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What type of fruit was involved in his Twelve Labours?
Hercules - Ancient History Encyclopedia Hercules by Mark Cartwright published on 09 July 2012 The pan - Hellenic mythological hero Hercules (or Herakles ) was famed for his great strength and endurance and celebrated as an extraordinary mortal who, through success in seemingly impossible labours, won his immortal place amongst the Olympian gods. Being the greatest of Greek mythological heroes, he has been ascribed a multitude of adventures and heroic exploits over the centuries which were probably originally connected to lesser, more local figures. Early Life Hercules’ mortal father was Amphitryon (nephew of Elektryon, ruler of Mycenae ) and his mother was Alkmene; both were from Argos . However, following a violent quarrel between Amphitryon and his uncle, resulting in the accidental death of the latter, the family fled to Thebes where Hercules was born. In mythology , though, it was Zeus who lay with Alkmene and so fathered Hercules, explaining the origin of Hercules’ great strength. Hera , the wife of Zeus, was (understandably) always jealous of Hercules and made life difficult for him from an early age. The goddess delayed his birth so that his cousin Eurystheus would be born first and so become the ruler of Greece according to Zeus’ decree. Hera also sent two snakes to kill the new-born Hercules, but the baby easily strangled them. On the other hand, Hercules generally enjoyed divine favour from the Olympian gods - he did, after all, help them in their battle against the Giants - and he was particularly favoured by Athena . Remove Ads Advertisement Hercules’ youth was spent in the hands of the best teachers in Greece. His father taught him to ride chariots and tame horses. His music teacher was Linus, son of Apollo , although Hercules’ quick temper was demonstrated when he killed Linus with a blow from his stool (or lute). He was then sent to live with herdsmen in the mountains to toughen him up, and there he came into contact with the wise centaur Cheiron. Hercules' 12 Labours Hercules married Megara , the daughter of Kreo, King of Thebes, and together they had five children. Hera once more interfered and drove Hercules insane so that he killed his wife and children. In desperate remorse he sought the advice of Apollo via his oracle at Delphi . The advice was for Hercules to offer his services to his cousin Eurystheus, the king of Mycenae, Tiryns , and Argos. Hera once more influenced events by persuading Eurystheus to set the hero difficult and dangerous tasks - the famous twelve labours of Hercules: Hercules' greatest challenge was to descend into Hades and capture the ferocious three-headed dog Kerberos who guarded the gates. To kill the Nemean Lion. A lion with a hide impervious to weapons was terrorizing the region of Nemea , in some accounts because of a lack of piety from the inhabitants. Hercules strangled the lion with his bare hands and forever after wore its pelt as a protective cloak. To kill the Lernaian Hydra A fire-breathing monster with a lion’s head and a body of many snakes which dwelt in a swamp near Lerna, close to Argos, was sent by Hera to torment Hercules’ home town. Hercules fought the creature but was hampered by a giant crab which bit his foot and by the fact that every time he cut off one of the snake heads, another two grew in its place. Helped by his faithful companion and nephew Iolaos, who used fire to stop the heads re-growing, Hercules eventually killed the Hydra and dipped his arrows in its poisonous blood.  To capture the Keryneian Hind Sacred to Artemis and with golden horns, the hind took its name from the nearby Mount Kerynea close to Argos. Hercules, having to capture this famously swift-footed animal and present it alive to Eurystheus, was successful only after a lengthy, perhaps one-year, chase which exhausted the animal. To capture the Erymanthian Boar The area of Mount Erymanthos in Arcadia was plagued by a huge, ferocious boar and Hercules was set the task of capturing it and taking it to Mycenae. Goading the animal into a lengthy chase, Hercules again exhausted his prey, captured it, tied its feet, and carried it to Mycenae on his shoulders. It was during this labour that a fight with the centaurs over a broached wine cask resulted in Hercules accidentally killing Cheiron with one of his poisoned arrows. To clear the Augean Stables Augeias, the king of Elis, possessed a herd of animals given to him by his father Helios . The herd was so vast that the excrement it produced threatened the health of the city . Hercules’ seemingly impossible task was to clear the herd’s stables in a single day. To accomplish the task, Hercules dug ditches on either side of the stables, shovelled the dung into them and then diverted the rivers Alpheios and Peneios to wash the ditches clean. To kill the Stymphalian Birds These were aggressive (possibly even man-eating) birds which inhabited a forest near Lake Stymphalia in northern Arcadia. Hercules used brass castanets or clappers (krotala) given to him by Athena to startle the birds into flight, allowing him to shoot them down with his arrows. To kill the Cretan Bull A destructive bull was troubling the inhabitants of Knossos on Crete and was of two possible origins: either it was the animal ridden by Europa to the island or it was the bull which mated with Pasiphae (the wife of King Minos) and created the Minotaur . In some versions Hercules does not kill the bull but captures it and takes it to Mycenae. To capture the Mares of Diomedes Diomedes, son of Ares and King of Thrace, had in his stables horses which fed on human flesh. Hercules had to capture them and hand the horses over to Eurystheus. In some accounts Hercules pacified the horses by feeding them either the body of Diomedes or their groom. To steal the Girdle of Hippolyta Hippolyta was an Amazon queen and her girdle had been given to her by her father Ares. With his faithful companions, Hercules travelled to the home of the Amazons in the city of Themiskyra near the Black Sea. They received a hostile welcome from the Amazons who had been persuaded by Hera to attack the heroes; however, ultimately Hercules secured the girdle for Eurystheus. To capture the Cattle of Geryones This herd of cattle on the island of Erythia was guarded by the formidable trio of: three-bodied Geryones; Orthros - a dog with two heads and a serpent’s tail; and the herdsman Eurytion, son of Ares. However, they were no match for Hercules who defeated them with his trusty club and captured the herd. It was on his journey to this island in the western ocean that he set markers in the Strait of Gades which thereafter became known as the Pillars of Hercules.  To take the Apples of the Hesperides The Hesperides lived in a far away garden on the outer edges of the known world in which grew trees which bore golden apples. These sacred fruit were protected by Hera who had set Ladon, a fearsome hundred-headed dragon, as their guardian. Hercules first sought the advice of Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea, as to the exact location of the garden. On his way to the garden Hercules came across Prometheus who was bound to a rock. As punishment for having stolen fire from Hephaistos ’ workshop and given it to mankind, Zeus sent an eagle everyday to eat his liver. Hercules shot down the eagle with one of his arrows and freed Prometheus; in return, Prometheus informed him that his brother Atlas (and in some accounts the father of the Hesperides) would show him how to reach the sacred garden. Atlas was then holding the heavens on his shoulders (as punishment from Zeus for supporting the Titans in their battle against the Olympian Gods), but he offered to get the apples himself if Hercules would support the heavens in his absence. Hercules agreed and was assisted by Athena in bearing the tremendous weight. Bringing back the apples, Atlas was (understandably) reluctant to take back his place. However, Hercules, under the pretext of getting cushions for his shoulders, tricked Atlas into temporarily taking back the heavens. Once Hercules was free he took the apples and returned to Mycenae. In an alternative version, Hercules subdued Ladon by giving it an intoxicating herb and then took the apples himself.  To capture Kerberos from Hades By this time Eurystheus was becoming increasingly frustrated with Hercules’ success, and so the final task had to be impossibly difficult. This was to descend into the underworld of Hades and capture the ferocious three-headed dog Kerberos who guarded the gates. On his journey in Hades, the hero encounters many souls and persuades the god Hades to allow him to take Kerberos provided he does so without weapons. Hercules succeeds and takes the creature back to Mycenae, causing Eurystheus to jump inside a jar in fear. Hercule's Other Adventures Whilst performing his labours, Hercules is involved in many more secondary exploits such as fighting Hades to rescue Alcestis from the Underworld, killing Kyknos who waylaid pilgrims to Delphi, and joining the search for the Golden Fleece with Jason and the Argonauts. Remove Ads Advertisement Hercules also went to Troy to save Hesione, daughter of the king, Laomedon. Following Laomedon’s failure to pay homage to the deeds done by Poseidon and Apollo for the city, the gods respectively sent a sea-monster and a plague to wreak havoc with the city. The Delphic oracle stated that only the sacrifice of Hesione would avert disaster for Troy. Laomedon complied but offered his celebrated immortal horses (a gift from Zeus to Laomedon’s father Troas) as a reward for anyone who could save his daughter. Hercules took up the challenge, killed the sea-monster and rescued Hesione. However, Laomedon reneged on his promised reward, and years later Hercules returned with an army, sacked Troy and killed the king (thereby making his son Priam ruler) and gave Hesione to his friend Telamon. Deianeira On the successful completion of his twelve labours, Hercules started a new life. During his exploits in Hades he had met Meleager who told him he should marry his sister Deianeira, daughter of Oineus, King of Kalydon. On arrival in Kalydon, though, Hercules found that Deianeira was betrothed against her will to Acheloos, the river god. Winning the affections of Deianeira, Hercules wrestled Acheloos into submission and married the princess himself. Deciding to settle in Tiryns, the couple had to cross the River Eunos. It was here that they encountered the centaur Nessos who carried people across the river. However, mid-crossing he unwisely molested Deianeira and Hercules fatally shot the centaur with one of his poisoned arrows. Unfortunately for Hercules, though, just before he died, Nessos lied to Deianeira and told her that his blood had aphrodisiac properties and she should collect some and keep it. Following some years of peaceful marriage during which the couple had a son, Hyllos, Hercules decided to enter an archery competition where the prize was Iole, daughter of Eurytos, King of Oichalia. Naturally, Hercules won the competition but was refused the prize because he was already married. Piqued, Hercules then stole the horses of Eurytos and took them back to Tiryns. Iphitos then visited Tiryns to demand his father’s horses back but was killed by Hercules.
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The Twelve Labours of Hercules The Twelve Labours of Hercules   The Twelve Labours of Hercules   The following texts are the property of their respective authors and we thank them for giving us the opportunity to share for free to students, teachers and users of the Web their texts will used only for illustrative educational and scientific purposes only.   All the information in our site are given for nonprofit educational purposes The information of medicine and health contained in the site are of a general nature and purpose which is purely informative and for this reason may not replace in any case, the council of a doctor or a qualified entity legally to the profession.   The Twelve Labours of Hercules   Hercules Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek demigod Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the woman Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules. The ‘Twelve Labours of Hercules’ Slay the Nemean Lion. Steal the Mares of Diomedes. Obtain the girdle of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons. Obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon (on the Aventine Hill- Rome). Steal the apples of the Hesperides. Capture and bring back Cerberus Hercules Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek demigod Heracles, who was the son of Zeus (Roman equivalent Jupiter) and the woman Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules. The ‘Twelve Labours of Hercules’ Slay the Nemean Lion. Publishing Co.:               Maxwell Macmillan Canada Year of Publication:       1992 Page:                              51 The Twelve Labors of Heracles There was once a baby born who was so remarkable that the gods themselves stared down at his cradle. He was called Heracles, and when huge snakes slithered into his crib to strangle him, he knotted and braided them as if they were pieces of string, and threw them out again. For Heracles was strong — fantastically strong — stronger than you and I and a hundred others put together. Fortunately, he was also gentle and kind, so that his friends had nothing to fear from him. His schoolteacher made him promise never to touch alcoholic drink, though. "If you were ever to get drunk, Heracles," the schoolmaster said, "who knows what terrible thing you might do with that great strength of yours!" Heracles promised, and he truly meant to keep his promise, but then his friends all drank at parties, and his family always had wine with their meals. It seemed foolish for Heracles to ask for fruit juice or water. So he was tempted to take just one glass of wine, and after that another and another and another. Soon he was roaring drunk, throwing punches in all directions. When the wine's work was done, Heracles' own family lay dead on the floor, and Heracles was an outcast hated by everyone and most of all by himself. For his crime, he was condemned to serve King Eurystheus as a slave for seven years. Eurystheus was a mean, spiteful man, whose kingdom was overrun by a great many problems, and he decided to set Heracles the twelve most dangerous tasks he could think of — tasks that were to become known as the Twelve Labors of Heracles. A giant lion that could not be injured by any man-made weapons was terrorizing his kingdom, eating men, women, and children. "Go and kill the Nemean lion, slave," he told Heracles. Heracles was so miserable that he did not much care whether he lived or died. He found the lion's den and strode in, with no weapon but his bare hands. When the beast sprang at him, Heracles took it by the throat and shook it like a rug, then wrung it out like washing. When it was dead, he skinned it and wore the lion skin for a tunic, knotting the paws around his waist and shoulders. If King Eurystheus was grateful, he did not show it, but simply set Heracles his second labor. "If you can kill lions," he said, "you may as well try to kill the Hydra." The Hydra was a water serpent that lived in the middle of a swamp. When it was born, it had nine heads. But each time one was cut off, two new heads grew to replace it. By the time Heracles came face to face with the Hydra, it had fifty heads, all gnashing their horrible teeth. Heracles was quick with his sword and nimble on his feet. But though he slashed through many snaking necks without being bitten, the struggle only became more difficult. The heads just multiplied! So Heracles ran off a short way and lit a fire. Then he heated his wooden club red hot and, with his sword in one hand and his club in the other, he reentered the fight. This time, as he cut through each neck, he singed the ragged end with his red-hot club, and the head did not regrow. At last the Hydra looked like nothing more than a knobbly tree stump. There was no time to rest after fighting the Hydra. King Eurystheus sent Heracles to capture a stag with golden antlers, then to kill a huge wild boar.  Heracles' fifth labor was a particularly unpleasant one: to clean the Augean stables. Lord Augeas kept one thousand animals penned up in sties and stables stretching the length of a foul valley. He was too lazy to clean out his animals and too cheap to hire farmhands. So the wretched beasts stood up to their bellies in manure. People for miles around complained about the smell. Heracles stood on a hilltop, looking down on the valley. He saw a river bubbling close by, and it gave him an idea. Moving boulders as easily as if they were feather pillows, he built a dam, so that the river flowed out of its course and down the valley instead. Startled horses and cows and goats and sheep staggered in a torrent of rushing water, but the dung beneath them was scoured away by the river. Heracles only had to demolish the dam with one blow of his club, and the river flowed back to its old riverbed. The animals stood shivering and shaking themselves dry , in a green, clean valley. King Eurystheus was ready and waiting with his next three commands. Heracles was to destroy a flock of bloodthirsty man-eating birds, tame the mad bull of Crete, and capture the famous wild horses that could run faster than the wind and liked to eat human flesh. By now the king had begun to feel very nervous about his slave. He began to hide whenever Heracles came back from doing his work. "The mad bull is tamed, master. The man-eating birds are dead, and your wild horses are outside in the yard," said Heracles, when he returned soon after. "What must I do next?" But Eurystheus was running out of problems, and his mind turned to thoughts of getting rich with the help of Heracles. "Get me the jeweled belt worn by the queen of the Amazons!" said the king, from inside his urn. Here was one task for which Heracles did not mean to use his great strength. He simply went to the queen of those savage female warriors and explained why he was there. She took an instant liking to him and gave him the belt straight away. Unfortunately, word spread through the camp that Heracles had come to kill the queen, and he had to fight a thousand angry women, fierce as wasps, before he could escape with the jeweled belt. And so it continued. No sooner did Heracles finish one task, than he was set another one. To fetch King Eurystheus the legendary giant oxen, Heracles made a bridge over the sea by bending two mountain peaks out across the water. To fetch Pluto's three-headed dog, Cerberus, he traveled down to the fearful Underworld. Finally, Eurystheus asked Heracles to bring him the apples of the Hesperides. This magical fruit grew on a tree in a garden at the end of the world, and around that tree coiled a dragon that never slept. Even Heracles, with all his courage and strength, trembled at the thought of fighting the dragon. Better by far that a friend should ask it for the fruit and be allowed to take it. So Heracles went to see a giant named Atlas. Now Atlas was no ordinary giant, as big as a house. Atlas was the biggest man in the world, and towered above houses, trees, cliffs, and hills. He was so tall that the gods had given him the task of holding up the sky and keeping the stars from falling. The sun scorched his neck and the new moon shaved his beard, and for thousands of years he had stood in one spot. "How can I go to the end of the world?" said Atlas, when Heracles asked him for the favor. "How can I go anywhere?" "I could hold the sky for you while you were gone," suggested Heracles. "Could you? Would you? Then I'll do it!" said Atlas. So Heracles took the sky on his back, though it was the heaviest burden he had ever carried. Atlas stretched himself, then strode away toward the end of the world. The gardeners were members of his family. Fetching the apples was no hardship. But as the giant hurried back across the world, carrying the precious fruit, he thought how wonderful it felt to be free! As he got closer to home, the thought of carrying that weight of sky again seemed less and less attractive. His steps slowed. When at last he reached Heracles — poor, exhausted, bone-bent Heracles — Atlas exclaimed, "I've decided! I'm going to let you go on holding up the sky, and I'll deliver these apples to King Eurystheus." There was a silence. Then Heracles grunted, "Fine. Thank you. It's a great honor to be allowed to hold up heaven, But if you could just help me get a pad across my shoulders before you go.... These stars do prickle...." So Atlas took charge of the sky again — just while Heracles made a pad for his shoulders. He even gave Heracles the apples to hold, because he needed both hands. "Well, I'll be on my way now," said Heracles, juggling with the apples as he scurried away. "Most grateful for your help. Perhaps next time, you'll get the better of me." Finally, after seven years, Heracles was free of his labours. But he was never free from his sorrow at taking that first glass of wine — not until the day he died. But the gods did not forget him. They cut him out in stars and hung him in the sky so people would remember his labors for all time, among the singing planets.   Google key word : The Twelve Labours of Hercules file type : doc Author : not indicated on the source document of the above text If you are the author of the text above and you not agree to share your knowledge for teaching, research, scholarship (for fair use as indicated in the United States copyrigh low) please send us an e-mail and we will remove your text quickly.   The Twelve Labours of Hercules The Twelve Labors of Hercules. King Eurystheus gave Hercules a series of 12 difficult and dangerous tasks. Known as the Twelve Labors of Hercules, these were his most famous feats. The hero's first task was to kill the Nemean Lion, a monstrous beast that terrorized the countryside and could not be killed by any weapon. Hercules strangled the beast with his bare hands and made its skin into a cloak that made him invulnerable. For his second labor, the hero had to kill the Lernaean Hydra, a creature with nine heads that lived in a swamp. One of the beast's heads was immortal, and the others grew back when cut off. With the help of his friend Iolaus, Hercules cut off the Hydra's eight heads and burned each wound, which prevented new heads from growing back. Because he could not cut off the ninth head, he buried the creature under a great rock. The next task was to capture the Cerynean Hind, a golden-horned deer that was sacred to the goddess Artemis*. After hunting the animal for a year, Hercules finally managed to capture it. As he was taking it to Tiryns, Artemis stopped him and demanded that he return the deer. The hero promised that the sacred animal would not be harmed, and she allowed him to continue on his journey. The fourth labor of Hercules was to seize the Erymanthian Boar, a monstrous animal that ravaged the lands around Mount Eryman-thus. After forcing the animal from its lair, Hercules chased it until it became so exhausted that he could catch it easily. The hero's fifth task was to clean the Augean Stables in one day. King Augeas, the son of the sun god Helios, had great herds of cattle whose stables had not been cleaned for many years. Hercules accomplished the task by diverting rivers through the filthy stables. The sixth task involved driving away the Stymphalian Birds, a flock of birds with claws, beaks, and wings of iron that ate humans and that were terrorizing the countryside. Helped by the goddess Athena*, Hercules forced the birds from their nests and shot them with his bow and arrow.   Source : http://nagleelectivehistoryyear102011.wikispaces.com/file/view/the+6+labours+of+Hercules.doc Web site link: http://nagleelectivehistoryyear102011.wikispaces.com/ Google key word : The Twelve Labours of Hercules file type : doc Author : not indicated on the source document of the above text If you are the author of the text above and you not agree to share your knowledge for teaching, research, scholarship (for fair use as indicated in the United States copyrigh low) please send us an e-mail and we will remove your text quickly.   The Twelve Labours of Hercules The Labors of Hercules Names of people or animals Names of places Hercules suffered much during his life, but after his death he became a god. His mother was Alcmena, his father was Jupiter, and he was the strongest of all the heroes who lived in his time. All through his life he was pursued by the hatred and jealousy of Juno, who tried to destroy him even in his cradle. She sent two great snakes to attack the sleep­ing baby, but Hercules awoke, grasped their necks in his hands, and strangled them both. Before he was eighteen, he had done many famous deeds in the country of Thebes, and Creon, the king, gave him his daughter in marriage.  But he could not long escape the anger of Juno, who afflicted him with a sudden madness, so that he did not know what he was doing, and in a fit of frenzy killed both his wife and his children. When he came to his senses, in hor­ror and shame at what he had done, he visited the great cliffs of Delphi, where the eagles circle all day and where Apollo's oracle is. There he asked how he could be purified of his sin, and he was told by the oracle that he must go to Mycenae and for twelve years obey all the commands of the cowardly king Eurystheus, his kinsman. It seemed a hard and cruel sentence, but the oracle told him also that at the end of many labors, he would be received among the gods. Hercules therefore departed to the rocky citadel of Mycenae that looks down upon the blue water of the bay of Argos. He was skilled in the use of every weapon, having been educated, as Jason was, by the wise centaur Chiron. He was tall and immensely powerful. When Eurystheus saw him, he was both terrified of him and jealous of his great pow­ers. He began to devise labors that would seem impossible, yet Hercules accomplished them all. First he was ordered to destroy and to bring back to Mycenae the lion of Nemea,  which for long had ravaged all the coun­tryside to the north. Her­cules took his bow and arrows and, in the forest of Nemea, cut himself a great club, so heavy that a man nowadays could hardly lift it. This club he carried ever afterwards as his chief weapon. He found that his arrows had no effect on the tough skin of the lion, but as the beast 542 Our Classical Heritage sprang at him, he half stunned it with his club: then, closing in with it. he seized it by the throat and killed it with his bare hands. They say that when he carried back on his shoulders to Mycenae the body of the huge beast, Eurysiheus fled in terror and ordered Hercules never again to enter the gates of the city, but to wait outside until he was told lo come in. Eurystheus also built for himself a spe­cial strong room of brass into which he would require if he was ever again frightened by the power and valianceof Hercules. Hercules himself took the skin of the lion and made it into a cloak which he wore ever afterwards, sometimes with the lion's head covering his own head like a cap, sometimes with it slung backwards over his shoulders. The next task given to Hercules by Eurystheus was to destroy a huge water snake, called the Hydra, which lived in the marshes of Argos, was filled with poison, and had fifty venomous heads. Hercules, with his friend and companion, the young Iolaus, set out from Mycenae and came to the great cavern, sacred to Pan, which is a holy place in the hills near Argos. Below this cavern a river gushes out of the rock. Willows and plane trees sur­round the source, and the brilliant green of grass. It is the freshest and most delightful place. But as the river flows downwards to the sea, it becomes wide and shallow, extending into pestilential marshes, the home of stinging flies and mosquitoes. In these marshes they found the Hydra, and Hercules, his great club, began to crush the beast's heads, after­wards cutting them off with his sword. Yet the more he labored, the more difficult his task became. From the stump of each head that he cut off, two other heads, with forked and hissing tongues, immedi­ately sprang. Faced with an endless and increasing effort, Hercules was at a loss what to do. It seemed to him that heat might prove more powerful than cold steel, and he com­manded Iolaus to burn the root of each head with a red-hot iron immediately after it was severed from the neck. This plan was successful. The heads no longer sprouted up again, and soon the dangerous and destructive animal lay dead, though still writhing in the black marsh water among the reeds. Hercules cut its body open and dipped his arrows in the blood. Henceforward these arrows would bring certain death, even if they only grazed the skin, so powerful was the Hydra's poison. Eurystheus next ordered Hercules to cap­ture and bring back alive a stag sacred to The Labors of Hercules 543   Diana and famous for its great fleetness of foot, which lived in the waste mountains and forests and never yet had been approached in the chase. For a whole year Hercules pursued this animal, resting for the hours of darkness and pressing on next day in its tracks. For many months he was wholly outdistanced; valleys and forests divided him from his prey. But at the end of the year the stag, weary of the long hunt, could run no longer. Hercules seized it in his strong hands, tied first its forelegs and then its hind legs together, put the body of the beast, with its drooping antlered head, over his neck, and pro­ceeded to return to the palace of King Eurystheus. However, as he was on his way through the woods, he was suddenly aware of a bright light in front of him, and in the middle of the light he saw standing a tall woman or, as he imme­diately recognized, a god­dess, grasping in her hands a bow and staring at him angrily with her shin­ing eyes. He knew at once that this was the archer goddess Diana, she who had once turned Actaeon into a stag and who now was enraged at the loss of this other stag which was sacred to her. Hercules put his prey on the ground and knelt before the goddess. "It was through no desire of my own," he said, "that I have cap­tured this noble animal. What I do is done at the command of my father Jupiter and of the oracle of your brother Apollo at Delphi." The goddess listened to his explanation, smiled kindly on him, and allowed him to go on anyway when he had promised that, once the stag had been carried to Eurystheus, it would be set free again in the forests that it loved. So Hercules accomplished this third labor. He was not, however, to be allowed to rest, Eurystheus now commanded him to go out to the mountains of Eryman thus and bring back the great wild boar that for long had terrorized all the neighborhood. So Hercules set out once more, and on his way he passed the country where the centaurs had settled after they had been driven down from the north in the battle that had taken place with the Lapiths at the wedding of Pirithous.  In this battle they had already had experience of the hero's strength, but still their manners were rude and rough. When the centaur Pholus offered Hercules some of their best wine to drink, the other centaurs became jealous. Angry words led to blows, and soon Hercules was forced to defend himself with his club and with his arrows, the poison of which not only caused death, but also the most extreme pain. Soon he scattered his enemies in all directions, driving them over the plains and rocks. Some he dashed to the ground with his club; others, wounded by the poisoned arrows, lay writhing 544 Our Classical Heritage in agony or kicking their hooves in the air. Some took refuge in the house of the famous centaur Chiron, who had been schoolmaster to Hercules and who, alone among the centaurs, was immortal. As he pursued his enemies to this good centaur's house, shooting arrows at them as he went, Hercules, by an unhappy ac­cident, wounded Chiron himself. Whether it was because of grief that his old pupil had so injured him. or whether it was because of the great pain of the wound, Chiron prayed to Jupiter that his immortality should be taken away from him. Jupiter granted his prayer. The good centaur died, but he was set in Heaven in a constellation of stars which is still called either Sagittarius or else the Centaur. Hercules mourned the sad death of his old master. Then he went on to Erymanthus. It was winter and he chased the great boar up to the deep snow in the passes of the mountains. The animal's short legs soon grew weary of plow­ing through the stiff snow and Hercules caught it up when it was exhausted and panting in a snowdrift. He bound it firmly and slung the great body over his back. They say that when he brought it to Mycenae, Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the huge tusks and flashing eyes that he hid for two days in the brass hiding place that he had had built for himself. The next task that Hercules was ordered to do would have seemed to anyone impossible. There was a king of Elis called Augeas, very rich in herds of goats and cattle. His sta­bles, they say, held three thousand oxen, and for ten years these stables had never been cleaned. The dung and muck stood higher than a house, hardened and caked together. The smell was such that even the herdsmen, who were used to it, could scarcely bear to go near. Hercules was now ordered to clean these sta­bles, and going to Elis, he first asked the king to promise him the tenth part of his herds if he was successful in his task. The king readily agreed, and Hercules made the great river Alpheus change its course and come foaming and roaring through the filthy stables. In less than aday all the dirt was cleared and rolled away to the sea. The river then went back to its former course, and for the first time in ten years, the stone floors and walls of the enor­mous stables shone white and clean. Hercules then asked for his reward, but King Augeas, claiming that he had performed the task not with his own hands but by a trick, re­fused to give it to him. He even banished his own son, who took the side of Hercules and re­proached his father for not keeping his promise. Hercules then made war on the king­dom of Elis, drove King Augeas out, and put his son on the throne. Then, with his rich reward, he returned to Mycenae, ready to un­dertake whatever new task was given him by Eurystheus.   Again he was ordered to destroy creatures that were harmful to men. This time they were great birds, like cranes or storks, but much more powerful, which devoured human flesh and lived around the black waters of the Stymphalian lake. In the reeds and rocky crags they lived in huge numbers, and Hercules was at a loss how to draw them from their hiding places. It was the goddess Minerva who helped him by giving him a great rattle of brass. The noise of this rattle drove the great birds into the air in throngs. Hercules pursued them with his arrows, which rang upon their horny beaks and legs but stuck firm in the bodies that tum­bled one after the other into the lake. The whole brood of these monsters was entirely destroyed, and now only ducks and harmless waterfowl nest along the reedy shores. Hercules had now accomplished six of his labors. Six more remained. After the killing of The Labors of Hercules 545     the Stymphalian birds, he was commanded to go to Crete and bring back from there alive a huge bull which was laying the whole island waste. Barehanded and alone he grappled with this bull, and, once again, when he brought the animal back into the streets of Mycenae, Eurystheus fled in terror at the sight both of the hero and of the great beast which he had captured. From the southern sea Hercules was sent to the north to Thrace, over which ruled King Diomedes, a strong and warlike prince who savagely fed his famous mares on human flesh. Hercules conquered the king in battle and gave his body to the very mares which had so often fed upon the bodies of the king's enemies. He brought the mares back to King Eurystheus, who again was terrified at the sight of such fierce and spirited animals. He ordered them to be taken to the heights of Mount Olympus and there be consecrated to Jupiter. But Jupiter had no love for these unnatural creatures, and, on the rocky hillsides, they were devoured by lions wolves, and bears.   Next, Hercules was commanded to go to the country of the Amazons, the fierce warrior women, and bring back the girdle of their queen Hippolyte. Seas and mountains had to be crossed, battles to be fought; but Hercules in the end accomplished the long journey and the dangerous task. Later, as is well known, Hippolyte became the wife of Theseus of Athens and bore him an ill-fated son, Hippolytus. Hercules had now traveled in the south, the north, and the east. His tenth labor was to be in the far west, beyond the country of Spain, in an island called Erythia. Here lived the giant Geryon, a great monster with three bodies and three heads. With his herdsman and his two-headed dog. called Orthrus, he looked after huge flocks of oxen, and, at the command of Eurystheus, Hercules came into his land to lift the cattle and to destroy the giant. On his way, at the very entrance to the Atlantic, he set up two great marks, ever afterward to be known by sailors and called the Pillars of Hercules. Later, as he wandered through rocks and over desert land, he turned his anger against the Sun itself, shooting his arrows at the great god Phoebus Apollo. But Phoebus pitied him in his thirst and weariness. He sent him a golden boat, and in this boat Hercules crossed over to the island of Erythia. Here he easily destroyed both watchdog and herdsman, but fought for long with the great three-bodied giant before he slew him, body after body. Then he began to drive the cattle over rivers and mountains and deserts from Spain to Greece. As he was passing through Italy he came near the cave where Cacus, a son of Vulcan, who breathed fire out of his mouth, lived solitary and cruel, since he killed all strangers and nailed their heads, dripping with blood, to the posts at the entrance of his rocky dwelling. While Hercules was resting, with the herds all round him, Cacus came out of his cave and stole eight of the best animals of the whole herd. He dragged them backwards by their tails, so that Hercules should not be able to track them down. When Hercules awoke from his rest, he searched far and wide for the missing animals, but since they had been driven into the deep recesses of Cacus's cave, he was unable to find them. In the end he began to go on his way with the rest of the herd, and as the stolen ani­mals heard the lowing of the other cattle, they too began to low and bellow in their rocky prison. Hercules stopped still, and soon out of the cave came the fire-breathing giant, pre­pared to defend the fruits of his robbery and anxious to hang the head of Hercules among 546 Our Classical Heritage   his other disgusting trophies. This, however, was not to be. The huge limbs and terrible fiery breath of Cacus were of no avail against the hero's strength and fortitude. Soon, with a tremendous blow of his club, he stretched out Cacus dead on the ground. Then he drove the great herd on over mountains and plains, through forests and rivers to Mycenae. Hercules' next labor again took him to the far west. He was commanded by Eurystheus to fetch him some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. These apples grew in a garden west even of the land of Atlas. Here the sun shines continually, but always cool, well-watered trees of every kind give shade. All flowers and fruits that grow on earth grow here, and fruit and flowers are always on the boughs together. In the center of the garden is the   orchard, where   golden   apples   gleam among   the   shining   green   leaves   and   the flushed blossom. Three nymphs, the  Hesperides, look after this orchard, which was given by Jupiter to Juno as a wedding present. It is guarded also by a great dragon that never sleeps and coils its huge folds around the trees. No one except the gods knows exactly where this beautiful and remote garden is, and it was to this unknown place that Hercules was sent. He was helped by Minerva and by the nymphs of the broad river Po in Italy. These nymphs told Hercules where to find Nereus, the ancient god of the sea, who knew the past, the present, and the future.  "Wait for him," they said, "until you find him asleep on the rocky shore, surrounded by his fifty daughters. Seize hold of him tightly and do not let go until he answers your question. He will, in trying to escape you, put on all kinds of shapes. He will turn to fire, to water, to a wild beast, or to a ser­pent. You must not lose your courage, but hold him all the tighter, and, in the end, he will come back to his own shape and will tell you what you want to know." Hercules   followed   their   advice.   As   he watched along the sea god's shore he saw, lying on the sand, half in and half out of the sea, with seaweed trailing round his limbs, the old god himself. Around him were his daughters, the Nereids, some riding on the backs of dol­phins, some dancing on the shore, some swim­ming and diving  in  the   deeper  water.  As Hercules approached, they cried out shrilly at the sight of a man. Those on land leaped back into the sea; those in the sea swam further from the shore. But their cries did not awake their father till Hercules was close to him and able to grip him firmly in his strong hands. As soon as the old god felt the hands upon him, his body seemed to disappear into a running stream of water; but Hercules felt the body that he could not see and did not relax his grasp. Next it seemed that his hands were buried in a great pillar of fire; but the fire did not scorch the skin, and Hercules could still feel the aged limbs through the fire. Then it was a great lion with wide-open jaws that appeared to be lying and raging on the sands; then a bear, then a dragon. Still Hercules clung firmly to his pris­oner, and in the end he saw again the bearded face   and   seaweed-dripping   limbs of old Nereus. The god knew for what purpose Her­cules had seized him, and he told him the way to the garden of the Hesperides. It was a long and difficult journey, but at the end of it Hercules was rewarded. The guardian nymphs (since this was the will of Jupiter) al­lowed him to pick from the pliant boughs two or three of the golden fruit. The great dragon bowed its head to the ground at their com­mand   and left Hercules unmolested.   He The Labors of Hercules 547   brought back the apples to Eurystheus, but soon they began to lose that beautiful sheen of gold that had been theirs in the western gar­den. So Minerva carried them back again to the place from which they came, and then once more they glowed with their own gold among the other golden apples that hung upon the trees. Now had come the time for the twelfth and last of the labors that Hercules did for his master Eurystheus. This labor would seem to anyone by for the hardest; for the hero was commanded to descend into the lower world and bring back with him from the kingdom of Proserpine the terrible three-headed watch­dog Cerberus. Hercules took the dark path which before him had been trodden only by Orpheus and Theseus and Pirithous. Orpheus had returned. Theseus and Pirithous, for their wicked at­tempt, were still imprisoned. Page 548            Hercules passed the Furies, undaunted by the frightful eyes beneath the writhing ser­pents of their hair. He passed the great crimi­nals, Sisyphus, Tantalus, and the rest. He passed by his friend, the unhappy Theseus, who was sitting immovably fixed to a rock, and he came at last into the terrible presence of black Pluto himself, who sat on his dark throne with his young wife Proserpine beside him. To the King and Queen of the Dead, Hercules ex­plained the reason of his coming, "Go," said Pluto, "and, so long as you use no weapon, but only your bare hands, you may take my watch­dog Cerberus to the upper air. Hercules thanked the dreadful king for giv­ing him the permission which he had asked. Then he made one more request, which was that Theseus, who had sinned only by keeping his promise to his friend, might be allowed to return again to life. This, too, was granted him. Theseus rose to his feet again and accompa­nied the hero to the entrance of Hell, where the huge dog Cerberus, with his three heads and his three deep baying voices, glared sav­agely at the intruders. Even this tremendous animal proved no match for Hercules, who with his vise-like grip stifled the breath in two of the shaggy throats and then lifted the beast upon his shoulders and began to ascend again, Theseus following close behind, the path that leads to the world of men. They say that when he carried Cerberus to Mycenae, Eurystheus fled in terror to another city and was now actu­ally glad that Hercules had completed what might seem to have been twelve impossible labors. Cerberus was restored to his place in Hell and never again visited the upper world. Nor did Hercules ever go down to the place of the dead, since, after further trials, he was des­tined to live among the gods above.  Page 550   Google key word : The Twelve Labours of Hercules file type : doc Author : indicated on the source document of the above text If you are the author of the text above and you not agree to share your knowledge for teaching, research, scholarship (for fair use as indicated in the United States copyrigh low) please send us an e-mail and we will remove your text quickly.   The Twelve Labours of Hercules   Hercules as an infant, with supernatural powers The little boy, Hercules, who was a semi-god grabbed the two gigantic snakes with his little arms and struggled them by clenching them. The angry goddess Hera had sent the snakes to the room, where Hercules was sleeping in a basket together with his brother, with the aim of killing them.   The first labour The lion of Nemea Hercules went to Nemea where a fierce lion lived and devoured animals and people. Hercules hit the animal with his arrows but its skin was so tough that it wasn’t pierced. Then Hercules took a branch from a wild olive tree and managed to hit the lion. The animal felt a great pain and hid in its den. It groaned and the whole mountain shook. Afterwards it attacked Hercules. He fought with it for a long time and finally he struggled  it clenching its neck with his arms. He put the lion’s fleece around his body so as to be protected from future dangers.     Hercules Exterminates the Lernean Hydra A scary beast with a huge body and nine heads lived in the lake Lerne in Peloponnese. Fire was coming out of its nine mouths and it was burning animals, plants and people. Everyone was desperate and nobody dared to come closer to the lake. Evristheas ordered Hercules to kill the monster. Hercules managed to take the Lernean Hydra out of its den and he attacked it by cutting its heads. But when he cut one head, two new heads sprung. Then Hercules asked his cousin’s help. So Iolaos, his cousin lit a torch and when Hercules cut a head he burnt it. The middle head, nevertheless, was immortal. That’s why Hercules buried it deeply in the earth and put a huge stone above it. He also dirred his arrows in the Lernean Hydra’s poisoned body and thus they became lethal.     Hercules catches Artemis’ deer Hercules committed himself to this mission and headed towards the mountains where the deer lived. He recognized it by the flash of its horns. Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to catch up with it at the speed and immobilize it Hercules decided to exaust it . When the deer saw him, it started running and this chase lasted for a year, until the deer got tired and Hercules grabbed the opportunity and immobilized it. When goddess Artemis heard about what had happened got angry and wanted to punish Hercules. But Hercules asked her to forgive him and promised that when he fulfilled his mission he would return the deer.     Hercules kills the Stimphalida hens Hercules’ fifth labour was to go to the lake Stimphalida. That was the place where the Stimphalida hens lived. They were huge birds with iron beaks and feathers which fed on human meat. On his arrival, he started shaking two castanets made of copper which were given to him by Athina. The birds came out of the lake’s reeds where the hid and flied being scared. Then Hercules killed many of them with his arrows. Those which survived left and they didn’t return again.   Hercules cleans up Avgias stables. One day Evristheas told Hercules “Go and clean the king Avgias’ stables and you must finish this task in one day”. King Avgias laughed when Hercules said the reason why he had come. “these stables haven’t been sweeped and cleaned for thirty years” said Avgias to Hercules and he added laughing. “But if you want you can try it. I will be very glad if I se them clean again.” Then an idea came up to Hercules’ mind. A little further a river was flowing and Hercules started working at once. Firstly, he made a dam and he dug a deep ditch from the river up to the stables. When he finished , he opened the dam and the water started flowing rapidly sweeping all the animals’ dung to the sea. Text and illustration by   The Cretan Taurus After a hard fight with the Cretan Taurus , Hercules managed to captivate the wild animal which caused great damages with the flames that were coming out of his mouth. Text and illustration by   The Cretan Taurus Once  Evristheas sent Hercules to Crete so as to fetch a raging Taurus, which scared everybody. Nobody knew why this was happening. King Minoas had asked Posidon to give him, a Taurus in order to sacrifice it in his honor. But when he saw the magnificent animal coming out of the sea Posidon retreated. He didn’t want to sacrifice it anymore, but he wanted to use it and thus increase the number of his herds. After some time he remembered the promise that he had made to God and sacrificed another Taurus. Posidon understood what had happened and he made the animal get angry. When Hercules arrived at the island heard a strange groaning. It was made by the wild beast which was approaching the town. Later Hercules met the Taurus. He was holding a net so as to capture it. They fought and finally he immobilized the animal and captivated it. The most difficult thing was to find a ship to carry the Taurus. Lucking he found a familiar captain who carried it on his ship to Tyrintha. Eyristheas saw  that his cousin couldn’t be defeated and assigned a new labour to him. Text and illustration by T.Tilegrafos   Diomedes’ Horses Hercules went to Thrace, where King Diomedes – the son of God Aris – lived. He had four savage horses that lived on human flesh. Hercules killed Diomedes, caught the horses and brought them to Mycinae. Text and illustration by   Hercules’Columns. In Greek Mythology, Hercules’ Columns were the Columns that Hercules had set up when he brought Hesperides’ Apples to king Eyristheas. The ancient Greeks believed that they lay in the Iviriki peninsula where Gibraltar nowadays  ies, There they believed was the end of the world.                                               These columns were set up by Hercules himself on the two sides of Giblaldar. The one was on the side of Africa and the other on the side of Europe. Most probably they were lighthouses that showed the shops where to turn to get from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean.                                According to Homer, these columns were the signs for the end of the two continents, and he calls them “the gates of the Ocean”. Text by   Hercules , the great hero of the Greek mythology. Hercules was the son of Alkmini and Zeus, the father of the Gods.He was a man with supernatural power, a semi-God. Goddess Hera hated him and she always found ways to torture him. Hera had told Zeus, that his son will only become immortal , if he managed to perform successfully all the twelve Labours that king Evristheas would consign him. King Evristheas was the king of Mycinae.                     Besides the twelve labours, Hercules also performed other heroic deeds. He took part in the Argonautic expeditio. In Libia he beat the giant Anteos, the son of Paseidon and Earth. Hercules also set free Prometheas who had given people the secret of use of fire and was punished by Zeus. He also helped Theseas to escape from prison. Hercules killed the Centaur Nessos who tried to steal Hercules’ beautiful wife Diianira. Nessos revenged him by giving Diianira a poisoned shirt. When Hercules wore it he died in unbearable pain. He was burned at the top of a mountain and after his death he became the God of strength. Zeus took him on mountain Olympus and gave him Ivi – the goddess of youth – as a wife. Text by
i don't know
A group of which type of birds is known as an exaltation?
Group Names for Birds Group Names for Birds: A Partial List By Terry Ross A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants [when flushed] A brood of hens A building of rooks A cast of hawks [or falcons] A charm of finches A colony of penguins A company of parrots A congregation of plovers A cover of coots A covey of partridges [or grouse or ptarmigans] A deceit of lapwings A descent of woodpeckers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves An exaltation of larks A fall of woodcocks A flight of swallows [or doves, goshawks, or cormorants] A gaggle of geese [wild or domesticated] A host of sparrows A kettle of hawks [riding a thermal] A murmuration of starlings A murder of crows A muster of storks A nye of pheasants [on the ground] An ostentation of peacocks A paddling of ducks [on the water] A parliament of owls A party of jays A peep of chickens A pitying of turtledoves A raft of ducks A rafter of turkeys A siege of herons A skein of geese [in flight] A sord of mallards A spring of teal A tidings of magpies A trip of dotterel An unkindness of ravens A watch of nightingales A wedge of swans [or geese, flying in a "V"] A wisp of snipe Any of these group names may properly be used by birders who wish to display their erudition, although it is probably linguistically inaccurate (and it certainly is bad manners) to upbraid someone who refers to "a bunch of ravens" by saying, "Surely you mean `an unkindness of ravens,' my good fellow." Most of these terms date back at least 500 years. Some of them have been in continuous use since then; others have gone out of fashion and been resurrected in the last century or two; still others only exist on lists. Most of these terms are listed in James Lipton's An Exaltation of Larks. Lipton's list is substantially based on very old sources. There were manuscript lists of group names in the 15th century, and these lists appeared in some of the first books printed in England. Many of them make their first appearance in John Lydgate's Debate between the Horse, Goose, and Sheep (1440); and Lydgate's terms along with others appear in The Book of Hawking and Hunting (also known as The Book of St. Albans) by Dame Juliana Barnes (1486). Whether Lydgate and Barnes coined any of these terms, or whether they were setting down the terms that were considered proper in their day is not known. Many of the terms did catch on, and the lists they appeared on were frequently reprinted. The best source I know for investigating the histories of English words is the Oxford English Dictionary. Unfortunately, on the question whether these terms ever were or still are appropriate, the OED is not entirely helpful. To make sense of the matter, I have placed the group names into groups-- GROUP A--The following group names are standard: A bevy of quail A bouquet of pheasants A brood of hens A cast of hawks A charm of finches A covey of partridges A flight of swallows A gaggle of geese A nye of pheasants A siege of herons A skein of geese A trip of dotterel A wisp of snipe GROUP B--These terms are not group names for a particular type of bird, but have been commonly used for many different types: Colony Company Flock Parliament Party GROUP C--These terms are archaic; they were once obsolete, but they have been revived somewhat in the 19th or 20th centuries: A building of rooks A murmuration of starlings A muster of peacocks A peep of chickens A sord of mallards A spring of teal A watch of nightingales GROUP D--These terms are obsolete; they appeared on the old lists, but almost nobody has used them in centuries: A congregation of plovers A dissimulation of birds A dole of doves A fall of woodcock A host of sparrows A paddling of ducks An unkindness of ravens GROUP E--These terms are not in the OED at all as group names for birds: A cover of coots A kettle of hawks A murder of crows An ostentation of peacocks A pitying of turtledoves A rafter of turkeys A tidings of magpies My categories are imprecise, but they provide some guidance about usage. Have no qualms about using any of the terms in group A; use the terms in group B for any group of birds that seems apt; use the terms in groups C and D only if you don't mind being thought pedantic or literary; avoid the terms in group E unless you know something the OED doesn't. Alas, the OED itself is not totally reliable: the word "kettle" (as both a noun and a verb) has been used by hawk watchers for many years, and it has often appeared in print; the OED editors obviously are not birders. It may well be that the other terms in group E appear on the 15th-century lists and were simply missed. Thanks to the following for their suggestions and contributions: Bruce Helmboldt, Stephan L. Moss, Pete Janzen, Macklin Smith, Billie Jo Johnstone, Richard Danca, Gail Mackiernan, Alice Rasa. Review the correspondence on this matter from BirdChat. View a list of whimsical group names submitted by chatters.
Lark
Near which small town in Berkshire was the Royal Military Academy founded in 1799?
Swans Commentary: Dossiers: Swans, The Birds - thebirds Swans, The Birds For all of you inquiring minds, especially children. by Gilles d'Aymery     I frequently receive inquiries by e-mail regarding Swans, the birds. Most often, the queries come from pupils. They ask questions about the name of a mother Swan, the baby Swan, a group of Swans, and they invariably ask for pictures. I presume -- without assuming -- that they have some kind of homework to do for their next class; so, I constantly endeavor to answer each and every one of these e-mails. Why they end up on Swans is pretty easy to figure out. They get to the computer, hop on the Net and do a search on, guess what, Swans. Since we have about 1,000 pages (and counting), each with the word Swans in the URL, they land on the site, can't fathom what all this wordy gibberish is about, find the "contact" link and shoot a quick e-mail to your servitor. Quite possibly, their teachers failed to let them know that Swans was also known as Cygnus. How many of those teachers ever studied Latin? Your guess is as good as mine... Anyway, in the spirit of the holidays and in the hope that I can answer all these questions for good (so that I need not repeat myself time and again), here it goes, with my very best wishes to all.   The mother of a swan (female) is called a pen. The father of a swan (male) is called a cob. Young swans are called cygnets. A swan's beak is called a bill. Please check http://www.taiga.net/swans/head_and_bill.html to learn about the different bills swans have. A group of swans is generally and generically called a flock of swans; but, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the correct appellation is a wedge of Swans (when they are flying in a "V" formation). I've also heard of a bevy of Swans but I am not certain this is correct. A bevy usually refers to a group of larks or quails. So, I am afraid that I can't bring a definite answer on this one. Here, on the Swans Commentary Web site, we refer to the flock; that is, the collective of writers and essayists who generously contribute their work on a bi-weekly basis. Anyway, for those of you who wish to learn more about Group Names of Birds, please visit http://baltimorebirdclub.org/gnlist.html ; and you can also check out James Lipton's An Exaltation of Larks from your Public Library. Lipton describes in great details these collective nouns that have embellished the English language for centuries. So far as I was able to figure out in my short research there are seven different kinds of swans: The Black Swan; the Black-necked Swan; the Coscoroba Swan; the Mute Swan; the Tundra Swan; the Trumpeter Swan; and the Whooper Swan. More on them below. (I too am a Swan, albeit of a distinctive genre!) I am sorry if I cannot provide you with pictures of swans. Our site is not geared toward this function. We do have one though, and I am more than happy to show it to you.   This picture was graciously given to us by its photographer whose name is Judy Swan. Judy lives in Florida. Her photograph is copyrighted; so, I have to ask you not to steal it. However, you can contact her directly and I am sure she will be most kind and allow you to use it for your school project. Her e-mail address is [email protected]. By the way, her photo features a Mute Swan... More information about the birds You may want to learn more about these gorgeous birds and see myriad pictures (always ask permission if you want to use the material displayed on the respective sites). So I have compiled a few links that you should feel free, and hopefully eager, to peruse and explore. Information about specific Swans:
i don't know
What word describes a triangle where all three sides are of different lengths?
Classifying Three Types of Triangles - dummies Classifying Three Types of Triangles Classifying Three Types of Triangles Classifying Three Types of Triangles By Mark Ryan Triangles are classified according to the length of their sides or the measure of their angles. These classifications come in threes, just like the sides and angles themselves. That is, a triangle has three sides, and three terms describe triangles based on their sides; a triangle also has three angles, and three classifications of triangles are based on their angles. The following are triangle classifications based on sides: Scalene triangle: A triangle with no congruent sides Isosceles triangle: A triangle with at least two congruent sides Equilateral triangle: A triangle with three congruent sides Because an equilateral triangle is also isosceles, all triangles are either scalene or isosceles. But when people call a triangle isosceles, they’re usually referring to a triangle with only two equal sides, because if the triangle had three equal sides, they’d call it equilateral. However, you can’t always assume this when you’re doing tricky geometry homework. Scalene triangles In addition to having three unequal sides, scalene triangles have three unequal angles. The shortest side is across from the smallest angle, the middle-length side is across from the mid-sized angle, and — surprise, surprise — the longest side is across from the largest angle. The ratio of sides doesn’t equal the ratio of angles. Don’t assume that if one side of a triangle is, say, twice as long as another side that the angles opposite those sides are also in a 2:1 ratio. The ratio of the sides may be close to the ratio of the angles, but, for a scalene triangle, these ratios are never exactly equal. Isosceles triangles An isosceles triangle has two equal sides and two equal angles. The equal sides are called legs, and the third side is the base. The two angles touching the base (which are congruent, or equal) are called base angles. The angle between the two legs is called the vertex angle. Equilateral triangles An equilateral triangle has three equal sides and three equal angles (which are each 60°). Its equal angles make it equiangular as well as equilateral. You don’t often hear the expression equiangular triangle, however, because the only triangle that’s equiangular is the equilateral triangle, and everyone calls this triangle equilateral. (With quadrilaterals and other polygons, however, you need both terms, because an equiangular figure, such as a rectangle, can have sides of different lengths, and an equilateral figure, such as a rhombus, can have angles of different sizes.) If you cut an equilateral triangle in half right down the middle, you get two 30°- 60°- 90° right triangles, which figure very heavily in geometry and trigonometry work.
Scalene
What sort of animal was the invisible Harvey, in the 1950 film of that name?
Triangles - Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene Triangles A triangle has three sides and three angles The three angles always add to 180° Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal. There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles: Equilateral Triangle Three equal angles, always 60° Isosceles Triangle Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside: Acute Triangle All angles are less than 90° Right Triangle Has a right angle (90°) Obtuse Triangle Has an angle more than 90° Combining the Names Sometimes a triangle will have two names, for example: Right Isosceles Triangle Has a right angle (90°), and also two equal angles Can you guess what the equal angles are? Play With It ... Try dragging the points around and make different triangles: You might also like to play with the Interactive Triangle . Perimeter The perimeter is the distance around the edge of the triangle: just add up the three sides: Area The area is half of the base times height. "b" is the distance along the base "h" is the height (measured at right angles to the base) Area = ½ × b × h The formula works for all triangles. Note: a simpler way of writing the formula is bh/2 Example: What is the area of this triangle? (Note: 12 is the height, not the length of the left-hand side)   Base = b = 20 Area = ½ × b × h = ½ × 20 × 12 = 120 The base can be any side, Just be sure the "height" is measured at right angles to the "base": (Note: You can also calculate the area from the lengths of all three sides using Heron's Formula .)   Why is the Area "Half of bh"? Imagine you "doubled" the triangle (flip it around one of the upper edges) to make a square-like shape (a parallelogram ) which can be changed to a simple rectangle : THEN the whole area is bh, which is for both triangles, so just one is ½ × bh.  
i don't know
What famous event took place on December 16th, 1773?
1773 - Historical Events - On This Day On This Day Jan 6 Massachusetts slaves petition legislature for freedom Jan 12 First public museum established in north American colonies (Charlestown, SC) Event of Interest Jan 17 Captain James Cook becomes 1st to cross Antarctic Circle (66° 33' S) Captain/Explorer Feb 26 Construction authorized for Walnut St jail (Philadelphia) (1st solitary) Mar 12 Jeanne Baptiste Pointe de Sable found settlement now known as Chicago Mar 18 Oliver Goldsmith's "She Stoops to Conquer" premieres in London Apr 27 British Parliament passes Tea Act (Boston won't like this) Jun 17 Cúcuta, Colombia is founded by Juana Rangel de Cuéllar Jul 20 Scottish settlers arrive at Pictou, Nova Scotia (Canada) Jul 21 Pope Clemens XIV bans Jesuits Jul 29 1st schoolhouse west of Allegheny Mtns completed, Schoenbrunn, OH Event of Interest Sep 11 Benjamin Franklin writes "There never was a good war or bad peace" United States Founding Father Oct 12 America's first asylum opens for 'Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds' in Virginia Oct 13 The Whirlpool Galaxy was discovered by Charles Messier Oct 14 The first recorded Ministry of Education, the Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Polish for Commission of National Education), is formed in Poland. Oct 14 American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom's East India Company tea ships' cargo are burned at Annapolis, Maryland. Election of Interest Nov 5 John Hancock is elected as moderator at a Boston town meeting that resolves that anyone who supports the Tea Act is an "Enemy to America" Statesman John Hancock Dec 16 Boston tea party incident - Sons of Liberty protesters throw tea shipments into Boston harbour in protest against British imposed Tea Act Dec 18 A skirmish at Grass Cove in Queen Charlotte Sound results in the deaths of two Māori and nine members of Cook's expedition, New Zealand Dec 26 Expulsion of tea ships from Philadelphia
Boston Tea Party
Who was King George IV’s mother?
Participants in the Boston Tea Party | Boston Tea Party Participants Participants in the Boston Tea Party "The die is now cast. The Colonies must either submit or triumph." - King George III Learn about the Boston Tea Party and the American Revolution without leaving the classroom! Portrait of Benjamin Franklin. Tell me, and I forget, Teach me, and I remember, Involve me, and I learn. -Benjamin Franklin In Season: First tour at 10am, last tour at 5pm. Off Season: First tour at 10am, last tour at 4pm. Museum tours begin every 30 minutes. Attention All Boston Tea Party Museum Visitors: Receive a discounted parking rates at Farnsworth Street Garage and Stillings Street Garage. Farnsworth Street Garage In Season: First tour at 10am, last tour at 5pm. Off Season: First tour at 10am, last tour at 4pm. Museum tours begin every 30 minutes. Participants in the Boston Tea Party Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor, December 16, 1773. Cobb, Darius, 1901. Boston Public Library. December 16th, 1773 It is estimated that hundreds took part in the Boston Tea Party. For fear of punishment, many participants of the Boston Tea Party remained anonymous for many years after the event. To date it is known that 116 people are documented to have participated. Not all of the participants of the Boston Tea Party are known; many carried the secret of their participation to their graves. The participants were made up of males from all walks of colonial society. Many were from Boston or the surrounding area, but some participants are documented to have come from as far away as Worcester in central Massachusetts and Maine. The vast majority was of English descent, but men of Irish, Scottish, French, Portuguese, and African ancestry were documented to have also participated. The participants were off all ages, but the majority of the documented participants was under the age of forty. Sixteen participants were teenagers, and only nine men were above the age of forty. Many of the Boston Tea Party participants fled Boston immediately after the destruction of the tea to avoid arrest. Thousands witnessed the event, and the implication and impact of this action were enormous ultimately leading to the start of the American Revolution.
i don't know
In WW II, in what year did these battles take place: Luzon, Halbe, Trieste and Okinawa?
World War II Photos | National Archives Learn why Democracy Starts Here World War II Photos General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte, P.I., October, 1944. Cropped from Select List number 150. National Archives Identifier: 531424 The Second World War was documented on a huge scale by thousands of photographers and artists who created millions of pictures. American military photographers representing all of the armed services covered the battlefronts around the world. Every activity of the war was depicted--training, combat, support services, and much more. On the home front, the many federal war agencies produced and collected pictures, posters, and cartoons on such subjects as war production, rationing, and civilian relocation. The pictures described in this list are from the holdings of the Still Picture Branch (NNSP) of the National Archives and Records Administration. Most are from the records of the Army Signal Corps in Record Group (RG) 111, the Department of the Navy in RG 80, the Coast Guard in RG 26, the Marine Corps in RG 127, and the Office of War Information in RG 208. Others were selected from the records of 12 additional agencies. Pictures are listed by subject and campaign. Original captions are in quotation marks. Photographers, artists, locations, and dates, when known, are also included. This information is followed by identification numbers in italics. At the end of this leaflet there are instructions for ordering complete sets of slides from this and other Select Audiovisual Records lists. To order individual prints, negatives, or slides from this list, write to the Still Picture Branch (NNSP) for a current price list and ordering information. With the exception of 11 pictures that are also in color (indicated by an asterisk following the identification number), all pictures in this list are available only in black and white. Inquiries about other World War II pictures that may be part of the National Archives' holdings should be made separately. Please list, as specifically as possible, names, dates, places, subjects, events, and other details. Please limit each request to three items. Jonathan Heller researched, selected, and arranged the items for this list and wrote these introductory remarks. How to Order Leaders 1. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Declaration of War against Japan , December 8, 1941. 79-AR-82. National Archives Identifier: 520053 2. " General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander , at his headquarters in the European theater of operations. He wears the five-star cluster of the newly-created rank of General of the Army." T4c. Messerlin, February 1, 1945. 80-G-331330. National Archives Identifier: 520686 3. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany , ca. June 1940. 242-EB-7-38. National Archives Identifier: 540151 4. " General MacArthur surveys the beachhead on Leyte Island , soon after American forces swept ashore from a gigantic liberation armada into the central Philippines, at the historic moment when the General made good his promise `I shall return.'" 1944. 26-G- 3584. National Archives Identifier: 513210 5. " Conference of the Big Three at Yalta makes final plans for the defeat of Germany. Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Premier Josef Stalin." February 1945. 111-SC-260486. National Archives Identifier: 531340 6. American generals: seated left to right are William H. Simpson, George S. Patton, Jr., Carl Spaatz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Courtney H. Hodges, and Leonard T. Gerow; standing are Ralph F. Stearley, Hoyt S. Vandenberg, Walter Bedell Smith, Otto P. Weyland, and Richard E. Nugent. Ca. 1945. 208-YE-182. National Archives Identifier: 535983 The Home Front 9. " I Want You for the U.S. Army . Enlist Now." Color poster by James Montgomery Flagg. 44-PA-71.* National Archives Identifier: 513533 10. " Man the Guns . Join the Navy." Color poster by McClelland Barclay, 1942. 44-PA-24.* National Archives Identifier: 513519 11. " For your country's sake today--For your own sake tomorrow . Go to the nearest recruiting station of the armed service of your choice." Color poster by Steele Savage, 1944. 44-PA-820.* National Archives Identifier: 514315 12. " Buy War Bonds ." Color poster, 1942. 44-PA-531.* National Archives Identifier: 514010 13. " SCRAP ." Color poster by Roy Schatt, 1942. 44-PA-1688.* National Archives Identifier: 515359 14. " Harvesting bumper crop for Uncle Sam . Movie star Rita Hayworth sacrificed her bumpers for the duration. Besides setting an example by turning in unessential metal car parts, Miss Hayworth has been active in selling war bonds." 1942. 208-PU-91B-5. National Archives Identifier: 535932 16. Sugar rationing . 208-AA-322I-2. National Archives Identifier: 535570 17. " An eager school boy gets his first experience in using War Ration Book Two . With many parents engaged in war work, children are being taught the facts of point rationing for helping out in family marketing." Alfred Palmer, February 1943. 208-AA-322H-1. National Archives Identifier: 535567 18. " We Can Do It ." Color poster by J. Howard Miller. 179-WP-1563.* National Archives Identifier: 535413 19. " Secretaries, housewives, waitresses , women from all over central Florida are getting into vocational schools to learn war work. Typical are these in the Daytona Beach branch of the Volusia county vocational school." Howard R. Hollem, April 1942. 208-AA-352V-4. National Archives Identifier: 535579 22. " Line up of some of women welders including the women's welding champion of Ingalls [Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, MS]." Spencer Beebe, 1943. 86-WWT-85-35. National Archives Identifier: 535579 23. " Chippers ." Women war workers of Marinship Corp., 1942. 86-WWT-85-16. National Archives Identifier: 522889 24. " Man working on hull of U.S. submarine at Electric Boat Co. , Groton, Conn." Lt. Comdr. Charles Fenno Jacobs, August 1943. 80-G-468517. National Archives Identifier: 1633443 25. " Launching of USS ROBALO 9 May 1943, at Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wis." 80-G-68535. National Archives Identifier: 520628 26. " Someone talked! " Color poster by Siebel, 1942. 44-PA-230.* National Archives Identifier: 513672 28. " A young evacuee of Japanese ancestry waits with the family baggage before leaving by bus for an assembly center in the spring of 1942." Clem Albers, California, April 1942. 210-G-2A-6. National Archives Identifier: 539959 29. " Persons of Japanese ancestry arrive at the Santa Anita Assembly Center from San Pedro . Evacuees lived at this center at the former Santa Anita race track before being moved inland to relocation centers." Clem Albers, Arcadia, CA, April 5, 1942. 210-G-3B-414. National Archives Identifier: 537040 30. " Dust storm at this War Relocation Authority center where evacuees of Japanese ancestry are spending the duration ." Dorothea Lange, Manzanar, CA, July 3, 1942. 210-G-10C-839. National Archives Identifier: 539961 Supply & Support 31. " Mechanics check engine of SNJ at Kingsville Field, NATC, Corpus Christi, Texas." Lt. Comdr. Charles Fenno Jacobs, November 1942. 80-G-475186. National Archives Identifier: 520974 32. " Ordnancemen loading belted cartridges into SBD-3 at NAS Norfolk, Va." September 1942. 80-G-472528. National Archives Identifier: 520918 33. " Victory cargo ships are lined up at a U.S. west coast shipyard for final outfitting before they are loaded with supplies for Navy depots and advance bases in the Pacific." Ca. 1944. 208-YE-2B-7. National Archives Identifier: 520918 34. " Corporal Charles H. Johnson of the 783rd Military Police Battalion , waves on a `Red Ball Express' motor convoy rushing priority materiel to the forward areas, near Alenon, France." Bowen, September 5, 1944. 111-SC-195512. National Archives Identifier: 535970 35. " Invasion of Cape Gloucester, New Britain , 24 Dec. 1943. Crammed with men and material for the invasion, this Coast Guard- manned LST nears the Japanese held shore. Troops shown in the picture are Marines." PhoM1c. Don C. Hansen. 26-G-3056. National Archives Identifier: 513188 36. " U.S. Convoy which operates between Chen-Yi and Kweiyang, China , is ascending the famous twenty-one curves at Annan, China." Pfc. John F. Albert, March 26, 1945. 111-SC-208807. National Archives Identifier: 531304 37. " U.S. Marine `Raiders' and their dogs , which are used for scouting and running messages, starting off for the jungle front lines on Bougainville." T.Sgt. J. Sarno, ca. November/December 1943. 127-GR-84-68407. National Archives Identifier: 532371 38. " Sgt. Carl Weinke and Pfc. Ernest Marjoram, Signal Corps cameramen , wading through stream while following infantry troops in forward area during invasion at a beach in New Guinea." T4c. Ernani D'Emidio, April 22, 1944. 111-SC-189623. National Archives Identifier: 531186 39. " Pfc Angelo B. Reina, 391st Inf. Regt. , guards a lonely Oahu beach position. Kahuku, Oahu." Rosenberg, Hawaii, March 1945. 111-SC-221867. National Archives Identifier: 531323 Rest & Relaxation 40. " Marine Pfc. Douglas Lightheart (right) cradles his 30-cal. machine gun in his lap, while he and his buddy Pfc. Gerald Churchby take time out for a cigarette, while mopping up the enemy on Peleliu Is." Cpl. H. H. Clements, September 14, 1944. 127-N-97628. [The Marine on the left has been tentatively identified through information received by the National Archives as being Gerald P. Thursby, Sr. of Akron, Ohio, not Gerald Churchby] National Archives Identifier: 532538 41. " Sailor reading in his bunk aboard USS CAPELIN at submarine base New London, Conn." Lt. Comdr. Charles Fenno Jacobs, August 1943. 80-G-468523. National Archives Identifier: 520852 42. " Activities aboard USS MONTEREY . Navy pilots in the forward elevator well playing basketball." Jumper at left identified as Gerald R. Ford. Attributed to Lt. Victor Jorgensen, ca. June/July 1944. 80-G-417628. National Archives Identifier: 520764 43. " Liberty party . Liberty section personnel aboard LCM returning to USS CASABLANCA from Rara Island, off Pitylieu Island, Manus." PhoM1c. R. W. Mowday, Admiralty Islands, April 19, 1945. 80-CASA-618. National Archives Identifier: 520580 51. " Private Roy Humphrey is being given blood plasma by Pfc. Harvey White , after he was wounded by shrapnel, on 9 August 1943 in Sicily." Wever. 111-SC-178198. National Archives Identifier: 531161 52. " Transfer of wounded from USS BUNKER HILL to USS WILKES BARRE , who were injured during fire aboard carrier following Jap suicide dive bombing attack off Okinawa." PhoM3c. Kenneth E. Roberts, May 11, 1945. 80-G-328610. National Archives Identifier: 520682 53. " In an underground surgery room , behind the front lines on Bougainville, an American Army doctor operates on a U.S. soldier wounded by a Japanese sniper." December 13, 1943. 111-SC-187247. National Archives Identifier: 531177 54. " Nurses of a field hospital who arrived in France via England and Egypt after three years service." Parker, August 12, 1944. 112-SGA-44-10842. National Archives Identifier: 531498 55. " With a canvas tarpaulin for a church and packing cases for an altar , a Navy chaplain holds mass for Marines at Saipan. The service was held in memory of brave buddies who lost their lives in the initial landings." Sgt. Steele, June 1944. 127-N-82262. National Archives Identifier: 532525 56. " The crew of the USS SOUTH DAKOTA stands with bowed heads, while Chaplain N. D. Lindner reads the benediction held in honor of fellow shipmates killed in the air action off Guam on June 19, 1944." July 1, 1944. 80-G-238322. National Archives Identifier: 520649 Navy & Naval Battles 57. " A PT marksman provides a striking camera study as he draws a bead with his 50 caliber machine gun on his boat off New Guinea." July 1943. 80-G-53871. National Archives Identifier: 520621 59. " PT's patrolling off coast of New Guinea ." 1943. 80-G-53855. National Archives Identifier: 520620 60. " USS PENNSYLVANIA and battleship of COLORADO class followed by three cruisers move in line into Lingayen Gulf preceding the landing on Luzon." Philippines, January 1945. 80-G-59525. National Archives Identifier: 520627 61. " Coast Guardsmen on the deck of the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Spencer watch the explosion of a depth charge which blasted a Nazi U-boat's hope of breaking into the center of a large convoy." Sinking of U-175. WO Jack January, April 17, 1943. 26-G-1517. National Archives Identifier: 513166 63. Sixteen-inch guns of the U.S.S Iowa firing during battle drill in the Pacific, ca. 1944. 80-G-59493. National Archives Identifier: 520626 64. " Jap torpedo bomber explodes in air after direct hit by 5 inch shell from U.S. aircraft carrier as it attempted an unsuccessful attack on carrier, off Kwajalein." U.S.S. Yorktown. CPhoM. Alfred N. Cooperman, December 4, 1943. 80-G-415001. National Archives Identifier: 520751 65. " Japanese plane shot down as it attempted to attack USS KITKUN BAY." Near Mariana Islands, June 1944. 80-G-238363. National Archives Identifier: 520650 66. " USS BUNKER HILL burning after Jap suicide attack." Near Okinawa, May 11, 1945. 80-G-274266. National Archives Identifier: 520657 67. " USS BUNKER HILL hit by two Kamikazes in 30 seconds on 11 May 1945 off Kyushu. Dead-372. Wounded-264." 80-G-323712. National Archives Identifier: 520678 Aviation 68. " A Chinese soldier guards a line of American P-40 fighter planes , painted with the shark-face emblem of the 'Flying Tigers,' at a flying field somewhere in China." Ca. 1942. 208-AA-12X-21. National Archives Identifier: 535531 69. " Pilots aboard a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier receive last minute instructions before taking off to attack industrial, and military installations in Tokyo." February 17, 1945. 208-N-38374. National Archives Identifier: 535789 70. " Dynamic static . The motion of its props causes an `aura' to form around this F6F on USS YORKTOWN. Rotating with blades, halo moves aft, giving depth and perspective." November 1943. 80-G-204747A. National Archives Identifier: 520641 72. " TBF (Avengers) flying in formation over Norfolk, Va ." Attributed to Lt. Comdr. Horace Bristol, September 1942. 80-G-427475. National Archives Identifier: 520789 73. " The first big raid by the 8th Air Force was on a Focke Wulf plant at Marienburg. Coming back, the Germans were up in full force and we lost at least 80 ships-800 men, many of them pals." 1943. 208-YE-7. National Archives Identifier: 535972 74. " Photograph made from B-17 Flying Fortress of the 8th AAF Bomber Command on 31 Dec. when they attacked the vital CAM ball- bearing plant and the nearby Hispano Suiza aircraft engine repair depot in Paris." France, 1943. 208-EX-249A-27. National Archives Identifier: 535712 75. " Pilots pleased over their victory during the Marshall Islands attack , grin across the tail of an F6F Hellcat on board the USS LEXINGTON, after shooting down 17 out of 20 Japanese planes heading for Tarawa." Comdr. Edward Steichen, November 1943. 80-G-470985. National Archives Identifier: 520896 German Aggression 76. " Hitler accepts the ovation of the Reichstag after announcing the `peaceful' acquisition of Austria. It set the stage to annex the Czechoslovakian Sudetenland, largely inhabited by a German- speaking population." Berlin, March 1938. 208-N-39843. National Archives Identifier: 535792 77. German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland . PK Hugo J.ger, September 1939. 200-SFF-52. National Archives Identifier: 559369 78. " The tragedy of this Sudeten woman , unable to conceal her misery as she dutifully salutes the triumphant Hitler, is the tragedy of the silent millions who have been `won over' to Hitlerism by the 'everlasting use' of ruthless force." Ca. 1938. 208-PP-10A-2. National Archives Identifier: 535891 86. " Over 500 firemen and members of the London Auxiliary Fire Fighting Services , including many women, combined in a war exercise over the ground covered by Greenwich (London) Fire Station." Ca. July 1939. 306-NT-901-19. National Archives Identifier: 541892 87. " Children of an eastern suburb of London , who have been made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home." September 1940. 306-NT-3163V. National Archives Identifier: 541920 89. Life in London during the war . View of a V-1 rocket in flight, ca. 1944. 306-NT-3157V. National Archives Identifier: 541919 North Africa, Sicily, Italy 91. " General Bernard L. Montgomery watches his tanks move up ." North Africa, November 1942. 208-PU-138LL-3. National Archives Identifier: 535938 92. " Lt. Col. Lyle Bernard, CO , 30th Infantry Regiment, a prominent figure in the second daring amphibious landing behind enemy lines on Sicily's north coast, discusses military strategy with Lt. Gen. George S. Patton. Near Brolo." 1943. 111-SC-246532. National Archives Identifier: 531335 93. " Front view of 240mm howitzer of Battery `B' , 697th Field Artillery Battalion, just before firing into German held territory. Mignano area, Italy." Boyle, January 30, 1944. 111-SC-187126. National Archives Identifier: 531176 94. " Moving up through Prato, Italy , men of the 370th Infantry Regiment, have yet to climb the mountain which lies ahead." Bull, April 9, 1945. 111-SC-205289. National Archives Identifier: 531277 95. " Americans of Japanese descent , Infantrymen of the 442nd Regiment, run for cover as a German artillery shell is about to land outside the building." Levine, Italy. April 4, 1945. 111-SC-337154. National Archives Identifier: 531356 96. " Pvt. Paul Oglesby, 30th Infantry , standing in reverence before an altar in a damaged Catholic Church. Note: pews at left appear undamaged, while bomb-shattered roof is strewn about the sanctuary. Acerno, Italy." Benson, September 23, 1943. 111-SC-188691. National Archives Identifier: 531181 97. " From Coast Guard-manned "sea-horse" landing craft , American troops leap forward to storm a North African beach during final amphibious maneuvers." James D. Rose, Jr., ca. 1944. 26-G-2326. National Archives Identifier: 513171 France 98. " Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the order of the Day . 'Full victory-nothing else' to paratroopers in England, just before they board their airplanes to participate in the first assault in the invasion of the continent of Europe." Moore, June 6, 1944. 111-SC-194399. National Archives Identifier: 531217 99. " Landing on the coast of France under heavy Nazi machine gun fire are these American soldiers , shown just as they left the ramp of a Coast Guard landing boat." CPhoM. Robert F. Sargent, June 6, 1944. 26-G-2343. National Archives Identifier: 513173 100. " Crossed rifles in the sand are a comrade's tribute to this American soldier who sprang ashore from a landing barge and died at the barricades of Western Europe." 1944. 26-G-2397. National Archives Identifier: 513175 101. " American howitzers shell German forces retreating near Carentan, France ." Franklin, July 11, 1944. 111-SC-191933. National Archives Identifier: 531199 102. An American officer and a French partisan crouch behind an auto during a street fight in a French city, ca. 1944. 111-SC-217401. National Archives Identifier: 531322 103. " General Charles de Gaulle speaks to the people of Cherbourg from the balcony of the City Hall during his visit to the French port city on August 20." 1944. 208-MFI-5H-1. National Archives Identifier: 535758 106. " This girl pays the penalty for having had personal relations with the Germans . Here, in the Montelimar area, France, French civilians shave her head as punishment." Smith, August 29, 1944. 111-SC-193785. National Archives Identifier: 531211 The Low Countries 107. " Men of the 8th Infantry Regiment attempt to move forward and are pinned down by German small arms from within the Belgian town of Libin . Men seek cover behind hedges and signs to return the fire." Gedicks, September 7, 1944. 111-SC-193835. National Archives Identifier: 531212 108. Yanks of 60th Infantry Regiment advance into a Belgian town under the protection of a heavy tank.Spangle, September 9, 1944. 111-SC-193903. National Archives Identifier: 531213 109. Parachutes open overhead as waves of paratroops land in Holland during operations by the 1st Allied Airborne Army. September 1944. 111-SC-354702. National Archives Identifier: 531392 110. " A U.S. Infantry anti-tank crew fires on Nazis who machine- gunned their vehicle, somewhere in Holland." W. F. Stickle, November 4, 1944. 111-SC-197367. National Archives Identifier: 531226 111. " A Nazi soldier , heavily armed, carries ammunition boxes forward with companion in territory taken by their counter- offensive in this scene from captured German film." Belgium, December 1944. 111-SC-197561. National Archives Identifier: 531230 112. " A lanky GI , with hands clasped behind his head, leads a file of American prisoners marching along a road somewhere on the western front. Germans captured these American soldiers during the surprise enemy drive into Allied positions." Captured German photograph, December 1944. 111-SC-198240. National Archives Identifier: 531236 113. " Chow is served to American Infantrymen on their way to La Roche, Belgium. 347th Infantry Regiment." Newhouse, January 13, 1945. 111-SC-198849. National Archives Identifier: 531241 114. Canadian Infantry of the Regiment de Maisonneuve , moving through Holten to Rijssen, Netherlands. Lt. D. Guravitch, April 9, 1945. 306-NT-1334B-11. National Archives Identifier: 541912 Germany 116. " Then came the big day when we marched into Germany --right through the Siegfried Line." 1945. 208-YE-193. National Archives Identifier: 535984 117. " I drew an assault boat to cross in--just my luck . We all tried to crawl under each other because the lead was flying around like hail." Crossing the Rhine under enemy fire at St. Goar. March 1945. 208-YE-132. National Archives Identifier: 535978 118. " Two anti-tank Infantrymen of the 101st Infantry Regiment , dash past a blazing German gasoline trailer in square of Kronach, Germany." T4c. W. J. Rothenberger, April 14, 1945. 111-SC-206235. National Archives Identifier: 531289 119. " Infantrymen of the 255th Infantry Regiment move down a street in Waldenburg to hunt out the Hun after a recent raid by 63rd Division." 2d Lt. Jacob Harris, April 16, 1945. 111-SC-205778. National Archives Identifier: 531283 120. " Soldiers of the 55th Armored Infantry Battalion and tank of the 22nd Tank Battalion , move through smoke filled street. Wernberg, Germany." Pvt. Joseph Scrippens, April 22, 1945. 111-SC-205298. National Archives Identifier: 531278 121. " Happy 2nd Lt. William Robertson and Lt. Alexander Sylvashko, Russian Army , shown in front of sign [East Meets West] symbolizing the historic meeting of the Russian and American Armies, near Torgau, Germany." Pfc. William E. Poulson, April 25, 1945. 111-SC-205228. National Archives Identifier: 531276 122. " General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander , accompanied by Gen. Omar N. Bradley, and Lt. Gen. George S. Patton, Jr., inspects art treasures stolen by Germans and hidden in salt mine in Germany." Lt. Moore, April 12, 1945. 111-SC- 204516. National Archives Identifier: 531272 123. " The 90th Division discovered this Reichsbank wealth, SS loot , and Berlin museum paintings that were removed from Berlin to a salt mine in Merkers, Germany." Cpl. Donald R. Ornitz, April 15, 1945. 239-PA-6-34-2. National Archives Identifier: 540134 Japan Attacks 129. Surrender of American troops at Corregidor , Philippine Islands, May 1942. 208-AA-80B-1. National Archives Identifier: 535553 130. " The March of Death . Along the March [on which] these prisoners were photographed, they have their hands tied behind their backs. The March of Death was about May 1942, from Bataan to Cabanatuan, the prison camp." 127-N-114541. National Archives Identifier: 532548 131. " This picture, captured from the Japanese, shows American prisoners using improvised litters to carry those of their comrades who, from the lack of food or water on the march from Bataan, fell along the road." Philippines, May 1942. 208-AA-288BB-2. National Archives Identifier: 535565 Island Campaigns 132. " U.S. troops go over the side of a Coast Guard manned combat transport to enter the landing barges at Empress Augusta Bay, Bougainville, as the invasion gets under way." November 1943. 26-G-3183. National Archives Identifier: 513194 133. " A Water Buffalo, loaded with Marines , churns through the sea bound for beaches of Tinian Island near Guam." July 1944. 26-G-2682. National Archives Identifier: 513181 134. " 165th Infantry assault wave attacking Butaritari, Yellow Beach Two , find it slow going in the coral bottom waters. Jap machine gun fire from the right flank makes it more difficult for them." Dargis, Makin Atoll, Gilbert Islands, November 20, 1943. 111-SC-183574. National Archives Identifier: 531172 135. " Army reinforcements disembarking from LST's form a graceful curve as they proceed across coral reef toward the beach." Laudansky, Saipan, ca. June/July 1944. 111-SC-191475. National Archives Identifier: 531194 136. " Marines hit three feet of rough water as they leave their LST to take the beach at Cape Gloucester, New Britain." Sgt. Robert M. Howard, December 26, 1943. 127-G-68998. National Archives Identifier: 532361 137. " American troops of the 163rd Infantry Regiment hit the beach from Higgins boats during the invasion of Wadke Island, Dutch New Guinea." Lt. Kent Rooks, May 18, 1944. 111-SC-190968. National Archives Identifier: 531192 138. " Landing operations on Rendova Island, Solomon Islands , 30 June 1943. Attacking at the break of day in a heavy rainstorm, the first Americans ashore huddle behind tree trunks and any other cover they can find." 80-G-52573. National Archives Identifier: 520619 139. " First flag on Guam on boat hook mast . Two U.S. officers plant the American flag on Guam eight minutes after U.S. Marines and Army assault troops landed on the Central Pacific island on July 20, 1944." Batts. 127-N-88073. National Archives Identifier: 532532 140. " Marines storm Tarawa . Gilbert Islands." WO Obie Newcomb, Jr., November 1943. 127-N-63458. National Archives Identifier: 532517 141. " The Yanks mop up on Bougainville . At night the Japs would infiltrate American lines. At Dawn, the doughboys went out and killed them. This photo shows tank going forward, infantrymen following in its cover." March 1944. 111-SC-189099. National Archives Identifier: 531183 142. " Retreating at first into the jungle of Cape Gloucester , Japanese soldiers finally gathered strength and counterattacked their Marine pursuers. These machine gunners pushed them back." Brenner, January 1944. 127-N-71981. National Archives Identifier: 532522 143. " Men of the 7th Division using flame throwers to smoke out Japs from a block house on Kwajalein Island, while others wait with rifles ready in case Japs come out." Cordray, February 4, 1944. 111-SC-212770. National Archives Identifier: 531319 146. " Back to a Coast Guard assault transport comes this Marine after two days and nights of Hell on the beach of Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands . His face is grimey with coral dust but the light of battle stays in his eyes." February 1944. 26-G-3394. National Archives Identifier: 513202 147. " These men have earned the bloody reputation of being skillful jungle fighters . They are U.S. Marine Raiders gathered in front of a Jap dugout on Cape Totkina on Bougainville, Solomon Islands, which they helped to take." January 1944. 80-G-205686. National Archives Identifier: 520643 Philippine Islands 148. " The gun crews of a Navy cruiser covering American landing on the island of Mindoro, Dec. 15, 1944 , scan the skies in an effort to identify a plane overhead. Two 5'' (127mm) guns are ready while inboard 20mm anti-aircraft crews are ready to act." 80-G-47471. National Archives Identifier: 520615 149. " A line of Coast Guard landing barges, sweeping through the waters of Lingayen Gulf , carries the first wave of invaders to the beaches of Luzon, after a terrific naval bombardment of Jap shore positions on Jan. 9, 1945." PhoM1c. Ted Needham. 26-G-3856. National Archives Identifier: 513215 150. " Gen. Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte, P.I." October 1944. 111-SC-407101. National Archives Identifier: 531424 151. " Two Coast Guard-manned LST's open their great jaws in the surf that washes on Leyte Island beach, as soldiers strip down and build sandbag piers out to the ramps to speed up unloading operations." 1944. 26-G-3738. National Archives Identifier: 513213 152. " Veteran Artillery men of the `C' Battery, 90th Field Artillery , lay down a murderous barrage on troublesome Jap artillery positions in Balete Pass, Luzon, P.I." Morton, April 19, 1945. 111-SC-205918. National Archives Identifier: 531284 Iwo Jima & Okinawa 153. " Marines of the 5th Division inch their way up a slope on Red Beach No. 1 toward Surbachi Yama as the smoke of the battle drifts about them." Dreyfuss, Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945. 127-N-110249. National Archives Identifier: 532543 154. " Across the litter on Iwo Jima's black sands , Marines of the 4th Division shell Jap positions cleverly concealed back from the beaches. Here, a gun pumps a stream of shells into Jap positions inland on the tiny volcanic island." Ca. February 1945. 26-G-4122. National Archives Identifier: 513219 155. " Smashed by Jap mortar and shellfire , trapped by Iwo's treacherous black-ash sands, amtracs and other vehicles of war lay knocked out on the black sands of the volcanic fortress." PhoM3c. Robert M. Warren, ca. February/March 1945. 26-G-4474. National Archives Identifier: 513222 158. " A Marine of the 1st Marine Division draws a bead on a Japanese sniper with his tommy-gun as his companion ducks for cover. The division is working to take Wana Ridge before the town of Shuri." S.Sgt. Walter F. Kleine, Okinawa, 1945. 127-N-123170. National Archives Identifier: 532559 159. " With the captured capital of Naha as a background, Marine Maj. Gen. Lemuel Shepherd , commanding general of the 6th Marine Division, relaxes on an Okinawan ridge long enough to consult a map of the terrain." Pfc. Sam Weiner, ca. June 1945. 127-GR-95-122119. National Archives Identifier: 532374 Japan 160. " USS ESSEX based TBMs and SB2Cs dropping bombs on Hokadate (Hakodate), Japan." July 1945.80-G-490232. National Archives Identifier: 520989 161. " Task Force 58 raid on Japan . 40mm guns firing aboard USS HORNET on 16 February 1945, as the carrier's planes were raiding Tokyo." Lt. Comdr. Charles Kerlee, February 1945. 80-G-413915. National Archives Identifier: 520746 162. " Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. , pilot of the ENOLA GAY, the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, waves from his cockpit before the takeoff, 6 August 1945." 208-LU-13H-5. National Archives Identifier: 535737 163. " A dense column of smoke rises more than 60,000 feet into the air over the Japanese port of Nagasaki, the result of an atomic bomb, the second ever used in warfare, dropped on the industrial center August 8, 1945, from a U.S. B-29 Superfortress." 208-N-43888. National Archives Identifier: 535795 164. " The patient's skin is burned in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of a kimono worn at the time of the explosion." Atomic bomb survivor. Ca. 1945. 77-MDH-6.55b. National Archives Identifier: 519685 173. " Marines unloading Japanese POW from a submarine returned from war patrol ." Lt. Comdr. Horace Bristol, ca. May 1945. 80-G-468228. National Archives Identifier: 520838 174. " Correspondents interview 'Tokyo Rose.' Iva Toguri, American-born Japanese." September 1945. 80-G-490488. National Archives Identifier: 520994 175. " Japanese POW's at Guam , with bowed heads after hearing Emperor Hirohito make announcement of Japan's unconditional surrender." August 15, 1945. 80-G-490320. National Archives Identifier: 520991 176. " Gaunt allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near Yokohama cheer rescuers from U.S. Navy. Waving flags of the United States, Great Britain and Holland." Japan, August 29, 1945. 80-G-490444. National Archives Identifier: 520992 The Holocaust 177. " Starving inmate of Camp Gusen, Austria ." T4c. Sam Gilbert, May 12, 1945. 111-SC-264918. National Archives Identifier: 531344 178. " These are slave laborers in the Buchenwald concentration camp near Jena ; many had died from malnutrition when U.S. troops of the 80th Division entered the camp." Pvt. H. Miller, Germany, April 16, 1945. 208-AA-206K-31. National Archives Identifier: 535560 179. " This victim of Nazi inhumanity still rests in the position in which he died , attempting to rise and escape his horrible death. He was one of 150 prisoners savagely burned to death by Nazi SS troops." Sgt. E. R. Allen, Gardelegen, Germany, April 16, 1945. 111-SC-203572. National Archives Identifier: 531265 183. " A German girl is overcome as she walks past the exhumed bodies of some of the 800 slave workers murdered by SS guards near Namering, Germany , and laid here so that townspeople may view the work of their Nazi leaders." Cpl. Edward Belfer. May 17, 1945. 111-SC-264895. National Archives Identifier: 531343 Death & Destruction 184. " The German ultimatum ordering the Dutch commander of Rotterdam to cease fire was delivered to him at 10:30 a.m. on May 14, 1940. At 1:22 p.m., German bombers set the whole inner city of Rotterdam ablaze, killing 30,000 of its inhabitants."* Aerial view of the ruins of Rotterdam. 208-PR-10L-3. National Archives Identifier: 535916 (* Note: This 30,000 which appears in this photos' caption is now seen as inaccurate. Historians believe the number who died was between 800-980. See The Oxford Companion to World War II, editors I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 968.) 185. " Choked with debris, a bombed water intake of the Pegnitz River no longer supplies war factories in Nuremberg, vital Reich industrial city and festival center of the Nazi party, which was captured April 20, 1945, by troops of the U.S. Army." 208-AA- 207L-1. National Archives Identifier: 535562 186. " American soldiers, stripped of all equipment, lie dead , face down in the slush of a crossroads somewhere on the western front." Captured German photograph. Belgium, ca. December 1944. 111-SC-198245. National Archives Identifier: 531237 187. " With torn picture of his feuhrer beside his clenched fist, a dead general of the Volkssturm lies on the floor of city hall, Leipzig, Germany. He committed suicide rather than face U.S. Army troops who captured the city on April 19. 1945." T5c. J. M. Heslop. 208-YE-148. National Archives Identifier: 535982 188. " Photo taken at the instant bullets from a French firing squad hit a Frenchman who collaborated with the Germans . This execution took place in Rennes, France." Himes, November 21, 1944. 111-SC-196741. National Archives Identifier: 531224 189. " The Tapel Massacre on 1 July 1945 . Picture shows Pedro Cerono, the man who discovered the group of 8 skulls. Tapel, Cagayan Province, Luzon, Philippine Islands." T5c. Lewis D. Klein, November 23, 1945. 111-SC-227909. National Archives Identifier: 531327 190. " A Coast Guard seaman died at his battle station aboard the USS MENGES , torpedoed by a nazi sub in the Mediterranean. He represents the old Coast Guard expression, `You have to go out, but you don't have to come back.'" PhoM1c. Arthur Green. 26-G-2330. National Archives Identifier: 531327 191. " Two enlisted men of the ill-fated U.S. Navy aircraft carrier LISCOME BAY , torpedoed by a Japanese submarine in the Gilbert Islands, are buried at sea from the deck of a Coast Guard-manned assault transport." November 1943. 26-G-3182. National Archives Identifier: 513193 192. " Standing in the grassy sod bordering row upon row of white crosses in an American cemetery , two dungaree-clad Coast Guardsmen pay silent homage to the memory of a fellow Coast Guardsman who lost his life in action in the Ryukyu Islands." Benrud, ca. 1945. 26-G-4739. National Archives Identifier: 513229 Victory & Peace 193. " Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel , signing the ratified surrender terms for the German Army at Russian Headquarters in Berlin." Lt. Moore, Germany, May 7, 1945. 111-SC-206292. National Archives Identifier: 531290 194. " Jubilant American soldier hugs motherly English woman and victory smiles light the faces of happy service men and civilians at Piccadilly Circus, London, celebrating Germany's unconditional surrender." Pfc. Melvin Weiss, England, May 7, 1945. 111-SC-205398. National Archives Identifier: 531280 195. At the White House, President Truman announces Japan's surrender. Abbie Rowe, Washington, DC, August 14, 1945. 79-AR-508Q. National Archives Identifier: 520054 196. " GI's at the Rainbow Corner Red Cross Club in Paris, France , whoop it up after buying the special edition of the Paris Post, which carried the banner headline, `JAPS QUIT.'" T3c. G. Lempeotis, August 10, 1945. 111-SC-210208. National Archives Identifier: 531309 197. " New York City celebrating the surrender of Japan . They threw anything and kissed anybody in Times Square." Lt. Victor Jorgensen, August 14, 1945. 80-G-377094. National Archives Identifier: 520697 198. " Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. Behind Gen. MacArthur are Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright and Lt. Gen. A. E. Percival." Lt. C. F. Wheeler, September 2, 1945. 80-G-348366. National Archives Identifier: 520694 199. " Happy veterans head for harbor of Le Havre, France , the first to be sent home and discharged under the Army's new point system." Pfc. Stedman, May 25, 1945. 111-SC-207868. National Archives Identifier: 531298 200. " These Jewish children are on their way to Palestine after having been released from the Buchenwald Concentration Camp . The girl on the left is from Poland, the boy in the center from Latvia, and the girl on right from Hungary." T4c. J. E. Myers, June 5, 1945. 111-SC-207907. National Archives Identifier: 531300 201. " The famous British liner, QUEEN MARY , arrives in New York Harbor, June 20, 1945, with thousands of U.S. troops from European battles." 80-GK-5645.* National Archives Identifier: 521011 202. " F4U's and F6F's fly in formation during surrender ceremonies ; Tokyo, Japan. USS MISSOURI left foreground." September 2, 1945. 80-G-421130. National Archives Identifier: 520775 How to Order Individual Photographs For information on ordering individual images from this select list or other individual prints, negatives, or slides from our holdings, see Ordering Still Picture Reproductions or contact the Still Picture Reference Team, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-Stills), Room 5360, National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. Telephone 301-837-0561. Fax: 301-837-3621. E-mail: [email protected] . Complete Slide Sets You may order this and other slide sets from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) , 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Telephone: 703-605-6000. Fax: 703-605-6900. Unless otherwise noted, the slide set consists only of black and white images Pictures of World War II Order #AVA-18640SS00
1945
What were the first names of the hugely wealthy J.P. Getty, 1932-2003?
