the infant Atalanta from dying of exposure after her father abandoned her. She sent a female bear to suckle the baby, whom was then raised by hunters. But she later sent a bear to hurt Atalanta because people said Atalanta was a better hunter. This is in some stories.
Among other adventures, Atalanta participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar, which Artemis had sent to destroy Kalydon because King Oeneus had forgotten her at the harvest sacrifices. In the hunt, Atalanta drew the first blood, and was awarded the prize of the skin. She hung it in a sacred grove at Tegea as a dedication to Artemis.
Meleager was a hero of Aetolia. King Oeneus had him gather heroes from all over Greece to hunt the Calydonian Boar. After the death of Meleager, Artemis turned his grieving sisters, the Meleagrids into guineafowl that Artemis loved very much.
Aura
In Nonnus Dionysiaca, Aura was Greek goddess of breezes and cool air, daughter of Lelantos and Periboia . She was a virgin huntress, just like Artemis and proud of her maidenhood. One day, she claimed that the body of Artemis was too womanly and she doubted her virginity. Artemis asked Nemesis for help to avenge her dignity and caused the rape of Aura by Dionysos . Aura became a mad and dangerous killer. When she bore twin sons, she ate one of them while the other one, Iakhos, was saved by Artemis. Iakhos later became an attendant of Demeter and the leader of Eleusinian Mysteries.
Trojan War
Artemis may have been represented as a supporter of Troy because her brother Apollo was the patron god of the city and she herself was widely worshiped in western Anatolia in historical times. In the Iliad she came to blows with Hera , when the divine allies of the Greeks and Trojans engaged each other in conflict. Hera struck Artemis on the ears with her own quiver, causing the arrows to fall out. As Artemis fled crying to Zeus , Leto gathered up the bow and arrows.
Artemis played quite a large part in this war. Like her mother and brother, whom was widely worshiped at Troy, Artemis took the side of the Trojans. At the Greek's journey to Troy, Artemis becalmed the sea and stopped the journey until an oracle came and said they could win the goddess' heart by sacrificing Iphigenia , Agamemnon's daughter. Agamemnon once promised the goddess he would sacrifice the dearest thing to him, which was Iphigenia, but broke the promise. Other sources said he boasted about his hunting ability and provoked the goddess' anger. Artemis saved Iphigenia because of her bravery. In some versions of the myth, Artemis made Iphigenia her attendant or turned her into Hekate , goddess of night, witchcraft, and the underworld.
Aeneas was helped by Artemis, Leto, and Apollo. Apollo found him wounded by Diomedes and lifted him to heaven. There, the three of them secretly healed him in a great chamber.
Artemis in Art
The oldest representations of Artemis in Greek Archaic art portray her as Potnia Theron ("Queen of the Beasts"): a winged goddess holding a stag and leopard in her hands, or sometimes a leopard and a lion. This winged Artemis lingered in ex-votos as Artemis Orthia , with a sanctuary close by Sparta .
In Greek classical art she is usually portrayed as a maiden huntress, young, tall and slim, clothed in a girl's short skirt with hunting boots, a quiver, a bow and arrows. Often, she is shown in the shooting pose, and is accompanied by a hunting dog or stag. When portrayed as a goddess of the moon, Artemis wore a long robe and sometimes a veil covered her head. Her darker side is revealed in some vase paintings, where she is shown as the death-bringing goddess whose arrows fell young maidens and women, such as the daughters of Niobe .
Only in post-Classical art do we find representations of Artemis-Diana with the crown of the crescent moon, as Luna . In the ancient world, although she was occasionally associated with the moon, she was never portrayed as the moon itself. Ancient statues of Artemis have been found with crescent moons, but these moons are always Renaissance-era additions.
On June 7, 2007, a Roman era bronze sculpture of Artemis and the Stag was sold at Sotheby's auction house in New York state by the Albright-Knox Art Gallery for $25.5 million.
Attributes
Bow and Arrow:
According to the Homeric Hymn to Artemis, she had golden bow and arrows, as her epithet was Khryselakatos, "of the Golden Shaft", and Iokheira (Showered by Arrows). The arrows of Artemis could also to bring sudden death and disease to girls and women. Artemis got her bow and arrow for the first time from The Kyklopes, as the one she asked from her father. The bow of Artemis also became the witness of Callisto's oath of her virginity. In later cult, the bow became the symbol of waxing moon.
Chariots:
Artemis' chariot was made of gold and was pulled by four golden horned deer (Elaphoi Khrysokeroi). The bridles of her chariot were also made of gold.
Spears, Nets and Lyres:
Although quite seldom, Artemis is sometimes portrayed with a hunting spear. Her cult in Aetolia, the Artemis Aetolian, showed her with a hunting spear. The description about Artemis' spear can be found in Ovid's Metamorphosis, while Artemis with a fishing spear connected with her cult as a patron goddess of fishing.
As a goddess of maiden dances and songs, Artemis is often portrayed with a lyre.
Fauna
Deer
Deer were the only animals held sacred to Artemis herself. On seeing a deer larger than a bull with horns shining, she fell in love with these creatures and held them sacred. Deer were also the first animals she captured. She caught five golden horned deer called Elaphoi Khrysokeroi and harnessed them to her chariot. The third labour of Heracles , commanded by Eurystheus , consisted in catching the Kerynitis Hind alive. Heracles begged Artemis for forgiveness and promised to return it alive. Artemis forgave him but targeted Eurystheus for her wrath.
Hunting Dog
Artemis got her hunting dogs from Pan in the forest of Arcadia. Pan gave Artemis two black-and-white dogs, three reddish ones, and one spotted one - these dogs were able to hunt even lions. Pan also gave Artemis seven bitches of the finest Arcadian race. However, Artemis only ever brought seven dogs hunting with her at any one time.
Bear
The sacrifice of a bear for Artemis started with the Brauron cult. Every year a girl between five and ten years of age was sent to Artemis' temple at Brauron. The Byzantine writer Suidos relayed the legend in Arktos e Brauroniois. A bear was tamed by Artemis and introduced to the people of Athens. They touched it and played with it until one day a group of girls poked the bear until it attacked them. A brother of one of the girls killed the bear, so Artemis sent a plague in revenge. The Athenians consulted an oracle to understand how to end the plague. The oracle suggested that, in payment for the bear's blood, no Athenian virgin should be allowed to marry until she had served Artemis in her temple ('played the bear for the goddess').
Boar
The boar is one of the favorite animals of the hunters, and also hard to tame. In honor of Artemis' skill, they sacrificed it to her. Oineus and Adonis were both killed by Artemis' boar.
Guinea Fowl
Artemis felt pity for the Meleagrids as they mourned for their lost brother, Meleagor, so she transformed them into Guinea Fowl to be her favorite animals. Citation needed
Buzzard Hawk
Hawks were the favored birds of many of the gods, Artemis included. Citation needed
Flora
Palm Tree and Cypress Tree trees were connected with the story of their birth to be her birthplace. Other plants sacred to Artemis are Amaranth and Asphodel .
Artemis as The Lady of Ephesus
Main Article: Temple of Artemis
At Ephesus in Ionia, Turkey, her temple became one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It was probably the best known center of her worship except for Delos. There the Lady whom the Ionians associated with Artemis through interpretatio graeca was worshiped primarily as a mother goddess, akin to the Phrygian goddess Cybele, in an ancient sanctuary where her cult image depicted the "Lady of Ephesus" adorned with multiple rounded breast like protuberances on her chest. They have been variously interpreted as multiple accessory breasts, as eggs, grapes, acorns, or even bull testes. Excavation at the site of the Artemision in 1987-88 identified a multitude of tear-shaped amber beads that had adorned the ancient wooden xoanon. In Acts of the Apostles, Ephesian metalsmiths who felt threatened by Saint Paul's preaching of Christianity, jealously rioted in her defense, shouting "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!" Of the 121 columns of her temple, only one composite, made up of fragments, still stands as a marker of the temple's location. The rest were used for making churches, roads, and forts.