1945 History - World War In 1945, 1,000 American bombers raid Berlin. February 2nd In 1945, during World War II, President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill departed Malta for the summit in Yalta with Soviet leader Josef Stalin. In 1945, United States First Army begins advance to seize Roer River dams. February 3rd In 1945, Almost 1000 Flying Fortresses drop 3000 ton bombs on Berlin. In 1945, Yalta Conference agreed that Russia would enter WWII against Japan. February 4th In 1945, Allied forces in Italy begin limited operations in preparation for spring offensive. In 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin began a wartime conference at Yalta. February 5th In 1945, U.S. troops under General Douglas MacArthur e ntered Manilla in the Philippines in World War II. February 6th In 1945, 8th Air Force bombs Magdeburg/Chemnitz. In 1945, Russian Red Army crosses the river Oder. February 7th In 1945, US 76th/5th Infantry divisions begin crossing Sauer. February 8th In 1945, Canadian First Army begins Operation Veritable to clear area between Maas and Rhine rivers (with subsidiary Operation Blockbuster, successfully completed March 10). February 9th In 1945, French First Army completes reduction of Colmar pocket. February 10th In 1945, United States First Army seizes main Roer dam but finds that Germans have destroyed outlet controls. February 11th In 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin signed the Yalta Agreement during World War II. February 12th In 1945, Varkiza agreement ends civil war in Greece. February 13th In 1945, Allied planes began bombing the German city of Dresden. In 1945, Allied planes stage a massive bombing raid on Dresden, Germany. The ensuing fire storm destroys the German artistic and cultural capital, killing over 35,000 people, 1600 acres destroyed. In 1945, Russians overrun last German position in Budapest. In 1945, Soviet forces captured Budapest, Hungary. The 49-day battle killed more than 50,000 German troops. In 1945, Fire-bombing of Dresden begins; 135,000 die; c 50,000 die. February 14th In 1945, 8th Air Force bombs Dresden. February 16th In 1945, Russians surround Breslau. In 1945, Venezuela declares war on nazi-Germany. In 1945, more than 2,000 Ameri can troops arriving by air and sea dropped onto the island of Corregidor in the Philippines during World War II. February 19th In 1945, 900 Japanese soldiers reportedly killed by crocodiles in 2 days. In 1945, during World War II, some 30,000 U.S. Marines landed on the Western Pacific island of Japanese-held Iwo Jima, where they encountered ferocious resistance from Japanese forces. The Americans took control of the strategically im portant island after a month-long battle. AP photographer Joe Rosenthal shot the most memorable image of WWII: five Marines and a Navy medical corpsman raising the U.S. flag at Iwo Jima. February 21st In 1945, US 10th Armour division overthrows Orscholz line. February 23rd In 1945, Operation Grenade: Gen Simpsons ninth Army attacks Ruhr. In 1945, during World War II, U.S. Marines on Iwo Jima captured Mount Suribachi, and raised the American flag. A larger flag was then brought in to replace the fi rst; the second flag-raising was captured in the famous picture taken by Associated Press photographer Joe Rosenthal. In 1945, United States Ninth Army attacks across Roer River (Operation Grenade) toward Rhine. February 24th In 1945, Egypt & Syria declares war on nazi-Germany. In 1945, U.S. servicemen liberated the Philipine capital, Manila, from the control of the Japanese empire in World War II. 1945 March In 1945, British 43rd Division under Gen Essame occupies Xanten. In 1945, US infantry regiment captures Monchengladbach. March 2nd In 1945, 8th Air Force bombs Dresden. In 1945, toward the clos e of World War II, units of the U.S. 9th Army reached the Rhine River opposite Dusseldorf, Germany. March 4th In 1945, Finland declares war on nazi-Germany. March 5th In 1945, Allies bombs The Hague, Netherlands. In 1945, US seventh Army Corps captures Cologne. March 6th In 1945, Operation Grenade is successfully completed. March 7th In 1945, Cologne taken by allied armies. In 1945, during World War II, U.S. forces crossed the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany, using the damaged but still usable Ludendorff Bridge. In 1945, United States First Army completes capture of Cologne; its 9th Armored Division seizes Rhine bridge at Remagen intact. March 8th In 1945, Phyllis M. Daley becomes the first black nurse to be sworn in as an ensign in the U.S. Navy. March 9th In 1945, 334 US B-29 Superfortresses attack Tokyo with 70,000 fire bomb. In 1945, Japanese proclaim the "independence" of Indo-China. In 1945, during World War II, U.S. B-29 bombers launched incendiary bomb attacks on Japan, causing widespread devastation; in Tokyo, at least 120,000 people died. March 10th In 1945, Germany blows-up Wessel Bridge on Rhine. In 1945, Japan declares Vietnam Independence. In 1945, Pattons third Army makes contact with Hodges first Army. In 1945, Tokyo in fire after night time B-29 bombing. In 1945, the first major employment of napalm is carried out by American B-29's on Tokyo. March 11th In 1945, 1,000 allied bombers harass Essen , 4,662 ton bombs. March 15th In 1945, United States Third and Seventh armies launch coordinated offensive (Operation Undertone) to clear Saar-Palatinate triangle (successfully completed March 25). March 16th In 1945, during World War II, the island of Iwo Jima in the Pacific Ocean was declared secured by the Allies. In 1945, Russians begin offensive against Vienna. March 17th In 1945, Allied ships bomb North-Sumatra. March 18th In 1945, US Task Force 58 attacks targets on Kiushu. March 19th In 1945, British 36th division conquers Mogok (ruby mine). In 1945, US Task Force 58 attacks ships near Kobe/Kure. In 1945, about 800 people were killed as Kamikaze planes attacked the U.S.S. carrier Franklin ("Big Ben") off the shores of Japan, detonating bombs and ammunition stored on board. (Heavily damaged, "The Ship That Wouldn't Sink" makes the 12,000- mile trip home to Brooklyn.). In 1945, Adolf Hitler issued his so-called "Nero Decree," ordering the destruction of German facilities that could fall into Allied hands. March 21st In 1945, first Japanese morning bomber attacks on Okinawa. In 1945, during World War II, Allied bombers began four days of raids over Germany. March 22nd In 1945, United States Third Army makes assault crossing of Rhine at Oppenheim. In 1945, US third Army attacks Nierstein on the Rhine. March 23rd In 1945, British Second Army crosses Rhine (Operation Plunder) in Rees-Wesel area. In 1945, in the largest single operation in the Pacific war, 1,500 Navy ships, with Britis h support, begin bombarding Okinawa in preparation for the U.S. invasion 9 days later. March 24th In 1945, 600 transports and 1300 gliders stretching for over 300 miles carry the First Allied Airborne Army, comprised of 40,000 British and American paratroopers (17th Airborne Div.), across the Rhine near Wesel, Germany in Operation Varsity, the largest one-day airborne drop in history. In 1945, Gen Eisenhower, Montgomery & Bradley discuss advance in Germany. In 1945, Operation Varsity: British, US & Canadian aircraft land on the Rhine. In 1945, United States Ninth Army attacks across Rhine in Dinslaken area; United States Third Army begins similar attack (completed March 25) at Boppard. In 1945, US reaches Kerama Retto, South coast of Okinawa. March 26th In 1945, Generals Eisenhower/Bradley/Patton attack at Remagen the Rhine. In 1945, Japanese resistance ends on Iwo Jima. In 1945, Kamikazes attack US battle fleet near Kerama Retto. In 1945, United States Seventh Army crosses Rhine near Worms. In 1945, US seventh Army strikes Worms on the Rhine. March 27th In 1945, Iwo Jima occupied, after 22,0 00 Japanese & 6,000 US killed. In 1945, US 20th Army corps captures Wiesbaden. In 1945, the last German V-2 rocket is fired, less than 2 months before Germany surrenders. In 1945, during World War II, General Dwight D. Eisenhower told reporters in Paris that German defenses on the Western Front had been broken. March 30th In 1945, the Soviet Union invaded Austria during World War II. March 31st In 1945, French First Army crosses Rhine near Speyer and Germersheim. In 1945, U.S. forces begin landings on the Pacific island of Okinawa. 1945 April April 1st In 1945, U.S. forces launched the invasion on the Pacific island of Okinawa during World War II. What followed was the bloodiest battle of the Pacific conflict, claiming the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and over 110,000 Japanese soldiers before U.S. forces secured the island in June. In 1945, United States Ninth and First armies establish contact at Lippstadt, isolating Ruhr area. April 4th In 1945, U.S. troops on Okinawa encountered the first significant resistance from Japanese forces. In 1945, during World War II, U.S. forces liberated the Nazi death camp Ohrdruf in Germany. April 6th In 1945, during World War II, the Japanese warship Yamato and nine other vessels sailed on a suicide mission to attack the U.S. fleet off Okinawa; the fleet was intercepted the next day. April 7th In 1945, Russians enter Vienna. In 1945, Task Force 58 sinks Jap large battleship Jamamoto (on suicide mission). In 1945, first & last assault of German Rammkommando on US bombers. In 1945, during World War II, American planes intercepted a Japanese fleet that was headed for Okinawa on a suicide mission; the superbattleship Yamato and four destroyers were sunk. April 8th In 1945, Nazi occupiers executed, Nazi general Christiansen flees Netherlands. April 9th In 1945, British Eighth Army opens major offensive in Italy. In 1945, Russians storm bypassed Konigsberg fortress. April 10th In 1945, U.S. troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald, Germany. In 1945, the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald was liberated by the U.S. 80th D ivision. April 11th In 1945, U.S. troops reach the Elbe River in central Europe. In 1945, US captures Tsugen Shima. In 1945, US soldiers liberate Nazi concentration camp "Buchenwald". In 1945, during World War II, American soldiers liberated the notorious Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald in eastern Germany. April 12th In 1945, Allies liberate Buch enwald and Belsen concentration camps In 1945, Canadian troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp in Westerbork, Neth. In 1945, Roosevelt dies; Harry S. Truman sworn in. In 1945, United States Ninth Army establishes bridgehead on east bank of Elbe. April 13th In 1945, Allies occupy Wien (Vienna). In 1945, Assen frees Neth from Nazis. In 1945, Russians secure Vienna. In 1945, United States Ninth Army seizes second Elbe bridgehead. April 14th In 1945, American planes firebombed Tokyo and damaged the Japanese Imperial Palace. In 1945, Americans lose one Elbe bridgehead; United States Fifth Army joins in Italian offensive. April 15th In 1945, during World War II, British and Canadian troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp of Bergen-Belsen in northern Germany. April 16th In 1945, Russians begin heavy offensive against Berlin. In 1945, U.S. troops reached Nuremberg, Germany, during the World War II. In 1945, in his first speech to Congress, President Truman pledged to carry out the war and peace policies of his predecessor, President Roosevelt. April 17th In 1945, United States Seventh Army attacks Nurnberg. April 18th In 1945, Clandestine Radio 1212, after broadcast ing pro-nazi propoganda for months used their influence to trap 350,000 German army group B troops. In 1945, famed American war correspondent Ernie Pyle, 44, was killed by Japanese gunfire on the Pacific island of Ie Shima, off Okinawa. In 1945, Organized German resistance in Ruhr collapses. In 1945, United States Third Army patrols enter Czechoslovakia. April 19th In 1945, US aircraft carrier Franklin heavy damaged in Japanese air raid. In 1945, US offensive against Shuri-barrier on Okinawa. April 20th In 1945, United States Seventh Army completes capture of Nurnberg. In 1945, US forces conquer Motobu peninsula on Okinawa. In 1945, during World War II, the U.S. Seventh Army and allied forces captured the German cities of Nuremberg and Stuttgart. April 21st In 1945, Organized German resistance ends in Harz Mountains. In 1945, Red Army enters outskirts of Berlin. April 23rd In 1945, Concentration camp Flossenburg freed. In 1945, Russians fight way into Berlin. In 1945, United States Fifth Army begins assault crossing of Po River. In 1945, US troops in Italy cross river Po. April 25th In 1945, Allied air raid on Surabaja, Java. In 1945, British troops reach Grebbelinie. In 1945, Clandestine Radio 1212, used to hoax Nazi Germany's final transmission. In 1945, Last Boeing B-17 attack against Nazi Germany. In 1945, Red army completely surrounding Berlin. In 1945, during World War II, U.S. and Soviet forces linked up near Torgau, Germany, on the Elbe River, a meeting that dramatized the collapse of Nazi Germany's defenses. In 1945, United States First Army patrol makes contact with Russians near Torgau. April 26th In 1945, British complete capture of Bremen. In 1945, Marshal Henri Philippe Petain, the head of France's Vichy government during World War II, was arrested. April 27th In 1945, Italian partisans take Mussolini prisoner. In 1945, Russians and Americans link at Elbe. April 28th In 1945, British commands attack Elbe & occupies Lauenburg. In 1945, US fifth army reaches Swiss border. In 1945, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, were executed by Italian partisans as they attempted to flee the country. April 29th In 1945, Adolf Hitler marries Eva Braun. In 1945, American soldiers liberated the Nazi concentratio n camp in Dachau, Germany, where tens of thousands of people had perished. That same day, in a Berlin bunker, Adolf Hitler married Eva Braun and, designated Admiral Karl Doenitz his successor. In 1945, British Second Army begins advance from Elbe River to Baltic. In 1945, German Southwest Army Group in Italy surrenders unconditionally. In 1945, Japanese army evacuates Rangoon. In 1945, United States Fifth Army enters Milan. April 30th In 1945, as Russian troops approached his Berlin bunker, master race supremacist Adolf Hitler committed suicide alo ng with his wife of one day, Eva Braun. One week later, Germany surrendered unconditionally, ending Hitler's Third Reich. In 1945, United States Seventh Army occupies Munich. 1945 May May 1st In 1945, a day after Adolf Hitler committed suicide, it was announced that Admiral Karl Doenitz had succeeded Hitler as leader of the Third Reich. In 1945, Radio Budapest, Hungary re-enters shortwave broadcasting after WW II. May 2nd In 1945, British liberate Rangoon, Burma. In 1945, British Second Army reaches Baltic, capturing Lubeck and Wismar. In 1945, Fighting ends in Italy. In 1945, New Zealand troops occupy Trieste. In 1945, Russians mop up Berlin. In 1945, the Soviet Union announced the fall of Berlin, and the Allies announced the surrender of Nazi troops in Ita ly and parts of Austria. May 3rd In 1945, Cap Arcona: Several days before World War II ended in Europe, the German passenger ship carrying about 6,000, of which an estimated 5,000 were concentration camp prisoners, was sunk by British aircraft. An estimated 5,000 persons were killed, most of th em prisoners who were about to gain their freedom. In 1945, Indian forces captured Rangoon, Burma, from the Japanese. In 1945, Japanese forces on Okinawa launched their only major counter-offensive, but failed to break the American lines. May 4th In 1945, during World War II, German forces in the Netherlands, Denmark and northwest Germany agreed to surrender. In 1945, Germans surrender forces in the Netherlands, northwestern Germany, and Denmark (effective May 5). In 1945, patrols of United States Fifth and Seventh armies meet near Brenner Pass. May 5th In 1945, German Army Group G surrenders in Bavaria to United States Sixth Army Group. In 1945, in the only fatal attack of its kind during World War II, a Japanese balloon bomb exploded on Gearhart Mountain in Oregon, killing Elsie Mitchell, the pregnant wife of a minister, and five children who were on a picnic. In 1945, United States Third Army begins offensive into Czechoslovakia. May 6th In 1945, United States Third Army takes Plzen, Czechoslovakia. May 7th In 1945, German High Command surrenders all forces unconditionally at Reims. In 1945, Russians finally capture Breslau. May 8th In 1945, Keitel's formal surrender in Berlin - VE Day. In 1945, President Truman announced in a radio address that World War II had ended in Europe. V-E Day: Germany signed an unconditional surrender. = President Truman announced on radio at 9 am the official end of the war and proclaimed Sunday, May 13, a day of prayer. In 1945, Victory in Europe Day was celebrated by crowds in Picadilly Square, London, and Times Square, New York City. In 1945, Rejocing at end of war in Europe. May 9th In 1945, The Soviet Union celebrated Victory Day on May 9. In 1945, Czechoslovakia liberated from Nazi occupation (Natl Day). In 1945, European hostilities end officially at 12:01 am May 11th In 1945, US marines co nquer Awatsha Draw Okinawa. May 13th In 1945, US troops conquer Dakeshi Okinawa. May 14th In 1945, Kamikaze-Zero strikes US aircraft carrier Enterprise. In 1945, US offensive on Okinawa, Sugar Loaf conquered. May 21st In 1945, German war criminal Heinrich Himmler captured. May 22nd In 1945, sixth Marine division reaches suburbs of Naha Okinawa. May 23rd In 1945, Nazi official Heinrich Himmler committed suicide while imprisoned in Luneburg, Germany. May 26th In 1945, US B-29s firebombed Tokyo. May 29th In 1945, US first Marine division conquerors Shuri-castle Okinawa. 1945 June In 1945, the sixth Marine division occupied the Orokoe Peninsula Okinawa. June 5th In 1945, The U.S., Russia, England and France agree to split occupied Germany into Eastern and Western halves. June 9th In 1945, -10] Australian troops lands in Brunei Bay North-Borneo. June 18th In 1945, William Joyce, known as "Lord Haw-Haw," was charged in London with high treason for his English-language wartime broadcasts on German radio. (He was hanged the following January.). June 21st In 1945, The Battle of Okinawa ended when Japanese Major Gen. Isamu Cho and Lt. Gen Misuru Ushijima killed themselves as American troops closed in on their command post at Mabuni. More than 80,000 Japanese, 80,000 civilian Okinawans and 12,000 Americ ans died during the battle. June 22nd In 1945, the World War II battle for Okinawa officially ended, with 12,520 Americans and 110,000 Japanese killed in the 81-day campaign. June 23rd In 1945, Last organized Japanese defiance broken (Tarakan). June 26th In 1945, the charter of the United Nations was signed by 50 countries in San Francisco. The text of the charter was in five languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. June 28th In 1945, US troops liberate Philippines. 1945 July In 1945, U.S., British, and French troops move into Berlin. July 11th In 1945, the U.S. Army used napalm on Japanese forces on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. July 14th In 1945, Italy declares war on Japan. In 1945, the battleship "U.S.S. South Dakota," the Navy's most decorated ship of World War II, becomes the first ship to bombard Japan (Kamaishi). July 15th In 1945, Italy declared war on its for mer partner, Japan. In 1945, Muroran, a steel centre in Japan was shelled by the US Third Fleet in the closing stages of World War II. July 16th In 1945, the United States exploded its first experimental atomic bomb, in the desert of Alamogordo, New Mexico. July 17th In 1945, President Harry S. Truman, Soviet Premier Josef Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill began meeting at Potsdam in the final Allied summit of World War II. July 19th In 1945, the "U.S.S. Cod" saves 51 sailors from the Dutch submarine O-19, (the only international submarine-to-submarine rescue). July 25th In 1945, Allied leaders meeting in Potsdam during World War II called on Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "prompt and utter destruction." July 26th In 1945, The Potsdam Conference closes as the U.S. and Great Britain, in association with China, sign the Potsdam Declaration deman ding the unconditional surrender of Japan. Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union was also in attendance at the conference, but his nation did not declare war on Japan until August eighth. In 1945, The USS Indianapolis arrived at Tinian Island in the Marianas with the atomic bomb. July 28th In 1945, a B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the fog shrouded Empire State Building in New York City. Over a doz en people are killed. July 29th In 1945, near Leyte Gulf: The heavy cruiser Indianapolis was torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese submarine. Of the crew of 1,199 men, only 316 survived. Several days earlier, the Indianapolis had delivered a lead cylinder containing uranium (U-235) and the firing mechanism for the first atomic bomb to Tinian Island. Had the ship been sunk earlier while delivering its special cargo, WW II would have ended differently. July 30th In 1945, a few minutes after midnight, the cruiser USS Indianapolis, which had just delivered key components of the Hiroshima atomic bomb to the Pacific island of Tinian, was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine. Only 316 out of 1,196 men survived the sinking and shark-infested waters. 1945 August In 1945, Japanese city Tojama destroyed by B-29's. August 2nd In 1945, President Truman, Soviet leader Josef Stalin and the new British prime minister, Clement Attlee, concluded the Allied conference at Potsdam. August 5th In 1945, Atom Bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Aug 6th in Japan). August 6th In 1945, the United States B-29 Super Fortress called the "Enola Gay" dropped a ten-foot long atomic bomb code named "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, Japan, killing an estimated 140,000 people in the first use of a nuclear weapon in warfare and wiping out four square miles. A second A-bomb was dropped in Nagaski three days later. (****) August 8th In 1945, the Soviet Union declared war against Japan during World War II. August 9th In 1945, the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb, the "Fat Man", on Japan, destroying part of the city of Nagasaki. An estimated 74,000 people died from the blast or its after-effects. (****) August 10th In 1945, on the day after the second atomic bombing, Japan announced its willingness to surrender to the Allies, provided the status of Emperor Hirohito remained unchanged. August 11th In 1945, the Allies responded to Japan's offer to surrender provided Emperor Hirohito retained his sovereignty; the Allies said they would determine the Emperor's future status. August 14th In 1945, it was V.J. Day in Japan when President Truman announced that Japan had surrendered unconditionally, thus ending the fighting in World War II; that announcement set off celebrations across the nation; the official ratification o f surrender occurred on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay took place on September 2. August 15th In 1945, it was proclaimed V-J Day by the Allies, a day after Japan agreed to surrender unconditionally. In a recorded radio message, Emperor Hirohito called upon the Japanese people to "bear the unbearable" and lay down their arms. In the U nited States, V-J Day coincided with the end of rationing of gasoline, fiel oil and canned goods. In 1945, Riot in San Francisco celebrating end of World War II. In 1945, South Korea liberated from Japanese rule. August 22nd In 1945, the Vietnam conflict began just a few days after the Japenese surrendered, Communist guerilla leader Ho Chi Minh led a successful coup; in response, the French parachuted into Vietnam to fight the coup. August 25th In 1945, Baptist missionary and Army intelligence agent, Captain John Birch, was executed as a spy by Chinese Communists. The John Birch Society claims that he was the first American casualty in the global war against Communism. August 26th In 1945, Japanese envoys boarded the U.S. battleship Missouri to receive surrender instructions at the end of WW II. August 27th In 1945, American troops began landing in Japan following the surrender of the Japanese government at the end of WW II. August 29th In 1945, British liberate Hong Kong from Japan. In 1945, General MacArthur is named Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in Japan. In 1945, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur left Manila for Japan to accept the Japanese surrender. August 30th In 1945, Hong Kong liberated from Japan. In 1945, the U.S. Marines sailed into Tokyo Bay, and General Douglas MacArthur became the first foreign conqueror to step onto Japanese soil in more than 2,000 years, and set up Allied occu pation headquarters. This was the beginning of the American occupation of Japan at the end of WWII. 1945 September September 1st In 1945, Americans received word of Japan's formal surrender that ended World War II. (Because of the time difference, it was Sept. 2 in Tokyo Bay, where the ceremony took place.). September 2nd In 1945, V-J Day: Tokyo time, Japan formally surrendered to the United States in ceremonies aboard the USS Missouri. Japan signed the peace treaty, thus World War II was officially over, six yea rs and one day after it began. (****) September 3rd In 1945, Japanese forces in the Philippines surrender to Allies. September 4th In 1945, US regains possession of Wake Island from Japan. September 5th In 1945, Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese-American suspected of being wartime radio broadcaster "Tokyo Rose," was arrested in Yokohama, Japan. Convic ted of treason because she was still a U.S. citizen, D'Aquino served six years in prison; she was pardoned in 1977 by President Ford. September 8th In 1945, US invades Japanese-held Korea. September 9th In 1945, Japanese in S Korea, Taiwan, China, Indochina surrender to Allies. In 1945, U.S. troops land in South Korea, as Soviet forces begin to occupy the northern half of the country. The 38th paralle l officially begins to serve as the boundary between the two new nations. September 16th In 1945, Barometric pressure at 856 mb (25.55") off Okinawa (record low). September 21st In 1945, President Truman approves recommendation by Secretary of War Henry Stimson to designate the war as "World War II". 1945 October In 1945, the former premier of Vichy France, Pierre Laval, was executed. October 17th In 1945, Colonel Juan Peron staged a coup in Buenos Aires, becoming the absolute ruler (dictator) of Argentina. He remained in power for 11 years before being overthrown. October 24th In 1945, the United Nations officially came into existence as its charter took effect following Soviet ratification. It was announced by U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes. 1945 November In 1945, Riverboat sinks off Hong Kong; kills 1,550. November 20th In 1945, 24 Nazi leaders went on trial before an international war crimes tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany. November 23rd In 1945, most U.S. wartime rationing of foods, including meat and butter, ended. 1945 December December 14th In 1945, Josef Kramer, known as "the beast of Belsen," and 10 others were hanged in Hamelin for crimes committed at the Belsen and Auschwitz Nazi concentration camps. ------- 1946 ------- September 30th In 1946, an international military tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany, found 22 top Nazi leaders guilty of war crimes, 11 of which were sentenced to death. October 15th In 1946, Nazi war criminal Hermann Goering poisoned himself hours before he was to have been executed. October 16th In 1946, beginning at 1:14 a.m., 10 of the 12 Nazi leaders, sentenced to death at the Nuremberg trials, are hanged. December 31st In 1946, President Truman officially proclaimed the end of World War II. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ARMED FORCES PEAK STRENGTHS AND BATTLE DEATHS OF THE PRINCIPAL ALLIED POWERS Nation Peak strength Battle deaths Australia 680,000 23,365 Belgium 650,000 7,760 Canada 780,000 37,476 China 5,000,000 2,200,000(1) Denmark 25,000 3,006(2) France 5,000,000 210,671 Greece 414,000 73,700(2) India 2,150,000 24,338 Netherlands 410,000 6,238 New Zealand 157,000 10,033 Norway 45,000 1,000 Poland 1,000,000 320,000 USSR 19,500,000 11,500,000 Union of South Africa 140,000 6,840 United Kingdom 5,120,000 244,723 United States 12,300,000 292,131 Yugoslavia 500,000 410,000(2) (1) Casualties beginning with the Japanese invasion in 1937.(2) Most of these casualties were suffered in guerrilla warfare that followed German occupation of the country. In the case of Denmark they include more than 1,200 merchant sailors in the service of the Allied powers. ARMED FORCES PEAK STRENGTHS AND BATTLE DEATHS OF THE AXIS POWERS Nation Peak strength Battle deaths Bulgaria 450,000 10,000(1) Finland 250,000 82,000 Germany 10,200,000 3,500,000 Hungary 350,000 140,000 Italy 3,750,000 77,494(2) Japan 6,095,000 1,219,000 Romania 600,000 300,000(1) (1) A limited number of these casualties occurred after the country joined the Allies.(2) Of these, 17,494 were killed after Italy became a cobelligerent with the Allies. Russian Repatriation over 2 million Russians from Europe and the U.S. were sent back to Russia 2 kinds of repatriates: had surrendered to Ger. against Stalin's orders military groups - .7m .5m joined German army to overthrow Stalin - were traiters, e.g. Gen. Vlasov's "Russian Liberation Army" for Hitler many of 5m Cossacks in South Russia were used by Germans ag. Tito 50,000 Cossacks in south Austria - returned to Stalin by British Croatian pro-fascist "Ustasha" (anti-communist Pavelic) vs. Tito - Croats killed 600,000 Serbs & Jews at Jasenovac death camp - killed with axes & clubs, bodies into Sava River to float by Serbian capital of Belgrade - 200,000 Croats killed at Bleiburg by Tito's Serbs Belarus Brigade (1982 book Belarus Secret by John Loftus) - pro-Hitler Byelorussians who helped Hitler since 1941 - killed 250,000 Jews then switched to help Allies in 1944 on Western front - many recruited by U.S. mil intell - smuggled into U.S. - settled in South River, N.J. - became "freedom fighters" (Stalin did same - planted agents in flow of refugees to West - "Operation Omaha" dossiers compiled on possible agents) Yalta definition of Soviet citizen excluded pre-1939 emigres - not repatriated but Brit repatriated all Cossacks, incl old emigre Gen. Pannwitz & 18,000 Brit searched Drau Valley for fleeing Cossacks - 20,000 deported most died in 10-yr labor camps, revealed in Solzhenitsin's '74 Gulag Archipelago Med. commander Harold Alexander sought to help and coop w/ USSR U.S. repatriated Russians from U.S. until suspended by Ike Oct. 1945 Ft. Dix, N.J., incident June 29 - 154 deported - 3 suicides, 7 injuries led to investigation by Secy State Byrnes Aug. 9, but ff'd Yalta Dec. 20 compromise - only Soviet citizens who actively collab'd w/ Germans to be repatriated, not civilian refugees May 1947 - last repatriations from Europe The Last Secret by Nicholas Bethell 1974 and Victims of Yalta by Brit-born Nikolai Tolstoy, relative of Leo, in 1978 March 6, 1982 - Yalta Victims Memorial fountain dedicated in London on Thurloe Square opposite the Victoria and Albert Museum
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Which English author, 1707- 1754, was also a J.P. (Justice of the Peace)?
Henry Fielding, born 22-4-1707 at Glastonbury in Somerset, died - 8-10-1754, Biography - Read How You Want Born: 22-4-1707 at Glastonbury in Somerset Died: 8-10-1754 Summary of Biography In the beginning of his career, Henry Fielding wrote for the theatre. He was critical of Walpole's government in his plays, and his satire led directly to the Licensing Act of 1737. He was also a Justice of the Peace and only began writing novels to satirize the works of Samuel Richardson, but today he is best known for his novels, especially Tom Jones (1749), which is considered one of the greatest comic novels ever written in the English language. Biography In the beginning of his career, Henry Fielding wrote for the theatre.  He was critical of Walpole's government in his plays, and his satire led directly to the Licensing Act of 1737.  He was also a Justice of the Peace and only began writing novels to satirize the works of Samuel Richardson, but today he is best known for his novels, especially Tom Jones (1749), which is considered one of the greatest comic novels ever written in the English language. This section contains 7 books
Henry Fielding
Who wrote ‘The Solitary Reaper’ (1805) and ‘The World Is Too Much With Us’ (1802)?
Henry Fielding Biography (Jurist/Writer) Birthplace: Sharpham Park, Somerset, England Best known as: The author or Tom Jones Henry Fielding is considered one of the founders of the English novel, thanks mostly to his best-known work, 1749's Tom Jones (The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling). A comfortably upper-class Englishman, Fielding began his career as a successful playwright, publishing 25 plays between 1728 and 1737 and making good coin. His specialty was political satire, pointed directly at the government of Prime Minister Robert Walpole, who retaliated with legislation that effectively ended Fielding's career. Fielding then devoted himself to journalism and the study of law, excelling at both. He came to be a novelist almost by accident. He anonymously published a parody of the popular novel Pamela: Or Virtue Rewarded by Samuel Richardson. Fielding's version, An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews, came the next year, and its underground success led Fielding to publish the novels Joseph Andrews in 1742 and The Life of Jonathan Wild the Great in 1743. All the while, Fielding was conscientiously pursuing a career in law, and by 1748 he was appointed as a Justice of the Peace in London. He earned a reputation for eschewing corruption, and it's said he was instrumental in founding the first modern police force, in the form of what was called the Bow Street Runners. The novel Tom Jones is considered his masterpiece, a roaming tale made up of picaresque incidents, with a hero whose rascally behavior was a novelty in 18th century England. Fielding's "intrusive narrator" technique was also a novelty, as was his realistic depiction of 18th century life in town and country. At the height of his fame as a novelist, journalist and jurist, Fielding took a trip to Lisbon, Spain in an effort to improve his failing health. It didn't work, and he died there at the age of 47. Extra credit: After Henry Fielding’s first wife died in 1744, he courted scandal by marrying her former maid a few years later (while she was pregnant with his child). Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved. Advertisement Advertisement
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In his poem ‘If’, what does Kipling describe as ‘those two impostors’?
Why does the poet say that triumph and disaster are two imposters in the poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling? | eNotes Why does the poet say that triumph and disaster are two imposters in the poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling? carol-davis | College Teacher | (Level 1) Educator Emeritus Posted on Over the Wimbledon Tennis court tunnel which takes the players back to the locker room  is this phrase: If you can meet with Triumph and disaster And treat those two impostors just the same. What a wonderful poem! It is one of the most beloved poems in literature, and its message is timeless. In the poem, “If,”  Rudyard Kipling gives advice to his son on how to become a man; yet his advice rings true for everyone. This poem is labeled a didactic poem because its purpose is to teach.  In each stanza, Kipling provides guidance in some aspect of life. The first stanza covers building self-confidence, never giving up, not judging other people too harshly, being patient, and loving not hating. In the second stanza, the poet’s instructions include always dreaming, using his  intelligence, and ignoring fools.  The two lines above the Wimbledon tunnel are found in stanza 2.What do the these lines mean? Triumph  signifies  winning, victory, success, and achievement.Those words are easy to live with.   However, as the adage states, Winning is not everything.  If a person does win a tennis match, the spelling bee, the beauty pageant--never boast  but show sportsmanship toward the fellow competitors.  Doing the best a person can do is winning no matter what the outcome. On the other hand, disaster brings a different set of circumstances: tragedy, adversity, loving, misfortune, and defeat.  Not situations that anyone finds comforting.  With this idea comes losing with grace, remembering that he did the best he could do--  then there is no loser. Kipling does personify these words.  Personification ascribes human qualities to something.  Here these two aspects of life are given the ability to be imposters.  They are pretenders because both situations  are fleeting [They do not last!] Winning is great, but it is only temporary.  Thankfully, disaster is momentary as well. Everyone wants to win,  and nobody wants to lose. It is the grace that one shows in either situation that makes these imposters ludicrous. Remember that the  tennis players know both triumph when they  win, and disaster when they  lose.  There is only one winner and many losers. Each year, the athletes keep coming back to play the game that they love. These people know that it is not whether you lose or win, it is how you play the game.  Kipling ends his poem with this  assurance: Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, And---which is more---you'll be a Man, my son! Sources:
triumph and disaster
Who co-starred with Eric Idle in the 1990 film ‘Nuns on the Run’?
If By Rudyard Kipling, Famous Inspirational Poem Famous Inspirational Poem If By Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling was an English poet who lived from 1865-1936. He also wrote many children's stories. The poem's line, "If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the same," is written on the wall of the players' entrance at Wimbledon. Latest Shared Story A dentist read me this poem today. I must say I was very impressed with the writer. I found this poem to be knowledgeable and interesting. This poem seems to be for any gender as well as... By Rudyard Kipling more Rudyard Kipling If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you; If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too: If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies, Or being hated don't give way to hating, And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise; If you can dream - and not make dreams your master; If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim, If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same:. If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, And stoop and build'em up with worn-out tools; If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, And lose, and start again at your beginnings, And never breathe a word about your loss: If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on!" If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings - nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much: If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds' worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, And - which is more - you'll be a Man, my son! More About The Poem "If" and Rudyard Kipling Were you to write the biography of Rudyard Kipling as a graph, the first thing that would strike you would be the steep vertical zigzags. The chart would have to start on a high point: his birth in India to a loving set of parents. His childhood would continue for a short period along an upward slope in the wonderland where he was born, and then plunge dramatically at the age of six when he was sent to England for his education. His first five years in England were scarred by the terrible abuse that he endured there from his foster mother. His only break during that period was the holiday month of December, when he would head to London to stay with his mother’s family. After that period he was transferred to a school in Devon where he shone, becoming the editor of the school paper and embarking on his path as a writer, becoming a major success. He was struck by misfortune once more when the bank where he kept his savings collapsed leaving him penniless. He moved to America and continued writing, publishing The Jungle Books together with much else. He again he hit a low when he became embroiled in a fight with his brother-in-law which landed both in court and in local papers, forcing his move back to England. On a trip to America in 1899 his daughter Josephine died of pneumonia at the age of seven, leaving him heartbroken. The wheel continued to turn however, and in 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his outstanding work. An avowed proponent of British involvement in World War One, he encouraged his son John to enlist. When he failed the physical, Kipling used his connections to get him in, only to watch him die in the battle for Loos leaving him awash in guilt. His life was one replete with trials and hardships, sorrows which one could never fault anyone for crumbling beneath but which time and time again he overcame. This poem, published three years after he won the Nobel Prize, encapsulates the lessons that he learned and that he considered to be the keys to his success. Part of it is engraved on the entrance to Wimbledon to remind players of what it is that makes a man. Advertisement
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Who tripped as she went up to receive the Best Actress Oscar last year?
SEE IT: Jennifer Lawrence trips at Oscars... AGAIN! - NY Daily News Oscars 2014: Jennifer Lawrence trips on the red carpet when exiting her limo  SEE IT: Jennifer Lawrence trips at Oscars... AGAIN! Sunday, March 2, 2014, 8:27 PM Jennifer Lawrence is having trouble staying on her feet. For the second year in a row, the Oscar winner and Best Supporting Actress nominee tripped at the awards show — this time on the red carpet. Jennifer Lawrence trips on the red carpet at the 2014 Academy Awards. (E!) The “American Hustle” star was caught taking a tumble during an E! livestream of the event, which showed her stumble while exiting her limo. As the actress fell, she reached out her hand to the person in front of her, and nearly knocked the woman down, too. A policeman helped Jennifer Lawrence after tripping on the red carpet.  (E!) Lawrence, wearing a red Dior gown, didn’t seem too fazed by the fall, letting out a laugh after she stood up. Jennifer Lawrence arrives at the Oscars at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on March 2. (Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP) No doubt the moment reminded the actress of tripping on the steps while walking up to the stage to accept her Best Actress statuette at the 2013 Academy Awards for her turn in “Silver Linings Playbook.” Jennifer Lawrence fell as she walked up the steps to accept the award for best actress for her role in ‘Silver Linings Playbook’ at the 85th Academy Awards last year. (MARIO ANZUONI/REUTERS) This year, Lawrence is nominated for best supporting actress for “American Hustle,” and if the 23-year-old wins, she will be the first actor in Academy Award history to score back-to-back Oscar wins in different categories.
Jennifer Lawrence
What is the name of Edina’s son in ‘Absolutely Fabulous’?
Oscars 2013: Jennifer Lawrence Trips on Her Way to Collect Best Actress Award - ABC News ABC News Oscars 2013: Jennifer Lawrence Trips on Her Way to Collect Best Actress Award February 25, 2013 Copy Talk about a high and low in a matter of moments. Right after she won the Oscar for Best Actress, Jennifer Lawrence took a tumble on her way up to the stage to claim the coveted statuette. "The Silver Linings Playbook" star tripped going up the stairs as "Les Miserables" star Hugh Jackman jumped to his feet to try to help her. Lawrence, 22, brushed it off and the audience gave her a standing ovation when she finally reached the podium. "You guys are just standing up because you feel bad that I fell," she joked in her acceptance speech. "That's really embarrassing." RELATED: Oscar Winners Full List In the flick, Lawrence plays Tiffany, a widow with a peculiar personality, who forms an unexpected bond with Bradley Cooper's character. When asked what happened, Lawrence told the Academy backstage: "What do you mean, what happened? Look at my dress. I tried to walk up stairs in this dress. That's what happened. I think I just stepped on the fabric and they waxed the stairs." Lawrence was wearing a full-skirted Dior Haute Couture strapless gown with a hefty train. What was going through her mind when she fell? "A bad word that I can't say that starts with 'F,'" she told the Academy backstage. Image credit: Kevin Winter/Getty Images
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What is the name of Hyacinth and Richard’s son in ‘Keeping Up Appearances’?
Hyacinth Bucket | Keeping Up Appearances Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Keeping Up Appearances Wiki Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Hyacinth Bucket The Pageant Hyacinth Bucket, nee Walton, who insists her last name is pronounced as "Bouquet", is the main character in the BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances, played by Patricia Routledge, and by Kerry Howard in the one-off episode Young Hyacinth which aired in September 2016. Contents Edit Hyacinth was born into a working-class family and married to Richard who is a civil servant and a solid middle-class man (in later episodes Richard retires from his job), is the epitome of a snob, perpetually but hopelessly trying to climb the social ladder and forever trying to impress her neighbours and friends. Hyacinth does her best to give the impression that she is of high social standing, while proving at all times that she is of working-class origins. Her continuous desperation to not let other people find out her true origins forms many of the plots and provides most of the humour of the show. Hyacinth looks down on others, believing she is incomparably superior to those around her, and is particularly ashamed of her rather slovenly relatives - her sisters Daisy and Rose, and especially her brother-in-law Onslow. Hyacinth's obsession with appearing socially advantaged and/or enhancing her social status clearly is intended to compensate for her own insecurities and the fact that she comes from a family she considers common. Hyacinth is obsessively houseproud, always polishing and perfecting her home and warning visitors to remove their shoes and not to brush up against the walls. She pretends that items such as statues, cups, and sofas are particularly expensive, so as to show off to the neighbours, a pretence that causes problems with her nervous neighbour, Elizabeth, who is constantly fearful of breaking the china. In an attempt to make everyone who calls her think she employs servants, she answers the phone with "The Bouquet Residence, the lady of the house speaking!" Yet despite Hyacinth’s snobbish persona, as husband Richard points out, she is a kind woman, never failing to cook, clean, and iron for her husband, kindnesses that keeps Richard at Hyacinth's side, despite his constant exasperation with her. And Hyacinth genuinely cares for her family, always rushing to the aid of her lower-class relatives - however reluctantly - when they are having problems, particularly her elderly father, who suffers from dementia and requires constant attention. Her polite, optimistic, and often cheerful attitude helps make her barely tolerable. Nevertheless, Hyacinth's snobbery provides much of the show’s humour. In the first series' second episode, she insisted her husband wear a tie to deadhead the roses. In later episodes, she asks the milkman to find out which cow her milk comes from and resorts to writing to the Postmaster General to demand that the local sorting office attach first-class stamps to all her post (not to mention her almost daily run-ins with her regular mailman). In addition, she is so afraid of being associated with the lower classes that she will do whatever it takes to avoid her poorer relatives in public, even if this means hiding behind fences or diving into bushes.[1] Another aspect of Hyacinth's snobishness is her elaborate choice of clothes.  For example, she has a favorite hat (like a sailor's cap) worn in three episodes (What To Wear When Yachting, Seaside Fun, and The Commodore). Writer Roy Clarke stated in an interview for the BBC series Comedy Connections that "to live with it must be murder, but to watch it is funny."[2] Development Edit Hyacinth's commitment to her social ascendancyEdit Hyacinth goes to great lengths to give the impression that she is of high social standing or a friend of people in upper-class circles. In a Series One episode, while visiting a stately home, Hyacinth goes to extraordinary lengths to convince other visitors that she is a friend of the noble family in residence. This desire to associate herself with the upper classes even prompts Hyacinth to buy a tiny, cramped apartment in a Tudor mansion in Series Four, allowing her to boast about being "the owner" of a country estate. In a Series Five episode, she tricks her husband Richard, into "requisitioning" an extremely expensive Rolls Royce at a local car showroom and driving it to an expensive country estate, so that she can show off what she calls "her" Rolls. Her attempt to impress people with the car fails when she and Richard are apprehended by the police and accused of stealing the vehicle. Ironically, the one time Hyacinth is seen mixing with aristocracy, she makes a fool of herself in front of them. While attending an auction at the country estate of a local noble, Richard has to restrain Hyacinth from trying to buy all manner of astronomically expensive goods, which she wants only because they were owned by aristocrats. However, Hyacinth purchases several bottles of wine made by the noble family. When she chances upon the aristocrat in question and accepts an invitation to share a bottle of the wine, she becomes hopelessly drunk. In another episode, Hyacinth and Richard are visiting a country estate, and Hyacinth resorts to desperate measures to hide from Daisy, Rose and Onslow, who are also visiting. After entering an area closed to the public, they encounter a scruffy individual who tells them that they are not allowed there. Hyacinth claims she is a close friend of the lord and lady who own the manor and scolds the "gardener" for his attitude. It transpires that the "gardener" is, in fact, the lord of the manor. When Richard drives them home, Hyacinth tells Richard that the lord has no right to dress like a gardener. On another occasion, she and Richard are allowed use of one of Sheridan's friend's old boat (she assumed it was a yacht) for a nautical candlelight supper for Liz and Emmet, but it concludes disastrously with both Richard and Hyacinth falling into the river and ending up drenched with water. There is a similar occurrence when Hyacinth hosts a riverside picnic (what she calls a "waterside supper with riparian entertainment") for Liz, Emmet, the Vicar and his wife, and they go on the river in three rowing boats; however, Hyacinth is drenched by water pouring out of a digger overhead. Soaked and disgruntled again, Hyacinth is further saddened when she sees all her family members, who are greeted warmly by all the other guests (who, ironically, appear to prefer them to Hyacinth) having a picnic on the bank with Hyacinth's wealthy sister Violet. Violet, her sister, is often referred to as her, "sister Violet, you know, the one with the Mercedes, sauna and room for a pony." This comment is often made upon answering a telephone call from said sister, when Elizabeth is hopelessly over for coffee. This comment is, by Liz, often lip synched along with Hyacinth, due to the fact that she makes a point of mentioning it EVERY time she's on the telephone with Violet. [1] Hyacinth's unpopularity with other characters Edit Hyacinth frequently invites people to her 'candlelight suppers'; however, these are disliked by her guests, who go to huge lengths to avoid them. The suppers are held in Hyacinth's dining room, decorated in an elaborate and anachronistic Victorian style, which is dominated by a portrait of Winston Churchill glaring down at the diners. Hyacinth has been seen to spend all afternoon arranging her table for a supper, and often recruits her next-door neighbour, Liz, to inspect it. Liz has been trained to feign admiration at the elaborate table (an example of this is in the Series Two episode, "The Candlelight Supper"). Her constant snobbery, boasting about wealth and connections she doesn't have, whilst repeatedly talking about her son Sheridan, all make Hyacinth disliked by almost everyone around her, including brother-in-law Onslow. However, Hyacinth is oblivious to this contempt, and cannot understand why so many people fail to covet invitations to her parties. For example, while on the phone, if a person hangs up, she blames a fault on the line. Hyacinth seems to have very few friends, and those she has who appear upper class are in some way corrupt. "The Major", a lech and a cad[clarification needed] who claims (somewhat unconvincingly) to have served as a high-ranking combat officer in the British Army, lusts for Hyacinth but rarely ever speaks to her in a normal fashion. Mrs. Councillor Nugent is a snappish, miserable, and highly disagreeable local councillor, and repeatedly subjects Hyacinth to lengthy political tirades, prompting Hyacinth to flatter Mrs. Councillor Nugent shamelessly, agreeing with whatever she says. Ironically, many people with whom Hyacinth would prefer to be seen, prefer instead to be around Hyacinth's family. Hyacinth's only real friend seems to be her next-door neighbour Liz, who is nonetheless terrified of her coffee mornings with Hyacinth: her nervousness in Hyacinth's house always results in her spilling coffee over Hyacinth's expensive rugs, or smashing one of her prized bone china cups ("Royal Doulton with hand-painted periwinkles"). Hyacinth also considers Liz's divorced brother Emmet to be a friend, whilst in truth Hyacinth drives Emmet to despair and the man lives in constant fear of being "sung at" by her. "Keeping up with the Joneses" Edit Hyacinth always tries to outdo her neighbours, especially the Barker-Finches of 23 Blossom Avenue, whom she thinks are her bitter social rivals, but don't actually care about her. In Series Three, Hyacinth cannot bear the fact her neighbours get a celebrity to attend their barbecue, and she sets out to do the same at her function. In the same series, Hyacinth becomes jealous of a neighbour holidaying in the Caribbean, and goes to extreme lengths to convince those around her she too is considering going on an expensive holiday.[1] Hyacinth's name Edit One of the most obvious examples of Hyacinth's snobbery involves her last name. According to her husband Richard, Bucket is pronounced as is the water receptacle. However for Hyacinth, it is pronounced Bouquet, à la française. Roy Clarke said he got the inspiration for this character trait after meeting someone with the surname "Bottom" who insisted it was pronounced "Botome". Despite her insistence on the more elegant French pronunciation most people usually call her "Mrs Bucket" or more disparagingly "The Bucket Woman," behind her back. At one point she slammed the door on an alarm home salesman after he said "Mrs. Bucket," thus prompting Richard to "correct" him, closed the door and repeat the "greeting" to her, in which she returned to her cheery self after she was satisfied. The Vicar usually shouts the latter when noticing Hyacinth, then often attempts a speedy getaway before he is collared by the character. Hyacinth's neighbour Emmet is similarly amused by her pronunciation of "Bucket" as "Bouquet," although his most pressing problem with Hyacinth is that she is desperate to be in his amateur operatic society, and will "sing at him!" frequently. Surprisingly, Hyacinth never "corrects" Mrs. Councillor Nugent when she calls her "Bucket." Hyacinth's three sisters amplify the floral theme suggested by the surname "Bouquet": their names are Violet, Daisy, and Rose, whose names parallel their personalities. Violet, who is frequently mentioned but only appears as a recurring character in the final series, is married to the somewhat unstable Bruce. Bruce is able to provide her with a "large house, and a 'Mercedes, sauna and room for a pony'" through a comfortable income as a "turf accountant" (or, more correctly, a bookmaker). He, however, seems to have an unfortunate habit of cross-dressing, randomly appearing on the street in odd costumes and hiding in trees. Such oddities prevent Hyacinth from using the couple to her full advantage; she can't invite them round or visit them, yet still resorts to boasting about her sister's wealth, while keeping Bruce's quirks at bay. Violet eventually wants to leave Bruce, but Hyacinth refuses to lose the last high socialite of her family and pursues Violet down a street to keep her with him (this in the Series Five episode, "Skis"). Daisy, whose singular lack of pretension serves as a foil to Hyacinth's snobbery, communicates genuine compassion. Daisy is also admirably and adorably still infatuated with her husband Onslow, much to the dismay of Hyacinth and the disdain of poor sexless Onslow. (Not to mention the admiration of many a married woman!) Rose, the fading beauty, and unintentional inamorata, craves men's attention. Unfortunately for "Our Rose," we find her at the receiving end of many a failed romance on the end of the telephone due to her unfortunate draw of the affections of married men, whom she all refers to as a Mr. "-." All save for Mr. Wotzit, a Polish bloke whose name she couldn't pronounce, yet was intended to marry. Hyacinth on the telephone Edit Hyacinth describes her telephone as a "pearl-white slim-line push-button digital telephone with automatic last-number redial". Her telephone manners vividly exemplify her pretensions. Hyacinth informs anyone within earshot of her ringing telephone that the call is "probably someone important" (from Series Three onwards) and will answer the phone with "The Bouquet residence, the lady of the house speaking!" A constant annoyance to Hyacinth is that her phone number gets confused with the local Chinese takeaway (called the Green Lotus in one episode) as it is only one digit removed, but Hyacinth makes clear to the wrong caller that it is "a whole other world", stating 'This is not a Chinese restaurant. This is a residential number and you are speaking to the lady of the house on a "White slim telephone with last number redial at one-touch facility."' Hyacinth refuses to change her phone number, instead writing to British Telecom demanding that they change the takeaway's number, and makes her husband Richard telephone the Chinese ambassador, but to no avail. A running gag is that when the caller is someone she considers important, she feels the need to walk backwards with the receiver in her hand, stretching out the extra-long wire, and tell Liz or anyone else in the living room all about it. ("It's my sister Violet! You know the one, the one who married a turf accountant, with a large house, swimming pool, and room for a pony!") Hyacinth's telephone is just one of many household items to which she attaches immense social status, and she is rarely capable of describing her possessions without adding exaggerated detail. For example she cannot talk about her three-piece suite without mentioning that it is "an exact replica of one in Sandringham House".[1] Hyacinth's husband, Richard Bucket Edit Hyacinth's relationship with her husband Richard can be somewhat strained. Usually Richard acts as a hen-pecked husband, who has been turned into a subservient partner through his marriage to Hyacinth, and he generally indulges Hyacinth's whims. As a character in the series he is a foil to Hyacinth. These include opening and closing the car door for Hyacinth as a chauffeur would, and putting up with Hyacinth in the passenger seat, as she dictates directions and warns of hazards (which to Hyacinth include sheep grazing in fields). Richard is also forced to participate in Hyacinth's contrived schemes to impress people, or to hide from her poorer relations to avoid them in public. Richard compares his marriage to serving time in the Army, where also he would never have to make a single decision and would have his meals prepared for him. Only occasionally does Richard lose patience with his wife. Also only occasionally is affection shown between the pair. In Series 4, Episode 6 (also known as "Please Mind Your Head") it's revealed that Hyacinth and Richard don't have much of a sex life, as she thinks it's inappropriate at their age. Hyacinth's son, Sheridan Edit Hyacinth receives frequent phone calls from her unseen son Sheridan, who is away at "a polytechnic of university standard" (studying Tapestry Design and Advanced Needlework[3]) with his roommate Tarquin. The phone calls very frequently end up with Sheridan asking for ridiculous sums of money – something that Richard, who asks Hyacinth "What does he want?", is constantly afraid of whenever he rings. However, Hyacinth describes the phone calls as "thoughtful calls to his mummy" and frequently comments of the "mysterious ties that bind [them]". These phone calls also imply that Sheridan is homosexual, possibly with silk-pajama-wearing Tarquin as his boyfriend, but unlike Richard who asks in Series Three why his son doesn't take any interest in girls, Hyacinth is oblivious to his "obviously apparent" sexuality. Hyacinth persists in wrapping Sheridan up in cotton wool and tries to meet his every financial demand, yet Richard often refuses to send the large sums his son requests, much to the disapproval of Hyacinth, although it is unclear whether or not the money is sent regardless. It is clear that Hyacinth loves Sheridan, yet like everything else in her life, he is used as a tool to try to enhance her social standing, with Hyacinth often commenting on her son's "university" career using terms such as "academically gifted" and "obviously destined for high places." Hyacinth also enjoys showing her guests endless photographs of Sheridan in his infancy.[1] Hyacinth's "Daddy" Edit Hyacinth's senile father (one of the actors who plays him is George Webb) is named and referred to as "Daddy" by Hyacinth. She appears genuinely to love him - although not enough to have him live with her. He lives with Daisy, Onslow and Rose, and is another character introduced to embarrass Hyacinth (as pointed out in the BBC documentary on the show, part of the Comedy Connections series). Hyacinth's father frequently touches ladies' posteriors, and dresses up in costumes (in Series One, "Daddy" dresses up as Captain Midnight).[1] He is also prone to flashbacks from the war, and frequently takes it upon himself to "guard" buildings with rifle and fixed bayonet, denying entry to legitimate occupants Trivia According to the book Hyacinth Bucket's Hectic Social Calendar, her birthday is December 4th, and hers and Richard's wedding anniversary is December 16th. Young Hyacinth Edit In 2016, the BBC announced they would be rebooting some of their classic sitcoms as part of their BBC Landmark Sitcom Season, including a planned prequel series of Keeping Up Appearances entitled Young Hyacinth with Kerry Howard playing the title role. The one-off episode Young Hyacinth shows Hyacinth working as a maid for an upper-class couple who are always bickering, and also shows Hyacinth already trying to enhance her social status and trying to force her father and sisters to climb the social ladder too. Hyacinth also makes up outrageous excuses for her family's "impersonal" behaviour ("impersonal" being a word she picked up at work), such as finding her father napping on the road drunk and blaming it on his "war wound", and also claims her mother was killed in the Blitz, although her father and sister Violet both say "She ran off with a Yank", and Hyacinth maintains their mother "made her own jam". It is shown that Hyacinth and her family live in squalor, or "genteel poverty" as Hyacinth calls it. The episode also takes place before Hyacinth meets husband Richard, showing her courting a man named William Hitchcock, with whom she frequently goes for walks to "plan their future", and when William suggest they do some other activity, Hyacinth snaps "Never William! Not before marriage!". The episode also reveals Hyacinth's maiden name to be Walton. Young Hyacinth was broadcast on BBC One on September 2nd, 2016, but was met with some harsh criticisms, particularly from Patricia Routledge who branded the BBC "desperate" for doing it, and it was not picked up for a full series
Sheridan
Which A.B. won the Best Picture Oscar at the 2000 ceremony?
Keeping Up Appearances - 必应 Sign in Keeping Up Appearances Keeping Up Appearances is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC , centred on the life of eccentric and snobbish middle class social climber Hyacinth Bucket, who insists that her surname is pronounced "Bouquet". The sitcom follows Hyacinth in her attempts to prove her social superiority and to gain standing with those she considers upper class; attempts that are constantly hampered by her decidedly lower-class extended family whom she desperately seeks to hide. Much of the humour comes from the culture clash betw ... (展开) een Hyacinth's vision of herself and the reality of her working class background, plus the farcical situations she finds herself in as she battles to protect her social credibility. The show has many running jokes, and spawned five series and 44 episodes; four of which are Christmas specials. Keeping Up Appearances was a great success in the UK and also captured large audiences in the US, Canada , Australia, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands, but ceased production in 1995 when Routledge wanted to move on to other projects. Since its original release, all five series—including Christmas specials—have been available on DVD. It is regularly repeated worldwide (Public television stations including PBS member stations in the US; BBC One, Gold, and Drama in the UK and Ireland). It is also available for viewing on Netflix . Main article: List of Keeping Up Appearances characters Patricia Routledge as Hyacinth Bucket Clive Swift as Richard Bucket Josephine Tewson as Elizabeth 'Liz' Warden Judy Cornwell as Daisy Shirley Stelfox as Rose (Series 1) Mary Millar as Rose (Series 2–5) David Griffin as Emmet H... Keeping Up Appearances Background Hyacinth Bucket (Patricia Routledge)— who insists her surname is pronounced Bouquet (although in reality, her husband Richard has said, "It was always 'Bucket' until I met you!") — is an over-bearing, social-climbing snob, originally from a poor working-class background, whose main mission in life is to impress others with her lifestyle and perceived affluence and refinement. She's terrified that her background will be found out as in the English class system one can never really escape the class one was born into no matter how successful. Hyacinth likes to spend her days visiting stately homes (convinced she will meet and strike up a friendship with the upper class owners, especially if they are aristocratic) and hosting "executive-style" candlelight suppers (with her Royal Worcester double-glazed Avignon china and Royal Doulton china with "the hand-painted periwinkles"). She ostentatiously brags about her possessions to others, including her "white slimline telephone with automatic redial," which she always answers with "The Bouquet residence, the lady of the house speaking." (Frequently she receives calls asking for a Chinese take-away, making her very angry.) She speaks in an exaggerated RP-like accent while her relatives speak in Northern accents. Her neighbours speak in milder RP accents. When flustered, Hyacinth regresses to her native Northern accent for a while. Hyacinth's endeavours to impress make the lives of those around her difficult through her continual efforts to appear of a 'certain type of people' i.e. higher class and exclusive leading to hilarious escapades, often, through her overbearing nature, forcing those she wishes to impress to come to her candlelight suppers, and having disastrous, yet humorous, consequences to all parties when she is executing her plans. Although Hyacinth is not deterred by the latter, everyone else is afraid of her to the point that some people, notably the postman, flee when she appears. The one who suffers the most, obviously, is her husband Richard (Clive Swift). He initially worked for the council but, at the beginning of series 3, reluctantly accepts early retirement. Although he loves her with a long-suffering endurance, he is notably exasperated by her plans and her habit of spending. Although she lives to impress others, Hyacinth regularly competes with the upper-middle-class people whom she considers snobbish show-offs, such as Sonia Barker-Finch, Delia Wheelwright and Lydia Hawksworth (although Lydia Hawksworth does appear to be snobbish, as she disdains kiwifruit as "lower middle class".) Hyacinth sometimes says things like "I haven't a snobbish bone in my body" or "I can't abide such snobbery like that" when talking about those she considers her competition. Always hindering Hyacinth's best efforts to impress - and providing an unwelcome reminder of her less-than-refined roots - are her underclass sisters Daisy (Judy Cornwell) and Rose (Shirley Stelfox in series 1; Mary Millar thereafter), and Daisy's proudly "bone-idle" husband Onslow (Geoffrey Hughes). They, along with Hyacinth's senile father, frequently turn up inconveniently (usually in their clapped out Ford Cortina Mk IV - which always makes a characteristic backfire when it pulls up), with Hyacinth going to great lengths to avoid them (saying "Richard, you know I love my family, but that's no reason why I should have to acknowledge them in broad daylight!"). Hyacinth's senile father frequently has flashbacks to the Second World War, and often exhibits bizarre behaviour, sometimes involving embarrassing situations with women (Onslow describes him as "barmy"). Two relatives Hyacinth is not ashamed of are her wealthy sister Violet (Anna Dawson) and her unseen son Sheridan. Violet frequently telephones Hyacinth for advice, allowing her to loudly announce to anyone in earshot, "It's my sister Violet - the one with a Mercedes, swimming pool, sauna and room for a pony". However, Violet's social acceptability is damaged by the eccentric behaviour of her transvestite, equestrian-loving husband Bruce, whom she violently attacks because of his behaviour. Hyacinth also tries to impress people with the intellectual prowess of her beloved Sheridan (who actually only takes courses in needlework at a polytechnic). Hyacinth boasts about the "psychic" closeness of their relationship and how often he writes to her and phones her, although he never writes to her and usually phone calls her only to ask for money (much to the despair of Richard). Hyacinth is blissfully oblivious of the seemingly obvious hints that Sheridan, who lives with a man named Tarquin (who makes his own curtains, wears silk pyjamas, and has won prizes for embroidery), is homosexual. It is at one point implied that Sheridan has come out to his father. Hyacinth's neighbour Elizabeth Warden (Josephine Tewson) is frequently invited round to the Buckets for coffee. Ordinarily calm, Liz's nerves go to pieces in Hyacinth's house, causing her to smash Hyacinth's china and spill coffee and biscuits on Hyacinth's Burmese rug. She is married, but her husband works abroad and, like Sheridan, never appears. Liz's brother Emmet moves in with her at the beginning of series 2 after a messy divorce. Hyacinth, upon learning that Emmet is a musician, frequently and abruptly sings out-of-key at him in an attempt to get a part in one of his productions, making him terrified of leaving the house, lest she see him ("She'll sing at me!"). Emmet's problems are further complicated by Hyacinth's mistaken belief that his frightened reactions indicate that he is infatuated with her, which in fact could not be further from the truth. Hyacinth frequently confronts the postman with complaints, such as having to receive mail bearing second class stamps, harassing him to the point that he will go to extreme lengths not to face her; and she often forces workmen and other visitors to her home to remove their shoes before entering. Michael, the vicar of the local church (Jeremy Gittins) is also loath to face the overbearing Hyacinth, whom he refers to (behind her back) as "the Bucket woman." The vicar and his wife sometimes exact comic revenge on Hyacinth for her snobbishness; on one occasion, when she was one of a group of volunteer helpers at the church, the vicar's wife saw to it that Hyacinth's hand went up prematurely and assigned her the job of cleaning the church toilets. Locations Exterior shots around Hyacinth's house were taped in Binley Woods, Warwickshire, a village east of Coventry. Exterior shots around Daisy and Onslow's council terrace were taped in Stoke Aldermoor in Coventry. Other exterior street and town shots were taped in Leamington Spa, and in various towns throughout Warwickshire, along with many scenes from the large town of Northampton, mainly the church hall. Some scenes were also shot in Swindon, Oxford, and Bristol. One scene was shot on location in Copenhagen, Denmark. One Episode was filmed in Great Yarmouth mainly in the Pleasure Beach Theme Park The opening sequence shows Hyacinth writing an invitation to one of her trademark candlelight suppers; this invitation lists Hyacinth's address as "Waney Edge, Blossom Avenue, Fuddleton". In the same sequence, the invitation is eventually sent to an address in Eddleton. Neither town actually exists. However, there are several references to the characters being in the West Midlands throughout the series, as when Hyacinth said that she could become the "Barbara Cartland of the West Midlands Social Circuit Scene" in the episode The Hostess, also, in one episode, police officers wearing West Midlands Police jumpers escorted Richard home. Vehicles Richard and Hyacinth Bucket's car is a Rover 200-series (SD3) saloon. Early episodes show a light blue 1987 216S bearing the number plate D541 EXL, but later episodes feature a sky blue 1989 216SE EFi model (bearing same number plate bar one letter, now D541 EFL). Onslow drives a 1978 Ford Cortina (number plate VSD 389S) that is in poor condition and backfires loudly almost every time it starts or stops, embarrassing Hyacinth, and frequently crushing her hopes of creating a perfect impression with new people. Onslow is also the owner of the rusting carcass of a Hillman Avenger in his front garden, wherein lives Onslow's dog that always barks at Hyacinth as she approaches. Violet and Bruce own a Mercedes-Benz W126 S-class and later a Mercedes-Benz W202 C-class. Neighbour Elizabeth drives a white 1989 Austin Metro City hatchback with number plate F434 RLA (which, despite being the subject of comments from Hyacinth about its age, is actually newer than Richard's car). Various shows related to the programs were released. The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket In March 1997, Geoffrey Hughes and Judy Cornwell reprised their roles as Onslow and Daisy for a special compilation episode recorded for broadcast in the United States on PBS. The show saw the pair introduce classic clips from the series. Comedy Connections In 2004, the documentary series featured an episode dedicated to Keeping Up Appearances. Stars Clive Swift, Josephine Tewson, Judy Cornwell and David Griffin, along with writer Roy Clarke and producer/director Harold Snoad, all discussed the series. Clips from an interview with Patricia Routledge from 2002 were also included. The episode revealed that there were serious artistic differences between Clarke and Snoad. Life Lessons from Onslow In early 2008, Geoffrey Hughes reprised his role as Onslow once again for a clipshow of the series; this was to be broadcast on American television, and sees him teaching a credit course at the Open University, and has selected "successful relationships" as his subject matter. The special was also released on Region 1 DVD. Mary Millar, who played Rose from series two to series five, died on 10 November 1998. George Webb, who played Daddy, died on 30 December 1998. Charmian May, who played Mrs. Councillor Nugent, died on 24 October 2002. Geoffrey Hughes, who played Onslow, died on 27 July 2012. Shirley Stelfox, who played Rose in series one, died on 7 December 2015. United States - Region 1 My Way or the Hyacinth Way (volume 1) - released 18 March 2003 (contains the complete series 1) Hints from Hyacinth (volume 2) - released 18 March 2003 (contains episodes 1–5 from series 2) Home is Where the Hyacinth Is (volume 3) - released 18 March 2003 (contains episodes 6–10 from series 2) Deck the Halls with Hyacinth (volume 4) - released 18 March 2003 (contains all 4 Christmas Specials from 1991, 1993, 1994 & 1995) Hyacinth in Full Bloom - released 18 March 2003 (contains volumes 1–4) Everything's Coming Up Hyacinth (volume 5) - released 3 February 2004 (contains the complete series 3) Some Like it Hyacinth (volume 6) - released 3 February 2004 (contains the complete series 4) Living the Hyacinth Life (volume 7) - released 3 February 2004 (contains episodes 1–6 from series 5) Hats Off to Hyacinth (volume 8) - released 3 February 2004 (contains episodes 7–10 from series 5 & the special "The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket") Hyacinth Springs Eternal - released 3 February 2004 (contains volumes 5–8) The Full Bouquet - released 7 September 2004 (complete series - contains volumes 1–8) The Full Bouquet: Special Edition - released 9 September 2008 (complete series re-release, everything from volumes 1–8 & special "Life Lessons from Onslow") Life Lessons from Onslow - released 9 September 2008 Collector's Edition - 5 November 2013 (contains all 5 series and every special) United Kingdom - Region 2 Series 1 & 2 - released 7 March 2003 Series 3 & 4 - released 16 February 2004 (includes the 1991 Christmas special) Series 5 - released 26 December 2006 (includes Christmas Specials from 1993, 1994 & 1995) The Essential Collection - released 8 October 2007 (complete series) The Complete Collection - released 23 September 2013 (complete series re-release, slimmer version) Christmas Specials - released 3 November 2014 (contains all 4 Christmas specials) Australia - Region 4 Series 1 & 2 - released 1 September 2003 Series 3 & 4 - released 8 July 2004 Series 5 - released 3 November 2005 Christmas Specials - released 11 November 2005 The Complete Series - released 2005 Life Lessons from Onslow - released 15 April 2010 Keeping Up Appearances Theatre adaptation In 2010, the television show was adapted into a play entitled Keeping Up Appearances that toured theatres in the UK. The cast included Rachel Bell as Hyacinth, Kim Hartman as Elizabeth, Gareth Hale as Onslow, Steven Pinder as Emmet, Debbie Arnold as Rose, David Janson (who had previously appeared in the TV show as the postman) as Mr Edward Milton, a new character created for the stage show), Christine Moore as Daisy and Sarah Whitlock as Mrs Debden. Main character Richard Bucket, Hyacinth's husband, does not appear in the production, but is frequently referred to: Hyacinth addresses to him off-stage and talks to him on the phone. The main plot of the show revolves around Emmett directing a play at the local village hall, but when Hyacinth is cast in the play's leading role disaster is in the making. This adaption, directed by playwright Johnny Culver, makes its American premiere in New York City in March 2015, at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church Theater Fellowship/Jones Auditorium. Keeping Up Appearances References ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 8:57. Yes, I'll give you my name and address. It's "Bouquet." B-u-c-k-e-t. No, it is "Bouquet." ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 19:28. It houses my Royal Doulton with the hand-painted periwinkles. ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 1. Event occurs at 5:46. ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 1. Event occurs at 1:03. Do you think Sheridan's voice is getting deeper?" "It's still asking for money, I know that. ^ "BBC Keeping Up Appearances page". ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 13:40. ^ a b "Comedy Connections - Keeping Up Appearances". Comedy Connections. 26 July 2004. BBC. BBC One. ^ "Bucket's Residence Street View". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ "Onslow and Daisy's Street View". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ a b c "Keeping Up Appearances, TV Series, 1990-1995". imdcb.com. Retrieved 25 September 2011. ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 1 And 2 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 3 And 4 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 5 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Christmas Specials on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Life Lessons From Onslow on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ Foster, Patrick (16 November 2015). "Keeping Up Appearances set to return as Young Hyacinth". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2015. ^ "Keeping Up Appearances: Season 1, Episode 1 "Daddy's Accident"". Amazon.com. Retrieved 3 July 2013. ^ Berry, Kevin (3 June 2010). "Keeping Up Appearances". thestage.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ Burbridge, Steve. "Theatre review: Keeping Up Appearances at Darlington Civic Theatre and touring". britishtheatreguide.info. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ^ Barr, Gordon (12 June 2010). "Preview: Keeping Up Appearances, Playhouse Whitley Bay". chroniclelive.co.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
i don't know
In which country are the Papal guards recruited?
Why the Swiss Protect the Pope - ABC News ABC News Why the Swiss Protect the Pope By ANN WISE Email Just as it did 500 years ago, the pope's Swiss Guard marched, with quite some fanfare, into Rome today. It was commemorating the 500th anniversary of the establishment of the Swiss Guard, the world's smallest army, by retracing the footsteps of the first 150 Swiss Guards who came to Rome in 1506 at the request of Pope Julius II. About 80 former Swiss Guards, ranging in age from 30 to 76, were met in Rome by city officials, military bands and active Swiss Guards in full uniform. They all marched from downtown Rome to the Vatican, where they received warm greetings and a blessing from Pope Benedict XVI. Today's festive march was just one of a series of celebrations that will culminate with a papal mass and the formal swearing in of new recruits in St. Peter's Square on May 6. Why the Swiss? How did the Swiss come to protect the pope? During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Switzerland earned a reputation for having Europe's most reliable mercenaries -- valorous soldiers who were virtually unbeatable and never switched sides. Various European royals used small corps of Swiss mercenary soldiers to protect themselves and their palaces. Pope Julius II had admired the Swiss soldiers, who defended the king of France, and he requested a contingent of 200 to serve as his personal bodyguards and to defend his palaces. Only 150 were available at the time, and they arrived in Rome on Jan. 21, 1506, after marching for three months. And they were soon put to the test. During the Sack of Rome on May 6, 1527, 147 Swiss Guards were killed defending Pope Clement VII, who managed to escape to the fortress of Castel Sant' Angelo escorted by the remaining 22 guards. It is in remembrance of this occasion that new recruits are sworn in every year on May 6. Today there are 110 Swiss Guards at the Vatican, recruited from a group of Swiss towns and villages that for centuries have provided soldiers for the popes. But don't let the history and the beautiful Renaissance uniforms fool you. The Swiss Guard today is a modern force, with important duties within the Vatican -- from forming elaborate ceremonial pickets on special occasions and for distinguished visitors to fulfilling simple desk guard duty at entrances to Vatican City to protecting the pope on foreign travels. And not just anyone can join: You must be Swiss, Catholic, male, tall (at least 5 feet, 9 inches), have an "irreproachable" reputation and have served at least two years in the Swiss army. It is not an occupation for a lifetime, either. Most guards serve from two to three years before returning home to Switzerland. 0 Shares
Switzerland
What emblem was adopted in 1991 as a symbol of AIDS awareness? (2 word answer)
10 Things You May Not Know About the Vatican - History in the Headlines 10 Things You May Not Know About the Vatican March 12, 2013 By Christopher Klein Share Did you know the Vatican is the smallest nation-state in the world? Get all the facts and figures. Share this: 10 Things You May Not Know About the Vatican Author 10 Things You May Not Know About the Vatican URL Did you know that popes did not begin to live at the Vatican until the 14th century? Explore 10 things you may not know about the seat of the Catholic Church. 1. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. Encircled by a 2-mile border with Italy, Vatican City is an independent city-state that covers just over 100 acres, making it one-eighth the size of New York’s Central Park. Vatican City is governed as an absolute monarchy with the pope at its head. The Vatican mints its own euros, prints its own stamps, issues passports and license plates, operates media outlets and has its own flag and anthem. One government function it lacks: taxation. Museum admission fees, stamp and souvenir sales, and contributions generate the Vatican’s revenue. 2. St. Peter’s Basilica sits atop a city of the dead, including its namesake’s tomb. A Roman necropolis stood on Vatican Hill in pagan times. When a great fire leveled much of Rome in A.D. 64, Emperor Nero, seeking to shift blame from himself, accused the Christians of starting the blaze. He executed them by burning them at the stake, tearing them apart with wild beasts and crucifying them. Among those crucified was St. Peter—disciple of Jesus Christ, leader of the Apostles and the first bishop of Rome—who was supposedly buried in a shallow grave on Vatican Hill. By the fourth century and official recognition of the Christian religion in Rome, Emperor Constantine began construction of the original basilica atop the ancient burial ground with what was believed to be the tomb of St. Peter at its center. The present basilica, built starting in the 1500s, sits over a maze of catacombs and St. Peter’s suspected grave. Obelisk in St. Peter’s Square. (KevinAlexanderGeorge/iStockphoto.com) 3. Caligula captured the obelisk that stands in St. Peter’s Square. Roman Emperor Caligula built a small circus in his mother’s gardens at the base of Vatican Hill where charioteers trained and where Nero is thought to have martyred the Christians. To crown the center of the amphitheater, Caligula had his forces transport from Egypt a pylon that had originally stood in Heliopolis. The obelisk, made of a single piece of red granite weighing more than 350 tons, was erected for an Egyptian pharaoh more than 3,000 years ago. In 1586 it was moved to its present location in St. Peter’s Square, where it does double duty as a giant sundial. 4. For nearly 60 years in the 1800s and 1900s, popes refused to leave the Vatican. Popes ruled over a collection of sovereign Papal States throughout central Italy until the country was unified in 1870. The new secular government had seized all the land of the Papal States with the exception of the small patch of the Vatican, and a cold war of sorts then broke out between the church and the Italian government. Popes refused to recognize the authority of the Kingdom of Italy, and the Vatican remained beyond Italian national control. Pope Pius IX proclaimed himself a “prisoner of the Vatican,” and for almost 60 years popes refused to leave the Vatican and submit to the authority of the Italian government. When Italian troops were present in St. Peter’s Square, popes even refused to give blessings or appear from the balcony overlooking the public space. 5. Benito Mussolini signed Vatican City into existence. The dispute between the Italian government and the Catholic Church ended in 1929 with the signing of the Lateran Pacts, which allowed the Vatican to exist as its own sovereign state and compensated the church $92 million (more than $1 billion in today’s money) for the Papal States. The Vatican used the payment as seed money to re-grow its coffers. Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, signed the treaty on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III. 6. Popes did not live at the Vatican until the 14th century. Even after the construction of the original St. Peter’s Basilica, popes lived principally at the Lateran Palace across Rome. They even left the city altogether in 1309 when the papal court moved to Avignon, France, after King Philip IV arranged for a French cardinal to be elected pope. Seven popes, all French, ruled from Avignon, and the papacy did not return to Rome until 1377, by which time the Lateran Palace had burned and the Vatican started to be used as a papal residence. Much repair work needed to be done, however, because the Vatican had fallen into such disrepair that wolves dug for bodies in the cemetery and cows even wandered the basilica. Members of the Swiss Guard in Vatican City. (apomares/iStockphoto.com) 7. The Swiss Guard was hired as a mercenary force. The Swiss Guard, recognizable by its armor and colorful Renaissance-era uniforms, has been protecting the pontiff since 1506. That’s when Pope Julius II, following in the footsteps of many European courts of the time, hired one of the Swiss mercenary forces for his personal protection. The Swiss Guard’s role in Vatican City is strictly to protect the safety of the pope. Although the world’s smallest standing army appears to be strictly ceremonial, its soldiers are extensively trained and highly skilled marksmen. And, yes, the force is entirely comprised of Swiss citizens. 8. At several times during the Vatican’s history, popes escaped through a secret passageway. In 1277, a half-mile-long elevated covered passageway, the Passetto di Borgo, was constructed to link the Vatican with the fortified Castel Sant’Angelo on the banks of the Tiber River. It served as an escape route for popes, most notably in 1527 when it likely saved the life of Pope Clement VII during the sack of Rome. As the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V rampaged through the city and murdered priests and nuns, the Swiss Guard held back the enemy long enough to allow Clement to safely reach the Castel Sant’Angelo, although 147 of the pope’s forces lost their lives in the battle. 9. The majority of Vatican City’s 600 citizens live abroad. As of 2011, the number of people with Vatican citizenship totaled 594. That number included 71 cardinals, 109 members of the Swiss Guard, 51 members of the clergy and one nun inside the Vatican walls. The largest group of citizens, however, was the 307 members of the clergy in diplomatic positions around the world. With Benedict XVI residing as a pope emeritus in the Vatican, the population will increase by one when a new pope is named. 10. The Vatican Observatory owns a telescope in Arizona. As Rome expanded, light pollution from the city made it increasingly difficult for astronomers at the Vatican Observatory—located 15 miles from the city at the papal summer residence in Castel Gandolfo—to view the night skies, so in 1981 the observatory opened a second research center in Tucson, Arizona. The Vatican conducts astronomical research with a state-of-the-art telescope that sits atop Mount Graham in southeast Arizona. Tags
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In which month does St Swithin's day fall?
Who was St Swithin and when is St Swithin''s day? Do we associate anything in particular with this day (as, for instance, we associate love with St Valentine''s Day)? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk Who was St Swithin and when is St Swithin's day? Do we associate anything in particular with this day (as, for instance, we associate love with St Valentine's Day)? Dan Woolley, Leeds Yorkshire UK St Swithin or Swithun was Bishop of Winchester and he died in AD 862 He was adopted as the patron saint of Winchester and in the 12th century the doggerel lines were penned. "St Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain St Swithin's day if thou be fair For forty days will rain na mair" Jack Hill, St Albans England UK St Swithin was the Bishop of Winchester and died in 862. He is commemorated on July 15 when, supposedly, if it rains it will continue to do so for forty days. Jonathan, Lancaster UK Bishop of Winchester 852-862 although very little is known about him other than from legends. In 971 Bishop Ethelwold moved Swithun's remains to a new shrine, commisioned by King Edgar, in Winchester Cathedral (the Old Minster not the present one) which became a place of pilgrimage as miracles were worked at the tomb. In the 990's Swithun's sanctity and miracles were celebrated by two Winchester writers as well as in Aelfric's "Lives of the Saints". His cult continues to flourish in the Middle Ages. His day is 15th July; if it rains then it will rain for 40 days because Swithun, a humble man, wished to be buried in the graveyard at Winchester and not in a fine tomb, cursing the land with 40 days of rain should the latter be done. So blame Bishop Ethelwold and King Edgar for our bad weather! John Bromilow, Okehampton UK St Swithin was bishop of Winchester in the 9th century. He requested that he be buried outside the cathedral, exposed to the footsteps of the people of the town, and to the rain. When his body was moved inside in the following century, a great storm was thought to be caused by his anger at this contravention of his wishes. So the tradition is that if it rains on St Swithin's Day (July 15th), it will rain for the next 40 days in succession, and a fine 15th July will be followed by 40 days of fine weather. Encyclopaedia Britannica at www.britannica.com also adds that as weather frequently changes around midsummer, the tradition that this day influences the weather may stem from ancient pagan belief. On the European continent similar beliefs are attached to other saints (e.g., St. Médard, June 8, France). Tessa, Wimbledon UK He was Bishop of Winchester and died in 1862. St Swithin's Day is 15th July - the date when he was moved to a new shrine. This day is associated with the weather forecast for the English summer, in the rhyme: St. Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain St. Swithin's day if thou be fair For forty days 'twill rain nae mair. Richard Thompson, Allerod Denmark St Swithun (this is the preferred spelling in Winchester, the city with which he is most closely associated) was a Bishop of Winchester in the 9th century and tutor to King Alfred the Great. He is said to have performed one miracle in his lifetime, mending the eggs of a woman who had dropped them in her astonishment at seeing the bishop. After his death, he was buried at his own request outside the cathedral where the rain would fall on his grave. Later his body was moved inside, and his spirit was so offended that it caused rain to fall for forty consecutive days. For this reason, it is said that if it rains on St Swithun's Day (15 July) it will rain for the next forty days. Matthew Francis, Cardiff Wales It's July 15th, the date that his shrine was consecrated. The association with rain is due to his request that he be buried in the open "where the raindrops will fall on me". Richard Thompson, Allerod Denmark St. Swithins day falls on the 15th July, and it is reputed to be on this day that the great flood started (Noah etc), hence the belief that if it rains on this day it'll continue for fourty days and nights... Warthog, Nicosia Cyprus
July
The 25th January is the day of the year on which Scots celebrate which national hero?
BBC - Religions - Christianity: Saint Swithin Saint Swithin Last updated 2011-06-29 The life and death of Saint Swithin, a Saxon bishop whose feast day on the 15th July is said to predict the weather. On this page St Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain St Swithun's day if thou be fair For forty days 'twill rain na mair Traditional rhyme And if any church fell down, or was in decay, S. Swithin would anon amend it at his own cost. Or if any church were not hallowed, he would go thither afoot and hallow it. For he loved no pride, ne to ride on gay horses, ne to be praised ne flattered of the people... The Golden Legend, a medieval book of saints' stories Saint Swithin was a Saxon bishop. He was born in the kingdom of Wessex and educated in its capital, Winchester. He was famous for charitable gifts and building churches. His feast day is 15 July and his emblems are rain drops and apples. Winchester Cathedral Swithin was chaplain to Egbert, the 802-839 king of Wessex. Egbert's son Ethelwulf, whom Swithin educated, made him bishop of Winchester in 852. Only one miracle is attributed to Swithin while he was alive. An old lady's eggs had been smashed by workmen building a church. Swithin picked the broken eggs up and, it is said, they miraculously became whole again. Swithin died on 2 July 862. According to tradition, he had asked to be buried humbly. His grave was just outside the west door of the Old Minster, so that people would walk across it and rain fall on it in accordance with Swithin's wishes. On 15 July 971 though, Swithin's remains were dug up and moved to a shrine in the cathedral by Bishop Ethelwold. Miraculous cures were associated with the event, and Swithin's feast day is the date of the removal of his remains, not his death day. However, the removal was also accompanied by ferocious and violent rain storms that lasted 40 days and 40 nights and are said to indicate the saint's displeasure at being moved. This is probably the origin of the legend that if it rains on Saint Swithin's feast day, the rain will continue for 40 more days. Saint Swithin is still seen as the patron of Winchester Cathedral.
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In which country can you see the world famous Alhambra Palace?
Alhambra Palace Spain Alhambra Palace Spain Location: Alhambra Palace overlooks the city of Granada in Spain. Best Time to Visit: Spring and Autumn. Preferred Timing: 08.30 a.m. to 06.00 p.m. Time Required to Visit: Around 3 hours. Entry Fee: Euro 13 (Though rate may change from time to time) Getting there: By Foot: If you are physically fit, this is best way to approach the palace, as it gives you the best opportunity to enjoy the scenic beauty surrounding region. There are two popular paths to reach Alhambra Palace Spain from Granada city center. The most beautiful is the one that takes from Plaza Nueva into the street Cuesta de Gomíérez. You can also reach there via the street Cuesta del Rey Chico. By Public Transport: There are two buses that will take you to Alhambra Places from Granada. Route 30 and 32 start from Plaza Nueva and drive up the Cuesta de Gomíérez. You can also hire taxis in order to reach there. By Car: If you are going there by car, you need to take the ring road of the city, called Ronda Sur, and then follow the direction of Sierra Nevada . You can park your car at any one of the two car parking areas in Generalife. Nearest airport: Granada Airport (GRX) Nearest rail station: Avenida de Andaluces "How many legends and traditions, true and fabulous; how many songs and ballads, Arabian and Spanish of love and war and chivalry, are associated with this oriental pile!" wrote Washington Irving about the Alhambra Palace way back 1861. Even now, the palace continues to enchant, intrigue and bewilder visitors with its singular magnificence and enduring charm. It is not difficult to understand why this palace in Spain, overlooking the ancient city of Granada, fired the imagination of poets, artists, thinkers and travelers with a taste of history and the mystique, for so many centuries. Alhambra Palace Spain, also known as the 'Red Fortress', is a famous palace and fortress located on the hilly terrace on the southeastern edge of the city of Granada in Spain. One of the most famous examples of Moorish architecture, Alhambra Palace was primarily the home of Nasrid Sultans and their court. It is the same place where artists and intellectuals took shelter when Christian Spain won over Al Andalus. Currently Alhambra Palace is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Spain which attracts a huge number of tourists from all the parts of the world. The construction of Alhambra Palace in Spain started in the mid-1300s and was completed by Yusuf I and Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada towards the end of Muslim rule in the country. It is located on a terrace measuring about 740 m in length and 205 m in width, covering an area of about 142,000 square meters. The palace can not be described as a single construction; rather it is a combination of evolution, successive reforms and extensions. Inside the Alhambra Palace Alhambra Palace in Granada can be divided into four groups, viz. Alcazaba (the Fortress), Palacios Nazaries (Nasrid Palaces), Generalife Gardens, and Medina (Town). Alcazaba: Alcazaba, the fortress and the military headquarters for the Nasrid dynasty, was built on the highest point of the hill. Hence, it got the positional advantage to defend the royal family. Though originally, the construction had 24 towers, but currently only a few remain. Palacios Nazarí­es: Time spent at the Palacios Nazarí­es or the Nasrid Palaces will be some of the memorable moments of your visit to Alhambra Palace. Exquisitely decorated function rooms and courtyards that were used by the Muslim rulers for different purposes are the highlights of Palacios Nazarí­es. The palaces can be divided into three distinct parts, namely the Mexuar, the Serallo and the Harem. Mexuar is the place where the Sultan used to meet his ministers. Next to it, there is the Cuarto Dorado or the Golden Room where Sultan took his most important decisions as military commander-in-chief. The entrance of Serallo is just opposite of Cuarto Dorado. Serallo was the official residence of the Sultan. The famous Patio de los Leones lies at the center of Harem, which was built for Sultan Muhammad V in 1378. Also visit Sala de los Abencerrajes, located at the south of it. On the north of Patio is the brilliant Sala de dos Hermanas. Sala de los Ajimeces, the dressing room of the favored lady, lies at the far end of Patio. Whereas, on the east end of Patio, lies the Sala de los Reyes or the Hall of the Kings. Generalife Gardens: As the name suggests, this area consists of beautiful gardens and fountains. Medina: Medina, occupies the largest area, was built to house craftsmen. Alhambra Palace Spain Tickets For a visit to Alhambra Palace, there can be several types of tickets for the tourists, namely Morning Tickets, Afternoon Tickets, and Evening Tickets. The price of each ticket is Euro 13, though it may change from time to time. Morning Tickets:
Spain
What is the given name of the wife of Conservative leader David Cameron?
The Alhambra: Tips for Visiting the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain - Wandertooth The Alhambra: Tips for Visiting the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain by Katie Matthews | Mar 20, 2014 | Blog , Destination Guide , Europe , Spain | 100 comments Tips for visiting the Alhambra Palace in Granada Spain in one day. Includes a free, printable map and Alhambra guide, our personal tips to visit Alhambra, current information to help you visit the Alhambra, and Frequently Asked Questions about visiting the Alhambra. The FAQs are pulled from the comments and reader emails and are updated regularly. Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. By using affiliate links, we earn a small commission when you click through / book a room or tour / buy a product, etc. You don’t pay any extra. It’s one of the ways we make some cash from running this website, and keep the proverbial lights on, and you can support this website (with no extra cost) simply by using the links! Tips for Visiting The Alhambra Granada: Table of Contents for this Blog For a national treasure and UNESCO World Heritage site, visiting the Alhambra is actually insanely confusing. At times, it feels near impossible to find the information you need. And while we certainly don’t have all the answers, we have some of them! This blog post contains everything we know about visiting the Alhambra – hopefully, it helps you with your visit. Alhambra Basics : A quick intro to the different components that make up the Alhambra complex, and the 3 different ticket check-points you’ll have to go through during your visit. Plan Ahead : Advice about when to start planning your visit, and limits on the number of visitors allowed each day. Plan Your Visit : Our recommended route for visiting the Alhambra. Buy Your Tickets : How to buy tickets using the Ticket Master Spain website. Collect Your Tickets : How and where to pick-up your tickets when you arrive in Andalucia. Tips for the Day of Your Visit:  A few tips based on our own experience, which we hope will make your Alhambra visit better! What to Do if Tickets are Sold Out and Tours : Tour options and troubleshooting if you can’t get tickets. Video and Map : A video Geoff made about the Alhambra, and our own personal Alhambra map that you can download for free. Wondering Where to Stay in Granada? Check Out Our Guide of the Best Areas to Stay in Granada, Complete with Hotel Recommendations! Alhambra. Granada. Andalusia. There are place names in the world that evoke a feeling of magic and adventure, and the Alhambra is one such place. The Alhambra Palace is the most visited tourist attraction in all of Spain, attracting millions of visitors per year. Despite the sheer numbers of people flocking to this beautiful palace, it is a remarkably confusing affair: from buying tickets to planning your visit, the Alhambra can be slightly befuddling. To make it easier for you, we’ve put together this comprehensive guide to visiting the Alhambra Palace. We really hope it’s helpful!!! A visit to the Alhambra can be confusing, but it is well worth it Alhambra Basics The Alhambra is not a singular building. Rather, it is a complex of buildings that you wander around over the course of three or four hours. There are several segments to the complex, and you’ll need to show your ticket three times throughout the visit as you move between different sections of the complex. The three main sections, and the ticket check points, are the Nasrid Palaces, which in our opinion were the best part of a visit to the Alhambra; the Alcazaba, which offers spectacular views of Granada and Andalucia; and the Generalife, which includes nice gardens and a smaller palace. You may want to print off this official  English map of the Alhambra  to get an idea of the layout (We also have our own map below, which plots out our tips!). The Nasrid Palaces are perhaps the most famous part of the Alhambra Plan Ahead Granada limits the number of visitors who can visit the Alhambra to 6,600 per day. While this may sound like a lot, Alhambra tickets sell out early – like really, really early. If you intend to visit the Alhambra in peak season (summer!), it’s not uncommon to have to book up to 90 days in advance. Unfortunately, the Alhambra is one of those places where last minute travellers can get caught with their proverbial pants down, although it’s much easier to get last minute tickets in the winter. (Don’t worry if you can’t get tickets for your dates…keep reading for our “work around” tip) Plan Your Visit You can enter the Alhambra complex at either the main entrance or through the Gate of Justice. If you choose to enter through the main entrance, it makes sense to visit the Generalife first, and then the Nasrid Palaces and Alcazaba. If you enter through the Gate of Justice, then the opposite routing makes the most sense. Many websites recommend visiting the Generalife first and the Nasrid Palaces last. However, we did the opposite, and we think it is the better way to go for a few reasons: If you follow our advice and pick up your tickets prior to arriving at the Alhambra, you can walk from Plaza Nueva (in town) to the Alhambra entrance at the Gate of Justice, which puts you right near the queue for the Nasrid Palaces. This means you can skip the gong show and hoards of people at the main entrance pavilion. The entrance to the Nasrid Palaces is highly restricted (more on that below). If you visit it last, you’ll have to plan out your entire visit so as to be at the Nasrid Palaces at the correct time, lest you miss your reservation. To me, that sounds stressful. If you visit the Nasrid Palaces first, you won’t have to adhere to a tight schedule, meaning you can take your time, take a break when needed, and relax while enjoying the remainder of the complex. The views of Granada from the Nasrid Palaces entrance lineup are spectacular in the early morning. We would recommend entering the Nasrid Palaces during the first reservation of the day (8:30am), so you can enjoy gorgeous light over Andalucia while you wait in line. Plus, the line up for the Nasrid Palaces can be long, and the temperature will be more comfortable first thing than in the middle of the day. If you do follow our advice and you’d like a free audio guide to use during your visit, you can pick one up in the gift shop in the Palacio Carlos V, near the entrance to the Nasrid Palaces. (UPDATE September 2016 – Apparently, they no longer offer Audio Guides at the Alhambra as of September, 2016. Thanks to a reader tip for that!) Buy Your Tickets This is probably the most confusing part of visiting the Alhambra. Ideally, you’ll want to buy your tickets online up to 90 days before your visit, and then pick up the physical tickets once you arrive in Granada. Here’s how: 1. Go to the Alhambra page on the Ticket Master Website . 2. Choose which type of visit you want: you’ll probably choose either Alhambra General, which gives you access to the main highlights, or Alhambra at Night – Palaces, which allows you to visit the Palaces, but not the gardens, at night. Once you’ve decided on your ticket, click Buy Tickets. The process below is for an Alhambra General Ticket, which is the most popular ticket. 3. Select the day you want to visit, and then click Continue through to the next screen. You can purchase tickets up to 90 days in advance. 4. Here is where things get slightly confusing. After selecting the number of tickets you want, you’ll need to choose times to visit. First, you need to choose the general window of time during which you’ll visit: morning or afternoon. Next, you’ll need to reserve a time slot specifically to enter the Nasrid Palaces. That’s right, you need to make two separate reservations when you buy your ticket: a general reservation to visit the Alhambra complex during either the morning or afternoon, and a specific reservation within that general time slot to enter the Nasrid Palaces. For your general time slot (morning or afternoon), you can enter the grounds any time within your slot. However, you must pass through the final ticket check point of your visit prior to the end time on your general reservation. For example, if you choose to visit the Alhambra in the morning, you can enter as early as 8:30am, but must pass through the final ticket scanning check point prior to 2pm. For the Nasrid Palaces, they allow 300 people to enter every 30 minutes, and you must enter in the 30 minute window printed on your ticket, or you’re out of luck. In the winter, the lineups to enter the Nasrid Palaces aren’t terrible. However, in the high season, it is recommended that you are in line for the Nasrid Palace one hour prior to the 30 minute window you’ve reserved! 5. Once you’ve chosen your time slots, you are almost done. You just need to enter your credit card information, and you’re good to go. Remember to take that credit card with you to pick up tickets! The plus side of walking up that huge hill to the Alhambra: the views of Andalucia! Pick Up Your Tickets Once you’ve purchased tickets, you’ll still need to pick up physical tickets with a bar code once you arrive in Granada. There are two easy options for picking up your tickets: 1) Stop in at any La Caixa Bank ATM in Granada, and put the credit card you used to purchase the tickets into the machine. It will recognize your card and print out the tickets. 2) Swing by the Tienda de la Alhambra (Alhambra Shop) on Calle Reyes Católicos nº 40 once you’re in Granada. It is just down from Plaza Nueva, and is a quick walk from the cathedral area. The shop has a ticket dispenser: pop in the credit card you used to buy the tickets, and out come they come! (Update September 2016: The bookshop has closed as of September 2016, but they have opened an office just down the road at Corral del Carbon, 200 meters down the road – I have included this on my custom map, below! Thank you to another reader tip for this!) An example of a Caixa Bank ATM where you may print your Alhambra Tickets Closer up view of where your Alhambra Tickets tickets will be dispensed The Day of Your Visit Wear sensible shoes. You’ll want to plan on walking throughout the complex for between three and four hours, on average. To get to the Alhambra, you can either take one of the many public buses from Plaza Nueva or walk. If you choose to walk, we’d recommend you enter at Puerta de la Justica, which is about a 15-minute uphill walk from Plaza Nueva. If you enter here, you must already have tickets. If you don’t have tickets, take the bus to the main entrance. Again, we’d really recommend visiting the Nasrid Palaces during the first reservation of the day (8:30am), and then working your way through the rest of the complex. You can purchase basic drinks and food on site, but food stops aren’t plentiful, so you may want to bring water and a snack. If you have mobility issues, accommodations can be arranged. Get in touch with the Alhambra people in advance of your visit. What to do if Tickets are Sold Out Too Confusing? Tickets Sold Out? Recently, a reader got in touch saying he’d messed up: he didn’t know he had to book ahead of time, and all the tickets were sold out. He asked us what his options were, and I honestly didn’t really know. So I researched it, and it turns out you’re not totally out of options. Probably the easiest option is to book a tour. Tour companies — being the savvy organizers and planners, they are — know that some people won’t know how far in advance they have to book, and they’ll be ready to help you. Consider a tour with Viator . Honestly, we haven’t used them before (yet), but in general, Viator has a great reputation among the travel blogger community, and sends writing work to lots of bloggers, so we’re happy to support the company. I’ve done some research, and have listed some tour options below. Basically, I looked for the highest rated tours, checked the reviews to make sure they’re good, and then thought about which tours I would be interested in taking myself. Those are the tours you’ll find below! Skip the Line Tour Learn More The Skip the Line: Alhambra and Generalife Gardens Half-Day Tour has excellent reviews, and is probably great for most peoples’ needs. Starting at $63, and including the €15 ticket, door-to-door transport from your hotel, not having to wait in lines, and a knowledgeable guide, it seems like a pretty good deal, especially if you’ve left it too late to get a desirable reservation time. Honestly, if I was heading to the Alhambra and didn’t want to deal with it all, this is what I’d be doing. Private Tour Learn More The Alhambra and Generalife Small Group Guided Tour is about 3 hours long, which feels like the exact right amount of time to see what you need to see, and learn some of the history, without being overkill. It includes skip-the-line entrance, which makes things much more convenient than trying arrange it all yourself. It gets great reviews. "Highlights" Walking Tour Learn More The Granada Highlights Guided Walking Tour  appears to be relatively new on Viator, at least at the time of update (June 2016). The few reviews it has are good, and it seems to be the right amount of time for many people – 3 hours, walking through the highlights of the Alhambra. It includes tickets to the Alhambra, but doesn’t seem to include skip-the-line. Heading to Seville, Next? Let Us Help You Decide Where to Stay in Seville, & Find Out Our Favorite Things to Do Where to Stay in Seville Guide What to Do in Seville If you don’t want to take a tour, but haven’t been able to buy tickets… You can explore the gardens for free. Honestly, this option kind of sucks for the most part, because inside the attractions is awesome. What is cool about this, is you get a great view of the city when standing in the free part, near the entrance to Nasrid Palace. So it’s not a total bust, but also not the best. Finally, you could book a night ticket on the Ticketmaster Website . That’s what the reader who emailed us did, and he found it to be fine, but not perfect. He said it was difficult to take nice photos, because it was so dark, but also because the ‘no flash’ rule isn’t enforced, so other people’s flashes are constantly going off. His advice: good in a pinch, but it would be a nicer experience if you could visit in the daytime What’s Next? Glad you asked. Geoff made a beautiful video about Alhambra here. Download & Print Our Free Map And, we’ve created a free, downloadable and printable map with our recommended tips and order for visiting the Alhambra, from picking up your tickets to the way of visit, plus an awesome view of the Alhambra in the afternoon! Click the link below.   Download (PDF, 279KB) Where to Stay in Granada When we visited Granada, we stayed in an Airbnb apartment that was a bit far out. If I were to do it again, I’d probably get a hotel closer to the centre. And because we started getting so many emails from people wondering where to stay in Granada , we actually created an entire post on it. We hired a local blogger who’s lived in Granada for 4 years to outline all the best places to stay, and then went in and added our own thoughts and tips! You can see our Where to Stay in Granada Guide here!  We really hope it helps with your trip planning! Frequently Asked Questions I’m slowly working my way through all the comments, emails, tweets and Facebook messages we get about visiting the Alhambra, to create a concise database of FAQs you can use when planning your trip. How and Where do I Buy an Audio Guide? Unfortunately, the Alhambra has discontinued the audio guides. In the past, it was possible to rent an audio guide for €6.50 to use while visiting the Alhambra, but in summer 2016, we received a note from a reader to tell us the audio guides are gone and have been replaced by an app. This has been confirmed by several sources now. While the app sounds like a great idea, it seems to have some significant problems. We heard from a reader that you need Wifi to use the app (Network: Alhambra / Password: unesco2012) BUT the Wifi is actually too weak to use the app properly. The consistent message we’ve been getting from readers is to either 1) Book a tour so you get the info, or 2) Bring a good guidebook with you. I can’t really recommend a guidebook, as we haven’t used them personally while at the Alhambra. However, I have combed Amazon for Alhambra guidebooks, and can point you to the two following book, which seems pretty good and gets good reviews. The reason I’ve chosen this one, rather than the other books available, is that it seems actually usable while visiting the site, rather than scholarly tomes or souvenir coffee table books:  
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Which European country is 'double-landlocked' (landlocked by land-locked countries)?
Globetrotting Galore by Gunnar Garfors: The Two Double Landlocked Countries The Two Double Landlocked Countries Utilising local transport in one of the only two landlocked countries in the world.  There are some claims to fame that are more unusual than others. And we all know that something unusual or unique inevitably ends up on bucket lists around the world. It doesn't usually take that much, though. Just check out Instagram, Twitter or Facebook. Bragging about restaurants you have visited, drinks you have consumed, views you have experienced, clothing that you wear or celebrities you have slept with is commonplace. I am myself guilty as charged with several, but not all, of the examples listed above. But let's get down to business and concentrate on the important thing in life. Travelling. I have been to all 198 countries in the world, and written a book about it. It came out in English in July, 2015 . Visiting countries that fit a certain bill are present on a lot of bucket lists. One of the more unusual that I have heard about are double landlocked countries. What they are? A landlocked country has no access to an ocean at its borders. 44 of the world's 198 countries are landlocked. See the list below. A double landlocked country on the other hand is a country that is surrounded by landlocked countries. There are only two such countries in the world. Liechtenstein in Europe is surrounded by two landlocked countries; Switzerland and Austria while Uzbekistan in Asia is surrounded by five, all of them are stan countries (ending with "stan"). They are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan is of course a stan country on its own. As there are seven stan countries in total, the only stan country missing is then Pakistan, which is 300 kilometers from Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is then of course the only country in the world exclusively surrounded by stan countries. Oh, the trivia you pick up here... The 44 landlocked countries of the world Afghanistan‎
Liechtenstein
Rila at 2,925 m is the highest mountain range in the Balkans. It stands in which country?
Landlocked Countries: 44 Countries Have No Ocean Access By Matt Rosenberg Updated November 15, 2016. Approximately one-fifth of the world's countries are landlocked, meaning they have no access to the oceans. There are 44 landlocked countries that do not have direct access to an ocean or ocean-accessible sea (such as the Mediterranean Sea).  Why Is Being Landlocked an Issue? While a country such as Switzerland has thrived despite its lack of access to the world's oceans, being landlocked has many disadvantages. Some landlocked countries rank among the poorest in the world. Some of the issues of being landlocked include: Lack of access to fishing and oceanic food sources High transportation and transit costs because of a lack of access to ports and world shipping operations Geopolitical vulnerabilities from dependence on neighboring countries for access to world markets and natural resources Military limitations because of the lack of naval options What Continents Have No Landlocked-Countries? North America has no landlocked countries, and Australia is rather obviously not landlocked. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World Within the United States, over half of the 50 states are landlocked with no direct access to the world's oceans. Many states, however, do have water access to the oceans via the Hudson Bay, Chesapeake Bay, or Mississippi River.  Landlocked Countries in South America: South America has just two landlocked countries: Bolivia and Paraguay. Landlocked Countries in Europe: Europe has 14 landlocked countries: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Vatican City. Landlocked Countries in Africa: Africa has 16 landlocked countries: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho,  Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lesotho is unusual in that it is landlocked by just one country (South Africa). Landlocked Countries in Asia: Asia has 12 landlocked countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Laos, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Note that several of the countries in western Asia border the landlocked Caspian Sea, a feature that does open some transit and trade opportunities. Disputed Regions that Are Landlocked: Four regions that are not fully recognized as independent countries are landlocked: Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.  What Are the Two Doubly-Landlocked Countries? There are two, special, landlocked countries that are known as doubly-landlocked countries, completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The two doubly-landlocked countries are Uzbekistan (surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and, Turkmenistan) and Liechtenstein (surrounded by Austria and Switzerland). What Is the Largest Landlocked Country? Kazakhstan is the world's ninth largest country but is the world's largest landlocked country. It's 1.03 million square miles (2.67 million km2) and is bordered by Russia, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan, and the landlocked Caspian Sea . What Are the Most Recently Added Landlocked Countries? The most recent addition to the list of landlocked countries is South Sudan which gained independence in 2011. Serbia is also a recent addition to the list of landlocked countries. The country formerly had access to the Adriatic Sea, but when Montenegro became an independent country in 2006, Serbia lost its ocean access. This article was edited and expanded significantly by Allen Grove in November 2016.
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Which lake is sometimes called Lac Leman in French?
CGN - Lake Geneva Homepage >CGN>Lake Geneva Lake Geneva The French name for Lake Geneva (Lac Léman, also called Genfersee in German) dates back to Celtic times. It meant "water between the mountains". The Romans then named it "Lacus Lemanus".   Not everyone agrees with this version of the story, however. Here's another version: In 63 B.C. the Greek geographer Strabo observed that the lake had been called "limnê" for centuries, which simply meant "lake" in Greek. The Gallo-Romans transformed this "Limnê" into "Lemanus". Designations such as " Lake of Lausanne ", used in the Itinerary of Antoninus (2nd Century) or "Lake Geneva", from the time of the Reformation, appeared only at a much later stage. However, the inhabitants of Vaud and Savoy always referred to " Lake Leman ". From 1798 to 1814, the lake gave its French name to the département of Léman, which comprised the territories of Gex, Geneva and northern Savoy .   With a total surface area of 582.4 square kilometres (348 in Switzerland and 234 in France), the lake is 72.3 kilometres long, from Geneva to Villeneuve, and averages 10 km wide (minimum width 8 km, maximum 13.8 km). Its maximum depth is 309.7 metres and it has 167 km of coastline. Its surface is 372.3 metres above sea level in summer and a metre lower in winter. The water is clear to a depth of 6.5 to 7.5 metres, depending on season and location.   The lake is divided into three zones: the Petit-lac (the narrowest part, from Geneva to Nyon); the Grand lac (the whole of the widest part between Lausanne and Evian) and the Haut-lac (the part delineated by Vevey-Montreux-Bouveret-Thonon). The Rhône, which alone is responsible for draining 18% of Switzerland's waters and supplies the bulk of the lake water, joins the lake at Villeneuve. The second source of lake water is the Dranse, on the French side. Other significant rivers include the Venoge and the Veveyse. Crossings Switzerland-France : the opposite shore has never been so close! Tourist cruises : relaxation and fine dining guaranteed – head for the water! Boat rentals : an exclusive place for your events! Boat owners :
Lake Geneva
Who immediately succeeded Augustus as Emperor of Rome?
Lake Geneva France - Lake Geneva The French Alps/Jura: Holidays in the French Alps - Annecy France - Briancon France - Chambéry France - Grenoble France - Lake Geneva - Mont Blanc France Lake Geneva Although a beautiful and serene location when placid, Lake Geneva is subject to as violent storms as the sea, as Shelley and Byron experienced in 1816. The lake is 14 kilometres wide, at least 70 kilometres long and 310 metres deep, and lies 40 kilometres north of Annecy on the Franco-Swiss border. In France it is called Lac Léman and it is fed by the River Rhone. On the French side of Lake Geneva the nearest town to speak of is Thonon-Les-Bains, the starting point for the Routes des Grandes Alpes, a 700-kilometre route through the mountains to Menton on the Mediterranean coastline. Apart from this, and its excellent location as a base for exploring the lake and neighbouring countryside, the town is of little interest per se, but has fishermen's cottages and cafés enough to keep you busy for an afternoon in town. Map of Lake Geneva There is also the 15th-century Chateau de Ripaille built by Amédée VIII, the first Duc de Savoie, and later Bishop of Geneva during the Reformation. The chateau has a fairy-tale quality to it and, thanks to 19th-century restorations, a fair bit of Art Nouveau inside. After the guided tour you can try some of the wine grown in the chateau's vineyard, considered the best in the region. Thonon-Les-Bains affords a range of hotels for its visitors, such as the basic Le Comte Rouge at 10 boulevard du Canal (04 50 71 06 04) with rooms for under €30, or the more upmarket places such as Le Port, 1 quai de Ripaille (04 50 71 37 05) and L'Arc en Ciel, 18 place de Crete (04 50 71 90 63) both with rooms from €55-70. If you want to try fish from the lake, head to Le Scampi restaurant at 1 avenue du Léman, which has fresh lake fish on menus from €17. At the town of Évian you can enjoy some expensive hydrotherapy or simply stroll along the waterfront and take a trip on the lake. The Source Cachat flows from behind the Évian company's Art Nouveau office, and you are at liberty to serve yourself some spring water. Ferries to Geneva, Lausanne, Yvoire and Thonon-Les-Bains allow you to explore other parts of Lake Geneva quite easily, with returns from €18.
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Who designed the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851?
AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton | ArchDaily AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton 01:00 - 5 July, 2013 Save this picture! The Crystal Palace, 1851. © wikiarquitectura.com The Crystal Palace was a glass and cast iron structure built in London , England, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The building was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, an architect and gardener, and revealed breakthroughs in architecture, construction and design. More on the Crystal Palace after the break... +13 In January 1850 a committee was formed to choose the design for a temporary exhibition building that would showcase the latest technologies and innovations from around the world: The “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.” The structure had to be as economical as possible, and be built before the exhibition was scheduled to open on May 1st, 1851. Within 3 weeks the committee received 245 entires, all of which were rejected. It was only after this that Paxton showed his first interest in the project. Save this picture! Interior view of the Crystal Palace, 1851. © paristeampunk.canalblog.com Already a famous gardener at the time, Paxton experimented extensively with glasshouse construction. Using combinations of prefabricated cast iron, laminated wood, and standard sized glass sheets, Paxton created the “ridge-and-furrow” roof design. In 1836 this system was used for the first time in the “Great Stove” - the largest glass building at the time. Save this picture! First sketch for the Great Exhibition Building by Sir Joseph Paxton. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London Paxton proceeded to visit Hyde Park, where he quickly doodled his famous concept drawing of the Palace (the sketch is now held in the Victoria and Albert Museum). The drawing included all the basic elements of the building, and within two weeks all calculations and detailed plans were submitted.  Save this picture! Part front (left) and part rear (right) view and floor plan of London's Crystal Palace. © Wikimedia Commons Paxton’ design was based on a 10in x 49in module, the size of the largest glass sheet available at the time. The modular system consisted of right-angled triangles, mirrored and multiplied, supported by a grid of cast iron beams and pillars. These basic units were extremely light and strong and were extended to an incredible length of 564 meters. The design was also influenced by Paxton’s passion for biomimicry; he drew inspiration from the giant leaves of the Victoria Amazonica waterlily.  Save this picture! Detail © greatbuildings.com Impressed by the low cost proposal, the committee accepted Paxton’s innovative plan, leaving only 8 months for construction, which commenced immediately in Hyde Park. 5000 workers handled more than 1000 iron columns and 84,000 square meters of glass. All parts were prefabricated and easy to erect, and every modular unit was self supporting,  allowing the workers freedom in assembling the pieces. Thanks to Paxton’s simple and brilliant design, over 18,000 panes of glass sheets were installed per week, and the structure was completed within 5 months. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill, 1854. Photo by Philip Henry Delamotte © Wikimedia Commons Queen Victoria wrote in her journal on May 1st 1851 :  "This day is one of the greatest and most glorious of our lives… It is a day which makes my heart swell with thankfulness… The Park presented a wonderful spectacle, crowds streaming through it, – carriages and troops passing… The Green Park and Hyde Park were one mass of densely crowded human beings, in the highest good humour… before we neared the Crystal Palace, the sun shone and gleamed upon the gigantic edifice, upon which the flags of every nation were flying… The sight as we came to the centre where the steps and chair (on which I did not sit) was placed, facing the beautiful crystal fountain was magic and impressive. The tremendous cheering, the joy expressed in every face, the vastness of the building, with all its decoration and exhibits, the sound of the organ… all this was indeed moving"   Save this picture! The State Opening of The Great Exhibition in 1851, colour lithograph by Louis Haghe.© Wikimedia Commons When the exhibition was closed 6 months later, the structure was disassembled and then reassembled in the south London suburb of Sydenham Hill.  Tragically, the building was destroyed in a fire in 1936. Paxton’s ingenious design created an unprecedented exhibition space. The construction, acting as a self supporting shell, maximized interior space, and the glass cover enabled daylight. The method of construction was a breakthrough in technology and design, and paved the way for more sophisticated pre-fabricated design. Architects 92000.0 sqm The Crystal Palace, 1851. © wikiarquitectura.com The State Opening of The Great Exhibition in 1851, colour lithograph by Louis Haghe.© Wikimedia Commons First sketch for the Great Exhibition Building by Sir Joseph Paxton. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London The incredible length of the interior space, 1851. © paristeampunk.canalblog.com Detail © greatbuildings.com Floor plan of the Great Exhibition, 1851. © Wikimedia Commons Part front (left) and part rear (right) view and floor plan of London's Crystal Palace. © Wikimedia Commons Interior view of the Crystal Palace, 1851. © paristeampunk.canalblog.com Interior view of the Crystal Palace, 1851. © http://paristeampunk.canalblog.com Mounting Egyptian giants in the main transept, 1851. © paristeampunk.canalblog.com The Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill, 1854. Photo by Philip Henry Delamotte © Wikimedia Commons Map of the grounds of The Crystal Place in Sydenham Hill,1862. © Wikimedia Commons The destroyed Crystal Palace, 1936. © Wikimedia Commons The best of ArchDaily, directly to your inbox SUBSCRIBE
Joseph Paxton
Doctor Doom is the arch-enemy of which group of Marvel superheroes?
The Crystal Palace First sketch for the Great Exhibition Building by Sir Joseph Paxton. Museum no. E.575-1985. A competition for a building to house the Great Exhibition produced 248 plans. The Building Committee disliked them all and attempted to design their own, putting together ideas from a number of entries. Not only was this regarded by contemporary critics as unethical, the result was also totally unsuitable. The Committee's plan, published in May 1850, would have taken 15 months to build and needed some 15 million bricks for its construction. The scheduled opening day was 1 May 1851. Joseph Paxton's design Joseph Paxton had been building greenhouses for the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, basing his designs on the structure of the Regia lily. When he was brought to Henry Cole with an idea that could be realized in ten months, Cole agreed that it could be put before the Committee. Paxton proposed a gigantic pre-fabricated building of iron and glass. This building, with its skeleton of cast-iron columns supporting a network of girders, was based on a 24ft (7.3m) module of parts pre-fabricated in Birmingham. It not only was innovative technologically, but also used many other industrial skills and inventions of the time. The removal of the glass tax only a few years previously had contributed to the development of plate glass by the Birmingham glass company, Chance Bros. The Crystal Palace used 300,000 sheets in the largest size ever made (4ft 1in x 10ins/1.3m x 25.3cm). Steam engines on site drove the machinery to cut the wooden glazing bars as well as the 24 miles (40km) of Paxton's patent guttering used to hold the glass in position on his simple but effective ridge and furrow roof. The invention of the telegraph allowed rapid communication between the site and the manufacturers in the Midlands. In less than nine months from 30 August 1850, when the contractors took over the site, a building 1848ft (562m) long and 408ft (124m) wide rose in Hyde Park. It was capable of holding over 100,000 objects, from hairpins to steam hammers, representing nearly 14,000 exhibitors, half from Britain and the Empire, half from other countries. On 1 May 1851, exactly on schedule, the Exhibition was opened by Queen Victoria. Aeronautic view of The Palace of Industry For All Nations, from Kensington Palace by Charles Burton, England, 1851 - 1852. Museum no. 19614 Construction of the Crystal Palace
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An actress, which 61 year old Dame was named the world's sexiest older woman?
Helen Mirren - IMDb IMDb Actress | Producer | Director Dame Helen Mirren was born in Queen Charlotte's Hospital in West London. Her mother, Kathleen Alexandrina Eva Matilda (Rogers), was from a working-class English family, and her father, Vasiliy Petrovich Mironov, was a Russian-born civil servant, from Kuryanovo, whose own father was a diplomat. Mirren attended St. Bernards High School for girls, ... See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 29 Aug 2011 a list of 29 images created 22 May 2013 a list of 21 people created 01 Dec 2013 a list of 28 people created 22 Feb 2014 a list of 23 people created 5 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Helen Mirren's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 115 wins & 122 nominations. See more awards  » Known For The Debt Rachel Singer (Tel Aviv 1997) (2010)  2005 Third Watch (TV Series) Annie Foster  2004 American Masters (TV Series documentary) Narrator  2002 Door to Door (TV Movie) Mrs. Porter  1998 Tracey Takes On... (TV Series) Professor Horen  1997 Painted Lady (TV Movie) Maggie Sheridan  1996 Losing Chase (TV Movie) Chase Phillips Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa - Total War (1996) ... Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa (voice) - Collapse (1996) ... Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa (voice)  1993 The Hidden Room (TV Series) Sarah  1989 Cause célèbre (TV Movie) Alma Rattenbury  1987 Faerie Tale Theatre (TV Series) Princess Emilia  1985 The Twilight Zone (TV Series) Maddie Duncan (segment "Dead Woman's Shoes")  1979-1982 Play for Today (TV Series) Celia / Angela  1981 BBC2 Playhouse (TV Series) Mrs. Reinhardt  1979 S.O.S. Titanic (TV Movie) Stewardess: May Sloan  1979 ITV Playhouse (TV Series) Joanne  1975 The Philanthropist (TV Movie) Celia  1996 Some Mother's Son (associate producer) Hide   2008 Galantuomini (very special thanks)  2004 Frasier (TV Series) (thanks - 1 episode)  2016 Good Morning Britain (TV Series) Herself - Interviewee / Herself - 'Brigitte'  2010-2016 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2014-2016 The Insider (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself  2016 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 Good Morning America (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2006-2016 The View (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2016 Access Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2015-2016 Documentary Now! (TV Series) Herself - Host - Final Transmission (2016) ... Herself - Host - Globesman (2016) ... Herself - Host  2016 WGN Morning News (TV Series) Herself  2006-2016 Film 2016 (TV Series) Herself - Interviewee  2015 Celebrity Style Story (TV Series) Herself  2015 Red Nose Day (TV Special) Herself  2007-2015 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2015 CBS News Sunday Morning (TV Series documentary) Herself  2014 Le grand journal de Canal+ (TV Series documentary) Herself  2007-2014 60 Minutes (TV Series) Herself - Actress - High Jinks/The Venom Hunters/The Dame (2007) ... Herself - Actress (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2014 Newsnight (TV Series)  2014 And the Oscar Goes To... (TV Movie documentary) Herself - Actress  2010-2013 The Daily Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2013 TVGN Movie Special: Red 2 (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2013 Weekend Ticket (TV Series short) Herself  2013 Fantastic (TV Series documentary) Herself  2013 Goodbye Granadaland (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2012 Shakespeare Uncovered (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  2010-2012 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2012 The Diamond Queen (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actor  2011 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series) Herself  2011 Arabia 3D (Documentary short) Narrator - Episode #1.4 (2011) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2010-2011 Daybreak (TV Series)  2011 The Big Picture (TV Series) Herself  2011 Film Fiend (TV Series) Herself  2010 Loose Women (TV Series) Herself  1994-2010 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2010 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2008-2010 The One Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2009 Toy Stories (TV Series documentary) Herself - Episode #16.12 (2009) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren) - Episode #13.3 (2007) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2009 30 Rock (TV Series) Herself  2009 Movie Connections (TV Series documentary) Herself  2008 The Perfect TV Detective (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2008 Drama Trails (TV Series documentary) Herself  2008 How TV Changed Britain (TV Series documentary) Herself  2008 NT2: Set in History (Video documentary short) Herself  2008 NT2: On Location (Video documentary short) Herself  2008 NT2: Underground Action (Video documentary short) Herself - Episode #15.45 (2008) ... Herself - Guest - Episode #14.21 (2006) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2007 Rachael Ray (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2007 Top Gear (TV Series) Herself  2007 British Film Forever (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  2007 The Best of Masterpiece Theatre (TV Special documentary) Herself  2007 ITV Lunchtime News (TV Series) Herself - Oscar Winner / Herself - Oscar Nominee  2007 Five News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Winner / Herself - BAFTA Nominee  2007 Channel 4 News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Nominee  2007 ITV News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Nominee  2006-2007 Corazón de... (TV Series) Herself  2007 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actress (segment "The Dame") - Poisoned/Betty Ford/The Dame (2007) ... Herself - Actress (segment "The Dame") (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2007 2007 Britannia Awards (TV Special) Herself  2006 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Herself  2006 TV's 50 Greatest Stars (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  1978-2006 Parkinson (TV Series)  2006 Bloody Business (Video documentary) Herself  2006 Hollywood Greats (TV Series documentary) Herself  2006 Best Ever Muppet Moments (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2005 Drama Connections (TV Series documentary) Herself  2005 Cast & Crew (TV Series documentary) Himself  2005 Britain's Finest (TV Series documentary) Herself  2005 Los Angeles (Documentary short) Herself  2004 'Calendar Girls': Creating the Calendar (Video documentary short) Herself / Chris  2004 'Calendar Girls': The Naked Truth (Video documentary short) Herself / Chris  2004 Go' morgen Danmark (TV Series) Herself  2002 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) Herself  2002 The Making of Gosford Park (TV Short documentary) Herself  2001 The BAFTA TV Awards 2001 (TV Special documentary) Herself  2001 The Authenticity of Gosford Park (Video documentary short) Herself  1997 The South Bank Show (TV Series documentary) Herself - Presenter: Theatre Award  1997 Ruby Wax Meets... (TV Series documentary) Herself - Guest  1996 TFI Friday (TV Series) Herself  1996 Reading Rainbow (TV Series) Herself  1996 French and Saunders (TV Series) Herself  1994 Entertainment Cops (TV Movie) Herself  1994 Children of God (TV Movie documentary) Narrator  1993 Hollywood Women (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  1991 6 O'Clock Live (TV Series) Herself  1990 The London Programme (TV Series documentary) Herself  1989 Aspel & Company (TV Series) Herself - Guest - Episode #5.1 (1981) ... Herself - Guest  1976 Arena (TV Series documentary) Herself  1971 Behind the Scenes (TV Series documentary) Herself / Valerie - Helen Mirren (1970) ... Herself - Guest Hide   2016 The Insider (TV Series) Herself  2015-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actress / Herself - Actress (segment "The Dame")  2009-2015 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2015 TFI Friday (TV Series) Herself  2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Herself  2013 The Many Faces of... (TV Series documentary) Herself / Various Characters  2013 Movie Guide (TV Series) Victoria  2012 The 70s (TV Series documentary) Herself  2011 Celebrity Naked Ambition (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2010 ITV Lunchtime News (TV Series) Herself  2009 Buscando a Penélope (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2008 Oscar, que empiece el espectáculo (TV Movie documentary) Herself (uncredited)  2008 Reinventando Hollywood (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2007 The Blair Years (TV Series documentary) The Queen  2007 The Colbert Report (TV Series) Herself  2007 Canal+ en Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2007 Canada A.M. (TV Series) Herself  2007 Penélope, camino a los Oscar (TV Movie documentary) Herself (uncredited)  2001 On the Edge (TV Movie) Distinguished Woman (segment "Happy Birthday") Personal Details Other Works: She acted in William Shakespeare's play, "Two Gentlemen of Verona," at the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre production at the Aldwych Theatre in London, England with Ian Richardson, Peter Egan, Patrick Stewart, Estelle Kohler, and Sebastian Shaw in the cast. Robin Phillips was director. See more » Publicity Listings: 4 Print Biographies | 14 Interviews | 48 Articles | 13 Pictorials | 18 Magazine Cover Photos | See more » Official Sites:
Helen Mirren
Who was named the new host of Channel 4's Countdown?
Helen Mirren - IMDb IMDb Actress | Producer | Director Dame Helen Mirren was born in Queen Charlotte's Hospital in West London. Her mother, Kathleen Alexandrina Eva Matilda (Rogers), was from a working-class English family, and her father, Vasiliy Petrovich Mironov, was a Russian-born civil servant, from Kuryanovo, whose own father was a diplomat. Mirren attended St. Bernards High School for girls, ... See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 29 Aug 2011 a list of 29 images created 22 May 2013 a list of 21 people created 01 Dec 2013 a list of 28 people created 22 Feb 2014 a list of 23 people created 5 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Helen Mirren's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 115 wins & 122 nominations. See more awards  » Known For The Debt Rachel Singer (Tel Aviv 1997) (2010)  2005 Third Watch (TV Series) Annie Foster  2004 American Masters (TV Series documentary) Narrator  2002 Door to Door (TV Movie) Mrs. Porter  1998 Tracey Takes On... (TV Series) Professor Horen  1997 Painted Lady (TV Movie) Maggie Sheridan  1996 Losing Chase (TV Movie) Chase Phillips Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa - Total War (1996) ... Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa (voice) - Collapse (1996) ... Princess Evelyn Blucher / Margaret Randa (voice)  1993 The Hidden Room (TV Series) Sarah  1989 Cause célèbre (TV Movie) Alma Rattenbury  1987 Faerie Tale Theatre (TV Series) Princess Emilia  1985 The Twilight Zone (TV Series) Maddie Duncan (segment "Dead Woman's Shoes")  1979-1982 Play for Today (TV Series) Celia / Angela  1981 BBC2 Playhouse (TV Series) Mrs. Reinhardt  1979 S.O.S. Titanic (TV Movie) Stewardess: May Sloan  1979 ITV Playhouse (TV Series) Joanne  1975 The Philanthropist (TV Movie) Celia  1996 Some Mother's Son (associate producer) Hide   2008 Galantuomini (very special thanks)  2004 Frasier (TV Series) (thanks - 1 episode)  2016 Good Morning Britain (TV Series) Herself - Interviewee / Herself - 'Brigitte'  2010-2016 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2014-2016 The Insider (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself  2016 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 Good Morning America (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2006-2016 The View (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2016 Access Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2015-2016 Documentary Now! (TV Series) Herself - Host - Final Transmission (2016) ... Herself - Host - Globesman (2016) ... Herself - Host  2016 WGN Morning News (TV Series) Herself  2006-2016 Film 2016 (TV Series) Herself - Interviewee  2015 Celebrity Style Story (TV Series) Herself  2015 Red Nose Day (TV Special) Herself  2007-2015 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2015 CBS News Sunday Morning (TV Series documentary) Herself  2014 Le grand journal de Canal+ (TV Series documentary) Herself  2007-2014 60 Minutes (TV Series) Herself - Actress - High Jinks/The Venom Hunters/The Dame (2007) ... Herself - Actress (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2014 Newsnight (TV Series)  2014 And the Oscar Goes To... (TV Movie documentary) Herself - Actress  2010-2013 The Daily Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2013 TVGN Movie Special: Red 2 (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2013 Weekend Ticket (TV Series short) Herself  2013 Fantastic (TV Series documentary) Herself  2013 Goodbye Granadaland (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2012 Shakespeare Uncovered (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  2010-2012 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2012 The Diamond Queen (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actor  2011 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series) Herself  2011 Arabia 3D (Documentary short) Narrator - Episode #1.4 (2011) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2010-2011 Daybreak (TV Series)  2011 The Big Picture (TV Series) Herself  2011 Film Fiend (TV Series) Herself  2010 Loose Women (TV Series) Herself  1994-2010 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2010 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2008-2010 The One Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2009 Toy Stories (TV Series documentary) Herself - Episode #16.12 (2009) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren) - Episode #13.3 (2007) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2009 30 Rock (TV Series) Herself  2009 Movie Connections (TV Series documentary) Herself  2008 The Perfect TV Detective (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2008 Drama Trails (TV Series documentary) Herself  2008 How TV Changed Britain (TV Series documentary) Herself  2008 NT2: Set in History (Video documentary short) Herself  2008 NT2: On Location (Video documentary short) Herself  2008 NT2: Underground Action (Video documentary short) Herself - Episode #15.45 (2008) ... Herself - Guest - Episode #14.21 (2006) ... Herself - Guest (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2007 Rachael Ray (TV Series) Herself - Guest  2007 Top Gear (TV Series) Herself  2007 British Film Forever (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  2007 The Best of Masterpiece Theatre (TV Special documentary) Herself  2007 ITV Lunchtime News (TV Series) Herself - Oscar Winner / Herself - Oscar Nominee  2007 Five News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Winner / Herself - BAFTA Nominee  2007 Channel 4 News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Nominee  2007 ITV News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Nominee  2006-2007 Corazón de... (TV Series) Herself  2007 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actress (segment "The Dame") - Poisoned/Betty Ford/The Dame (2007) ... Herself - Actress (segment "The Dame") (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2007 2007 Britannia Awards (TV Special) Herself  2006 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Herself  2006 TV's 50 Greatest Stars (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  1978-2006 Parkinson (TV Series)  2006 Bloody Business (Video documentary) Herself  2006 Hollywood Greats (TV Series documentary) Herself  2006 Best Ever Muppet Moments (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2005 Drama Connections (TV Series documentary) Herself  2005 Cast & Crew (TV Series documentary) Himself  2005 Britain's Finest (TV Series documentary) Herself  2005 Los Angeles (Documentary short) Herself  2004 'Calendar Girls': Creating the Calendar (Video documentary short) Herself / Chris  2004 'Calendar Girls': The Naked Truth (Video documentary short) Herself / Chris  2004 Go' morgen Danmark (TV Series) Herself  2002 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) Herself  2002 The Making of Gosford Park (TV Short documentary) Herself  2001 The BAFTA TV Awards 2001 (TV Special documentary) Herself  2001 The Authenticity of Gosford Park (Video documentary short) Herself  1997 The South Bank Show (TV Series documentary) Herself - Presenter: Theatre Award  1997 Ruby Wax Meets... (TV Series documentary) Herself - Guest  1996 TFI Friday (TV Series) Herself  1996 Reading Rainbow (TV Series) Herself  1996 French and Saunders (TV Series) Herself  1994 Entertainment Cops (TV Movie) Herself  1994 Children of God (TV Movie documentary) Narrator  1993 Hollywood Women (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself  1991 6 O'Clock Live (TV Series) Herself  1990 The London Programme (TV Series documentary) Herself  1989 Aspel & Company (TV Series) Herself - Guest - Episode #5.1 (1981) ... Herself - Guest  1976 Arena (TV Series documentary) Herself  1971 Behind the Scenes (TV Series documentary) Herself / Valerie - Helen Mirren (1970) ... Herself - Guest Hide   2016 The Insider (TV Series) Herself  2015-2016 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself  2007-2016 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actress / Herself - Actress (segment "The Dame")  2009-2015 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest / Herself  2015 TFI Friday (TV Series) Herself  2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Herself  2013 The Many Faces of... (TV Series documentary) Herself / Various Characters  2013 Movie Guide (TV Series) Victoria  2012 The 70s (TV Series documentary) Herself  2011 Celebrity Naked Ambition (TV Movie documentary) Herself (as Dame Helen Mirren)  2010 ITV Lunchtime News (TV Series) Herself  2009 Buscando a Penélope (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2008 Oscar, que empiece el espectáculo (TV Movie documentary) Herself (uncredited)  2008 Reinventando Hollywood (TV Movie documentary) Herself  2007 The Blair Years (TV Series documentary) The Queen  2007 The Colbert Report (TV Series) Herself  2007 Canal+ en Hollywood (TV Series) Herself  2007 Canada A.M. (TV Series) Herself  2007 Penélope, camino a los Oscar (TV Movie documentary) Herself (uncredited)  2001 On the Edge (TV Movie) Distinguished Woman (segment "Happy Birthday") Personal Details Other Works: She acted in William Shakespeare's play, "Two Gentlemen of Verona," at the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre production at the Aldwych Theatre in London, England with Ian Richardson, Peter Egan, Patrick Stewart, Estelle Kohler, and Sebastian Shaw in the cast. Robin Phillips was director. See more » Publicity Listings: 4 Print Biographies | 14 Interviews | 48 Articles | 13 Pictorials | 18 Magazine Cover Photos | See more » Official Sites:
i don't know
Which art gallery is located at Bankside, London SE1?
Tate Modern - Modern Art Museum in London England More   The Tate Modern is a Modern Art Museum in London England that focuses on the 20th century.  Included among its masterpieces are paintings by Picasso and Pollock. Dali's Lobster Telephone is one of the exhibits at the museum. Fans of modern art will love the Tate Modern Art Museum.  Best of all: Entry to the Tate Modern is free of charge. London England
Tate Modern
Which Florentine painter who died in 1337 had the oft overlooked surname, di Bondone?
Art Gallery Hire London - SE1 - Southbank - Bankside - Southwark - Venue Hire Three Art Gallery Spaces To Hire Within Five Minutes Walk Of Tate Modern, London Contact: [email protected]   SMS/call: 07984 716 668 Art Gallery Hire London - SE1 - Southbank - Bankside - Southwark - Venue Hire Space 1 - 60 Great Suffolk Street Nolias Gallery offer three art gallery exhibition spaces for hire on a weekly basis. Our main gallery space is 5 minutes walk from the Tate Modern, close to southwark Tube.  Weekly changing Art exhibitions showcasing works from undergraduates and established artists. Open from 1pm until 6pm Monday to Thursday Private viewings on Saturdays From £600 per week Space 2 - 56 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9LX Only 2 minutes walk from London's bustling and creative Southbank district, this gallery space is versatile allowing for talks, performances and visual exhibition. We have hosted dozens of exhibitions and events that cater for a wide range of needs. With this central London location, your art exhibition or creative event can be part of the creative scene that has grown up here over the preceding decades. From £700 per week Contact: [email protected]   SMS/call: 07984 716 668 Space 3 - Union Jack, Union Street, SE1 The Union Jack is a legendary pub exactly half way between Southwark Tube and the Tate Modern. It is a regular stop off for people visiting London's greatest modern and contemporary art museum. We offer exhibitions in this fun space on weekly basis. This is no ordinary pub, why not pop in and see for yourself! From £150 per week
i don't know
What is the more common name for the 'European' or 'Great' Maple?
Common Furniture Woods - A Guide to Furniture Woods | HowStuffWorks A Guide to Furniture Woods Hardwood Manufacturers Beech Common furniture woods have their own distinctive marks, just like each person has his or her own unique fingerprints. Below are some details or characteristics that can help you easily identify the numerous types of furniture woods available. Ash (white ash): Ash is a tough hardwood known primarily for its excellent bending abilities; it's used for bentwoods and for bent furniture parts requiring maximum strength. Ash veneers are also common. Ash varies in color from creamy white or gray with a light brown cast to a dark reddish brown. The price is moderate. Up Next Hardwood Manufacturers Basswood Basswood: Basswood is a common hardwood, often used in combination with rare woods such as walnut and mahogany. Its color varies from creamy white to creamy brown or reddish, with broad rays and sometimes slightly darker streaks. The grain is straight and even. Basswood is close-grained, with very small pores. It is inexpensive. Beech: Beech is another hardwood that bends easily, but it isn't as attractive as ash. Beech is often used with more expensive woods, primarily in inconspicuous places -- chair and table legs, drawer bottoms, sides and backs of cabinets. Beech takes a stain well, and is often stained to look like mahogany, maple, or cherry. Beech is both hard and heavy,and is difficult to work with hand tools. It is inexpensive.  Butternut Hardwood Manufacturers Yellow Birch Birch (yellow birch): Birch, a common hardwood, is used in all aspects of furniture construction. The wood is light yellowish brown, very similar in color and in grain to maple. The grain is quite pleasing. Birch is close-grained. It is moderately expensive. Butternut: This hardwood, often called white walnut, is similar in many ways to walnut. The wood is light brown, with occasional dark or reddish streaks. The grain is pronounced and leafy. Butternut is coarse-textured, with visibly open pores; it is usually filled.  Butternut stains well, and is often stained to look like dark walnut. The wood is light, and is easy to work with hand tools. It is moderately expensive. Hardwood Manufacturers Cherry Cedar Cedar (Eastern red cedar): Cedar, a softwood, is used primarily in chests and closets; it has a distinctive scent, and is effective in repelling insects. The wood is a light red, with light streaks and knots; the grain is quite pleasing. Cedar is close-grained. It should not be bleached or stained. Cedar storage chests should be left unfinished on the inside, and treated with a clear finish on the outside. Cedar is moderately expensive. Cherry (black cherry): Cherry, one of the most valued of hardwoods, is used in fine furniture and cabinets. Its color varies from light brown to dark reddish brown, and it has a very attractive and distinctive grain, often with a definite mottle. Cherry is close-grained, and does not require a filler. A light stain is sometimes used to accentuate the color. Cherry is difficult to work with hand tools, and it is expensive. Hardwood Manufacturers Elm Elm (rock elm, American elm): This hardwood has excellent bending qualities; it's used in all types of furniture, and especially for bentwoods. Elm is light brown to dark brown, often with some red streaks Elm has a distinct grain; rock elm has contrasting light and dark-areas. Because Dutch elm disease has destroyed so many trees, elm has become a rare wood, and can be both hard to find and expensive. Gum (sweetgum, red gum): This hardwood is often used in veneers or in combination with rare woods; it's also used in some moderately priced furniture. Gum is an even brown, with a reddish cast; it sometimes has darker streaks. Its price is moderate to low. Lauan Hickory Hickory (shagbark hickory): This hardwood is noted for its strength, hardness, and toughness; it is used in rockers, Windsor chairs, lawn furniture, and some veneers. The wood is brown to reddish brown, with a straight, indistinct grain; it is open-grained. Hickory is very hard and heavy, and is difficult to work with hand tools. Its price is moderate. Lauan (red lauan, white lauan): This hardwood, a mahogany look-alike, is used in less expensive grades of furniture; it is often sold as Philippine mahogany. The wood varies in color from tan to brown to dark red, with a ribbonlike grain pattern similar to that of true mahogany. Red lauan is more expensive than white. Maple Mahogany Mahogany (New World mahogany, African mahogany): This hardwood is a traditional favorite for fine furniture, one of the most treasured furniture woods in the world. It's also used extensively in veneers. Mahogany varies in color from medium brown to deep red-brown and dark red; the grain is very distinctive and attractive. It is very expensive. Maple (sugar maple): Maple is a strong, dense, attractive hardwood, used in furniture and for butcher blocks. Its color is light brown, with a reddish cast; the grain is usually straight, but also occurs in bird's-eye, curly, or wavy patterns. Maple is difficult to work with hand tools, and is usually expensive. Hardwood Manufacturers Red Oak Oak (red oak, white oak): This abundant hardwood has always been valued for its strength and its attractive grain; It is used extensively for solid furniture and, in modern furniture, for veneers. White oak is a rich grayish brown color; red oak is similar, but with a pronounced reddish cast. Both types of oak are distinctively grained, with prominent rays or streaks. The wood is open-grained. It is moderately expensive; red oak is usually less expensive than white. Pecan: This southern hardwood is quite strong, and is used extensively in dining and office furniture; pecan veneers are also common. The wood varies from pale brown to reddish brown, with some dark streaks; the grain is quite pronounced. The wood is difficult to work with hand tools; the price is moderate. Hardwood Manufacturers Poplar Pine Pine (white pine): This softwood was used extensively for Colonial furniture, and is one of the basic woods of modern furniture; it's used in almost all types of furniture, and is the primary wood used for unfinished furniture. The wood varies from cream to yellow-brown, with clearly marked growth rings; it is close-grained. It is inexpensive. Poplar (yellow poplar): Poplar is a moderately soft hardwood, used in inexpensive furniture and in combination with more expensive woods. The wood is brownish yellow, with a distinctive green tinge; the grain is subdued. Poplar is close-grained wood. It stains very well. Poplar is relatively light, and is easy to work with hand tools. It is inexpensive. Redwood: This distinctive softwood is used primarily for outdoor furniture; it is resistant to decay and insects, and is rarely finished. The wood is a deep reddish brown, with well-marked growth rings. It is moderately hard, and is easy to work with hand tools; its price varies regionally. Rosewood Rosewood (Brazilian, Indian, or Ceylonese rosewood): This hardwood, like mahogany, is one of the finest and most valued furniture woods; it's also used for veneers. Rosewood varies in color from dark brown to dark purple, with rich, strongly marked black streaks. Rosewood is difficult to work with hand tools, and is very expensive. Satinwood (East Indian satinwood): Satinwood has always been prized for fine hardwood veneers and also for use in decorative inlays and marquetry. Its color varies from bright golden yellow to a darker yellowish brown, with a very distinctive and attractive mottled or ribbon-striped pattern. It is very expensive. Teak Hardwood Manufacturers Sycamore Sycamore: This hardwood is used extensively in inexpensive furniture and in veneers; it is very resistant to splitting, and is also a favorite wood for butcher blocks. The wood varies from pinkish to reddish brown in color, with prominent, closely spaced rays; the grain pattern is distinct. It is moderately easy to work with hand tools, and moderately priced. Teak: Teak is one of the choice furniture hardwoods, and has traditionally been used for both solid pieces and veneers. Teak varies from rich golden-yellow to dark brown, with dark and light streaks.  It is very expensive. Walnut Walnut (black walnut, European walnut): Walnut has traditionally been used for fine furniture, and is still in demand today; it is commonly used in veneers. Walnut is chocolate brown, sometimes with dark or purplish streaks; its grain is very striking and attractive. It is very expensive. Other woods:  Although most furniture is made from the woods listed above, many other woods are used in furniture construction.
Sycamore
Which former Italian Prime Minister was kidnapped and murdered in 1978?
WOOD SPECIES IN FURNITURE WOOD SPECIES IN FURNITURE     ALDER Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family (Family Betulaceae). Alder is appreciated for its bright tone, and has been adopted by many electric guitar manufacturers.Works very well with both hand and machine tools   Almond wood is reddish. The timber is highly prized for high-grade cabinetwork,,   APPLE  WOOD Apple wood (Malus sylvestris, Malus pumila) ranges in color from yellow to pink to orange. It usually has an irregular grain, which gives it a very interesting patterns for furniture, as inlays and for marquetry designs.   ASH Ash, Fraxinus spp., is a harwood, average to somewhat difficult to carve. Ash may require a filler, before finishing, depending on the intended result. density 0.54 - 0.66 Beech (Fagus) is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae   BIRCH Birch wood is fine-grained and pale in colour. The wood of yellow birch is heavy, hard and strong with good crushing strength and shock resistance. density 0.67   BOXWOOD A whitish-yellow color, without any figure. Used mainly as an inlay or for stringing lines from the sixteenth century.   CEDAR Cedrus or cedar, a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae insect-repellent and light-weight.   CHERRY The heartwood of cherry varies from rich red to reddish brown and will darken with age and on exposure to light. In contrast, the sapwood is creamy white. The wood has a fine uniform, straight grain, satiny, smooth texture, and may naturally contain brown pith flecks and small gum pockets. family Rosaceae, genus Prunus, Density 600 kg/m3, moderately hard, stiff and strong, fine, closed grain   CHESTNUT Chestnut exist in a wide variety of reddish brown colors. Chestnut (Castanea), some species called chinkapin or chinquapin, is a genus of eight or nine species of deciduous trees and shrubs in the beech family Fagaceae It seasons well and is easy to work with tools but splits easily.   CYPRESS Cypress heartwood is extremely decay and insect resistant due to the naturally occurring preservative known as cypressine. Cypress is the name applied to many plants in the cypress family Cupressaceae, which is a conifer of northern temperate regions It is an ideal choice for house construction, docks, beams, decks, flooring, paneling and siding.   EBONY Ebony is very strong, hard, and dense with irregular grain and fine texture. There is a huge variation in this wood as to how much light color there is.     FIR Firs (Abies) are a genus of 48�55 species of evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. Firs are most closely related to the cedars (Cedrus); Douglas-firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga The wood of most firs is considered unsuitable for general timber use, and is often used as pulp or for the manufacture of plywood and rough timber   HICKORY Trees in the genus Carya Hickory wood is very hard, very stiff, very dense and very shock resistant.   HOLLY White wood type, fine-grained and nearly devoid of figureused, used for inlay and marquetry work from sixteenth century   KINGWOOD Kingwood: Brazilian wood of a rich violet-brown shading into black and showing distinct streaky markings. The name "kingwood" derives from the fact that a couple of hundred years ago, this was the favored wood of French kings for their furniture.   LIME White wood type, fine-grained and nearly devoid of figureused, used for inlay and marquetry work from sixteenth century   MAPLE Some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain, creamy white to off white sapwood-tinged occasionally with slight red brown heartwood Density 600 kg/m3, heavy and strong, very resistant to shock and abrasive wear Grain: closed grain, uniform texture.   MAHOGANY Mahoganyny wood has a fine grain with interlocking parallel runs at times (ribbon) the color is  blood red to reddish brown, sometimes lighter in color with pale red to grayish tinge .   MESQUITE Mesquite (from Nahuatl mizquitl) is a leguminous plant of the Prosopis genus found in northern Mexico and south US in dry areas. Mesquite wood is hard, allowing it to be used for furniture.   OAK Oak(Quercus) wood has a density of about 750 kg/m³, great strength and hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It also has very attractive grain markings.   The peach tree (Prunus persica) is a species of Prunus.   Yellowish-brown wood type. Used for country furniture and for carving   Yellowish wood type. Used for cheaper furniture, doors, and building   POPLAR This plentiful and inexpensive common hardwood is very light and easy to work, with an even texture. Color is generally white to brown Poplar refers to trees in the genus Populus.   ROSEWOOD Rosewood is used in solid and veneer form for very high quality furniture and cabinetmaking because of it's attractiveness.   SATINWOOD Satinwood can be polished to a high gloss. Satinwood is hard, fine-grained and durable with a satinlike sheen, much used in cabinetmaking, especially in marquetry.   SYCAMORE White with fleck. Used from the late seventeenth century as a veneer. Often found on sides or banding of marquetry furniture of the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century. There are two woods that are commonly called sycamore: 1. Platanus occidentalis i has rays. It is what we mean in the USA when we say "sycamore" 2. Acer pseudoplatanus It does NOT have the ray flakes associated with American sycamore.   TEAK Tectona Grandis of the family Verbenaceae Heavy and dense wood, oily nature with good carving properties used for shipbuilding, out-door building and furniture   TULIPWOOD Tulipwood is the yellowish greenish wood yielded from the tuliptree The wood is very light, but very strong. It is often used as a low-cost alternative to walnut and cherry. Most commonly, Tulipwood is the yellowish greenish wood yielded from the tuliptree. Brazilian tulipwood is a different species. A classic high-quality wood, it is very dense with a lovely figure. It is used for inlays in furniture and for small turned items.     WALNUT Walnut (genus Juglans)is tough, medium dense, tight-grained and polishes to a very smooth finish. The colour ranges from creamy white in the sapwood to a dark chocolate colour in the heartwood. Because of its colour and grain it is a prized furniture and carving wood.     WILLOW White wood type, fine-grained and nearly devoid of figureused, used for inlay and marquetry work from sixteenth century   ZEBRAWOOD Zebrawood is a yellow brown heartwood, light sapwood with a dark contrasting grain which gives this wood its Zebra-like appearance. Easy to work with both hand and machine tools, can be sanded pretty easily. The color does not darken over time.  
i don't know
Created by Frank Mason Robinson in 1885, what is possibly the world's best known logo?
20 Famous Logo Designs 20 Famous Logo Designs August 20th, 2008 | Design | If there is one thing that we can learn from famous logos like Nike’s “Swoosh” or FedEx logo, it is that the logo does not have to be complicated to be effective. Hopefully, our collection of famous logo designs will help prove that simplicity is the key to a memorable logo. 01 - Coca-Cola Logo The famous Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton’s bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885. 02 - Audi Logo The Audi emblem is four overlapping rings that represent the four marques of Auto Union. The Audi emblem symbolizes Audi amalgamation of Audi with DKW, Horch and Wanderer: the first ring represents Audi, the second represents DKW, third is Horch, and the fourth and last ring Wanderer. 03 - Apple Logo The Apple logo was created in 1976 by Rob Janoff. The rainbow color theme was used until 1998. 04 - USA Network Logo USA Network logo from 2005 to present. 05 - Pepsi-Cola Logo Pepsi-Cola logo has changed many times over the years. The logo that is used right now was introduced in 1984. 06 - Walt Disney Logo This IBM logo was designed by graphic designer Paul Rand in 1972. 08 - Nike “Swoosh” Logo The Nike “Swoosh” is a design created in 1971 by Carolyn Davidson, a graphic design student at Portland State University. 09 - Nintendo Logo 10 - Puma Logo The logo that we see on the side of all Puma shoes was introduced in 1958. 11 - AT&T Logo 12 - Atari Logo 13 - Google Logo The current official Google logo was designed by Ruth Kedar, and is a logotype based on the Catull typeface. 14 - FedEx Logo The FedEx logo is notable for containing a hidden right-pointing arrow in the negative space between the “E” and the “X”. 15 - Adidas Logo The company registered as adidas AG (with lower-case lettering) on 18 August 1949. The company’s clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel stripes, and this same motif is incorporated into Adidas’s current official logo. 16 - McDonald’s Logo The logo is an image of a “twin-tailed siren”. 18 - LEGO Logo Chanel logo is an overlapping double ‘C’ - one facing forward and the other facing backward. 20 - American Broadcasting Company Logo Alex G The Nike logo is definitely a classic. It’s recognizable everywhere, with or without the brand name…does anyone even use the brand name anymore? =) And the FedEx arrow is actually pretty cool..never noticed it before Aug 20th, 2008 We don’t really know these logos in France : USA Network Logo double “c” in chanel logo mean “Coco Chanel” Aug 20th, 2008 the “usa” one is interesting Aug 20th, 2008 Nike logo is the best. Aug 20th, 2008 I bet there are at least a dozen logos out there, that are better, but the companies never made it to famous. ;) Aug 20th, 2008 bjarki I’ve never seen the usa and At&t logos before :S there are many logos that should be here instead of those two. Aug 20th, 2008 Jim McDish OMG, the Atari Logo! I am going to go digg my old Atari 2600 out of the closet and play some games on it for a while. Gosh its been years! I think I have every game ever made for it too. Whew Yoo RT Nike logo is the best logo ever made! Aug 20th, 2008 drunko Puma doesn’t put that on the sides of their shoes. I guess you don’t remember what the original Clydes looked like. Aug 20th, 2008 Toyota is more recognizable then audi. Aug 20th, 2008 John It should be mentioned that Paul Rand also designed the ABC logo, as well as the original logos for both AT&T and UPS (before each went 3D). Aug 20th, 2008 The abc logo is also very simple and effective. We all start by learning our abcs right? Aug 20th, 2008 Giorgio I would definitely mention Volkswagen’s famous VW logo. I read somewhere it’s one of the most recognized logo in the world; I think it’s #2 after Coca-Cola. It’s also older than those above and very minimalistic in design. Aug 20th, 2008 bitmage That’s not the original Atari logo, as a quick Google image search will demonstrate. That’s the mangled one by Infogrames. Aug 20th, 2008 Lagasaurus Rex USA is a television broadcasting network in well… the USA. They have a generally okay lineup. Aug 20th, 2008 i prefer the NBC logo Aug 20th, 2008 Jake The USA networks logo doesn’t belong here in the slightest. It hasn’t been in use long and its a highly generic logo that doesnt really tell anyone anything. The network has changed logos a lot over time and this isn’t even close to their most famous. Aug 20th, 2008 Aug 20th, 2008 leedo Google is successful despite it’s ameteurish logo. The bevel, dropshadow, and use of color are painful. Tough to argue with success though. Aug 20th, 2008 the RR should’ve been here too Aug 20th, 2008 John What about the Sports Center logo? I love that one, it’s one of the best I’ve ever seen. And I don’t see the University of Tennessee’s “Power T” up there… another unforgivable mistake. Aug 20th, 2008 Joe There’s so many notable logo’s and I understand you couldn’t list them all, but if you were going to list one broadcasting company logo, the NBC “Peacock” logo is a lot more memorable than the new ABC logo. Aug 20th, 2008 Garret Why Audi? What about Mercedes’ Tri-star, or Honda’s “H?” Those are much more well known throughout the world. Aug 21st, 2008 coool list, USA logo rocks Aug 21st, 2008 This is new adidas logo. The old one should have three leaves with three stripes Aug 21st, 2008 the google logo shows that content and use far outweigh logo design. Aug 21st, 2008 Jake once you know about the secret fedex arrow, my friends, it is ALL you see…it’s tragic, really Aug 21st, 2008 OGC, still my favourite logo. Aug 21st, 2008 No body mentioned the chup-a-chup logo, designed by Salvador Dali? And the best Nike one was the Air Jordan logo… huge dunk=cool logo. Aug 21st, 2008 I’ll never look at the FedEx logo the same way again XD Aug 21st, 2008 DeadNed this is bullshit. the only reason this logos are so damn famous is because large cooperations use them to brand products. It has nothing to do with logo design, but rather with marketing. Aug 21st, 2008 i remember the day i finally noticed the arrow in the fedex logo, blew my mind. Aug 21st, 2008 Aug 21st, 2008 james while simplicity and clean design does make a logo stand out, there is a fine line of a difference between a WELL designed logo vs a known/recognizable logo. the latter is mostly due to plastering the logo on everything and anyone so it’s always seen hence remembered. As a few have pointd out, google’s logo is NOT a good design logo. If you want to be more picky about it, the topic for this is “famous” logos. If that’s the case then it should be logos that have stood the test of time and have not changed. The only one that do belong would be the nike logo, and more importantly the ibm logo. coca-cola no long uses that logo as their dominant logo, but instead they go with the distinctive coke glass bottle silhouette. here’s a tid-bit about the nike logo. nike is actually the name of a greek goddess. a winged goddess. the concept behind the “swoosh” was derived from the curve of nike’s wing. Aug 21st, 2008 Sid1662 A bit more information is needed The IBM logo. Rand originally designed a basic (no sripes) version in 1956, then a secondary (13 stripes) version in 1967 and finally this simplified (8 stripes) in 1972 (as mentioned). Aug 21st, 2008 SD never seen at&t and abc’s logo’s before… so how famous are they? Internet is a worldwide medium. Not just an friggin american playground. But I miss a bit of info about all the logo’s, like why they look like they look, and who made them, and maybe some crossing logo’s? i can’t believe nintendo’s logo has allways been like that. Aug 21st, 2008 Re: the USA logo, does no one else see the dueling phallus imagery? Aug 21st, 2008 I was trying to think of *famous* broadcasting logos. The BBC is the only one I can think of that isn’t local. For Australia the ABC logo is probably the most recognisable, being a 3 loop lissagous figure. My favourites are the TDK logo. (looks like a faceted diamond) The old Pioneer Logo (the tuning fork in the Omega) The yamaha logo. (the 3 tuning forks) The Commodore logo. (the C with the =) Aug 21st, 2008 You forgot Sun Microsystem Logo..They have the best logo. Aug 21st, 2008 what about amd logo ? (the old green one) Aug 21st, 2008 Rotate the OGC logo 90 degress clockwise and you get some very nefarious action. Shock horror. Aug 22nd, 2008 you left off one of the most famous logo designs that was created by Milton Glassier. I <3 NY Aug 22nd, 2008 Tropos I agree with BPO. Milton Glasser’s I love New York campaign logo is one of the most famous, memorable and the first one using the heart icon to substitute the love word. Some of the logos on this article are not good logos at all. Their publicity campaigns are. sorry 4 my english Aug 23rd, 2008 joshua Google logo is horrific. It would be much better with only blue and yellow, but that’s just for starters. Aug 24th, 2008 Katya The Nike Swoosh like said above was designed by a student and she was paid like $700 for it or something. Then after Nike became the company it is today the CEO or someone important from Nike thought it wasnt fair on the girl and they paid her much much more. Coca Cola if u look at the “Col” side ways u can see a girl drinking from a straw :) Aug 24th, 2008 i dont think americans think there is life after U.S.A! at least change the title to 20 famous logo designs in america! Aug 25th, 2008 The coke logo is still the best :D Aug 25th, 2008 wait they made these without photoshop? Aug 27th, 2008 Nigel I’m an American, and I don’t understand the inclusion of the USA logo. Just not up to par with many other logos mentioned in the comments. Aug 29th, 2008 Brandon I don’t think the point of this post is that these are the 20 MOST famous designs, it’s not an end all, be all list of logos. It is a list of 20 effective logos demonstrating simplicity in design. Rather than complaining about the designs listed, why not try to offer additional logos that people can be inspired by? Aug 30th, 2008 Telsan One you forgot was the Dolby logo. Similar to the coco design it is 2 D’s. One facing forwards and one backwards. They stand for Dr.[Ray]Dolby, the inventor. Aug 31st, 2008 I have always been a huge fan of the FEDEX and the AUDI logo’s, great post! Sep 1st, 2008 Google has undoubtedly the worst logo ever! Sep 2nd, 2008 all of them r beautiful!!!! but nike is an other thing Sep 5th, 2008 Donald Most of these replies don’t really apply. The title of this list is “20 Famous Logo Designs”. And there they are…twenty famous logo designs, as promised. Not the MOST famous, and definitely not the best designs. But, hey, you gave us what we paid for. Thanks. Sep 5th, 2008 It also helps if it all can be squeezed into a 16X16 pixel square(favicon) walt disney logo is the best. Oct 14th, 2008 walt disney logo is the best. Oct 17th, 2008 This is Very good collection. I want to see all your collections. Oct 20th, 2008 Cutelilpsycho Did you know that the girl who designed the Nike-logo was the winner of a competition and got payed 5 dollars to give up the rights to it? Oct 22nd, 2008 What they didn’t mention is that the atari logo is a stylized Mt Fuji. Oct 31st, 2008 biff Oh and cute, orginally she was only paid 60 bucks, but Nike did realize that she diserved more and she was eventually given a lot more money and stocks in Nike.. so she did get an even shake in the end. Just FYI.. :D Nov 14th, 2008 Gerald Christian ASTIG TOH PRE. It help me a lot in designing logos… This is a reference for designers to designs logo which will have an impact to people. Nov 30th, 2008 Logos have come a long way in the past years. These are some great examples of the most well known logo designs. Thanks for sharing them, they are great. Dec 15th, 2008 billybazooka I think the Nike logo is overrated. It’s elegant, simple, and perfect for its intended use - to look cool on a shoe. It’s like drawing an X and saying, okay, we’re done here. It’s perfect. It does what it’s supposed to do. But did it take a brilliant sense of design? Not at all. It simply took good taste and lots of restraint, and being satisfied with the little effort it took to draw such a swoosh. We should give more credit to the design that is more sophisticated. Dec 29th, 2008 Wonder what does the arrow signify in the FedEx logo? Is it direction, growth, movement, success, sharpness or drive or ?? Jan 1st, 2009 Logo Factory Design Studio I was going to write up a ‘famous logo designs’ post for our blog, but found this. Not much point for me to do so now. You’ve done such a smashing job on this list, I’ll just send folks here… Jan 16th, 2009 Anyanwu I feel like the kid on “Sixth Sense” but instead of seeing dead people I see logos….everywhere. Could there possibly be room for one more? These classics take on new significance. Jan 19th, 2009 Audi has a pretty sweet logo if you ask me ;) Mar 31st, 2009 I like the way Google can adapt their logo for different occasions throughout the year - clever. Apr 21st, 2009 all logos are best creative graphic designers thank you May 27th, 2009 Chevrolet logo is one of the most popular! even i dont like it a lot! Jun 8th, 2009 Chaz DeSimone Paul Rand did not design the AT&T logo; it was Saul Bass. Today’s version is an excellent example of taking an original flat logo that represents a globe and actually transforming it into a dimensional globe, retaining the original design concept. (I wish they had retained the original type where the cap ATT snuggled the ampersand.) Jun 30th, 2009 Chaz DeSimone Target has one of the most efficient logos: Everything about it is meaningful: it is truly a target; it is red and white as most targets are; it fits into every space nicely, whether main element or background. This is MUCH more creative than the Nike logo, which could stand for any brand name. Jun 30th, 2009 The first clever use of the negative S was for USLife. It works equally well for usa, being a slightly different effect. Jun 30th, 2009 Sep 21st, 2009 Kevin I think the Guinness logo should be in there as well. It’ll prob be even more well known after Arthur Guinness Day 2mo :) Sep 23rd, 2009 Kevin Oh and would i be right in saying that whoever chose these logos is an American? Just because it’s american doesnt mean it’s as famous around the world. AT&T, USA, ABC and Atari. They are well known no doubt (except for usa) but Mcdonalds, Sony, loads of car brand logos and sports logos should make the list well ahead of these! Sep 23rd, 2009 Hank M AMERICA WEST — talk about a great logo for a company that went belly up. (Of course you can’t find any remnant of it on the web anymore.) You can clearly make out the letters A W, but the shapes also suggest the sun over a mountain range. For an airline that was based in the Rocky Mountains, this was topnotch design. (Too bad they couldn’t operate an airline.) Oct 15th, 2009 Cool website it helped me with the school prog thing… Oct 20th, 2009 Chanel is the best one. Dec 9th, 2009 Cool website it helped me with the school prog thing… Dec 19th, 2009 Did you know that the girl who designed the Nike-logo was the winner of a competition and got payed 5 dollars to give up the rights to it? Jan 22nd, 2010 Fedex logo is the coolest thing in this post. Great read. Feb 22nd, 2010 Faith Owens i didnt see it on the website but in the safe auto logo there is a review mirror if you look at it. its easy to see but some people may not see it. Mar 7th, 2010 I really like the changing style of the google logo Mar 15th, 2010 Where is Pizza Hut Logo, I love that logo. Apr 26th, 2010 lego logo is very amusing!!! playng with lego is still better!!! May 9th, 2010 The FEDEX negative space, is just simply genius. May 18th, 2010 Scott Duncan Great job putting together the list. Does anyone else find the use of negative space in the USA Network logo a little bit awkward? May 23rd, 2010 I think the star bucks and nike are cool.=) Nov 25th, 2010 Alex I live in the states, so i know all of these logos, but a lot of people dont live here, and dont know what USA or AT&T Logo’s are, and there are easily way more famous logos to put into here that are known world wide Jan 26th, 2011 Robert You forgot the cross. The most recognized symbol on earth is the christian cross that jesus carried to his death. Coke is actually at a distant 2nd. Mar 20th, 2011 verizon totally copied nike’s whole check mark thing. lameeeeeeee. it is a sweet logo though. simple yet you remember it….. Apr 16th, 2011 Greg What about the BBC logo. Being the biggest Broadcaster and News outlet surely it is recognised world wide even in poorer countries. Apr 20th, 2011 Adidas is the best fosho May 5th, 2011 Tracey I dont think there is a person alive who doesnt think the nike swoosh and “just do it” campaign is the best marketing ever! Most of the ones here are pretty simple which seems to be the best way to go. Aug 4th, 2011 Anil Nike, Fedex, coco cola, apple is the best of the world. But please define fonts meaning (lowercase, titlecase & upper case) for my knowledge. Aug 20th, 2011 Nov 15th, 2011 Andy Robet, the cross is not a logo. I wish a music companys logo had been included, like Fender or Gibson for example. Those are international logos that apply to music which is also world wide. :D Dec 9th, 2011 The NIKE logo is the Newport Cigarettes “Swish” inverted; an ironic sports factoid… Jan 30th, 2012 Mousam Nike and the puma is the best among all the above logos. Isn’t it frndzz Mar 6th, 2012 McDonald’s should obviously be first! They are without a doubt the most widely recognized brand. From little toddlers to adults! Mar 16th, 2012 Darren Actually Visa should be number 1, all of those places probably have a visa logo in their establishments. Also why would Windows logo not be on there, all of those establishments save for apple, have probably got something in their establishment with a windows logo on it. Some of them just don’t make sense, why audi, they make nice cars but that logo is rarely used. There are so many more that should be traded out. Jun 25th, 2012 supercoolbritishperson I’m doing a speech on logos, so this has helped a lot, but there are a few I don’t recognise, coming from the uk, such as abc etc… Would appreciate it if anyone knew about THE most recognisable/famous logo in the world? P.s …where is the BBC?! Aug 30th, 2012 Savannah Hunsinger i’m doing a resume on famous logo’s for my 4th period class in rabun county high school! Sep 20th, 2012
Coca-Cola
Which American was awarded a share of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973?