Artemis in Astronomy
A minor planet, (105) Artemis ; a lunar crater; the Artemis Chasma and the Artemis Corona have all been named for her. Artemis is the acronym for "Architectures de bolometres pour des Telescopes a grand champ de vue dans le domaine sub-Millimetrique au Sol," a large bolometer camera in the submillimeter range that was installed in 2010 at the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), located in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.
Animals and other things sacred to Artemis
The Goose Sacred to Artemis
The Guinea-Fowl is sacred to Artemis
The Wolf is sacred to Artemis as well as Zeus
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On the Beaufort Scale which number is registered as Fresh Breeze? | Roman Goddesses
Goddess-Guide.com
Roman Goddesses
The original Roman Goddesses did not have distinctive personalities, human form, family histories or myths about their lives. Instead these deities were manifestations of what the Romans termed "numina", the divine essence that could be found in all living things and places.
An example of the Numina is Pomona the Goddess of Fruit trees, orchards and gardens.
This belief in numina helps explain why there were so many early Roman deities, as each represented different aspects of the natural world.
Early Roman mythology did not contain tales of the lives of magical gods. Instead they were presented as the history of Rome's creation and concentrated on the rituals and religious practices.
The nature of these early Roman deities was also closely linked to the physical and spiritual needs of people, concentrating on areas like the agriculture and motherhood. The included Goddesses like Carmenta who was the Goddess of childbirth and prophecy.
There were also many different local Goddesses and festivals who were mainly worshipped in the home and on the land.
Later the Romans mythology borrowed heavily from other traditions. However it was the rule of Rome by the Etrusian kings that was first to influence Roman worship. They began by adapting three of the Etruscan gods and making them the focus of their religion.
As the Roman Empire continued to expand they came into contact with new belief systems and ideas. Instead of destroying these religions and cults they absorbed and adopted many of them, including those of the Greeks. For example they adapted the mythology of the Greek dawn Goddess Eos and re-named her Aurora. Another example of this is the agricultural Goddess Demeter whose Roman equivalent Ceres is where the word cereal is from. I have included these and other examples below.
They also adopted the system of a pantheon of twelve major deities, similar to the model of the Olympians. These included: Juno (Queen of the Gods), Venus (Goddess of love and beauty), Vesta (Goddess of the hearth and home), Diana (Goddess of the hunt) Minerva (Goddess of war and wisdom).
Roman Goddess Name Greek Equivalent
Aurora Eos
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Who painted The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp? | The Anatomy lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandthuis
The Anatomy lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
The Anatomy lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
Rembrandt painted this group portrait of seven surgeons and the physician Nicolaes Tulp in 1632. The painting is one of a series of group portraits that were made for the board room of the Guild of Surgeons, the earliest of which dates from 1603. An anatomy piece of this kind has a central motif, an anatomy lesson, and a protagonist, the praelector or reader. This painting was occasioned by the anatomy lesson that Tulp gave in January 1632. Twice a week a leading physician gave the Amsterdam surgeons a theory lesson. One element of this extra training was attendance at practical demonstrations in the anatomy theatre in order to gain a greater understanding of human anatomy. There was one public autopsy each year, conducted in the winter because the stench of the body would have been unbearable at any other time. The dissection was carried out under the supervision of the praelector. He did not necessarily do this every year, but Tulp, who had become reader of the Guild of Surgeons three years earlier, performed his first autopsy in 1631 and his second in 1632. It was of this occasion that Rembrandt made his famous painting.
The artistic achievement of the young painter is astounding, particularly since he had painted relatively few portraits up to this time. It looks as though Rembrandt captured the men at a specific instant in time, but in fact the painting is a careful and very well thought out composition. The viewer’s attention is focused on Tulp, who demonstrates how the muscles of the arm are attached. The corpse’s arm has been laid open for the purpose. The body used for these public autopsies was usually that of a criminal, in this case Adriaen het Kint. The names of the men portrayed in the picture are listed on the piece of paper held by the man at the back.
Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, signed and dated ‘Rembrandt ft. 1632’. Canvas, 169,5 x 216,5 cm, The Hague, Mauritshuis
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13-22 January: free workshops in The Rembrandt House Museum
While we are anticipating our new exhibition Glenn Brown – Rembrandt: After Life, that will open on January 27th, there will be workshops held on… Read more »
Etching demonstration
Every day from 10:15 am to 1:15 pm, and from 1:45 pm to 4:45 pm. The demonstrations are free of charge and take place in Rembrandt’s former graphic… Read more »
Paint preparation demonstration
Every day from 10:15 am to 17:10 pm. These demonstrations are free of charge for visitors to the museum. In the master’s reconstructed studio, our demonstrators will show… Read more »
Rembrandt’s First Paintings: The Four Senses
Rembrandt’s earliest known paintings, The Four Senses, a set of four small panels representing sight, hearing, smell and touch, can be seen in the Rembrandt… Read more »
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On the Beaufort Scale which number is registered as High Wind? | The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp,
1632
Details
Rembrandt was only twenty-five when he was asked to paint the portraits of the Amsterdam surgeons. The portrait was commissioned for the anatomy lesson given by Dr Nicolaes Tulp in January 1632. Rembrandt portrayed the surgeons in action, and they are all looking at different things. Dynamism is added to the scene by the great contrasts between light and dark. In this group portrait, the young painter displayed his legendary technique and his great talent for painting lifelike portraits.
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Which famous retreat was formerly called Shangri-La? | Goodspeed: FDR found ‘Shangri-La’ in ship, retreat
Goodspeed: FDR found ‘Shangri-La’ in ship, retreat
Aviation history column with Hill Goodspeed
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Goodspeed: FDR found ‘Shangri-La’ in ship, retreat
Hill Goodspeed, Aviation History 8:45 p.m. CT April 16, 2016
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Hill Goodspeed, National Naval Aviation Museum historian, shows two formerly top secret coastal silhouettes that were used for coastal recognition, much like the ones used in the Normandy invasion.
(Photo: Ben Twingley/[email protected])Buy Photo
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Traditionally, the Navy has named its aircraft carriers after famous warships in naval history (Enterprise and Hornet), battles (Lexington and Saratoga), and people (Chester Nimitz and Ronald Reagan). There have been some exceptions, notably America, but in that name there was a connection to the nation the ship served.
One flattop broke the mold when it came to carrier names, its origins not the annals of naval history, but by the pen of a British novelist and the subterfuge of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
On April 18, 1942, 16 Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell medium bombers under the command of Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle launched from the aircraft carrier Hornet (CV 8) to attack the Japanese Home Islands, a highly secret and unconventional operation that provided American morale a much-needed boost.
When asked by the press about the location from which the bombers launched, Roosevelt replied “Shangri-La” in reference to a mythical Himalayan kingdom created by James Hilton in his novel Lost Horizon published in 1933, the same year Roosevelt took office.
Military/Homefront | Pensacola News Journal | pnj.com
The ship from which the Doolittle Raiders actually launched continued in service until October 1942, when she was sunk at the Battle of Santa Cruz. Honoring her service, the Navy christened a new carrier Hornet (CV 12), which was placed in commission in November 1943.
Subsequently, on Feb. 24, 1944, Mrs. Doolittle slammed a bottle of champagne against the hull of another flattop at the Norfolk Navy Yard, christening her Shangri-La. On Sept. 15, 1944, with work having been completed, the carrier was commissioned and headed to the Pacific, spending much of 1945 steaming with the Pacific Fleet in the final campaigns against Japan.
Ironically, she launched planes to attack Tokyo, just as the Doolittle Raiders had done, and joined other U.S. Navy ships entering Tokyo Bay for the surrender ending World War II.