BLT (Basic Logo Types) by Santiago Rodriguez - issuu issuu BLT *BASIC LOGO TYPES * ICONIC Icons and symbols are compelling yet uncomplicated images that are emblematic of a particular company or product. They use imagery that conveys a literal or abstract representation of your organization. Symbols are less direct than straight text, leaving room for broader interpretation of what the organization represents. Iconic logos, one of the most common types, are represented by a single graphical element, When considering iconic logos, it is important to make the symbol fit any of the geometrical shapes. The best shapes to use are symmetrical geometrical shapes. They can be placed almost anywhere and still show balance and are very easy to handle. There is no obligation as to the kind of shape used, you can use any free form shape you want, but you have to be very careful with the placement, so the logo doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t look like it is falling apart. When selecting the shape, you should consider how conservative and stable your company wishes to appear. More complex shapes are often related to companies that are more modern, and basic geometric shapes relate to more classic brands. Apple Inc. For the last few years, the Apple logo has appeared in various colors (aqua color scheme was famous among all). But now Apple has discontinued the use of bright colors in the Apple logo, instead opting for white and rawaluminum color schemes. The polished chrome logo seems to fit ideally. For whatever reason Apple Inc. had to revamp its logo, the new Apple logo got a hearty endorsement by the customers and critics around the world. It can widely be seen on all Apple products and retail stores; and has become one of the world’s most renowned brand symbols. In 1998, with the roll out of the new iMac, Apple began the use of a monochromatic logo—supposedly at the insistence of a newly re-inaugurated Jobs—nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. However, no specific color is prescribed throughout Apple’s software and hardware line. The logo’s shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name “Apple” is usually not even present) and has been included as stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years. Playboy Inc. This popular gentleman’s magazine has been running since 1953, when it was first introduced by Hugh Hefner. The logo depicts the image of a hare because it has a funny and sexual connotation, and looks a bit playful with the bowtie. Hugh believed that the hare in the tuxedo was charming and amusing. By 1959 the brand was already so well known that when letters were sent with incorrect address to the Playboy business they were successfully directed to the correct location. Shell The Shell brand is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world. Known as the “pecten” after the sea shell, the giant scallop, pecten maximus, on which its design is based, the current version of the brand was designed by Raymond Loewy and introduced in 1971. The yellow and orange colours used are thought to relate to the colours of the flag of Spain as Shell built early service stations in the state of California which had strong connections with Spain. Nike The swoosh logo was originally developed by a graphic designer, Carolyn Davidson in 1971. She was one of 35 people who made suggestions as to what logo to use for the organization. The owners met and agreed on Davidson’s design, taking into account her conceptual thinking about the wings of the Greek goddess Nike According to Davidson, Knight asked for a design that suggested movement- originally disliking the swoosh she submitted, but as Knight had deadlines to meet, he ended up using it saying “I don’t love it, but it will grow on me”. Together with Just Do It slogan, the Swoosh logo perfectly expresses the essence of the Nike brand and its philosophy. They show people the way to the determination, needed for reaching a desired mark in their sporting activities. It expresses well a high ambition and a will for victory, which the Nike Company made a part of its brand image and corporate culture McDonalds McDonalds Corporation has become synonymous with fast food and has become one of the largest chains of fast food restaurants in the world. The McDonalds logo has become a symbol of international business expansion and has been termed as ‘part of Americanization and American cultural imperialism’ as it is closely identified with US. The famous Golden Arches in McDonalds logo represent style, significance and a strong corporate identity. It was created by Jim Schindler in 1962 and the idea was first introduced by Dick and Mac McDonald as arch shaped signs on the sides of their then ‘walk-up hamburger stand’. From an angle, those arches looked like the letter “M” and thus, were incorporated in the McDonalds logo as a merger of the two golden arches together Mitsubishi The swoosh logo was originally developed by a graphic designer, Carolyn Davidson in 1971. She was one of 35 people who made suggestions as to what logo to use for the organization. The owners met and agreed on Davidson’s design, taking into account her conceptual thinking about the wings of the Greek goddess Nike According to Davidson, Knight asked for a design that suggested movement- originally disliking the swoosh she submitted, but as Knight had deadlines to meet, he ended up using it saying “I don’t love it, but it will grow on me”. Together with Just Do It slogan, the Swoosh logo perfectly expresses the essence of the Nike brand and its philosophy. They show people the way to the determination, needed for reaching a desired mark in their sporting activities. It expresses well a high ambition and a will for victory, which the Nike Company made a part of its brand image and corporate culture. COMBINATION MARKS Combination Marks are graphics with both text and a symbol/icon that signifies the brand image that you wish to project for your company or organization. Concise text can complement an icon or symbol, providing supplemental clarity as to what your enterprise is all about. A logo that in some manner combines both a symbol and the company name. The symbol and text can be integrated together, side by side, or with one located above the other. A combination logo offers the best of both worlds. This type of logo offers a memorable logo graphic that tells the story of who you are, what you do, and what makes you different, all in conjunction with your business name for easy identification. A combination logo is an excellent choice for a small- or medium-sized company or a company just starting out, to begin to build brand recognition, because a combination logo is both visually strong and explanatory. The symbol can speak to the services that the company offers, while the company name increases the company recognition. From PDF Pásala bien. AT&T After SBC merged with AT&T to form the largest telecommunications company in the United States, we were asked to position this new entity as an approachable, consumer-focused brand. Extensive brand research confirmed that AT&T is an internationally recognized, iconic brand with a valuable heritage associated with integrity and performance. It commands a 98 percent awareness rating across the US. Rather than adopt the SBC name or start from scratch with a new brand identity, we leveraged AT&T’s current brand equity. To signal a fresh, new era we developed an evolution of the classic Saul Bass logo to visually communicate the new brand positioning. AT&T’s logo has been rejiggered to give it a 3-D effect. The actual name will look different, too. Instead of using capital letters, AT&T’s name in marketing materials will be spelled with lower-case letters: at&t. The corporate name — AT&T Inc. — will retain the capital letters. The overhaul is aimed at freshening up the brand. The pint-sized letters, reminiscent of alphabet soup, were a tough sell internally. The new look is more evocative of the Internet generation. Pringles Pringles are especially known for their packaging (invented by Fred Baur), which consists of a tubular can with a foil-coated interior, and a resealable plastic lid; it also has a famous logo, a stylized representation of a man with a large moustache and parted bangs (until 2001, the man, commonly known as “Julius Pringles”, had eyebrows and his bow tie housed the product name.) Cisco The former bridge in a box Identity presented multiple problems to me: It was confining, limited in visual meaning and scope. Furthermore, always reminded me of the bars in a graphic equalizer or bar chart. The new Identity is streamlined, it adequately addresses the goals and aspirations of management’s vision of how it sees itself, what it has become and where it wants to go. Joe Phenom and The King breathed life into an otherwise visually cluttered Identity. Brevity, Clarity and Verve were incorporated to Support Management Vision. Identities need to Accurately Reflect Corporate Mission, Voice, Image and Culture. In that Respect, The New Cisco Identity is a Success. This Identity should last Cisco a Couple of Decades without Revitalization even through Merger and Acquisition. MusicTelevision The MTV logo is one of the most influential devices of “pop culture.” MTV was one of the first television networks to interrupt programming by “popping up” a small version of their logo in the bottom corner of the screen. This small distraction would catch the viewer’s eyes and reinforce to them what they were watching. The MTV logo has always made an instant connection in the minds of most viewers. One of the most unique aspects of the MTV logo is that new versions are always being released. The logos vary in size, but are always made up of a large box-letter, capital “M” complete with lower-case “tv”, in handwriting style font, laid over the lower right quarter of the capital M. The various (and many) treatments of the MTV logo is effective because the wide variety of variations is “hip” and it catches the viewer’s eye Starbucks The logo is a “twin-tailed siren” (the siren of Greek mythology). The logo has been significantly streamlined over the years. In the first version, which gave the impression of an authentic 15th century European woodcut, the Starbucks siren was topless and had a fully-visible double fish tail. The image also had a rough visual texture. In the second version, her breasts were covered by her flowing hair, but her navel was still visible, and the fish tail was cropped slightly. In the current version, her navel and breasts are not visible at all, and only vestiges remain of the fish tails. UPS Renowned brand designer, Paul Rand, designed the third and more simplified version of the UPS logo in 1961. The newly renovated UPS logo featured ‘a bow-tied package above the familiar shield to express the mission of the company’: of offering package delivery as its sole service. ‘As part of the rebranding, UPS adopted its fourth UPS logo, marking the first change in the UPS logo in 42 years’. On March 25, 2003, UPS with the help of FutureBrand, unveiled its new corporate identity with a new UPS logo. The most significant change, in the new UPS logo, was the removal of the bow-tied package above the UPS shield. Ironically “the bow”, which had become one of the most recognized features of the UPS logo, has been subjected to refusal by UPS over decades as the string refrain UPS’s abilities to represent itself in various supply chain services. Additionally, though the decision for its removal is not entirely based on this, the string in the bow-tied package can get caught in UPS’s high-speed sorting machinery. The new UPS logo symbolizes UPS’s expansion from package delivery into a broader array of supply chain services. OR WORDMARK LOGOTYPE A logo can be as simple as having your company name typeset in a unique font. The company name can have a small graphic embellishment – like an underline, or it can appear on a colored background. This is a simple approach that can work for many consultants. If you do go this route, you’ll miss out on some of the benefits that you can get by including a graphic in your company name – namely, that your logo won’t have an image in it to help clients remember it. However, if your company name is long, this approach will help you to keep the logo as clean and simple as possible. And, if your consultancy’s services or goals may change over time, there is no danger of your icon becoming inappropriate – since you don’t have one. One of the considerations when going for a text-based logo is if you have a multi-word business name. If your business name is made up of many words, that are not commonly or easily abbreviated, or when an abbreviation may not be appropriate developing a text logo will keep the logo design as simple and clean as possible. Microsoft Microsoft logo is a perfect example of ‘innovation meets simplicity’. The logo intelligently expresses the company’s mission of providing quality products to the customers with its strong slogan and simple typeface. The Microsoft logo like the company has become synonymous with latest computer technologies, innovative ideas and the comprehensive development of both. The logo consists of a simple typeface with an equally powerful slogan symbolizing potential and passion. Though the Microsoft logo was subjected to major critical transformations over the decades, its principal message has remained largely unaffected. IBM In 1972, a new version of IBM logo was introduced, again designed by Paul Rand. The solid letters were replaced by horizontal stripes, suggesting speed and dynamism. The graphic evolution of IBM logo shows that the IBM logo is an excellent example of a company that uses capitalized block lettering to establish authority without alienating its audience. The IBM logo stands so absolute it looks like it was made by machine, instead of by hand. IBM is recognized as the powerhouse of high-quality computer products and services. The IBM logo is an image of expertise, innovation, service and trust, thereby reinforcing the strength of IBM in the industry. If observed closely, the IBM logo, also known as “Big Blue”, generates a message of “Equality”. The Big Blue IBM logo, with its lower right parallel lines, highlights in the shape of an “equals” sign. Furthermore, the term “BIG” in the Big Blue IBM logo refers to the company’s size in the market share, whereas, the “BLUE” is the official color of the eight-bar IBM logo. Coca-Cola The first Coca-Cola logo was created by John Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885. Thinking that the two Cs would look well in advertising, it was Robinson who came up with the name and chose the logo’s distinctive cursive script. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period. The red and white colored scheme in the Coca-Cola logo was kept simple and distinctive to lure young minds. Coca-Cola logo has been highly popular and is often regarded as the best design ever. The Coca-Cola logo was first advertised in the Atlanta Journal in 1915 and also appeared on the display of Pemberton’s pharmacy. A Coca-Cola dispenser with a Cola-Cola logo was later created by Raymond Loewy. The Coca-Cola logo got registered as a trademark in 1887 and has since then become the brand’s corporate identity. Fedex FedEx is organized into operating units, each of which has its own version of the wordmark, designed by Lindon Leader of Landor Associates. In all versions, the Fed is purple. The Ex is in a different color for each division. Thev corporate wordmark uses a grey Ex. The original “FedEx” logo saw the Ex in orange; it is now used as the FedEx Express wordmark. The award winning[citation needed] FedEx wordmark is notable for containing a hidden right-pointing arrow in the negative space between the “E” and the “X.” Walt Disney The Walt Disney logo, like the company, has served as a beacon for decent family entertainment and worldwide recognition. The Walt Disney logo is a ‘stylized version of the founder’s signature’ that signifies the brand name and promises secure, cheerful and quality American mainstream entertainment. Other than the regular logo, the company uses different logos on its different products. A castle on a blue background version of the Walt Disney logo is used for the movie releases and as the curtain-raiser to its films. The original Walt Disney logo, to a large extent, has retained its uniqueness, however, over the time, different animations and styles were introduced in the Walt Disney logo to complement the entertainment quality and the technological breakthroughs of the era. No doubt, the Walt Disney logo has branded the company. Google Google’s mission statement is “To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”. Since the beginning, Google has closely and zealously worked towards achieving the goal of providing relevant information and innovative products to its customers. Saying that, Google has now become a leader of the web-search industry. Google began as a research project in 1996 by two Stanford University’s Ph.D. students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. It was initially nicknamed “BackRub”, and had many different logos overtime. However, the current Google logo was designed by Ruth Kedar, which consists of the name “Google” in logotype based on the Catull typeface. It has now become the official logo of Google Inc.; a company specializing in Internet search and online marketing. The company uses features that compliment and refer to specific holidays like Christmas, 4th of July, Mother’s Day etc.; birthdays of famous personalities like Albert Einstein, Leonardo Di Vinci, Edward Munch, etc.; and major events like the Olympics, Football World Cup, elections, etc. These special modifications of the Google logo are known as Google Doodles were first designed by the creators of the company in 1999. Logo is a term used to refer to a graphic symbol or emblem commonly employed by commercial enterprises, organisations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. In the days of hot metal typesetting a logotype was a uniquely set and arranged typeface or colophon. At the level of mass communication or simply in the high street a companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand. Logo design is an important area of graphic design, and one of the most difficult to perfect. The logo (ideogram), is the image embodying an organization. Because logos are meant to represent companiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; brands or corporate identities and foster their immediate customer recognition, it is counterproductive to frequently redesign logos.Color is considered important to brand recognition, but it should not be an integral component to the logo design, which could conflict with its functionality. Some colors are formed/associated with certain emotions that the designer wants to convey. For instance loud primary colors, such as red, are meant to attract the attention of drivers on highways are appropriate for companies that require such attention. In the United States red, white, and blue are often used in logos for companies that want to project patriotic feelings. Green is often associated with the health and hygiene sector, and light blue or silver is often used to reflect diet foods. For other brands, more subdued tones and lower saturation can communicate reliability, quality, relaxation, or other traits. Idea and Design by
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Also the proper first name of Milly-Molly-Mandy, what is the doll, Barbie's middle name?
Happy Birthday, Barbie! – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com Cultural icon? Pretty plaything? Whatever your thoughts about Barbie , it’s clear she’s here to stay. Today, the world’s most famous doll celebrates her 53rd birthday and she still doesn’t look a day over 17. So, we decided to wish her well by sharing a few fun facts with our Moms & Babies readers. Check them out below: Barbie’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts and she was first introduced to the market on March 9, 1959. Not alone for long, Barbie’s dreamy boyfriend, Ken, debuted in 1961. Now selling for $20 to $45 each, the first doll retailed for a whopping $3. And the best-selling doll of all time is the Totally Hair Barbie , which was introduced in 1992. For more cool Barbie news, go to barbie.com .
Millicent
Which landlocked African country has a population of nearly 88 million?
Happy Birthday, Barbie! – Moms & Babies – Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com Cultural icon? Pretty plaything? Whatever your thoughts about Barbie , it’s clear she’s here to stay. Today, the world’s most famous doll celebrates her 53rd birthday and she still doesn’t look a day over 17. So, we decided to wish her well by sharing a few fun facts with our Moms & Babies readers. Check them out below: Barbie’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts and she was first introduced to the market on March 9, 1959. Not alone for long, Barbie’s dreamy boyfriend, Ken, debuted in 1961. Now selling for $20 to $45 each, the first doll retailed for a whopping $3. And the best-selling doll of all time is the Totally Hair Barbie , which was introduced in 1992. For more cool Barbie news, go to barbie.com .
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Which car company has featured in the name of cricket's 'Kennington Oval' since 2011?
cricket | sport | Britannica.com Cricket gridiron football Cricket, England ’s national summer sport, which is now played throughout the world, particularly in Australia, India, Pakistan, the West Indies, and the British Isles . England’s Alec Stewart batting in front of Namibia’s Melt Van Schoor during the Cricket World Cup … Michael Walker—AP/Wide World Photos Cricket is played with a bat and ball and involves two competing sides (teams) of 11 players. The field is oval with a rectangular area in the middle, known as the pitch, that is 22 yards (20.12 metres) by 10 feet (3.04 metres) wide. Two sets of three sticks, called wickets , are set in the ground at each end of the pitch. Across the top of each wicket lie horizontal pieces called bails. The sides take turns at batting and bowling (pitching); each turn is called an “innings” (always plural). Sides have one or two innings each, depending on the prearranged duration of the match, the object being to score the most runs. The bowlers, delivering the ball with a straight arm, try to break (hit) the wicket with the ball so that the bails fall. This is one of several ways that the batsman is dismissed, or put out. A bowler delivers six balls at one wicket (thus completing an “over”), then a different player from his side bowls six balls to the opposite wicket. The batting side defends its wicket. Location of wickets and principal playing positions on cricket field. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. There are two batsman up at a time, and the batsman being bowled to (the striker) tries to hit the ball away from the wicket. A hit may be defensive or offensive. A defensive hit may protect the wicket but leave the batsmen no time to run to the opposite wicket. In that case the batsmen need not run, and play will resume with another bowl. If the batsman can make an offensive hit, he and the second batsman (the nonstriker) at the other wicket change places. Each time both batsmen can reach the opposite wicket, one run is scored. Providing they have enough time without being caught out and dismissed, the batsmen may continue to cross back and forth between the wickets, earning an additional run for each time both reach the opposite side. There is an outside boundary around the cricket field. A ball hit to or beyond the boundary scores four points if it hits the ground and then reaches the boundary, six points if it reaches the boundary from the air (a fly ball). The team with the highest number of runs wins a match. Should both teams be unable to complete their number of innings before the time allotted, the match is declared a draw. Scores in the hundreds are common in cricket. Similar Topics Matches in cricket can range from informal weekend afternoon encounters on village greens to top-level international contests spread over five days in Test matches and played by leading professional players in grand stadiums. History Origin Cricket is believed to have begun possibly as early as the 13th century as a game in which country boys bowled at a tree stump or at the hurdle gate into a sheep pen. This gate consisted of two uprights and a crossbar resting on the slotted tops; the crossbar was called a bail and the entire gate a wicket . The fact that the bail could be dislodged when the wicket was struck made this preferable to the stump , which name was later applied to the hurdle uprights. Early manuscripts differ about the size of the wicket, which acquired a third stump in the 1770s, but by 1706 the pitch—the area between the wickets—was 22 yards long. British Culture and Politics The ball , once presumably a stone, has remained much the same since the 17th century. Its modern weight of between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (156 and 163 grams) was established in 1774. The primitive bat was no doubt a shaped branch of a tree, resembling a modern hockey stick but considerably longer and heavier. The change to a straight bat was made to defend against length bowling, which had evolved with cricketers in Hambledon, a small village in southern England. The bat was shortened in the handle and straightened and broadened in the blade, which led to forward play, driving, and cutting . As bowling technique was not very advanced during this period, batting dominated bowling through the 18th century. The early years EU Considers Rules For Robots The earliest reference to an 11-a-side match, played in Sussex for a stake of 50 guineas, dates from 1697. In 1709 Kent met Surrey in the first recorded intercounty match at Dartford, and it is probable that about this time a code of laws (rules) existed for the conduct of the game, although the earliest known version of such rules is dated 1744. Sources suggest that cricket was limited to the southern counties of England during the early 18th century, but its popularity grew and eventually spread to London, notably to the Artillery Ground, Finsbury, which saw a famous match between Kent and All-England in 1744. Heavy betting and disorderly crowds were common at matches. The aforementioned Hambledon Club, playing in Hampshire on Broadhalfpenny Down, was the predominant cricket force in the second half of the 18th century before the rise of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. Formed from a cricket club that played at White Conduit Fields, the club moved to Lord’s Cricket Ground in St. Marylebone borough in 1787 and became the MCC and in the following year published its first revised code of laws. Lord’s, which was named after its founder, Thomas Lord, has had three locations over its history. Moving to the current ground in St. John’s Wood in 1814, Lord’s became the headquarters of world cricket. In 1836 the first match of North counties versus South counties was played, providing clear evidence of the spread of cricket. In 1846 the All-England XI, founded by William Clarke of Nottingham, began touring the country, and from 1852, when some of the leading professionals (including John Wisden, who later compiled the first of the famous Wisden almanacs on cricketing) seceded to form the United All-England XI, these two teams monopolized the best cricket talent until the rise of county cricket. They supplied the players for the first English touring team overseas in 1859. Technical development Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Until early in the 19th century all bowling was underhand, and most bowlers favoured the high-tossed lob. Next came “the round-arm revolution,” in which many bowlers began raising the point at which they released the ball. Controversy raged furiously, and in 1835 the MCC rephrased the law to allow the hand to be raised as high as the shoulder. The new style led to a great increase in pace, or bowling speed. Gradually bowlers raised the hand higher and higher in defiance of the law. Matters were brought to a head in 1862 when an England team playing against Surrey left the field at London’s Kennington Oval in protest over a “no ball” call (i.e., an umpire’s decision that the bowler has thrown an illegal pitch). The argument centred on whether the bowler should be allowed to raise his arm above the shoulder. As a result of this controversy, the bowler was in 1864 officially accorded liberty to bowl overhand (but not to cock and straighten the arm). This change dramatically altered the game, making it yet more difficult for a batsman to judge the ball. Already a bowler was allowed to take a running start from any direction and for any distance. Once the bowler was allowed to release overhand, the ball could then reach speeds above 90 mph (145 km/hr). Though this is not as fast as the pitching speed in baseball , cricket has an additional twist in that the ball is usually delivered so as to bounce on the pitch (field) before the batsman can hit it. Thus, the ball may curve to the right or the left, bounce low or high, or spin toward or away from the batsman. Batsmen learned to protect themselves with pads and batting gloves, and a cane handle increased the resilience of the bat. Only the best batsmen, however, could cope with fast bowling, because the poor condition of most pitches made it yet more difficult for a batsman to predict the motion of the ball. As the grounds improved, however, batsmen grew accustomed to the new bowling style and went on the offensive. Other new bowling styles were also discovered, causing batsmen to adjust their technique further. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies In the early 20th century so many runs were being scored that debate ensued on reforming the “leg-before-wicket ” law, which had been introduced in the 1774 laws to prohibit a batsman from using his body to prevent the ball from hitting his wicket. But the heavy scores were actually due to the performances of several outstanding batsmen, such as W.G. Grace , Sir John Berry Hobbs , and K.S. Ranjitsinhji (later the maharaja of Nawanagar). This was cricket’s golden age. W.G. Grace (right), batting in an 1890s match. The Bettmann Archive In the 20th century there was a series of attempts to aid the bowler and quicken the tempo of the game. Nevertheless, the game by the mid-20th century was characterized not by overwhelming offense but by defensive play on both sides and by a slow pace. In an attempt to shore up a declining fan base, one-day, or limited-overs, cricket was introduced. One-day cricket had first been played internationally when, after a Test match was rained out for the first days, on the last scheduled day of play a limited-overs match was held in order to give the fans some game to watch. The response was enthusiastic, and one-day cricket came into being. In this version of cricket the limited number of overs (usually 50 per side) leads to a faster paced though much-altered game. In one-day cricket there are some restrictions on placement of fielders. This led to new batting styles, such as the paddle shot (wherein the ball is hit behind the wicket because there are usually no fielders there) and the lofted shot (where the batsman tries to hit the ball past the fielders and over their heads). Twenty20 (T20) , a style of one-day cricket consisting of 20 overs per side, debuted in 2003 and quickly became an international sensation. The first Twenty20 world championship was held in 2007, and one-day cricket, particularly Twenty20, became more popular than Test matches worldwide, although Test cricket retained a large following in England. The pace of Test matches increased dramatically in the late 20th century with the introduction of new bowling strategies. Organization of sport and types of competition Trending Topics Lady Flora Hastings County and university cricket Some of the earliest organized cricket matches were between amateur and professional players. From 1806 (annually from 1819) to 1962, the Gentlemen-versus-Players match pitted the best amateurs against the best professionals. The series was ended in 1962 when the MCC and the counties abandoned the distinction between amateurs and professionals. Other early cricket matches took place between British universities. The Oxford -versus- Cambridge match, for example, has been played mainly at Lord’s since 1827 and became a high point of the summer season in London. University cricket was a kind of nursery for county cricket—i.e., matches between the various counties of England. Although the press acclaimed a “champion county” (Sussex) as early as 1827, qualification rules for county cricket were not laid down until 1873, and it was only in 1890 that the format of the county championship was formalized by the counties themselves. Gloucestershire dominated the 1870s, thanks to W.G. Grace and his brothers E.M. and G.F. Grace. From the 1880s to World War I , Nottinghamshire , Surrey , Yorkshire , Lancashire , Kent , and Middlesex constituted the Big Six that dominated county cricket. After World War I the northern counties, led by Yorkshire and Lancashire, largely professional teams, were the leaders. Surrey, with seven successive championships, dominated in the 1950s and Yorkshire in the 1960s, followed by Kent and Middlesex in the 1970s. The 1980s were dominated by Middlesex, Worcestershire , Essex , and Nottinghamshire. Other counties in first-class county cricket are Leicestershire , Somerset , Hampshire , Durham , Derbyshire , Warwickshire , Sussex , Northamptonshire , and Glamorgan . After a postwar boom, slow play and lower numbers of runs characterized the 1950s, and this defensive nature of county cricket led to progressively decreased attendance. In the 1960s the MCC and the counties introduced a one-day knockout competition—called the Gillette Cup (1963–1980), the NatWest Bank Trophy (1981–2000), the C&G Trophy (2000–06), and the Friends Provident Trophy (2006–09)—and a separate Sunday afternoon league (the two competitions were merged in 2010 as the Clydesdale Bank 40), which revived public interest, although most counties remained dependent financially on proceeds from football pools and money received from Test matches and broadcasting fees. The immediate registration of overseas players was permitted, and each county, as of the early 1980s, was allowed one such player, who could, however, still play for his national team. The change worked well for the counties, and it also strengthened the national teams for whom those players appeared. In county cricket, bonus points were created to encourage batsmen and bowlers to play less defensively, and from 1988, to help the development of young batsmen and spin bowlers, four-day games increasingly replaced the three-day format. The longer game gives batsmen more time to build an innings and relieves them of the pressure to score runs quickly. Spin bowlers benefit from the longer game because the pitch wears as the game progresses and permits greater spin. The Cricket Council and the ECB A reorganization of English cricket took place in 1969, resulting in the end of the MCC’s long reign as the controlling body of the game, though the organization still retains responsibility for the laws. With the establishment of the Sports Council (a government agency charged with control of sports in Great Britain ) and with the possibility of obtaining government aid for cricket, the MCC was asked to create a governing body for the game along the lines generally accepted by other sports in Great Britain. The Cricket Council, comprising the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB), the National Cricket Association (NCA), and the MCC, was the result of these efforts. The TCCB, which amalgamated the Advisory County Cricket Committee and the Board of Control of Test Matches at Home, had responsibility for all first-class and minor-counties cricket in England and for overseas tours. The NCA consisted of representatives from clubs, schools, armed services cricket, umpires, and the Women’s Cricket Association. In 1997 there was another reorganization, and the TCCB, the NCA, and the Cricket Council were all subsumed under the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). Marcus K. Williams Rex Alston International cricket International cricket in the early part of the 20th century was dominated by the original members of the Imperial Cricket Conference, England , Australia, and South Africa. Later renamed the International Cricket Conference and then the International Cricket Council , the ICC gradually took over more responsibility for the administration of the game and shifted its power base from west to east. When in 2005 the ICC moved its offices from Lord’s in London—home of the MCC, the game’s original rulers and still its lawmakers—to Dubai , the shift away from the old ways of governance was complete. The priorities of the game changed too. By the turn of the 21st century, only Australia and England still played Test cricket to full houses. Everywhere else, and particularly in India and Pakistan, crowds flocked to see limited-overs internationals. Test cricket became almost an afterthought. Although the power to change the laws of the game have remained with the MCC, the ICC developed its own Code of Conduct for players, officials, and administrators, which sets out disciplinary procedures and protects the spirit of the game. It also organized major international tournaments, including the one-day and Twenty20 World Cups and the Champions Trophy. In 2000 the ICC set up the Anti-Corruption Unit (renamed the Anti-Corruption Unit and Security Unit in 2003) to combat the growing threat of illegal gambling and match fixing. At the beginning of the 2010s, the ICC had 10 full members and dozens of associate and affiliate members. Lord’s Cricket Ground, London. Paddy Briggs Australia One of the founding members of the ICC, Australia remains one of its most powerful countries both on and off the field. The history of cricket in Australia dates to 1803 when the game was introduced by the crew of a British ship. The first intercolonial match took place in 1851 between Victoria and Tasmania , and by the end of the 19th century teams from England were touring Australia regularly. The first official Test match was played in Melbourne in 1877 by Australia and England, beginning the oldest rivalry in international cricket, a series that became known as The Ashes (see Test Matches below). D.M. Jones, batsman for Australia’s team in a cricket Test match, placing the ball to the leg side … Colorsport Cricket is played throughout Australia, and matches are ferociously competitive at every level. All the great Australian players from Sir Don Bradman to Shane Warne developed their skills in club cricket before graduating to the state and national teams, and the Australian style of cricket is marked by aggressiveness with bat, ball, and, often, voice in an attempt to intimidate opponents. Through the 20th century, Australia produced a series of outstanding teams, and the country dominated international cricket into the new century, winning three successive one-day World Cups (1999–2007) and twice recording runs of 16 consecutive Test victories (1999–2001 and 2005–08). In 2005 England’s Test victory over Australia, the first since 1987, was celebrated with an open-top bus ride through the city of London. Australia’s Shane Warne bowling the final ball of his Test career at the fifth Ashes Test match … Rob Griffith/AP Bangladesh In June 2000 Bangladesh became the 10th country to be accorded full Test status. It played its first Test match in November of that year, against India in Dhaka . Known as the Tigers, the Bangladeshi team struggled to perform at the highest level, winning only three of its first 68 Tests. However, Bangladesh has defeated the nine countries that preceded it to Test status in one-day matches, a feat completed with a victory over England in Bristol in 2010. Bangladesh’s first appearance in an international tournament had come in England in the ICC Trophy competition for associate members in 1979. In 1997 Bangladesh won the trophy and qualified for the 1999 World Cup, beating Pakistan in the group stages. A domestic first-class tournament between six regional teams was established in 2000–01. Since Bangladesh gained Test status, cricket arguably has become the most popular sport in the country. India Cricket is played in every corner of India , on city streets, in village fields, and on maidans—open playing fields, the largest of which (such as the Azad, Cross, and Oval maidans in South Mumbai ) can host dozens of overlapping matches. Historically, Indian cricketers have displayed a good eye and strong wrists, and Indian batsmen, most notably Sunil Gavaskar and Sachin Tendulkar , have been some of the most productive and stylish in the history of cricket. The dry flat pitches of the subcontinent have also traditionally produced high-class spin bowlers. Sunil Gavaskar. Adrian Murrell—Allsport The origins of the game in India date to the 18th century. A touring team led by the English gentleman cricketer Lord Hawke played a match against the “All India” team in January 1893. India played its first Test in 1932 and waited 20 years for its first Test victory, against England in Madras (now Chennai ). The game developed so fast in India, however, that by the end of the 20th century India was one of the world’s foremost cricketing countries. With the growth of the Indian Premier League in the early 21st century, it became the undisputed home of Twenty20 cricket and the financial hub of the international game, though the popularity of Test cricket has declined dramatically in India. India’s prominence in one-day cricket was further confirmed when it won the Cricket World Cup in 2011. New Zealand Cricket has always taken second place to rugby in the sports priorities of New Zealanders, but, as in Australia, the game has a strong national structure in New Zealand. The long history of domestic cricket in the country is often dated from the first representative interprovincial match, between Auckland and Wellington , in 1860, though there is evidence that unofficial matches between provinces were played in New Zealand decades earlier. The NZ Cricket Council was formed in 1894 and was admitted to full membership of the ICC in 1926. With only a small base of players on which to draw, New Zealand has always struggled to compete with England and Australia in Test cricket. As in most cricketing countries, the one-day game has proved more popular in New Zealand. In Richard Hadlee, who was knighted in 1990, the country produced one of the greatest cricketers of any era. New Zealand’s Ross Taylor batting a ball as South African wicketkeeper Quinton De Kock (right) … David Rowland/AP Images Pakistan The development of cricket in Pakistan has been chaotic, quixotic , and exotic in roughly equal measure. Under the leadership of Imran Khan , Pakistan won the 1992 World Cup, but often its cricket was blighted by political interference and scandal. A low point was reached in 2010: To begin with, the national team was in virtual exile, unable to persuade other countries to play in Pakistan for fear of terrorist attacks in the wake of an assault in Lahore on the visiting Sri Lankan team bus in March 2009 that left six policemen dead and several players injured. Moreover, three members of the Pakistani team touring England were involved in allegations of “ spot fixing”—that is, fixing the results of certain bowls in return for money—and were banned by the ICC. Huge profits could be made in illegal betting markets in Asia by predicting the results of individual bowls. Only a few years earlier several Pakistan players also had been banned as a result of investigations over match fixing. Yet Pakistan has also produced a host of talented cricketers such as Khan, Wasim Akram , Abdul Qadir , and Inzamam-ul-Haq and has proved itself adept at Twenty20 cricket, winning the T20 World Cup in 2009. South Africa South Africa played its first Test, against England in Port Elizabeth , as early as in 1889. Cricket has been at the heart of the country’s sporting culture ever since. When South Africa was banned from the ICC from 1970 to 1991 because of its apartheid policies, cricket administrators worked quietly to integrate nonwhite players into the system, which was based largely on traditional all-white schools and state teams. When apartheid was abolished, cricket was far more prepared to cope with the social and political changes than was rugby union . Makhaya Ntini, a world-class fast bowler, who made his international debut for South Africa in 1998 and played in more than 100 Tests, served as a role model for the new generation of black cricketers. On the other hand, in 2000 Hansie Cronje , the captain of South Africa, was banned for match fixing in a scandal that brought into question the integrity of South African cricket. It was not until 2003, when South Africa hosted a successful World Cup, that the rehabilitation of country’s cricketing reputation was complete. South Africa has always been a great exporter of cricketers, mainly to England. Allan Lamb and Robin Smith were prominent members of the England team in the 1980s and ’90s; Kevin Pietersen and Jonathan Trott were mainstays of the Ashes-winning side of 2010. Sri Lanka Even before Test status was awarded to Sri Lanka in 1981, the island country was a popular destination for touring teams, particularly for English teams on the way to Australia by boat. Given the disadvantages of its relatively small population and of the civil war that disrupted life on the island for three decades, Sri Lanka developed into a top cricketing country with surprising speed. In 1996 it won the World Cup, beating Australia in the final by playing aggressive, innovative cricket under the inspired leadership of Arjuna Ranatunga. The victory instilled belief in a new generation of players that included Sanath Jayasuriya; Mahela Jayawardene, an elegant and aggressive batsmen; and Muttiah Muralitharan , who in 2010 became the first bowler to take 800 Test wickets. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 devastated the cricket-playing regions of southern Sri Lanka, including the Test match ground at Galle , and took the lives of many promising young players. Nonetheless, Sri Lanka recovered to reach the World Cup final again in 2007. Calamity struck again in 2009, when the Sri Lankan team’s bus was attacked by terrorists on the way to the ground for the second Test against Pakistan in Lahore. Sri Lankans Mahela Jayawardene (right) and Kumar Sangakkara congratulating each other after the … AP West Indies Cricket has been a unifying force in the Caribbean since the West Indies became the fourth Test-playing side in 1928. The islands have generally played other sports as independent countries, but British colonial influence contributed to the formation of a united regional team. For a time in the 1970s and ’80s, when the West Indian team featured a quartet of fast bowlers—led by Michael Holding , Malcolm Marshall , Andy Roberts , and Joel Garner —and batsmen of the destructive capacity of Sir Viv Richards and Clive Lloyd , the West Indies were virtually unbeatable. Blessed with an abundance of talented players and true pitches, Caribbean cricket has always been played with an unorthodox flourish, seen most clearly in the batsmanship of Sir Garfield Sobers , Richards, and Brian Lara . Sir Viv Richards. © Getty Images In the 21st century cricket declined in popularity in the West Indies, a result of a lack of strong administrative leadership and because of the increasing appeal of potentially more lucrative sports such as athletics (track and field), football (soccer) and basketball . After playing in the finals of the first three World Cups (1975, 1979, and 1983) and winning the first two, the West Indian team failed—with the exception of 1996—to reach even the knockout stage of subsequent World Cups, including in 2007, as the host of the event. Zimbabwe Until Test status was granted to Zimbabwe in 1992, the country’s best cricketers, such as Colin Bland, played for South Africa. Indeed, the history of the cricket in the two countries has been inextricably linked. Long before the newly independent and renamed Zimbabwe became an associate member of the ICC in 1980, teams representing its Rhodesian forerunner states had participated in the Currie Cup, the South African domestic first-class tournament (first in 1904–05, then in the early 1930s, and again after World War II). Competing in its first World Cup in 1983, Zimbabwe surprised the world by beating Australia, yet Graeme Hick, arguably the country’s best batsman, left shortly thereafter to play for England. Zimbabwean cricket in the early 21st century has been marked by chaotic administration and political interference. In 2004 Heath Streak was sacked as captain of the national team, precipitating a crisis from which Zimbabwe took years to emerge, including an exile from Test cricket that began in 2006 and ended in 2011. The country’s political volatility during this period had much to do with the situation. In the 2003 World Cup, for example, England forfeited its match in Zimbabwe, citing security concerns. During the same tournament, two Zimbabwe players, Andy Flower and Henry Olonga, wore black armbands to “mourn the death of democracy” in their country. Andrew Longmore Test matches The first Test match, played by two national teams, was between Australia and England in Melbourne in 1877, with Australia winning. When Australia again won at the Oval at Kennington, London, in 1882, the Sporting Times printed an obituary notice announcing that English cricket would be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia, thus creating the “play for the Ashes.” The Ashes, kept in an urn at Lord’s irrespective of which country is victorious, are supposed to be those of a bail burned on the England tour of Australia in 1882–83. For the rest of the 19th century, the two countries met almost yearly. With W.G. Grace , the greatest cricketer of Victorian England, on its side, England was often too strong for the Australians, though Australia had the greatest bowler of this era in F.R. Spofforth and the first of the great wicketkeepers in J.McC. Blackham. Ashes urn. Daniel Greef In 1907 South Africa first played Test matches in England and also took on Australia, whose dominance between the two World Wars was symbolized by the prodigious run scoring of Sir Don Bradman . This period saw a notable growth in the number of Test match countries with the arrival of the West Indies in 1928, New Zealand in 1930, and India in 1932. Don Bradman, 1934. © Lordprice Collection/Alamy The visit of the English side to Australia in 1932–33 severely strained relations between the countries because of the use of “ bodyline” bowling tactics, in which the ball was bowled close to or at the batsman. This scheme was devised by the English captain, D.R. Jardine, and involved fast short-pitched deliveries bowled to the batsman’s body so that the batter would be hit on the upper body or head or, alternatively, would be caught out by one of the fielders on the leg side (the side behind the striker when in a batting stance). The plan was devised to curb Bradman’s scoring, but it led to a large number of serious injuries on the Australian team. The practice was felt to be unsportsmanlike by the Australians, who protested vigorously. The series was played out (with England winning 3–1), but it created bitter feeling on the part of Australia for some time to come. Bodyline bowling tactics were banned soon after the series. After World War II there were Test matches in England every summer, Australia being the most frequent visitor, and the Test ranks were increased by the addition of Pakistan in 1952. There was a steady escalation of tours between the Test-playing countries to the extent that, while the first 500 Test matches were spread over 84 years, the next 500 occupied only 23. Sri Lanka’s entry in 1982 as the eighth Test-playing country came during an era dominated by the West Indies, whose devastating attack was founded, for the first time in cricket history, on four fast bowlers. Zimbabwe was admitted as a Test country in 1992 and Bangladesh in 2000. One-day internationals—answering the complaint that Test matches went on too long—began in 1972. In 1975 the first World Cup was contested in England in a series of one-day matches of 60 overs a side (the number of overs was reduced to 50 in 1987). The event was a great success and continued at four-year intervals. It was held outside England, in India and Pakistan, for the first time in 1987. Sri Lanka defeating Australia at the 1996 World Cup cricket matches. Shaun Botterill—Allsport/Getty Images Test cricket has faced a number of crises since the late 1960s. In one such case in 1969–70, a South African tour of England was canceled because of opposition to South African apartheid. Violence, damage, and disruption of play had been threatened. A further threat to Test cricket was posed by an Australian television network executive, Kerry Packer , who signed many of the world’s leading players for a series of private contests between 1977 and 1979. Reprisals were brought against the players but were overruled after court action in England. The players returned to the fold, but commercialism had taken hold of the game. In 1982 the agreement of 12 first-class English players to take part—in breach of official guidelines—in a commercially sponsored South African tour with fees of up to £50,000 per player led to the players’ being banned from Test cricket for three years. Cricketers from Sri Lanka and the West Indies also toured South Africa and received more stringent sanctions, and the engagement of English professionals as players and coaches in South Africa threatened a serious division between the Test-playing countries that ended only with the repeal of apartheid. Test cricket was again rocked by a scandal that began in 1999 regarding match fixing. While betting on matches had been common in England in the early days of cricket, many Test countries had banned such betting in the modern era. In India and Pakistan betting on cricket was legal, however, and cricketers playing international matches there reported being asked by bookmakers and betting syndicates to underperform in return for money. Members of the Australian, South African, Indian, and Pakistani national teams were all tainted by this scandal, several players were banned from cricket for life, and the integrity of the game was called into question. Marcus K. Williams Rex Alston 21st-century developments The advent of Twenty20 cricket (T20) and the wild success of the IPL in the first decade of the 21st century led to a period of great innovation in the game. The new, truncated form of the game privileged batting, partly by restricting the placement of fielders and shortening the boundaries. To counter free-scoring batsmen with heavy bats, bowlers began to perfect a great variety of different balls (deliveries). Disguise became an essential part of the bowler’s armoury. Slow spin-bowling, which forces the batsman to generate “pace” (that is, to provide the bulk of the power to propel the batted ball, whereas fast bowling contributes more force to the batsman’s swing), proved a surprisingly effective weapon. Among the new shots that became commonplace for batsmen in T20 cricket was the reverse sweep, wherein a right-handed batsman, in mid-delivery, changes hands to swing at the ball like a left-hander (or a left-hander swings like a right-hander). Batters also began employing the scoop, a shot played almost vertically over the wicketkeeper’s head. Test cricket also benefited from these new techniques and from the new era of creativity, not least from the introduction of the doosra, a delivery disguised to look like an off-spinner that actually turns away from the right-handed batsman like a leg-spinner. Developed by the Pakistan off-spinner Saqlain Mushtaq and taking its name from the Urdu expression meaning “the other one,” the ball was perfected by Muttiah Muralitharan of Sri Lanka, Cricket also followed other sports in its use of video technology in making onfield decisions. Initially, from its first trial in 1992, only line decisions such as run outs were decided by referral to a third umpire off the field. But in 2008 a new referral system, in which players were allowed to refer any onfield decision to the third umpire, made its international debut in a series between India and Sri Lanka (it had been put on trial in English county cricket in 2007). Each side receives two referrals every innings (down from three when the system was first tried out). Referrals that result in the umpire changing an original decision are not counted against this total. The system was designed to eradicate an umpire’s innocent but obvious mistake and has been greeted with more enthusiasm by players than umpires. Andrew Longmore Women’s cricket Women first played cricket in England in the 18th century. In 1887 the first club, White Heather, was formed, and it survived to 1957. In 1890 two professional teams known collectively as the Original English Lady Cricketers were in action. In 1926 the Women’s Cricket Association was founded, and in 1934–35 it sent a team to Australia and New Zealand. Australia paid a return visit in 1937, and, since World War II, tours have increased. The International Women’s Cricket Council was formed in 1958 by Australia, England, the Netherlands , New Zealand , and South Africa and later included India , Denmark , and several West Indian islands. A World Cup was instituted in 1973, two years ahead of men’s cricket, and England and Australia played in the first women’s matches at Lord’s in 1976.
The Oval
Its driver Jules Bianchi still in intensive care; which F1 team went bust on 7th Nov 2014?
England v India, 4th npower Test, The Oval: India's last chance to turn up | Cricket | ESPN Cricinfo England v India, 4th npower Test, The Oval August 17, 2011 India's last chance to turn up Though India lacked the aura of the No. 1 teams of the past, they had the resilience and results. After the first three Tests in England, nothing remains 135 The sheen of the last two years has worn off and it is time for a re-tooling of the squad © Getty Images As far as world's No. 1 teams went, India were distinctive because they never really had an aura. In their two-odd years on top, India neither walked the talk like the West Indians of the 1980s and the 90s, nor did they talk the walk like the Australians who followed them. They were never the world's most athletic Test team nor one that possessed a sharp pace attack. India were more men of specific skill and deliberate measure and taken lightly only by the delusionally arrogant. While they didn't have an aura, what they did have though was resilience and results. As of last week, India have none of it. The series against England is gone, the Pataudi Trophy is gone, their No. 1 ranking that they said they did not think about, is gone, and the "good cricket" that took them there is gone with it. For the moment, the Indian cricket team is living in every athlete's nightmare: being seen as yesterday's person. At their first day of training after losing ground they had earned over two years, the Indians stepped onto the Kennington Oval in South London, now called the Kia Oval, after a Korean car company; the word Kia roughly meaning "arising from Asia" in Korean. On this tour, however, the Indians have not risen, but fallen. Once in The Oval today though, they just vanished. From the sight of people gathered near the old pavilion jammed in-between the old gasworks, the new arch, a clutter of advertising hoardings and empty seats. The team was actually on the far side of the ground, hidden by the billowing pitch covers on wheels. They sat in a circle, most of them cross-legged and listened to the coach Duncan Fletcher speak. It is not known what Fletcher actually said in the talk that lasted about ten minutes, as the rest of the support staff stood by at the nets waiting for the nuts-and-bolts business to begin. The Indian dressing room in the past few years has been a fairly quiet and relaxed place with captain MS Dhoni playing the strong-but-silent man and the support staff, particularly Fletcher's predecessor Gary Kirsten and his assistant Paddy Upton being the ones behind the motivational speeches and one-on-ones. The focus in the Dhoni-Kirsten era was more on "personal responsibility" with the aim of turning every man into a self-starter when it came to training and preparation, introducing the idea of frequent "optional" nets and eventually making everyone, "better players and better people." The method was in perfect sync with the team and the time that Indian cricket found itself in; the results that followed after the last tour of England (under five captains in three forms of the game no less) and just before this one were far from illusion, but magic all the same. On this tour, much of it has worn off and a re-tooling is now required by Dhoni, Fletcher and the squad's senior management team. The nets at The Oval on Tuesday were, however, optional and barring Praveen Kumar, every other member of the team turned up, including RP Singh, who India will turn to as the singular trump card to prevent the deck from once again collapsing. India's two previous tries - Sreesanth replacing the injured Zaheer Khan at Trent Bridge and Virender Sehwag returning to open the batting in Edgbaston - have not worked. That Praveen, the most military of the medium pacers, is being hailed as the centre-piece of India's bowling effort is a tale itself. As every Test of the series has become shorter - Lord's went into the fifth day, and Trent Bridge and Edgbaston ended around tea on the fourth day, one after and one before - it is the desperation of the Indian response that has increased. This is the first time since Australia in 1999-2000 that India have lost three straight Tests; the big difference being that the quality available to the Class of 2011 is far more skilled than what was available then, both in experience and expertise. And still, the succession of defeats and the numbers on the scorecards have left the dressing room even quieter. When being told that everyone at home was wondering about where their fight had gone, a player said, "We are fighting, we are trying. Everyone is, everyone wants to succeed. Things just aren't working out." The opposition has been so well-tuned that India's resources, or perhaps, as the talk is about fighting, the weapons, are blunted. They are all amplified by scheduling errors, injuries to key personnel and the lack of cohesion around the squad once the World Cup was won and the IPL dived right into. The series against England is gone, the Pataudi Trophy is gone, their No. 1 ranking that they said they did not think about, is gone, and the "good cricket" that took them there is gone with it. For the moment, the Indian cricket team is living in every athlete's nightmare: being seen as yesterday's person England spinner Graeme Swann said on Tuesday, "Certainly the break that India had from Test cricket worked in our favour. Since we had English conditions playing Sri Lanka building up to this series, it was a chance for everyone to just get ready and raring. Whereas India had those two matches in the West Indies where it was 100 degrees and not swinging." Swann also described what the temperatures in the two dressing rooms would be like. "When you're on a roll, like we seem to be at the moment, it's very easy to carry that on - because your confidence levels are so high, your confidence levels in your team-mates are so high, you never feel like you are behind the eight-ball. You never feel you're in a position you can't win a game from." When things were going badly, what spread was a virus of a different kind. "We all know because we've all been in teams that were in a bit of a bad trot [and] losing games. In a losing situation, [when the shoe is on the other] foot you think, 'Oh my, we are losing this game, we're in a no-win situation'." India's is that kind of a slump, and The Oval is a no-win situation because the series is not on the line; what is however, are questions about the resolve of Dhoni's men. Swann was quick to say, "I certainly wouldn't write off the Indian team because they are a class act and if this wicket is good for batting as it normally is, we have to be absolutely on top our game to keep them under 300." Among many other things, England's batsmen have been given one simple dictum to work with, as Ian Bell revealed in a recent interview. They are not to think of themselves merely as batsmen, but also quite simply just numbers-men. In an England dressing room under Andy Flower and Graham Gooch, "you're not so much a batsman" Bell said, "as a run-scorer". This is the last chance for India's to land up Sharda Ugra is senior editor at ESPNcricinfo © ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
i don't know
Which Scandinavian capital hosted the 2012 European Athletics Championships?
European Athletics - Why Estonia thrives on being the hosts European Athletics European Athletics The Kadriorg Stadium in Tallinn hosted the 2015 European Athletics U23 Championships last summer. This week’s Member Federation spotlight shines on Estonia, a country with a growing reputation for staging European Athletics events When Erich Teigamägi became President of the Estonian Athletic Association in 2006, he had a plan to bring some of the sport’s major events to his country. The vision is now the reality. “I said our dream is to organise the European Junior Championships in 2011 and it became true,” recalls Teigamägi. “The logical next step for me and the organisation was the European U23 Championships and last summer that happened too.” Does that mean they are planning a bid for the European Athletics Championships themselves? “At the moment, to analyse our possibilities, we do not have such a big stadium, even to renovate it,” says Teigamägi. “It is not possible to have the capacity of seats. Secondly, there are not the same hotel standards needed that say Helsinki and Amsterdam have and the budget of 15 million euros that you need is not that easy to put together in Estonia. “So, there are two or three major problems but of course, never say never. Maybe in 10 years or so, our country will want to prove that we are ready.” Estonia plays a major role every year on the European Athletics scene because of its determination to bring international track and field to the people. Tallinn also hosted the 2011 European Athletics Junior Championships In the past 12 years, along with the European Juniors and European Under-23s, it has staged European Cups, European Team Championships and European Combined Events, to name but a few. Tallinn also staged the most important corporate event with the European Athletics Convention at the end of 2013. “We stage events to be a part of European athletics, to be part of world athletics, to give our people a challenge – otherwise life is quite regular with all the same events each year, the same schedule, almost the same people,” says Teigamägi. “(We do it) To make life more interesting for those working in this field in Estonia and who want to be connected with international organisations and it gives people who are not linked with athletics every day, the chance to be part of the sport on the continental level. “The juniors and under-23 championships were really big events and it was also a challenge to organise the end of year European Athletics Convention in 2013.” As with last year’s European Athletics U23 Championships, the majority of competitions are staged in Tallinn, the capital, and at the Kadriorg Stadium, and with each one, the greater the knowledge means a greater understanding of how it works. European Athletics President Hansen with President Teigämägi during the opening ceremony of the U23 Championships in the Tallinn Town Hall Sqaure. Teigamägi says: “Our experience from 2011 gave us more confidence to organise the under-23s after staging the European juniors. “We knew what problems to expect, not that we had any major ones, but we could anticipate how to deal with them. “The most important thing we learned is simple: during these type of events, the most important people are the athletes. We have to arrange meals, transportation from the stadium, and all things like that. Always there are side things – opening and closing ceremonies, dinners with VIPs – but the competition has to be the priority.” Tallinn remains the home of such events because logistics says it has to. “Estonia has approximately 1.3 million people, half of those live in the north of the country, with 400,000 in Tallinn,” says Teigamägi. “But we have the only international airport in Tallinn. “The next city we can organise some of these competitions is Tartu, which is the second biggest city in Estonia, but as it is 186km from Tallinn, it makes transportation a problem. “Tallinn has enough hotels to accommodate athletes, guests, organisations, journalists and technical personnel. “Maybe the smaller competitions, like matches between Baltic States, can be held outside Tallinn but mostly because of logistical reasons it is Tallinn. Our city centre is three kilometres from the airport and our stadium is 1-2 kilometres from major hotels. Everything is almost in walking distance. “From a European perspective, it is a small capital city but for Estonia, Tallinn is big.” If the European Athletics Championships is not yet on the agenda, the SPAR European Cross Country Championships might be. Teigamägi says: “Maybe five or six years ago, I was thinking that December is too cold, then I saw in Budapest (2012) it was minus-8, so probably the European Cross is one of the competitions we can consider organising in the future.” Estonia's Grete Sadeiko finished fifth in the heptathon at the European U23 Championships in Tallinn. EUROPEAN ATHLETICS EVENTS THAT ESTONIA HAS STAGED SINCE 2010 2010 European Cup Combined Events Super League 2011
Helsinki
He famously ignored his orders, who was Nelson's superior at Copenhagen?
Robert Harting ready for Helsinki Leave a Comment Robert Harting Germany’s Robert Harting had understandably been hedging his bets about the 2012 European Athletics Championships until now, following knee surgery last autumn when his recovery initially didn’t progress as well as expected. However, his spate good results this month have lead him to put a trip to Helsinki definitely in his diary. “The European Athletics Championships are now in his plans,” his agent Vera Michallek confirmed to European Athletics. “It’s Helsinki and then London for him,” she added. Harting will almost certainly go to the Finnish capital, which will be the host of the European Athletics Championships from 27 June to 1 July, as the favourite despite the phenomenal depth of European discus throwing at the moment. European throwers occupy eight of the top 10 places in the 2012 world rankings at the moment but Harting is now undefeated in 25 competitions, a streak which extends back to August 2010. His latest victory – his fourth in just over two weeks since he made his 2012 debut earlier this month – came at the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games in the Dutch town of Hengelo on Sunday with a throw of 68.13m. Harting has also demonstrated his great shape by going over 70 metres twice in little more than a week. He went over 70 metres for the first time in his career when he threw 70.31m at the famous Hallesche Werfertage throwing meeting in the German city of Halle on 19 May and improved his world-leading mark three days later to 70.66m in the Czech town of Turnov at the Ludvik Danek Memorial meeting. Harting went undefeated in 16 competitions in 2011, including wins at the SPAR European Team Championships and then the World Championships, and despite having to cope with a painful knee injury from late July. “He’s OK for now but with athletics, you never know what will happen in the future,” added Michallek, answering queries about Harting’s current health status. Harting won at the 2009 and 2011 World Championships but he is currently missing a continental title from his collection. He didn’t get beyond the qualifying rounds at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Göteborg, Harting’s first major international championship as a senior after having won at the European Athletics U23 Championships the year before. Two years ago, in Barcelona, he had to settle for second place behind Poland’s Piotr Malachowski.
i don't know
A name featuring that of a marine mammal, what is the US Navy's equivalent to the SAS?
This final rule is effective November 22, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general questions about this system of records please contact: Donald K. Hawkins (202) 272-8000, Privacy Officer, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 20 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20529. For privacy issues please contact: Jonathan R. Cantor (202) 343-1717, Deputy Chief Privacy Officer, Privacy Office, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC 20528. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) published a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register , 76 FR 34177 (June 13, 2011), proposing to exempt portions of the system of records from one or more provisions of the Privacy Act because of criminal, civil, and administrative enforcement requirements. The system of records is the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records. The DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records Notice was published concurrently in the Federal Register , 76 FR 34233 (June 13, 2011), and comments were invited on both the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) and System of Records Notice (SORN). Public Comments DHS received two public comments regarding the NPRM and one public comment regarding the SORN. NPRM DHS received comments from two individuals regarding the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 NPRM. We have determined not to makes any changes to the Final Rule based on the comments but have made some non-substantive edits for clarity and consistency. Both commenters expressed concerns about DHS exempting records without justification. Pursuant to the Privacy Act of 1974, DHS exempts these records from the access and amendment provisions of the Privacy Act because they may contain classified and sensitive unclassified information related to intelligence, counterterrorism, homeland security, and law enforcement programs. These exemptions are needed to protect information relating to DHS activities from disclosure to subjects or others related to these activities. Specifically, the exemptions are required to preclude subjects of these activities from frustrating these processes; to avoid disclosure of activity techniques; to protect the identities and physical safety of confidential informants and law enforcement personnel; to ensure DHS's ability to obtain information from third parties and other sources; to protect the privacy of third parties; and to safeguard classified information. Disclosure of information to the subject of the inquiry could also permit the subject to avoid detection or apprehension. One commenter had several additional concerns. This commenter contended that individuals are not properly notified about the extent to which their information may be shared. DHS indicates on all information collection forms that the information will be shared pursuant to the routine uses listed in the appropriate SORN. DHS informs the public that as part of collecting the information in the Alien File, information may be shared for immigration, law enforcement, and national security purposes. The commenter expressed concern that the new routine uses exceed the purposes of the original collection of information, weakening the privacy protections of the system. DHS is providing this updated list of routine uses to better inform the public about the typical uses of information contained in the Alien File. The Alien File provides a central location for information to address several immigration and law enforcement needs. Because of the nature of the immigration lifecycle, this information must be available for several purposes consistent with the original collection. Information is necessary not just to adjudicate the requested benefit, but also provide information for law enforcement purposes and normal agency functions. The commenter expressed concern about the use of this information for audit purposes, but such a routine use is necessary to ensure the integrity of the immigration system and evaluate DHS's performance. The commenter expressed concern about DHS reviewing requests for information pursuant to the Privacy Act on a case-by-case basis, because it is an inefficient method for reviewing requests. DHS reviews requests for information on a case-by-case basis to prevent information from being withheld categorically. When the release of information will not interfere with the purposes of an exemption, DHS will release the information. System-level exemptions do not permit the individualized attention afforded by a case-by-case review, and would result in information being needlessly withheld. The commenter expressed concern that the system does not embody the Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs). As is evident from the SORN and the above, DHS implements the FIPPs in developing all of its systems of records. DHS provides transparency through notice to the public describing the records it maintains about individuals; provides individual participation by collecting information directly from the individual whenever possible; provides purpose specification and use limitation by enumerating the general purposes and routine uses of the information; provides data minimization by limiting the amount of and time data is retained; provides data integrity by correcting and updating information and providing redress; and implements security and auditing controls. The commenter recommended DHS require any agency requesting records from this system complete a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA). Generally, the E-Government Act of 2002 requires federal agencies to perform a PIA when information technology is involved in collecting, using, or maintaining personally identifiable information from the public. DHS does not evaluate the application of the E-Government Act to another agency's request for records from this system and does not require other agencies to perform PIAs. However, DHS requires each agency that receives information from the Alien File to demonstrate a proper need to know the information consistent with Privacy Act exceptions and routine uses and agree to terms of use safeguarding the information. Accordingly, DHS believes that it takes adequate steps to ensure that information from the Alien file is afforded adequate privacy protections when it is disclosed to another agency. SORN DHS received one comment about the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 SORN expressing frustration with the public comment process and with the general state of immigration in the United States. DHS acknowledges the commenter's frustration. After consideration of public comments, DHS will implement the rulemaking as proposed with minor grammatical changes. List of Subjects in 6 CFR Part 5 Freedom of Information; Privacy. For the reasons stated in the preamble, DHS proposes to amend Chapter I of Title 6, Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 5—DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION 1. The authority citation for Part 5 continues to read as follows: Authority: 6 U.S.C. 101 et seq.; Pub. L. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135; 5 U.S.C. 301. Subpart A also issued under 5 U.S.C. 552. Subpart B also issued under 5 U.S.C. 552a. 2. In Appendix C to Part 5, add paragraph 70 to read as follows: Appendix C to Part 5—DHS Systems of Records Exempt From the Privacy Act 70. DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records consists of electronic and paper records and will be used by USCIS, ICE, and CBP. DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records is a repository of information held by DHS in connection with its several and varied missions and functions, including, but not limited to: The enforcement of civil and criminal laws; investigations, inquiries, and proceedings thereunder; and national security and intelligence activities. DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records contains information that is collected by, on behalf of, in support of, or in cooperation with DHS and its components and may contain personally identifiable information collected by other federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, foreign, or international government agencies. The Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted this system from the following provisions of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2): 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3) and (c)(4), (d), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), (e)(4)(I), (e)(5), (e)(8), (e)(12), (f), (g)(1), and (h). Additionally, the Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted this system from the following provisions of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(k)(1) and (k)(2): 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3), (d), (e)(1), (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), (e)(4)(I), and (f). Exemptions from these particular subsections may be justified, on a case-by-case basis to be determined at the time a request is made, for the following reasons: (a) From subsection (c)(3) and (4) (Accounting for Disclosures) because release of the accounting of disclosures could alert the subject of an investigation of an actual or potential criminal, civil, or regulatory violation to the existence of that investigation and reveal investigative interest on the part of DHS as well as the recipient agency. Disclosure of the accounting would therefore present a serious impediment to law enforcement efforts and/or efforts to preserve national security. Disclosure of the accounting would also permit the individual who is the subject of a record to impede the investigation, to tamper with witnesses or evidence, and to avoid detection or apprehension, which would undermine the entire investigative process. (b) From subsection (d) (Access to Records) because access to the records contained in this system of records could inform the subject of an investigation of an actual or potential criminal, civil, or regulatory violation to the existence of that investigation and reveal investigative interest on the part of DHS or another agency. Access to the records could permit the individual who is the subject of a record to impede the investigation, to tamper with witnesses or evidence, and to avoid detection or apprehension. Amendment of the records could interfere with ongoing investigations and law enforcement activities and would impose an unreasonable administrative burden by requiring investigations to be continually reinvestigated. In addition, permitting access and amendment to such information could disclose security-sensitive information that could be detrimental to homeland security. (c) From subsection (e)(1) (Relevancy and Necessity of Information) because in the course of investigations into potential violations of federal law, the accuracy of information obtained or introduced occasionally may be unclear, or the information may not be strictly relevant or necessary to a specific investigation. In the interests of effective law enforcement, it is appropriate to retain all information that may aid in establishing patterns of unlawful activity. (d) From subsection (e)(2) (Collection of Information from Individuals) because requiring that information be collected from the subject of an investigation would alert the subject to the nature or existence of the investigation, thereby interfering with that investigation and related law enforcement activities. (e) From subsection (e)(3) (Notice to Individuals) because providing such detailed information could impede law enforcement by compromising the existence of a confidential investigation or reveal the identity of witnesses, DHS employees, or confidential informants. (f) From subsections (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), and (e)(4)(I) (Agency Requirements) and (f) (Agency Rules), because portions of this system are exempt from the individual access provisions of subsection (d) for the reasons noted above, and therefore DHS is not required to establish requirements, rules, or procedures with respect to such access. Providing notice to individuals with respect to existence of records pertaining to them in the system of records or otherwise setting up procedures pursuant to which individuals may access and view records pertaining to themselves in the system would undermine investigative efforts and reveal the identities of witnesses, potential witnesses, and confidential informants. (g) From subsection (e)(5) (Collection of Information) because with the collection of information for law enforcement purposes, it is impossible to determine in advance what information is accurate, relevant, timely, and complete. Compliance with subsection (e)(5) would impede DHS officials' ability to effectively use their investigative training and exercise good judgment to both conduct and report on investigations. (h) From subsection (e)(8) (Notice on Individuals) because compliance would interfere with DHS's ability to obtain, serve, and issue subpoenas, warrants, and other law enforcement mechanisms that may be filed under seal and could result in disclosure of investigative techniques, procedures, and evidence. (i) From subsection (e)(12) (Computer Matching) if the agency is a recipient agency or a source agency in a matching program with a non-Federal agency, with respect to any establishment or revision of a matching program, at least 30 days prior to conducting such program, publish in the Federal Register notice of such establishment or revision. (j) From subsection (g)(1) (Civil Remedies) to the extent that the system is exempt from other specific subsections of the Privacy Act. (k) From subsection (h) (Legal Guardians) if the parent of any minor, or the legal guardian of any individual who has been declared to be incompetent due to physical or mental incapacity or age by a court of competent jurisdiction, is acting on behalf of the individual. Dated: October 28, 2013. Interim rule with request for comments. SUMMARY: This rule decreases the assessment rate established for the Colorado Potato Administrative Committee, Area No. 2 (Committee), for the 2013-2014 and subsequent fiscal periods from $0.0051 to $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes handled. The Committee locally administers the marketing order, which regulates the handling of Irish potatoes grown in Colorado. Assessments upon potato handlers are used by the Committee to fund reasonable and necessary expenses of the program. The fiscal period begins September 1 and ends August 31. The assessment rate will remain in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended, or terminated. DATES: Effective November 23, 2013. Comments received by January 21, 2014, will be considered prior to issuance of a final rule. ADDRESSES: Interested persons are invited to submit written comments concerning this rule. Comments must be sent to the Docket Clerk, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Fruit and Vegetable Program, AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington, DC 20250-0237; Fax: (202) 720-8938; or internet: http://www.regulations.gov. Comments should reference the document number and the date and page number of this issue of the Federal Register and will be available for public inspection in the Office of the Docket Clerk during regular business hours, or can be viewed at: http://www.regulations.gov. All comments submitted in response to this rule will be included in the record and will be made available to the public. Please be advised that the identity of the individuals or entities submitting the comments will be made public on the internet at the address provided above. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sue Coleman, Marketing Specialist, or Gary D. Olson, Regional Director, Northwest Marketing Field Office, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Fruit and Vegetable Program, AMS, USDA; Telephone: (503) 326-2724, Fax: (503) 326-7440, or Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. Small businesses may request information on complying with this regulation by contacting Jeffrey Smutny, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Fruit and Vegetable Program, AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington, DC 20250-0237; Telephone: (202) 720-2491, Fax: (202) 720-8938, or Email: [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This rule is issued under Marketing Agreement No. 97 and Order No. 948, both as amended (7 CFR part 948), regulating the handling of Irish potatoes grown in Colorado, hereinafter referred to as the “order.” The order is effective under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, as amended (7 U.S.C. 601-674), hereinafter referred to as the “Act.” The Department of Agriculture (USDA) is issuing this rule in conformance with Executive Orders 12866 and 13563. This rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform. Under the order now in effect, Colorado Area No. 2 potato handlers are subject to assessments. Funds to administer the order are derived from such assessments. It is intended that the assessment rate, as issued herein, will be applicable to all assessable potatoes beginning September 1, 2013, and continue until amended, suspended, or terminated. The Act provides that administrative proceedings must be exhausted before parties may file suit in court. Under section 608c(15)(A) of the Act, any handler subject to an order may file with USDA a petition stating that the order, any provision of the order, or any obligation imposed in connection with the order is not in accordance with law and request a modification of the order or to be exempted therefrom. Such handler is afforded the opportunity for a hearing on the petition. After the hearing, USDA would rule on the petition. The Act provides that the district court of the United States in any district in which the handler is an inhabitant, or has his or her principal place of business, has jurisdiction to review USDA's ruling on the petition, provided an action is filed not later than 20 days after the date of the entry of the ruling. This rule decreases the assessment rate established for the Committee for the 2013-2014 and subsequent fiscal periods from $0.0051 to $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes. This change was unanimously recommended by the Committee at a meeting held on July 18, 2013. Section 948.4 of the order divides the State of Colorado into three areas of regulation for marketing order purposes. These areas include: Area No. 1, commonly known as the Western Slope; Area No. 2, commonly known as San Luis Valley; and, Area No. 3, which consists of the remaining producing areas within the State of Colorado not included in the definition of Area No. 1 or Area No. 2. Currently, the order only regulates the handling of potatoes produced in Area No. 2 and Area No. 3. Regulation for Area No. 1 has been suspended. Section 948.50 of the order establishes committees as administrative agencies for each of the areas set forth under § 948.4. Section 948.75 establishes that each area committee is authorized to incur such expenses as the Secretary may find are reasonable and likely to be incurred during each fiscal period for its maintenance and functioning, and for purposes determined to be appropriate for administration of this part. Section 948.76 requires each area committee to prepare and submit an estimated budget to the Secretary for approval and to recommend a rate of assessment sufficient to provide funds to defray its proposed expenditures. The members of the Committee are producers and handlers of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes. They are familiar with the Committee's needs and with the costs of goods and services in their local area and are in a position to formulate an appropriate budget and assessment rate. The assessment rate is formulated and discussed in a public meeting. Thus, all directly affected persons have an opportunity to participate and provide input. For the 2003-2004 and subsequent fiscal periods, the Committee recommended, and USDA approved, an assessment rate for Colorado Area No. 2 that would continue in effect from fiscal period to fiscal period unless modified, suspended, or terminated by USDA upon recommendation and information submitted by the Committee or other information available to USDA. The Committee met on July 18, 2013, and unanimously recommended 2013-2014 expenditures of $55,745 and an assessment rate of $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes. In comparison, last year's budgeted expenditures were $71,227 and the assessment rate was $0.0051 per hundredweight of potatoes. The assessment rate of $0.0033 is $0.0018 lower than the rate currently in effect. The assessment rate decrease is necessary to reduce the funds held in reserve to less than approximately two fiscal periods' expenses (§ 948.78). The major expenditures recommended by the Committee for the 2013-2014 fiscal period include $49,265 for administrative expenses, $3,393 for office expenses, and $3,087 for building maintenance expenses. Budgeted expenses for these items in 2012-2013 were $59,122 for administrative expenses, $4,275 for office expenses, and $7,830 for building maintenance expenses, respectively. The assessment rate recommended by the Committee was derived by dividing anticipated expenses by expected shipments of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes. Colorado Area No. 2 potato shipments are estimated to be 14,363,000 hundredweight, which should provide $47,397.90 in assessment income. Income derived from handler assessments and funds from the Committee's authorized reserve will be adequate to cover budgeted expenses. Funds in the reserve (currently $120,995) will be reduced to comply with the maximum permitted by the order of approximately two fiscal periods' expenses. The assessment rate established in this rule will continue in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended, or terminated by USDA upon recommendation and information submitted by the Committee or other available information. Although this assessment rate is effective for an indefinite period, the Committee will continue to meet prior to or during each fiscal period to recommend a budget of expenses and consider recommendations for modification of the assessment rate. The dates and times of Committee meetings are available from the Committee or USDA. Committee meetings are open to the public and interested persons may express their views at these meetings. USDA will evaluate Committee recommendations and other available information to determine whether modification of the assessment rate is needed. Further rulemaking will be undertaken as necessary. The Committee's 2013-2014 budget and those for subsequent fiscal periods will be reviewed and, as appropriate, approved by USDA. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Pursuant to requirements set forth in the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has considered the economic impact of this rule on small entities. Accordingly, AMS has prepared this initial regulatory flexibility analysis. The purpose of the RFA is to fit regulatory actions to the scale of businesses subject to such actions in order that small businesses will not be unduly or disproportionately burdened. Marketing orders issued pursuant to the Act, and the rules issued thereunder, are unique in that they are brought about through group action of essentially small entities acting on their own behalf. There are approximately 80 handlers of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes subject to regulation under the order and approximately 180 producers in the regulated production area. Small agricultural service firms are defined by the Small Business Administration as those having annual receipts of less than $7,000,000, and small agricultural producers are defined as those having annual receipts of less than $750,000 (13 CFR 121.201). During the 2011-2012 fiscal period, the most recent for which statistics are available, 15,072,963 hundredweight of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes were inspected under the order and sold into the fresh market. Based on an estimated average f.o.b. price of $12.60 per hundredweight, the Committee estimates that 66 Area No. 2 handlers, or about 83 percent, had annual receipts of less than $7,000,000. In view of the foregoing, the majority of Colorado Area No. 2 potato handlers may be classified as small entities. In addition, based on information provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the average producer price for the 2011 Colorado fall potato crop was $10.70 per hundredweight. Multiplying $10.70 by the shipment quantity of 15,072,963 hundredweight yields an annual crop revenue estimate of $161,280,704. The average annual fresh potato revenue for each of the 180 Colorado Area No. 2 potato producers is therefore calculated to be approximately $896,000 ($161,280,704 divided by 180), which is greater than the SBA threshold of $750,000. Consequently, on average, many of the Colorado Area No. 2 potato producers may not be classified as small entities. This rule decreases the assessment rate established for the Committee, and collected from handlers, for the 2013-2014 and subsequent fiscal periods from $0.0051 to $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes. The Committee unanimously recommended 2013-2014 expenditures of $55,745 and an assessment rate of $0.0033. The assessment rate of $0.0033 is $0.0018 lower than the 2012-2013 rate. The quantity of assessable potatoes for the 2013-2014 fiscal period is estimated at 14,360,000 hundredweight. Thus, the $0.0033 rate should provide $47,388 in assessment income. Income derived from handler assessments and funds from the Committee's authorized reserve will be adequate to cover budgeted expenses. The major expenditures recommended by the Committee for the 2013-2014 year include $49,265 for administrative expenses, $3,393 for office expenses, and $3,087 for building maintenance expenses. Budgeted expenses for these items in 2012-2013 were $59,122, $4,275, and $7,830, respectively. The lower assessment rate is necessary to reduce the reserve balance to less than approximately two fiscal periods' expenses. The reserve balance on August 31, 2012, was $120,995. This amount exceeds the maximum authorized reserve amount of $111,490 by $9,505. Assessment income for 2013-2014 is estimated at $47,397.90, while expenses are estimated at $55,745. The Committee anticipates using $8,347.10 of their reserve fund for the 2013-2014 fiscal period. While the reserve fund may exceed the maximum authorized level by $1,157.90, it was noted that there is a potential that the Committee may receive less assessments than estimated. In addition, the Committee expects to draw funds from the reserve in subsequent fiscal periods that would further reduce the balance. The Committee discussed alternatives to this action. Leaving the assessment rate at the current $0.0051 per hundredweight was initially considered, but not recommended because of the Committee's desire to decrease the level of the monetary reserve so that it is not more than approximately two fiscal periods' expenses. Lower assessment rates were considered, but also not recommended, because they would not generate the amount of income necessary to administer the program. The Committee ultimately determined that an assessment income of $47,397.90, generated from the $0.0033 rate, combined with reserve funds, would be sufficient to meet its 2013-2014 expenses. A review of historical information and preliminary information pertaining to the upcoming fiscal period indicates that the producer price for the 2013-2014 season could range between $8.00 and $15.00 per hundredweight of potatoes. Therefore, the estimated assessment revenue for the 2013-2014 fiscal period, as a percentage of total producer revenue, could range between 0.02 and 0.04 percent. This action decreases the assessment obligation imposed on handlers. Assessments are applied uniformly on all handlers, and some of the costs may be passed on to producers. However, decreasing the assessment rate reduces the burden on handlers and may reduce the burden on producers. In addition, the Committee's meeting was widely publicized throughout the Colorado Area No. 2 potato industry, and all interested persons were invited to attend and participate in the Committee's deliberations. Like all Committee meetings, the July 18, 2013, meeting was a public meeting and all entities, both large and small, were able to express views on this issue. Finally, interested persons are invited to submit comments on this interim rule, including the regulatory and informational impacts of this action on small businesses. In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35), the order's information collection requirements were previously approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and assigned OMB No. 0581-0178 (Generic Vegetable and Specialty Crops). No changes in those requirements as a result of this action are necessary. Should any changes become necessary, they would be submitted to OMB for approval. This action imposes no additional reporting or recordkeeping requirements on either small or large Colorado Area No. 2 potato handlers. As with all Federal marketing order programs, reports and forms are periodically reviewed to reduce information requirements and duplication by industry and public sector agencies. AMS is committed to complying with the E-Government Act, to promote the use of the internet and other information technologies to provide increased opportunities for citizens to access Government information and services, and for other purposes. USDA has not identified any relevant Federal rules that duplicate, overlap, or conflict with this action. A small business guide on complying with fruit, vegetable, and specialty crop marketing agreements and orders may be viewed at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/MarketingOrdersSmallBusinessGuide. Any questions about the compliance guide should be sent to Jeffrey Smutny at the previously mentioned address in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. After consideration of all relevant material presented, including the information and recommendation submitted by the Committee and other available information, it is hereby found that this action, as hereinafter set forth, will tend to effectuate the declared policy of the Act. Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 553, it is also found and determined upon good cause that it is impracticable, unnecessary, and contrary to the public interest to give preliminary notice prior to putting this rule into effect, and that good cause exists for not postponing the effective date of this rule until 30 days after publication in the Federal Register because: (1) The 2013-2014 fiscal period began on September 1, 2013, and the marketing order requires that the rate of assessment for each fiscal period apply to all assessable potatoes handled during such fiscal period; (2) this action decreases the assessment rate for assessable potatoes beginning with the 2013-2014 fiscal period; (3) handlers are aware of this action which was unanimously recommended by the Committee at a public meeting and is similar to other assessment rate actions issued in past years; and (4) this interim rule provides a 60-day comment period, and all comments timely received will be considered prior to finalization of this rule. List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 948 Marketing agreements, Potatoes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. For the reasons set forth in the preamble, 7 CFR part 948 is amended as follows: PART 948—IRISH POTATOES GROWN IN COLORADO 1. The authority citation for 7 CFR part 948 continues to read as follows: Authority: This AD is effective December 27, 2013. ADDRESSES: For service information identified in this AD, contact Erickson Air-Crane Incorporated, ATTN: Chris Erickson, Director of Regulatory Compliance, 3100 Willow Springs Rd., P.O. Box 3247, Central Point, OR 97502; telephone (541) 664-5544; fax (541) 664-2312; email [email protected]. You may review a copy of the referenced service information at the FAA, Office of the Regional Counsel, Southwest Region, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Room 663, Fort Worth Texas 76137. Examining the AD Docket You may examine the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov or in person at the Docket Operations Office between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The AD docket contains this AD, the economic evaluation, any comments received, and other information. The street address for the Docket Operations Office (phone: 800-647-5527) is U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket Operations Office, M-30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael Kohner, Aviation Safety Engineer, Rotorcraft Certification Office, Rotorcraft Directorate, FAA, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas 76137; telephone (817) 222-5170; email [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR part 39 to supersede AD 90-26-12, Amendment 39-6841 (55 FR 51406, December 14, 1990) (AD 90-26-12), which applied to Sikorsky Model S-64E helicopters. The NPRM published in the Federal Register on July 3, 2013 (78 FR 40063). Since we issued AD 90-26-12, cracks were detected on the main rotor blades of Model S-64F helicopters, which are are similar to the main rotor blades used on the Model S-64E helicopter. Also, on February 13, 1992, Sikorsky transferred TC H6EA for Model S 64E and S 64F helicopters to Erickson. We also determined that the primary temperatures listed in the Required Actions section of this AD should be converted from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit for increased clarity. As a result, the NPRM proposed to retain the same checks and procedures as those required by AD 90-26-12, but in a revised format to meet current publication requirements and to expand the applicability to include both the Erickson S-64E and S-64F helicopters. The NPRM also proposed to require recurring checks of the Blade Inspection Method (BIM) indicator on each blade to determine whether the BIM indicator is signifying that the blade pressure may have been compromised by a blade crack.
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This final rule is effective November 22, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general questions about this system of records please contact: Donald K. Hawkins (202) 272-8000, Privacy Officer, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 20 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20529. For privacy issues please contact: Jonathan R. Cantor (202) 343-1717, Deputy Chief Privacy Officer, Privacy Office, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC 20528. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) published a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register , 76 FR 34177 (June 13, 2011), proposing to exempt portions of the system of records from one or more provisions of the Privacy Act because of criminal, civil, and administrative enforcement requirements. The system of records is the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records. The DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records Notice was published concurrently in the Federal Register , 76 FR 34233 (June 13, 2011), and comments were invited on both the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) and System of Records Notice (SORN). Public Comments DHS received two public comments regarding the NPRM and one public comment regarding the SORN. NPRM DHS received comments from two individuals regarding the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 NPRM. We have determined not to makes any changes to the Final Rule based on the comments but have made some non-substantive edits for clarity and consistency. Both commenters expressed concerns about DHS exempting records without justification. Pursuant to the Privacy Act of 1974, DHS exempts these records from the access and amendment provisions of the Privacy Act because they may contain classified and sensitive unclassified information related to intelligence, counterterrorism, homeland security, and law enforcement programs. These exemptions are needed to protect information relating to DHS activities from disclosure to subjects or others related to these activities. Specifically, the exemptions are required to preclude subjects of these activities from frustrating these processes; to avoid disclosure of activity techniques; to protect the identities and physical safety of confidential informants and law enforcement personnel; to ensure DHS's ability to obtain information from third parties and other sources; to protect the privacy of third parties; and to safeguard classified information. Disclosure of information to the subject of the inquiry could also permit the subject to avoid detection or apprehension. One commenter had several additional concerns. This commenter contended that individuals are not properly notified about the extent to which their information may be shared. DHS indicates on all information collection forms that the information will be shared pursuant to the routine uses listed in the appropriate SORN. DHS informs the public that as part of collecting the information in the Alien File, information may be shared for immigration, law enforcement, and national security purposes. The commenter expressed concern that the new routine uses exceed the purposes of the original collection of information, weakening the privacy protections of the system. DHS is providing this updated list of routine uses to better inform the public about the typical uses of information contained in the Alien File. The Alien File provides a central location for information to address several immigration and law enforcement needs. Because of the nature of the immigration lifecycle, this information must be available for several purposes consistent with the original collection. Information is necessary not just to adjudicate the requested benefit, but also provide information for law enforcement purposes and normal agency functions. The commenter expressed concern about the use of this information for audit purposes, but such a routine use is necessary to ensure the integrity of the immigration system and evaluate DHS's performance. The commenter expressed concern about DHS reviewing requests for information pursuant to the Privacy Act on a case-by-case basis, because it is an inefficient method for reviewing requests. DHS reviews requests for information on a case-by-case basis to prevent information from being withheld categorically. When the release of information will not interfere with the purposes of an exemption, DHS will release the information. System-level exemptions do not permit the individualized attention afforded by a case-by-case review, and would result in information being needlessly withheld. The commenter expressed concern that the system does not embody the Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs). As is evident from the SORN and the above, DHS implements the FIPPs in developing all of its systems of records. DHS provides transparency through notice to the public describing the records it maintains about individuals; provides individual participation by collecting information directly from the individual whenever possible; provides purpose specification and use limitation by enumerating the general purposes and routine uses of the information; provides data minimization by limiting the amount of and time data is retained; provides data integrity by correcting and updating information and providing redress; and implements security and auditing controls. The commenter recommended DHS require any agency requesting records from this system complete a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA). Generally, the E-Government Act of 2002 requires federal agencies to perform a PIA when information technology is involved in collecting, using, or maintaining personally identifiable information from the public. DHS does not evaluate the application of the E-Government Act to another agency's request for records from this system and does not require other agencies to perform PIAs. However, DHS requires each agency that receives information from the Alien File to demonstrate a proper need to know the information consistent with Privacy Act exceptions and routine uses and agree to terms of use safeguarding the information. Accordingly, DHS believes that it takes adequate steps to ensure that information from the Alien file is afforded adequate privacy protections when it is disclosed to another agency. SORN DHS received one comment about the DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 SORN expressing frustration with the public comment process and with the general state of immigration in the United States. DHS acknowledges the commenter's frustration. After consideration of public comments, DHS will implement the rulemaking as proposed with minor grammatical changes. List of Subjects in 6 CFR Part 5 Freedom of Information; Privacy. For the reasons stated in the preamble, DHS proposes to amend Chapter I of Title 6, Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 5—DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION 1. The authority citation for Part 5 continues to read as follows: Authority: 6 U.S.C. 101 et seq.; Pub. L. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135; 5 U.S.C. 301. Subpart A also issued under 5 U.S.C. 552. Subpart B also issued under 5 U.S.C. 552a. 2. In Appendix C to Part 5, add paragraph 70 to read as follows: Appendix C to Part 5—DHS Systems of Records Exempt From the Privacy Act 70. DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records consists of electronic and paper records and will be used by USCIS, ICE, and CBP. DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records is a repository of information held by DHS in connection with its several and varied missions and functions, including, but not limited to: The enforcement of civil and criminal laws; investigations, inquiries, and proceedings thereunder; and national security and intelligence activities. DHS/USCIS-ICE-CBP-001 Alien File, Index, and National File Tracking System of Records contains information that is collected by, on behalf of, in support of, or in cooperation with DHS and its components and may contain personally identifiable information collected by other federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, foreign, or international government agencies. The Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted this system from the following provisions of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2): 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3) and (c)(4), (d), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), (e)(4)(I), (e)(5), (e)(8), (e)(12), (f), (g)(1), and (h). Additionally, the Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted this system from the following provisions of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(k)(1) and (k)(2): 5 U.S.C. 552a(c)(3), (d), (e)(1), (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), (e)(4)(I), and (f). Exemptions from these particular subsections may be justified, on a case-by-case basis to be determined at the time a request is made, for the following reasons: (a) From subsection (c)(3) and (4) (Accounting for Disclosures) because release of the accounting of disclosures could alert the subject of an investigation of an actual or potential criminal, civil, or regulatory violation to the existence of that investigation and reveal investigative interest on the part of DHS as well as the recipient agency. Disclosure of the accounting would therefore present a serious impediment to law enforcement efforts and/or efforts to preserve national security. Disclosure of the accounting would also permit the individual who is the subject of a record to impede the investigation, to tamper with witnesses or evidence, and to avoid detection or apprehension, which would undermine the entire investigative process. (b) From subsection (d) (Access to Records) because access to the records contained in this system of records could inform the subject of an investigation of an actual or potential criminal, civil, or regulatory violation to the existence of that investigation and reveal investigative interest on the part of DHS or another agency. Access to the records could permit the individual who is the subject of a record to impede the investigation, to tamper with witnesses or evidence, and to avoid detection or apprehension. Amendment of the records could interfere with ongoing investigations and law enforcement activities and would impose an unreasonable administrative burden by requiring investigations to be continually reinvestigated. In addition, permitting access and amendment to such information could disclose security-sensitive information that could be detrimental to homeland security. (c) From subsection (e)(1) (Relevancy and Necessity of Information) because in the course of investigations into potential violations of federal law, the accuracy of information obtained or introduced occasionally may be unclear, or the information may not be strictly relevant or necessary to a specific investigation. In the interests of effective law enforcement, it is appropriate to retain all information that may aid in establishing patterns of unlawful activity. (d) From subsection (e)(2) (Collection of Information from Individuals) because requiring that information be collected from the subject of an investigation would alert the subject to the nature or existence of the investigation, thereby interfering with that investigation and related law enforcement activities. (e) From subsection (e)(3) (Notice to Individuals) because providing such detailed information could impede law enforcement by compromising the existence of a confidential investigation or reveal the identity of witnesses, DHS employees, or confidential informants. (f) From subsections (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), and (e)(4)(I) (Agency Requirements) and (f) (Agency Rules), because portions of this system are exempt from the individual access provisions of subsection (d) for the reasons noted above, and therefore DHS is not required to establish requirements, rules, or procedures with respect to such access. Providing notice to individuals with respect to existence of records pertaining to them in the system of records or otherwise setting up procedures pursuant to which individuals may access and view records pertaining to themselves in the system would undermine investigative efforts and reveal the identities of witnesses, potential witnesses, and confidential informants. (g) From subsection (e)(5) (Collection of Information) because with the collection of information for law enforcement purposes, it is impossible to determine in advance what information is accurate, relevant, timely, and complete. Compliance with subsection (e)(5) would impede DHS officials' ability to effectively use their investigative training and exercise good judgment to both conduct and report on investigations. (h) From subsection (e)(8) (Notice on Individuals) because compliance would interfere with DHS's ability to obtain, serve, and issue subpoenas, warrants, and other law enforcement mechanisms that may be filed under seal and could result in disclosure of investigative techniques, procedures, and evidence. (i) From subsection (e)(12) (Computer Matching) if the agency is a recipient agency or a source agency in a matching program with a non-Federal agency, with respect to any establishment or revision of a matching program, at least 30 days prior to conducting such program, publish in the Federal Register notice of such establishment or revision. (j) From subsection (g)(1) (Civil Remedies) to the extent that the system is exempt from other specific subsections of the Privacy Act. (k) From subsection (h) (Legal Guardians) if the parent of any minor, or the legal guardian of any individual who has been declared to be incompetent due to physical or mental incapacity or age by a court of competent jurisdiction, is acting on behalf of the individual. Dated: October 28, 2013. Interim rule with request for comments. SUMMARY: This rule decreases the assessment rate established for the Colorado Potato Administrative Committee, Area No. 2 (Committee), for the 2013-2014 and subsequent fiscal periods from $0.0051 to $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes handled. The Committee locally administers the marketing order, which regulates the handling of Irish potatoes grown in Colorado. Assessments upon potato handlers are used by the Committee to fund reasonable and necessary expenses of the program. The fiscal period begins September 1 and ends August 31. The assessment rate will remain in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended, or terminated. DATES: Effective November 23, 2013. Comments received by January 21, 2014, will be considered prior to issuance of a final rule. ADDRESSES: Interested persons are invited to submit written comments concerning this rule. Comments must be sent to the Docket Clerk, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Fruit and Vegetable Program, AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington, DC 20250-0237; Fax: (202) 720-8938; or internet: http://www.regulations.gov. Comments should reference the document number and the date and page number of this issue of the Federal Register and will be available for public inspection in the Office of the Docket Clerk during regular business hours, or can be viewed at: http://www.regulations.gov. All comments submitted in response to this rule will be included in the record and will be made available to the public. Please be advised that the identity of the individuals or entities submitting the comments will be made public on the internet at the address provided above. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sue Coleman, Marketing Specialist, or Gary D. Olson, Regional Director, Northwest Marketing Field Office, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Fruit and Vegetable Program, AMS, USDA; Telephone: (503) 326-2724, Fax: (503) 326-7440, or Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. Small businesses may request information on complying with this regulation by contacting Jeffrey Smutny, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Fruit and Vegetable Program, AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington, DC 20250-0237; Telephone: (202) 720-2491, Fax: (202) 720-8938, or Email: [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This rule is issued under Marketing Agreement No. 97 and Order No. 948, both as amended (7 CFR part 948), regulating the handling of Irish potatoes grown in Colorado, hereinafter referred to as the “order.” The order is effective under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, as amended (7 U.S.C. 601-674), hereinafter referred to as the “Act.” The Department of Agriculture (USDA) is issuing this rule in conformance with Executive Orders 12866 and 13563. This rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform. Under the order now in effect, Colorado Area No. 2 potato handlers are subject to assessments. Funds to administer the order are derived from such assessments. It is intended that the assessment rate, as issued herein, will be applicable to all assessable potatoes beginning September 1, 2013, and continue until amended, suspended, or terminated. The Act provides that administrative proceedings must be exhausted before parties may file suit in court. Under section 608c(15)(A) of the Act, any handler subject to an order may file with USDA a petition stating that the order, any provision of the order, or any obligation imposed in connection with the order is not in accordance with law and request a modification of the order or to be exempted therefrom. Such handler is afforded the opportunity for a hearing on the petition. After the hearing, USDA would rule on the petition. The Act provides that the district court of the United States in any district in which the handler is an inhabitant, or has his or her principal place of business, has jurisdiction to review USDA's ruling on the petition, provided an action is filed not later than 20 days after the date of the entry of the ruling. This rule decreases the assessment rate established for the Committee for the 2013-2014 and subsequent fiscal periods from $0.0051 to $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes. This change was unanimously recommended by the Committee at a meeting held on July 18, 2013. Section 948.4 of the order divides the State of Colorado into three areas of regulation for marketing order purposes. These areas include: Area No. 1, commonly known as the Western Slope; Area No. 2, commonly known as San Luis Valley; and, Area No. 3, which consists of the remaining producing areas within the State of Colorado not included in the definition of Area No. 1 or Area No. 2. Currently, the order only regulates the handling of potatoes produced in Area No. 2 and Area No. 3. Regulation for Area No. 1 has been suspended. Section 948.50 of the order establishes committees as administrative agencies for each of the areas set forth under § 948.4. Section 948.75 establishes that each area committee is authorized to incur such expenses as the Secretary may find are reasonable and likely to be incurred during each fiscal period for its maintenance and functioning, and for purposes determined to be appropriate for administration of this part. Section 948.76 requires each area committee to prepare and submit an estimated budget to the Secretary for approval and to recommend a rate of assessment sufficient to provide funds to defray its proposed expenditures. The members of the Committee are producers and handlers of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes. They are familiar with the Committee's needs and with the costs of goods and services in their local area and are in a position to formulate an appropriate budget and assessment rate. The assessment rate is formulated and discussed in a public meeting. Thus, all directly affected persons have an opportunity to participate and provide input. For the 2003-2004 and subsequent fiscal periods, the Committee recommended, and USDA approved, an assessment rate for Colorado Area No. 2 that would continue in effect from fiscal period to fiscal period unless modified, suspended, or terminated by USDA upon recommendation and information submitted by the Committee or other information available to USDA. The Committee met on July 18, 2013, and unanimously recommended 2013-2014 expenditures of $55,745 and an assessment rate of $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes. In comparison, last year's budgeted expenditures were $71,227 and the assessment rate was $0.0051 per hundredweight of potatoes. The assessment rate of $0.0033 is $0.0018 lower than the rate currently in effect. The assessment rate decrease is necessary to reduce the funds held in reserve to less than approximately two fiscal periods' expenses (§ 948.78). The major expenditures recommended by the Committee for the 2013-2014 fiscal period include $49,265 for administrative expenses, $3,393 for office expenses, and $3,087 for building maintenance expenses. Budgeted expenses for these items in 2012-2013 were $59,122 for administrative expenses, $4,275 for office expenses, and $7,830 for building maintenance expenses, respectively. The assessment rate recommended by the Committee was derived by dividing anticipated expenses by expected shipments of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes. Colorado Area No. 2 potato shipments are estimated to be 14,363,000 hundredweight, which should provide $47,397.90 in assessment income. Income derived from handler assessments and funds from the Committee's authorized reserve will be adequate to cover budgeted expenses. Funds in the reserve (currently $120,995) will be reduced to comply with the maximum permitted by the order of approximately two fiscal periods' expenses. The assessment rate established in this rule will continue in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended, or terminated by USDA upon recommendation and information submitted by the Committee or other available information. Although this assessment rate is effective for an indefinite period, the Committee will continue to meet prior to or during each fiscal period to recommend a budget of expenses and consider recommendations for modification of the assessment rate. The dates and times of Committee meetings are available from the Committee or USDA. Committee meetings are open to the public and interested persons may express their views at these meetings. USDA will evaluate Committee recommendations and other available information to determine whether modification of the assessment rate is needed. Further rulemaking will be undertaken as necessary. The Committee's 2013-2014 budget and those for subsequent fiscal periods will be reviewed and, as appropriate, approved by USDA. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Pursuant to requirements set forth in the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has considered the economic impact of this rule on small entities. Accordingly, AMS has prepared this initial regulatory flexibility analysis. The purpose of the RFA is to fit regulatory actions to the scale of businesses subject to such actions in order that small businesses will not be unduly or disproportionately burdened. Marketing orders issued pursuant to the Act, and the rules issued thereunder, are unique in that they are brought about through group action of essentially small entities acting on their own behalf. There are approximately 80 handlers of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes subject to regulation under the order and approximately 180 producers in the regulated production area. Small agricultural service firms are defined by the Small Business Administration as those having annual receipts of less than $7,000,000, and small agricultural producers are defined as those having annual receipts of less than $750,000 (13 CFR 121.201). During the 2011-2012 fiscal period, the most recent for which statistics are available, 15,072,963 hundredweight of Colorado Area No. 2 potatoes were inspected under the order and sold into the fresh market. Based on an estimated average f.o.b. price of $12.60 per hundredweight, the Committee estimates that 66 Area No. 2 handlers, or about 83 percent, had annual receipts of less than $7,000,000. In view of the foregoing, the majority of Colorado Area No. 2 potato handlers may be classified as small entities. In addition, based on information provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the average producer price for the 2011 Colorado fall potato crop was $10.70 per hundredweight. Multiplying $10.70 by the shipment quantity of 15,072,963 hundredweight yields an annual crop revenue estimate of $161,280,704. The average annual fresh potato revenue for each of the 180 Colorado Area No. 2 potato producers is therefore calculated to be approximately $896,000 ($161,280,704 divided by 180), which is greater than the SBA threshold of $750,000. Consequently, on average, many of the Colorado Area No. 2 potato producers may not be classified as small entities. This rule decreases the assessment rate established for the Committee, and collected from handlers, for the 2013-2014 and subsequent fiscal periods from $0.0051 to $0.0033 per hundredweight of potatoes. The Committee unanimously recommended 2013-2014 expenditures of $55,745 and an assessment rate of $0.0033. The assessment rate of $0.0033 is $0.0018 lower than the 2012-2013 rate. The quantity of assessable potatoes for the 2013-2014 fiscal period is estimated at 14,360,000 hundredweight. Thus, the $0.0033 rate should provide $47,388 in assessment income. Income derived from handler assessments and funds from the Committee's authorized reserve will be adequate to cover budgeted expenses. The major expenditures recommended by the Committee for the 2013-2014 year include $49,265 for administrative expenses, $3,393 for office expenses, and $3,087 for building maintenance expenses. Budgeted expenses for these items in 2012-2013 were $59,122, $4,275, and $7,830, respectively. The lower assessment rate is necessary to reduce the reserve balance to less than approximately two fiscal periods' expenses. The reserve balance on August 31, 2012, was $120,995. This amount exceeds the maximum authorized reserve amount of $111,490 by $9,505. Assessment income for 2013-2014 is estimated at $47,397.90, while expenses are estimated at $55,745. The Committee anticipates using $8,347.10 of their reserve fund for the 2013-2014 fiscal period. While the reserve fund may exceed the maximum authorized level by $1,157.90, it was noted that there is a potential that the Committee may receive less assessments than estimated. In addition, the Committee expects to draw funds from the reserve in subsequent fiscal periods that would further reduce the balance. The Committee discussed alternatives to this action. Leaving the assessment rate at the current $0.0051 per hundredweight was initially considered, but not recommended because of the Committee's desire to decrease the level of the monetary reserve so that it is not more than approximately two fiscal periods' expenses. Lower assessment rates were considered, but also not recommended, because they would not generate the amount of income necessary to administer the program. The Committee ultimately determined that an assessment income of $47,397.90, generated from the $0.0033 rate, combined with reserve funds, would be sufficient to meet its 2013-2014 expenses. A review of historical information and preliminary information pertaining to the upcoming fiscal period indicates that the producer price for the 2013-2014 season could range between $8.00 and $15.00 per hundredweight of potatoes. Therefore, the estimated assessment revenue for the 2013-2014 fiscal period, as a percentage of total producer revenue, could range between 0.02 and 0.04 percent. This action decreases the assessment obligation imposed on handlers. Assessments are applied uniformly on all handlers, and some of the costs may be passed on to producers. However, decreasing the assessment rate reduces the burden on handlers and may reduce the burden on producers. In addition, the Committee's meeting was widely publicized throughout the Colorado Area No. 2 potato industry, and all interested persons were invited to attend and participate in the Committee's deliberations. Like all Committee meetings, the July 18, 2013, meeting was a public meeting and all entities, both large and small, were able to express views on this issue. Finally, interested persons are invited to submit comments on this interim rule, including the regulatory and informational impacts of this action on small businesses. In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35), the order's information collection requirements were previously approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and assigned OMB No. 0581-0178 (Generic Vegetable and Specialty Crops). No changes in those requirements as a result of this action are necessary. Should any changes become necessary, they would be submitted to OMB for approval. This action imposes no additional reporting or recordkeeping requirements on either small or large Colorado Area No. 2 potato handlers. As with all Federal marketing order programs, reports and forms are periodically reviewed to reduce information requirements and duplication by industry and public sector agencies. AMS is committed to complying with the E-Government Act, to promote the use of the internet and other information technologies to provide increased opportunities for citizens to access Government information and services, and for other purposes. USDA has not identified any relevant Federal rules that duplicate, overlap, or conflict with this action. A small business guide on complying with fruit, vegetable, and specialty crop marketing agreements and orders may be viewed at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/MarketingOrdersSmallBusinessGuide. Any questions about the compliance guide should be sent to Jeffrey Smutny at the previously mentioned address in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. After consideration of all relevant material presented, including the information and recommendation submitted by the Committee and other available information, it is hereby found that this action, as hereinafter set forth, will tend to effectuate the declared policy of the Act. Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 553, it is also found and determined upon good cause that it is impracticable, unnecessary, and contrary to the public interest to give preliminary notice prior to putting this rule into effect, and that good cause exists for not postponing the effective date of this rule until 30 days after publication in the Federal Register because: (1) The 2013-2014 fiscal period began on September 1, 2013, and the marketing order requires that the rate of assessment for each fiscal period apply to all assessable potatoes handled during such fiscal period; (2) this action decreases the assessment rate for assessable potatoes beginning with the 2013-2014 fiscal period; (3) handlers are aware of this action which was unanimously recommended by the Committee at a public meeting and is similar to other assessment rate actions issued in past years; and (4) this interim rule provides a 60-day comment period, and all comments timely received will be considered prior to finalization of this rule. List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 948 Marketing agreements, Potatoes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. For the reasons set forth in the preamble, 7 CFR part 948 is amended as follows: PART 948—IRISH POTATOES GROWN IN COLORADO 1. The authority citation for 7 CFR part 948 continues to read as follows: Authority: This AD is effective December 27, 2013. ADDRESSES: For service information identified in this AD, contact Erickson Air-Crane Incorporated, ATTN: Chris Erickson, Director of Regulatory Compliance, 3100 Willow Springs Rd., P.O. Box 3247, Central Point, OR 97502; telephone (541) 664-5544; fax (541) 664-2312; email [email protected]. You may review a copy of the referenced service information at the FAA, Office of the Regional Counsel, Southwest Region, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Room 663, Fort Worth Texas 76137. Examining the AD Docket You may examine the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov or in person at the Docket Operations Office between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The AD docket contains this AD, the economic evaluation, any comments received, and other information. The street address for the Docket Operations Office (phone: 800-647-5527) is U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket Operations Office, M-30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael Kohner, Aviation Safety Engineer, Rotorcraft Certification Office, Rotorcraft Directorate, FAA, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas 76137; telephone (817) 222-5170; email [email protected]. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR part 39 to supersede AD 90-26-12, Amendment 39-6841 (55 FR 51406, December 14, 1990) (AD 90-26-12), which applied to Sikorsky Model S-64E helicopters. The NPRM published in the Federal Register on July 3, 2013 (78 FR 40063). Since we issued AD 90-26-12, cracks were detected on the main rotor blades of Model S-64F helicopters, which are are similar to the main rotor blades used on the Model S-64E helicopter. Also, on February 13, 1992, Sikorsky transferred TC H6EA for Model S 64E and S 64F helicopters to Erickson. We also determined that the primary temperatures listed in the Required Actions section of this AD should be converted from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit for increased clarity. As a result, the NPRM proposed to retain the same checks and procedures as those required by AD 90-26-12, but in a revised format to meet current publication requirements and to expand the applicability to include both the Erickson S-64E and S-64F helicopters. The NPRM also proposed to require recurring checks of the Blade Inspection Method (BIM) indicator on each blade to determine whether the BIM indicator is signifying that the blade pressure may have been compromised by a blade crack.
i don't know
Who played 'The Fugitive' on TV?
The Fugitive (TV Series 1963–1967) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A doctor, wrongly convicted for a murder he didn't commit, escapes custody and must stay ahead of the police to find the real killer. Creator: Lt. Gerard agrees to work with Kimble for 24 hours to prove his innocence, because someone who may have been there when his wife was killed, posted bail for the one-armed man. 9.2 After saving a busload of kids in an accident, Kimble is knocked unconscious and later identified as a fugitive. Gerard comes to this Massachusetts town to extradite him back to Indiana, much to the ... 9.0 The one-armed man is arrested in Los Angeles for fighting and police want the story highlighted in the newspaper to try and lure Kimble into capture. 9.0 a list of 25 titles created 24 Dec 2010 a list of 39 titles created 26 Sep 2012 a list of 25 titles created 18 Oct 2012 a list of 25 titles created 02 Nov 2014 a list of 21 titles created 1 month ago Search for " The Fugitive " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: The Fugitive (1963–1967) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 4 wins & 10 nominations. See more awards  » Photos Special Agent Eliot Ness and his elite team of incorruptable agents battle organized crime in 1930s Chicago. Stars: Robert Stack, Walter Winchell, Nicholas Georgiade An elite covert operations unit carries out highly sensitive missions subject to official denial in the event of failure, death or capture. Stars: Peter Graves, Barbara Bain, Greg Morris A pair of intelligence agents posing as a tennis pro and his coach go on secret missions around the world. Stars: Robert Culp, Bill Cosby, Kenneth Tobey Mannix worked originally for Wickersham at Intertect and then struck out on his own, assisted by Peggy Fair (whose cop-husband had been killed) and police department contact Tobias. Stars: Mike Connors, Gail Fisher, Ward Wood Wheelchair-bound detective Robert T. Ironside battles the bad guys on the streets of San Francisco. Stars: Raymond Burr, Don Galloway, Don Mitchell The adventures of suave cat burglar Alexander Mundy, who plies his trade for the U.S. Government. Stars: Robert Wagner, Fred Astaire, Malachi Throne Combat!, a one-hour WWII drama series on television, followed a frontline American infantry squad as they battled their way across Europe. With mud-splattered realism, the show offered ... See full summary  » Stars: Vic Morrow, Rick Jason, Pierre Jalbert The World War II North African missions of an Allied commando patrol squad of the Long Range Desert Group. Stars: Christopher George, Gary Raymond, Eric Braeden Frank Cannon is an overweight, balding ex-cop with a deep voice and expensive tastes in culinary pleasures; he becomes a high-priced private investigator. Stars: William Conrad, Patrick Culliton, Tom Pittman Bret and Bart Maverick (and in later seasons, their English cousin, Beau) are well dressed gamblers who migrate from town to town always looking for a good game. Poker (5 card draw) is ... See full summary  » Stars: Jack Kelly, James Garner, Roger Moore The cases of maverick undercover New York City detective Tony Baretta. Stars: Robert Blake, Tom Ewell, Michael D. Roberts The two top agents of the United Network Command for Law and Enforcement fight the enemies of peace, particularly the forces of THRUSH. Stars: Robert Vaughn, David McCallum, Leo G. Carroll Edit Storyline Dr. Richard Kimble is accused as the murderer of his wife, tried and convicted. On his way to be executed, he escapes. The only chance to prove his innocence is to find the man who killed his wife. Kimble, pursued by Lt. Gerard, risks his life several times when he shows his identity to help other people out of trouble. Written by Florian Baumann <[email protected]> 17 September 1963 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Black and White (seasons 1-3)| Color (season 4) Aspect Ratio: Did You Know? Trivia Roy Huggins initially had great difficulty selling the series to potential producers. Many thought that a series based on a wrongfully convicted man running from the law would be too perverse, as well as a slap in the face to the American justice system. Producers felt that no one would want to watch such a series and urged Huggins to give up on the concept. See more » Quotes Narrator : The Fugitive, a QM Production, starring David Janssen as Dr. Richard Kimble, an innocent victim of blind justice, falsely convicted for the murder of his wife, reprieved by fate when a train wreck freed him en route to the death house; freed him to hide in lonely desperation, to change his identity, to toil at many jobs; freed him to search for a one-armed man he saw leave the scene of the crime; freed him to run before the relentless pursuit of the police lieutenant obsessed with his capture.
David Janssen
Who narrated the classic US TV series 'The Untouchables'?
The Fugitive broke new ground to become an unlikely hit · TV Club 10 · The A.V. Club Share Tweet With so many new series popping up on streaming services and DVD every day, it gets harder and harder to keep up with new shows, much less the all-time classics. With  TV Club 10 , we point you toward the 10 episodes that best represent a TV series, classic or modern. If you watch these 10, you’ll have a better idea of what that series was about, without having to watch the whole thing. These are not meant to be the 10 best episodes, but rather the 10 most representative episodes. The Fugitive, which first crept out of the shadows 50 years ago this month, may be the perfect television drama. That’s not to say that The Fugitive is superior to today’s best dramas, or even to its finest contemporaries, like The Defenders and Ben Casey. But The Fugitive achieved a perfection of form that was unique: It was part crime procedural, part action-adventure, and part character-driven melodrama. It was fusion TV. The push and pull between the contrasting generic elements meant that episodes were highly varied, but with so many different traditions to draw from, nearly always satisfying. The Fugitive achieved a phenomenally consistent level of quality—which makes this a particularly tough list to compile. The Fugitive concerns a miscarriage of justice. Its backstory, chronicled in sound-bite form at the beginning of each episode, is as follows: Dr. Richard Kimble, an upstanding pediatrician in the small town of Stafford, Indiana, comes home one night to find his wife’s bludgeoned body. As their marriage had been on the rocks and there are no other obvious suspects, Kimble is convicted and sentenced to die. Freed by a train derailment on his way to death row, Kimble wanders the country under a series of aliases, working menial jobs and trying to blend in. Kimble’s only hope of turning his temporary reprieve into a permanent one is to find the man whom he suspects of having killed his wife: a one-armed drifter he saw running from his home on the night of the murder. If that sounds a bit familiar, it’s because The Fugitive was a modern-dress update of Les Misérables (although creator Roy Huggins claimed he was more directly inspired by Westerns like his earlier hit, Maverick). It’s no accident that Kimble’s primary pursuer, Lt. Gerard—the Stafford police detective who first arrested him—has a name that sounds like his counterpart, Javert, in the Victor Hugo novel. Huggins thought the idea of the falsely accused man was so commonplace that it deserved to be called “the American theme,” and that the show would be an easy sell. He was wrong. Huggins spent two years peddling the idea before ABC president Leonard Goldenson bought it and assigned it to Quinn Martin, the up-and-coming independent producer who had turned The Untouchables into a hit. (Huggins had no further involvement with The Fugitive, although he ended up launching a rival show with a similar concept called Run For Your Life.) The networks’ failure to grasp how compelling The Fugitive would become underscores the extent to which it broke new ground. It was the first television show about paranoia—the first whose protagonist was always looking over his shoulder—and perhaps the first that rested on an understanding that our social institutions can make mistakes that ruin lives. In an oblique way, The Fugitive channeled the social unrest of its time. It “spoke for a whole generation of people—kids like me, who grew up feeling slightly alienated from our parents,” wrote Fugitive fan Stephen King.  Even though cunning criminals had been getting away with murder for nearly a decade on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, the notion of a protagonist in a weekly series remaining permanently at odds with the law was revolutionary. One ABC executive called the premise “a slap in the face of American justice, week after week.” In that sense, The Fugitive is an important antecedent to the anti-hero cable dramas of the present day—even though Kimble himself, one of television’s great white knights, was anything but anti-heroic. The series went to considerable lengths to emphasize Kimble’s unwavering virtue. At the end of the pilot, as he slinks off into the night, Kimble even picks up a mewling stray kitten and gives it shelter in his coat. On paper, gestures like that one might seem to pander to the audience. In practice, they enriched the central irony that drove the series: Each week Kimble managed to solve some stranger’s problems, but never his own. A guy who invariably stops to help an old lady cross the street in the middle of running from the electric chair might seem to strain credibility, right? What saved The Fugitive from absurdity was casting. David Janssen, a Clark Gable lookalike and former Universal contract player, had become a minor TV star in 1957 in Richard Diamond, Private Detective, part of a short-lived television fad for “jazz private eyes.” Too awkward to really succeed as a straight-arrow leading man, Janssen was waiting his turn for character parts. When he took on the role of Richard Kimble, he was only 32 but looked at least a decade older; although his purported alcoholism was not yet crippling, it would be by the end of The Fugitive’s grueling four-year run. As Kimble, he spoke in a staccato grumble, keeping his body taut and ready to bolt, his gaze on the ground or aimed at the nearest exit. If the scripts foregrounded Kimble’s nobility, Janssen’s expressive face filled in all the rest: the fear, the weariness, the exasperation of a life on the lam. Janssen kept The Fugitive anchored in an essential naturalism. Once a member of the intellectual class, Richard Kimble now worked as a bartender one week, a field laborer the next. He was one of the few TV characters seen doing manual labor on a regular basis, and Janssen was one of the few TV stars unglamorous enough to pull that off.  The aspect of The Fugitive that was the most ahead of its time was its villain. At best, the police in The Fugitive resemble the police in the films of Alfred Hitchcock (who had been famously traumatized by a childhood stint in a jail cell): unsmiling, implacable automatons. But The Fugitive went beyond that, often revealing the cops in pursuit of Kimble to be corrupt or sadistic. And Lt. Gerard—played with terrific control by Barry Morse—is a flat-out psycho. Hiding behind the excuse that he’s only doing his job, Gerard is clearly in the grip of an obsessive personal vendetta. Capturing Kimble is all about proving himself right and getting revenge on the con whose escape made him look stupid. Not incidentally, Gerard is a complete prick: He neglects his wife and child, and he’s always snide and condescending toward the local cops who tip him off on sightings of Dr. Kimble. “Lt. Gerard really scared me as a kid,” wrote Stephen King. “Kimble had made him crazy, and as The Fugitive went on you could see him heading further and further into freako land.” If Kimble is a far cry from Walter White, Lt. Gerard is only a few steps away from Vic Mackey.  Although it generally operated on the semi-anthology format devised by early dramas like Route 66—shows that devoted most of their screen time to the weekly guest stars, with the regular characters taking on almost secondary roles—The Fugitive gradually sketched in details about Kimble’s and Gerard’s families and various other figures connected to the Kimble murder trial. It was one of the first dramas to construct a mythology, although by today’s standards The Fugitive’s was rudimentary. Recurring characters were sometimes renamed, recast, or forgotten altogether. Perhaps because the television writers of the era weren’t accustomed to this kind of storytelling, some of the series’ milestone episodes are among the weaker entries—like “The Girl From Little Egypt,” the disappointing origin story that chronicles the Helen Kimble murder in flashback, or “Landscape With Running Figures,” the two-parter that pairs Kimble with a temporarily blind Mrs. Gerard. As a result, these recommendations favor the stand-alone episodes that were the show’s strong suit.   “Fear In A Desert City” (season one, episode one): The series lays out its premise with admirable economy in its first-rate pilot, which has the gallant Kimble risking capture to defend an abused wife (Vera Miles). Walter Grauman, who was more responsible than anyone else for the QM Productions house style, directs with silky-smooth force, and Brian Keith turns in a terrifying, unforgettable performance as the drunken wife-beater. Martin’s dedication to putting production value on the screen meant that The Fugitive has more expensive guest stars, as well as more outdoor locations and night shoots, than most shows of its era—which makes it that much easier to step into today.  “Never Wave Goodbye,” parts one and two (season one, episodes four and five): Worn down to the bone, Kimble considers abandoning his search for the one-armed man and starting a new life with a woman (Susan Oliver, the decade’s most wistful leading lady) with whom he’s fallen in love. The first half of this pivotal episode ends with a 15-minute chase sequence (the series’ best); the second, with a Kimble-Gerard confrontation that sets the tone for their relationship. The only problem (well, apart from Robert Duvall’s dubious Norwegian accent) is that it comes too early in the show’s run—The Fugitive began about a year into Kimble’s journey, but audiences weren’t yet as flight-fatigued as he was—but now that can be remedied by scheduling it further along in the Fugitive viewing experience. “See Hollywood And Die” (season one, episode eight): Inevitably, a man on the run finds himself in the company of other men on the run, and some of the best Fugitives found the Kimble trying to outwit real killers and psychos without the escape hatch—calling the police—that any other TV hero would have. In this one, Kimble is kidnapped by a pair of thrill killers and must pretend to be a seasoned criminal in order to protect another hostage (a young Brenda Vaccaro). The road-trip structure showcases The Fugitive’s signature use of diverse Southern California locations, and in his impersonation of a bad guy, Janssen has a great deal of fun delivering wiseass putdowns from the corner of his mouth. “Where The Action Is” (season one, episode 18): David Janssen was enormously popular with female viewers, and that attraction was echoed in stories that gave Kimble a strong, independent woman as a protector, or a fragile young girl who benefits from his sensitivity. In this one, the bird-with-the-broken-wing is a spoiled rich kid (Steven Bochco’s sister, Joanna Frank) who at first drives Kimble nuts but eventually touches him with her hidden vulnerability. There’s a minimal element of jeopardy when the girl’s well-connected father (Telly Savalas) threatens to expose Kimble, but this is one of many episodes that emphasizes emotion over suspense. “Escape Into Black” (season two, episode nine): Injured in an explosion, Kimble suffers from amnesia—wince!—but wait, this is a devilishly clever high-concept premise from cult filmmaker Larry Cohen (who wrote two episodes). The doctors and social workers who try to help Kimble figure out who he is are actually bringing him closer to capture—and once he’s confronted with the facts of his past, but still has no memory of it, Kimble wonders if maybe he should turn himself in. The series was wise enough to use Gerard sparingly, and the brief confrontation to which this episode builds delivers a great jolt. “Everybody Gets Hit In The Mouth Sometime” (season two, episode 24): Although it was too lavishly produced to capture the feel of the scuzziest low-rent crime movies of the ’40s, The Fugitive was still heavily influenced by film noir. This episode, which places Kimble in the seedy world of short-haul truckers, was an homage to Jules Dassin’s classic Thieves’ Highway (1949). Jack Turley’s unusually cynical script inverted the standard Fugitive formula: The widow (Geraldine Brooks) he tries to help turns out to be a heartless leech, and by the end Kimble hasn’t done anyone much good, least of all himself. “Running Scared” (season three, episode 22): Probably the best of the mythology episodes, this is a claustrophobic, despair-soaked outing in which Kimble learns that his father has died and seeks to share his grief with his sister (Jacqueline Scott, in a recurring role). Gerard, anticipating this meeting and waiting to pounce, never seemed more petty and unfeeling; meanwhile, the viewer learns that the malaise afflicting everyone connected to the Kimble case extends even to the man (James Daly) who prosecuted him, now successful in politics but addicted to pills and despised by his wife. “The 2130” (season three, episode 27): Fugitive historian Ed Robertson called this the series’ “most peripatetic” segment. It’s one of several effective, vignette-structured episodes that illustrate the exhausting whirlwind of Kimble’s flight by having him hop into a different locale, and mini-story, in each act. On hand here are Blade Runner screenwriter Hampton Fancher, playing an oddball hobo, and that great cliché of the ’60s —the Supercomputer! —which Gerard and a vengeful scientist (Melvyn Douglas) use to try to predict where Kimble will next alight.  “A Taste Of Tomorrow” (season three, episode 28): This episode introduces Kimble to another wanted man with a background similar to his own—except that this guy (Fritz Weaver) is wracked with typhus and consumed by a semi-deranged, possibly violent rage toward the people who framed him. The script doesn’t underline it, but the title and, especially, Janssen’s face ask the question: Is this a preview of Richard Kimble’s endgame? The series foreshadows its own ending in an episode that’s arguably more satisfying than the actual epic, Nielsen-busting two-part finale (seen by 72 percent of the TV audience in 1967!), which succumbs to over-plotting and a bit of what we would now call “retconning.” (Although it’s still required viewing, just for the great final scene between Kimble and Gerard.) “A Clean And Quiet Town” (season four, episode three): Kimble traces the one-armed man to a corrupt vice town, where he’s living under the protection of the local mob. The Fugitive’s final season saw the departure of its talented original producer, Alan A. Armer, and the unwelcome introduction of color, but this atypical neon noir (written by hard-boiled novelist Howard Browne) makes good use of the show’s lurid new palette. In requiring Kimble to navigate the world of organized crime, this episode is one of the few to suggest that Kimble might be willing to get his hands dirty in order to exonerate himself. It offers a hint of what a more morally ambiguous Fugitive might look like if, for instance, the show were re-made on cable today. And if you like those, here are 10 more: “Nightmare At Northoak” (season one, episode 11); “Home Is The Hunted” (season one, episode 15); “Come Watch Me Die” (season one, episode 17); “World’s End” (season two, episode two); “Nicest Fella You’d Ever Want To Meet” (season two, episode 18); “The Survivors” (season two, episode 23); “Wife Killer” (season three, episode 17); “The Devil’s Disciples” (season four, episode 12); “Concrete Evidence” (season four, episode 18); “The Judgment” parts one and two (season four, episodes 29 and 30). Availability: The complete series was re-released on DVD in a deluxe “Most Wanted Edition” last year. There are also eight smaller half-season DVD sets, but beware —the individual releases for seasons two and three feature extensive replacement of the original underscoring (which was, happily, restored in the complete series box).  Next time: The Big Bang Theory
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In a medical breakthrough in 1901, who was the first to classify A, B, O blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner - Biographical Karl Landsteiner The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Karl Landsteiner Share this: Karl Landsteiner - Biographical Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna on June 14, 1868. His father, Leopold Landsteiner, a doctor of law, was a well-known journalist and newspaper publisher, who died when Karl was six years old. Karl was brought up by his mother, Fanny Hess, to whom he was so devoted that a death mask of her hung on his wall until he died. After leaving school, Landsteiner studied medicine at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1891. Even while he was a student he had begun to do biochemical research and in 1891 he published a paper on the influence of diet on the composition of blood ash. To gain further knowledge of chemistry he spent the next five years in the laboratories of Hantzsch at Zurich, Emil Fischer at Wurzburg, and E. Bamberger at Munich. Returning to Vienna, Landsteiner resumed his medical studies at the Vienna General Hospital. In 1896 he became an assistant under Max von Gruber in the Hygiene Institute at Vienna. Even at this time he was interested in the mechanisms of immunity and in the nature of antibodies. From 1898 till 1908 he held the post of assistant in the University Department of Pathological Anatomy in Vienna, the Head of which was Professor A. Weichselbaum, who had discovered the bacterial cause of meningitis, and with Fraenckel had discovered the pneumococcus. Here Landsteiner worked on morbid physiology rather than on morbid anatomy. In this he was encouraged by Weichselbaum, in spite of the criticism of others in this Institute. In 1908 Weichselbaum secured his appointment as Prosector in the Wilhelminaspital in Vienna, where he remained until 1919. In 1911 he became Professor of Pathological Anatomy in the University of Vienna, but without the corresponding salary. Up to the year 1919, after twenty years of work on pathological anatomy, Landsteiner with a number of collaborators had published many papers on his findings in morbid anatomy and on immunology. He discovered new facts about the immunology of syphilis, added to the knowledge of the Wassermann reaction, and discovered the immunological factors which he named haptens (it then became clear that the active substances in the extracts of normal organs used in this reaction were, in fact, haptens). He made fundamental contributions to our knowledge of paroxysmal haemoglobinuria. He also showed that the cause of poliomyelitis could be transmitted to monkeys by injecting into them material prepared by grinding up the spinal cords of children who had died from this disease, and, lacking in Vienna monkeys for further experiments, he went to the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where monkeys were available. His work there, together with that independently done by Flexner and Lewis, laid the foundations of our knowledge of the cause and immunology of poliomyelitis. Landsteiner made numerous contributions to both pathological anatomy, histology and immunology, all of which showed, not only his meticulous care in observation and description, but also his biological understanding. But his name will no doubt always be honoured for his discovery in 1901 of, and outstanding work on, the blood groups, for which he was given the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1930. In 1875 Landois had reported that, when man is given transfusions of the blood of other animals, these foreign blood corpuscles are clumped and broken up in the blood vessels of man with the liberation of haemoglobin. In 1901-1903 Landsteiner pointed out that a similar reaction may occur when the blood of one human individual is transfused, not with the blood of another animal, but with that of another human being, and that this might be the cause of shock, jaundice, and haemoglobinuria that had followed some earlier attempts at blood transfusions. His suggestions, however, received little attention until, in 1909, he classified the bloods of human beings into the now well-known A, B, AB, and O groups and showed that transfusions between individuals of groups A or B do not result in the destruction of new blood cells and that this catastrophe occurs only when a person is transfused with the blood of a person belonging to a different group. Earlier, in 1901-1903, Landsteiner had suggested that, because the characteristics which determine the blood groups are inherited, the blood groups may be used to decide instances of doubtful paternity. Much of the subsequent work that Landsteiner and his pupils did on blood groups and the immunological uses they made of them was done, not in Vienna, but in New York. For in 1919 conditions in Vienna were such that laboratory work was very difficult and, seeing no future for Austria, Landsteiner obtained the appointment of Prosector to a small Roman Catholic Hospital at The Hague. Here he published, from 1919-1922, twelve papers on new haptens that he had discovered, on conjugates with proteins which were capable of inducing anaphylaxis and on related problems, and also on the serological specificity of the haemoglobins of different species of animals. His work in Holland came to an end when he was offered a post in the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York and he moved there together with his family. It was here that he did, in collaboration with Levine and Wiener, the further work on the blood groups which greatly extended the number of these groups, and here in collaboration with Wiener studied bleeding in the new-born, leading to the discovery of the Rh-factor in blood, which relates the human blood to the blood of the rhesus monkey. To the end of his life, Landsteiner continued to investigate blood groups and the chemistry of antigens, antibodies and other immunological factors that occur in the blood. It was one of his great merits that he introduced chemistry into the service of serology. Rigorously exacting in the demands he made upon himself, Landsteiner possessed untiring energy. Throughout his life he was always making observations in many fields other than those in which his main work was done (he was, for instance, responsible for having introduced dark-field illumination in the study of spirochaetes). By nature somewhat pessimistic, he preferred to live away from people. Landsteiner married Helen Wlasto in 1916. Dr. E. Landsteiner is a son by this marriage. In 1939 he became Emeritus Professor at the Rockefeller Institute, but continued to work as energetically as before, keeping eagerly in touch with the progress of science. It is characteristic of him that he died pipette in hand. On June 24, 1943, he had a heart attack in his laboratory and died two days later in the hospital of the Institute in which he had done such distinguished work. From Nobel Lectures , Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.   Karl Landsteiner died on June 26, 1943.  
Karl Landsteiner
Who did God order to preach at Nineveh, but he ran away, with scary consequences?
Human Blood: ABO Blood Types (1868-1943) The most well-known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group.  They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at other times save a patient.  In 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of blood types. All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group.  There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O.  There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types.  The specific combination of these four components determines an individual's type in most cases.  The table below shows the possible permutations of antigens and antibodies with the corresponding ABO type ("yes" indicates the presence of a component and "no" indicates its absence in the blood of an individual).       It is easy and inexpensive to determine an individual's ABO type from a few drops of blood.  A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood.  Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample.   Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type.   It is a simple process of elimination of the possibilities.  For instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen.  Therefore, the blood type is A.   Genetic Inheritance Patterns Research carried out in Heidelberg, Germany by Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil von Dungern in 1910 and 1911 showed that the ABO blood types are inherited.  We now know that they are determined by genes on chromosome 9, and they do not change as a result of environmental influences during life.  An individual's ABO type results from the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from each parent.  The possible outcomes are shown below: The possible ABO alleles for one parent are in the top row and the alleles of the other are in the left column.  Offspring genotypes OO (O) Both A and B alleles are dominant over O.  As a result, individuals who have an AO genotype will have an A phenotype .  People who are type O have OO genotypes.  In other words, they inherited a recessive O allele from both parents. The A and B alleles are codominant.  Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB.   Agglutination tests will show that these individuals have the characteristics of both type A and type B blood. CAUTION: the inheritance of ABO blood types does not always follow such straightforward rules of inheritance.  If you wish to explore the reason why this is true, select the Bombay Phenotype button below.    Bombay Phenotype     ABO Blood type antigens are not only found on the surface of red cells.  They are also normally secreted by some people in their body fluids, including saliva, tears, and urine.  Whether someone is able to secrete them is genetically controlled.  Police agencies now routinely use this so-called secretor system data to identify potential victims and criminals when blood samples are not available. Despite the fact that the blood types of children are solely determined by inheritance from their parents, paternity in the U.S. and many other nations can no longer be legally established based on conventional blood typing.  To do that, it is necessary to compare HLA types and/or DNA sequences.  The use of DNA is more accurate in determining paternity, but it is also more expensive than HLA typing. Antibodies to alien antigens in the ABO group are usually present in our plasma prior to the first contact with blood of a different ABO type.  This may be partly explained by the fact that these antigens are also produced by certain bacteria and possibly some plants.  When we come in contact with them, our bodies may develop long-term active immunity to their antigens and subsequently to the same antigens on the surface of red blood cells.  This usually occurs in babies within the first six months following their birth. Environmental Factors While blood types are 100% genetically inherited, the environment potentially can determine which blood types in a population will be passed on more frequently to the next generation.  It does this through natural selection .  Specific ABO blood types are thought to be linked with increased or decreased susceptibility to particular diseases.  For instance, individuals with type A blood are at a somewhat higher risk of contracting smallpox and developing cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, and stomach.  People who are type O are at a higher risk for contracting cholera and plague as well as developing duodenal and peptic ulcers.  Research suggests that they are also more tasty to mosquitoes.  That could be a significant factor in contracting malaria.   NOTE:  A small number of people have two different ABO blood types.  They are not simply AB codominant.  Apparently, most of these blood chimera individuals shared a blood supply with their non-identical twin before birth.  In some cases, people are unaware that they had a twin because he or she died early in gestation and was spontaneously aborted.  As many as 8% of non-identical twins may have chimeric blood.  Some people are microchimeric--they have a small amount of blood of a different type in their system that has persisted from a blood transfusion or passed across the placental barrier from their mother before birth.  Likewise, fetal blood can pass into a mother's system.  This fact has led some researchers to suggest that the significantly higher frequency of autoimmune disorders in women is a result of the presence of foreign white blood cells that had come from their unborn children during pregnancy. NEWS:  An international team of researchers led by Henrick Clausen of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark have discovered a bacterial enzyme that can convert red blood cells of types A, B, and AB into O by stripping away their identifying surface antigens.  This has the potential for dramatically improving the safety of blood transfusions.  Clinical trials of this technique are now underway.  ("Bacterial Glycosidases for the Production of Universal Red Blood Cells", published online in Nature Biotechnology, April 1, 2007.) NEWS:  A research team led by Peer Bork of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidleberg, Germany discovered that people can be classified into one of 3 distinct types based on the kinds of bacteria in their guts.  They refer to them as enterotypes.  This type system is independent of blood types and may have equally important implications for peoples' health.  How enterotypes are established is not known, but the authors suggest that babies may be randomly colonized by different species of bacteria and that they alter the gut so that only certain species of bacteria can live there.  ("Enterotypes of the Human Gut Microbiome", published online in Nature, April 20, 2011.)  
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In telescopes and microscopes, what is the alternative name for the ocular lens?
Eyepiece | Define Eyepiece at Dictionary.com eyepiece noun 1. the lens or combination of lenses in an optical instrument through which the eye views the image formed by the objective lens or lenses; ocular. Origin of eyepiece Examples from the Web for eyepiece Expand Historical Examples Insert the eyepiece micrometer inside the ocular and adjust the stage micrometer on the stage of the microscope. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique John William Henry Eyre A man sat in a chair on the platform at the microscope's eyepiece. The Hell Ship Raymond Alfred Palmer She is our eyepiece to keep us cognizant of our opportunities. A Labrador Doctor Wilfred Thomason Grenfell She turned back to the microscope and bent over the eyepiece. The telescope consists of two lenses, the eyepiece and the objective. Physics Willis Eugene Tower The Metal Moon Everett C. Smith British Dictionary definitions for eyepiece Expand noun 1. the lens or combination of lenses in an optical instrument nearest the eye of the observer Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Eyepiece
What name is given to molten rock located beneath the surface of the Earth?
Olympus Microscopy Resource Center | Anatomy of a Microscope - Eyepieces (Oculars) Software Downloads Eyepieces (Oculars) Eyepieces work in combination with microscope objectives to further magnify the intermediate image so that specimen details can be observed. Oculars is an alternative name for eyepieces that has been widely used in the literature, but to maintain consistency during this discussion we will refer to all oculars as eyepieces. Best results in microscopy require that objectives be used in combination with eyepieces that are appropriate to the correction and type of objective. The basic anatomy of a typical modern eyepiece is illustrated in Figure 1. Inscriptions on the side of the eyepiece describe its particular characteristics and function. The eyepieces illustrated in Figure 1 are inscribed with UW, which is an abbreviation for the Ultra Wide viewfield. Often eyepieces will also have an H designation, depending upon the manufacturer, to indicate a high-eyepoint focal point that allows microscopists to wear glasses while viewing samples. Other inscriptions often found on eyepieces include WF for Wide-Field; UWF for Ultra Wide-Field; SW and SWF for Super Wide-Field; HE for High Eyepoint; and CF for eyepieces intended for use with CF corrected objectives. Compensating eyepieces are often inscribed with K, C, or comp as well as the magnification. Eyepieces used with flat-field objectives are sometimes labeled Plan-Comp. The eyepiece magnification of the eyepieces in Figure 1 is 10x (indicated on the housing), and the inscription A/24 indicates the field number is 24, which refers to the diameter (in millimeters) of the fixed diaphragm in the eyepiece. These eyepieces also have a focus adjustment and a thumbscrew that allows their position to be fixed. Manufactures now often produce eyepieces having rubber eye-cups that serve both to position the eyes the proper distance from the front lens, and to block room light from reflecting off the lens surface and interfering with the view. There are two major types of eyepieces that are grouped according to lens and diaphragm arrangement: the negative eyepieces with an internal diaphragm and positive eyepieces that have a diaphragm below the lenses of the eyepiece. Negative eyepieces have two lenses: the upper lens, which is closest to the observer's eye, is called the eye-lens and the lower lens (beneath the diaphragm) is often termed the field lens. In their simplest form, both lenses are plano-convex, with convex sides "facing" the specimen. Approximately mid-way between these lenses there is a fixed circular opening or internal diaphragm which, by its size, defines the circular field of view that is observed in looking into the microscope. The simplest negative eyepiece design, often termed the Huygenian eye-piece (illustrated in Figure 2), is found on most teaching and laboratory microscopes fitted with achromatic objectives. Although the Huygenian eye and field lenses are not well corrected, their aberrations tend to cancel each other out. More highly corrected negative eyepieces have two or three lens elements cemented and combined together to make the eye lens. If an unknown eyepiece carries only the magnification inscribed on the housing, it is most likely to be a Huygenian eyepiece, best suited for use with achromatic objectives of 5x-40x magnification. The other main kind of eyepiece is the positive eyepiece with a diaphragm below its lenses, commonly known as the Ramsden eyepiece, as illustrated in Figure 2 (on the left). This eyepiece has an eye lens and field lens that are also plano-convex, but the field lens is mounted with the curved surface facing towards the eye lens. The front focal plane of this eyepiece lies just below the field lens, at the level of the eyepiece diaphragm, making this eyepiece readily adaptable for mounting reticles. To provide better correction, the two lenses of the Ramsden eyepiece may be cemented together. A modified version of the Ramsden eyepiece is known as the Kellner eyepiece, as illustrated on the left in Figure 3. These improved eyepieces contain a doublet of eye-lens elements cemented together and feature a higher eyepoint than either the Ramsden or Huygenian eyepiece as well as a much larger field of view. A modified version of the simple Huygenian eyepiece is also illustrated in Figure 3, on the right. While these modified eyepieces perform better than their simple one-lens counterparts, they are still only useful with low-power achromat objectives. Simple eyepieces such as the Huygenian and Ramsden and their achromatized counterparts will not correct for residual chromatic difference of magnification in the intermediate image, especially when used in combination with high magnification achromatic objectives as well as any fluorite or apochromatic objectives. To remedy this, manufacturers produce compensating eyepieces that introduce an equal, but opposite, chromatic error in the lens elements. Compensating eyepieces may be either of the positive or negative type, and must be used at all magnifications with fluorite, apochromatic and all variations of plan objectives (they can also be used to advantage with achromatic objectives of 40x and higher). In recent years, modern microscope objectives have their correction for chromatic difference of magnification either built into the objectives themselves ( Olympus and Nikon) or corrected in the tube lens (Leica and Zeiss). Compensating eyepieces play a crucial role in helping to eliminate residual chromatic aberrations inherent in the design of highly corrected objectives. Hence, it is preferable that the microscopist uses the compensating eyepieces designed by a particular manufacturer to accompany that manufacturer's higher-corrected objectives. Use of an incorrect eyepiece with an apochromatic objective designed for a finite (160 or 170 millimeter) tube length application results in dramatically increased contrast with red fringes on the outer diameters and blue fringes on the inner diameters of specimen detail. Additional problems arise from a limited flatness of the viewfield in simple eyepieces, even those corrected with eye-lens doublets. More advanced eyepiece designs resulted in the Periplan eyepiece that is illustrated in Figure 4 above. This eyepiece contains seven lens elements that are cemented into a single doublet, a single triplet, and two individual lenses. Design improvements in periplan eyepieces lead to better correction for residual lateral chromatic aberration, increased flatness of field, and a general overall better performance when used with higher power objectives. Modern microscopes feature vastly improved plan-corrected objectives in which the primary image has much less curvature of field than older objectives. In addition, most microscopes now feature much wider body tubes that have greatly increased the size of intermediate images. To address these new features, manufacturers now produce wide-eyefield eyepieces (illustrated in Figure 1) that increase the viewable area of the specimen by as much as 40 percent. Because the strategies of eyepiece-objective correction techniques vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, it is very important (as stated above) to use only eyepieces recommended by a specific manufacturer for use with their objectives. Our recommendation is to carefully choose the objective first, then purchase an eyepiece that is designed to work in conjunction with the objective. When choosing eyepieces, it is relatively easy to differentiate between simple and more highly compensated eyepieces. Simple eyepieces such as the Ramsden and Huygenian (and their more highly corrected counterparts) will appear to have a blue ring around the edge of the eyepiece diaphragm when viewed through the microscope or held up to a light source. In contrast, more highly corrected compensating eyepieces with have a yellow-red-orange ring around the diaphragm under the same circumstances. Properties of Commercial Eyepieces 24 Table 1 The properties of several common commercially available eyepieces (manufactured by Olympus America, Inc.) are listed according to type in Table 1. The three major types of eyepieces listed in Table 1 are Finder, Wide Field, and Super Widefield. The terminology used by various manufacturers can be very confusing and careful attention should be paid to their sales brochures and microscope manuals to ensure that the correct eyepieces are being used with a specific objective. In Table 1, the abbreviations that designate wide field and super widefield eyepieces are coupled to their correction for high eyepoint, and are WH and SWH, respectively. The magnifications are either 10x or 15x and the Field Numbers (discussed below) range from 14 to 26.5, depending upon the application. The diopter adjustment is approximately the same for all eyepieces and many also contain either a photomask or micrometer reticle. Light rays emanating from the eyepiece intersect at the exit pupil or eyepoint, often referred to as the Ramsden disc, where the pupil of the microscopists eye should be placed in order for her to see the entire field of view (usually 8-10 mm from the eye lens). By increasing the magnification of the eyepiece, the eyepoint is drawn closer to the upper surface of the eye lens, making it much more difficult for the microscopist to use, especially if they are wearing eyeglasses. To compensate for this, specially designed high eyepoint eyepieces have been manufactured that feature eyepoint distances approaching 20-25 mm above the surface of the eye lens. These improved eyepieces have larger diameter eye lenses that contain more optical elements and usually feature improved flatness of field. Such eyepieces are often designated with the inscription "H" somewhere on the eyepiece housing, either alone or in combination with other abbreviations, as discussed above. We should mention that high-eyepoint eyepieces are especially useful for microscopists who wear eyeglasses to correct for near or far sightedness, but they do not correct for several other visual defects, such as astigmatism. Today, high eyepoint eyepieces are very popular, even with people who do not wear eyeglasses, because the large eye clearance reduces fatigue and makes viewing images through the microscope much more pleasurable. At one time, eyepieces were available in a wide spectrum of magnifications ranging from 6.3x to 25x and sometimes even higher for special applications. These eyepieces are very useful for observation and photomicrography with low-power objectives. Unfortunately, with higher power objectives, the problem of empty magnification becomes important when using very high magnification eyepieces and these should be avoided. Today most manufacturers restrict their eyepiece offerings to those in the 10x to 20x range. The diameter of the viewfield in an eyepiece is expressed as a "field-of-view number" or field number (FN), as discussed above. Information about the field number of an eyepiece can yield the real diameter of the object viewfield using the formula: Viewfield Diameter = (FN) / (M(O) × M(T)) where FN is the field number in millimeters, M(O) is the objective magnification, and M(T) is the tube lens magnification factor (if any). Applying this formula to the Super Widefield eyepiece listed in Table 1, we arrive at the following for a 40x objective with a tube lens magnification of 1.25: FN = 26.5 / M(O) = 40 × M(T) = 1.25 = a viewfield diameter of 0.53 mm. Table 2 lists the viewfield sizes over the common range of objectives that would occur using this eyepiece. Viewfield Diameters 0.085 Table 2 Care should be taken in choosing eyepiece/objective combinations to ensure the optimal magnification of specimen detail without adding unnecessary artifacts. For instance, to achieve a magnification of 250x, the microscopist could choose a 25x eyepiece coupled to a 10x objective. An alternative choice for the same magnification would be a 10x eyepiece with a 25x objective. Because the 25x objective has a higher numerical aperture (approximately 0.65) than does the 10x objective (approximately 0.25), and considering that numerical aperture values define an objective's resolution, it is clear that the latter choice would be the best. If photomicrographs of the same viewfield were made with each objective/eyepiece combination described above, it would be obvious that the 10x eyepiece/25x objective duo would produce photomicrographs that excelled in specimen detail and clarity when compared to the alternative combination. The "range of useful magnification" for an objective/eyepiece combination is defined by the numerical aperture of the system. There is a minimum magnification necessary for the detail present in an image to be resolved, and this value is usually rather arbitrarily set as 500 times the numerical aperture (500 × NA). At the other end of the spectrum, the maximum useful magnification of an image is usually set at 1000 times the numerical aperture (1000 × NA). Magnifications higher than this value will yield no further useful information or finer resolution of image detail, and will usually lead to image degradation. Exceeding the limit of useful magnification causes the image to suffer from the phenomenon of "empty magnification", where increasing magnification through the eyepiece or intermediate tube lens only causes the image to become more magnified with no corresponding increase in detail resolution. Table 3 lists the common objective/eyepiece combinations that lie in the range of useful magnification. Range of Useful Magnification --- Table 3 Eyepieces can be adapted for measurement purposes by adding a small circular disk-shaped glass reticle (sometimes referred to as a graticule or reticule) at the plane of the field diaphragm of the eyepiece. Reticles usually have markings, such as a measuring rule or grid, etched onto the surface. Because the reticle lies in the same plane as the field diaphragm, it appears in sharp focus superimposed over the image of the specimen. Eyepieces using reticles must contain a focusing mechanism (usually a helical screw or slider) that allows the image of the reticle to be brought into focus. Several typical reticles are illustrated in Figure 5 below. The reticle in Figure 5(a) is a common element of eyepieces intended to "frame" viewfields for photomicrography. The small rectangular element circumscribes the area that will be captured on film using 35 mm format. Other film formats (120 mm and 4 × 5 inch) are delineated by sets of "corners" within the larger 35mm rectangle. In the center of the reticle is a series of circles surrounded by four sets of parallel lines arranged in an "X" pattern. These lines are used to focus the reticle and image to be parfocal with the film plane in a camera back attached to the microscope. The reticle in Figure 5(b) is a linear micrometer that can be used to measure image distances, and the crossed micrometer in 5(c) is used with polarizing microscopes to locate the alignment of samples with respect to the polarizer and analyzer. The grid illustrated in Figure 5(d) is used to partition a section of the viewfield for counting. There are many other variations of eyepiece reticles, and the reader should consult the many manufacturers of microscopes and optical accessories to determine the types and availability of these useful measuring devices. For highly accurate measurements a Filar Micrometer similar to the one illustrated in Figure 6 is used. This micrometer replaces the conventional eyepiece and contains several improvements over conventional reticles. In the filar micrometer, a reticle with a measuring scale (there are many variations in scale types) and a very fine wire is brought into focus with the specimen (Figure 6(b)). The wire is mounted so that it can be slowly moved across the viewfield by the calibrated thumbscrew located on the side of the micrometer (Figure 6(a)). One complete turn of the thumbscrew (divided into 100 equal divisions) equals the distance between two adjacent reticle marks. By slowly moving the wire from one position on the specimen image to another and taking note of the changes in thumb screw numbers, the microscopist has a much more accurate measurement of distance. Filar micrometers (and other simple reticles) must be calibrated with a stage micrometer for each objective with which it will be used. Some eyepieces have a movable "pointer" located within the eyepiece and positioned so that it appears as a silhouette in the image plane. This pointer is useful when indicating certain features of a specimen, especially when a microscopist is teaching students about specific features. Most eyepiece pointers can be rotated in a 360 degree angle around the specimen and more advanced versions can translate across the viewfield. Manufacturers often produce specialized eyepieces, often termed photo eyepieces, that are designed to be used with photomicrography. These eyepieces are usually negative (Huygenian type) and are not capable of being used visually. For this reason, they are typically called projection lenses. A typical projection lens is illustrated in Figure 7 below. Projection lenses must be carefully corrected so that they will produce flat-field images, a definite "must" for accurate photomicrography. They are generally also color-corrected to ensure true reproduction of color in color photomicrography. Magnification factors in photomicrography projection lenses range from 1x to about 5x, and these can be interchanged to adjust the size of the final image in the photomicrograph. Camera systems have become an integral part of the microscope and most manufacturers provide photomicrographic attachment cameras as an optional accessory. These advanced camera systems often feature motorized black boxes that store and automatically step through film frame-by-frame as photomicrographs are taken. A common feature of these integral camera systems is a beamsplitter focusing telescopic eyepiece (see Figure 8) that allows the microscopist to view, focus, and frame samples for photomicrography. This telescope contains a photomicrography reticle, similar to the one illustrated in Figure 5(a) that is inscribed with a rectangular element that circumscribes the area captured with 35 mm film, and also corner brackets for larger format films. For convenience in scanning and photographing samples, the microscopist can adjust the telescopic eyepiece so that it is parfocal with the ocular eyepieces to make it easier to frame and take photomicrographs. Contributing Authors Mortimer Abramowitz - Olympus America, Inc., Two Corporate Center Drive., Melville, New York, 11747. Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.
i don't know
Carson City is the capital of which US state?
Capitol Building - Visit Carson City Capitol Building Capitol Building Carson City Nevada The Nevada State Capitol, located at 101 North Carson Street, is open to the public for self-guided tours 8:00 am‑5:00 pm, Monday‑Friday, year round (except holidays) Guided tours of the State Capitol may be requested by calling the Education Program at the Nevada State Museum at 775-687-4810, ext. 237. Guided tours require at least two weeks’ notice and are subject to the availability of volunteers. Early booking is recommended (2-3 months in advance) for the busy season (April-May). For many years after its 1870 construction, Nevada’s capitol building stood a lonely vigil in the center of Carson City. Grounds for the capitol complex had been set aside by town father Abe Curry, but Nevada started out small, and the need for big government had not developed. Now, more than 130 years later, the building is still used, standing as a testament to the foresight of Nevada’s founding fathers. Other grand Carson City buildings surround the capitol, marking the incredible growth of Nevada’s capital city. But the capitol building, constructed of native sandstone, holds the special designation of second oldest capitol building west of the Mississippi River. Today, the capitol complex in the heart of Carson City provides a picturesque campus setting which includes the State Capitol, Legislative Building, Supreme Court, and State Library and Archives. What was once a dusty, sometimes muddy, pit in the middle of a growing frontier town, is now lush with native plant species and buildings of impressive architectural detail. When the ambitious founders of Carson City laid out the town in 1858, they had dreams of a new territory, and then a new state to follow. Ten acres, known as the Plaza, was set aside in the belief that Carson City would be chosen as the capital of a new government in western Utah Territory. The demands of the Civil War pushed the creation of the Nevada Territory in 1861 and the territorial legislature selected the fledging community of Carson City as its capital. In that first decade, the Plaza remained empty. Statehood in 1864 saw Carson City become the state capital of Nevada, but the constitutional convention made a provision that no state capitol would be built until after three legislative sessions had passed. Some people still believed that the capital would be moved to a more central location in the new state. Fortunately, that did not happen. The building was commissioned in 1869 and built the following year. Additions, including the breezeway-connected library, and, in 1913, wings on the north and south sides, have significantly changed the building’s look. Upcoming Events
Nevada
The Assyrian Empire was mostly located in which modern day, middle-east country?
Carson City won a USA Today readership poll on the best state capital to visit, prompting local boosters Wednesday to gush about the victory. “It’s a great tribute to our community,” said Mayor Robert Crowell. An avid skier for years and a vocal city promoter, the mayor added: “I’m going to tout this from the mountain tops.” Ronni Hannaman and Joel Dunn, executive directors of the Chamber of Commerce and Visitors Bureau, respectively, joined in the celebratory oratory. They thanked those active in the campaign to put the Nevada capital city over the top and said it helps spread the word the community is a gem that serves as a hub in a great region. “I’m going to tout this from the mountain tops.” Robert Crowell “Now the entire United States will know why so many of us have chosen to live here,” said Hannaman. She said she and like-minded boosters look forward to welcoming new visitors. She admired the “tenacity” of people who, like her, voted daily on the Internet to help Carson City ace out the likes of Juneau in Alaska, Little Rock in Arkansas, Boise in Idaho and Sacramento next door in California. Those cities were the other four, in order, among the top five chosen by readers of USA Today and those who participated daily. Hannaman said people could vote only once daily, as did a host of Carson City supporters. There were 20 nominees vying to win the nationwide paper’s best capital travel destination recognition prize. “It was a social media campaign,” said Dunn. “It was a win not only for Carson City, but the whole state.” The visitors bureau chief said a concerted effort involving the Nevada Commission on Tourism and other visitors bureaus in the Silver State was involved because it helps to boost the image of Nevada, along with the capital, as a topflight travel destination. “I have to say I did my part,” Dunn added, but he emphasized votes came not only from city residents but from people across the state and even those who live elsewhere but have traveled here. Dunn’s bureau has an active social media effort under way, and he said that helped develop and track poll participants. The newspaper announced the winners Wednesday. “We asked USA Today 10Best readers to vote for their favorite (destination) among a list of 20 nominees,” USA Today reported, “and the winners might surprise you.” The paper said Carson City won by a sizable margin and a synopsis of the No. 1 choice read like it was written by community boosters. “Carson City, a small town of 50,000 (and growing), offers inexpensive lodging and food in a picturesque setting.” After citing local attractions, it added: “Lake Tahoe and Reno are nearby, making Carson City an excellent base from which to explore the Sierra Nevadas.”
i don't know
Which hi-tech company has its main assembly plant in Everett, Washington?
Boeing picks Everett for building wing of 777X | Business & Technology | The Seattle Times Print Boeing picks Everett for building wing of 777X Boeing has decided to build the new 777X wing facility next to the widebody jet final-assembly plant in Everett, assuring more than a decade of work on advanced composite materials for thousands of Snohomish County workers. An announcement is expected as early as Tuesday. Hide / Show comments That is really good news for all. (February 16, 2014, by ILBCNU) MORE Great news. Hopefully with the new autoclave we can build the -10 up here too (February 16, 2014, by CMB787) MORE I hope Boeing learns from what Airbus is doing with flight testing so that it can... (February 16, 2014, by noboboma) MORE
Boeing
Who is honoured with a museum in her home city of Wakefield, West Yorkshire?
Air India Awaits South Carolina's First Ever Boeing Dreamliner Air India Awaits South Carolina's First Ever Boeing Dreamliner {{article.article.images.featured.caption}} Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Full Bio The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer. Loading ... Loading ... This story appears in the {{article.article.magazine.pretty_date}} issue of {{article.article.magazine.pubName}}. Subscribe A Boeing Dreamliner 787 flying Air India's colors. Boeing's South Carolina facility recently completed its first ever 787. Air India is the proud owner. Boeing's southern boys got her done. Government owned Air India is ready to take delivery of yet another Boeing 787 Dreamliner.  This time it was made in South Carolina, marking the first time a commercial airplane from the Chicago-based multinational airplane manufacturer was made in a southern U.S. state. India is the happy customer. "This is a proud moment for Boeing as we roll out an airplane from our third final assembly site," Jim Albaugh, president and chief executive officer, Commercial Airplanes said yesterday at the function held in North Charleston, South Carolina. Boeing's two main assembly lines are in Everett and Renton, Washington. Air India's Dreamliner's next stop will be a series of systems checks and engine runs in advance of taxi testing and first flight before finally being flown across the Atlantic Ocean to its new home at Mumbai international airport by mid-2012. Air India is going to keep Boeing's employees happy, whether in South Carolina or Washington.  The Indian airline has placed orders for 27 Dreamliners, with three to be delivered before 2013. The 787 program launched in April 2004.  Around 60 customers have placed orders for 851 airplanes valued at over $175 billion, making it the most successful launch of a new commercial airplane in the company's history. The 787 program opened its final assembly plant in Everett, Washington in May 2007. First flight of the 787 Dreamliner occurred on December 15, 2009. The first airline to fly the 787 was All Nippon Airlines. The Japanese carrier took delivery of their Dreamliner on Sept. 25, 2011. The 737 remains Boeing's most popular aircraft.  The company saw 25 cancellations of Dreamliner orders so far this year, with fresh orders of 19. Russian private airline, Transaero , has an order for four Dreamliners placed this year, according to Boeing. Japan is the biggest buyer, with Japan Airlines placing an order for 10 so far this year.
i don't know
Which famous sculptor was born in Castleford, West Yorkshire?
Castleford's own Henry Moore - The Henry Moore Sculpture, Castleford Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor “Castleford's own Henry Moore” Reviewed 12 February 2013 I am a Castleford lad born and bred, so as a boy I was always aware of Henry Moore sculptures, His style isn't everyone's cup of tea but you have to admire his work. The reclining lady outside the Civic Centre Castleford has always fascinated me (i'm not sure if it is still there though due to ruthless people stealing metal for cash. Luckily for me he has sent his sculptures all over the world and I have recently come back from Canada where I saw his work 'Knife Edge' in Victoria park, Vancover. I also visited Dublin in 2012 where one of his pieces is in the grounds of Trinity college Dublin. It's always nice to see that a Castleford artist has gained world wide recognition. One great thing about his sculptures Ive mentioned is that they are free to visit and you can touch them, I'm sure Henry wouldn't have minded! Helpful?
Henry Moore
Which 'John' directed (and had a cameo in) the film 'The Treasure of the Sierra Madre'?
Embrace yourself in our history and heritage. Discover what life was like for miners working in the dark depths underground, explore the grandeur and elegance of an 18th century mansion, experience the intricate conservation work at a medieval castle and plenty more. Experience Wakefield We’re proud to be home to award winning art galleries and the birthplace of renowned sculptors Dame Barbara Hepworth and Henry Moore. Step back in time and explore our heritage - a visit down’t coal pit is a must! Take in the splendour of an 18th century National Trust mansion and discover the stories of our people at Castleford, Pontefract and Wakefield museums. Fancy a festival? We’ve got lots to choose from. Celebrate our favourite pink vegetable at the Festival of Food, Drink & Rhubarb, delight your sweet tooth at the Pontefract Liquorice Festival and grab your bucket and spade for Seaside in the City. Don't just try something new, try something unique! Create your own neon sculptures, journey into the dungeons of a medieval castle, have a sleepover at a nature reserve and lots more. Those are just a few ideas of how to experience Wakefield and you’ll find all the information you need to know right here. Now it’s over to you, time to start planning... What's On
i don't know
In 'Allo 'Allo', what was the surname of the British soldier who dressed as a Gendarme?
'Allo 'Allo! (Series) - TV Tropes 'Allo 'Allo! You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share The main cast from the middle years. Standing, L-R: Lt. Gruber, Yvette, Edith, Crabtree, Helga, Herr Flick, Capt. Bertorelli; seated, L-R: Mimi, René, Michelle.note  Not pictured: Mme. Fanny, M. Leclerc, Gen. von Klinkerhoffen, Col. von Strohm, Herr von Smallhausen. Michelle: Now listen very carefully, I shall say this only once. René: Have you ever said anything twice? Michelle: Yes! But only once. A 1980s BBC sitcom, set in Occupied France during World War II . Lasted from December, 1982 to December, 1992. A total of 85 episodes in nine seasons. Very much a parody of Secret Army , it starred Gorden Kaye as René Artois, owner of a restaurant in a small occupied French town, and a whole host of other characters (for a longer see here ). For the most part, René — who would introduce each episode with a Fourth Wall -breaking monologue to the camera in which he'd helpfully recap the plot for us and gripe about it — just wants to keep his head down, stay out of trouble and fool around with the improbable number of beautiful women who are passionately attracted to him , but unfortunately for him he keeps getting dragged into numerous intrigues and shenanigans involving the French Resistance and the occupying Germans , who both view him as essential to their various schemes. The show was a huge hit at home and overseas. The BBC gave the producers a huge budget, allowing scripts to incorporate more zany stunts and explosions than one would expect of a story concerning the whereabouts of a painting and its forgeries. This show has its own tropes: Bad French accents. In fact, all of the accents were bad, including the British ones. Whilst all the dialogue was actually in English, comical 'national' accents were used to imply the language being spoken — several times, a 'French' character overhears a conversation in e.g. a British accent, then tells another 'Frenchman' (in the show's default French-accented English) they have no idea what was said, as they don't speak English. Maria's accent in particular became so extreme that other characters would reach for towels to wipe away the spit. Multiple character and actor replacements of various types - Suspiciously Similar Substitutes for Leclerc, and various waitresses. The Other Darrin , for the Italian Captain. The Nth Doctor , for Herr Flick in later seasons, whose actor is replaced, and the change explained by Magic Plastic Surgery . Subverted, inverted, or simply trashed completely by Rene himself, who spent most of the series' run posing as his non-existent twin brother - ie, the same actor playing the same character, posing as a non-existent different character, well-known or undetected in-universe as the plot required.... At least four Put on a Bus schemes involving various characters leaving Nouvion. (Maria, Hans Geering, the original Leclerc and eventually, the British Airmen). A very big Story Arc involving a MacGuffin painting ("The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies" by Von Klomp). Two very stereotypical British pilots and the Resistance's disastrous plans to get them back to England. The British agent disguised as a French policeman, who got a vowel wrong in every second word ("Good moaning") implying his bad command of French. Virtually all the Resistance are female , and they almost always all wear black berets and long beige raincoats ("like all other French girls"). The Communist Resistance dress in a different, but uniform fashion and only do things for money... "Listen very carefully, I shall say this only once". Catchphrase of resistance leader Michelle. René's failed attempts to have illicit romance with three of his waitresses (two of them at the same time, mind you). The radio hidden under Edith's mother's bed, complete with flashing knobs. More double entendres than you can (ahem) shake a stick at. See immediately above for one of the milder examples. Came thirteenth in Britain's Best Sitcom . A one-off Reunion Show was aired in 2007. This show provides examples of: All Girls Want Bad Boys : It's the cruelty what arouses Helga in Herr Flick. Ambiguously Gay : Lt. Gruber. Camp as all get-out, and flirts endlessly with René. The Distant Finale makes it decidedly unambiguous, as he's hooked up with Helga. Unless it was a marriage of convenience . As You Know : René recaps, originally meant to merely ape similar, more dramatic shows. Attending Your Own Funeral : René was executed by the Nazis but the Colonel and Hans save him by giving the firing squad fake bullets (and the real bullets as well, but they were lucky). René then poses as his own twin brother and has to organise his own funeral, and pose as the dead body when the undertaker arrives. Back Up Twin : An in-universe example, after René stages his death he pretends to be his own twin brother... who's also called René. Bad Habits : One of LeClerc's many disguises, such as when he came to give René and the others a saw to break out of prison. It doesn't help. Crabtree was replaced as the priest to marry René and the head of the resistance (who was replaced twice anyway). Herr Flick and von Smallhausen disguise themselves as monks to infiltrate a monastery. The Baroness : Helga, clearly a spoof. Becoming the Mask : Agent Crabtree. Almost immediately, Crabtree starts to live his assumed role of policeman, practically forgetting that he's supposed to be an undercover agent. Leads to much consternation and hilarity on several occasions as when Crabtree reports Gruber's little tank as missing (Rene and Capt. Geering have 'borrowed' it for a secret task) and bravely confronting Bertorelli's gang trying to break into Secret Gestapo Headquitters, *ahem* Headquarters, and getting knocked out as a reward. In fact, in the reunion special set years after the war, Crabtree is still in Nouvion and still a gendarme. Bill... Bill... Junk... Bill... : Played with in the reunion special: René: Bill... Bill... Bill... I do wish he would stop writing to me. Blatant Lies : Nearly every single character ends up uttering these at several times per episode, usually when trying to explain the bizarre situations they find themselves in. And of course, René's increasingly ridiculous explanations to Edith when caught in compromising situations with his waitresses. Breaking the Fourth Wall : Many episodes begin with René addressing the audience, recapping the previous episode to explain why he is in whatever bizarre situation du jour that he is in. ("You may be wondering why...") Break Out the Museum Piece : One plan to get rid of the British Airmen evolved around stealing an old plane out of a museum and using the engine from the General's lawnmower. Breast Expansion : Helga in the episode "A Woman Never Lies". Bride and Switch : One of the many Gambit Pileups had Rene due to marry the leader of the Communist resistance, who was replaced by his waitress Yvette, who was then replaced by his wife Edith (although Rene at that point was playing his own twin brother). The vicar had also been secretly replaced by Officer Crabtree, so we aren't sure exactly whether anyone had managed to get married. British Brevity : Played straight with most of the show's seasons, which usually had between 6 and 8 episodes each. Averted big-time by the fifth season however, which had 26 episodes, the same length as a season of most live-action American sitcoms, in an attempt to appeal to transatlantic audiences. The seventh season is a borderline case, as it had 10 episodes; still way short of what most American sitcoms would have in a season, but longer than the average Britcom season. The Bus Came Back : When René and Edith go to England they meet Hans, who has since been brainwashed into working for the British government. Plus, the two airmen reappearing in the final episode after disappearing at the beginning of the 8th season. Camp Gay : Gruber. Also General von Flockenstuffen. Captive Date : Herr Flick has at last one with Helga. Catch Phrase : This show is probably a prime example. Not only does every character have at least one, but in later episodes, the characters occasionally "borrow" them from other characters. In fact, Harry Enfield once claimed that the show had so many catchphrases, all of which appeared at least Once an Episode , that there were only about ten minutes' worth of original dialogue per show. It nonetheless stayed fresh because so many situational spins could be put on the catchphrases. Officer Crabtree's "Good Moaning!" is probably the most famous of the lot and the most likely to be repeated by those only familiar in passing with the show. Michelle of the Resistance's "Listen very carefully, I shall say zis only once". (There was a tie-in book that included a note from Michelle, which ended "Read this very carefully, I wrote it only once.") Anytime Edith would catch René in a compromising situation with one of the waitresses (almost never innocent) and ask him what they were doing, René would growl "You stew-pid woman! Can you not see...?!" followed by some ridiculous explanation that, despite its obvious implausibility, Edith would either believe or let slide. This notion was subverted in the series finale with "You stew-pid woman! Can you not see? I am eloping!!!" Herr Flick to Helga: "You may kiss me." Captain Bertorelli: "What a mistake-a to make-a!" "'Tis I, Leclerc" when revealing his Paper-Thin Disguise . Yvette: "Oooooooh, Rene!" "'Tler!" was Hans' substitute for "Heil Hitler". This caused rumors that this was due to Sam Kelly (who is Jewish) refusing to do the full salute, which he denied, claiming that the "'Tler!" was meant to emphasize Hans' laziness. No - he was not saying " Klop ". Madame Fanny: "Zee flasheeng knobs!" Used whenever Nighthawk received a message from England. Monsieur Alfonse has two: "Swiftly and with style" (the slogan of his undertaking business) and "My dicky ticker!". Character Outlives Actor : Jack Haig, who played forger Roger Leclerc, died of cancer in 1989 toward the end of Series 5. He was written out as having voluntarily returned to prison (finding the food better than that at Cafe Rene) and being replaced by his brother Ernest. (The first actor to play Ernest, Derek Royle, also died after one season, but the role was then recast with the much younger Robin Parkinson .) Characterization Marches On : Herr Flick was originally a very stoic and flat villain but the writers quickly realized that they could get Richard Gibson to say and do some truly ridiculous things while keeping a straight face, so Flick soon became a driving force of much of the comedy. The same thing quickly happened to Von Smallhausen. General Von Klinkerhoffen was intended to replace Herr Flick as a new straight villain but, once again, the writers realized that it was funnier to give him a corrupt and lascivious side so the character became sillier. The writers soon had to resort to using temporary guest generals if they wanted a story to have a proper villain. Deadpan Snarker : Almost every character. René is worn down by married life with Edith and having her mother living in his attic, then getting caught in the crosshairs between the local Wehrmacht soldiers, the local Gestapo officers, and the local Resistance fighters and their hare-brained schemes, and uses deadpan sarcasm to deal with the situation, usually in the form of asides to either the audience or his waitresses. Michelle: Is your wife's mother prepared to die for France? René: She has been prepared to die for thirty years, but she doesn't go! I think that God does not want the aggravation. Helga has a sarcastic side which becomes more evident as her infatuation with Herr Flick slowly gives way to exasperation over the course of the series. Herr Flick: Ah, Helga. I vas just trying on my new boots. (the boots in question have six-inch thick soles) Helga: How strange. The boots seem too big for you. (to herself) Normally, it's the other vay round. According to Colonel Von Strohm, Lieutenant Gruber is very reticent when it comes to "women of the opposite sex". There are several references to being "disguised as a woman of the opposite sex". Fraulein Von Kinkenrotten is one of Helga's "most intimate female girlfriends". Descending Ceiling : In "Herr Flick's Revenge", René, the Colonel and Hans are trapped in a castle dungeon underneath one of these, and Herr Flick orders Helga to lower the ceiling to torture the 3 men into confessing where the painting of the fallen Madonna is. Luckily, general Von Klinkerhoffen arrives in time to stop Herr Flick. Disguised in Drag : Multiple times. Herr Flick and Von Smallhausen pretend to be female German soldiers so they can visit Helga... and they're forced to do gym in their underwear and the obviously fake breasts go flying. The British Airmen are disguised as resistance girls once (René also takes on the disguise for one episode) and as nuns when they're in hiding. In a multi-episode example, Herr Flick is disguised as "Fraulein Von Kinkenrotten" to spy on the general. When the General discovers the deception, he has Kinkenrotten, stripped to 'her' rather alluring lingerie, chained up in the dungeon, where 'she' remains until next season. The eventual escape plot results in René betrayed into exchanging places with Herr Flick, chained up in the same underwear (which is rather less alluring on him). The female characters were also regularly disguised as male: Michelle: You will be disguised as a small boy. Maria: Why can I not be disguised as a small girl? Michelle: Because you ARE a small girl! Lieutenant Gruber does this a lot, including having disguised himself as nun , and a Resistance girl . One time, Colonel von Strohm was planning something that would have put René in danger, and he knew that if given the chance, Lieutenant Gruber would have run off to warn René. So he ordered Gruber to remain in the office, and even went so far as to demand he strip off his uniform so he wouldn't be able to leave. Undeterred, Gruber then swiped a set of clothes from Helga, including her spare wig, and showed up at Café René dressed like an army woman. Colonel von Strohm and Lieutenant Gruber disguised themselves as female nurses to sneak into a hospital so they could place an exploding bedpan under Monsieur Alphonse. Colonel von Strohm and Lieutenant Gruber disguised themselves in Spanish Flamenco dancer dresses, trying to flee / sneak across the border into Spain. The plan didn't work, so they returned to the Café René to hide there. The waitresses suggest the two men disguise themselves as ladies of the night, but put them in less classy dresses first so they'll "blend in" better. René was in the café disguised as a Resistance girl , when Lieutenant Gruber saw him and asked him to dance. note This is sort of a running joke. Gruber is extremely attracted to René. And he also tends to be extremely drawn to him, even when he's in disguise and he doesn't actually know it's him. All the more funny here, since the only reason he's asking a "woman" to dance in the first place is because it's a really manly-looking woman. René also wore a dress in the can-can number the various characters put on for the POW camp inmates. Maria makes for an extremely adorable and effeminate young errand boy . She was also seen sporting a black top hat and tails and a mustache once, as were Yvette and Michelle at the time. Herr von Smallhausen once dressed up in a very matronly pink dress and hat and sat at a table in the café across from Herr Flick, the two of them apparently disguised as a husband and wife pair. Distant Finale : Takes place in The '90s , several decades after the end of the war. The now elderly principal characters get together one last time, "The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies" is reunited with the missing piece, René steals it and finally succeeds in eloping with his waitress. Getting Crap Past the Radar : A memorable moment where they used Crabtree's extremely bad French accent to slip some swearing into the script. After a gun is fired (twice) in the cafe, Crabtree enters with this line. "I was pissing by the front door when I heard two shits! You are holding in your hand a smoking goon, you are clearly the guilty potty!"note I was passing by the front door when I heard two shots! You are holding in your hand a smoking gun, you are clearly the guilty party! And of course everyone should be grateful that "the British bummers are still farting for freedom" note The British bombers are still fighting for freedom. The Ghost : Clarence who drives Lt. Gruber's little tank. Lampshade Hanging : "Ah! Colonel! How nice that you should come into my Cafe at this precise moment!" Many of René's opening monologues to camera feature the tendency to lampshade the implausibility of events surrounding him. A priceless cuckoo clock is stolen, hidden and used as a MacGuffin for the better part of a season, then apparently forgotten by the writers . When, several seasons later, it's once again included in the list of stolen artifacts, René remarks "I had forgotten about the cuckoo clock..." Language Barrier : The British airmen Carstairs and Fairfax don't speak French, and Michelle is the only one in the Resistance who speaks English. People from Café René who hide them don't understand them a single word. Averted with other characters who presumably speak their national languages (French, German, Italian) all the time, but understand each other just fine. British agent Crabtree who poses as a French policeman speaks horrible "French" and speaks nearly entirely in malapropisms. What he means is usually confusing, but there is always someone who gets it and translates it to others. La R�sistance : Two different ones, reflecting the Real Life situation in France; all female and all wearing the same grey trenchcoats and berets. The Gaullist lot, which Michelle is part of and the Communist lot, whose leader wants to sleep with René. Letting Her Hair Down : Helga always wears her blond hair in beautiful milkmaid braid. When she wants to seduce somebody or when ordered, she gladly lets her hair down. Meaningful Name : Tons of them: The last name of the Gestapo officer Herr Flick comes from Flic — an insulting French term for a police officer. "Fick" is also the F word in German, causing some confusion when Otto introduces himself as "Flick, the Gestapo." And then there's his comb-over hairstyle - literally a "hair flick". Typographically speaking, kerning the name FLICK inattentively could lead the "LI" being viewed as a "U". Also could be meant to evoke real-life Gestapo man Wilhelm Frick. René's wife Edith has a similar repertoire to Edith Piaf, except that she's a terrible singer, and her middle name Melba is also an ironic reference to a famous singer. All of the waitresses have Double Entendre last names — Yvette's last name is Carte-Blanche, Maria's is Recalmier, a type of bed, and Mimi's surname, LaBonq has an obvious meaning. Many of the German officers, including a meeting which included, among others, a General Stiffenwalken and an Admiral Sinkenquicken. And there's the time Flick's diminutive sidekick von Smallhausen (get it?) tries to pass himself off as Field Marshal von Crackenfart. In the play you also get General von Schmelling. Minion with an F in Evil : Colonel von Strom and especially Captain Geering are sometimes this to General von Klinkerhoffen (on an ordinary days they just fit the role of Punch Clock Villain ). And Gruber for them. Von Smallhausen is this to Herr Flick. Mistaken for Cheating : Invoked and played with a lot. Edith often catches René making out with one of his waitresses or some other woman, and each and every time he just comes up with a lame excuse to make her believe it's this trope. The kicker of course is that he is very much cheating on her. And she buys it every single time. He only drops the act in the final episode. Paper-Thin Disguise : (raise his glasses) "It is I, LeClerc!" His disguise was so obvious it was painful. Happens in a different way with Herr Flick and Herr von Smallhausen. Usually their disguises are a lot more convincing than those worn by the French characters, but they undo this by continuing to act like Gestapo officers, regardless of what they're supposed to be disguised as. Virtually every single disguise (which are numerous given the nature of the show) is as paper-thin as possible (including moustached nuns) for purely comedic purposes. Averted with Lt. Gruber's nurse disguise. He was quite convincing. Also averted another time that Lieutenant Gruber was Disguised in Drag . He was so convincing that General Klinkerhoffen tried to pick him up for a date. Maria is way too feminine and cute to be even an adolescent errand boy. Phrase Catcher : Nearly every character on the show has a Catch Phrase. Sometimes they are directed at a specific person, the one and only. René keeps getting "Oooooh, René!" from Yvette. Maria, Mimi or Madame Edith are little less hammy, and it's mostly "Oooh, René". Lt. Gruber often exclaims "Ooh, René" as well. René from his wife: "What are you doing holding that serving girl in your arms?" Whenever he's caught in a compromising position with one of the waitresses. Madame Edith, whenever she catches her husband René hugging his mistress, gets: "You stu-pid woman! Can you not see that <insert ridiculous explanation>?" Herr Otto Flick from Gestapo always says to Helga: "You may kiss me." She kisses him very passionately. He seems to like it, yet he remains poker-faced. René in response to an "It is I, LeClerc": "I know it is you, you old fool. What do you want?". Playing Gertrude : An unusually aged version; Rose Hill (67 when the show began) was only eight years older than her onscreen daughter Carmen Silvera (59 at the start). Disguised better than usual as Hill spent most of the series almost invisible under her huge night-cap, with her body hidden under blankets. Pragmatic Villainy : In the final series, General Von Klinkerhoffen plots to assassinate Hitler... but only because the war is going badly for the Germans and he considers Hitler responsible. Put on a Bus : Maria and Hans both disappear from the series after attempts to escape from the POW camp in which most of the main characters find themselves at the end of Series 3 do not go according to plan (Maria posts herself out in a Red Cross package that gets misrouted, Hans is catapulted over the fence and mistakenly taken back to Britain by the Resistance). Roger Leclerc returns to prison between Series 5 and 6, finding the food there better than that at Café René. (This move was necessitated by the death of actor Jack Haig.) Subverted with the British Airmen: the cast spent the entire series attempting to put them on a bus, but it never stuck (they got them out for a while between Series 7 and 8, but they were shot down again during the Normandy invasion). Queer People Are Funny : Gruber. As an example when Captain Bertorelli is introduced to the Colonel, Helga, and Gruber he gives the first two kisses on the cheek, then shakes Gruber's hand. Gruber: Ah, the General told me about you. Bertorelli: The General told ME about YOU. Von Strohm's usual motivation is that he'll be sent to the Russian front if he fails his superiors. General von Klinkerhoffen threatens several times with sending various characters to the Russian front. Replacement Scrappy : Captain Bertorelli is an in-universe example, mostly because the Germans tend to view the Italians as their poor cousins, though Bertorelli's personal mannerisms certainly don't help him any. In-Universe Played With by Mimi; Rene isn't all that keen on her, mostly because of how insane she is. He seemed to be really torn between Yvette and Maria, but when it was Yvette or Mimi, Yvette became his number one girl. Most of the other characters actually seem to prefer her over Maria because she's really into fighting. Rube Goldberg Device : Many of the schemes involved something along these lines. Running Gag : Several. René is always embracing Yvette when Edith comes in, yet manages to think up a halfbaked excuse to explain the awkward situation, which Edith invariably believes. Leclerc always enters in an obvious disguise, yet he still feels the need to explain who he is. A few episodes into the run, Madame Fanny's Catch Phrase of "Ze flashing knobs!" when her bedknobs began flashing to signal an incoming message from London prompts Leclerc to sit up in bed next to her. A few more episodes into the run, variations on this gag appear as other characters are revealed to be hiding in Madame Fanny's bed when messages arive from London. Self-Deprecation : Pretty much all the British characters are presented as complete idiots, happy to be confined for years in cupboards, latrines, meal trollies and the like. Serenade Your Lover : Parodied. Lieutenant Gruber sings love songs to René on several occasions, once singing "Mad About the Boy" to him, and another time gazing at him as he sang the line "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" from the song of the same name. Series Fauxnale : The last episode of the second season was written as the Series Finale , because the show's producer thought there was zero chance of it being renewed for a third season. As it turned out though, he was quite wrong. Serious Business : Most of the show, but especially anything Herr Flick does. You might think his excessively serious persona is a facade to make his Gestapo work easier, but if it is he has long since become the mask . Shout-Out : During the season two Christmas special multiple people were trying to kill General Von Klinkerhoffen during the chicken dinner. Herr Flick was trying to get Helga to kill him with a poison dart and to make a long story short Flick got hit with it instead causing him to convulse on the floor. After Rene and Helga give him the antidote and get him back to his meal, Klinkerhoffen asks Helga what was wrong with him. She answers: "He had the fish." During the "escape from the prisoner of war camp" arc there's a number of little shout outs to The Great Escape , as they put dirt in Rene's trousers so he can dump it around the camp (in the original they had inside pockets that released the dirt). One of the two MacGuffin paintings is actually a variant of Van Gogh's Sunflowers. Pity they value it less than the fictional Madonna with the Big Boobies. The infamous apron camera Rene is forced to use in one episode alludes to a scene from Are You Being Served? in which Kaye appeared. In it, he was a Scotsman who wished to buy a raincoat. While trying it on, it looks like he's practicing flashing people. When Mr. Humphries and Mr. Lucas enquire what he's doing, he reveals that he's actually an ambush photographer. He then demonstrates by using the camera concealed in his kilt's sporran. When Rene is posing as his own twin brother and said he comes from the city of Nancy, Gruber asks if that was also true of his 'late brother': Rene: Yes, we are both Nancy boys. A rather off-colour Casting Gag : Gorden Kaye who played Rene came out during the run of the show. Theme Tune Cameo : In one episode, an accordionist is heard wandering the town square outside the cafe, playing a slower version of the theme on his accordion. Episode "Leclerc Against the Wall" featured the usual opening shot of Rene in his cafe as the instrumental theme song plays. It fades out as Rene begins playing the exact same song on the cafe piano. Those Wacky Nazis : And they actually are wacky as they are Played for Laughs . Some of them manage to be completely endearing or loveable. The show was sold all over the world, though there was one notable exception - Word of God is that when a delegation from German TV was received at the height of the show's popularity they loved it and found it hilarious. "But," they said sadly, "we'd never be allowed to show it." This state of affairs lasted until 2008 when a private German television network picked up the entire series. Time Skip : The first seven seasons took place over only a few months. There is a two-year jump between Series 7 and 8, reflecting the real-life gap (due to Gordon Kaye needing to recuperate after being seriously injured) between the two series. Translation Convention : Since the English dialogue is "really" in French, other accents denoted other languages. Michelle would adopt a plummy I-say-chaps accent when speaking English to the British airmen, and Officer Crabtree's malapropisms - "Good moaning! I was just pissing by..." - are due to his poor command of French. An odd syntax is used to help suggest French's different grammar (such as René saying things like "it is the bed of the mother of my wife!" without possessives). Ugly Guy, Hot Wife : Not hot wife, but numerous hot women lusted after René... not to mention Lt. Gruber. And his affairs with his two waitresses have, according to Herr Flick in series 7, given him the nickname "Menage Artois". Villain Decay : As detailed under Characterization Marches On , this happened to most of the recurring villainous characters. Herr Flick was genuinely sinister in his early appearances, until the writers discovered Richard Gibson's gift for delivering silly lines in a completely serious tone of voice. Herr von Smallhausen was likewise a cold, unsettling character in his first few episodes, but quickly became a dimwitted buffoon who makes a complete hash of anything Herr Flick orders him to do. And when General von Klinkerhoffen was introduced to pick up the villainy slack from Herr Flick, he too went from the closest the series had to a depiction of actual Nazi officers during the French Occupation to a mentally unbalanced martinet who shared the other Germans' penchant for kinkiness in the bedroom. World of Ham Your Mom : In "Who's for the Vatican" General von Klinkerhoffen uses a "your mom" joke to Kick the Dog when he tells Gruber that his posting to the Russian Front will also include his [Gruber's] mother. Zany Scheme : Suffice to say that any attempt to acquire the Fallen Madonna or get the British airmen back to Britain is rarely straightforward. :: Indexes ::
Crabtree
Which of the PanHellenic Games was held on territory owned by the city state of Elis?
��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������M ����bjbj�=�= �G�W�Wl��" ������l� � � � �#�#�#��$�$�$�$X�%��& �$�&�'�'^.(.(h(3��4��5d2�4�4�4�4�4�4�$� 5�dX�-�#�5�1�3�5�5X��:� � .(h() ��.�:�:�:�5�� �.(:�#h(�L�:�52��:�:�:.pH�":�#P�h(�' ��a�0!��$�$�6���@r�t��<���X��K7v��P�"�:�$�$� � � � �  The Insider Volume 6, Issue 3 Your Connection to the BBC Sales Company June 2005   Inside This Issue3ViewerPoints: Goodnight Sweetheart5Viewer Contribution: Putting on a �Fancy Dress� Do6The Cast and Series Profile of ��Allo �Allo?� 11New DVD/Video Releases12You Asked: Where Are They Now?-- Some Answers13BritCom LaughLinks16Postscripts    ViewerPoints: From and For Viewers Like YOU Goodnight Sweetheart?  Nicolas Lyndhurst progresses from the daft Rodney (Only Fools and Horses) to the time warped Gary Sparrow in this charming and oft-times nostalgic series This is not your typical knee-slapping Britcom, but it is a charming, entertaining and, yes, sometimes humorous look at a man who stumbles into time travel and develops love interests and lives in two completely different eras � 1990s London and 1940s war time London. Actor Nicolas Lyndhurst makes a successful transition from goofy kid brother Rodney to a quasi-dramatic role in Goodnight Sweetheart. The show�s central strength lies in the lead character�s ability to go back and forth in time and visit an earlier, simpler and more charming London. The storyline is as follows. Lyndhurst was cast as Gary Sparrow, a TV repairman whose marriage to Yvonne is in the doldrums. Out in London looking for a business address one day, he wanders down an alley, Duckett's Passage, and finds himself - though of course he does not immediately realize it - in the London of 1940. In a street-corner pub, which at first he mistakes for a 1940s themed hostelry, he meets Phoebe, the landlord's attractive daughter, and they are immediately smitten with one another. Returning through the same alley brings Gary back to the present, and he discovers that he can enter 1940s London the same way at any time. So begins his double life. As the weeks pass, Gary begins a fiery 'past' romance with Phoebe (who, as her father Eric constantly reminds her, is engaged, albeit reluctantly, to a serviceman fighting overseas) while somehow managing to hold his 'present' marriage together. Yvonne knows nothing of her husband's time-traversing escapades yet she is aware that the lame excuses to cover his absences mean that something 'funny' is going on. The only person in whom Gary confides his secret is his best friend Ron, who becomes increasingly embroiled in the expanding tissue of lies that Gary creates to allay his wife's fears. A printer by trade, Ron spots the financial opportunities of Gary's time-traveling and gets him to acquire records and other items worth big money to collectors in the 1990s. In return for these favors, Ron forges 1940s papers so that Gary can move about in wartime London without suspicion. Back in the past, Gary weaves a similar web of lies to explain the tell-tale idiosyncrasies and anachronisms that mark him out, to them, as an odd fish. Firstly he convinces Phoebe that he is working undercover for the government, a fib that neatly accounts for many anomalies, including his non-enrolment in the forces and his knowledge of future wartime events. Secondly, he claims to have spent a long time in the USA, so that whenever he accidentally produces modern-day gadgets and devices, years ahead of their time, he claims they are commonplace in America. This explanation usually satisfies the somewhat naive bar-drinkers but if a particular device, like a Walkman, is obviously revolutionary, Gary falls back on excuse one, claiming that it is a top-secret prototype. At the same time, he makes a great impression as an entertainer, playing and singing songs from the 1960s and beyond (especially Beatles hits) and claiming them as his own. As the series progressed, Gary becomes increasingly obsessed with his life in the past and manages to cover his frequent absences by creating a successful 1940s memorabilia business, which purportedly sends him away on trips. At home, Gary's marriage to Yvonne has survived despite all the problems. At various times he debates whether to give up one of his lifestyles and commit himself completely to the other, but the lure of living in both worlds is too strong. Eventually, to complicate matters still further, he marries Phoebe, she gives birth to his son, Michael, and they move into a swish Mayfair apartment with Noel Coward as a neighbor. (He was played by David Benson, whose one-man stage-show about - and as - Kenneth Williams had won deserved acclaim.) The series ended on a bittersweet note with Gary stuck in the past, the portal inexplicably closing on VE Day. Ron is left to explain the whole fantastic story to Yvonne, who is distraught when she realizes she will not see her husband again. Gary feels sorry for Yvonne but accepts that his life is now totally with Phoebe and Michael. Goodnight Sweetheart supplies viewers with equal parts drama and humor, sprinkled with a charming dash of nostalgia from World War II London. The series is not yet available on DVD in the States, but you can rest assured, we will keep our eyes wide open and let you know when it becomes available. Editor�s Note: The BBC�s Comedy Homepage � located at www.bbc.co.uk/comedy - is an excellent source of information on this and other beloved Britcoms. Portions of this piece were well-written and redacted from the BBC�s coverage of �Goodnight Sweetheart�. f&f&f&f&f&    I'm a member of VPT (Vermont Public Television) but they do not offer a subscription to your newsletter.� Can I subscribe to it anyway? I think the information in it is really great and I read it from cover to cover when my sister sends it to me. Margaret, in Vermont I encourage you to contact your local PBS station and request they offer it to viewers in your area! ED. Thanks for continuing the writing of The Insider...I really enjoy reading about all of the Comedy Greats! Jean, in Texas The Insider is very popular with our BritCom fans and we�d like to keep giving them current issues if available. Lisa, Virginia Public Television WVPT (((((  ViewerPoints: Contributions Guess Who�s Coming to Dinner? Tips for Fun & a �Fancy Dress� Do By Sheela Kadam Editor�s Note: Sheela Kadam is a native of England and co-owner of The British Emporium, an English food and gift shop in Grapevine, Texas. You can visit them on the Web at www.british-emporium.com. She and her partner Alexandra Evans are dedicated and frequent volunteers at Dallas PBS station KERA. Picture the scene�Basil serves Hyacinth a sherry in the parlor while a noisy rabble of Vikings demand spam at the buffet table. The guest DJ is Mr. Humphries spinning Britpop hits and Del Boy's chatting up Miss Brahms in the corner while Rose and Father Ted strut their funky stuff on the dance floor. There's an English RAF soldier hiding in the pantry and the Health Inspector's stopped by to track down a Norwegian Hamster on the loose in your kitchen. No, these aren't excerpts from the latest PBS Britcom documentary. These surreal Britcom scenes - and many more - could play out for real in your own home if you theme your next fancy dress party around your fave British Comedy characters! British sitcoms, with their casts of colorful characters simply lend themselves to party themes - so if you are a Britcom fan who loves to entertain, here are some ideas to make your next party a truly fab event that your guests will talk about for ages. Having grown up in England, I miss the type of social life I had there, the get-togethers, frequent dinner parties (eating out was a luxury!) and the endless social whirl, darling. Not that I came from an upper class background, or anything....it's just that, well, you've got to hand it to the Brits. They know how to throw a party, and have a right good knees-up, whatever the age, class or background. We Brits love to dress up and that led to us dreaming up some very creative fancy dress party ideas - ideas that would still work today. Yes, we did Vicars & Tarts, James Bond, Famous People Fancy Dress, Murder/Mystery etc....but my fondest memories are those with comedy-related themes. One in particular was an 'Allo 'Allo themed party at a friend's house at a time when that particular sitcom was all the rage in England and was also a show in London's West End. Now listen very carefully, I shall say this only once! Among the guests were uniformed soldiers galore, French waitresses, Resistance girls, a Herr Flick & Helga, various British airmen, LeClerc in various disguises and the piece de resistance was a couple of our girlfriends dressed as The Pantomime Cow! Not to be outdone, I was a Resistance girl on the outside (and a French Waitress underneath!!). Everyone had to speak in silly French accents, Mother was in bed upstairs, cafe music was playing downstairs and guests were served Beaujolais, bistro-style food and naughty French pastries for dessert. For a small gathering, how about a Keeping Up Appearances Party? You'd have to get Richard to keep an eye on Rose and The Vicar, and for goodness sake, don't put Daisy in charge of the food - unless you like beer, bacon butties and salt & vinegar crisps! For larger affairs, ask guests to dress as their favorite Britcom character and have fun guessing all their various identities. Have a prize for best costume to encourage people to come dressed, or you could organize a talent show as part of the festivities! Of course you could always take the loony route....go all out and have a Monty Python party! Here's one theme that you can really have fun with - there are a myriad of characters to choose from: Mr. Gumby, Bicycle Repair Man, The Suicidal Chef (holding a grubby fork), Mr. Teabag from The Ministry Of Silly Walks, The Man from The Wilderness as the MC, and of course, nobody expects THE SPANISH INQUISITION!!! Particularly topical at the moment would be a "Holy Grail" party, given the popularity of Eric Idle's hit musical "Spamalot", based on the classic film, and currently playing on Broadway.  (Continued on page 16) Special Feature Meet the cast of�  �Allo �Allo Information here is researched using a number of sources, mostly from a series of newsletter articles in the now-defunct email-zine Vertical Hold, the Internet Movie Database, and Jeremy Lloyd's autobiography "Listen Very Carefully, I Shall Say This Only Once". Some of it has been augmented and corrected from still other sources, including original copies of other shows. Gorden Kaye as Rene Francois Artois (and his twin brother Rene) Gorden Kaye, born in Moldgreen, Huddersfield (Yorkshire) attended Huddersfield Technical College in the early 1960's and made his TV debut as Elsie Tanner's nephew in Coronation Street in 1968. He went on to minor roles in many other shows and a part in the 1977 Python-filled film Jabberwocky (as Sister Jessica) before joining Jeremy Lloyd and David Croft on two short series, Oh, Happy Band and Come Back, Mrs. Noah, and finally teaming with them and achieving sex symbol status through 'Allo 'Allo. His popularity and work schedule didn't interfere with later film appearances as they continued, including appearing in Terry Gilliam's film Brazil. His fame made him a target for the British tabloids - one of which, in 1988, discovered that he was having a homosexual affair. In response, just before they were due to publish photographic evidence, he happily admitted that he was gay, writing a personal memoir called Rene and Me with the help of a friendly journalist - thus robbing the scandal-mongers of their scoop. Mr. Kaye appeared in a few episodes of the Lloyd-Croft comedy Are You Being Served?, popped up in episodes of Last of the Summer Wine and All Creatures Great and Small, and was the stalwart host of Nationwide in the short-lived Come Back, Mrs. Noah. Gorden Kaye made the news in January 1990 when a windstorm-related injury nearly led to his death. While in his car during a fierce windstorm, a wooden object broke through his windshield and stabbed into his head, nearly killing him instantly. After a six-hour brain operation, he went into a long but eventually successful recovery, while the tabloid press tried to sneak in and get shots of him unconscious on his bed. Jeremy Lloyd sat with him for long periods, and Gorden's agent came visiting with many videotapes of 'Allo 'Allo, which Jeremy thinks may have helped remind him who he was. Afterwards, Gorden suggested that 'Allo 'Allo should end, but Jeremy Lloyd convinced him otherwise, and the show continued for another two series. Despite his miraculous recovery, Gorden still has no memory of the accident. Since the end of 'Allo 'Allo, Mr. Kaye has gone on to appear with Carmen Silvera (his long-suffering wife Edith in 'Allo 'Allo) in the 1996 film La Passione, and on stage starring in Harvey, with Rue McClanahan. Carmen Silvera as Edith Melba Artois Born in Toronto and raised in England. She left for Montreal during the war, where she trained in ballet and worked in three Ballet Russe productions. Later, she studied drama - and in the 1960s won national prominence as Camilla Hope in the BBC serial Compact. Her other roles include appearances in TV series Dad's Army, New Scotland Yard, Two Women, Whoops Apocalypse, and Within These Walls, as well as playing Miss Marple in a stage version of Murder at the Vicarage. She has appeared twice in Doctor Who, notably as Clara the Clown in the adventure The Celestial Toymaker. She later appeared with Gorden Kaye in the cast of the film La Passione. In 1990, she was paid the great honor of being the subject of This Is Your Life! In August 2002, Carmen Silvera succumbed to lung cancer and passed away. Vicki Michelle as Yvette Carte-Blanche Was 32 years old when 'Allo 'Allo began, having previously played small roles in Minder, The Kenny Everett Show, The Professionals and The Two Ronnies, in which she played a Cockney newsboy. She also has appeared in Are You Being Served? and had a key role in the short lived Lloyd/Croft collaboration Come Back, Mrs. Noah, playing the space commander's assistant. She's been seen most recently on stage in a Newcastle production of Dracula (Nov '96). Francesca Gonshaw as Maria Recamier (series 1-3) Left after the third series of 'Allo 'Allo to join the cast of Howard's Way. She also appeared in the film Biggles: Adventures in Time (1986) and the 1983 TV Movie The Hound of the Baskervilles. Rose Hill as Madame Fanny La Fan (Edith's mother) Appeared in a number of films prior to her regular role as Fanny in 'Allo 'Allo. Most famously, she was in the second Pink Panther film, A Shot In The Dark, as well as in the TV Movie version of Nicholas Nickleby in 1981. Kirsten Cooke as Michelle "of the Resistance" Dubois Born in Sussex and trained at the Webber Douglas Academy. Mainly a stage actress, Kirtsen's television credits include A Dave Allen Christmas Special, Woolcott, Rings on their Fingers, Dawson Watch, and The Upper Hand. She has now gone on to play the role of "Molly" in the series Down To Earth. Kirsten is married, with four children, and lives in West London. Richard Marner as Colonel Von Strohm Born in St Petersburg, and is fluent in Russian, English, French and German. One of his early stage roles - as Dracula - is still regarded by some as the definitive interpretation of the role. His films include The Boys from Brazil, The Spy Who Came In From The Cold, The African Queen, and the Swiss film Four in a Jeep, in which he did all the Russian dialogue. Also look for him in the television movie The Birth of the Beatles, as the Club Boss. Recent work includes guest shots in Lovejoy (1994) and the movie The Sum of All Fears (as the Russian President). Guy Siner as Lieutenant Hubert Gruber Born in Manhattan, educated in England and trained for the stage at the Webber Douglas Academy in London, where in a career of some 20 years he has become well known both in theater and television. He made his London debut in the original West End production of Cowardly Custard. Other London theater includes Nickleby & Me; Blithe Spirit; The Frogs; Off the Peg; The Biograph Girl; and Don't Dress for Dinner. On TV, you can see him as Pylades in I Claudius, as well as roles in Dr. Who - Genesis of the Daleks; Seinfeld; Knots Landing; Babylon 5 (in the episode "Rumors, Bargains, and Lies"); and of course, in 85 episodes of 'Allo 'Allo! In films, Guy has appeared in The Disappearance of Kevin Johnson; Great Harry & Jane; Lost Highway; Leprechaun IV; Playing God; and Big City Blues. You can even have Guy talking to you in your own home by going out and purchasing the computer game "TIE Fighter" from Lucasarts: when you play the game, Guy's the voice of your commanding officer! Guy now lives in Los Angeles, where he juggles two careers - actor and writer. Sam Kelly as Captain Hans Geering (series 1-4) Appeared in many television comedies besides his three-series turn in 'Allo 'Allo. He left the show to join another British sitcom, We'll Think of Something in 1986 (though he returned for a guest shot, reprising his role as Hans Geering, during series 7). He has also appeared in the TV series Porridge, Haggard and the recent miniseries Martin Chuzzlewit, as well as the film Blue Ice. He also worked with another AA star, Kenneth Connor, in the films Carry On Dick and Carry On Behind in 1974-75. Kim Hartman as Private Helga Geerhart Kim started her career as an assistant stage manager at the Belgrade Theater in Coventry, where she first met author and producer David Croft. After graduating from the Webber Douglas Academy, she worked in a variety of theaters around the country, and has worked in Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, Germany, Holland, and the USA. In 1990, Quinton Arts (the production company formed by herself and her husband John Nolan) mounted a successful production of Aladdin, starring Kim and two other 'Allo 'Allo actors: Sue Hodge and Arthur Bostrom. Kim lives in Cotswold with her husband, her children Tom and Miranda, two Springer spaniels and two cats. Richard Gibson as Herr Otto Flick (series 1-8) Began his acting career at age 16 and before leaving school, he had played Apollo in the BBC serial Tom Brown's Schooldays. Later, he co-starred in The Coral Island, The Gates of Eden, The Children of the New Forest and as the title character of Park Ranger. Known as the cast's practical joker, in real life he is nearly the opposite of the straight-laced Herr Flick; it appears probable that Gibson orchestrated the mass appearance of much of the 'Allo 'Allo cast in the crowd scenes for an episode of EastEnders. Since leaving the show, he has appeared in the television miniseries Trade Winds. Kenneth Connor as Monsieur Alphonse After co-starring in 16 of the 25 Carry On films (including the first, Carry On Sergeant), Kenneth was no stranger to vulgar suggestiveness. He also appeared in more sophisticated comedies, such as the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night, The Magic Christian, and Cuckoo Patrol and other popular television series like Hi-de-Hi, Blackadder the Third, You Rang M'Lord, On The House and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. He passed away a year after the final episode of 'Allo 'Allo. Arthur Bostrom as Officer (Captain) Crabtree (series 2-9) Born in Rugby, Warwickshire, Bostrom is the holder of a BA (Hons) degree from Durham University, and appeared in the world premiere of Ray Cooney's hit farce Run For Your Wife in Guildford, UK, and was recently on stage at the New Theater in a 1995 production The Wizard of Oz. His television credits include the Croft comedy Hi De Hi, The Crystal Cube, Just Good Friends, Fothergill, and the role of George Bartlett in Miss Marple- the Body in the Library. Mr. Bostrom also maintains his own web site, complete with a biography and photos. Gavin Richards as Captain Alberto Bertorelli (series 4-7) Before replacing Sam Kelly in 'Allo 'Allo, Richards played Lucius in a televised version of Titus Andronicus, and directed and starred in Dario Fo's Accidental Death of an Anarchist, for his own Belt and Braces Roadshow Company. Sue Hodge as Mimi Labonq (series 4-9) For the past 15 years, 4'9" Sue Hodge's credits have included musicals (among them Jesus Christ Superstar and The Rocky Horror Show), cabarets, straight plays and several recordings. Like Gorden Kaye, she appeared in the Terry Gilliam film Brazil - as a 'Force of Darkness'. Moira Foot as Denise Laroque (series 5) After a recurring role as Miss Thorpe in the Lloyd/Croft comedy Are You Being Served?, she appeared as the receptionist in the famous film farce The Strange Case of the End of Civilisation As We Know It before returning to work with Lloyd and Croft on their new series, 'Allo 'Allo. ((((( Series Profile: A Look at �Allo �Allo  �Listen very carefully; I will say this only once.� A riddle. What happens when you combine: A village in WWII occupied France The proprietor of a �quiet� little Caf� staffed with female tarts Three knackwurst sausages, one containing a stolen painting of �the fallen Madonna with the big boobies� Two downed British airman and an imposter gendarme with bad French language skills The French Resistance An incompetent German colonel, his captain and light-loafered lieutenant A quasi bed-ridden mother-in-law with flashing bed knobs ; and Herr Flick of The Gestapo always having a �canoodle� with the colonel�s assistant? You guessed it. You have just begun scratching the surface of nine seasons of the celebrated British comedy �Allo �Allo. Rene Artois (Gorden Kaye) is in a constant struggle to run his caf�, please his wife Edith (Carmen Silvera), comply with demands from Michelle French Resistance (Kirsten Cook), avoid being shot by the Germans, cornered by an infatuated Lt. Gruber (Guy Siner), hide two British airmen and help them get back to England, avoid detection by Herr Flick of The Gestapo (Richard Gibson), hide a priceless stolen painting for the town�s Colonel von Strom (Richard Marner) and avoid being shot, incarcerated or otherwise harmed during it all. Whew! A pretty tall order that leads to some great comedy situations. During its nine series run, a few characters came and went � but one constant shone through it all: never underestimate the concealment value of a large knackwurst sausage and the antics employed to ensure a comfortable retirement by hiding a valuable stolen painting in that very foodstuff. Sound corny? Not at all. It is perfectly logical. Consider the story line. Ren� Artois, a caf� owner in the town of Nouvion who becomes unwittingly involved with the resistance when they use his establishment as a centre from which to hatch plans to smuggle two British airmen back to Blighty. This adds complications to Ren�'s life which is already convoluted enough: he is married to Edith, a formidable woman who entertains in the caf� by singing (badly), but like all good comedy Frenchman he is also enjoying a passionate affair. The object of his lust is the beautiful Yvette, a leggy waitress at the caf�. Much mirth is caused by their constant attempts to steal a few precious moments alone, which they rarely achieve without coming close to being rumbled. Ren� himself is the target of the unwanted attentions of the fey Lieutenant Gruber, aide-de-camp to the Gestapo's Herr Flick. The patronage of Flick and other Germans causes Ren� further problems when resistance agent Michelle embroils him in her (often ludicrous) secret plans. The show had serial elements, and the sheer number of episodes, 85 in total, meant that similar themes often surfaced, including the continuing attempts to transport the airmen and Herr Flick's pursuit of a valuable painting (The Fallen Madonna With The Big Boobies, by Van Clomp). Early on in the series, to escape the wrath of the SS, Ren� fakes his own death and continues through the remainder of the episodes as his own fictitious twin brother. This deception prompts aged lothario Monsieur Alfonse into pursuing Ren�'s 'widow', with a view to marriage. This prospect had its attractions because it would allow Ren� to plight his troth with Yvette, but the drawbacks - losing the caf� and his savings - prove overwhelming and so he thwarts the courtship. Other characters in the show include the fat, thick German Von Strohm and his colleague Hans Geering (Sam Kelly); ice queen Helga (Kim Hartman), Herr Flick's right-hand-woman; diminutive waitress Mimi La Bonque; and Edith's mother Fanny 'Fifi' Lafanne (Rose Hill), who eventually marries Leclerc. The original Leclerc was played by Jack Haig but following the actor's death the writers invented Leclerc's twin brother who was played initially by Derek Royle and later by Robin Parkinson. David Janson appeared as Hitler in an episode of series eight and he returned to the cast for series nine, this time taking over the role of Herr Flick.  Photo: Central cast of �Allo �Allo The show had a cunning method of dealing with language problems. French characters spoke their native tongue with pantomime-style exaggerated French accents, but when they spoke English they adopted equally exaggerated posh Oxford accents. The English characters spoke English normally, but when they spoke French it was with a poor, almost incomprehensible cod French accent. This was especially true of the Englishman named Crabtree, who survived in Nouvion disguised as a gendarme and whose strangulated English-French gave the show its most memorable catchphrase with his customary greeting 'Good Moaning'. The show's other principal catchphrase was resistance leader Michelle's, 'Leesen verrry carefully, I weel zay zis only once...'. Throughout the cast, the characterizations were uniformly broad and the show was an equal-opportunity offender when it came to stereotypes: it depicted the French as greedy and sex-obsessed, the Germans as inefficient bumblers and the British as upper-class twits. Beyond the stereotypes, one can easily get consumed in the multiple plot lines and funny turns the situations deal poor Rene as he struggles to keep body and soul together. Series 1 and 2 are available in the US on DVD, with Series 3 due for release on August 16, 2005. With approximately 6 episodes per DVD, it�s going to be a long haul to get all 85. But along the way, the antics can be charming and laughs abundant. This show is definitely worth giving a whirl. Editor�s Note: The BBC�s Comedy Homepage � located at www.bbc.co.uk/comedy - is an excellent source of information on this and other beloved Britcoms. Portions of this piece were well-written and redacted from the BBC�s coverage of �Allo �Allo. (((((  New DVD/Video Releases    Due Out This Summer From BBC Worldwide Americas All Creatures Great and Small: Series 5 (DVD) Share more warmth and humor with James Herriot, the world�s best loved veterinarian. All Creatures Great and Small: Series 1-5 Set Release Date: 7/19/2005 Return to the Yorkshire Dales and relive all the wondrous stories and scenes (and animal sounds) from the first five series of one of the BBC's most popular dramas. Who knew so much intrigue, chaos and cacophony could take place in such a small veterinary practice? Includes both the 1983 and 1985 specials. Good Neighbors: The Complete Series 1 - 3 (DVD) Good Neighbors is considered one of the best British sitcoms ever by critics and audiences alike and took North America by storm when it premiered here on PBS. This four-disc set contains the complete series 1-3 plus the 1977 Christmas special! �Allo �Allo: Series 3 The Germans, The Resistance and the British Airman continue to give Rene fits as he tries his best to survive the antics and run his Caf�. To be released on DVD in the United States this August and can be pre-ordered now. Recent Releases Absolutely Fabulous: Savings Set Now your dream of holding your own AbFab marathon can come true! Every uproarious scene, all the outlandish behavior and every glittering guest star from Series 1 through 5 are compiled for your delirious enjoyment at a great savings. A complete riot! Britcom Collectibles Corner Some of you may be like me, a collector of �things.� Okay, some of us may even be pack rats. But I can tell you, collecting items from favorite British comedies can be downright fun. I love my Mr. Bean and Fawlty Towers Corgi sets � I am still trying to find some sources for those of you who want them; I don�t think Corgi is making them anymore. I can tell you that the Shops at BBC America have some pieces at sale prices right now. I just ordered (at a sale price) the Corgi production of the Trotter�s three-wheeled van from Only Fools and Horses. For Dr. Who fans, there are a number of robots and other pieces on sale there as well. These sale prices indicate to me that these collectibles may be going out of stock or out of production. I tell you this not to drive up sales for the Beeb, but to let you collectors know, so you can grab them now. If you have resources for acquiring British comedy collectibles, please let us know and we will share them here. Show memorabilia, toys, figurines, whatever the item, let�s discuss them here and share the enjoyment. In the meantime, if anyone know where you can get an actual Grace Brothers shopping bag, like the ones used in Are You Being Served?, I would love to hear from you. [email protected] You can find or pre-order these new releases and/or collectibles at www.bbcamerica.com. ((((( Special Feature Reader Poll: �Where Are They Now?� Which favorite actor would YOU like to hear about? Whatever happened to Eve Matheson? �asks Margaret from Vermont. Well Margaret, in addition to doing some narration work recently on some audio books, here is what we could find. For those that don�t know, Eve Matheson portrayed a central character, Zoe, in the first two series of the BBC�s May to December. Actress � TV & Films Losing It (2000) (TV) as Jude's Mother "The Ambassador" (1998) TV�Series as Catherine Grieve Swept from the Sea (1997) as Mrs. Wilcox ... aka Balay� par la mer (Canada: French title) Grushko (1994) (TV) as Nina "May to December" (1989) TV�Series as Zoe Angel (1989-1990) "Vanity Fair" (1987) (mini) TV�Series as Rebecca Sharp What If It's Raining (1985) (TV) as Siobhan "Jane Eyre" (1983) (mini) TV�Series as Leah Churchill and the Cabinet War Rooms (1995) (TV) (narration) Quotations Notable TV Guest Appearances "Holby City" playing "Cara Walker" in episode: "I'm Not in Love" (episode # 3.26) 1 May 2001 "Heartbeat" playing "Moira Hamilton" in episode: "Appearances" (episode # 7.19) 18 January 1998 "Lovejoy" playing "Valerie Endacott" in episode: "Three Men and a Brittle Lady" (episode # 5.5) 3 October 1993 "Boon" playing "Rebecca Blake" in episode: "Shot in the Dark" (episode # 7.13) 1 December 1992 "Stay Lucky" playing "Cassy Quinn" in episode: "The Sisters of Achill" (episode # 3.5) 9 November 1991 "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" playing "Miss Tangey" in episode: "The Naval Treaty" (episode # 1.3) 8 May 1984 ((((( Wanted: Update on My Favorite Britcom Star  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT Where are they now? Send your nominations for �Where Are They Now?� to [email protected]   BritCom LaughLinks Caf� Rene http://www.coldcut.com/video/aa/ An excellent site of all things �Allo �Allo. Cast information for this issue of The Insider was gathered there and the site is just well done in terms of information on this staple of British comedies. Cast bios, episode guides, trivia and the like, it is all there for lovers of Rene Artois, his Cafe and Nuviogne�s band of characters. Rating: 4 out of 5 mouse clicks �Allo �Allo Picture Gallery http://www.ycdtot.com/allo/ Want a screen shot from your favorite episode? This site has more than 2300 pictures from screen shots of the program. Some of the funniest moments are captured in stills for your private use and enjoyment. Not sure if the Beeb would approve of this site, but it is there nonetheless. Rating: 4 out of 5 mouse clicks The Goodnight Sweetheart Page http://www.goodnightsweetheart.co.uk Want to know about the show? Go here. Latest news, facts, story backgrounds and actor profiles � this site a treasure trove for lovers of this popular BBC series. Rating: 5 out of 5 mouse clicks Are You Being Served? Scrapbook http://www.tvheaven.ca/aybs.htm A neat little site with some great pictures and information on one of the most popular of all British comedies. It has audio and a cute treatment in navigating the site information. Definitely worth the visit for lovers of AYBS. Rating: 3 out of 5 mouse clicks Thin Blue Line at Rowan Atkinson.org http://www.rowanatkinson.org/TBL.htm Part of Atkinson�s overall site, this installment provides useful information for fans of this two series run British comedy. Episode guides, character profiles and actor information is resident on this page. Worth the look if you are a fan. Rating: 4 out of 5 mouse clicks The British Comedy Homepage http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/ Want find out about British comedies past and present? Start here. Great links, chocked full of information and fun to review. British comedy lovers will want to spend some time here. All brought to you by the BBC. Rating: 5 out of 5 mouse clicks ((((( Thin Blue Line (cont'd. from page 1) "Inspector Raymond Fowler (Atkinson) is the commanding officer of the uniformed police force in Gasforth Police Station, a small nick in a small town. Here can be found all the problems that beset the modern police officer and Gasforth is no different from any other small station, just another part of the Thin Blue Line. The only difference being, of course, that in Gasforth, the officers of the Thin Blue Line tend to be slightly thicker. Fowler is a stick-in-the-mud who is constantly astonished at just how much mud there is to stick in. He's in the 10th year of a relationship with Patricia (Serena Evans) the desk sergeant, who bravely stands between the station and the public, wondering why she bothers taking the details of the endless stream of drunks and yobs that pass her desk. Fowler's force also includes Constable Kevin Goody (James Dreyfus), definitely the thickest part of the Thin Blue Line, who is deeply in love with Constable Maggie Habib (Mina Anwar), but that love is unrequited, something Goody can't even spell, let alone come to terms with. To her, graffiti is a vibrant street art. To him, it's nasty little yobs scribbling on walls. Constable Gladstone (Rudolph Walker) is the oldest officer at Gasforth, a man who has seen everything before. Unfortunately, he's forgotten all of it. The might of the uniformed branch pits its wits against crime and the CID force of Gasforth station, led by Detective Inspector Grim (David Haig), who isn't a happy man. CID work can be so depressing. Nothing but hooligans, yobbos and foul-mouthed delinquents, though as Fowler points out, some of Grim's officers aren't so bad. Grim's sidekick is Detective Constable Kray (Kevin Allen) - definitely not a dedicated copper, he uses his warrant card principally for pushing in queues in shops." He was replaced in Series 2 by actor Mark Addy who, today, has learned an American accent and stars in the American sitcom Still Standing, which airs each week on CBS here in the United States. What a transition from an earring wearing Cockney cop, to a father of a typical American family. Viewer response to, and critical review of, Thin Blue Line in the United Kingdom was surprisingly harsh which, one might conclude, is most likely why there were only two series of the show made. Here in the US, the 14 episodes have found a warmer response from viewers. One might attribute this to the fandom of Atkinson himself � Mr. Bean, Black Adder and the like. Maybe. But the normal sledgehammer wit one came to expect from previous Atkinson/Elton productions is noticeably absent from Thin Blue Line. American audiences responded to it enthusiastically, all the same, because it was both delightful and entertaining in calmer fashion than their earlier collaborations. Both Series are now available on DVD in Thin Blue Line: The Full Line Up. Here is the episode guide: Series 1 RAG WEEK - The local students are doing wacky stunts for charity. Fowler & Patricia are held up at bank, Grim is on the phone to the Home Office, Kray to the kebab shop. Complications ensue. QUEENS BIRTHDAY PRESENT - Inspector Fowler & Sgt Dawkings are partners in service & in life. Its their 10th anniversary, but it looks like the Queen�s official birthday celebration will get in the way. NIGHT SHIFT - Juvenile delinquents crowd the station. Patricia can't wait to get away from them. Unfortunately, Fowler's teenage son has come to stay from his mother's. Meanwhile Fowler is upset because Grim is at Scotland Yard, and not him. HONEY TRAP - Inspector Fowler prepares his team including PC Habib for the pub quiz final, which means that DI Grim will have to make do with PC Goody in a miniskirt in order to ensnare Terry the Tank. FIRE & TERROR - WPC Habib fancies a handsome fireman & PC Goody is jealous. DI Grim is onto 'the big case' & Inspector Fowler is plagued by an insane hoaxer who claims to have seen Lord Lucan recently. KIDS TODAY - Police Sgt. Patricia goes all broody when a baby is dumped at the station. Habib is harassed by fascists leading Goody to commit assault. Fowler leads a camping trip for young offenders, but Grim is planning a short sharp shock. (Continued next page) Thin Blue Line (cont'd. from previous page) Series 2 COURT IN THE ACT - Inspector Fowler prepares his force for the rigors of cross- examination in court, and Constable Goody tries out a fetching new uniform. ISM, ISM, ISM - The Mayoress informs Fowler that an illegal immigrant asylum-seeker has taken refuge in the town; Grim attempts to join a secret lodge. FLY ON THE WALL - A television crew come to Gasforth to make a documentary about policing in the raw, and they don't come much rawer than Fowler's force. ALTERNATIVE CULTURE - Grim declares war on drugs. Meanwhile, a plumbing crisis at the station means the women have to share the men's locker room. COME ON YOU BLUES - When Gashforth FC reaches the second round of the FA Cup, DI Grim looks forward to tackling some major league hooligans. ROAD RAGE - Patricia joins a group of anti-road protestors and Fowler is presented with confronting her, and an eclectic group of activists in the execution of his duties. GREEN EYED MONSTER - When Grim says they're looking for married officers Fowler decides to propose to Patricia, who promptly turns him down. YULETIDE SPIRIT - Grim is on the trail of some dangerous carol singers, Fowler experiences treachery at the hands of an amateur dramatic group and Goody proves that giving Xmas presents at work can be a bad idea. Love it, like it or leave it, is a memorable British comedy and one that proves the fact the genre has a little something for everyone. While a few viewers may find some of the supporting characters boorish, annoying or trite, Atkinson delivers wit, endearment and entertaining viewing for British comedy lovers. ((((( �Are You Being Served? AGAIN� Series Brief and Little Known Factoids Seven years after the final episode of Are You Being Served? five of the characters returned in Are You Being Served? AGAIN -- originally titled Grace and Favour in the UK. In the opening episode, the staff of Grace Brothers department store are appalled to discover that, in his will, the late 'Young' Mr. Grace bequeathed all of his money to a charity for fallen women, and invested the staff's pension fund by buying an old house, Millstone Manor. The penniless quintet of Slocombe, Peacock, Humphries, Brahms and Rumbold decide to move in to the manor house and open it up as a hotel; thus they remain together but in a completely different environment. The location aside, however, everything was much as before, with double entendres, mass confusions, broad slapstick and a good re-airing of old catchphrases being paramount: Mr. Humphries gaily minced about hollering 'I'm free!' and Mrs. Slocombe once again held forth on the condition of her pussy. The first series concentrated on the alteration of the manor house (actually Chavenage House in Gloucestershire) as a hotel, the second showed the staff dealing with guests. One of these, it turned out, was Cecil Slocombe (played by Donald Morley), Mrs. Slocombe's husband whom she had not seen since he had 'popped out to the supermarket' 42 years earlier. The comedy is the normal Lloyd/Croft fare, but if you loved the original, you might enjoy the characters re-visited, albeit post-retirement, in this short lived sequel. While not as knee-slapping funny as the original show, it�s good for a few laughs and a stroll down memory lane of what made each of these characters unique. You can have them all in a single DVD collection, available now. ((((( (Continued from page 5) Here are some pointers to success for party planners: If propriety is a consideration, remember that you won't have any control over your guests' choice of costume, and generally, the older the Britcom, the less politically correct it is. For successful fancy dress parties where everyone can join in/make costumes on a budget, choose a general theme or a Britcom that includes many characters such as Allo Allo. Blackadder might seem like a good theme, but remember that period costumes are more difficult to procure. Be warned! A Keeping Up Appearances party for a small crowd might result in many Hyacinths in your living room. Not a pretty sight, and could be quite alarming - particularly if they're all blokes. Tie the food/drink to the theme e.g. French food & wine for an Allo Allo bash, Gourmet Night for a Fawlty Towers fracas, elegant canapes for a Hyacinth soiree, army rations for a Dad's Army knees-up and LOTS OF CHOCOLATE for a Vicar of Dibley get-together. Chocolate fondue, perhaps? Think about the type of music you'll be playing - this will really set the mood of the party. Have fun with the 'greeters' and 'wait staff' - imagine Hyacinth at the door, imploring everyone to remove their shoes, and DO mind the wallpaper, dear! Onslow would make a great valet and having Basil and Manuel in charge of the food would be an absolute scream. And remember! Support Britcoms on your local PBS station. Ask the volunteer coordinator if it's OK to dress up as Comedy Characters when you and your group are manning the phone banks during British Comedy Night. Note: this can sometimes backfire. Some years ago, when we dressed up for the Python Marathon Pledge drive at KERA-Dallas, the crew were so enamored that they made us sing the Spam song. Live. On-Air. Oh, the things we do for PBS! On a final note....have fun in this, your celebration of the spirit of classic British Comedy - great writing, fabulous characters and costumes and rib-tickling situations. Good-hearted laughter truly is the best medicine and one of the most enjoyable of stress relievers. Through the ages, in its various forms, British humor has kept us going when the going gets tough. So go on, have a giggle this Saturday night, and pass me another sherry, Onslow! ((((( Postscripts Reader response and participation continues to grow and makes producing this publication just that much more enjoyable. It is great to hear from people from around the country. Haven�t seen it covered yet? Write me. A great story idea? Write me. Any and all suggestions are welcomed. Once again, thank you for your continued support and readership. I hope we can continue promoting a two way dialog on the fascinating topic of British comedies. Contact me by e-mail anytime at [email protected]. Until the next issue, happy viewing! Scott     The Insider  PAGE 1 The Insider  PAGE 9 The Insider  PAGE 10 The Insider  PAGE 13 The Insider  PAGE 14 Her Majesty�s Police Force Laughs aplenty in Thin Blue Line Aaaahhhh�if they would only make more. In two short series, BBC�s Thin Blue Line, once again, displays the seemingly unending talent of actor Rowan Atkinson and writer Ben Elton. The lament is, much like Cleese�s Fawlty Towers, the series run was all too short. Anyone who takes the time to engage this staple of the British comedy genre will undoubtedly be left craving more.  One thing you can be sure of, Rowan Atkinson, Ben Elton and a crew of mercurial and, yes funny, characters deliver laughs aplenty in this charming look at suburban England law enforcement. From college pranksters and pedestrian mischief, to the glory-seeking CID head�s desire to find and conquer true crime, each and every episode delivers new challenges for the station. Couple this with intra-station house love interests, Derek�s (the CID officer) challenges with his wife (Teenah!) and you have the makings of some great comedic story lines. The Boy Scout-esque Inspector Fowler, portrayed by Atkinson, is long on ethics, hapless in his love life and always �regular of bowel� as he is often prone to point out. He leads a band of beat officers that range from the sexually ambiguous to the fiercest advocates for causes du jour and issues for women in the work place. Layer this with sporadic incompetence, and one soon becomes engrossed in with life in Gasforth. The BBC sets up the story like this� (Continued on page 14) Editor�s Chin-wag Hello fellow Britcom lovers! I am happy to say that the February issue of The Insider generated an increase in reader e-mails with questions, suggestions and the like. Awesome. Please make a note of the new and permanent e-mail address for our pub: [email protected]. Any and all reader input and comments are welcomed and you can reach me directly through the new e-mail addy above. A thousand thanks to all of you who took time to write; it makes me want to work even harder to bring you the latest Britcom news. Speaking of�I would love to hear from those who saw the new Funny Blokes pledge special. A lot of peeps worked hard to bring that home. Good�bad�indifferent, I would be curious as to your feedback. Well, time to muck in writing this issue. Best wishes and cheers to all our loyal readers. Happy reading all. N. Scott Jones, Editor A Brief Editorial View They just can�t produce them fast enough for me � DVD releases of favorite Britcoms that is. For me, right now, it is a bit like water torture. Slow and agonizing. This too shall pass. Having recently watched the first two series of �Allo �Allo on DVD, it pains me to think I must wait until sometime in August to get my hands on Series 3. I have always loved this show, but have always been at the mercy of a broadcast schedule to catch it, and invariably come in mid story or series. The availability of BBC comedy series on DVD brings new enjoyment in being able to watch your favorite show, in chronological order, and see the true character and plot development. So my message to the Beeb is: I will take all you can manufacture; the sooner the better. My wife is amazed at how I can watch the same episodes of say, Are You Being Served?, over and over again and not get bored. I explain to her the beauty of being a British comedy lover is � every time I watch an episode, I see or experience something new � a line here, a line there, a nuance I missed before. She sometimes rolls her eyes, to which I retort � why have so many spent centuries staring at the Mona Lisa? It is art. To many of us, great British comedies are just that � art. Well art lovers, I will belt up and let you read on in this issue. Happy reading. N. Scott Jones, Editor The Insider welcomes all correspondence, story ideas and requests for contributed articles. Send letters via e-mail to Editor N. Scott Jones at [email protected] or by snail mail to: The Insider, c/o Oliviu Savu, BBC Worldwide Americas, Sixth Floor 747 3rd Avenue, New York, NY. 10017 - 2803. All letters are assumed to be for publication unless marked otherwise. The Insider reserves the right to edit letters for reasons of space or clarity. Let us know what you think! The Insider, copyright 1999 � 2005 by the BBC Sales Company. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission. All photos and graphics used are rights free or copyrighted by the British Broadcasting Corporation. Unless otherwise indicated, all material written by N. Scott Jones. News, Trivia & Naughty Bits  From the Beeb Blog The BBC's  HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/tv/lastlaugh/" Last Laugh competition has been hailed as "possibly the biggest script writing competition ever" after attracting almost 5,000 entries. The contest, which invited the public to finish the last ten minutes of one of eight new sitcom scripts written by the likes of Carla Lane and Marks and Gran - attracted a total of 4,816 entries. This follows on from  HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/endofstory/" End of Story last year, made by the same team for  HYPERLINK "http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/" BBC THREE, which invited the public to complete short stories crafted by big-name writers including Ian Rankin and Fay Weldon. The competition received almost 17,000 entries making it the largest short story competition in the UK. Finalists in the Last Laugh competition � who will be revealed in a series in the autumn presented by Dara O�Brian - could see their script made into a comedy pilot for BBC THREE. Project manager Esther Coleman-Hawkins added: "Writing comedy is tough but the level of entries is fantastic and our initial readings suggest that there is some quality gagging in there." Julian Friedmann, Editor of Scriptwriter Magazine, said: "While I do think this is an astounding number of entries, I suppose I shouldn't be so surprised because there are so few avenues for people wanting to break into comedy writing, that perhaps it isn't so amazing that so many people have taken this opportunity." A reading panel is currently wading through what is effectively more than 800 hours of comedy writing to whittle them down to four endings. ((((( ((((( Rowan Atkinson and crew deliver witty and well-acted comedic content in this charming look at suburban law enforcement. Did you know? �Allo �Allo star Gorden Kaye made a number of guest character appearances in Are You Being Served? Among others, he portrayed a TV commercial producer, a Scottish paparazzi photographer and a Greek restaurant worker in various AYBS episodes.    BritQuotient Answers! In an episode of Fawlty Towers, Basil says �this is a hotel, not a borstal.� This is an old English reformatory system designed for youths between 16 and 21, named after an old convict prison at Borstal, Kent. The drunken Greek chef�s name in the Gourmet Night episode was Kurt. The Fawlty�s wedding anniversary date is April 17. Submit your trivia bits to [email protected] and read them here in the next issue of The Insider. Heard on the Grapevine The Insider has heard that actor James Dreyfus (Thin Blue Line, Gimme Gimme Gimme) will be tapped to replace Ardal O�Hanlon as George Sunday/Thermoman in the next series of My Hero. Stay tuned.  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July 16 in our Western calendar coincides with the first day of which other calendar?
Indian Calendar | Calendars * In a leap year, Caitra has 31 days and Caitra 1 coincides with March 21. Principles of the religious calendar Religious holidays are determined by a lunisolar calendar that is based on calculations of the actual postions of the Sun and Moon. Most holidays occur on specified lunar dates (tithis), as is explained later; a few occur on specified solar dates. The calendrical methods presented here are those recommended by the Calendar Reform Committee (1957). They serve as the basis for the calendar published in The Indian Astronomical Ephemeris. However, many local calendar makers continue to use traditional astronomical concepts and formulas, some of which date back 1500 years. The Calendar Reform Committee attempted to reconcile traditional calendrical practices with modern astronomical concepts. According to their proposals, precession is accounted for and calculations of solar and lunar position are based on accurate modern methods. All astronomical calculations are performed with respect to a Central Station at longitude 82°30’ East, latitude 23°11’ North. For religious purposes solar days are reckoned from sunrise to sunrise. A solar month is defined as the interval required for the Sun’s apparent longitude to increase by 30o, corresponding to the passage of the Sun through a zodiacal sign (rasi). The initial month of the year, Vaisakha, begins when the true longitude of the Sun is 23° 15’ (see table below). Because the Earth’s orbit is elliptical, the lengths of the months vary from 29.2 to 31.2 days. The short months all occur in the second half of the year around the time of the Earth’s perihelion passage. Solar Months of the Indian Religious Calendar Sun’s Longitude deg min Approx. Duration d Mar. 14 Desert Festival. Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India Camels and riders of the Indian Border Security Force perform a riding exhibition in front of Jaisalmer Fort. Each year, during the full moon in the month of Kartika, Rajputs lead their camels to Pushkar for the annual camel fair. Camel Finery. Owners paint and accessorize their camels for the annual Pushkar Fair in Rajasthan, India. At right, Rajputs are leading a camel herd to Pushkar, India. Each year during Kartik Purnima, which is the full moon in the Indian calendar month of Kartika, thousands of Rajputs lead their camels across the desert to the town of Pushkar for the annual camel fair. They come to sell, buy, and trade animals. Lunar months are measures from one New Moon to the next (although some groups reckon from the Full Moon). Each lunar month is given the name of the solar month in which the lunar month begins. Because most lunations are shorter than a solar month, there is occasionally a solar month in which two New Moons occur. In this case, both lunar months bear the same name, but the first month is described with the prefix adhika, or intercalary. Such a year has thirteen lunar months. Adhika months occur every two or three years following patterns described by the Metonic cycle or more complex lunar phase cycles. More rarely, a year will occur in which a short solar month will pass without having a New Moon. In that case, the name of the solar month does not occur in the calendar for that year. Such a decayed (ksaya) month can occur only in the months near the Earth’s perihelion passage. In compensation, a month in the first half of the year will have had two New Moons, so the year will still have twelve lunar months. Ksaya months are separated by as few as nineteen years and as many as 141 years. Lunations are divided into 30 tithis, or lunar days. Each tithi is defined by the time required for the longitude of the Moon to increase by 12o over the longitude of the Sun. Thus the length of a tithi may vary from about 20 hours to nearly 27 hours. During the waxing phases, tithis are counted from 1 to 15 with the designation Sukla. Tithis for the waning phases are designated Krsna and are again counted from 1 to 15. Each day is assigned the number of the tithi in effect at sunrise. Occasionally a short tithi will begin after sunrise and be completed before the next sunrise. Similarly a long tithi may span two sunrises. In the former case, a number is omitted from the day count. In the latter, a day number is carried over to a second day. History of the Indian calendar The history of calendars in India is a remarkably complex subject owing to the continuity of Indian civilization and to the diversity of cultural influences. In the mid-1950s, when the Calendar Reform Committee made its survey, there were about 30 calendars in use for setting religious festivals for Hindus, Buddhists, and Jainists. Some of these were also used for civil dating. These calendars were based on common principles, though they had local characteristics determined by long-established customs and the astronomical practices of local calendar makers. In addition, Muslims in India used the Islamic calendar, and the Indian government used the Gregorian calendar for administrative purposes. Early allusions to a lunisolar calendar with intercalated months are found in the hymns from the Rig Veda, dating from the second millennium B.C.E. Literature from 1300 B.C.E. to C.E. 300, provides information of a more specific nature. A five-year lunisolar calendar coordinated solar years with synodic and sidereal lunar months. Indian astronomy underwent a general reform in the first few centuries C.E., as advances in Babylonian and Greek astronomy became known. New astronomical constants and models for the motion of the Moon and Sun were adapted to traditional calendric practices. This was conveyed in astronomical treatises of this period known as Siddhantas, many of which have not survived. The Surya Siddhanta, which originated in the fourth century but was updated over the following centuries, influenced Indian calendrics up to and even after the calendar reform of C.E. 1957. The author Pingree provides a survey of the development of mathematical astronomy in India. Although he does not deal explicitly with calendrics, this material is necessary for a full understanding of the history of India’s calendars.
Islam
In which 1996 live-action/animation movie did basketball icon Michael Jordan star?
Religious Holidays 2015: An Interfaith Calendar (Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim And More) (PHOTOS) | The Huffington Post Religious Holidays 2015: An Interfaith Calendar (Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim And More) (PHOTOS) 01/16/2015 01:58 pm ET | Updated Apr 28, 2015 250 Getty/Getty/AP We live in a beautiful, diverse world, and almost each day of the year is a sacred time for someone, somewhere. HuffPost Religion is proud to present an interfaith, inclusive religious calendar for nine major world religions: Baha'i, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, Judaism, Islam, Paganism, Shinto and Sikhism. We hope you will come to this page regularly to learn about the festivals of your religious tradition, as well as your neighbors' traditions. Please note that Jewish holidays start at sunset and continue until sunset of the next day. Also, due to Islam's use of the lunar calendar, some dates will be confirmed closer to the holiday. If this list does not include your sacred observance, please email [email protected] with a brief description of the holiday so that we can add it here. Click on each link for festivals and holy days of that religion. Jan 18 - World Religion Day Mar 1-20: The Nineteen Day Fast Mar 21 - Nowruz / Naw-Ruz (Baha'i, Zoroastrian, Iranian New Year) Apr 21- May 2 - Ridván May 24 - Declaration of the Bab May 29 - Ascension of Baha'u'llah July 9 - The Martyrdom of the Bab Oct 20 - Birth of the Bab Nov 12 - Birth of Baha'u'llah Buddhist Holidays 2015 Jan 5 - Mahayana New Year Feb 8 or 15- Nirvana Day Apr 4 - Theravada New Year Jun 1 - Wesak or Buddha Day Jun 2 - Saga Dawa (Tibetan) Jul 2 - Asala - Dharma Day Dec 8 - Bodhi Day Christian Holidays 2015 (all denominations): Jan 1 - Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Catholic) Jan 1 - Feast of St. Basil (Orthodox Christian) Jan 6 - Epiphany Jan 6 - Feast of Theophany (Orthodox Christian) Jan 6 - Nativity of Jesus (Armenian Orthodox) Jan 7 - Christmas Day (Orthodox Christian) Jan 19 - Timkat (Ethiopian Orthodox Christian) Jan 25 - Conversion of St. Paul Feb 2 - Candlemas Feb 11 - Feast Day of Our Lady of Lourdes (Catholic) February 17 - Shrove Tuesday Feb 18 - April 5 Lent Feb 23 - Clean Monday (Orthodox Christian) Mar 17 - St. Patrick's Day (Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran) Mar 25 - Annunciation Jun 7 - All Saints' Day (Orthodox) Jun 29 - St. Peter and St. Paul's Day July 22 - Feast of Mary Magdalene Aug 6 - Transfiguration of Jesus Aug 15 - Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Catholic) Aug 15 - Dormition of the Theotokos (Orthodox Christian) Sep 8 - Nativity of the Theotokos / Birth of Virgin Mary Sep 29 - Michaelmas Oct 31 - All Hallows' Eve Nov 1 - All Saints Day / All Hallows' Day Nov 2 - All Souls' Day Nov 29 - Advent Sunday Dec 8 - Feast of Immaculate Conception (Catholic) Dec 12 - Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe Dec 24 - Christmas Eve (Western Churches) Dec 25 - Christmas Day (Western Churches) Hindu Holidays 2015: Jan 14 - Makar Sankranti / Pongal Jan 24 - Saraswati Puja
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What was the title of the first single released by The Beatles in October 1962?
5 October 1962: UK single release: Love Me Do | The Beatles Bible Friday 5 October 1962 Release 2 Comments The Beatles' debut single was released on 5 October 1962. Love Me Do reached number 17 in the charts, which was a strong showing for a band's first release. Although they re-recorded the single with session drummer Andy White on 11 September , initial copies of the single carried the recording of Love Me Do from their early 4 September session. When EMI came to release the 1963 EP The Beatles' Hits, it was decided that the version featuring White was best, and the master recording featuring Ringo 's drumming was destroyed. Sales of Love Me Do/ PS I Love You were strongest in the Liverpool area. There were strong rumours that Brian Epstein bought 10,000 copies of the single to improve its chart ranking. While quite possibly true, these were never proven to be true. Steve Beauchampe Monday 27 May 2013 Hello, It seems that they also played a gig at the Co-op Ballroom in Nuneaton on this date. It’s mentioned, along with an advert for the gig (no date on the advert though) in Pete Chamber’s well researched 2006 book The Beatles – Sent To Coventry and in a BBC Coventry and Warwickshire on-line story from October last year (put Beatles, Nuneaton 1962 into a search engine) The BBC story has at least one inaccuracy though, the cake throwing incident appears to relate to a Rolling Stones gig the following year. Nonetheless, there seems enough evidence that the gig did occur unless you have anything to the contrary. Steve Beauchampe Teresa Sheppard Wednesday 20 August 2014 My Version Has Love Me Do On Both Sides orange And Yellow Label is it Rare?
Love Me Do
In which English county is the port town of Fleetwood?
Love Me Do - The Beatles - YouTube Love Me Do - The Beatles Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 31, 2012 Category
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In 1938, who was the first actor ever to win successive Best Actor Academy Awards?
1938 Academy Awards® Winners and History Test Pilot (1938) Actor: SPENCER TRACY in "Boys Town", Charles Boyer in "Algiers", James Cagney in "Angels With Dirty Faces" , Robert Donat in "The Citadel", Leslie Howard in "Pygmalion" Actress: BETTE DAVIS in "Jezebel" , Fay Bainter in "White Banners", Wendy Hiller in "Pygmalion", Norma Shearer in "Marie Antoinette", Margaret Sullavan in "Three Comrades" Supporting Actor: WALTER BRENNAN in "Kentucky", John Garfield in "Four Daughters", Gene Lockhart in "Algiers", Robert Morley in "Marie Antoinette", Basil Rathbone in "If I Were King" Supporting Actress: FAY BAINTER in "Jezebel" , Beulah Bondi in "Of Human Hearts", Billie Burke in "Merrily We Live", Spring Byington in "You Can't Take it With You", Miliza Korjus in "The Great Waltz" Director: FRANK CAPRA for "You Can't Take It With You", Michael Curtiz for "Angels With Dirty Faces" , Michael Curtiz for "Four Daughters", Norman Taurog for "Boys Town", King Vidor for "The Citadel" Many of the major Oscar winners in 1938 were repeat winners: Frank Capra (with his third Best Director award), Spencer Tracy (with his second Best Actor award), Bette Davis (with her second Best Actress award), Walter Brennan (with his second Best Supporting Actor award), and Walt Disney (with his seventh Best Short Subject: Cartoon award). George S. Kaufman's and Moss Hart's Pulitzer Prize-winning and hit Broadway stage play, You Can't Take It With You was adapted to the screen by Robert Riskin. It was a remarkable win to have a comedy take the top prize. The zany film had seven nominations and two wins - for Best Picture and Best Director. Frank Capra's uninspired, but light-hearted and wacky filmed-version of the popular Broadway comedy, with a great cast, told about the eccentric, free-spirited, and madcap Vanderhof family living in a big house in an ethnic Manhattan neighborhood (led by the patriarchal, tax-dodging Grandpa Lionel Barrymore), including a mystery novel writer (Spring Byington), an aspiring ballet dancer (Ann Miller), and other bizarre members. The hilarity increases when the grand-daughter of the house Alice Sycamore (Jean Arthur), who works at a bank with the reluctant vice president and her beau Tony Kirby (James Stewart), invites his ultra-conventional, Wall Street, millionaire tycoon parents - the Kirbys (Edward Arnold plays the powerful, ruthless banker/father and his snobbish wife is performed by Mary Forbes) as dinner houseguests. Only one of the excellent performers in the winning film was nominated for an Oscar - Spring Byington as Best Supporting Actress. Capra took home his third Best Director Award in five years for the film. [Capra's previous wins were for It Happened One Night (1934) and Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) . James Stewart was un-nominated, but his performance marked the beginning of a profitable collaboration between the two. It was the first of James Stewart's three films for Capra - the other two were A wide variety of other films were nominated for Best Picture in 1938: the beautiful, spectacular swashbuckler/adventure film with Errol Flynn in the title role - director Michael Curtiz' film The Adventures of Robin Hood (with four nominations and three wins - Best Art (Interior) Direction, Best Original Music Score, and Best Film Editing) director Henry King's Alexander's Ragtime Band (with six nominations and one win - Best Score for Alfred Newman) - a backstage musical about two songwriters (Don Ameche and Tyrone Power) who battle for co-star Alice Faye's affections director Norman Taurog's Boys Town (with five nominations and two wins - Best Actor and Best Original Story) about Father Flanagan's creation of a juvenile boys home director King Vidor's version of A. J. Cronin's novel, The Citadel (with four nominations and no wins) about a young British doctor who is corrupted by treating wealthy hypochondriacs director Michael Curtiz' romantic tearjerker Four Daughters (with five nominations and no wins) about the lives and loves of the four daughters of a music professor director William Wyler's high-budget film based on Owen Davis Sr.'s play, Jezebel (with five nominations and two wins - Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress) - a pre-Civil War drama about a selfish, stubborn Southern belle the co-director's (Anthony Asquith and Leslie Howard) British film Pygmalion (with four nominations and one win - Best Screenplay), a film adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's brilliant screenplay about a transformed Cockney flower-girl director Victor Fleming's aviation drama Test Pilot (with three nominations and no wins) about a daring test pilot (Clark Gable), his farm girl wife (Myrna Loy) and his devoted mechanic (Spencer Tracy) Jean Renoir's anti-war masterpiece Grand Illusion (with only one nomination) - it was the first foreign language film to receive a Best Picture nomination - it wasn't until 1956 that a separate Foreign Language Film award category was established [This also marked only the second time that a foreign language film had been nominated in any category, the first being a nomination for Best Art Direction to René Clair's À Nous la Liberté (1931/32). The next (second) foreign film to be nominated for Best Picture, over thirty years later, was Z (1969).] The Best Picture category would have been better served if one of these three nominated films had won instead: The Adventures of Robin Hood , Jezebel , or Renoir's Grand Illusion. Michael Curtiz was nominated as Best Director for two films this year: Angels With Dirty Face and Four Daughters - and he lost both awards to Frank Capra -- but was not nominated as Best Director for the superior The Adventures of Robin Hood . [Note: A rule change was made in 1939 as a result of Curtiz' two nominations -- directors could be nominated for only one motion picture in a single year.] Spencer Tracy (with his third consecutive nomination and second Oscar) won the Best Actor award for his performance as real-life Father Edward J. Flanagan, founder and head of a refuge community (reform school) outside Omaha Nebraska dedicated to helping juvenile delinquent, tough and homeless boys in MGM's idealistic Boys Town. In the remainder of his career, Tracy received six more nominations, including a posthumous one for his last film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), but he never won another Oscar. Tracy's Best Actor award defeated the following four nominees: James Cagney (with his first of three career nominations) and his career-greatest performance as convicted killer Rocky Sullivan in Michael Curtiz' Angels With Dirty Faces Charles Boyer (with his second of four unsuccessful nominations) as the notorious thief Pepe Le Moko in hiding (and in a tragic love affair with Hedy Lamarr - in her American film debut) in director John Cromwell's Algiers (with four nominations and no wins) Leslie Howard (with his second and last unsuccessful nomination) as phonetics Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion Robert Donat (with his first nomination) as a young British doctor named Andrew Manson in The Citadel Following her Best Actress win in 1935 for Dangerous, Bette Davis won her second (and last) Best Actress Oscar for her costume role in Jezebel as the willful, headstrong Southern belle Julie who scandalizes pre-Civil War New Orleans and disgraces herself with her red dress (opposite beau Henry Fonda and George Brent). Bette Davis would be nominated eight more times - for a career total of ten - but she wouldn't win again. One of Davis' competing nominees was Jezebel co-star Fay Bainter (with her first/second nomination) as Claude Rains' cook-housekeeper Hannah Parmalee in director Edmund Goulding's White Banners (the film's sole nomination). [Bainter was the first performer to receive simultaneous nominations in both the lead and supporting acting categories in the same year - see below.] The remaining Best Actress nominees were Norma Shearer (with her sixth and last nomination) as Marie Antoinette in director W.S. Van Dyke's costume drama about the French queen, Marie Antoinette (with four nominations and no wins), Margaret Sullavan (with her sole nomination) as co-star Robert Taylor's tubercular-ailing wife Pat Hollmann in post-war Germany in director Frank Borzage's film based on Erich Maria Remarque's novel Three Comrades (the film's sole nomination), and Wendy Hiller (with her first nomination) as harsh-accented flower girl Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion . [Hiller was the first British actress to be nominated for a performance in a British film.] Walter Brennan won his second Best Supporting Actor award as scruffy horsebreeder Peter Goodwin, Loretta Young's father in 20th Century Fox's and director David Butler's Kentucky (the film's sole nomination). It was Brennan's second win in a three year old category! The film was one of six films Brennan made in 1938. The other Best Supporting Actor nominees were: John Garfield (with his first of two unsuccessful nominations) as jaded and cynical songwriter Mickey Borden in Four Daughters Gene Lockhart (with his sole career nomination) as police informer Regis in Algiers Robert Morley (with his sole career nomination in his debut Hollywood film) as King Louis XVI in Marie Antoinette Basil Rathbone (with his second and final unsuccessful nomination) as King Louis XI in If I Were King Broadway star Fay Bainter (with her first/second nomination and her only Oscar) won the Best Supporting Actress award for a supporting role as Bette Davis' non-abandoning Aunt Belle Massey in Jezebel . The other Best Supporting Actress nominees were: Beulah Bondi (with her second and last unsuccessful nomination) as frontier preacher's wife Mary Wilkins (co-star Walter Huston's wife and James Stewart's mother) in director Clarence Brown's Of Human Hearts (the film's sole nomination) Billie Burke (with her sole career nomination) as wealthy matron Mrs. Emily Kilbourne who hires a writer as a butler in director Norman Z. McLeod's light comedy Merrily We Live (with five nominations and no wins) Spring Byington (with her sole career nomination) as eccentric mystery novel writer Penny Sycamore in You Can't Take It With You Miliza Korjus (with her sole career nomination) as Carla Donner - soprano singer/temptress of musical composer Johann Strauss in MGM's and director Julien Duvivier's The Great Waltz (with three nominations and one win - Best Cinematography) Two young performers were given Special Awards: Mickey Rooney and Deanna Durbin. They were the first recipients of the special juvenile award, distinguished by a miniature statuette. Walt Disney earned his seventh (consecutive) Short Subject: Cartoon award for Ferdinand the Bull. To compensate for the oversight concerning Walt Disney's full-length animated masterpiece the previous year, Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs (1937) was recognized "as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field for the motion-picture cartoon." Disney was awarded a regular statuette alongside a row of seven miniature Oscars. Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Although Michael Curtiz was nominated as Best Director for two films this year, he was inexplicably denied a Best Director nomination for his best film, The Adventures of Robin Hood . And Alfred Hitchcock was not nominated as Best Director for The Lady Vanishes - a film entirely neglected by the Academy. A nomination for Best Director for Jean Renoir for the Best Picture-nominated Grand Illusion was also lacking. The biggest slights were the following omissions: a Best Actor nomination for Errol Flynn as the definitive Robin Hood in
Spencer Tracy
By what name was the city of York known when under Viking occupation?
Oscars fast facts Home » fastfacts » Oscars fast facts Oscars fast facts The shortest Oscar ceremony ever was the first, held in 1929; it lasted only about 15 minutes as all the winners had been announced three months earlier. The longest Oscar awards ceremony was in 2000, running for 4 hours and 16 minutes – beating a previous record by 16 minutes. Bob Hope has hosted the Oscars 18 times; Billy Crystal is in second place with 8 times. Tom Hanks is the youngest recipient of the Academy’s Lifetime Achievement Award, which he received in 2002 at age 45. Kate Winslet received four Oscar nominations before reaching the age of 30. Elizabeth Taylor received four Oscar nominations before reaching the age of 28. Gone with the Wind, at 3 hours and 56 minutes, was the longest film to have won a Best Picture Oscar; it was also the first film in color to win Best Picture. The 1968 movie, War and Peace, was the longest film (431 minutes) to an Academy Award – for best Foreign picture. Julia Phillips was the first female producer to win Best Picture award, for The Sting (1973). The first female to win the Best Director award was Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker (2008). Henry Fonda was first nominated for a Best Actor Oscar in 1941 for his role in The Grapes of Wrath but had to wait 41 years before he finally achieved a win in 1982 for his role in On Golden Pond. At 76, he is the oldest actor yet to have received the Best Actor award. The oldest actress to win an Oscar is Jessica Tandy – at 81 she won the Best Actress Oscar in 1990 for her performance in Driving Miss Daisy. Anthony Quinn’s performance as painter Paul Gaugin in Lust for Life (1956) is the shortest ever to win a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, his second Oscar. He was on screen for only 8 minutes. (He won a similar award in 1952 playing opposite Marlon Brando in Elia Kazan’s Viva Zapata!) The shortest-ever winning performance for Best Supporting Actress belongs to Beatrice Straight, who won an Oscar in 1976 for her 5 minutes 40 seconds appearance as devastated wife Louise Schumacher in Network. Dame Judi Dench won an Oscar in 1998 for less than 8 minutes of screen time playing Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love. The shortest-ever Best Actor Oscar-winning performance was awarded to David Niven in 1958, having appeared for only 15 minutes and 38 seconds in Separate Tables. The second-shortest winning appearance was made by Anthony Hopkins in 1992, for less than 16 minutes of screen time as Dr Hannibal “The Cannibal” Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs. In 1948, Jane Wyman won Best Actress award without uttering a word; she played the role of a deaf -mute person in the movie Johnny Belinda. The fewest lines actually spoken by an Oscar-winning actress won Patty Duke a Best Actress in a Supporting Role portraying the deaf and blind Helen Keller in the 1962 film The Miracle Worker. In the role she speaks only one word in the last scene: “Wah-wah” (for “water”). In 1993, Holly Hunter won a Best Actress Oscar for her role as a deaf person in the movie The Piano but she narrated a few scenes and does speak (although her face is covered) in the last scene of the film. The films with the most Oscar wins are Ben-Hur, Titanic and Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, each winning 11 Oscars from 12, 14 and 11 nominations respectively. See more in the  lists of Oscar winners . In total, the Middle-earth series (The Lord of the Rings – The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003) – and the The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey) won 17 Oscars out of 33 nominations. William Wyler has directed more actors to Academy Award success than any other, with 34 nominations and 14 wins. Jack Nicholson leads the Best Actor Academy Award category with wins from 11 nominations, followed by Laurence Olivier, nominated 10 times and receiving one Best Actor award, and then Spencer Tracy with nine nominations resulting in two awards. Daniel Day-Lewis has won the most Best Actor awards, with 3 awards (1989, 2007, 2012). Meryl Streep had more Best Actress nominations than any other actress; 14 in total, leading to 3 awards. Katharine Hepburn received 12 nominations for Best Actress and won 4 Academy Awards. Shirley Temple is the youngest performer to receive an Academy Award; in 1934 she received a Special Award when she was only five years old. Groucho Marx was the oldest Academy Award winner – in 1973 he received a Honorary Award at the age of 83. The first posthumous Oscar winner was Sidney Howard, for the screenplay of Gone with the Wind. Mutiny on The Bounty (1935) was the only film to have had three nominees for Best Actor Oscars (Charles Laughton, Clark Gable and Franchot Tone) but won only the Best Picture award. The only tie for Best Actor was between Wallace Beery for The Champ and Fredric March for Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, in 1932. The only films to win Best Picture and Best Song are Gigi, Going My Way and Titanic. The first animated film to be nominated for a Best Picture Oscar was Disney’s Beauty and the Beast, in 1991. The award went to Silence of the Lambs but Beauty and the Beast won 2 Oscars: Best Original Score and Best Original Song. In 1937 Disney won a special Oscar for the first full-length animation: “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.” Oscar families: Two families have three generations of Oscar winners in their ranks: The Huston family: Walter Huston won Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Treasure of Sierra Madre); John Huston won Best Director, The Treasure of Sierra Madre in 1948, and Anjlica Huston won Best Supporting Actress for her role in Prizzi’sHonorin 1985. The Hustons and the Coppolas are two families where the grandfather, father and daughter won Oscars. The Coppola family: Carmine Coppola won Best Original Dramatic Score, The Godfather in 1974; Francis Ford Coppola won Best Original Screenplay for Patron (1970), Best Adapted Screenplay, The Godfather (1970), Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, The Godfather: Part II (1974), and Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation won for Best Original Screenplay in 2004; Nicholas Cage, Francis Ford Coppola’s nephew, won Best Actor for his role in Leaving Las Vegas, in 1995. The Minnelli family: Liza Minnelli is the only Oscar winner with two Oscar winning parents: her mother Judy Garland, received a honorary Oscar as Outstanding Juvenile Performer for The Wizard of Oz and her father, Vincente Minnelli, won Best Director for Best Picture, Gigi (1958). The Epstein family: The only twins to win Oscars are Julius J Epstein and Philip G Epstein, who shared the Best Screenplay award s with Howard Koch for Casablanca (1942). 12 actors to win an Oscar for playing a real person who was still alive at the evening of the Awards ceremony: Patty Duke playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962) Spencer Tracy for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938) Gary Cooper for playing Alvin C. York in Sergeant York (1941) Jason Robards for playing Benjamin Bradlee in All the President’s Men (1976) Robert De Niro for playing Jake La Motta in Raging Bull (1980) Sissy Spacek for playing Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner’s Daughter (1980) Susan Sarandon for playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking (1995) Geoffrey Rush for playing David Helfgott in Shine (1996) Julia Roberts for playing Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich (2000) Jim Broadbent for playing John Bayley in Iris (2001) Jennifer Connelly for playing Alicia Nash in Beautiful Mind (2001) Helen Mirren for playing Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006) The Academy Awards and Oscars are trademarks of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Updated: March 2013
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The Kamchatka Peninsula lies within the territory of which nation?