For the ensuing quarter century, in between various periods in decommissioned status for modernization, Shangri-La served as both an attack carrier and antisubmarine warfare carrier and supported the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946.
Aircraft from her deck also waged war again, flying combat missions over Vietnam in 1970, the carrier’s last cruise before her final decommissioning. Since that time, no Navy ship has received the name Shangri-La.
A carrier was not the only thing connected to Roosevelt that borrowed from the pages of Lost Horizon. In 1942, he ordered the conversion of a former Works Progress Administration camp located in the Cacotin Mountains near Thurmont, Md., into a presidential retreat, his interest in the project including details on the design of structures and even the drill schedules of Marines stationed there.
The following year, he hosted British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the site, which Roosevelt christened Shangri-La. It would continue to be known by that name until President Dwight D. Eisenhower changed it to honor his grandson. From that point until today, it has been known as Camp David.
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Which is the only city in the county of Cornwall? | Goodspeed: FDR found ‘Shangri-La’ in ship, retreat
Goodspeed: FDR found ‘Shangri-La’ in ship, retreat
Aviation history column with Hill Goodspeed
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Goodspeed: FDR found ‘Shangri-La’ in ship, retreat
Hill Goodspeed, Aviation History 8:45 p.m. CT April 16, 2016
Buy Photo
Hill Goodspeed, National Naval Aviation Museum historian, shows two formerly top secret coastal silhouettes that were used for coastal recognition, much like the ones used in the Normandy invasion.
(Photo: Ben Twingley/[email protected])Buy Photo
6 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 1 COMMENTEMAILMORE
Traditionally, the Navy has named its aircraft carriers after famous warships in naval history (Enterprise and Hornet), battles (Lexington and Saratoga), and people (Chester Nimitz and Ronald Reagan). There have been some exceptions, notably America, but in that name there was a connection to the nation the ship served.
One flattop broke the mold when it came to carrier names, its origins not the annals of naval history, but by the pen of a British novelist and the subterfuge of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
On April 18, 1942, 16 Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell medium bombers under the command of Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle launched from the aircraft carrier Hornet (CV 8) to attack the Japanese Home Islands, a highly secret and unconventional operation that provided American morale a much-needed boost.
When asked by the press about the location from which the bombers launched, Roosevelt replied “Shangri-La” in reference to a mythical Himalayan kingdom created by James Hilton in his novel Lost Horizon published in 1933, the same year Roosevelt took office.
Military/Homefront | Pensacola News Journal | pnj.com
The ship from which the Doolittle Raiders actually launched continued in service until October 1942, when she was sunk at the Battle of Santa Cruz. Honoring her service, the Navy christened a new carrier Hornet (CV 12), which was placed in commission in November 1943.
Subsequently, on Feb. 24, 1944, Mrs. Doolittle slammed a bottle of champagne against the hull of another flattop at the Norfolk Navy Yard, christening her Shangri-La. On Sept. 15, 1944, with work having been completed, the carrier was commissioned and headed to the Pacific, spending much of 1945 steaming with the Pacific Fleet in the final campaigns against Japan.
Ironically, she launched planes to attack Tokyo, just as the Doolittle Raiders had done, and joined other U.S. Navy ships entering Tokyo Bay for the surrender ending World War II.
For the ensuing quarter century, in between various periods in decommissioned status for modernization, Shangri-La served as both an attack carrier and antisubmarine warfare carrier and supported the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946.
Aircraft from her deck also waged war again, flying combat missions over Vietnam in 1970, the carrier’s last cruise before her final decommissioning. Since that time, no Navy ship has received the name Shangri-La.
A carrier was not the only thing connected to Roosevelt that borrowed from the pages of Lost Horizon. In 1942, he ordered the conversion of a former Works Progress Administration camp located in the Cacotin Mountains near Thurmont, Md., into a presidential retreat, his interest in the project including details on the design of structures and even the drill schedules of Marines stationed there.
The following year, he hosted British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the site, which Roosevelt christened Shangri-La. It would continue to be known by that name until President Dwight D. Eisenhower changed it to honor his grandson. From that point until today, it has been known as Camp David.
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Who did Marcel Duchamp paint complete with a moustache? | L.H.O.O.Q Mona Lisa With Moustache By Marcel Duchamp | Oil Painting Blog
L.H.O.O.Q Mona Lisa With Moustache By Marcel Duchamp
Posted on June 3, 2013 by artisoo
L.H.O.O.Q Mona Lisa With Moustache
L.H.O.O.Q Mona Lisa With Moustache was made by the French painter Marcel Duchamp , which was also known as L.H.O.O.Q. L.H.O.O.Q was the homonym of French word, symbolizing lascivious and dirty; Duchamp regarded Vinci's classic work as the object openly mocking and showed the real look, ignoring the constraints of traditional character; he took the art to the extreme and to the subsequent movement in art with a new enlightenment.
One day in December in 1919, Duchamp bought a printed Mona Lisa postcard in Liweili Street and outlined two small mustaches with a pencil in the elegant lady's face, and at the bottom drew several capital letters L. H. O. O. Q. The letters themselves had no meaning, but if you read the letters aloud, it would sound like French "her ass hot". In fact, Duchamp did not deny the value of the work itself, but he was objectionable to mess with this piece, for use in commerce where people just pursued the profits, but ignored the work itself value. Mona Lisa had been copied for many times, even the packaging was printed with Mona Lisa's smile. Duchamp angrily wrote the L. H. O. O. Q in this work. It was universal art would only bring profits to the businesses, with no meaning. Duchamp saw such noble art was trampled, which was so popular. They readily took out a brush to make an art contest. Of course, he was also very easy to reach the peak of the art, which became the object evaluation and criticism. He also won the people's respect. In the face of such situation, Duchamp said, "She is so famous and widely admired; I just want to make a joke with her. Strangely, when you see the beard, Mona Lisa naturally becomes a man, not a fancy dress into a man. It really is a man; this is what I found, although I am not aware of this point."
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A rat called Splinter trained which quartet? | Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp | text only
This is the text of Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp ( understandingduchamp.com ), an interactive journey through the art and ideas of Marcel Duchamp. Go there for the whole show.
Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp
by Andrew Stafford
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), the painter and mixed media artist, was associated with Cubism, Dadaism and Surrealism, though he avoided any alliances. Duchamp’s work is characterized by its humor, the variety and unconventionality of its media, and its incessant probing of the boundaries of art. His legacy includes the insight that art can be about ideas instead of worldly things, a revolutionary notion that would resonate with later generations of artists.
NOTES
Family Life (1887-1903)
Marcel Duchamp was born in 1887 in a town in northwestern France. His father’s occupation was that of a notaire, a semipublic official of significant local stature, and the Duchamps lived in the finest house in town. Marcel was the fourth of seven children, six of whom survived infancy.
Family interests included music, art, and literature; chess was a favorite household pastime. The home was decorated with prints by Duchamp’s maternal grandfather, who was successful in both business and art.
Even in a family that embraced the arts, it is surprising that all four oldest Duchamp children became artists. First-born Gaston, trained in law, became a painter; he used the name Jacques Villon. Second son Raymond, trained in medicine, became a sculptor; he was known as Raymond Duchamp-Villon. Their sister Suzanne painted all her life, but wasn't allowed any formal training; she became known as Suzanne Crotti after her second marriage. Shortly before his seventeenth birthday, Marcel announced that he too intended to pursue a career as a painter.
NOTES
Student Days (1904-11)
After graduating from the local lycée, Marcel joined his brothers in Paris. He studied at a good art academy, but by his own account he preferred playing billiards to attending classes. Meanwhile he eagerly absorbed a variety of influences from outside the academy — Cézanne, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism, and popular illustration.