Kamchatka cruises, voyages, expeditions, tours OVERVIEW Explore Russia's spectacular Kamchatka Peninsula with Heritage Expeditions The Kamchatka Peninsula is a 1,250 km finger of land which lies between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. About 30% of the land area is protected in national reserves. The most significant feature of the landscape is around 160 volcanoes, of which 29 are still active. This dramatic landscape makes the area one of the most popular for Russian cruises. More than half of the population of Kamchatka lives alongside Avacha Bay in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy (often referred to as 'PK') and in the neighbouring town of Yelizovo. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Kamchatka Krai consists of the lower Kamchatka Oblast and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. The Kamchatka Oblast and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged in July 2007 to form the Kamchatka Krai. The Kamchatka Oblast makes up the southern portion of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka also includes the Komandorskie (Commander) Islands within its administrative territory. The influence of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk makes Kamchatka’s climate milder than continental parts of the Russian Far East. In general, winters are long with heavy snows, and summers are short, cool and rainy. Heavy fog and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure are common. Join us as we cruise the Kamchatka coast to see some of the famous Kamchatka wildlife such as Kamchatka Brown Bears and Sea Otters. To see the magnificent Steller's Sea Eagles in the wild is an experience never forgotten. Those interested in waterfowl species will be keen to experience the Kamchatka wetlands where at least 13 species breed and many others visit. Of course you will need to visit the Kamchatka region for the best chance to see the Spoon-billed Sandpiper, one of the world's critically endangered species which clings to life here. Experience this destination by expedition cruising with Heritage Expeditions on the following departures: GEOGRAPHY Geographical Information:  The Peninsula stretches from North to South for about 1500kms. The region is mostly mountainous. Koryakskoye Plateau is situated in the northern part of it, almost parallel to each other there are two mountain ranges, Sredinnny and Vostochny extending along the whole Peninsula. The Central Kamchatka lowland is between them. Kamchatka is known as the “land of fire and ice” for its countless boiling mud cauldrons, steam vents, fumaroles and other forms of volcanic activity including 414 glaciers and 160 volcanoes, 29 of which are still active. The coasts of Kamchatka are washed by the cold sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Valley of the Geysers The Valley of the Geysers in the eastern part of the peninsula has almost 200 geysers, second in the world to Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Influenced by its latitude and long oceanic coastline, wetlands, stony barrens, lava fields, coastal sands and tundra dominate the landscape. In the north, Japanese Stone Pine and shrub alders run down to the shoreline. Sparse stone birch forests form the typical Kamchatka landscape. Kamchatka’s most valuable forests lie in the central Kamchatka River valley. Overall, Kamchatka’s natural environment remains one of the most pristine in all of Russia, if not the entire world. Land of Volcanos Occupies an area of 470,000 sq.kms. (including Commander Islands) Maximum Altitude:  Kluchevskoy Volcano 4,688 (the highest active Volcano in Eurasia) Physical Features: Influenced by its latitude and long oceanic coastline, wetlands, stony barrens, lava fields, coastal sands and tundra dominate the landscape. In the north, Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila) and shrub alders (Alnus fruticosa, A.sinuata) run down to the shore-line. Sparse stone birch (Betula ermani) forests form the typical Kamchatka landscape.  Kamchatka’s most valuable forests lie in the central Kamchatka River valley. HISTORY Kamchatka was first inhabited about 15,000 years ago. These indigenous people’s culture and lifestyle were based on their wide use of the natural resources found there.  The Itelmen were mainly fisherman, Koryaks and Evens were hunters and Reindeer herders.  The first “Cossack” explorers came to Kamchatka in the early 17th century.  At the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century there was a period when interest in the Far East and Kamchatka grew rapidly driven in part by the economic development of Russia by Peter the Great.  It was also a period of ruthless and murderous rulers and the native people suffered great hardship.  In 1724 Peter the Great commissioned Danish navigator to explore the seas of north-eastern Russia.  He led two expeditions to this region. The Capital of the region Petropavlovsk is named after his two ships of his second expedition of 1740. Kamchatka Dancers Much of the traditional way of life was destroyed by Soviet collectivisation and the drive for industrialisation.  Since the political changes of 1989 and the disappearance of the state-collective systems, the financial support that accompanied these systems has also disappeared and many people are suffering.    During and after World War 11, Kamchatka began to develop as a military region. Submarine bases and patrols stretched along its borders. This is one of the reasons why Kamchatka was closed to foreigners and Russians alike. FAUNA & FLORA Flora and Vegetation:  According to latest information, the flora of Kamchatka numbers 89 families, 411 genera and 1170 species and subspecies of vascular plants. The main forest is stone birch. Willows (salix),aromatic polar (Populus snaveolens), aspen (P. Tremula), alders, and other trees grow in floodplains along the rivers. Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini), Ayan spruce (Picea ayanensis), and the Monarch Birch (Betula maximovitschii) grow in the center of the Peninsula. Japanese stone pine and alder shrubs cover mountain ranges and tundra woodlands. Forty rare and endangered species of plants are found around mineral hot springs and fumaroles, four of these species are endemic to  Kamchatka.  Mammals: Kamchatka Brown Bear Forty three mammal species inhabit the region nine of which are marine mammals.  Kamchatka has one of the highest populations of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the world, it is also one of the largest of the Brown Bear group.  Other mammals include sable, which incidentally was hunted extensively – sable skins were extremely valuable, they still fetch high prices today.  There are wolverine, wolves  and Arctic Fox all of these are still hunted to some extent. The Eurasian Forest  Reindeer have been herded for centuries and still are today. Mountain sheep can be found living high in the mountains, they rarely descend lower than 600 metres.  Elk or Moose can be found in the forests of Kamchatka and are hunted.  Canadian beaver and mink were introduced  for commercial reasons  and both Lynx and squirrel migrated south into the Peninsula at the beginning of the 1900’s. Marine mammals include Steller Sea Lions,  Northern Fur Seals, otters and numerous species of whales including Gray, Minike, Beluga, Bowhead, Blue and Humpback whales. Birding Highlights:  Steller's Sea Eagle There are a wide range of habitats in Kamchatka and the climate is extreme both these factors have a huge impact on the Birdlife. As Kamchatka is also part of a major “flyway” or migratory route for birds travelling to the Arctic for breeding many of the species recorded there are transients.   According to a paper prepared by the Kamchatka Institute of Ecology in 1999 there have been 284 species of birds recoded in Kamchatka. (This includes Commander Islands – see separate article).   Because of the extensive coastline and islands within the region shore birds and seabirds are well represented, for example there are 17 species of Gulls and terns recorded.  There are 13 species of Alcidea’s listed as breeding including the rare Kiittlitz’s and Marbled Murrelets.  Given the extensive areas of wetlands, especially in northern Kamchatka it is not surprising that there are a large number of waterfowl recorded from the region there are at least 13 species breeding and 45 as stragglers or transient.  One of the highlights has got to be Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) the largest fish eagle and one of the largest eagles in the world.  The extremely rare Spoon-billed Sandpiper  (Calidris pygmaeus) can be found in the northern part of Kamchatka. FURTHER READING Gleadhill, Diana (2007), Kamchatka: A Journal & Guide to Russia's Land of Ice and Fire, Hong Kong: Odyssey Books, ISBN   978-962-217-780-2 . Gippenreiter, Vadim (1992), Kamchatka: Land of Fire and Ice, London: Laurence King Control number: 356283 // SBN 1856690202 // hbk // Class number: sa 356H Newell, Josh (2004), The Russian Far East: a reference guide for conservation and development, Published by Daniel and Daniel Pub. Inc. ISBN 1880284766 // hbk // Class Number: mg 265XC Bergman, Sten (1927), Through Kamchatka by Dog-Sled and Skis, Published by Seeley, Service & Co Control number: 356420 // Class number: sa 356E  
Russia
By what alternative name is the Mariinsky theatre of St Petersburg much better known?
Kamchadalka Wild Blueberry Wine - Arca del Gusto - Slow Food Foundation Home » Ark of Taste » Russia » Kamchadalka Wild Blueberry Wine Kamchadalka Wild Blueberry Wine Back to the archive > Vino Iz Golubiki "Kamchadalka" Kamchadalka is a wine made from the kamchatka berry, which is the most popular and abundant wild blueberry in Anavgai village. This village lies within the Bystrinski Nature Park on the Kamchatka peninsula of eastern Russia. To prepare the wine the berries are crushed and put into a bottle (both juice and pulp) along with some water. The top of the bottle is then covered with a tissue and left to stand in a dark room for four to five days. The liquid is then filtered, mixed with sugar and honey, sealed and again left in a dark room. Once fermentation has ceased the wine is poured into a clean bottle and placed in a cold dark place for two months. The wine has a very dense color and a good distinct bouquet. It is astringent yet delicate with a pleasant aftertaste. The kamchatka berry possesses outstanding medical properties and so the wine is very important in the cold climate of Kamchatka. Kamchadalka is only produced for home consumption and is not sold in markets. Although indigenous people have not historically consumed much alcohol, small quantities of blueberry wine (as well as wines from other wild berries) have been produced in every family for years. It is at risk of extinction because hot spirits, such as vodka, and industrial wines are now so easy to access and kamchadalka requires specific knowledge and the time to prepare at home. Back to the archive > The traditional products, local breeds, and know-how collected by the Ark of Taste belong to the communities that have preserved them over time. They have been shared and described here thanks to the efforts of the network that that Slow Food has developed around the world, with the objective of preserving them and raising awareness. The text from these descriptions may be used, without modifications and citing the source, for non-commercial purposes in line with the Slow Food philosophy. Students of the Gastronomic Sciences at Pollenzo are collaborating with Slow Food to fill the Ark. Territory
i don't know
Messenger to the Greek gods, who was the son of Zeus and Maia?
herm-, herme- - Word Information herm-, herme- (Greek: Hermes, the son of Zeus and Maia, the god of commerce and messenger of the gods in Greek mythology; identified by the Romans as Mercury; however, some of the words in this unit come from Hermes tris megistos, Hermes Trismegistus, literally, "Hermes, Thrice the Greatest" referring to the Egyptian god Thoth, who was identified with the Greek god Hermes, of science and arts) herm (s) ( noun ); herms, hermae (pl) A rectangular, often tapering stone post bearing a carved head or bust, usually of Hermes: The hermae were used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome; as well as, decorative ornaments in classical architecture and during later times by other societies. Hermanubis (s) ( noun ) (no plural form) In classical mythology, a god who combined Hermes (Greek mythology) with Anubis (Egyptian mythology): Hermanubis was popular during the period of Roman domination. Described as having a human body and jackal head, with the sacred caduceus that belonged to the Greek god Hermes, Hermanubis represented the Egyptian priesthood and was the son of Osiris and Nephthys. hermaphrodite (s) ( noun ), hermaphrodites (pl) 1. An animal or plant having both male and female reproductive organs: Hermaphrodites are organisms; such as, earthworms or flowering plants, having both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual. 2. Etymology: through Middle English, hermofrodite, from the Latin element hermaphroditus, which came from Greek hermaphroditos, from Hermaphroditos, the son of Aphrodite and Hermes (Latin: Mercury and Venus) who merged into one form or became joined in body with the nymph Salmacis. hermaphroditic, hermaphroditical ( adjective ) (not comparable) Relating to those creatures that have the sex organs of both genders in one body: There are several hermaphroditic animals or plants that contain both male and female reproductive systems. hermaphroditism, hermaphrodism (s) ( nouns ) Consisting of bodily organs of both genders: In nature, hermaphroditism consists of the presence of both male and female reproductive organs in a plant or animal, as in an earthworm or a monoecious plant. When hermaphroditism exists in humans and animals, male and female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics are both present in the same individual. hermeneutic ( adjective ), more hermeneutic, most hermeneutic 1. A reference to that which is explanatory: The hermeneutic theologian, Mr. Henderson, was interpreting passages from a sacred book. 2. Etymology: from Greek hermeneutikos, "of interpreting"; from hermeneuein, "to interpret"; and from hermeneus, "interpreter" all of which are "based on Hermes in Greek mythology, who served as a messenger and herald for other gods, and who himself was the god of eloquence, commerce, invention, cunning, and theft." hermeneutical ( adjective ) (not comparable) Relating to or referring to the interpretations of religious concepts: Dr. Dawson, the hermeneutical professor, was a scholar of the theories and explanations of religious writings; especially, holy texts. hermeneutically ( adverb ), more hermeneutically, most hermeneutically Descriptive of interpreting or explaining something: Philosophies and religions are just two examples of what can be hermeneutically interpreted, which is believed to be based on the concept that the Greek god Hermes served to explain messenges for the gods and any concepts that applied to humans. hermeneutics (s) ( noun ) (plural form used in the singular) 1. The art or science of literary interpretations: Originally hermeneutics was understood to be the branch of Theology concerned with exegesis or an explanation that helps people understand a piece of writing; especially, sacred writings; then it became the designation for a discipline within a philosophy concerned with study of interpretation of more general concepts. 2. The theory and methodology of interpretation; especially, of scriptural texts: Hermeneutics is also described as the development and study of the theories of the interpretation and the understanding of philosophical publications. hermeneutist (s) ( noun ), hermeneutists (pl) Someone who interprets literary or scriptural texts: Adam was a well-known hermeneutist of theology at the university. Hermes (s) ( noun ) (no plural form) The son of Zeus and Maia, the god of commerce and messenger of the gods in Greek mythology; equivalent to the Roman god Mercury: Hermes was the patron of athletes, thieves, and trade, and he was usually shown with wings on his cap and sandals; in addition, Hermes was described as the god who also served as messenger, scribe, and herald for the other gods. Hermes Trismegistus (s) ( noun ) (no plural form) 1. A name variously ascribed by Neoplatonists and others to an Egyptian priest or to the Egyptian god Thoth, to some extent identified with the Grecian Hermes: Various mystical, religious, philosophical, astrological, and alchemical writings were ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus. 2. The Hellenistic Hermes, Egyptianized through contact with the Egyptian Thoth: Trismegistos is derived from the Egyptian superlative obtained through repetition where Hermes appears as "Great, Great, Great" on the Rosetta stone; which was later simplified through the substitution of the prefix "tris" in the Roman period. Hermes Trismegistus is said to have been the author of 42 "fundamental books" of Egyptian religion, including astrological, cosmological, geographical, medical, and pedagogic (teaching) books as well as hymns to the gods and instructions on how to worship. —The contents of entry #2 was compiled from information located in The Oxford Classical Dictionary edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth; Oxford University Press; Oxford, England; 2003; page 691. Hermes, messenger of the Greek gods, who became Mercury, messenger of the Roman gods See this Roman god, Mercury and his connections with the planets. hermetic ( adjective ), more hermetic, most hermetic 1. Completely sealed, especially against the escape or entry of air: Identified by Neoplatonists, mystics, and alchemists with the Egyptian god Thoth as "Hermes Trismegistos", "Thrice-Great Hermes", is credited with inventing the process of making a glass tube airtight (a process in alchemy) using a secret seal; and from his name the adjective hermetic, meaning "airtight", was derived. There are hermetic materials that are made airtight by means of fusion or sealing. 2. Impervious to outside interferences or protected from outside influences: The hermetic confines of an isolated life may lead to misery. The religious group lived in a hermetic society. 3. Having to do with the occult sciences, especially alchemy; magical; alchemic; obscure; difficult to understand: In the seventeenth century, English hermetic meant "pertaining to alchemy" and the occult sciences in general. Alchemy, and later chemistry, was itself known as the hermetic art, philosophy, or science. 4. Etymology: from New Latin, the adjective hermeticus was formed from the name of the god Hermes Trismegistos, and the English borrowed this term from New Latin." hermetic motor (s) ( noun ), hermetic motors (pl) An engine that is used to operate a refrigerator: A compressor driven by a hermetic motor has the advantage of the compressor shaft not having to pass through a seal between the outer environment and the refrigerant medium inside the chiller. <img src="/img/left_arrow_sm.gif" alt="" /> 1 2 Showing page 1 out of 2 pages of 25 main-word entries or main-word-entry groups.
Hermes
In Greek mythology who killed the gorgon Medusa?
MAIA - Arcadian Pleiad Nymph of Greek Mythology MAIA Translation Nursing Mother (maia) Apollo, Zeus, Maia and the infant Hermes, Caeretan black figure hydria C6th B.C., Musée du Louvre MAIA was the eldest of the Pleiades, the seven nymphs of the constellation Pleiades. She was a shy goddess who dwelt alone in a cave near the peaks of Mount Kyllene (Cyllene) in Arkadia where she secretly gave birth to the god Hermes, her son by Zeus. She also raised the boy Arkas (Arcas) in her cave whose mother Kallisto (Callisto) had been transformed into a bear. Aiskhylos (Aeschylus) apparently idenifies Maia "the nursing mother" with Gaia "the Earth." On several occassions he calls the earth-goddess Gaia Maia (Mother Earth) and pairs her with Hermes Khthonios ("of the Earth"). FAMILY OF MAIA PARENTS [1.1] ATLAS (Hesiod Theogony 938, Hesiod Astronomy Frag 1, Homeric Hymn 17.3, Simonides Frag 555, Virgil Aeneid 8.134) [1.2] ATLAS & PLEIONE (Apollodorus 3.110, Hyginus Fabulae 192, Hyginus Astronomica 2.21, Ovid Fasti 4.169 & 5.79) OFFSPRING [1.1] HERMES (by Zeus ) (Hesiod Theogony 938, Hesiod Astronomy Frag 1, Homeric Hymns 4& 17, Alcaeus Frag 308, Simonides Frag 555, Aeschylus Libation Bearers 683 & Frag 212, Apollodorus 3.112, Philostratus Elder 1.26, Ovid Fasti 5.79) ENCYCLOPEDIA MAIA (Maia or Maias), a daughter of Atlas and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reared. (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3; Hes. Theog. 938; Apollod. iii. 10. § 2, 8. § 2; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42, &c.) Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES Hesiod, Theogony 938 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or 7th B.C.) : "And Maia, the daughter of Atlas, bare to Zeus glorious Hermes, the herald of the deathless gods, for she went up into his holy bed." Hesiod, Astronomy Fragment 1 (from Scholiast on Pindar's Nemean Odea 2.16) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or 7th B.C.) : "The Pleiades whose stars are these :--‘Lovely Teygata, and dark-faced Elektra, and Alkyone, and bright Asterope, and Kelaino, and Maia, and Merope, whom glorious Atlas begot . . . In the mountains of Kyllene (Cyllene) she [Maia] bare Hermes, the herald of the gods.’" Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes 1 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th to 4th B.C.) : "Hermes, the son of Zeus and Maia . . . whom Maia bare, the rich-tressed (euplokamos) Nymphe, when she was joined in love with Zeus,--a shy goddess, for she avoided the company of the blessed gods, and lived within a deep, shady cave. There the Son of Kronos (Cronus) used to lie with the rich-tressed Nymphe, unseen by deathless gods and mortal men, at dead of night that sleep might hold white-armed Hera fast. And when the purpose of great Zeus was fulfilled, and the tenth moon with her was fixed in heaven, she was delivered and a notable thing was come to pass. For then she bare a son, of many shifts . . . Born with the dawning, at mid-day he played on the lyre, and in the evening he stole the cattle of far-shooting Apollon on the fourth day of the month; for on that day queenly Maia bare him. So soon as he had leaped from his mother's heavenly womb, he lay not long waiting in his holy cradle, but he sprang up and sought the oxen of Apollon. But as he stepped over the threshold of the high-roofed cave, he found a tortoise there." Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes 142 ff : "[After stealing the cattle of Apollon, the infant god Hermes returns to his cradle in the cave of Maia :] Then the god went straight back again at dawn to the bright crests of Kyllene (Cyllene) . . . And luck-bringing Hermes, the son of Zeus, passed edgeways through the key-hole of the hall like the autumn breeze, even as mist: straight through the cave he went and came to the rich inner chamber, walking softly, and making no noise as one might upon the floor. Then glorious Hermes went hurriedly to his cradle, wrapping his swaddling clothes about his shoulders as though he were a feeble babe, and lay playing with the covering about his knees . . . But the god did not pass unseen by the goddess; but she said to him : ‘How now, you rogue! Whence come you back so at night-time, you that wear shamlessness as a garment? And now I surely bnelieve the son of Leto will soon have you forth out of doors with unbreakable cords about your ribs, or you will live a rogues's life in the glens robbing by whiles. Go to, then; your father got you to be a reat worry to mortal men and deathless gods.’ Then Hermes answered her with crafty words : ‘Mother, why do you seek to frighten me like a feeble child whose heart knows few words of blame, a fearful babe that fears its mother's scolding? Nay, but I will try whatever plan is best, and so feed myself and you continually. We will not be content to remain here, as you bid, alone of all the gods unfee'd with offerings and prayers. Better to live in fellowship with the deathless gods continually, rich, wealthy, and enjoying stores of grain, than to sit in a gloomy cave: and, as regards honour, I too will enter upon the rite that Apollon has . . .’ With such words they spoke together, the son of Zeus who holds the aigis, and the lady Maia." Homeric Hymn 17 to Hermes 3 ff : "He [Hermes] was born of Maia, the daughter of Atlas, when she had mated with Zeus, a shy goddess she. Ever she avoided the throng of the blessed gods and lived in a shadowy cave, and there the Son of Kronos used to lie with the rich-tressed (euplokamos) Nymphe at dead of night, while white-armed Hera lay bound in sweet sleep : and neither deathless god nor mortal man knew it. And so hail to you, Son of Zeus and Maia." Alcaeus, Fragment 308 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric I) (C6th B.C.) : "Greetings [Hermes] ruler of Kyllene (Cyllene)--for it is of you that I wish to sing: you who Maia bore on the very mountain-tops, having lain with Zeus Kronides (Cronides), king of all." Simonides, Fragment 555 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C6th to 5th B.C.) : "Hermes, lord of contests, son of mountain (oureia) Maia of the lively eyes : Atlas fathered her, outstanding in beauty, among his seven dear violet-haired daughters who are called the heavenly Peleiades (Pleiades)." Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 783 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "May Maia's son [Hermes] . . . lend his aid." Aeschylus, Fragment 212 (from Scholiast on Pindar, Pythian 2. 18) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "O Hermes, lord of games (enagônios), son of Maia and Zeus!" Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 110 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "To Atlas and Okeanos' (Oceanus') daughter Pleione were born on Arkadian Kyllene (Arcadian Cyllene) seven daughters called the Pleiades, whose names are Alkyone, Merope, Kelaino, Elektra, Sterope, Taygete, and Maia." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 112 : "The oldest daughter Maia, after her intercourse with Zeus, bore Hermes in a cave on Kyllene (Cyllene). Though he was laid out in swaddling-clothes with her winnowing basket for a cradle, he escaped and made his way to Pieria, where he stole some cattle that Apollon was tending . . . Apollon learned who the thief was by divine science, and made his way to Maia on Kyllene to charge Hermes. Maia, however, showed Apollon the baby in his swaddling-clothes, whereupon Apollon took him to Zeus and demanded his cattle." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 101 : "As Kallisto (Callisto) died [i.e. she was shot in the guise of a bear], Zeus seized his baby and handed it to Maia to rear in Arkadia (Arcadia) , giving it the name Arkas (Arcas)." Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 1. 26 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) : "[From a description of an ancient Greek painting at Neapolis (Naples) :] Birth of Hermes. The mere babe still in swaddling clothes, the one who is driving the cattle into the cleft of the earth . . . Hermes, when Maia bore him, loved thievery and was skilled in it . . . He is born on the crest of Olympos, at the very top, the abode of the god . . . There the Horai (Horae, Seasons) care for Hermes at his birth. The painter has depicted these also, each according to her time, and they wrap him in swaddling clothes, sprinkling over him the most beautiful flowers, that he may have swaddling clothes not without distinction. While they turn to [Maia] the mother of Hermes lying on her couch of travail, he slips out of his swaddling clothes and begins to walk at once and descends from Olympos. The mountain rejoices in him--for its smile is like that of a man--and you are to assume that Olympos rejoices because Hermes was born there . . . Now what of the theft? . . . Apollon comes to Maia to demand back the cattle, but she does not believe him and thinks the god is talking nonsense. Would you learn what he is saying? For, from his expression he seems to me to be giving utterance, not merely to sounds, but to words; he looks as though he were about to say to Maia, ‘Your son whom you bore yesterday wrongs me; for the cattle in which I delight he has thrust into the earth, nor do I know where in the earth. Verily he shall perish and shall be thrust down deeper than the cattle.’ But she merely marvels, and does not believe what he says. While they are still disputing with one another Hermes takes his stand behind Apollon, and leaping lightly on his back, he quietly unfastens Apollon's bow and pilfers it unnoticed." Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 7 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Others say that when Mercurius [Hermes] first made the lure on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia, he made it with seven strings to correspond to the number of Atlantides [Pleiades], since Maia, his mother, was of their company." Ovid, Metamorphoses 2. 836 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Your [Hermes'] mother's [i.e. the Pleiad Maia's] star high in the southern sky." Ovid, Fasti 4. 169 ff (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "The Pleiades will start relieving their sire's [Atlas'] shoulders. Called seven, they are usually six, wither because six of them entered a god's embrace . . . Maia, Electra, Taygete [lay] with Jove [Zeus]." Ovid, Fasti 5. 79 ff : "Pleione couples with sky-lifting Atlas--so the story is--and bears the Pleiades. Of these, Maia surpassed (they say) the beauty of her sisters and lay with supreme Jove [Zeus]. She bore, on the cypress-clad ridge of Cyllene, one whose winged feet plucks paths of air [Hermes] . . . The exile Evander came from Arcadia to Latin fields, and ferried his gods her . . . You [Hermes], inventor of the curving bow and patron of thieves, gave the [Roman] month [of May] your mother's name. This was not your first pious act. You gave the lyre, it's thought, seven strings, the Pleiades number." Ovid, Fasti 5. 663 ff : "[Hermes] glorious grandson of Atlas, Pleiad child of Jove [Zeus] on Arcadia's hills." Virgil, Aeneid 8. 134 ff (trans. Day-Lewis) (Roman epic C1st B.C.) : "[Aeneas addresses King Evander of Latium :] ‘Now Mercurius [Hermes] is your father--Mercurius whom fair Maia conceived and bore upon the snowy peak of Cyllene. But Maia, if we believe at all the tales we have heard, was begotten by Atlas, the Atlas who props the starry sky.’" Virgil, Georgics 1. 204 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) : "If for harvest of wheat and for hardy spelt you ply the ground, and if grain alone is your aim, first let the daughters of Atlas [the Pleiades] pass from your sight in the morn . . . Many have begun ere [the Pleiad] Maia's setting, but the looked-for crop has mocked them with empty straws." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 665 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "[Hermes addresses Dionysos :] ‘She [Ariadne, whose crown was placed amongst the stars] will be seen near Maia my mother among the seven travelling Pleiades.’" MAIA IDENTIFIED WITH GAEA THE EARTH Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 30 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "Intending to ward off evil with such a graceless grace, O mother Earth (gaia maia), she [Klytaimnestra (Clytemnestra)] sends me forth [to pour libations to the dead]." Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 126 ff : "O Hermes Khthonios (Chthonius, Of the Nether World), come to my aid, summon to me the [ancestral] spirits beneath the earth to hear my prayers, spirits that watch over my father's house, and Gaia (Earth) herself, who gives birth to all things, and having nurtured them receives their increase in turn." Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 783 ff "May Maia's son [Hermes], as he rightfully should, lend his aid." SOURCES
i don't know
Triskaidekaphobia is the fear of what?
Triskaidekaphobia: Fear of the Number 13 Triskaidekaphobia: Fear of the Number 13 Search the site Triskaidekaphobia: Fear of the Number 13 Where it originated and how it plays out in our culture By Lisa Fritscher Updated September 09, 2016 Triskaidekaphobia, or fear of the number 13, does not fit neatly into a clinical definition of a specific phobia . The number 13 is not an object or a situation, and it can be impossible for the sufferer to avoid. Moreover, in order for a phobia to be diagnosed, it must significantly impact the sufferer's life. Most people with triskaidekaphobia find that their fear only arises in certain situations, and does not significantly impair their lives. But could this phobia just be linked to superstition? Experts have long debated the scientific validity of triskaidekaphobia. Some feel that it should be classified as a superstition or even taken as a sign of magical thinking , which in conjunction with other symptoms, could point to a delusional disorder . Origins of Triskaidekaphobia Regardless of its scientific classification, triskaidekaphobia is an age-old and pervasive fear . It is commonly linked to the early Christians, as the number 13 appears in certain Biblical traditions. For example, there were 13 people present at the Last Supper, Jesus and his 12 Apostles. Some say that betrayer Judas was the 13th to join the table. This may be the origin of the superstition that states that when 13 dine; one will die within the year. However, the number 13 is also presented positively in the Bible. For example, the book of Exodus speaks of the 13 attributes of God, so this association is unfounded, despite the persistent correlation being made. Additionally, evidence for this phobia can be found in some pre-Christian traditions. For example, in Viking mythology, Loki is believed to be the 13th god. He is also said to have intruded on the Banquet of Valhalla, to which 12 gods were invited. The god Baldr was soon killed accidentally by his brother, using a spear given to him by Loki. The oldest known reference to the fear of the number 13 can be found in the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi, a Babylonian code of law that dates to approximately 1760 BC. The laws are numbered, but number 13 is omitted (along with numbers 66 through 99). Therefore, it is possible that triskaidekaphobia was widespread even among the ancient peoples. Triskaidekaphobia in Modern Culture Today, triskaidekaphobia is widely accepted among Western cultures. Most Western hotels omit the 13th floor. Many airlines omit the 13th row in seating. Even some cities and towns skip over 13th Street. Friday the 13th is considered a particularly unlucky day and there has been a movie franchise that has profited from the superstition surrounding it. Fear of Friday the 13th is known as paraskevidekatriaphobia. The origins of this fear are unknown, but may be connected to the arrest of the Knights Templar on Friday, October 13,1307. Many cultures have traditions of unlucky numbers other than 13. These beliefs, like our fear of 13, are typically rooted in ancient events that were somehow connected with the number in question.Regardless of its scientific classification, triskaidekaphobia is a very real fear for many people and a folklore legend to others. It appears to be an ancient and widespread phobia whose origins may never be fully understood. Source
Number 13
"What would a 'galactophagist' (say ""Galacto-Fay-Gist"") consume a lot of?"
Triskaidekaphobia - Fear of the number thirteen Triskaidekaphobia Triskaidekaphobia (also being referred to as 13-digit phobia) is the irrational fear of the number 13. Most people with triskaidekaphobia have an immersive and ongoing phobia / fear of the number 13. The premise of phobia or fear of the number 13 is usually challenging to explain, but in some cases, its causes are linked to panic-related experiences or genetic conditions. Fear of the number 13 can be handled by psychologist using exposure therapy in combination with drugs. The term comes from Greek, where tris means three, kai means and, deka means ten and phobia means fear. Number 13 - Connotations The number 13 wasn't always bad-famed, quite the contrary. In ancient China and Egypt, thirteen was considered a lucky number. It is unclear when exactly did 13 become an unlucky number. Some attribute it to the Bible, where the Last Supper was attended by 13 people, and some speculated that the 13th person at the table was Judas, who later betrayed Jesus. However, there is no reference to support this theory. Another belief is that the phobia of number 13 is caused by it being an irrational number and 12 being the number of perfection. There are 12 months in a year, 12 zodiacs, 12 hours in a clock and there were 12 tribes of Israel. Shanghai elevator: Tetraphobia and Triskaidekaphobia - Floor 4, 13 and 14 misding Recent polls and studies show that around 9-10% of Americans are superstitious about the number 13. However, not all of them are triskaidekaphobes. Similar studies for other countries do not exist, however it is prevalent in western culture mainly. In China the number 13 is not considered bad, but instead the number 4 is considered unlucky. The term for the fear of number 4 is called tetraphobia. Although it may seem trivial, triskaidekaphobia is an issue that affects western societies economically. Because of the superstition, some people delay doing business on the 13th of any month, while statistically there are more people who do not go to work on the 13th day of any month because of this superstition. Friday is also considered to be an unlucky day in western culture. Although it is unsure where the origin of the fear of Friday comes from, it may be based on the belief that Jesus was crucified on a Friday. Thus, the number 13, associated with Friday is considered especially unlucky. The term for the fear of Friday the 13th is paraskevidekatriaphobia . It is estimated that the United States loses about $900,000,000 in productivity every year because of Friday the 13th as some people are so superstitious about it that they wouldn't even get out of bed. Read more about it here . Triskaidekaphobia treatment Although there is no 100% sure method to treat triskaidekaphobia, if you feel it affects your life, it is a good idea to talk to your doctor who could recommend you a therapist. You will probably be exposed to your fear and make you understand your phobia. In many instances the treatment is successful, although it may be challenging to find a good therapist if you don't live in an urbanized area. If you don't have access to a therapist, it is a good idea to talk about your fear and try to understand it yourself. At the end of the day, even with a therapist involved, you are the only one who can cure your phobia. Hotel Elevator - Missing Floor 13 Missing room
i don't know
Terry Deary is the author of which series of children's books that were adapted for TV?
Horrible Histories: Terry Deary's greatest history facts ever – in pictures | Children's books | The Guardian Horrible Histories: Terry Deary's greatest history facts ever – in pictures Horrible Histories: Terry Deary's greatest history facts ever – in pictures Share on Messenger Close The inventor of Horrible Histories shares his favourite horrible facts – along with the shiny new covers of this classic series Monday 15 February 2016 03.30 EST Last modified on Monday 15 February 2016 03.37 EST Awful Egyptians Pharaoh Hor-Aha, reigned 62 years before he was snatched from a boat and eaten by a hippo. But, before you shed too many tears for the crinkly king, you have to remember he was probably out hunting hippos when one of them turned the tables. The biter bit. Awful Egyptians (with new cover) is available from the Guardian bookshop . Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Terrifying Tudors William Shakespeare is famous for his great plays. But they were also horrible histories. Shakespeare shockers included… a character having his eyes ripped out on stage (King Lear), a king beheaded in a sword fight (Macbeth), a real bear chasing a character off the stage (Winter’s Tale). Terrifying Tudors (with new cover) is available from the Guardian bookshop . Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Rotten Romans The British lord Caratacus fought against the Romans when they invaded. But a lot of Brits liked the Romans. Caratacus was beaten in battle and ran off to Queen Cartimandua for help. She had him wrapped in chains and sold back to his Roman enemies. Nice lady. Rotten Romans (with new cover) is available from the Guardian bookshop Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Groovy Greeks The Greek inventor Archimedes designed a death ray that burned enemy ships which tried to attack. The Romans invaders landed anyway and it was said that a Roman soldier found the inventor doing some sums with a stick on the dusty path. When Archimedes refused to leave his studies the soldier chopped him dead. That summed him up. Groovy Greeks (with new cover) is available from the Guardian bookshop . Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Vile Victorians The railways changed Britain forever but they were dangerous. The unluckiest – victim has to be Thomas Forsyth. Tom was hit by the first train to run on the Liverpool to Manchester service in 1829. He had a leg amputated and replaced with a cork one. He lived almost 30 years until a locomotive blew up the Manchester works where he was manager. He suffered a deep wound to his forehead through which, it was reported, ‘his brains seeped out’. A lump of iron had killed him instantly. Dead leg to dead head. Vile Victorians (with new cover) is available from the Guardian bookshop. Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Vicious Vikings A famously vicious Viking punishment was said to be “The Blood Eagle”. The victim’s ribs were cut from the spine and lungs spread across the back … like the wings of an eagle. But maybe the Vikings NEVER tortured anyone that way. The Blood Eagle was probably only a story meant to scare enemies into thinking the Vikings were vicious. Just a Terrible Tale. Vicious Vikings (with new cover) is available from the Guardian bookshop. Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Frightful First World War Army boots had to be tough. The trouble was the leather was so hard it gave men blisters. Old soldiers knew the answer … need ‘sweet pea’ mixture. What’s that? Pee in the boots lad and leave them overnight! You probably won’t want to try this with your new school shoes. But, if you do, remember to empty them before you put them on. Out in the new look in May! Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Gorgeous Georgians The rich Georgians dressed in gorgeous clothes. But life for the poor was miserable. In 1757 a mother and two kids in Cumberland had no bread and tried to survive on horse bran. They were all found dead one morning and the children had straw in their mouths. That same year a mother and nine children in Buckinghamshire went several days without food. The mother found some money and bought the heart, liver and lungs of a calf to make a meal. Then she went off to gather fire wood. When she got back the children had eaten every scrap, gullet and all. Out in the new look in May! Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Measly Middle Ages In 1347 Death strolled through Europe with his scythe, mowing some down and missing others. Swish! Swish! In 1349 he sailed across the Channel to the British Isles. The terrified people never knew who was going to be next. As an Italian diary recorded… There appeared certain swellings in the groin and under the armpit, the victims spat blood… in three days they were dead. These swellings began to ooze with blood and pus. Purple-black botches appeared on the skin and you smelled absolutely revolting. Swell - Spit - Smell - Swish! You were gone. Out in the new look in May! Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Smashing Saxons Crops failed? Got a rumbling tum? Some Saxons had grim ways of curing their hunger. In Sussex forty villagers cured their hunger for good. They went to the edge of a cliff, joined hands and jumped over. The ones who weren’t crushed on the rocks were drowned in the sea. It was reported that when villagers died in a famine area they were not buried by their families (as that would be a waste of good meat.) Instead they were cooked and eaten. Human hotpot saves lives. Out in the new look in May. Illustration: Martin Brown Pinterest Woeful Second World War In Britain in 1940 the people were worried about a German invasion. Brits started to arm themselves with any weapons they got their hands on. They were known as The Home Guard. Schoolboy Alan Chadwick enjoyed going down to the local aircraft factory after school to watch the new planes being tested. As Alan cycled by the fence the Home Guard called him to stop. Alan ignored him so he fired a warning shot into the ground. The bullet bounced off the road, hit Alan in the back and killed him. Why hadn’t Alan stopped when the guard called to him? Because Alan was deaf. Illustration: Martin Brown
Horrible Histories
For which film did Tom Hanks win his first Oscar?
The Horrible Histories book and TV series has dumbed down children's study of the past, says teacher  | Daily Mail Online comments History textbooks inspired by the Horrible Histories franchise are making a mockery of the past, a leading teacher has claimed.  Robert Peal, a history teacher and research fellow for the think tank Civitas, said giving pupils books which make light of subjects encouraged them not to think about the past but to laugh at it. Mr Peal cited Horrible Histories, a multi-million pound text and audio book franchise, as being responsible for the decline in standards.  Scroll down for video  Robert Peal said the Horrible Histories books encouraged pupils not to think about the past but to laugh at it Slamming chapters titled 'Was Henry VII a gangster?' and 'There's something about Mary' which detail Henry VII and Mary Tudor respectively, Mr Peal said: 'You would be hard pushed to find a stretch of more than 200 words that is not broken by a cartoon or a snippet of "source material".' Speaking generally about textbooks given to secondary school history pupils, he said: 'The layout often resembles a magazine, not a book, with short chunks of boxed text designed to cater to the supposedly minimal attention spans of today's pupils.  RELATED ARTICLES Share 198 shares 'The aesthetic owes much to the Horrible Histories series, with children encouraged not to think about the past but to laugh at it.'  Mr Peal made his comments in an article for the Times Educational Supplement . Earlier this year, in a piece for the Mail, Mr Peal described his experiences as a history teacher at an inner-city school.  Among problems at hand, he said, was an abundance of bad behaviour and seeming lack of ideas on how to improve upon this.  Robert Peal (left) said the books were dumbing down children's study of history. Their author, Terry Deary (right) previously said he was not a historian and did all of his research second hand He welcomed the then Education Secretary Michael Gove's 'culture war' against children-centred teaching methods, claiming old fashioned books and disciplinary tactics were more effective.   Horrible Histories began in 1993 with a series of books by author Terry Deary. Among the texts, called Gory Stories, are accounts of the Egyptians and the Roman era.  CBBC created a children's television programme of the series while many of the books, including Vile Victorians and Frightful First World War have been adapted into plays.  In 2014 the author behind the series, Terry Deary, said in an interview that all of his research is second hand.  'I don't go to primary sources and I don't go digging fields for coins.  'I read other people's big, fat history books for the good stuff, so my readers don't have to,' the writer told the Independent.  He added while he had been a teacher, he was not a historian and did not purport to be one.  'I'm not a historian. I am a children's author, and I had 50 fiction books published long before the Horrible Histories series came along.' The series has been adapted into plays and television programmes. Above, actors in an episode depicting the First World War   
i don't know
Which ex 'Neighbours' star played Ed Exley in the movie adaptation of 'LA Confidential'?
L.A. Confidential (1997) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error As corruption grows in 1950s LA, three policemen - one strait-laced, one brutal, and one sleazy - investigate a series of murders with their own brand of justice. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 46 titles created 02 Dec 2011 a list of 25 titles created 08 Jan 2013 a list of 41 titles created 15 Jun 2014 a list of 34 titles created 07 May 2015 a list of 27 titles created 2 weeks ago Search for " L.A. Confidential " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 2 Oscars. Another 84 wins & 77 nominations. See more awards  » Videos A group of professional bank robbers start to feel the heat from police when they unknowingly leave a clue at their latest heist. Director: Michael Mann A sole survivor tells of the twisty events leading up to a horrific gun battle on a boat, which begin when five criminals meet at a seemingly random police lineup. Director: Bryan Singer Greed, deception, money, power, and murder occur between two best friends, a mafia underboss and a casino owner, for a trophy wife over a gambling empire. Director: Martin Scorsese Unscrupulous boxing promoters, violent bookmakers, a Russian gangster, incompetent amateur robbers, and supposedly Jewish jewelers fight to track down a priceless stolen diamond. Director: Guy Ritchie In Miami in 1980, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed. Director: Brian De Palma A sexually frustrated suburban father has a mid-life crisis after becoming infatuated with his daughter's best friend. Director: Sam Mendes A mentally unstable Vietnam War veteran works as a night-time taxi driver in New York City where the perceived decadence and sleaze feeds his urge for violent action, attempting to save a preadolescent prostitute in the process. Director: Martin Scorsese In a future world devastated by disease, a convict is sent back in time to gather information about the man-made virus that wiped out most of the human population on the planet. Director: Terry Gilliam After a simple jewelry heist goes terribly wrong, the surviving criminals begin to suspect that one of them is a police informant. Director: Quentin Tarantino A pragmatic U.S. Marine observes the dehumanizing effects the Vietnam War has on his fellow recruits from their brutal boot camp training to the bloody street fighting in Hue. Director: Stanley Kubrick Retired Old West gunslinger William Munny reluctantly takes on one last job, with the help of his old partner and a young man. Director: Clint Eastwood Jerry Lundegaard's inept crime falls apart due to his and his henchmen's bungling and the persistent police work of the quite pregnant Marge Gunderson. Directors: Joel Coen, Ethan Coen Stars: William H. Macy, Frances McDormand, Steve Buscemi Edit Storyline 1950's Los Angeles is the seedy backdrop for this intricate noir-ish tale of police corruption and Hollywood sleaze. Three very different cops are all after the truth, each in their own style: Ed Exley, the golden boy of the police force, willing to do almost anything to get ahead, except sell out; Bud White, ready to break the rules to seek justice, but barely able to keep his raging violence under control; and Jack Vincennes, always looking for celebrity and a quick buck until his conscience drives him to join Exley and White down the one-way path to find the truth behind the dark world of L.A. crime. Written by Greg Bole <[email protected]> Everything is suspect...everyone is for sale...and nothing is what it seems. See more  » Genres: Rated R for strong violence and language, and for sexuality | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 19 September 1997 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Los Ángeles al desnudo See more  » Filming Locations: $5,211,198 (USA) (19 September 1997) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The closing credits include old footage of famous cowboy star William Boyd as his character Hopalong Cassidy on horseback at a parade. Special effects make it appear that he is marching just in front of the cast of the films fictional police show Badge of Honor. See more » Goofs In the middle of the climactic shootout scene, Exley fires at least 7 shots from the snub-nosed revolver without reloading. The gun shown holds only 6. See more » Quotes [first lines] Sid Hudgens : [voiceover] Come to Los Angeles! The sun shines bright, the beaches are wide and inviting, and the orange groves stretch as far as the eye can see. There are jobs aplenty, and land is cheap. Every working man can have his own house, and inside every house, a happy, all-American family. You can have all this, and who knows... you could even be discovered, become a movie star... or at least see one. Life is good in Los Angeles... it's paradise on Earth." Ha ha ha ha. That's what they ... See more » Crazy Credits At the end of all the credits, there is a brief scene from "Badge of Honor" featuring a onscreen dedication in honor of Sgt. Jack Vincennes (Kevin Spacey), who within the film had served as the "Hollywood cop" and advisor to the film. The scene shows a black-and-white closing moment of "Badge of Honor" with the credits inscribed as "Dedicated to Sgt. Jack Vincennes," as Badge of Honor actor (Matt McCoy) closes the door on the HOMICIDE office and walks sorrowfully away. See more » Connections A fascinating look at life in the big city 19 August 2005 | by hall895 (New Jersey) – See all my reviews Give a collection of great actors a great story to work with and you are likely to end up with something rather special. Such is the case with L.A. Confidential. The boldface names jump off the page...Kevin Spacey, Russell Crowe, Kim Basinger, Danny DeVito, James Cromwell and, in his first big-time role, Guy Pearce. And none of these big names are just mailing it in, here to collect a paycheck. They're all on top of their games, undoubtedly helped to no small extent by the wonderfully nuanced and utterly intriguing story. This story takes place in 1950s Los Angeles but this is a side of L.A. most people don't get to see. Behind all the Hollywood glamour L.A. has a seamy side which will be the focus of this tale. At the heart of the movie are three cops who ostensibly are supposed to be working together but who go about the business of dispensing justice in very different ways. Crowe plays aggressive hothead Bud White. Spacey is Jack Vincennes, who takes more pride in his work as an adviser on a popular television cop drama than he does in his actual police work. And Pearce plays Edmund Exley, a young up-and-comer in the department who plays things by the book. As we will soon see Exley is rather unique in an LAPD which believes in doing whatever is necessary to bring the guilty to justice. Even if it means becoming a little guilty themselves. The movie really begins to move forward with a massacre at a coffee shop. It seems a pretty cut and dried case but initial appearances can be deceiving. Soon White, Vincennes and Exley will find themselves caught up in a maze of lies, deception and mystery. It will be a great test for these very different men as it appears they may well need each other's unique talents to solve this puzzle. And quite the elaborate puzzle it is. One important piece is Lynn Bracken, a high class call girl played by Basinger. Tying together many of this complex story's strands is gossip writer Sid Hudgens who is played with appropriate sleaziness by DeVito. And in the background the whole time is the somewhat mysterious Captain Dudley Smith, played by Cromwell. Here is a man who believes in bringing the guilty to justice by any means necessary. That's all well and good if you know who the guilty are but in L.A. Confidential you're never quite sure who to believe. The viewer is guessing right along with the investigators on the screen. And in the end it all comes together and pays off brilliantly. L.A. Confidential is first and foremost a great story, with many fascinating twists and turns along the way. The film also serves as a showcase for some of this generation's finest acting talents. Each of the main characters is wonderfully unique and each of the actors involved does a terrific job in bringing those characters to life. These are complex characters in a complex tale. It's so involved that the acting had to be stellar if this film was going to work and none of the stars disappoint. Terrific storytelling brought to life by a collection of inspired performances makes L.A. Confidential an absolute winner. 67 of 78 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Guy Pearce
Which Cabinet minister fathered Flora Keays by his secretary?
Amazon.co.uk:Customer Reviews: L.A. Confidential [1997] [DVD] L.A. Confidential [1997] [DVD] 4.8 out of 5 stars 213 Price:£10.54+ Free shipping with Amazon Prime Your rating( Clear )Rate this item 44 people found this helpful 5.0 out of 5 starsDark Noir in Bright Daylight ByA customeron 11 January 2003 This was the best film made in '97 but like Polanski's "Chinatown" it is destined to become one of the finest movies NOT to take the Oscar home. Curtis Hanson took James Ellroy's novel, a book many doubted could be translated to the film medium, and co-wrote one of the finest adapted screenplays ever done. He then brought on board a couple of Aussie unknowns, a gorgeous star who had never lived up to her potential, maybe the finest actor working today, and began filming one of the darkest noir films of all time, in sun drenched daylight! The end result is a dark and twisted tale of personal redemption told against the backdrop of the bright lights and sunshine of Hollywood in the early '50's. Hanson contrasts the brightly lit exteriors with the dark storyline of police corruption and Hollywood decadence. This is a movie about facade, not just Hollywood's but our own personal facade as well. Russell Crowe became a star as LA Detective Bud White, a tough cop willing to do whatever is necessary, something the political up and comer Guy Pearce finds archaic about the force and wants to change. What may stop him from doing so is his investigation of the murder of several people at "The Night Owl" cafe, one of which is Crowe's partner, recently "retired" after a well publicized jail brawl christened "Bloody Christmas" by the papers. Crowe and Pearce come at this from different angles but the road for both leads right to beautiful Kim Basinger and a millionaire in the lush Hollywood hills played by David Strathairn. There is a reason Basinger looks a little like Veronica Lake the first time we see her in this film, she's suppose to. Hollywood legend has it that a string of expensive call girls were cut to look like stars during the forties and fifties and Hanson has made this darker side of Hollywood part of the story. Basinger is one of the lucky ones, close enough to the actual look of Veronica Lake not to have been cut on. Crowe falls for the real girl inside Basinger, but in spite of her opulent lifestyle, her low self esteem comes to the forefront when she sleeps with Pearce in an attempt to "help" Crowe. We realize as she nearly destroys Crowe by doing so that she perceives herself as a whore on the inside, beneath the facade. Her logic is as twisted and tainted as the corruption Crowe and Pierce are about to uncover as they follow the trail linking Basinger's "boss" Strathairn to the Night Owl killings and the vice surrounding them on every side. Basinger deserved the Oscar she garnered for this role and Crowe's performance as the tough cop with some soft spots after all is something you'll always remember. But the coolest job done here is by Kevin Spacey. Hanson told him before filming began to think Dean Martin and he'd have it down pat. Yes indeed! Spacey plays the ultra cool cop, the one in the tabloids for his Hollywood connections. He is a consultant on the TV show "Badge of Honor" (think Dragnet) and is hooked up with slimy but likeable Danny DeVito, a "writer" for a Hollywood tabloid. Spacey grabs the spotlight and DeVito gets the headlines as Spacy collars Hollywood stars in compromising situations, DeVito's camera flashing. Spacey seemingly has it all, but like the rest of this film, it is just a facade. While sitting in a bar listening to Dean Martin in the background he looks up into the mirror behind the counter and doesn't like what he see's. He has all the tools to be a great cop but he knows he has sold his soul for the fifty in front of him. He becomes involved in the case because of a murder in a hotel room he feels responsible for that leads right back to the Night Owl, and hooks up with Pearce to redeem his soul. You will never forget the name "Rollo Tomasi" or what it means for Pearce, and ultimately Spacey in this film. Adding to the atmosphere more than just a little is the score by Jerry Goldsmith, his finest work since "Chinatown" and just as haunting. It does more than help enhance the atmosphere, it IS the atmosphere of this one of a kind masterpiece. This film has the kind of ending dreams are made of and someone (I won't give it away) holding up their badge to the oncoming rush of cop cars in the Hollywood hills at night is a scene you'll never forget. There is not a bad performance in this film. It is complex and riveting. If you haven't seen this before, don't rent it, buy it. You'll watch it over and over. But don't tell anyone-this is Off the Record, On the QT, and Very Hush Hush.......! 11 people found this helpful 3.0 out of 5 starsThrows the kitchen sink at you ByLou Kneeon 25 June 2008 I've watched it a couple of times now, I made myself give it another go after I was a little overwhelmed by it all the first time. My only problem with this film is that it really really wants you to love it, and puts absolutely everything into that quest, and the budget was evidently unlimited. The result, for me at least, is a colourful noir that has all the classic Noir credentials, but on one of them, gets it horribly wrong, and that is the laid back, nonchalent air that L.A. noirs (in colour) like Chinatown, The Long Goodbye, Fairwell My Lovely and Moving Target all distill perfectly. Kim Basinger does do her bit to slow it back down to a classic noir pace, but when the focus isn't on her, then whoosh, it's all off at a hundred mph again from one plot twist to the next. It's very entertaining definitely, but it isn't authentic noir, whatever the great style, set design and retro look get you believing. And the all action shoot out finale had me unsure if I was watching a great movie or a great video game. Very entertaining but a little overdone. Format: DVD This was the best film made in '97 but like Polanski's "Chinatown" it is destined to become one of the finest movies NOT to take the Oscar home. Curtis Hanson took James Ellroy's novel, a book many doubted could be translated to the film medium, and co-wrote one of the finest adapted screenplays ever done. He then brought on board a couple of Aussie unknowns, a gorgeous star who had never lived up to her potential, maybe the finest actor working today, and began filming one of the darkest noir films of all time, in sun drenched daylight! The end result is a dark and twisted tale of personal redemption told against the backdrop of the bright lights and sunshine of Hollywood in the early '50's. Hanson contrasts the brightly lit exteriors with the dark storyline of police corruption and Hollywood decadence. This is a movie about facade, not just Hollywood's but our own personal facade as well. Russell Crowe became a star as LA Detective Bud White, a tough cop willing to do whatever is necessary, something the political up and comer Guy Pearce finds archaic about the force and wants to change. What may stop him from doing so is his investigation of the murder of several people at "The Night Owl" cafe, one of which is Crowe's partner, recently "retired" after a well publicized jail brawl christened "Bloody Christmas" by the papers. Crowe and Pearce come at this from different angles but the road for both leads right to beautiful Kim Basinger and a millionaire in the lush Hollywood hills played by David Strathairn. There is a reason Basinger looks a little like Veronica Lake the first time we see her in this film, she's suppose to. Hollywood legend has it that a string of expensive call girls were cut to look like stars during the forties and fifties and Hanson has made this darker side of Hollywood part of the story. Basinger is one of the lucky ones, close enough to the actual look of Veronica Lake not to have been cut on. Crowe falls for the real girl inside Basinger, but in spite of her opulent lifestyle, her low self esteem comes to the forefront when she sleeps with Pearce in an attempt to "help" Crowe. We realize as she nearly destroys Crowe by doing so that she perceives herself as a whore on the inside, beneath the facade. Her logic is as twisted and tainted as the corruption Crowe and Pierce are about to uncover as they follow the trail linking Basinger's "boss" Strathairn to the Night Owl killings and the vice surrounding them on every side. Basinger deserved the Oscar she garnered for this role and Crowe's performance as the tough cop with some soft spots after all is something you'll always remember. But the coolest job done here is by Kevin Spacey. Hanson told him before filming began to think Dean Martin and he'd have it down pat. Yes indeed! Spacey plays the ultra cool cop, the one in the tabloids for his Hollywood connections. He is a consultant on the TV show "Badge of Honor" (think Dragnet) and is hooked up with slimy but likeable Danny DeVito, a "writer" for a Hollywood tabloid. Spacey grabs the spotlight and DeVito gets the headlines as Spacy collars Hollywood stars in compromising situations, DeVito's camera flashing. Spacey seemingly has it all, but like the rest of this film, it is just a facade. While sitting in a bar listening to Dean Martin in the background he looks up into the mirror behind the counter and doesn't like what he see's. He has all the tools to be a great cop but he knows he has sold his soul for the fifty in front of him. He becomes involved in the case because of a murder in a hotel room he feels responsible for that leads right back to the Night Owl, and hooks up with Pearce to redeem his soul. You will never forget the name "Rollo Tomasi" or what it means for Pearce, and ultimately Spacey in this film. Adding to the atmosphere more than just a little is the score by Jerry Goldsmith, his finest work since "Chinatown" and just as haunting. It does more than help enhance the atmosphere, it IS the atmosphere of this one of a kind masterpiece. This film has the kind of ending dreams are made of and someone (I won't give it away) holding up their badge to the oncoming rush of cop cars in the Hollywood hills at night is a scene you'll never forget. There is not a bad performance in this film. It is complex and riveting. If you haven't seen this before, don't rent it, buy it. You'll watch it over and over. But don't tell anyone-this is Off the Record, On the QT, and Very Hush Hush.......! 0Comment | 44 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Showing 0 of 0 comments Sort by: Format: Blu-ray There's a moment in Curtis Hanson's 1997 peach of a film when Guy Pearce playing good-guy cop Ed Exley enters The Night Owl café to check up on possible multiple homicides in the early hours of the morning... As he does, the camera pans across the Formica counter and the nearby tabletops, the saltcellars, the napkin dispensers, the circular seats, the candy vendors... There's tons of stuff in a few seconds - all of 1950s - the attention to detail is mind-blowing... Hanson had made a $15 million dollar movie look like it cost ten times that and I'm thrilled to say that this BLU RAY version of "L.A. Confidential" does exactly the same. While it's not "Zulu" or "2001: A Space Odyssey" perfect in terms of print - other people's reckoning of 4.5 out of 5 is accurate. I'd estimate that 80-90% of the time the picture is glorious and even when it's a little soft in places, the rest is `so' good, you hardly notice. Also, as you re-watch it, you realise just how good LAC was and what a superlative job Hanson did in bringing the seedy underbelly of Hollywood and the LAPD of the time to the screen. Everything fits on "L.A. Confidential" - the incredible ensemble cast you couldn't buy for love or money now - the chemistry between them all - the ruthlessly realistic story and spunky adaptation of it, the beautiful night locations, the dapper clothes, the colours - even Jerry Goldsmith's music - mellow brass followed by staccato piano fills - was absolute genius! It all worked - and now it looks the business too. Watching Crowe and Basinger in the main feature in all their beautifully filmed sizzling glory is a treat for sure - but the list of extras is equally impressive too. Check these out... 1. Commentary by Andrew Sarris [Film Critic], James Ellroy [Novelist], actors Russell Crowe, Kevin Spacey, Guy Pearce, David Strathairn, Kim Basinger, Danny DeVito and James Cromwell accompanied by Ruth Myers [Casting], Brian Helgeand [co-writer of the screen with Curtis Hanson the Director], Jeannine Opwell [Production Design], Dante Spinotti [Cinematographer] (with or without SUBTITLES) 2. "Whatever You Desire: The Making Of L.A. Confidential" All-new interviews with Director/Screen Writer/Producer Curtis Hanson and his cast & crew 3. "Sunlight & Shadow: The Visual Style Of L.A. Confidential". Hanson gives a behind-the-scenes commentary to reveal how they captured 1950's and brought LA Confidential to life. 4. "A True Ensemble: The Cast Of L.A. Confidential". RC, GP, DD, KB and JC all join Hanson to discuss the chemistry they hoped would happen and did 5. "L.A. Confidential: From Book To Screen". Hanson and co-writer Brian Helgeland discuss the difficulty of bringing the film to screen 6. "Off The Record". Behind the scenes featurette with the cast & crew 7. Photo Pitch: Curtis Hanson recreates his original pitch for L.A. Confidential 8. 2000 TV Pilot 9. "The L.A. of L.A. Confidential": and interactive tour of many of the locations used in the movie 10. Music Only Track 11. Trailers [5 Versions] 12. Online interactivity If like me, you saw this at the flicks, then bought it on DVD, and loved it on both occasions - you will need to upgrade to this version. Like the beautiful looking and endlessly uplifting BR version of "The Shawshank Redemption" - "L.A. Confidential" is a triumph on BLU RAY. There's no "hush, hush" on this one folks - highly recommended. Format: Blu-ray | Verified Purchase This was easily the best Hollywood movie of 1997, but got sunk by Titanic at the box office and the Oscars. Which was a bit ironic. But not one to hold a 13-year-old grudge, this Blu-Ray disc is the third - and by far the best - format I have this film in (Laserdisc and DVD being the others). It's generally agreed that the DVD version looked a bit dark and dowdy, but in Blu-Ray all that period detail and the sublime photography is allowed to bloom - you're there, with an A-Grade cast firing on all cylinders in a story that's blindingly well told. A great one for your new Blu-Ray collection. 0Comment | 35 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD Where do I start? This is one of those 'they don't make them like that anymore' movies - but, thankfully, sometimes they do. LA Confidential boasts a cast to die for - Kevin Spacey, Russell Crowe, Kim Basinger, Danny Devito and the surprise hit of the movie, Guy Pearce - better known in the UK for his term in the execrable TV soap Neighbours. Set in film noir-era Los Angeles, it tells the dark and winding tale of corruption in the LAPD. Pearce is the high-flying young idealogical cop who insists on taking on the powers-that-be to expose the corruption at the heart of the LAPD - and isn't afraid of incurring the wrath of his colleagues. As the film goes on, some unlikely alliances are formed. This is a wonderful engaging drama that keeps you on the edge of your seat from start to finish. All the performances are absolutely outstanding - from the flamboyant Spacey and officious Pearce to the volcanic Crowe and the Oscar-winning Basinger. The DVD has the usual good picture and sound quality. The extras are nothing to write home about but worth a look - trailers, an interactive map of LA, a 'making of' feature and various bios. Good DVD - absolutely outstanding movie. 0Comment | 27 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD Quite simply one of the bravest, visually stunning, entertaining pieces of cinema in modern memory. After every viewing this film mesmerises, confuses and leaves you gasping. The irony of Hollywood was once again present at the Oscars, L A Confidential being nominated for 7 Oscars only to see the woeful Titanic walk away with 11. Never has a cast been so universally brilliant, Basinger in possibly the weakest performance, yet she was the one to walk away with the coverted statuette, Spacey adding another personal best to the CV. Yet it is the two Australians who walk away with all the plaudits, Russell Crowe (pre Gladiator) has never been so physical menacing as Bud White, the discraced LA cop. Yet Guy Pearce (putting to bed the nightmares of Mike in Neighbours) in only his second major role steals the show as Lt Edmund Exley, the fact that he was not nominated for the Best Actor Oscar is baffling as it is amusing. Pearce proving that he surley is "the" actor to watch, with the daring, brilliant Memento out this month, a rare actor who holds such screen prescence. Not forgetting the brilliance of director Curtis Hanson (remember the risible The River Wild), beautifully capturing the poetice yet extreme violence of the novel. It is a tribute to Hanson that he managed to adapt to screen one of the most complex and brutal novels ever written with such efficiency. It is also very rare to see a director stay very faithful to the writers original material; very little has been altered from the James Ellroy novel. With talk of The Black Dahlia being transferred to the silver screen, lets just hope that Hanson takes some interest. A must buy for any movie fan, LA Confidential outshines it's nearest opponent Chinatown, and there cnnot be higher praise than that. 0Comment | 14 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD LA Confidential delves into the dark, seedy side of 1940s Hollywood with corrupt cops, prostitution and extreme violence. A strong sense of moral ambiguity lies at the cold heart of this stylish yet gritty flick. A strong male cast, including Kevin Spacey, Russell Crowe and Guy Pearce, brilliantly blur the line between good and bad/ hero and villain/ right and wrong. LA Confidential is not only a sharp, suspenseful, action-packed treat of a movie, it also has the subtlety and brilliance to keep you thinking and questioning long after the last reel is run. It has all the glamour and grit of a 1940s Hollywood Classic film noir. 0Comment | 18 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD The fact that this film was overlooked at the Oscar's in favour of Titanic and As Good as it Gets is more criminal than most of the characters here in. Not that I am knocking those two films, but LA Confidential is just a pure dream that gets better the more you watch it. One word of warning is that the plot is very confusing the first time around. Names like Meeks, Stensland, Rolo Tomoassi and Piers Patchett will leave your head spinning but the film is good enough to make you come back to it. Russell Crowe is fantastic (the best performance of his career), Kevin Spacey is also superb and as for the rest? Well, let's just say no one lets the side down. The directing is hypnotically good and the story is a brilliant piece of screen writing and a wonderfully interwoven plot. I watched this film so much that I eventually had to stop to avoid ruining it, but seeing on TV again this weekend was enough to get me back to write this review. It stands alongside the Shawshank Redemption, Goodfellas and Fight Club as one of the absolute best films of the 1990s that will be appreciated much more in years to come. An absolute gem which should be mandatory in schools, just watch it, this film is awesome! 0Comment | 12 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: DVD A must-see for any person that claims to be a film fan. Set in Los Angeles in the early 1950's, L.A. Confidential is a violent but gripping thriller which examines the dark underbelly and corruption of the city of LA, at a time when it still held a beautiful movie star image. Principally, this is the story of 3 very different cops, Bud White (Russell Crowe), Jack Vincennes (Kevin Spacey) and Edmund Exley (Guy Pearce), who have totally different ways of getting the job done. Each with their own agenda, each with their own character and each corrupt to a differing degree, their paths cross in this intricate but brilliantly plotted movie as they seek to find "the coffee shop killers" and solve the mystery of high class prostitutes "cut" to look like movie stars. Brilliantly directed by Curtis Hanson and based on a James Ellroy novel, LA Confidential also boasts an outstanding supporting cast including, James Cromwell, David Strathairn, Danny Devito and the Oscar winning Kim Basinger. The best film of 1998 and perhaps even the best film of the nineties, LA Confidential should have walked off with a barrowload of Oscars. Better than a thousand Titanic's (if you disagree you're wrong) , LA Confidential never fails to hit it's mark and is simply unmissable. 0Comment | 20 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later. Format: VHS Tape Like other reviewers here, I was equally dumbfounded to see the vastly overrated 'Titanic' beat LA at the Oscars. LA is like an updated version of those 50's film noir detective thrillers such as the 'Maltese Falcon' and Raymond Chandler adaptations but far better.There's enough violence here to make the point but its never overdone for the sake of it. I wasn't surprised to see Guy Pearce pull it off as he'd already put his 'Neighbours' nightmare to rest with 'Priscilla Queen of the Desert'. His character is no wimpy 'good guy' but a by-the-book type yet with an underlying menace. For me, this is Russell Crowe's best performance rather than 'Gladiator' balancing hot-headed violence with conscience. Kevin Spacey equals his 'Verbal Klint'performance (Usual Suspects) as the dodgy-but-not-wholly-corrupt cop. I'm not quite sure why Kim Basinger got an Oscar though. Her performance is fine but her actual screen time isnt that much. Like the best thrillers, this film has plenty of twists which keep you guessing till the cracker finale. For me this is the classiest cop film ever in terms of direction, acting, set, wardrobe, the lot. Outstanding! 0Comment | 5 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Please write at least one word You must purchase at least one item from Amazon to post a comment A problem occurred while submitting your comment. Please try again later.
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In which county would you find Kielder Forest?
Home > Where to go > Kielder and Border Forest > Kielder Water & Forest Park tourist information Winner of England's best tourism experience - Visit England Awards 2013 Home to northern Europe’s largest man-made lake and England's largest forest, Kielder Water & Forest Park is one of Northumberland's best attractions. It is perfect for individuals or families that love nature, water sports, exploring, walking, cycling and much more. Tower Knowe visitors centre at Kielder Kielder Water & Forest Park features mile upon mile of purpose-built trails including forest walks for all the family and dedicated mountain bike tracks. The Lakeside Way is a 26 mile multi-user trail, suitable for walkers, cyclists, horse riders and wheelchair users, that encircles the shoreline of Kielder Water. A haven for wildlife , Kielder Water & Forest Park is also home to around 50% of England’s native red squirrel population. In 2009 three chicks were born to a record breaking osprey couple - the first birds for at least 200 years to successfully raise chicks in Northumberland. So far they have returned to breed every year since. You can also spot see a range of rare wildlife including the Kielder Super Six: osprey, red squirrel, pipistrelle bat, roe deer, salmon and otter. Waterskiing and sailing enthusiasts take to the water all year round and the lake offers a huge challenge to keen trout anglers between March and October. You can discover all you need to know about Kielder Water & Forest Park including its history at Tower Knowe Visitor Centre or visit Kielder Castle , the former hunting lodge for the Duke of Northumberland, which now hosts a visitor centre, art gallery and exhibitions. Leaplish Waterside Park boasts luxury self catering forest lodges, an indoor heated swimming pool and sauna, restaurant and bar and the Kielder Water Birds of Prey Centre. Cycling around Kielder Water Visitors to Kielder lodges at Leaplish Waterside Park have access to professional training and tuition for a range of mainstream sporting activities to suit everyone as part of a ‘go active’ break. Activities include: archery and junior archery, fencing, crossbow, table tennis, snorkelling, FUNdamentals (gymnastics for young children), sea scooters (underwater propellers to power around the pool), disc golf (launch specially designed frisbees into targets across a large outdoor course), petanque (a form of boules), short mat bowls (indoor bowls for all the family), water walkerz (walk on water in the pool inside a floating inflatable ball) and skip-hop (skipping and hip-hop dance moves). Famed for having the darkest night skies in England thanks to minimal light pollution, Kielder Water & Forest Park is a star gazers’ heaven and is home to the Kielder Observatory alongside Northumberland National Park who is seeking Dark Sky Reserve Status, KW&FP is currently in the process of bidding for Dark Sky Park Status. If successful, together they will create the world’s third largest area of protected starry skies. For more information click here . Kielder Observatory There is also contemporary art and architecture including the futuristic shelter design of the Belvedere , the Minotaur maze and Silvas Capitalis, also known as the ‘giant forest head’. Visitors are spoilt for choice when it comes to spending a day trip, weekend break or holiday in what the Campaign to Protect Rural England calls the most tranquil spot in the country. Also of interest
Northumberland
From which major religion did the Hare Krishna movement spring?
Kielder Forest bids to become 'dark skies preserve' | Environment | The Guardian National parks Kielder Forest bids to become 'dark skies preserve' Forest authority is confident its sparsely populated land will meet criteria laid down by International Dark Skies Association Star trails over Kielder Water & Forest Park. Photograph: Mike Dickson/PA Share on Messenger Close Small, busy and overcrowded, England might seem the last place in the world to have room for one of the planet's largest inhabited areas of unspoiled, natural darkness when night falls. But if plans by Kielder Forest and the adjacent Northumberland national park are realised, the country will be home to an official "dark sky preserve" equalled only by two lonely areas in Quebec and Texas. Every outside light in 400 square miles of England's northernmost county is to be audited in preparation for the scheme, announced on Thursday by the two authorities. A public campaign will also be launched to win over local people to specially adjusted streetlamps and unobtrusive security lights. The move follows the success of astronomical holidays at "star camps" in Kielder Forest, whose public observatory has attracted 30,000 visitors in four years. The area came top in a "dark skies" survey conducted by the Campaign to Protect Rural England in 2003, which condemned the spread of what it called "night blight" elsewhere in the country. The forest authority is confident that its sparsely populated land will meet the criteria laid down by the International Dark-Sky Association (Ida) based in Tucson, Arizona, which has so far designated 12 reserves. The rolling, tree-covered hills surrounding the 27-mile shoreline of Kielder Water, England's biggest reservoir, have few homes beyond a cluster around the former shooting lodge of the Dukes of Northumberland. The ambitious part of the new plan is to add the whole of Northumberland national park to the proposed reserve, more than doubling the size of the forest on its own. Although the park's boundaries were drawn, uniquely among UK national parks, to exclude all major communities, it is crossed by several roads including the A68 to Scotland, and a number of villages lie along its edges. The director of the Kielder Water development trust, Elisabeth Rowark, said that the area was "magical by night", with the Milky Way stretching from horizon to horizon and distant galaxies visible without the help of telescopes or field glasses. She said: "Dark sky status would allow us to protect, cherish and promote our natural nightscapes, but gaining public support is the key. It is crucial to understand that the idea does not mean turning lights off. Rather it is about working with local people and Northumberland county council to create better and less wasteful lighting and promote the night sky as an asset for the region." The plan has won initial support from a number of local councils, including Byrness, whose chair, Joyce Taylor, said that local people would welcome less intrusive streetlamps. She said: "The fixtures we currently have are old and often spill light straight into peoples' bedrooms. Dark sky status will help us retain the rural and tranquil character of our community and keep us on the map for travellers for whom a starry night creates such vivid memories." Anne Hutchinson, the chair of Wark parish council, said that her family elsewhere in the UK were staggered by the night sky when they came to visit. She said: "People don't want to see light pollution, whether it is from poor street lights or inappropriate external lights. It's not in keeping with the character of the area. John Wilson, whose Whitelee Farm near the Scottish border at Carter Bar is one of the most isolated dwellings in the proposed reserve, has added star charts and binoculars to the equipment in his three holiday cottages. Preparation for the launch has seen hundreds of light meter readings taken at night in the forest and park by Forestry Commission wildlife rangers, stargazers from Kielder Observatory and Newcastle astronomical societies, national park rangers and volunteers. The findings confirm that the darkness is Stygian enough to meet the standards of Idsa, provided regular monitoring and other measures are also agreed. These include a light management plan and a comprehensive audit of the wattage and direction of existing lights, with measures to replace any with a pronounced upwards glare. The forest and national park have written individually to every resident, explaining the proposal and inviting comments and, ideally, participation. Success will see Northumberland's "core area" join Big Bend national park in Texas and Mont Mégantic in Quebec at the top of the growing table of global dark sky reserves. The UK's first dark sky park at Galloway forest in Scotland has been rated an economic success, with tourist business reporting increased trade as a direct result of the new status which was granted by the Idsa in 2009.
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Complete the saying ‘Whom the Gods love die ……..’?
Euripides - Wikiquote Euripides Quotes[ edit ] Humility, a sense of reverence before the sons of heaven — of all the prizes that a mortal man might win, these, I say, are wisest; these are best. The company of just and righteous men is better than wealth and a rich estate. Ægeus, Frag. 7. A bad beginning makes a bad ending. Æolus, Frag. 32. Time will explain it all. He is a talker, and needs no questioning before he speaks. Æolus, Frag. 38. The nobly born must nobly meet his fate. Alcmene, Frag. 100. Waste not fresh tears over old griefs. Alexander Frag. 44. Sweet is the remembrance of troubles when you are in safety. Andromeda. Woman is woman's natural ally. Alope, Frag. 109. Man's best possession is a sympathetic wife. Antigone, Frag 164. Ignorance of one's misfortunes is clear gain. Antiope, Frag. 204. Cleverness is not wisdom. And not to think mortal thoughts is to see few days. Bacchæ l. 395. Dionysus: He who believes needs no explanation. Pentheus: What's the worth in believing worthless things? Dionysus: Much worth, but not worth telling you, it seems. Bacchae l. 472, as translated by Colin Teevan (2002) Talk sense to a fool and he calls you foolish. Bacchæ l. 480 Variant translation: To the fool, he who speaks wisdom will sound foolish. Slow but sure moves the might of the gods. Bacchæ l. 882 Variant translation: Slowly but surely withal moveth the might of the gods. χρηστοῖσι δούλοις συμφορὰ τὰ δεσποτῶν. Good slaves [are affected by] the adversities of their masters Bacchæ l. 1028 Note: the original sentence does not contain any verb Humility, a sense of reverence before the sons of heaven — of all the prizes that a mortal man might win, these, I say, are wisest; these are best. Bacchæ l. 1150. Events will take their course, it is no good of being angry at them; he is happiest who wisely turns them to the best account. Events will take their course, it is no good of being angry at them; he is happiest who wisely turns them to the best account. Bellerophon, Fragment 298; quoted in Plutarch's Morals : Ethical Essays (1888) edited and translated by Arthur Richard Shilleto, p. 293. Doth some one say that there be gods above? There are not; no, there are not. Let no fool, Led by the old false fable, thus deceive you. Look at the facts themselves, yielding my words No undue credence: for I say that kings Kill, rob, break oaths, lay cities waste by fraud, And doing thus are happier than those Who live calm pious lives day after day. All divinity Is built-up from our good and evil luck. Bellerophon. I sacrifice to no god save myself — And to my belly, greatest of deities. The Cyclops (c.424-23 BC). I care for riches, to make gifts To friends, or lead a sick man back to health With ease and plenty. Else small aid is wealth For daily gladness; once a man be done With hunger, rich and poor are all as one. Electra (413 BC). Nothing has more strength than dire necessity. Helen (412 BC), as translated by Richmond Lattimore In case of dissension, never dare to judge till you've heard the other side. Heraclidæ (c 428 BC); quoted by Aristophanes in The Wasps. Leave no stone unturned. Ares (The God of War) hates those who hesitate. Heraclidæ (c 428 BC) line 722. Alternate translation : Ares hates the sluggard most of all. (translated by David Kovacs) I hold that mortal foolish who strives against the stress of necessity. Hercules Furens l. 281. O lady, nobility is thine, and thy form is the reflection of thy nature! Ion (c. 421-408 BC) l. 238. Authority is never without hate. Ion (c. 421-408 BC) as translated by Ronald F. Willetts. Thou didst bring me forth for all the Greeks in common, not for thyself alone. Iphigenia in Aulis, 1386. A coward turns away, but a brave man's choice is danger. Iphigenia in Tauris (c. 412 BC) l. 114. There is in the worst of fortune the best of chances for a happy change. Iphigenia in Tauris (c. 412 BC) l. 721. Toil, says the proverb, is the sire of fame. Licymnius, Frag. 477. A bad beginning makes a bad ending. Variant: A bad ending follows a bad beginning. Melanippe the Wise (fragment). When good men die their goodness does not perish, but lives though they are gone. As for the bad, all that was theirs dies and is buried with them. Cowards do not count in battle; they are there, but not in it. Meleager Frag. 523. A woman should be good for everything at home, but abroad good for nothing. Meleager, Frag. 525. Silver and gold are not the only coin; virtue too passes current all over the world. Œdipus, Frag. 546. Every man is like the company he is wont to keep. Phœnix Frag. 809. This is slavery, not to speak one's thought. Variant: Who dares not speak his free thoughts is a slave. The Phoenician Women (c.411-409 BC). Who knows but life be that which men call death, And death what men call life? Phrixus, Frag. 830. Whoso neglects learning in his youth, loses the past and is dead for the future. Phrixus, Frag. 927. The gods visit the sins of the fathers upon the children. Phrixus, Frag. 970. Silence is an answer in the eyes of the wise. Unidentified Plays, Fragment 977. Variant translation : Silence is true wisdom's best reply. (See Discussion page for sourcing information) Chance fights ever on the side of the prudent. Variant: Fortune truly helps those who are of good judgement. Pirithous. Where two discourse, if the one's anger rise, The man who lets the contest fall is wise. Protesilaus Frag. 656. Slight not what's near through aiming at what's far. Rhesus (c. 435 BC) line 482. I think, Some shrewd man first, a man in judgment wise, Found for mortals the fear of gods, Thereby to frighten the wicked should they Even act or speak or scheme in secret. Variant translation: He was a wise man who originated the idea of God. The sweetest teaching did he introduce, Concealing truth under untrue speech. The place he spoke of as the gods' abode Was that by which he might awe humans most, — The place from which, he knew, terrors came to mortals And things advantageous in their wearisome life — The revolving heaven above, in which dwell The lightnings, and awesome claps Of thunder, and the starry face of heaven, Beautiful and intricate by that wise craftsman Time, — From which, too, the meteor's glowing mass speeds And wet thunderstorm pours forth upon the earth. Sisyphus as translated by R. G. Bury, and revised by J. Garrett Naught is more hostile to a city than a despot; where he is, there are in the first place no laws common to all, but one man is tyrant, in whose keeping and in his alone the law resides, and in that case equality is at an end. Suppliants (tr. Edward P. Coleridge) When good men die their goodness does not perish, But lives though they are gone. As for the bad, All that was theirs dies and is buried with them. Temenidæ Frag. 734. Man's most valuable trait is a judicious sense of what not to believe. The Complete Greek Tragedies: Euripides II: Helen. Hecuba. Andromache. The Trojan women. Ion. Rhesus. The suppliant women by David Grene, Richmond Alexander Lattimore (eds.), Modern Library, 1963, p. 73. Never say that marriage has more of joy than pain. l. 238. A second wife is hateful to the children of the first; A viper is not more hateful. l. 309. Oh, if I had Orpheus ' voice and poetry with which to move the Dark Maid and her Lord, I'd call you back, dear love, from the world below. I'd go down there for you. Charon or the grim King's dog could not prevent me then from carrying you up into the fields of light. l. 358. Light be the earth upon you, lightly rest. l. 462. Old men's prayers for death are lying prayers, in which they abuse old age and long extent of life. But when death draws near, not one is willing to die, and age no longer is a burden to them. l. 669. Dishonour will not trouble me, once I am dead. l. 726. No one can confidently say that he will still be living tomorrow. l. 783-4. Today's today. Tomorrow we may be ourselves gone down the drain of Eternity. l. 788. I have found power in the mysteries of thought, exaltation in the changing of the Muses; I have been versed in the reasonings of men; but Fate is stronger than anything I have known. l. 962. The fountains of sacred rivers flow upwards. Line 409. The gifts of a bad man bring no good with them. Line 618. Moderation, the noblest gift of Heaven. Line 636. Of troubles none is greater than to be robbed of one’s native land. (translated by David Kovacs: Perseus Digital Library) Line 653 variant translation (Paul Roche): For nothing is like the sorrow or supersedes the sadness of losing your native land. πείθειν δῶρα καὶ θεοὺς λόγος It is said that gifts persuade even the gods. Line 964. I know, indeed, the evil of that I purpose; but my inclination gets the better of my judgment. Line 1078. χαλεπὰ γὰρ βροτοῖς ὁμογενῆ μιά- σματ᾽, ἕπεται δ᾽ ἅμ᾽ αὐτοφόνταις ξυνῳ- δὰ θεόθεν πίτνοντ᾽ ἐπὶ δόμοις ἄχη. Grievous for mortals is the stain of kindred blood. For the murderers are dogged by woes harmonious with their deeds, sent by the gods upon their houses. lines 1268-1270; David Kovacs translation Hippolytus (428 BC)[ edit ] There is one thing alone that stands the brunt of life throughout its course: a quiet conscience. μόνον δὲ τοῦτό φασ᾽ ἁμιλλᾶσθαι βίῳ, γνώμην δικαίαν κἀγαθήν ὅτῳ παρῇ Only one thing, they say, competes in value with life, the possession of a heart blameless and good. lines 426-427; David Kovacs translation In this world second thoughts, it seems, are best. l. 435, as translated by David Grene Variant translations: Among mortals second thoughts are the wisest. Second thoughts are ever wiser. Among mortals second thoughts are wisest. 'Twas but my tongue, 'twas not my soul that swore. l. 612, as translated by Gilbert Murray (1954). Variant translations: My tongue swore, but my mind is not on oath. Translated by David Kovacs The Remorse of Orestes by William-Adolphe Bouguereau Love is all we have, the only way that each can help the other. l. 298, as translated by William Arrowsmith When one with honeyed words but evil mind Persuades the mob, great woes befall the state. l. 907. The Phoenician Women [ edit ] [T]his is slavery, not to speak one’s thought. Line 392 (Jocasta) ; translated by Elizabeth Wyckoff ; as found in Euripides IV: Helen, The Phoenician Women, Orestes, ed. Griffith, Most, Grene & Lattimore, University of Chicago Press (2013), p. 114 ἁπλοῦς ὁ μῦθος τῆς ἀληθείας ἔφυ, κοὐ ποικίλων δεῖ τἄνδιχ᾽ ἑρμηνευμάτων The words of truth are naturally simple, and justice needs no subtle interpretations, for it has a fitness in itself Lines 469–470 to a man whose mind a god leads to destruction. Sophocles, Antigone 620-3, a play pre-dating any of Euripides' surviving plays. An ancient commentary explains the passage as a paraphrase of the following, from another, earlier poet. When a god plans harm against a man, he first damages the mind of the man he is plotting against. Quoted in the scholia vetera to Sophocles' Antigone 620ff., without attribution. The meter (iambic trimeter) suggests that the source of the quotation is a tragic play. For whenever the anger of divine spirits harms someone, it first does this: it steals away his mind and good sense, and turns his thought to foolishness, so that he should know nothing of his mistakes. Attributed to "some of the old poets" by Lycurgus of Athens in his Oratio In Leocratem [Oration Against Leocrates], section 92. Again, the meter suggests that the source is a tragic play. These lines are misattributed to the much earlier semi-mythical statesman Lycurgus of Sparta in a footnote of recent editions of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations and other works. The gods do nothing until they have blinded the minds of the wicked. Variant in ''Dictionary of Quotations (Classical) (1906), compiled by Thomas Benfield Harbottle, p. 433. Whom Fortune wishes to destroy she first makes mad. As quoted by Athenagoras of Athens [ citation needed ] quem Iuppiter vult perdere, dementat prius. "Whom Jupiter wishes to destroy, he first sends mad"; neo-Latin version. Similar wording is found in James Duport 's Homeri Gnomologia (1660), p. 234. "A maxim of obscure origin which may have been invented in Cambridge about 1640" -- Taylor, The Proverb (1931). Probably a variant of the line "He whom the gods love dies young", derived from Menander 's play The Double Deceiver via Plautus (Bacchides 816-7). quem (or quos) Deus perdere vult, dementat prius. Whom God wishes to destroy, he first sends mad. Whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad. This variant is spoken by Prometheus , in The Masque of Pandora (1875) by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Those whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad. As quoted in George Fox Interpreted: The Religion, Revelations, Motives and Mission of George Fox (1881) by Thomas Ellwood Longshore, p. 154 Those whom God wishes to destroy, he first makes mad. As quoted in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations 16th edition (1992) Nor do the gods appear in warrior's armour clad To strike them down with sword and spear Those whom they would destroy They first make mad. Bhartṛhari, 7th c. AD; as quoted in John Brough,Poems from the Sanskrit, (1968), p, 67 Vinaashkaley Viparit Buddhi Sanskrit Saying (also in Jatak katha): "When a man is to be destroyed, his intelligence becomes self-destructive." Modern derivatives: The proverb's meaning is changed in many English versions from the 20th and 21st centuries that start with the proverb's first half (through "they") and then end with a phrase that replaces "first make mad" or "make mad." Such versions can be found at Internet search engines by using either of the two keyword phrases that are on Page 2 and Page 4 of the webpage " Pick any Wrong Card ." The rest of that webpage is frameworks that induce a reader to compose new variations on this proverb.
Young
A gathering of which birds can be described as an ‘unkindness’?