He sold a few cartoons to Parisian humor magazines. They are interesting because two characteristics of the genre — satirical or humorous content and the use of accompanying text — would become signature characteristics of Duchamp’s adult style. This one depicts a mechanical companion for bachelors: “She undresses.”
This carefully inflected Portrait of the Artist’s Father plainly shows the influence of Cézanne in the freedom of its forms and colors.
Portrait of Dr. Dumouchel shows influences from Symbolism in its dreamlike atmosphere and Expressionism in its exaggeration of physical characteristics.
Among the Fauves, Matisse was the acknowledged master. Young Man and Girl in Spring shows an obvious debt to him in its stylized approach to form.
An allegory of male-female union, this work would be incorporated into a 1914 painting, his next-to-last work on canvas. The later painting, in turn, is a key to his monumental work of 1923, The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even, another allegory of male-female union.
In The Chess Players Duchamp explored the possibilities of Cubism. It shows two chess players at a table, in multiple views. In the center of the painting are a few shapes like chess pieces.
The players are shown in different positions, suggesting the passage of time. Duchamp gave Cubism an idiosyncratic twist by introducing duration.
The players are weighing their options. One potential outcome results in the capture, by the player on the left, of an opposing piece, held in his hand near the bottom of the painting. A picture of minds engaged in the calculus of chess, this is an early exercise in another continuing interest in Duchamp’s art: depicting the intangible.
NOTES
Three Paintings (1912)
In 1912 Duchamp would devise a Cubist-inspired technique for depicting motion, then move on to something almost unheard of — abstract painting. Yet by the year’s end he would virtually abandon painting to venture into uncharted territory.
Nude Descending a Staircase shows a human figure in motion, in a style inspired by Cubist ideas about the deconstruction of forms. There is nothing in it resembling an anatomical nude, only abstract lines and planes. The lines suggest her successive static positions and create a rhythmic sense of motion; shaded planes give depth and volume to her form. Motion and nude alike occur only in the mind of the viewer.
Duchamp’s Nude is two parts serious, one part spoof.
Nude Descending a Staircase was among the earliest attempts to depict motion using the medium of paint. Its conception owed something to the newborn cinema, and to photographic studies of the living body in motion, like those of Marey and Muybridge.
It was also an antidote to Cubism’s greatest weakness: Cubist paintings were necessarily static. Instead of portraying his subject from multiple views at one moment, as Cubist theory would dictate, Duchamp portrayed her from one view at multiple moments, as Muybridge did. By turning Cubist theory upside-down, Duchamp was able to give his painting something the Cubists could not: vitality.
But by adopting characteristic techniques of Cubism — the somber palette, the methodical deconstruction of form — while subverting its principles, Duchamp doubtlessly meant to mock its pretensions.
Soon after it was finished, Duchamp’s Nude was rejected by the Salon des Indépendents because members of the jury felt that Duchamp was poking fun at Cubist art. They especially objected to the title, which they felt was cartoonish. Duchamp had painted the title along the bottom edge of his painting, like a caption, which certainly reinforced their impression of his comic intent.
Like the Nude before it, The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift Nudes depicts figures in motion, but here they are juxtaposed with static entities. Abstract kinetic figures — the swift nudes of the title — flow in two streams, one ebony and one gold, amid a pair of solid-looking forms, the king and queen. The royal couple are shiny abstract forms which do not resemble any known objects.
Duchamp said the swift nudes were “flights of imagination” introduced to satisfy his preoccupation with movement. They can also be seen as flights of imagination on the part of the king and queen — which makes this painting, like The Chess Players of 1911, about portraying thought.
Duchamp’s next painting delved further into abstraction, creating an image with no counterpart in the visible world. The Passage from Virgin to Bride is a conglomeration of semi-visceral, semi-mechanical forms that suggest fleshly vessels, armatures, and vanes. Shape, color, and space fluctuate, suggesting mutating forms amidst deep recesses.
There is a greater degree of depth than in the preceding paintings, but margins between foreground and background are indistinct. As the eye moves around the canvas, its forms fluctuate in and out, change contours, and shift positions. This is a picture of complicated flux, more than a little confusing to the eye — an apt depiction of the transition from youth to young adulthood. This picture is among the earliest examples of wholly abstract modern art.
After 1912, Duchamp would paint only a few more canvases. He was growing increasingly disillusioned with what he called “retinal” art — art that appealed only to the eye — and wanted to create a new kind of art, one which would engage the mind.
He began to make notes for a large-scale project unlike anything else, which would become his monumental work of 1923, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. In one of these notes Duchamp wonders cryptically “Can one make works of art which are not ‘of art’?”
His next work would take Duchamp far outside existing boundaries of art, into unnamed territory now called conceptual art.
NOTES
3 Standard Stoppages (1913)
3 Standard Stoppages is a question in a box. It asks whether things which we presume to be absolute — in this case, a standard unit of measure — might be merely arbitrary.
In English “stoppage” means a halt, a suspension of movement. In French it means a cloth patch made of woven threads, like a tailor would make to mend a worn coat. Each of the 3 Standard Stoppages is a randomly-created wave, permanently suspended in a strand of ordinary tailor’s thread.
Duchamp wanted to capture the effect of chance on an everyday occurrence, like Muybridge captured the effect of time on everyday motion. He called 3 Standard Stoppages “canned chance.”
To capture the effects of chance, Duchamp conducted an experiment. From a height of one meter, he dropped a meter-long piece of thread onto a prepared canvas, letting it twist at random. He repeated this procedure three times, fixing the threads in place where they fell.
Where they fell, the threads described three gently curved lines of equal length: a meter transformed by chance. Together they suggest an infinite number of possible meters, including the special case of a straight line.
A few years later, with his Bicycle Wheel and other “readymades,” Duchamp will ask whether some other things which are presumed to be absolute — namely, artistic conventions of beauty and craftsmanship — might also be merely arbitrary.
NOTES
Chocolate Grinder (1914)
Over the next few years, Duchamp made numerous preparatory studies for his monumental work of 1923, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. Among them were several paintings, including Chocolate Grinder.
Duchamp rendered Chocolate Grinder in a style that was worlds apart from either Cubism or Abstraction, a style as crisp and precise as an architectural drawing. The white lines on the grinder wheels are made of threads, like the 3 Standard Stoppages of 1913, but here they are sewn through the canvas and pulled tight.
Another painting, Network of Stoppages, is composed of three images, superimposed. The foremost image is another study for The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, consisting of nine connected lines, traced from the 3 Standard Stoppages.
The background, in greens and yellows, is an uncompleted large version of the 1911 painting Young Man and Girl in Spring, rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise. Slide the transparency control to compare Network of Stoppages to Young Man and Girl in Spring. You can discern the torsos of the two main figures, the orb between them, and elements of the tree into which they are reaching.
The third image is a schematic drawing of The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, rotated 90 degrees clockwise. The area outside this is blacked out. Painted with a fine line, it is almost invisible in the small version shown here. Slide the transparency control to view a rendition of the schematic.
Young Man and Girl in Spring is an allegory of male-female union, and so is The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. The network of nine connected lines is a metaphor for this thematic connection between the two works. Network of Stoppages is a painting of the idea behind The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even.
NOTES
Bicycle Wheel & Other Readymades (1915)
Bicycle Wheel was the first of a class of objects that Duchamp called his “readymades.” He created twenty-one of them, all between 1915 and 1923. The readymades are a varied collection of items, but there are several ideas that unite them.
The readymades are experiments in provocation, the products of a conscious effort to break every rule of the artistic tradition, in order to create a new kind of art — one that engages the mind instead of the eye, in ways that provoke the observer to participate and think.
If you want to break all the rules of the artistic tradition, Duchamp reasoned, why not begin by discarding its most fundamental values: beauty and artisanship. The readymades were Duchamp’s answer to the question, How can one make works of art that are not “of art”?
It was an audacious proposal, and to execute it Duchamp employed an equally audacious method: he withdrew the hand of the artist from the process of making art, substituting manufactured articles (some custom-made, some ready-made) for articles made by the artist, and substituting random or nonrational procedures for conscious design.
The results are works of art without any pretense of artifice, and unconcerned with imitating reality in any way.
For a simple construction assembled from two everyday objects, Bicycle Wheel has a lot of aesthetic appeal. Here are five aspects:
•
Idle visual pleasure: Duchamp said he simply enjoyed gazing at the wheel while it spun, likening it to gazing into a fireplace.
•
Evocation of domestic pleasures: it suggests a spinning wheel, with attendant evocations of the hearth.
•
Resemblance to a human form: it suggests a neck and head — or an eye — on a pedestal.
The readymades include different types of works: prefabricated objects, assemblages, altered images, and installations. Of course, these categories didn't exist in art in those days.
Prefabricated objects were ordinary manufactured objects, bought right off the shelf or salvaged, unaltered in form. Sometimes Duchamp gave them purposefully abstruse titles, or inscribed them with a nonsensical phrase.
Along its back, this wide-toothed metal Comb bears the phrase “Three or four drops from height have nothing to do with savagery.” Duchamp liked the way the phrase confounded rational interpretation and triggered idiosyncratic associations, engaging the observer’s private imagination.
Other readymades invite other forms of participation. Bicycle Wheel invites the viewer to give it a spin. It was art’s first kinetic sculpture. Traveler’s Folding Item is a typewriter cover, without the typewriter. Displayed near eye level, it invited naughtier viewers to peek under its skirt. It was art’s first soft sculpture.
It was axiomatic to Duchamp that art occurs at the juncture of the artist’s intention and the observer’s response, making the observer a kind of co-partner in the creative process. This juncture, with all its ambiguity, is the domain of the readymades, where they engage the observer in personal, unpredictable ways.
Assembled readymades were constructed of two or more objects. Some were simple, like Bicycle Wheel, which was made by joining two prefabricated objects. Other assembled readymades included custom-made parts requiring the services of hired craftsmen.
With Hidden Noise was made from two specially-engraved copper plates and four bolts, which together enclose a ball of twine, which in turn encloses an unseen object. It rattles when shaken. The object inside is unknown, even to the artist: it was inserted by a friend of Duchamp's, who went to his grave without revealing what it was.
Installed readymades depend on their environment for their meaning. Trebuchet (1918), for example, was originally a coat rack nailed to the floor of Duchamp’s studio. The disposable Sculpture for Traveling (1918) consisted of strips of rubber which could be strung in a web between the walls, floor and ceiling of his studio in any number of ways.
Then there’s Unhappy Readymade, which approaches the realm of the purely conceptual: it consists only of a set of instructions for exposing a geometry textbook to the elements for a designated period of time.
More than half of the original readymades, lost or destroyed, are known today only through replicas.
NOTES
Fountain (1917)
Duchamp’s most notorious readymade was a manufactured urinal entitled Fountain. Conceived for a show promoting avant-garde art, Fountain took advantage of the show’s lack of juried panels, which invariably excluded forward-looking artists.
Under a pseudonym, “R. Mutt,” Duchamp submitted Fountain. It was a prank, meant to taunt his avant-garde peers. For some of the show’s organizers this was too much — was the artist equating modern art with a toilet fixture? — and Fountain was “misplaced” for the duration of the exhibition. It disappeared soon thereafter.
As surely as it was a prank, Fountain was also, like the other readymades, a calculated attack on the most basic conventions of art. Duchamp defended the piece in an unsigned article in The Blind Man, a one-shot magazine published by his friend Beatrice Wood. To the charge that Fountain was mere plagiarism, “a plain piece of plumbing,” he replied “Whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He CHOSE it. He took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of view — created a new thought for that object.”
At the time, almost nobody understood what Duchamp was talking about. But fifty years later everyday objects would be commonplace in art.
NOTES
Tu m’ (1918)
Part painting and part assemblage, Tu m’ is more than ten feet wide. The title is a French expression in which the verb is missing (tu m’…), equivalent to “you [blank] me.” The verb must be provided by the viewer.
This would be Duchamp’s last canvas. By this time, he openly detested painting. Two possible readings are tu m’ennuies — “you bore me” — or tu m’emmerdes — a coarser expression with the same meaning.
Tu m’ is a catalog of ideas about painting. Like the readymades, Tu m’ requires viewers to draw their own meaning from its elements.
Among these elements is a long array of color swatches, receding into the distance and zooming into the foreground.
The swatches are painted, but the topmost swatch is “fastened” to the surface of the painting with an actual metal bolt.
Spread across the canvas are are three painted shadows of everyday objects, including some that were readymades.
A long bottle-brush, almost two feet in length, protrudes from the canvas at a right angle.
The bottle brush emerges from a tromp l’oeil rip in the canvas.
The rip is simulated in paint, but it is “repaired” with actual safety pins.
Below the rip is a hand, painted by a commercial sign painter and signed by him, “A. Klang.”
The hand points to a white rectangle rendered in perspective, like a floating blank canvas, immediately below the protruding bottle brush.
Trailing from the corners of the white rectangle are eight gently curved lines, derived from the 3 Standard Stoppages, flowing into the right side of the painting.
From these curves floating ribbons of color, ringed with circles, recede into the distance.
For Duchamp, Tu m’ was a painting about the end of painting. Coming from an artist who disdained art that appealed to the eye, Tu m’ had a lot to say about the future of painting, pointing the way to abstraction, pure chromatics, and assemblage. But it was a future that Duchamp would decline to take part in. He never took up his paintbrush again.
NOTES
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
In 1919, Duchamp drew a moustache and goatee, graffiti-style, on a postcard of the Mona Lisa and added the caption L.H.O.O.Q. — pronounced in French el äsh o o kœ, a homophone for elle a chaud au cul, which means “she’s hot in the ass.” It quickly became an icon of the international Dada movement.
Dada began in Zurich but quickly spawned local varieties. The version Duchamp and his friends brought to New York was full of sarcasm and wit, but free of of overt political and social criticism. L.H.O.O.Q. flouted contemporary cultural and artistic conventions, but with humor, not anger.
NOTES
This is the text of Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp ( understandingduchamp.com ), an interactive journey through the art and ideas of Marcel Duchamp. Go there for the whole show; scroll to 1923 for an animated, interactive discussion of The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even.
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even — also known as The Large Glass (1923)
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even — called The Large Glass for short — is made of two large plates of glass mounted in a sturdy frame. On the glass, Duchamp assembled images of imaginary objects in a variety of media: wire, paint, mirror plating, foil, dust.
Duchamp worked on The Large Glass for eight years until 1923, when he abandoned it in what he called a “definitively unfinished” state. Years later, a network of cracks was accidentally added when it was shattered while being moved.
The Large Glass has a reputation for being inscrutable, but it needn’t be. As usual, Duchamp’s attitude is humorous; in this piece, his mode is pseudoscientific, mock-analytical.
It helps to know a couple of things in advance. First, The Large Glass depicts abstract forces, not worldly objects. Second, it portrays a sequence of interactions, not a static tableau.
The Large Glass is a picture of the unseen forces that shape human erotic activity — the realm of ego, desire, and other mysteries. To represent these psychological and existential abstractions, Duchamp created a world occupied by enigmatic but suggestive symbolic objects. The Large Glass is a pictorial diagram of interactions among unseen, abstract forces, as represented by these objects.
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even depicts, in diagrammatic form, a chain of impulses and responses that occur when female desire stimulates male desire. The agents of this action are a bride-to-be and her numerous suitors. The Large Glass depicts their encounter, and how fate intervenes in its outcome. It is, in the end, a comical look at the uncertainties of human romantic aspirations.
The title is a tease, purposely sensationalistic — salacious, even — and misleading. The bride-to-be is the one who initiates the encounter, and she controls its consummation. Her suitors are bumblers, battered by fate and bedeviled by obstacles. She is aloof; they are inept. Consummation is not a guaranteed outcome.
Since it describes a sequence of interactions, it might be instructive to look at The Large Glass in action…
The Large Glass depicts a chain reaction among abstract forces. That’s why Duchamp subtitled it “a delay in glass” — because it shows a sequence of interactions, suspended in time.
This chain of events involves two component sequences, which occur simultaneously and intersect.
One sequence describes the interaction of female and male desire. Let’s call it the Amorous Pursuit. It has a beginning and an end.
The other sequence describes the influence of chance and destiny. Let’s call it the Fate Machine. It is continually in motion.
The Fate Machine is an imaginary mechanical contraption which represents the interaction of chance and destiny. The suite of objects that make up the Fate Machine is shown here. The names for its parts come from Duchamp’s notes for The Large Glass, published in 1934.
Duchamp’s notes for The Large Glass are essential to understanding its content. He said the notes were meant to complement the visual experience, like a guide book, but clarity is not their strength. They are the stuff of sublime nonsense, driven by free association and wordplay, and resolutely anti-rational. Yet they do provide some unambiguous cues for the actions depicted on the glass.
The Amorous Pursuit depicts the interaction of female and male desire. Shown here is the suite of objects that make up the Amorous Pursuit, with Duchamp’s names for its parts.
The nature of this interaction is anybody’s guess. It could mean sexual intercourse, or wedding vows, or an exchange of flirtatious glances. In the abstract realm of The Large Glass it can mean all of these at once.
Duchamp’s notes for The Large Glass describe numerous elements that never saw completion, including the Spiral and the Region of the Splash, shown here. Among the omitted elements, these two are the minimum necessary to complete the action of the glass.
The upper half of the glass is the bride’s domain. The lower half is the bachelors’ realm. Between them lies the Horizon.
It is a universe of dualities: airborne femininity versus earthbound masculinity; fluid, amorphous forms versus rigid, crisply delineated forms. Most broadly, it is the domain of the provocative feminine id above, and the reactive masculine ego below.
Between them lies the Horizon, “the garment of the Bride,” which could also be the boundary of her fleshly being or the threshold of her psyche.
The Fate Machine dominates the earthbound realm.
The Glider, a flimsy metallic construction on elliptical runners, slides back and forth at random.
The Glider represents random forces of fate; chance, the unpredictable.
Encaged within the Glider is a waterwheel, powered by an unseen waterspout (another omitted element). The waterwheel drives the rotary motions of the Chocolate Grinder.
The Chocolate Grinder represents deterministic forces of fate; destiny, the inevitable.
Mounted on an axle above the Chocolate Grinder, powered by the back-and-forth movements of the Glider, is a dangerous-looking pair of gigantic Scissors.
The Scissors represent the oft-hazardous conjunction of random and deterministic forces of fate; where the unpredictable intersects with the inevitable.
In the unhappy place between the blades of the Scissors are the Eyewitnesses, consisting of a lens called the Mandala and three opticians’ charts.
The Eyewitnesses represent visual knowledge.
If you peeked through the Mandala, how much of The Large Glass would you see? None of it. You would look through the glass into the space beyond it, into the visible world that surrounds you.
The Mandala is a peephole which reveals nothing because the world of The Large Glass is a realm of unseen, abstract forces. There, visual knowledge is beside the point.
The Amorous Pursuit begins in the airborne sphere. The Bride is an amorphous cluster of semi-visceral, semi-mechanical forms.
The Bride embodies impulsive desire; pure id, the primal subconscious, set free. Not only is she stripped bare, she has shed her physical form completely, revealing a naked instinctual self.
The irregular oblong shape at top is the Halo of the Bride.
The Halo represents the Bride’s romantic and erotic aspirations. It is a cloudlike apparition which broadcasts the Bride’s dreams and desires, like a “thought cloud” in the comics.
Within the Halo are unpainted blank sections called the Nets.
The Nets represent voids in the dreams of the Bride, whose romantic and erotic aspirations must be fulfilled by a successful suitor. The Nets are the Bachelors’ target. The Amorous Pursuit is like a carnival dunk tank: if a suitor can strike the Nets, the Bride will plunge to his earthbound domain.
Here’s an element described in Duchamp’s notes but omitted from The Large Glass. From her Nets, the Bride broadcasts her desires, but in a language that is unintelligible.
To her suitors, the dreams of the Bride are inscrutable. It is a deficiency that will undo them all.
The Amorous Pursuit begins with an overture from the Bride. She saturates the bachelor’s realm with an invisible “love gasoline.”
The Vapors represents the bride’s erotic impulse. It is free-floating and pervasive.
Below, a bunch of balloon-like pods called the Malic Molds are stimulated by the Vapors. “Malic” (rhymes with phallic) is a word concocted by Duchamp, meaning male-like.
The Malic Molds are the bachelors of this story. As the Bride's antithesis, they embody rationalized desire; pure ego, self-conscious and socially conditioned. Nine are shown, but they represent an infinite number.
In response to the vapors of the Bride, gas forms within the bachelor molds, inflating them like balloons. As it forms, the gas acquires distinctive characteristics from its host mold.
The gas represents the bachelors' erotic impulse. For each bachelor, it takes a unique form. In contrast to the free-floating vapors of the bride, the gas is contained within the podlike bachelors.
The bachelor gas flows out of the molds into conduits called the Capillary Tubes, which converge at their tips.
The bachelors’ odyssey will entail a metamorphosis, followed by a series of obstacles. The Capillaries are stage one of that metamorphosis. Their convergence suggests a tendency to coalesce or conform.
Exiting the tubes, the gas is captured by a series of Sieves, where its trajectory is inverted. It is propelled through the Sieves by a device called the Butterfly Pump, another element imagined by Duchamp but omitted from The Glass.
In the Sieves, the bachelors’ erotic impulses are homogenized and liquified. What began as an infinite variety of responses to the Bride has devolved into a uniform potential to squirt.
Redirected downward, the bachelor fluid exits the Sieves in a single stream. It emerges at an oblique angle and descends, in a Spiral, to a spot below the blades of the Scissors, aligned with the opticians’ charts of the Eyewitnesses.
At this point the metamorphosis of the bachelors is complete. A series of obstacles comes next.
At the bottom of the Spiral, the bachelor fluid rebounds in a Splash, splitting into nine (that is, countless) distinct spurts.
The Splash is the erotic impulses of the bachelors, uncorked. It could be seminal fluid, or a flirtatious glance, or a marriage proposal.
As they hurtle upward, the Splashes pass between the blades of the Scissors. The trajectories of the Splashes may or may not be disrupted, depending on chance.
The intersection of the Fate Machine and the Amorous Pursuit represents acts of fate that might disrupt the bachelors’ course.
Here are two more elements described in Duchamp’s notes but omitted from The Glass. Two entities enable the Splashes to penetrate the Bride’s domain: a Juggler of Gravity (who acts in response to impulses from the Bride), and a mechanism called the Boxing Match (which, it seems, causes distance to collapse).
With these elements added, the bachelors’ odyssey is a hazard-ridden obstacle course.
Despite these obstacles, the Splashes — on some occasions, at least — cross the Horizon and penetrate the Bride’s domain.
Crossing the Horizon can mean unveiling the Bride, denuding her figure, penetrating her fleshly being, or breaching her mysterious psyche. In the abstract world of The Large Glass, it can mean all these things at once.
But, having entered the Bride’s domain, the Splashes miss the Nets. Nine holes in the glass mark their paths.
What is the result of all this energetic churning, all this psychological and existential tumult? Nothing, or next to nothing. The bachelors make almost no impression on the bride. Their mutual desires remain unmet. It’s all over rather quickly, isn’t it?
The cracks in The Large Glass occurred when it broke in its shipping crate, going home from its first public exhibition. After he repaired it, Duchamp said he admired the cracks; they added a new element, contributed purely by chance.
In a pleasing coincidence, the lines of the cracks recapitulate the flow of energy on the glass, from the Halo of the Bride through the Region of the Splash.
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even is a comical look at the uncertainties of human romantic aspirations. At the same time, it is also an inquiry into what art can do. It is an attempt to show that artists can depict invisible worlds, not just visible ones, and that art can engage the imagination and the intellect, not just the eyes.
NOTES
Chess (1926-34)
For about a decade, Duchamp stopped making art to indulge his lifelong passion for chess. He achieved tournament status and wrote a weekly chess column for Ce Soir.
With Vitaly Halberstadt, he wrote a book which is arcane even in the annals of chess. It is an analysis of the special case in which both players have lost all their pieces except for their kings and a few immobilized pawns. It is a ridiculous case, interesting only as a thought experiment.
So let’s take a look.
In the problem shown here, White King can penetrate the Black position via two squares, X or O. From there, with or without the first move, White will seize an opposing pawn at a5 or f5 and, in a few more turns, reach the eighth rank with his own pawn, promoting it to a Queen. With a new Queen on the attack, White wins in a few more moves.
To prevent White King from occupying square X, Black King, who has the next move, must occupy b6 on the move after White King’s move to c4, without conceding a two-move advantage to White King in its path to h4 vis-à-vis Black King’s own path to g6, where a symmetrical situation exists at square O.
For more like this, you'll have to read the book.
NOTES
Box in a Valise (1935-45)
Box in a Valise is portable museum of Duchamp’s works, reproduced in miniature, packed in a customized collabsible case, like a salesman’s valise. It debuted in a deluxe edition of twenty copies in 1940.
Duchamp must have been concerned for his legacy. In 1934 he learned that The Large Glass had been shattered (he would repair it in 1936). More than half the readymades were lost. The 3 Standard Stoppages had been misplaced. Box in a Valise is a mini-museum, a resumé of Duchamp’s life in art, created with painstaking care in the face of a vanishing material legacy.
Duchamp created several curious installations during this period. In 1938, he constructed the venue for the International Exhibition of Surrealism in Paris.
Outside, visitors were greeted by Dali’s Rainy Taxi, a rain-filled cab occupied by mannequins and thousands of living snails. Inside the gallery, dead leaves carpeted the floor, along with four beds, one beside a pool of water.
Dangling from the ceiling were hundreds of coal bags. The only light in the room came from a charcoal brazier underneath them, making for an extremely dangerous situation (the fire was simulated). Flashlights were provided for viewing the artworks on exhibit.
In New York, Duchamp mounted an exhibition entitled “First Papers of Surrealism.” For the show, Duchamp and his friends strung a mile of string throughout the exhibition space, making it almost impossible to negotiate the gallery space, or to see the works on view.
Duchamp avoided the opening. Instead he arranged for a dozen or so children to show up, playing kickball and jumping rope. “Mr. Duchamp told us we could play here,” they said, which caused some consternation on the part of the show’s exhibitors and benefactors.
NOTES
Etant Donnés (1946-66)
Duchamp worked on Etant Donnés for twenty years without telling a soul. Only his wife Teeny knew about it, because it occupied an entire room of his studio.
The piece presents the viewer with a massive wooden door. If you were curious enough, you might examine it closely. If you did, you would find two peepholes.
Behind the door is a three-dimensional construction, like a museum diorama. There, in midday lighting a naked woman sprawls on a bed of dry twigs, face turned away, with her legs spread, exposing her vagina. She holds aloft a glowing gas lamp. In the background is a landscape of forests amid mountainous terrain. In the distance, a tiny waterfall shimmers.
The full title comes from one of Duchamp’s notes for The Large Glass: “Etant donnés: 1. la chute d’eau 2. le gaz d’éclairage.” In English: “Given: 1. the waterfall 2. the lighting gas.” Water and gas are the elements animating both The Large Glass and Etant Donnés. But from these common premises the two pieces proceed to astonishingly different ends.
From the artist who courted contradiction all his life, Etant Donnés may be his most surprising. It is thoroughly unlike anything Duchamp made before. Its high degree of artifice is startling from someone who sought to remove the hand of the artist from the creation of art; its verisimilitude is surprising coming from an artist who disdained "retinal art" — art that appealed to the eye.
The Large Glass and Etant Donnés are alternative views of the same event. The former occurs in an unseen, abstract realm; the latter occurs in the visible world that surrounds us. Included in The Large Glass was a peephole into the visible world, which revealed nothing. Here, the peephole reveals all. The two works combine in the mind of the viewer to create an epiphany, when inner and outer worlds merge.
NOTES
Duchamp’s Legacy (1968)
Marcel Duchamp showed the way to a new kind of art. Compared with the varieties of visual expression that came before, this new art seeks to to engage the imagination and the intellect instead of just the eyes, embraces humor as a valid aesthetic component, and strives to portray invisible worlds instead of just visible ones.
Some of the most fruitful influences in modern art, from Surrealism to Abstraction to Pop to pure Conceptualism, have a common forefather in Marcel Duchamp.
Duchamp died peacefully in 1968. His ashes were interred with other family members in the Cimetière Monumental in Rouen. He wrote his own epitaph:
D’ailleurs, c'est toujours les autres qui meurent
Anyway, it’s always the other guy who dies
NOTES
Author’s Note
I've taken some liberties with the animations for The Large Glass. In particular, the forms given to the Splashes, the Juggler of Gravity, the Messages of the Bride, and the Butterfly Pump are my own inventions, intended only as reminders of their existence in Duchamp’s notes.
My text is, of course, inadequate: far more was left out than was put in. My apologies go to those who feel that I've neglected their favorite aspect of any of these artworks. Anyone interested in Duchamp’s works should begin by reading the books listed on the following page.
Thanks
My special thanks go to Kate Kanaley, for showing me the way in; Nicholas Meriwether, for showing me the way out; and Hamilton Leong, for his unstinting encouragement all along the route.
Contact
Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp was created by Andrew Stafford. For more by him go here.
Contact him at mail [at] understandingduchamp [dot] com.
For further reading
First, read Duchamp: A Biography by Calvin Tomkins, a thorough, lucid examination of Duchamp’s life and art. The first chapter is a detailed look at The Large Glass; you can read Chapter 1 online.
Marcel Duchamp edited by Anne d’Harnoncourt and Kynaston McShine is a collection of essays — the ones by Hamilton and d’Harnoncourt are especially informative — along with a catalogue of major works (but not Etant Donnés, which was still undisclosed).
Etant Donnés by Anne d’Harnoncourt and Walter Hopps, ostensibly devoted to Etant Donnés, is also a valuable summing-up of Duchamp’s entire oeuvre.
Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp is a collection of insightful, often humorous interviews conducted by Pierre Cabanne in the 1960s. Translated by Ron Padgett.
It is probably safe to say that The Writings of Marcel Duchamp are unlike anything you have read before. Edited by Michel Sanouillet and Elmer Peterson.
The Complete Works of Marcel Duchamp by Arturo Schwarz is the definitive catalogue raisonné, plus Schwarz’s thoughtful exegesis.
For more, visit your local library or search online.
Links
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Who was the apostle chosen to replace Judas Iscariot? | Letter: Who replaced Judas Iscariot?
Q: Since the twelve apostles are the foundation stones, and Judas was replaced and is not considered among the twelve, who replaced him? In Acts it says that Matthias was chosen by casting lots. Did Jehovah accept the casting of lots that was done to choose Matthias, or did he choose Paul? Which one of the two is the twelfth apostle, Matthias or Paul? (Acts 1:23-26) Thank you!
_________________________
A: Who replaced Judas Iscariot? The Scriptures tell us it was Matthias, �he was reckoned along with the eleven apostles.� (Acts 1:23-26) Some have trouble with that because of the manner in which the decision was reached, namely, casting lots to decide between Matthias and Joseph (who was also called Barsabbas). Many believe that Paul is a better candidate because he was chosen by Jesus personally; plus he had a greater impact on the congregations than even most of the apostles, especially Matthias who is not even mentioned again after having won the decision. Some also point to the many letters that Paul wrote, whereas Matthias did not seem to have contributed to any writing of the Bible that we know of. But that is no argument against Matthias, for neither did eight of the other apostles write letters or books of the Bible, such as Andrew; James (the letter of James was written by Jesus� half-brother, not the apostle. � Acts 12:1,2); Philip; Bartholomew; Thomas; James the son of Alphaeus; Simon the zealous one; and Judas the son of James (the short letter "Jude" was penned by Jesus� half brother, the brother of the author of the letter "James". � Matt. 13:55; John 7:5)
It should be noted that Jesus chose the twelve apostles early in his ministry from among the disciples who were already closely associated with him. After spending a whole night in prayer, �he called his disciples to him and chose from among them twelve, whom he also named apostles.� (Luke 6:12,13) This would also be true of the apostle who would be chosen to replace Judas Iscariot. He needed to have been a disciple �during all the time in which the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, starting with his baptism by John and until the day he was received up from us.� (Acts 1:2, 20-22) There were at least two disciples who met the criterion, but of course only one could be chosen. The lot fell on Matthias! Who are we to say that Jehovah did not accept, or even have a hand in making his choice known in this manner. (Prov. 16:33; compare Joshua 7:14-20; 14:1,2) It was Matthias who henceforth �was reckoned among the twelve� and received the outpouring of the holy spirit at Pentecost. (Acts 2:14) Saul, who became known as the apostle Paul, does not meet the qualifications to be counted among the twelve. He was not even a disciple when the resurrected Jesus appeared to him while he was on his way to Damascus to take into custody the disciples that had fled there on account of the persecution. Paul became a chosen vessel, an apostle to the nations, "sent forth" to declare the good news to them, for that is the meaning of the word "apostle." (Rom. 1:1; 11:13; 1 Cor. 9:1,2; 1 Tim. 2:7)
Our word �apostle� comes from the Greek a‧po′sto‧los, and is derived from the common verb a‧po‧stel′lo, meaning simply �send forth (or off).� (it-1 p. 127 Apostle) The apostle Matthew tells us that Jesus selected the twelve apostles �that they might continue with him and that he might send them out [a‧po‧stel′lei] to preach and to have authority to expel the demons.� (Mark 3:14,15; Matt. 10:5-7) The twelve were closely associated with Jesus from the beginning of his ministry, accompanying him on his preaching tours, and were taught by Jesus personally in order to carry on the work after he was taken from them. From the start they were important "living stones" in the foundation of God's temple, his people. (Eph. 2:19,20; 1 Peter 2:5)
That the twelve apostles have a special position within God's temple there can be no doubt. (Rev. 21:14) But in the Scriptures others are also called "apostles." Paul was an apostle to the nations, sent forth by Jesus. Other "apostles" were sent forth by their congregations. In his second letter to the brothers in Corinth, Paul wrote: "Moreover, we are sending with them our brother whom we have often proved in many things to be earnest, but now much more earnest due to his great confidence in you. 23 If, though, there is any question about Titus, he is a sharer with me and a fellow worker for your interests; or if about our brothers, they are apostles of congregations and a glory of Christ. 24 Therefore demonstrate to them the proof of your love and of what we boasted about you, before the face of the congregations." (2 Cor. 8:22-24, NWT) Paul had relatives (συγγενείς), namely, "Andronicus and Junias. . . who are outstanding among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me." (Rom. 16:7, 11; NASB) Many translations call such apostles "special messengers of the churches," no doubt to differentiate such ones from the twelve, or because they recognize only the twelve as apostles. (see also Phil. 2:25) Because of the special prestige attached to the office of an apostle, some ambitious disciples presented themselves as apostles, but obviously not claiming to be among the twelve. (Mark 9:33,34; Luke 22:24; 1 Cor. 12:28,29) Paul was opposed in the Corinth congregation by certain "super fine apostles," calling them false apostles and deceitful workers. (2 Cor. 11:5, 13-15; 1 Cor. 4:8,9) Jesus commended the disciples of the Ephesus congregation because they "put those to the test who say they are apostles, but they are not, and you found them liars." This would be true also today of anyone who professes to have received apostolic authority by Jesus or God within the congregation, including any self-appointed governing body. (Revelation 2:2)
| Matthias |
What was the site of Jesus’ ascension into heaven 40 days after the resurrection? | Why did the Apostles decide to replace Judas Iscariot (Christian biblical)? - Quora
Quora
Written Feb 6, 2013
“For it is written in the Book of Psalms: Let his dwelling become desolate; let no one live in it; and Let someone else take his position. “
Therefore, from among the men who have accompanied us during the whole time the Lord Jesus went in and out among us— beginning from the baptism of John until the day He was taken up from us—from among these, it is necessary that one become a witness with us of His resurrection.”
Acts 1:20-22 (HCSB)
The number of apostles had been 'fixed by Jesus to correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel (cf. Luke 22:30; Matt. 19:28)'. Filling the vacancy was therefore not a matter of administrative efficiency, but a specific requirement of God's purpose for the church as revealed in Scripture. 'Therefore it is necessary,' says Peter (1:21). The leadership of the apostolic church must be complete. Notice also that this reconstitution of the Twelve is a once-for-all action of the Holy Spirit in the church. This is not contradicted, but rather confirmed, by the later calling of Paul as the apostle to the Gentiles. This was also a once-for-all appointment and only serves to emphasize that all modern attempts to choose 'apostles' entirely ignore the unique conditions surrounding the true apostolate appointed by Christ. Notice that Judas' replacement had to be 'a witness with [them] of his resurrection'— a simple fact that both defines who may be an apostle and settles for ever the invalidity of any claim for a continuing office of apostle. We are very definitely in the post-apostolic period!
Gordon J. Keddie, Welwyn Commentary Series – You Are My Witnesses
Written Jul 5, 2015
They choose Saint Matthias to complete the number 12, because the idea was that there must be one apostle for each of the tribes of Israel.
The reason wasn't the death of Judas but his defection. That's why they didn't look for a replacemente when other apostles died.
But, as many other things in the Gospels and the Bible in general, it might be a legend. Maybe there never were actually 12 apostles but the number was chosen (as it was chosen for the tribes of Israel) because its matematical/esoterical significance. Check the importance of the number 12 in religion, mythology and magic.
427 Views · Answer requested by
Written Jul 5, 2015
John Simpson's answer is correct, comprehensive, and well written. I would only add an emphasis on the role of Scripture in the apostles' decision. Jesus had taught them that all that was written must be fulfilled. They were fresh off the dramatic experience of having lost hope when Jesus was crucified, having their emotions completely reversed at His resurrection from the dead, and then having Jesus explain it all by chiding them with "O foolish men and slow of heart to believe in all that the prophets have spoken; was it not necessary for the Christ to suffer these things and to enter into His glory?" (Luke 24:25-26). He thereby impressed upon them ever so deeply that Scripture was written to be fulfilled. Thus once the dust settled and they were confronted with the reduction in their number caused by Judas' betrayal and suicide, and seeing how the Scripture had foretold these things, they followed also the Scriptures' description of the remedy to be employed - that is, "his office let another man take" (Acts 1:20 quoting Psalm 109:8).
Again, this answer is to be read in conjunction with the one John Simpson wrote.
404 Views · Answer requested by
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