God Quotes and Sayings Related Quotes      Faith       Prayer       Bible       Jesus       Religion God is in the hearts of all, and they that seek shall surely find Him when they need Him most. ~Louisa May Alcott, "Through the Mist," Work: A Story of Experience, 1873 Any fool can count the seeds in an apple. Only God can count all the apples in one seed. ~Robert H. Schuller Every evening I turn my worries over to God. He's going to be up all night anyway. ~Mary C. Crowley God loves each of us as if there were only one of us. ~St. Augustine Young man, young man, your arm's too short to box with God. ~James Weldon Johnson God understands our prayers even when we can't find the words to say them. ~Author Unknown What you are is God's gift to you, what you become is your gift to God. ~Hans Urs von Balthasar You can tell the size of your God by looking at the size of your worry list. The longer your list, the smaller your God. ~Author Unknown Maybe the atheist cannot find God for the same reason a thief cannot find a policeman. ~Author Unknown If God had wanted to be a big secret, He would not have created babbling brooks and whispering pines. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com I don't know if God exists, but it would be better for His reputation if He didn't. ~Jules Renard A man can no more diminish God's glory by refusing to worship Him than a lunatic can put out the sun by scribbling the word, 'darkness' on the walls of his cell. ~C.S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain The soul can split the sky in two and let the face of God shine through. ~Edna St. Vincent Millay God is not a cosmic bellboy for whom we can press a button to get things done. ~Harry Emerson Fosdick The feeling remains that God is on the journey, too. ~Teresa of Avila God's last name is not "Dammit." ~Author Unknown Once one has seen God, what is the remedy? ~Sylvia Plath, "Mystic" As the poet said, "Only God can make a tree" — probably because it's so hard to figure out how to get the bark on. ~Woody Allen Clearly, God is a Democrat. ~Patrick Caddell But I always think that the best way to know God is to love many things. ~Vincent van Gogh No matter how much I prove and prod, I cannot quite believe in God; But oh, I hope to God that He Unswervingly believes in me.   People see God every day, they just don't recognize him. ~Pearl Bailey How tired God must be of guilt and loneliness, for that is all we ever bring to Him. ~Mignon McLaughlin, The Neurotic's Notebook, 1960 God's will is not an itinerary but an attitude. ~Andrew Dhuse I cannot go so far that God will not go with me. I started on my desolate way, and I found that God had strapped on his knapsack, and taken up his staff. ~Muriel Strode Lieberman (1875–1964), My Little Book of Life, 1912 Let God's promises shine on your problems. ~Corrie Ten Boom How can I believe in God when just last week I got my tongue caught in the roller of an electric typewriter? ~Woody Allen I just hope God does not get bored of dreaming me. ~Author Unknown By night, an atheist half believes in God. ~Edward Young, Night Thoughts Experience has repeatedly confirmed that well-known maxim of Bacon's that "a little philosophy inclineth a man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion." At the same time, when Bacon penned that sage epigram... he forgot to add that the God to whom depth in philosophy brings back men's minds is far from being the same from whom a little philosophy estranges them. ~George Santayana When I saw others straining toward God, I did not understand it, for though I may have had him less than they did, there was no one blocking the way between him and me, and I could reach his heart easily. It is up to him, after all, to have us, our part consists of almost solely in letting him grasp us. ~Rainer Maria Rilke God's gifts put man's best dreams to shame. ~Elizabeth Barrett Browning I know God will not give me anything I can't handle. I just wish that He didn't trust me so much. ~Mother Teresa In many areas of understanding, none so much as in our understanding of God, we bump up against a simplicity so profound that we must assign complexities to it to comprehend it at all. It is mindful of how we paste decals to a sliding glass door to keep from bumping our nose against it. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com I will let God flow unimpeded through me. Unimpeded through me! A channel choked with a lifetime of debris, of wrecked and broken years, tangled hours and intentions. Not room for God, not room for me! ~Muriel Strode Lieberman (1875–1964), "A Soul's Faring: XI," A Soul's Faring, 1921 I simply haven't the nerve to imagine a being, a force, a cause which keeps the planets revolving in their orbits, and then suddenly stops in order to give me a bicycle with three speeds. ~Quentin Crisp Prayer is when you talk to God; meditation is when you listen to God. ~Diana Robinson Weave in faith and God will find the thread. ~Author Unknown They say that God is everywhere, and yet we always think of Him as somewhat of a recluse. ~Emily Dickinson If you don't know what's meant by God, watch a forsythia branch or a lettuce leaf sprout. ~Martin H. Fischer (1879–1962) God: a disease we imagine we are cured of because no one dies of it nowadays. ~E.M. Cioran, The Trouble with Being Born, 1973 It is easy to understand God as long as you don't try to explain him. ~Joseph Joubert We look into the reverse end of the kaleidoscope of human events and see, mostly, confusion and discord; while God beholds harmony from the divine end. ~James Lendall Basford (1845–1915), Seven Seventy Seven Sensations, 1897 Some of God's greatest gifts are unanswered prayers. ~Pat Alger, Larry Bastian, and Garth Brooks, "Unanswered Prayers" Do you believe in God? Perhaps you aren't old enough. The reason old people believe in God is because they've given up believing in anything else, and one can't exist without faith in something.... God is a sort of burglar. As a young man you knock him down; as an old man, you try to conciliate him because he may knock you down. Moral: don't grow old. ~Herbert Beerbohm Tree, as quoted by Hesketh Pearson ("Sir Herbert Tree," Modern Men and Mummers) Chance is perhaps the pseudonym of God when he did not want to sign. ~Anatole France, Le jardin d'Epicure How idle it is to call certain things God-sends! as if there was anything else in the world. ~Augustus William Hare and Julius Charles Hare, Guesses at Truth, by Two Brothers, 1827 God enters by a private door into each individual. ~Ralph Waldo Emerson God is not what you imagine or what you think you understand. If you understand you have failed. ~Saint Augustine God's promises are like the stars; the darker the night the brighter they shine. ~David Nicholas In nature we see where God has been. In our fellow man, we see where He is still at work. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com Could we with ink the ocean fill, Were every stalk on earth a quill, And were the skies of parchment made, And every man a scribe by trade, To tell the love of God alone Would drain the ocean dry; Nor could the scroll contain the whole, Though stretched from sky to sky. ~Author unknown, quoted in "Fly-leaf Inscriptions," The Honey Jar: A Receptacle for Literary Preserves, 1900 May 15th "What do you think of God," the teacher asked. After a pause, the young pupil replied, "He's not a think, he's a feel." ~Paul Frost I feel most ministers who claim they've heard God's voice are eating too much pizza before they go to bed at night, and it's really an intestinal disorder, not a revelation. ~Jerry Falwell God is an unutterable sigh, planted in the depths of the soul. ~Jean Paul Richter All are but parts of one stupendous Whole: Whose Body Nature is, and God the Soul. ~Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man Perhaps history is a thing that would stop happening if God held His breath, or could be imagined as turning away to think of something else. ~Herbert Butterfield, Christianity and History Apart from God every activity is merely a passing whiff of insignificance. ~Alfred North Whitehead God is the perfect poet. ~Robert Browning The universe is just God, struggling to create Himself. ~Dr. Idel Dreimer, www.lumpenbangenpiano.com Remember this. When people choose to withdraw far from a fire, the fire continues to give warmth, but they grow cold. When people choose to withdraw far from light, the light continues to be bright in itself but they are in darkness. This is also the case when people withdraw from God. ~Augustine Why attack God? He may be as miserable as we are. ~Erik Satie The beckoning Hands Will, without fail, one day greet The fruitful cries ~Sri Chinmoy, Ten Thousand Flower-Flames Are you wrinkled with burden? Come to God for a faith lift. ~Author Unknown We need not join the mad rush to purchase an earthly fallout shelter. God is our eternal fallout shelter. ~Martin Luther King, Jr., Strength to Love, 1963 Every day people are straying away from the church and going back to God. Really. ~Lenny Bruce, "Religions Inc." Were there no God, we would be in this glorious world with grateful hearts and no one to thank. ~Christina Rossetti Life is God's novel. Let him write it. ~Isaac Bashevis Singer You are not obliged to put on evening clothes to meet God. ~Austin O'Malley When you knock, ask to see God — none of the servants. ~Henry David Thoreau Your mind works very simply: you are either trying to find out what are God's laws in order to follow them; or you are trying to outsmart Him. ~Martin H. Fischer (1879–1962) Those who believe that they believe in God, but without passion in their hearts, without anguish in mind, without uncertainty, without doubt, without an element of despair even in their consolation, believe in the God idea, not God himself. ~Miguel de Unamuno Most people wish to serve God — but only in an advisory capacity. ~Author Unknown Some stand on tiptoe trying to reach God to talk — you try too hard, friend — drop to your knees and listen, he'll hear you better that way. ~Terri Guillemets Today, I wandered through the fields       Where buttercups and daisies grew;       My Spirit loved ones went with me,       And God was there; all this I knew! I saw Him in the sunny sky       And in the flowers at my feet;       I heard His voice in songs of birds       Upon the wing, so pure and sweet! ~Gertrude T. Buckingham, "One Happy, Joyous Hour" The self-appointed spokesmen for God incline to shout; He, Himself, speaks only in whispers. ~Martin H. Fischer (1879–1962) To put one's trust in God is only a longer way of saying that one will chance it. ~Samuel Butler, Note-Books So long as God reveals Himself, or doesn't, He is behaving like God. ~Mignon McLaughlin, The Neurotic's Notebook, 1960 There is a God-shaped vacuum in every heart. ~Blaise Pascal Don't look for God where He is needed most; if you didn't bring Him there, He isn't there. ~Mignon McLaughlin, The Second Neurotic's Notebook, 1966 God waits to win back his own flowers as gifts from man's hands. ~Rabindranath Tagore, Stray Birds, 1916 God can never be a definition. He is more than even the entirety of the dictionary. ~Terri Guillemets That which is stolen from God on Sunday is given to the devil on Monday. ~James Lendall Basford (1845–1915), Seven Seventy Seven Sensations, 1897 And I call to mankind, Be not curious about God, For I, who am curious about each, am not curious about God, No array of terms can say how much I am at peace about God, and about death. I hear and behold God in every object, yet understand God not in the least... ~Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass Why should I wish to see God better than this day? I see something of God each hour of the twenty-four, and each moment then, In the faces of men and women I see God, and in my own face in the glass, I find letters from God dropped in the street — and every one is signed by God's name And I leave them where they are, for I know that others will punctually come forever and ever. ~Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass I don't believe you really know God if you do not recognize His sense of humor. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com Every happening, great and small, is a parable whereby God speaks to us, and the art of life is to get the message. ~Malcolm Muggeridge After all, is our idea of God anything more than personified incomprehensibility? ~Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742–1799), translated by Norman Alliston, 1908 Whenever I see sunbeams coming through clouds, it always looks to me like God shining himself down onto us.... The sun is always there even though we can't always see it. Same with God. ~Terri Guillemets We always keep God waiting while we admit more importunate suitors. ~Malcolm de Chazal The sun does not shine for a few trees, and flowers, but for the wide world's joy. The lonely pine on the mountain-top waves its sombre boughs and cries, 'Thou art my sun.' And the little meadow violet lifts its cup of blue, and whispers with its perfumed breath, 'Thou art my sun.' And the grain in a thousand fields rustles in the wind, and makes answer, 'Thou art my sun.' So God sits effulgent in heaven, not for a favored few, but for the universe of life; and there is no creature so poor or so low that he may not look up with childish confidence and say, 'My Father, Thou art mine.' ~Henry Ward Beecher Been taken for granted? Imagine how God feels. ~Author Unknown Don't look for God in the sky; look within your own body. ~Osho I could believe only in a God who would know how to dance. ~Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), "Of Reading and Writing," Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book for All and None, translated from the German by Alexander Tille, 1896 'T is heaven alone that is given away, 'T is only God may be had for the asking... ~James Russell Lowell, The Vision of Sir Launfal The earth is not Beauty, Love, Divinity itself; it is but the shadow of God. ~Daniel J. MacDonald, 1912, paraphrasing Percy Bysshe Shelley The finite is the shadow of God. ~Plotinus Beauty is the shadow of God... ~T.C. Henley, "Beauty," 1851 If Creation were a crime, would not God be the prime suspect? ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com How important the concept of God is, and how instead of valuing what has been given us, we with light hearts spurn it because of absurdities that have been attached to it. ~Leo Tolstoy No pillow so soft as God's promise. ~Author Unknown For light I go directly to the Source of light, not to any of the reflections. ~Peace Pilgrim We are Godseekers all, though some be churchgoing believers and others pilgrims to an unknown shrine. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com Whether my days are cooled with calm      or filled with fever's ardent taint, I have the same blue sky as God,      I have the same God as the saint. ~Frederic Ridgely Torrence, The House of a Hundred Lights: A Psalm of Experience After Reading a Couplet of Bidpai, 1899 Some people talk about finding God — as if He could get lost. ~Author Unknown Do not, Daughter, lose faith in the noble health of youth; for when God on high sends the wound, he follows with the remedy. ~La Celestina, 1499, translated from the Spanish by Margaret Sayers Peden, 2009 I prefer to think that God is not dead, just drunk. ~John Marcellus Huston For, after all, put it as we may to ourselves, we are all of us from birth to death guests at a table which we did not spread. The sun, the earth, love, friends, our very breath are parts of the banquet.... Shall we think of the day as a chance to come nearer to our Host, and to find out something of Him who has fed us so long? ~Rebecca Harding Davis We can never escape God's lovely essence. ~Terri Guillemets I talk to God but the sky is empty. ~Sylvia Plath I do not believe in God, for that implies an effort of the will — I see God everywhere! ~Jean Favre If you are bathed Then no dust of earth Will be able to cling to you. ~Sri Chinmoy, Ten Thousand Flower-Flames Is man one of God's blunders, or is God one of man's blunders? ~Friedrich Nietzsche I am man the container, with God pouring into me like a stream. ~Muriel Strode Lieberman (1875–1964), "Songs of the Strong: VI," A Soul's Faring, 1921 God and I have built an immense fire together. We keep each other happy and warm. ~Hāfez May the light of God's love shine upon you And guide you where ere you may be; Making lighter Earth's burdens and sorrows, And keep your Soul joyous and free. ~Gertrude Buckingham, 1948 I believe in God; I just don't trust anyone who works for him. ~Author Unknown I cannot imagine how the clockwork of the universe can exist without a clockmaker. ~Voltaire There is a tendency to see divine intervention in things that happen in the normal course of miracles. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com To know the disillusionments of life, and to come enchanted still. To break all its glass balls, and then to find that life did not lie in the glass balls. To have all my idols shattered, and then to find God in the earth at their base. ~Muriel Strode Lieberman (1875–1964), "A Soul's Faring: LXXXI," A Soul's Faring, 1921 All that I have seen teaches me to trust God for all I have not seen. ~Author Unknown I was six when I saw that everything was God, and my hair stood up, and all.... It was on a Sunday, I remember. My sister was a tiny child then, and she was drinking her milk, and all of a sudden I saw that she was God and the milk was God. I mean, all she was doing was pouring God into God, if you know what I mean. ~J.D. Salinger, "Teddy" I will walk with God in the garden;       I will walk with Him on the street;       I will see Him in all that's lovely;       He'll be with me when friends I greet. I'll see Him in flowers and woodland,       In the moon, the stars and the sun;       I will hear His voice in the meadows       When the work of each day is done. ~Gertrude Tooley Buckingham, "I Will Walk With God" (1940s) He who kneels before God can stand before anyone. ~Author Unknown God gave moonbeams and fragrant eventide air; hung a wall of trailing arbutus against the sky and banked long cliffs of purple shadows against the grey, gold-shot twilight; hung purple grapes in the vineyard; scattered His prodigal soul like a wedding feast over the world. ~Muriel Strode Lieberman (1875–1964), "Prayers of a Worldling: IV," A Soul's Faring, 1921  [a little altered —tεᖇᖇ¡·g] Outer fire we need to cook. Inner fire we need to liberate. God's Fire we need to love. ~Sri Chinmoy Peace on the outside comes from knowing God on the inside. ~Author Unknown God often visits us, but most of the time we are not at home. ~Joseph Roux, Meditations of a Parish Priest, translated from French by Isabel F. Hapgood God is with you always. Simply turn your face to Him. ~Kirpal Singh Hunting God is a great adventure. ~Marie DeFloris My theology, briefly, is that the universe was dictated but not signed. ~Christopher Morley Here is God's purpose — for God, to me it seems, is a verb — proper or improper... ~R. Buckminster Fuller There can be no doubt that in some respects we were surpassed in wisdom by devout men who lived when a small district, sparsely inhabited, seemed to be a world. They knew less of the machinery of the universe than we know, but they saw more clearly its motive power; and the love, the trust, the adoration which they displayed far surpassed in dignity the self-glorification of the modern scientist, who after a short life-time of learning and investigation, stands on his little ant-hill of knowledge, and looking round him exclaims, "I know the world, and I can see no God in it." ~Alfred Rowland, "The Clouds: God's Angels of the Sea," in The Sunday Magazine (London), 1884  [Fully cited author name: The Rev. Alfred Rowland, LL.B., B.A. American Rev. Edward G. Porter said of him in 1899, "Much of the wheat of England was sifted to make New England, but not all of it. Very much remained in the homeland. We have had in this Council many gentlemen who represent what that faith is in England and Scotland and Wales to‑day. We are glad to have with us as the representative of the sentiment, 'The Pilgrim who Stayed in Old England,' Rev. Alfred Rowland, of London." —tεᖇᖇ¡·g] God is a circle whose centre is everywhere and circumference nowhere. ~Timaeus of Locri Some people always sigh in thanking God. ~Elizabeth Barrett Browning God, that dumping ground of our dreams. ~Jean Rostand, Carnet D'un Biologiste If there is no God, who pops up the next Kleenex? ~Art Hoppe Operationally, God is beginning to resemble not a ruler but the last fading smile of a cosmic Cheshire cat. ~Julian Huxley God — the John Doe of philosophy and religion. ~Elbert Hubbard When we lose God, it is not God who is lost. ~Author Unknown Life is a tapestry: We are the warp; angels, the weft; God, the weaver. Only the Weaver sees the whole design. ~Quoted in The Angels' Little Instruction Book by Eileen Elias Freeman, 1994 [T]hose who've never rebelled against God or at some point in their lives shaken their fists in the face of heaven, have never encountered God at all. ~Catherine Marshall, Christy, 1967 (Miss Alice to Christy) If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. ~Voltaire I wear a coat of angels' breath and warm myself with His love. ~Terri Guillemets I had a million questions to ask God: but when I met Him, they all fled my mind; and it didn't seem to matter. But even Abraham Lincoln returned from Gettysburg murmuring that he had forgotten the things he Really Wanted to Say. ~Christopher Morley, Inward Ho!, 1923 Don't question God, for He may reply: "If you're so anxious for answers, come up here." ~Author Unknown I would rather walk with God in the dark than go alone in the light. ~Mary Gardiner Brainard God is a child who amuses himself, passes from laughter to tears without reason, and every day invents the world for the torment of the abstractors of its quintessence, the pedants, and the preachers who pretend to teach him his trade of creator. ~Élie Faure (1873-1937), Histoire de l'art: L'Esprit des formes, 1927, translated from French by Walter Pach (History of Art: The Spirit of the Forms) This is Daddy's bedtime secret for to-day: Man is born broken. He lives by mending. The grace of God is glue! ~Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), The Great God Brown, 1926 Peace is not the absence of affliction, but the presence of God. ~Author Unknown If you are not as close to God as you used to be, who moved? ~Author Unknown I have never understood why it should be considered derogatory to the Creator to suppose that he has a sense of humour. ~William Ralph Inge (1860-1954) When we put our cares in His hands, He puts His peace in our hearts. ~Author Unknown If you want to find God, hang out in the space between your thoughts. ~Alan Cohen Before me, even as behind, God is, and all is well. ~John Greenleaf Whittier What is it that we all believe in that we cannot see or hear or feel or taste or smell — this invisible thing that heals all sorrows, reveals all lies and renews all hope? What is it that has always been and always will be, from whose bosom we all came and to which we will all return? Most call it Time. A few realize that it is God. ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com Be God or let God. ~Author Unknown I could not say I believe. I know! I have had the experience of being gripped by something that is stronger than myself, something that people call God. ~Carl Jung We strive to be God's worthy audience. ~Terri Guillemets [F*@%] all the people who say, "God bless," and then don't bother to complete the sentence. Who they are, I haven't the slightest. But, if I were God, I would not honor such a request. ~George Carlin God left so many fingerprints at the scene of Creation that you wonder — does He want to be found, or does He want to be stopped? ~Robert Brault, rbrault.blogspot.com By the grace of pataphysics, two telepathic letters from the Doctor to Lord Kelvin, and some geometrical equations, we are instructed that the exception is more reliable than the rule, imagination more accurate than fact, poetry more authentic than life, that Man is God, and God is the Tangential Point Between Zero and Infinity. ~Alfred Jarry (1873-1907), Gestes et opinions du docteur Faustroll, pataphysicien, translated from French (Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician), published posthumously, 1911 Every morning I spend fifteen minutes filling my mind full of God; and so there's no room left for worry thoughts. ~Howard Chandler Christy I believe in the sun even if it isn't shining. I believe in love even when I am alone. I believe in God even when He is silent. ~Author Unknown Darkness cannot put out the Light. It can only make God brighter. ~Author Unknown No God, no peace. Know God, know peace. ~Author Unknown You ask: what is the meaning or purpose of life? I can only answer with another question: do you think we are wise enough to read God's mind? ~Freeman Dyson, quoted in The Meaning of Life, compiled by Hugh S. Moorhead
i don't know
Built by Rama 1st. Which capital city is home to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha?
World Wondering: 11. Wonder: The Temple of the Emerald Buddha 11. Wonder: The Temple of the Emerald Buddha (For the Temple of the Emerald Buddha preview, please click here .) When the Siamese capital city of Ayutthaya fell in 1767, it seemed like that might be it for Thai civilisation. The Burmese came in, utterly destroyed the city, burned the libraries and literature, stole all the gold, took loads of slaves, and left the Thai world in a smouldering ruin. Ayutthaya was finished, the king was dead (starved in hiding or shot by the Burmese, depending on accounts), and a golden age was over. But it wasn't game over. The Burmese had other problems, namely the Chinese, and couldn't waste their energy trying to control the mess of the fallen Thai nation; indeed, it's been suggested that if Ayutthaya could have just held on for a little longer, it would never have fallen. A couple of years after Ayutthaya's collapse, an military leader called Phraya Taksin declared himself king in the absence of any other ruling power. He set up shop in his new capital, just across the river from Bangkok, and who knows what could have been if soon after he hadn't started to go a bit mental, and start believing he was the new Buddha. His ministers were not so sure, and had him executed after just a year in charge. One of Taksin's old generals then took charge, wisely not declaring himself the new Buddha. He shifted the capital across the river, to what we now know as Bangkok. What does every king need? A palace, of course. And a Grand Palace is even better. From 1782 to 1785, the first edition of the Grand Palace sitting at the heart of Bangkok was built. The general was posthumously named King Rama I, and was the first of the still-running Chakri dynasty still idolised today in Thailand (slag off the king and you can expect years in prison here). Rama I's Grand Palace was built in the same style as the old royal palace of Ayutthaya, and like it was positioned on the riverbank, facing north. He wanted to recreate the glory of Ayutthaya, to the point of plundering bricks and materials from the ruined city to the north to build his new vision. Forts, gates, royal residences, palace walls all quickly went up. Just one more little thing needed - a temple. Ever since the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 13th Century, there had been a tradition of having a Buddhist temple as part of the royal palace; indeed, it was necessary to legitimise his reign. For this, a relic or sacred item would be required as the focal point, and Rama I had the perfect thing: the mysterious, the precious, the sacred Emerald Buddha. A few years earlier, when still just a general serving under Taksin, Rama I had enjoyed a short excursion up north, in Laos. After a little bit of warring, he recovered or stole, depending on interpretation, the Emerald Buddha from the Lao capital, Vientiane. He gave it to Taksin, though Taksin didn't do much with it, but upon Rama I taking power and shifting his base to Bangkok and the Grand Palace, it became his symbol of a new Thailand. As the Grand Palace went up, the various buildings of the temple also went up, including the chapel that houses the Emerald Buddha. Since their construction in 1785, they have never been allowed to fall into disrepair, and ongoing maintenance goes on till this day. The Grand Palace itself takes up a pretty large and squarish area. It's a couple of kilometres in circumference, and 218,400 square metres in area - to put that in more manageable terms, it would take about half an hour to walk round the outside, and is a little bit bigger than Buckingham Palace and its gardens. The buildings that comprise the Temple of the Emerald Buddha rest in a walled-off section at the north-east corner of the palace grounds, taking up about 10% of the total area. In the temple area there are a number of buildings, statues, and stupas, but I would regard there as being four main buildings. Of these, the ubosoth is the largest and most significant. The ubosoth may also be called the chapel, or the royal monastery. This is where the Emerald Buddha sits, high up on a pedestal, in a seated meditation pose. Around him is a hugely ostentatious collection of gold and statues and colours, most prominently two large golden Buddha statues of about three metres either side of the Emerald Buddha, cast in 1841 by King Rama I's grandson, Rama III. The chapel walls - which are one metre thick - are decorated with an abundance of colours and gold, telling tales from Buddha's life. The entire interior is immaculate, and despite the colours and gold is not remotely gaudy, instead being in good taste. You're not allowed to take photos inside, but here's a picture of me standing by the window. The huge numbers of tourists that push their way around the outside of the chapel entrance, and that cluster in the small area inside, behind those who are kneeled and praying, betray the fact that this attraction is still the fully-functioning private chapel of King Rama IX. The temple's primary function remains that of the personal place of prayer for the king, as it was designed when first built in 1785. That's why it's part of the Grand Palace - the king didn't have to travel far to make his prayers. Despite being a royal monastery, no monks actually stay there. Our guide, for my second visit to the site, explained this was for practical reasons - the king originally had many wives, and he couldn't trust a bunch of sexually repressed men around them. Why build the Emerald Buddha's chapel as a monastery then, when no monks would be living there? Tradition is the simple answer. In order to fulfil the requirements of Buddhist temple architecture, a monastery is required, with all the trimmings (such as a belfry to sound the times for ceremonies and prayers), despite no monks being around to use it. Monks still visit, of course, but I'm sure the likes of King Rama V - who had around 150 wives, consorts and concubines (some of which were his half-sisters), fathering 77 children with them - kept a pretty close eye on what they were up to. From the outside, the chapel impresses. The architectural style is hardly unique - although it's formally called Rattanakosin ("Old Bangkok") style, the similarity with buildings all around the region are clear to see. The Royal Palace in Phnom Penh (which has its own Temple of the Emerald Buddha) for one has similarities. The Khmer-style inspiration is evident. Nonetheless, the chapel, to my eyes, is the best example of the style of architecture I've seen, and the building and surrounding temple are justly famous. It's simply exquisite. It's large first of all, perhaps a little smaller than the Parthenon in Greece so not in the realms of gigantic, but still large enough to dominate the temple area. But the chapel goes beyond mere size, it's the perfect symmetry and attention to detail, and the sheer finery that impress. As with the interior, chucking so much gold on a building would usually run the risk of making it kitsch and gaudy, but this isn't the case with the chapel. Somehow, it has a subtlety. It looks opulent and right side of extravagant, and is an engrossing sight to simply behold in one view, or fascinating to walk around and admire the many details. Most admirable, or at least most notable, of these details are the hundred or so bronze garudas that surround the base of the chapel, as though holding it. These mythical (in Hinduism and Buddhism) bird-like creatures protect the chapel from evil, and each holds a naga, a serpentine creature representing evil. Poor snakes can't cut a break in any religion it seems: they of course are responsible for the fall of man in the Old Testament (though women and apples also had a say). So I like the chapel a lot. But although the chief building of the temple complex, it is not my sole focus. It is merely the most notable part of an ensemble piece. Three other significant buildings that make up the temple are situated on a terrace just next to the chapel, and therefore are raised a little above it, and this trio together are perhaps more a more recognised image of the temple than the chapel itself.   The tallest of these is the Phra Si Ratana Chedi, the golden pagoda. Enshrining a hair of Buddha, it was a later addition to the temple, being built in 1855 under Rama IV, and was in imitation of the three stupas that made up Wat Phra Si Sanphet, my favourite temple in Ayutthaya . Like these, originally it was white, but Rama IV's son, Rama V, changed it to gold after studying in Europe. He was inspired by mosaics in Italy, so at his command the pagoda was covered in gold mosaic tiles imported from Italy. The mosaic style differentiates it from the usual gold pagoda, but otherwise it's to a pretty standard design. It's not open to the public - only the king is allowed to enter Next to the golden pagoda is the Mondop, or the library. This dates back almost to the beginning of the temple, and was originally built from teak wood. Unfortunately, in 1788, when Rama I transferred the sacred text of the Tripitaka to his new library, he had a big celebration, and sparks from the firework burnt the library down. Oops. However, the Tripitaka was saved, and a new library built the following year, with a more cautious fireworks display. We see this version today. Like the golden pagoda, only the king is allowed to go in. The third major building, and the second largest building in the temple, is the Royal Pantheon. Another later addition by Rama IV, this was started in 1856 but wasn't finished until after Rama IV's death. It was initially designed as the new home for the Emerald Buddha, as Rama IV thought the chapel was too low, or lower than the Tripitaka housed in the library (which being on the terrace was at a higher elevation) at any rate. The Tripitaka, in one form, is the Buddhist law, and Buddha is supposed to be above the law, and so Rama IV wanted this to literally be the case as well as symbolically. But rather stupidly, it was built much smaller than the chapel, and so was too small for royal ceremony. When Rama V took over, he took a look at it and said "no." So they put a bunch of other statues in instead, and it doesn't really do very much. Depending on who you speak to, it's open to the public between one and seven times a year. These are all the chief buildings of the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, and the buildings that have the largest gatherings of tourists and tour groups congregating around, but there are plenty others. Notably, also on the terrace, is a large scale model of Angkor Wat. It's a funny experience, visiting one Wonder to find a small replica of a different Wonder inside it. It's another Rama IV creation. During his reign, Angkor was in Thai territory, and Rama IV was an admirer of Khmer architecture. He originally wanted to move an entire Angkor temple to Bangkok as he thought people would find it interesting, but as you might imagine this was a slightly unworkable idea. So he made a replica of Angkor Wat instead. I'm all for this and would be delighted to discover a miniature, say, Colosseum inside the Tower of Pisa, or miniature Easter Island statues in Machu Picchu. The entire effect of the buildings and statues, not to mention the finely-done and vivid painting from Hindu mythology that run along the gallery walls that surround the temple, is one of surprisingly tasteful ostentation. I've outlined my admiration for the main chapel already, and this extends to the entire complex. The chapel is certainly the best building there, but its enhanced by its surroundings. It's glitz, it's bright, it's shiny, but it's charming and elegant. Fit for a king. I made two visits to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, and unfortunately I don't feel either did the place justice. For the first time in my Wonder quest, I feel I need to visit a Wonder again. I don't think it will much affect my final assessment of it, but I also don't think I was able to fully soak it in. There's a lot to see and admire, and on neither occasion did I fully manage that. My first visit was alone, as Burness was tired and visited the temple many years ago on a separate holiday. It was the middle of the day, the sun was hot, the tourists were absolutely everywhere, and I realised I was horribly hungover. I walked around and enjoyed what I saw, but my head was pounding and I didn't spend too much time there. On my second visit, this time with Burness, we got a guide to show us around, a Thai guy apparently called "Jeff". Jeff spoke excellent English, and gave an excellent account of the temple, and really helped me appreciate the different buildings and their meaning. My only criticism was the sheer pace of the tour, which 45 minutes later was over. This wouldn't have been a big problem, but the finishing point of the tour was outside the temple - and I would have had to pay another 400 Baht (£8) to get back in! And so I fully intended, on my final morning in Bangkok, the day after returning from Ayutthaya, to get up early, arrive at the entrance at the 8.30am opening time, and take the audio tour, hopefully in a slightly less tourist-jammed temple. I would have time to enjoy my surroundings and let them sink in. Alas, the night before dictated otherwise, and I only got back to the hotel at 6am, after a night of Thai boxing, getting stopped by police and witnessing a forced £1000 bribe for drug possession, and throwing ping-pong balls at go-go dancers. There was no way I was able to visit the Temple of the Emerald Buddha at 8.30am that morning. Regretfully then, I don't think I'll fully got to grips with this Wonder, but at the same time, I feel my assessment now is probably close to what my ultimate assessment would be. And that is: I like it a lot. It's just... well, beautiful. Even the throngs of tourists and my pounding hangover didn't distract from this. It's all just so elegant, so detailed, so masterfully done. A masterpiece of architecture, it is fair to say. At the heart of Bangkok, at the heart of Thailand, this is deservedly the country's premier temple and spiritual heart. Some criteria then. Size: It's a collection of buildings rather than one single giant buildings, and none of them are huge. Big, but not huge. Engineering: Well built, but to tried and tested techniques, and the fact they were all built in the space of a few years shows that the construction was straightforward. Artistry: Architectural masterpieces. The beauty of the Temple of Emerald Buddha, especially the chapel that houses the Emerald Buddha, is the highlight. The balance between extravagance and good taste is perfect. Age/Durability: Around two hundreds years old mostly, the buildings are kept in immaculate condition by the nation, and as long as there is a Thai nation these buildings will exist. However, they have burnt down before, and without continual maintenance I don't think they would survive the aeons and shifts of time. Fame/Iconicity: The soul of Thailand, and perhaps Bangkok's chief tourist attraction. Outside of south-east Asia though, they are not widely recognised. Anyone who has been to Thailand will know about it; anyone who hasn't probably won't. Context: Part of the Grand Palace, which is as grand as the name suggests. Despite being in the middle of Bangkok, the high walls around the complex shut out the chaos of the city, so that walking around the temple feels removed from what's going outside the walls. Back Story: The Emerald Buddha has an elaborate mythical back story going back a couple of thousand years, and is the icon of Thailand. The story of its temple is pretty much the story of the birth of modern Bangkok and Thailand. Originality: Although an outstanding piece of Khmer-inspired architecture, the style is not hugely original. I liked the Temple of the Emerald Buddha a lot, much more than I had expected to. It's a worthy spiritual icon for Thailand, and is certainly Thailand's Wonder. But as a World Wonder? No, I don't think so. Its impact is through beauty, not size, and although the impact of size is not the be-all and end-all of Wonders, it doesn't have the originality, the engineering marvel, or the sense of timelessness to further distinguish it (as the Sydney Opera House does, you could argue). Still, despite the crowds of tourists, I found it a pleasure. The temple buildings are among the most masterly and finely-decorated I have visited, and I would rate it a firm mid-table position for all the Wonders I've so far visited, nudging a little ahead of the Shwedagon Pagoda. The Seven Wonders of the World So Far 1. Angkor Wat
Bangkok
What is the clarified butter commonly used in Indian cuisine?
7 best Bangkok temples | CNN Travel 7 best Bangkok temples 7 best Bangkok temples Some appear on coins, others contain priceless Buddha images. A look at the city's most wonderful wats By CNNGo staff 20 September, 2011 Given Thailand is 95 percent Buddhist, there are of course hundreds of Bangkok temples -- known in Thai as "wats." Some are small, located far down tiny sois and well out of the way of  tourist traffic. Others are part of massive complexes filled with halls, schools and revered statues, earning them a place in all the Bangkok guidebooks.  Here are seven of the best Bangkok temples, a list compiled based on both historical significance and pure aesthetics. Remember to dress appropriately -- keep those legs and shoulders covered -- or you may not be allowed in.  1. Wat Arun Wat Arun's phra prang are covered in tiny pieces of Chinese ceramics. You know a Bangkok temple is special if its image is on Thai currency, in this case the 10-baht coin. Among Bangkok’s most revered icons, Wat Arun –- the Temple of Dawn -- sits on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. Construction of the stunning "phra prang" (towers), which are covered in tiny pieces of colorful Chinese ceramics, was started by King Rama II (1809-1824) and completed by King Rama III (1824-1851).  Though Wat Arun's phra prang are the biggest attraction, they are actually only a small part of the complex, which also hosts lovely white buildings, shrines, ponds and tiny lanes.  From a snapper's point of view, the best place to get a shot of Wat Arun is actually from the other side of the river, particularly at sunset. The restaurant at Arun Residence has great views and good food.  34 Arun Amarin Road, Kwang Wat Arun, Khet Bangkok Yai. To get there by boat, take a cross-river ferry at Tha Tien Pier. Open daily, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. www.watarun.org .  2. Wat Phra Kaew Be sure to buy a postcard of Wat Phra Kaew's Emerald Buddha, as visitors aren't allowed to take photos inside the temple. Tourists are likely more familiar with Wat Phra Kaew's home, the grounds of the legendary Grand Palace . Wat Phra Kaew -- Temple of the Emerald Buddha -- enshrines one of Thailand's most revered Buddha statues, which was carved out of a single block of jade. This Buddha image is certainly well travelled. According to Thailand's official palace website, it was first discovered in Chiang Rai in 1464, brought down to Lampang where it remained till King Tilok of Lannathai brought it to Chiang Mai, his capital. Then it was brought to Luang Prabang, Laos, before heading to Vientiane.  Then, the King of Thonburi sent an expedition to bring it back. When King Rama I built the city of Bangkok, including the Grand Palace, the Emerald Buddha was installed in the chapel, where it remains today.   Also worth checking out in this Bangkok temple are the murals, which depict the traditional life-story of the Buddha, proverbs and episodes from the Ramakien -- the Thai version of the Ramayana.  Located inside the Grand Palace, Na Phra Lan Road. Open daily, 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m.  +66 (0)2 623 5500 Ext. 1124, 3100. 3. Wat Pho It's a challenge to fit all 26 meters of Wat Pho's Reclining Buddha into a single photograph. Right next door to the Grand Palace, Wat Pho is home to Thailand's biggest reclining Buddha statue. The soles of the 46-meter-long statue's feet are inlaid with mother-of-pearl, depicting the 108 auspicious signs of the Buddha, while the statue itself is covered in gold leaf. According to the Thai history books, after moving to the Grand Palace, King Rama I recognized the old temple as a site of religious significance and ordered his noblemen to restore it in 1788. This first restoration took seven years, five months and 28 days. During the reign of King Rama III another great restoration/expansion period took place, which took 16 years and seven months.  Wat Pho is also home to a highly respected massage school, where Thai masseurs have been training since 1955. Visitors can drop in for a full traditional Thai massage or enroll in short or long-term courses.  Wat Pho  is located on Sanam Chai Road and Maharaj Road, next to the Grand Palace. Open daily, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. +66 (0)2 225 9595.  4. Wat Benchamabophitr The marble on Bangkok's Wat Benchamabophitr was imported from Carrara, Italy. Also known in English as "the Marble Temple," the beautiful Wat Benchamabophitr is a royal monastery highly revered as a Thai architectural masterpiece.  Its main ordination hall was built with Italian marble and features European neo-classical influences.  Located in Bangkok's leafy green Dusit district near Chitralada Palace, it was founded by King Rama V in the year 1900. His ashes are buried inside the ordination hall under a Sukhothai-style Buddha statue.  If it looks familiar to you already, that's because its image is on Thailand's five-baht coin. 69 Nakornpathom Road, Dusit. Open daily, 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 5. Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit is the home of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. Try saying that 10 times. Wat Mahathat Yuwarajarangsarit might not be one of the most beautiful Bangkok temples, but it's certainly one of the most religiously significant. One of six royal wats, it was built during the Ayutthaya period. When Bangkok became the capital it was used as a temple for royal ceremonies due to its key location near the freshly built Grand Palace. Today it's home to Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University -- which was founded in 1887, making it Thailand's oldest higher education institute for Buddhist monks -- and the Vipassana Meditation headquarters. Visitors can drop by for classes.  Also worth checking out nearby are the amulet market  and the National Museum.  Open daily, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Phra That Road, next to the Grand Palace.  6. Wat Saket If the hike to the top of Bangkok's Golden Mount doesn't slay you, the killer city views surely will. Wat Saket is another one of those Bangkok temples that draws visitors to its grounds for its unique landmarks rather than the temple itself. In this case the main draw is the "Golden Mount," a man-made hill topped with a towering chedi that offers incredible views across Bangkok. The temple, which really isn't that remarkable, dates back to the Ayutthaya era but was restored under King Rama I. The Golden Mount 's hill was constructed under King Rama III but it was Rama IV who put up the golden chedi. Rama V added the chedi that's still there today. Inside is a revered Buddha image that was given to him by the British.  The walk to the top can be brutal on a hot day so bring water. If you can handle crowds, the temple puts on a great Loy Kratong fair every November.  Ratchadamnoen Klang Road and Boripihat Road. Open daily, 9 a.m.-5p.m. 7. Wat Traimit This golden Buddha, in Bangkok's Wat Traimit, is worth millions of dollars. Another reason why you shouldn't judge a Bangkok temple by its exterior, Wat Traimit is actually home to one of world's largest solid gold Buddha statues.  Remarkably, the image sat ignored for centuries until workmen dropped what they thought was just a five-ton, 13th century image of Buddha in the 1950s, cracking the plaster to reveal the solid gold statue underneath. Apparently, it was covered to fool invading Burmese back in the day.  Outside temple on the right is giant red Royal Jubilee Gate -- in Thai called "Chalermphrakiat" -- built in 1999 to symbolize the prosperity of Thai and Chinese cultures under His Majesty the King.  661 Tri Mit Road, Talat Noi, Samphanthawong, near the Hualumphong Train Station. Open daily, 9 a.m.-5 p.m.+66 (0)2 509 9091 Do you have a favorite Bangkok temple that isn't on this list? Tell us about it in the comments section below. Tags: 
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Which famous writer lived at Gads Hill in Kent?
Not a Bleak House: Last home of Charles Dickens opens to the public for the first time | Daily Mail Online Not a Bleak House: Last home of Charles Dickens opens to the public for the first time Last home to become temporary exhibition site while Charles Dickens Museum in London closes for £3.4m revamp Dickens' writing desk to be returned to the study where he crafted some of his classic tales comments For decades Charles Dickens' fans had to be satisfied with a fleeting glimpse through a window at the home where the author penned some of his best-loved works. But now Gad's Hill Place in Higham, Kent - home of Dickens' family from 1858 until his death in one of the rooms in 1870 - is about to open its doors to the public for the first time. His writing desk will be returned to the very study where Dickens wrote Great Expectations, Our Mutual Friend, A Tale of Two Cities and the unfinished novel Edwin Drood. Opening: Visitors will be able to wander the rooms of historic Gad's Hill Place, in Higham, Kent, were Dickens penned some of his best-loved works from 1857 until his death in 1870 Workplace: This is the only photograph of the study at Gad's Hill Place, seen as it was left by the author During the summer, to celebrate the bicentenary of his birth, the Charles Dickens Museum will open the ground floor of the house. The museum intends to return many of the writer’s personal possessions temporarily to their former home; the first time that they have been there since the house and its contents were sold in 1870.   Charles Dickens Museum director Dr Florian Schweizer said: 'The opening of Gad’s Hill Place is one of the highlight events of the Dickens bicentenary year and will make our Dickens 2012 campaign even more memorable. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share 'Together with the authorities in Kent we have been working for many years on improving access to the rich and diverse Dickens heritage in Kent; his former home in Higham is a heritage treasure waiting to be discovered, and we hope that visitors will enjoy this special treat for the anniversary year. 'The Charles Dickens Museum is delighted to have the opportunity to show some of its collections at Gad’s Hill Place and bring alive a place so full of literary associations.' The historic fabric of the building, which he bought for £1,700 in 1856, is very much intact and the author’s study is still lined with the faux books, which having commissioned for another home, he installed in his new one.  Reunited: The actual desk where Dickens wrote some of his most famous works will return to his study in Gad's Hill Place in time for the opening Glimpse: Visitors will now be able to stand where Charles Dickens spent hours writing at his desk in Gad's Hill Place, penning many of his classic novels, including Great Expectations With objects from the collection at Doughty Street, the museum will be bringing these interiors back to life and the exhibition will give a flavour of the life that Dickens led there. The opening is due to coincide with this year's  £3.2million refurbishment of the Charles Dickens Museum, which is spread over  two houses in which the author lived - 48 and 49 Doughty Street, London. The Heritage Lottery Fund, which has provided £2.4million towards the project. The museum will remain open until Easter, after which there will be a continuous series of exhibitions and events in London and beyond, including Gad’s Hill Place. Gad’s Hill Place will be open from July 25 to August 19 during the afternoons from Wednesday to Sunday for pre-booked guided tours of the key reception rooms and the study. Stepping back: Visitors will be able to see the Library at Gad's Hill Place, which still has many original features including dummy books. Dickens is pictured, right, enjoying the gardens with daughters Katey and Mary Restored: Many of Dickens' belongings will be returned to his last home when it opens to the public this summer Sandra Matthews Marsh, CEO Visit Kent said: 'We are delighted that Charles Dickens Museum is coming to Kent for the summer. 'The display of his precious desk and the opportunity to visit his final home at Gad's Hill Place during the peak of summer are really significant additions to our countywide Dickens celebrations during his bicentenary. 'We have a year of special Dickens' events including, of course, our world famous Dickens Festivals in Rochester and Broadstairs and will be launching a new smartphone and android trails to celebrate Dickens' life and work in Kent. 'This exhibition will provide visitors with a unique opportunity to discover more about the great writers life and his connections to our county.' There is also an exciting programme of special evening events planned together with family and children’s activities to take place in the house and the garden surrounding it. Admission to Gad’s Hill Place will be by pre-booked ticket. Enquiries to [email protected] Inspiration: The hill-top holiday home of Charles Dickens, which sits on the sea front in Broadstairs, Kent, was the inspiration for Bleak House Dickens was famed for weaving into his works the characters and events from his every day life. The names of Bill Sikes and Scrooge may have derived from real people linked to the famous writer. The thug in Oliver Twist, the famous Christmas Carol miser and the ghost of his deceased partner have all been associated with people who worked or lived near Dickens's first London home. According to the research, a trader named William Sykes lived in the same east Marylebone street as Dickens when the writer was a teenager. Many of his homes, the bricks and mortar, also found themselves as the setting of novels. THE MANY HOMES OF CHARLES DICKENS 1812 February 7: Charles Dickens is born at 1, Mile End Terrace, Landport, Portsea, which has since become 393, Old Commercial Road, Portsmouth. The house is now the Dickens Birthplace Museum.  1817 After several intermediate moves, the Dickens family settles at 2, Ordnance Terrace, Chatham. 1822, The Dickens family moves to London when John Dickens is sent to the Marshalsea debtors' prison. Dickens, aged 12, works in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse. 1824, John Dickens was released from prison enabling Charles to return to school at the Wellington House Academy. 1837 Dickens moves to 48 Doughty Street in London, now the Charles Dickens Museum and headquarters of the Dickens Fellowship.  1839 The Dickens family move to 1, Devonshire Terrace, Regent’s Park. 1844-5 The Dickens family take up residence in Italy. 1851 Dickens family moves to Tavistock House, Bloomsbury. 1856 Dickens purchases Gad’s Hill Place, near Rochester. 1870 9 June, Charles Dickens dies at Gad’s Hill Place and is buried in Westminster Abbey. THE HOMES AND PLACES WHICH INSPIRED DICKENS' STORIES The Kent landscape and people of 19th century Kent provided rich pickings for Dickens. In particular, the clutch of towns around the River Medway including Chatham and Rochester are referenced frequently in Dickens' works. His cliff-top holiday home in Broadstairs provided inspiration for the novel Bleak House. Anyone standing on the brow of nearby Fort Pitt Hill, can see scenes from eight novels. John Knott of the Rochester and Chatham Dickens Fellowship said: 'Just where we're standing is where the duel in The Pickwick Papers took place, and if you look out to the docks you can see the hulks (prison ships) from Great Expectations.' The Medway skyline is every inch a 21st century one but with a modicum of imagination you can imagine Magwitch, from Great Expectations, making his way through the marshes. In the centre of the high street is Six Poor Travellers House, founded by a Rochester MP in 1563 to provide 'a night's lodging' for transients. It became the inspiration for Dickens' Seven Poor Travellers and remains perfectly maintained.
Charles Dickens
Not often mentioned – what is Jeeves first name?
9 Stops on a Literary Tour of England and Scotland 9 Stops on a Literary Tour of England and Scotland By Ferne Arfin Updated June 15, 2016. Plan a literary tour of Britain that visits the places that shaped your favorite authors' lives and inspired their stories. It's a great to focus your trip to Britain and see more than just hitting the big tourist spots will ever show you. William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, JK Rowling, Jane Austen, and hundreds of others are part of the collective culture of the English speaking world. Their stories, in all sorts of formats - books, films, television series and even ebooks - entertain generation after generation. And seeing their birthplaces, schools, writing rooms, and final homes is always fascinating. Most of the writers on this list have stood the test of time. Their work has been interpreted and reinterpreted in films, television, even radio, over and over. We read them in school because we had to and, later, enjoyed them simply because we wanted to. To help you plan a tour that takes in at least some of your favorites, follow the links to learn more about each location or check this map of literary landmarks, for more stops on the literary trail. The Elephant House coffee shop where JK Rowling wrote most of her first Harry Potter book. City.and.Color ccl 1.  JK Rowling and Harry Potter in Edinburgh A sign in the window of the Elephant House  on George IV Bridge in Edinburgh proclaims it is Harry Potter's Birthplace. And it's true. It was in a back room here, with windows overlooking the city, that author JK Rowling spent fateful hours completing Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (called the Sorceror's Stone in the USA) the first book in the series. It's still a cafe and you can still drop in for a cappuccino and a sandwich, a pizza or a plate of sausage and mash. But better not be in a hurry as you can expect to wait in a medium sized queue of fans.  By the time she was writing the last book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling had moved on to the finer things in life. She booked one of the Grand Suites in Edinburgh's tony Balmoral Hotel. The JK Rowling Suite, now named for her, has her writing desk and a marble bust of Hermes signed by her. The doorknocker is a brass owl, in her honor. If you want to splash out, you can book it - but there's probably a waiting list.
i don't know
What is the nickname of Bertie Wooster’s friend Richard Little?
Jeeves and Wooster (Series) - TV Tropes Jeeves and Wooster You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Wooster: Why is it, do you think, Jeeves, that the thought of the "little thing" my Aunt Dahlia wants me to do for her fills me with a nameless foreboding? Jeeves: Experience, sir? A TV Series starring Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie and based on the short stories and novels of P. G. Wodehouse , Jeeves and Wooster is set sometime between the wars and focuses on Bertie Wooster, an affable but not overly bright young chap with an unfortunate tendency to get accidentally engaged to every woman he so much as looks at, while his valet (not butler), Jeeves, is the brains of the operation , suggesting the various schemes that help Bertie and his friends get out of trouble. Well sometimes. Sometimes, he gives them what they need, not what they want . The plots tend to be quite similar - a friend of Bertie's is in love but they lack the courage to propose/their family doesn't approve of the match/they've forgotten the girl's name and address, and they require Bertie to propose in their stead/pretend to be engaged to their fiancée/pose as a burglar to make them look heroic when they foil him; this will go wrong and Bertie will get unwillingly engaged to someone, or be caught stealing something, or both. At the last minute everything will turn out all right and Jeeves will explain how he solved everything. Grateful at being saved from the altar or prison (or both) once again, Bertie will give permission for Jeeves to book the cruise he's been angling for, or destroy the hat of Bertie's he dislikes; inevitably, Jeeves has already done so . Additional Pages: Episode Guide Tropes include: Abhorrent Admirer : Honoria Glossop, Florence Craye, and Madeleine Bassett. Rare examples where the primary problems are with their personalities, and not their appearances. With Honoria Glossop it is more the case of No Guy Wants an Amazon , which is a special case of Bertie who is mortally afraid of strong-willed women mainly due to bad experiences with his aunts. Accidental Dance Craze : On one occasion, when Gussie and Bertie are in the Drones Club discussing Gussie's difficulty confessing his love to Madeline Bassett, Gussie complains to Bertie that male newts have it much easier, as they profess attraction by performing a simple body-shaking movement — which he demonstrates, inspiring two nearby Drones to invent a new dance which nearly everyone in the room is doing by the time Gussie and Bertie leave. Accidental Engagement : Throughout the series, often to the same women (Honoria, Madeline, and Florence) two or three times, though in the final episode Bertie outdoes himself when he ends up accidentally engaged to two women simultaneously. Adaptation Dye-Job : During the first season, the blonde Madeline Bassett was portrayed by a brunette. Both actresses who were cast as the platinum blonde Florence Craye were also brunettes. Finally, the hair of the actress who portrayed Bobbie Wickham during the first season could hardly be described as a vivid shade of red (or any shade of red unless you squinted really hard). Aesop Amnesia : In several of the stories Bertie tries to fix things on his own, invariably making them ten times worse, and realising that the only one who can get him out of this mess is Jeeves. He often seems to have forgotten this lesson by the beginning of the next story. However, there was also at least one time when Bertie remembered the aesop, but decided to ignore it in order to prove he didn't need Jeeves. He did Affectionate Gesture to the Head : In the very first episode, Bingo does this to Oliver Glossop (the boy he's tutoring) during dinner, dismissing something the boy just said. Ambiguously Jewish : New York theater owner Blumenfeld and his son. Arson, Murder, and Jaywalking : The principles of Roderick Spode's miniature fascist movement. Introducing his manifesto to 'rebuild Britain': "Our policies are clear, our policies are just, our policies are fully laid out in my book, Whither England?, priced 3 and sixpence from all good booksellers. Reading out the 'policies' of the manifesto: "One, the right � nay the duty � of every free born Englishman to grow his own potatoes. Two, an immediate ban on the import of foreign root vegetables into the United Kingdom. And three, the compulsory scientific measurement of all adult male knees." Ash Face : Happens to Constable Oates when using some dynamite to blow open Sir Watkyn Basset's broken safe. He lights the dynamite and instead of taking cover just steps back a few feet and watches. At the Opera Tonight : In one episode, Tuppy drags his friends—Bertie included—to watch his new girlfriend's opera and quickly nod off. Even Tuppy looks desolate when Bertie informs him that there are four acts. Jeeves: Yes, madam? Ms. Rockmetteller: Then who is in that room? Jeeves: In that room, madam? The painter. The room is being redecorated, I lock him in until he's finished. He's a fine craftsman but unreliable. (turns to door) Get back you your work! You can have a drink when you finished and not before! (turns back to Ms. Rockmetteller) Would you like some tea, Ms. Rockmetteller? Ms. Rockmetteller: No! No... I was going out for a walk... yes... (turns to leave) Jeeves: Very good, madam. Good afternoon, Ms. Rockmetteller. (closes the door after her, unlocks the bedroom door) Lord Chiswick: The blasted door was locked! Jeeves: I'm so sorry, your grace. That was my doing, there were reporters present from the Daily Chronicle and I did not have the time to warn your grace. Lord Chiswick: Reporters! The devils are on my trail already! Occasionally subverted for comic effect when Jeeves DOESN'T lie even when he has suggested the subterfuge, although normally for the greater good, but still with hilarious consequences. On this occasion Bertie (at Jeeves' suggestion) attempts to cover for Wilmot's short stay in prison by telling his overbearing mother that he is in Boston note Bertie He just upped one morning and said 'Im going to Boston', and then just sort of, went to Boston. Extraordinary thing. Lady Malvern Then how do you account Mr Wooster, that when I went to Blackwells Island Prison to collect material for my book I saw poor dear Wilmot there dressed in a striped suit and walking the exercise yard with a pack of criminals ? Bertie Really ? Lady Malvern So this is how you have been looking after my poor dear boy Mr Wooster ? Wilmot Malvern enters with Jeeves looking as if nothing had happened Wilmot Mother! Good Heavens! Wilmot I've been to Buffalo. Lady Malvern looks disapproving Wilmot No, no, no... Baltimore! Lady Malvern continues to look unimpressed Wilmot Jeeves, where have I been, beginning with B ? Jeeves Prison sir? Blue and Orange Morality : Jeeves doesn't give a fig if Bertie gambles, drinks too much, or commits burglary. In fact he actively helps Bertie blackmail Roderick Spode for the return of Gussie's notebook. Although he refuses to actually tell Bertie what the secret he has discovered is, he happily equips him with the word 'Eulalie' to do with as he sees fit. But he will countenance no fiancées, mustaches, monogrammed handkerchiefs, 'American hats' or white dinner jackets. He is driven to weeping upon hearing that Bertie's friend Rocky "dresses" by throwing on a sweater over his pyjamas at 5 in the afternoon. There's also the Code of the Woosters, which means that Bertie can never do something so unchivalrous as break an engagement. He can, however, get the girl to break it off through lying to her and her family, stealing, blackmailing, and ruining other people's relationships so the girl will go back to her ex. Brawn Hilda : Honoria Glossop, who is strong of body and mind, and always makes Bertie wince whenever she proffers a friendly slap on the arm. Buffy Speak : Bertie is especially prone to this. Butt Monkey : Bertie is this to practically everyone (including his valet! Then again... ) Can Not Spit It Out : All Gussie needs to do to get the woman he loves is to confess his feelings - he already knows she feels the same way. But when it comes to the moment he loses nerve and launches into a 30-minute lecture on the care and habits of newts. Aunt Dahlia: Have you heard of Market Snodsbury Grammar School? Bertie: Never. Aunt Dahlia: It's a grammar school. In Market Snodsbury. The Cast Show Off : Laurie was fond of playing the piano and singing 1920s and '30s songs. (All of those old show tunes that seem so aloof nowadays next to modern songs? NOTHING makes you realize how constant the silliness of pop music has been like listening to Bertie Wooster sing them to his valet.) Catapult Nightmare : In "Return to New York", Bertie experiences this after spending an unwanted night on the town with Claude and Eustace. Accompanied by yelling of "NO NO I DON'T WANT ANY MORE CHAMPAGNE!" Character Development : Sir Roderick Glossop mellows out over the second season, in sort of a small-scale Heel�Face Turn . Otherwise mostly averted. Character Name Alias : When Bertie and his friends get arrested. Judge: These are serious charges. But I'm inclined to believe that you, Alfred Trotsky, and you, Frederick Aloisius Lenin, were led astray. You are discharged. But as for the rest of you: Boko Disraeli, Oofy Lloyd George, Barmy, Lord Tennyson, and the rest — not only have you been guilty of a breach of the peace of considerable magnitude, I also strongly suspect that you have given false names and addresses! You are each fined the sum of five pounds. Bertie: I say! Bertie manages to attract a large number of women. Then again, he's rich, not too hard on the eyes and quite a pleasant person. Jeeves occasionally gets a female admirer or two himself. Waitress: (to Jeeves) Say, you're pretty cute, you know that? Jeeves: Thank you. So I have been informed. Waitress: (Giggling) You really slay me. Bertie: Jeeves, you seem to have a fatal fascination with the women in this country. Jeeves: Yes, it is a problem, sir. Bertie: No chance of your switching it off, or something, I suppose? Jeeves: I regret not, sir. I have to learn to bear it. Bertie: As do the rest of us, Jeeves. Compromising Memoirs : Sir Watkin's memoirs become the centre of a truly awesome farce. Confronting Your Imposter : In season 1 episode 5, "Brinkley Manor," Jeeves is away and Bertie is forced to take care of himself. While he is struggling to make tea, Barmy Fotheringay-Phipps arrives for a visit. When the phone rings, Bertie asks Barmy to answer it and pretend he is Jeeves. Barmy: Mr. Wooster's residence. [pause] Where is Mr. Wooster? He's not at home, sir. I'm Jeeves. [pause] What do you mean 'you think not?' [pause] Oh! [He hangs up.] Bertie: Who was it? Barmy: Jeeves! Used later on a Brick Joke . In an earlier episode, Bertie had pretended to be a writer of romance novels under the pseudonym "Rosie M. Banks" in order to help one of his friends convince his uncle to approve of an engagement to a woman of lower social station. It doesn't work the first time, but in the fourth season, when his friend has fallen for another woman of lower social station, it proves to be helpful and after some initial reluctance the uncle is willing to support the marriage. That is, until it's revealed that the woman Bertie's friend married actually IS Rosie M. Banks, and she's quite indignant that someone has been impersonating her, and insulted that the uncle doesn't believe her. Cool Old Lady : Aunt Dahlia, who is quite happy to plot and scheme her way into getting what she wants. Though she still pushes Bertie around, she's far more affectionate than Aunt Agatha. Critical Research Failure : One is committed by Tuppy: he has a scheme to sell the Spritz Polecat , an American automobile, to his fellow fops, but he fails to take into account that people in the United States drive on the right side of the road, and the automobile maker won't even consider making a model for left-side driving unless he'd be selling a thousand cars a week.invoked Over the course of one episode, Stilton Cheesewright threatens to break Bertie's "rotten spine in [three, four, five, SIX] places!". Spode is fond of making threats of this calibre, one particularly fine example can be found here Dark Secret : Jeeves reveals British fascist leader Sir Roderick Spode's terrible secret to Bertie: Spode owns a ladies' fashion boutique. Should this become widely known it would ruin his reputation. Bertie: You can't be a successful Dictator and design womens' underclothing. One or the other. Not both. * I Have Your Wife : Roderick Spode, in the final episode, chooses to renounce his title of the Earl of Sidcup, to contest election to the House of Commons. He is, however, convinced to take back his title after Jeeves reveals the secret of 'Celia'- a kangaroo he whisked away from Australia, which Jeeves brings before him. Cyril 'Barmy' Fotheringay-Phipps is well-named. "I don't think I've ever been to Kensington." "[...]Yes, you have. Your mother lives in Kensington." "Oh, that Kensington!" Bertie himself isn't overly gifted with intelligence, although compared to most of his social set he's a certified genius. Dramatic Sit-Down : Used for comedic effect in one episode, the normally unfazeable Jeeves has to stop and sit down on a convenient rock when a friend of Bertie's mentions that he often wears his pajamas well into the afternoon. Drunken Montage : Season three, episode one shows the feckless character Wooster is supposed to keep out of trouble cutting loose this way. Lord Chuffnell's first name is Marmaduke. His friends all know him as "Chuffy". Tuppy seems embarrassed when Bertie learns his real first name, Hildebrand. Likewise, in a late episode one Mr. Trotter avoids a knighthood for fear of being known as "Sir Lemuel". (This was likely based on Wodehouse's own fears of becoming known as "Sir Pelham".) Evil Matriarch : Aunt Agatha.Not so much "evil" as "constantly short-tempered and taking none of Bertie's shit," but the trope still stands Exact Words : when Stilton Cheesewright confronts Bertie about taking his fiancee to a "low nightclub," Bertie asks Jeeves for confirmation that he said he was going to bed with an improving book, leaving out that after he had said that Jeeves had informed him that Cheesewright's fianncee was indeed dragging him out to a low nightclub Extreme Doormat : Bertie will do any favor asked of him, no matter how dangerous or potentially embarrassing it might be. And when he does refuse, he's inevitably blackmailed by whoever is asking the favor. Notably, he agreed to try and steal a silver cow-creamer, a cheque for 50,000 dollars (although to destroy it, not cash it) and a manuscript, but has also been instrumental in making and breaking a large number of engagements and passing himself of as such disparate characters as a jute-salesman and Gussy Fink-Nottle, all at the behest of his various friends, most of whom are less able even than he. Expy : Jimmy Mundy, for evangelical preacher Billy Sunday Funny Background Event : Arriving back from a tour across America, Bertie comes to his apartment wearing a cowboy hat, a very furry jacket, and a mustache . After he hands the hat to Jeeves, Jeeves can be seen handing the hat off to the doorman, who takes it and puts it on as he's leaving. Just about every scene in the Drones Club shows the other members up to varying kinds of jackassery that wouldn't be out of place in a college frat house. Geek : Gussie Fink-Nottle (his particular geek-dom being newts). Genteel Interbellum Setting : The series is set in an idealized version of England at an indeterminate point between the World Wars, and largely picks and chooses on matters of detail — Bertie Wooster drives a mid-'30s car, for instance, but Prohibition is still alive and well when he visits the US. (Not to mention how the Twin Towers appear in the very first scene set in New York, despite the fact that they were built in the 1970s! The interior shots, however, do look consistently like pre-war New York buildings.) Gorgeous Period Dress : It makes a man wish that dinner jackets (tuxedos to Americans) were still de rigueur, even when dining alone in your own home. Gosh Dang It to Heck! : Played for laughs at one point where Bertie says "blasted" when talking to Aunt Agatha. A group of old ladies nearby react with horror and Aunt Agatha angrily tells Bertie to watch his language. I Have This Friend... : Bertie never seems to learn that when he says things like 'there is a heart here that yearns for you', it's bound to be taken the wrong way. He really does have this friend. Although played straight at least once, when he tried to ask for Jeeves' help with a situation that came about because he deliberately hadn't asked for help, in order to prove he didn't always need him. Inflationary Dialogue : Bertie is trying to pose as author Rosie M. Banks for his friend Bingo's family. Bingo's young cousin asks him how many words there are on a page. Clearly having no idea, he comes out with: Uh... twenty or thirty. I mean, depends on the page. About... two hundred. About a thousand, more or less. I mean, on a single page, you mean. Yes, mmm... about ten thousand. I mean, that would be one of the bigger pages. Informed Attribute : Despite what Bertie's nearest and dearest seem to think, he shows no signs of insanity. Terminal stupidity , yes, but not insanity. He does have a tendency to put himself into situations that to those unaware of the reasoning (i.e most of the 'adult' characters) seem to be utterly illogical and certainly without explanation might seem a little mad. Having been arrested numerous times, engaged to just about every eligible woman he has met and involved in all manner of hijinks, pranks, attempted burglaries, escapes from the police and general tomfoolery, the weight of evidence might suggest that he is not entirely normal. Inter-Class Romance : One of Bertie's friends wants to marry a waitress. To convince his uncle that it's a good idea, he makes him read romance novels where chambermaids end up marrying their masters. The uncle is convinced and promptly marries his cook. Likewise, Uncle George, the Earl of Yaxley, has a habit of falling love with barmaids. He eventually gets married to his original barmaid. It's All About Me : Everyone in Bertie's social circle are perfectly willing to ruin the lives of everyone else around them, but are appalled the moment anything remotely inconveniences them. It's Been Done : "Return to New York." Tuppy's recipe for cockaleekie soup isn't as secret as he thinks it is. Large Ham : Roderick Spode. It helps that he was written as a No Celebrities Were Harmed version of Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists in the 1930s. Apparently, he is unable to give a speech without gnawing his lectern and uses a record of a screaming appreciative crowd to give more weight to his speech to a near empty hall. When we see him practicing a speech by himself, he simply exclaims the key words of his policies in order, all dripping with dramatic intent (Bicycles! Umbrellas! Brussel sprouts!) making his own cheering audience sounds between each to further increase the effect. All of this underlines the fact that it is all a massive ego trip and that despite his best efforts, his movement is tiny. There is something so much funnier about ludicrous policies delivered with such obvious intensity and intent but with almost no-one listening. Specifically, if you actually listen to his speeches, you will not only notice plenty of Cloudcuckoolander ideas ( replacing 27,000 miles of railway track in order to widen their spacing by eight inches to facilitate the transportation of livestock, paid for by the fact that sheep will be able to stand sideways ), but also a lot of mixed metaphors ("to take up the reins of the ship of state") and sentences which he thinks will be profound sound-bites but clearly show that he has no idea what he's talking about ("Rome may have been built in a day, but it took only a trumpet. To bring down. The walls. Of Jericho"). The priest at Twing. "Do we, like Ezekiel... DOUBT... the Lord's power? Do we, like Ezekiel... ask... 'Can these bones LIIIVE?!'" Later on, we see him when he's not sermonizing, and he is - if anything, even more over-the-top: "Wrrrrretched boy!" Leaning on the Fourth Wall : At the end of the second episode of the second season, Bertie starts playing the theme song on piano, leading into the closing credits. Jeeves' first name, Reginald, means "council power" in Old German; appropriate for someone that everyone goes to for advice. Inverted with Bertie, which (also in Old German) means "bright," Also, Jeeves belongs to a club for valets called The Junior Ganymede ... The club that Bertie and his friends belong to is called the Drones. Rich young men with nothing to do, buzzing around wasting time until they are forced to marry and father children, their only serious responsibility in life being to breed and continue the Heir Club for Men . So pretty much exactly like drone bees. Another one is that it wouldn't be too surprising if Bertie was named after/alludes to Prince Bertie, the guy the Edwardian Age was named after. While that Bertie was short for Albert (not Bertram), like Bertie Wooster, he had a reputation as a well-meaning but dim hedonist, and had a bad relationship with his Grand Dame mother, Queen Victoria, much like Bertie's relationship with his aunts. Not What It Looks Like : Happens constantly to Gussie and often enough to Bertie Oireland : There's an episode in which Gussie and Spode are hired to play a pair of stage Irishmen named Pat and Mike for the village talent show. They put on woolly green beards and wave around umbrellas. Gussy really can't do the accent and Spode doesn't even bother. Much like the episode with the blackface minstrels, it managed to avoid being offensive just by being utterly ludicrous. One Steve Limit : Averted in Sir Roderick Glossop and Roderick Spode; Cyril "Barmy" Fotheringay-Phipps and Cyril Bassington-Bassington; and Brinkley the valet and Brinkley Court. Accidentally averted in the case of Sir Roderick Glossop and Hildebrandt "Tuppy" Glossop. In the books, Tuppy was Roderick's nephew, but this is never mentioned on the series. In a later episode, Brinkley the valet's name was retconned when Jeeves informed Bertie that his name was Bingley, not Brinkley, and Bingley just never bothered correcting him. Only Known by Their Nickname : Bertie's friend "Chuffy" Chuffnell; the only person who calls him by his real first name is the girl he loves, which initially results in her having to explain to Bertie who this "Marmaduke" person she keeps mentioning is. Likewise, Bertie appears shocked to learn that Tuppy's first name is Hildebrand. Out-of-Character Moment : Despite Jeeves's remarkably superior language skills (which, in the first episode, were shown to stretch to American phrases such as 'hooch'), Bertie has to translate New York diner slang for him in "The Full House." Jeeves: "Just a cup of coffee, please." Waitress: "You got it." Jeeves: "No, I don't believe I do, madam." In that same episode, Jeeves is seen going about the city and taking notes of New York night life. It is extremely unusual to see him laughing, clapping and wearing a party hat in one such scene. (It is possible, given the sheer number of Jazz Age celebrities that show up in the stories of these parties, that he made them up.) Overprotective Dad : Sir Watkyn Bassett, J. Washburn Stoker, and Sir Roderick Glossop. Parental Marriage Veto : Usually from Sir Watkyn Bassett, trying to prevent his young ward Stephanie from marrying the Rev. Harold "Stinker" Pinker. Parents for a Day : "Return to New York," when Bertie's "temporary kidnapping" of a child doesn't go the way he plans. Politically Correct History : A definite aversion as the series manages to have scenes in blackface still be humorous, shows the segregation of America during the time period, and perhaps most notably, is accurate to the books in showing Roderick Spode and his Black Shorts dressed as the British Union of Fascists . It is still toned down from the original books, which has Bertie blacking up to blend in with a group of black minstrels and features characters freely using the N-word.. Poor Communication Kills : The reason for 90% of the conflicts in the series. Produce Pelting : The crowd are sure to love a rendition of Sonny Boy! Punched Across the Room : Happens to Wooster once, in a rather surreal moment. Bertie: Oh, stop playing with the hat, Jeeves. I knew you wouldn't like it. Jeeves: Oh, not at all, sir! Bertie: She gave it to me, you know. Trying to improve my mind, I dare say. Jeeves: That seems scarcely possible, sir. Jeeves sneaks in a dig at the song "Nagasaki" in response to Bertie's expressed love of the song: Jeeves: Extremely... invigorating, sir. Bertie: Yes, Jeeves, that is just the word I would have used. Yes, it makes you want to get up and bally well have a run 'round the park. Jeeves: My feelings precisely, sir. Suckiness Is Painful : See Heroic B.S.O.D. above; Bertie's friends' more garish fashion decisions seem to cause Jeeves actual physical discomfort. Take Our Word for It : Subverted in "Introduction on Broadway" when we finally do get to see Corky's hideously Cubist painting. Tap on the Head : Extensively. Theme-and-Variations Soundtrack : The jazzy opening theme tune gets reworked to set all kinds of different moods. They Stole Our Act : In one episode, Jeeves deliberately arranges for this to occur, as part of his current scheme. Throwing Out the Script : Bertie attempts to help Gussie give a speech by fortifying him with a large quantity of gin. Gussie throws away his notes at the start of the speech and begins saying what he thinks, with things rapidly going downhill from there. Ugly Guy, Hot Wife : Gussie Fink-Nottle and Madeleine Bassett, although they're merely engaged, not actually married. Since they're both Cloudcuckoolanders , they match in personality in a way what they don't in looks. Unwanted Harem : Mostly true for Bertie in some respects, but Jeeves starts to veer in this direction in the first 10-15 minutes or so of "The Full House." Upper-Class Twit : Bertie and most of his friends; he actually comes across as more intelligent than most of them, in a faithful reflection of the original Wodehouse stories. Vitriolic Best Buds : The title characters to some extent. Bertie and his Aunt Dahlia very much so. Will They or Won't They? : In spades, although in this case the trope name should be immediately followed by "Ever Get Married." Notably, Madeline and Gussie's on-again off-again engagement is the only one that spans the whole series. In the end, they don't. Xanatos Speed Chess : Jeeves can work around almost anything that spoils his stratagems on a moment's notice. You Look Familiar : The actress who plays Madeline in the first series comes back as Florence in the last series. Also The Other Darrin . Rupert Steggles, sinister gambler and con man, comes back as the second Gussie Fink-Nottle, kind hearted and timid newt fancier. Zany Scheme : Every. Single. Episode. :: Indexes ::
Bingo
What is the name of the aunt that Bertie lives in mortal fear of?
Jeeves and Wooster (Literature) - TV Tropes Jeeves and Wooster You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share "You will find Mr. Wooster an exceedingly pleasant and amiable young gentleman, but not intelligent. By no means intelligent. Mentally he is negligible - quite negligible." — Jeeves (from "Scoring off Jeeves") Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves are fictional characters, created by British author P. G. Wodehouse . They have appeared in many comedic short stories and novels published between 1915 and 1974. Wodehouse's most famous Upper-Class Twit , Bertram Wilberforce "Bertie" Wooster, is also the character who probably best embodies Wodehouse's gift for language. Bertie may be "mentally negligible", but as narrator of his own adventures he expresses himself with a loopy eloquence virtually unmatched in literature, giving this series its much-beloved Cloudcuckoolander sense of humor. The plots tend to follow a set formula: life would be just about perfect for our single and very wealthy young man-about-London-town were it not for his inability to say no when his even goofier friends and/or imposing aunts come asking favours. Most often these are tied into typically Wodehousean love affairs, rife with comic misunderstanding and convoluted scheming, meaning that Bertie generally finds himself 'accidentally engaged' at least once or twice a book (in a couple cases, on and off over the course of several books). Of course, always the perfect gentleman (as the stern Code of the Woosters dictates), he would never correct a lady... ...Thankfully, Bertie's Servile Snarker uber-valet (not butler, though if the call comes, he can buttle with the best of them), Reginald Jeeves , is fully as capable as Bertie is ineffectual. With, apparently, the same effort most people put into buttoning their cuffs — and without so much as a flicker in his coolly correct facade — Jeeves steps in when all seems hopeless, rescues Bertie and/or his friends from their entanglements and restores the status quo . Often several times per book... because the fact that Bertie and co. are involved means there's always a chance the best-laid plans will go awry. Arthur Treacher was well-known as the embodiment of Jeeves in a series of films in the 1930s, with David Niven taking the part of Bertie Wooster. In the Sixties, Ian Carmichael (better known for playing Lord Peter Wimsey ) as Bertie and Dennis Price as Jeeves appeared in the TV series The World of Wooster. (It is on record that Wodehouse did not care much for any of these adaptations.) There is also a BBC radio version starring Richard Briers as Bertie and Michael Hordern as Jeeves, possibly the most faithful adaptation of the books, as it preserves Bertie's first-person narration. This series included dramatizations of The Inimitable Jeeves; The Code of the Woosters; Right Ho, Jeeves; Joy in the Morning; Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves; Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit; and The Mating Season. All but the last have been released on compact disc and MP3 . The Jeeves stories were also the basis and inspiration for an Andrew Lloyd Webber musical, Jeeves, which was released in 1975 and failed so spectacularly both critically and commercially that it's still thought of as Webber's first real flop. However, in 1996 the musical was reworked, rewritten and re-released as By Jeeves, which was far more successful and got generally positive reviews. Perhaps most famously, the Jeeves stories formed the basis of the popular early '90s series Jeeves and Wooster , starring Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie , respectively. Bibliography The Man with Two Left Feet (1917), short story collection featuring one Jeeves story out of thirteen "Extricating Young Gussie" My Man Jeeves (1919), short story collection with four Jeeves stories out of eight "Leave it to Jeeves", "Jeeves and the Unbidden Guest", "Jeeves and the Hard-boiled Egg", "The Aunt and the Sluggard" The Inimitable Jeeves (1923), short story collection "Jeeves in the Springtime", "Aunt Agatha Takes the Count", "Scoring Off Jeeves", "Sir Roderick Comes to Lunch", "Jeeves and the Chump Cyril", "Comrade Bingo", "The Great Sermon Handicap", "The Purity of the Turf", "The Metropolitan Touch", "The Delayed Exit of Claude and Eustace", "Bingo and the Little Woman" Carry On, Jeeves (1925), short story collection, includes some stories that are rewrites of stories from My Man Jeeves "Jeeves Takes Charge", "The Artistic Career of Corky", "Jeeves and the Unbidden Guest", "Jeeves and the Hard-boiled Egg", "The Aunt and the Sluggard", "The Rummy Affair of Old Biffy", "Without the Option", "Fixing It for Freddie", "Clustering Round Young Bingo", "Bertie Changes His Mind" Very Good Jeeves (1930), short story collection "Jeeves and the Impending Doom", "The Inferiority Complex of Old Sippy", "Jeeves and the Yule-tide Spirit", "Jeeves and the Song of Songs", "Episode of the Dog McIntosh", "The Spot of Art", "Jeeves and the Kid Clementina", "The Love That Purifies", "Jeeves and the Old School Chum", "Indian Summer of an Uncle", "The Ordeal of Young Tuppy" Thank You, Jeeves (1934) The Code of the Woosters (1938) Joy in the Morning (1946) The Mating Season (1949) Ring for Jeeves (1953) — features Jeeves but not Bertie Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit (1954) A Few Quick Ones (1959) — short story collection with one Jeeves story out of ten "Jeeves Makes an Omelette" Jeeves in the Offing (1960) Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves (1963) Plum Pie (1966) — short story collection with one Jeeves story out of nine "Jeeves and the Greasy Bird" Much Obliged, Jeeves (1971) Aunts Aren't Gentlemen (1974) The World of Jeeves (1967) — collection of all the Jeeves short stories except "Extricating Young Gussie" P. G. Wodehouse's Jeeves stories provide examples of: Abhorrent Admirer : For Bertie, just about every unmarried woman he's ever met. The more likable female characters he meets, such as Cynthia Wickhammersly, tend to have no particular interest in him beyond basic friendship. Accidental Art : In "Leave it to Jeeves" (included in My Man Jeeves), a pal of Bertie's is having trouble. He wants to paint portraits, but can't get a commission to paint one because he hasn't painted any. He finally gets a commission to paint a portrait of his uncle and benefactor's first baby. It's so horrible that the uncle calls it a fugitive from the funny papers, and cuts the painter off. Jeeves gets the idea that the character in the portrait could be the root of a series on the funny papers entitled "The Adventures of Baby Blobb". It's a hit and the painter becomes rich. Accidental Athlete : In "The Purity of the Turf", Jeeves explains how he came to appreciate a local servant boy's amazing speed thusly: Brawn Hilda : Cora Bellinger the opera singer in "Jeeves and the Song of Songs". Often referred to simply as "The Bellinger" as if she were some type of siege engine. Bertie: I don't know what it is, but women who have anything to do with opera ...always appear to run to surplus poundage. Hilda Gudgeon in The Mating Season Honoria Glossop passim. Bertie describes her thusly in "Scoring off Jeeves": "She had gone in for every kind of sport and developed the physique of a middleweight catch-as-catch-can wrestler." Breach of Promise of Marriage : One of Jeeves' regular tasks is getting Bertie Wooster out of engagements while avoiding such lawsuits. The TV adaptation, produced after the breach of promise doctrine was abolished, replaces these references with Jeeves simply trying to avoid offence to the parties involved or being under threat of violence rather than legal action. Break the Haughty : The central plot driver of Right Ho, Jeeves. Besides Jeeves' "pig-headed" opposition to his fashionable new mess jacket, Bertie is completely fed up with his friends and relatives trampling over him in their rush to get his valet's advice. He forbids Jeeves from interfering again and takes everyone's problems on himself. Bertie repeatedly points out the superiority of his ideas to Jeeves' throughout the novel, but they're predictably disastrous for all who implement them. By the time he's forced to haul Jeeves in to fix things, an entire house party is locked outside on a dark night. Jeeves sends Bertie on an eighteen-mile bicycle ride for the only available key... not before smirkingly recounting an anecdote about a horrible bicycle accident. After finding out his journey has been for nothing, a sore and weary Bertie returns home to find everyone celebrating how Jeeves has solved all their troubles. It turns out that Bertie was a cat's-paw in Jeeves' scheme to focus everyone's anger away from each other, and when Jeeves reveals that he's also "accidentally" ruined the mess jacket, Bertie has no choice but to let it all go so long as Jeeves makes him an omelet. In these novels, wherever there is haughtiness, a reckoning is close at hand. It even befalls Aunt Agatha in one of the short stories. Bucket Booby-Trap : In "The Inferiority Complex of Old Sippy", Bertie rigs up a bucket trap filled with flour in order to embarrass an antagonist of his old friend Sippy. Naturally, it winds up falling on Bertie's head. Butlerspace : Jeeves is formally a valet, rather than a butler, but Bertie frequently remarks on how he can "shimmer" into a room without ever being seen to enter. Buxom Is Better : Bertie might be a Celibate Hero , but that doesn't mean he can't appreciate the female form. Like in Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit, when he describes the gorgeous Daphne Dolores Moorehead as having "more curves than a scenic railway". Carpe Diem : Motty (Lord Pershore), the only son of domineering mother Lady Malvern, is put up in Bertie's apartment in "Jeeves and the Unbidden Guest". Liberated from his mother for the first time ever, he goes on a series of drunken sprees, much to Bertie's horror. Challenged by Bertie, Motty says "This is the first time I've been let out alone and I mean to make the most of it. We're only young once. Why interfere with life's morning? Young man, rejoice in thy youth!" Bertie: Put like that, it did seem reasonable. Catch-22 Dilemma : In "The Artistic Career of Corky" Wooster explains the catch for those wanting to take up portraiture: "you can't start painting portraits until people come along and ask you to, and they won't come and ask you to until you've painted a lot first." Celeb Crush : In "The Love that Purifies", Aunt Dahlia has a bet with a friend that her son Bonzo can behave better than Aunt Agatha's offspring Thomas while a mutual acquaintance is staying with Bertie; Bonzo is toeing the line so he can be worthy of movie star Lillian Gish , who he has a big crush on. Unfortunately, Thomas is behaving even better, because he has a crush on Clara Bow. See Berserk Button for how Jeeves deals with the situation. Celibate Hero : Bertie never has a serious relationship. He says that on occasion he has gotten carried away and asked a girl to marry him, but he always gets out of it. He seems to want nothing more than to live the life of a well-off bachelor. In earlier stories, Bertie will sometimes fall into mad infatuations and propose Fourth Date Marriages with Florence Craye, Pauline Stoker, and Bobbie Wickham. In later works, Bertie seems terrified of marriage in general. In Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit, Bertie winds up climbing into Florence Craye's room at night by mistake ( It Makes Sense in Context ). Florence, in her bedclothes, demands that Bertie kiss her. He does, but then says "the whole thing seemed to me to be becoming far too French." Character Development : As noted directly above, it's subtle, but it's there; Bertie gradually realizes that he doesn't really want to get married to anybody, and stops intentionally proposing to any of the women he becomes entangled with. The Chessmaster : Jeeves constructs his stratagems upon 'the psychology of the individual.' He has been known to lose a battle occasionally, but never the war. When events are particularly fast-paced and outrageous, see Xanatos Speed Chess . Bertie's one effort at playing the role of The Chessmaster (in Right Ho, Jeeves) didn't just flop, it redefined 'catastrophic'. Chick Magnet : Bertie. Not quite as inexplicable as it seems at first glance; he has a lot of money, he's a generally nice (not to say easily manipulated) guy, and — cover illustrations notwithstanding — is implied to be at least pleasant-looking, hence the casting of Hugh Laurie. The downside is that he tends to attract the domineering sort of girl that Aunt Agatha would approve of. Children Are Innocent : Subverted at every opportunity — if a child appears in a Wodehouse story, nine times out of ten he (it's usually a he) will be an obnoxious grubby little pest . Exemplified by Edwin Craye, the eager Boy Scout from Joy in the Morning; at one point his attempt to "catch up" on his daily good deeds results in a house burning to the ground (without him in it, unfortunately enough from Bertie's point of view). Later, Bertie's scheme to break up with Edwin's sister by kicking the kid in the backside backfires when it turns out she and her father have also been victims of these 'good deeds', and are profoundly grateful to Bertie. Christmas Episode : "Jeeves and the Yule-Tide Spirit", in which Bertie is invited to spend the holiday at the Wickham residence. He decides to play a trick on fellow guest Tuppy Glossop, but as usual with his schemes, it goes horribly wrong. Cloudcuckoolander : Several, but most notably Madeleine Bassett. She thinks the stars are God's daisy chain. The Comically Serious : Bertie is sometimes annoyed by the fact that nothing can faze Jeeves, who reacts to the craziest situations with nothing more than a slight raise of an eyebrow. I doubt if he would do much more than raise an eyebrow if, when entering his pantry, he found one of those peculiar fauna from the Book of Revelations in the sink. (Aunts Aren't Gentlemen) Comic-Book Time : Bertie doesn't age over nearly sixty years of stories. It helps that there are little to no references to current events in the Jeeves and Wooster catalog, but the pop culture references that are sprinkled throughout do indicate that quite a bit of time is passing. Yet Bertie remains a young English gentleman throughout. In early short story "The Love that Purifies", Lillian Gish and Clara Bow are mentioned as screen idols. In the last novel, Aunts Aren't Gentlemen, Bertie sees an anti-war rally, and there are jokes about Billy Graham. Compromising Memoirs : Sir Watkin writes his Memoirs and several parties take offense at the depiction of the now respectable pillars of society as the kind of roaring youths that would not have gone out of place in the Drones Club. Oddly enough, this does not include most of the people so depicted, who seem to like the idea that the youth may realise that they too were young once. Continuity Nod : There are many references sprinkled throughout the canon to other stories. In "Leave it to Jeeves" Bertie has a rueful memory of "the matter of Gussie and the vaudeville girl" (the first Jeeves story, "Extricating Young Gussie"). In "Jeeves and the Unbidden Guest" he remembers that incident again. In Joy in the Morning, Bertie remembers having to sneak out and ring the fire bell at Aunt Dahlia's place—the plot of Right Ho, Jeeves. The same silver cow creamer is a crucial plot point in both The Code of the Woosters and How Right You Are, Jeeves. Cool Old Lady : Bertie Wooster's Aunt Dahlia Travers, whom he pointedly refers to as "my good aunt," although she has a scary side. Cut His Heart Out with a Spoon : Bertie is often the recipient of threats of this kind. One such example can be seen here Dark Secret : Jeeves reveals wannabe Fascist leader Roderick Spode's terrible secret to Bertie: Spode also owns a popular ladies' lingerie boutique. Even Bertie quickly catches on to the possibilities for blackmail. Bertie: You can't be a successful Dictator and design womens' underclothing. One or the other. Not both. The Ditz : Bertie Wooster, as he himself cheerfully admits in short story "Leave it to Jeeves". "I'm a bit short on brain myself." Though unlike some of his friends , he doesn't quite achieve full status as The Fool ; Jeeves himself comments in Thank You, Jeeves that Bertie "is capable of acting very shrewdly on occasion." Dreadful Musician : If any character in these books demonstrates enthusiasm for a musical instrument, odds are they're terrible at it. ...I cannot say whether La Pulbrook's violin solo was or was not a credit to the accomplices who taught her the use of the instrument. It was loud in spots and less loud in other spots, and had the strange quality that I've noticed in all violin solos of seeming to go on much longer than it actually did. The one exception is Bertie himself, whom Jeeves himself considers to have a pleasant baritone. This is played up in the Laurie/Fry TV series, where it's combined with The Cast Showoff . But when Bertie takes up the banjolele in Thank You, Jeeves, he fits the trope once again. Early Installment Weirdness : In "Extricating Young Gussie", the first Jeeves and Wooster short story, Bertie's personality and his relationship with Aunt Agatha are all in place, but their family name appears to be "Mannering-Phipps" instead of "Wooster" (although this is changed in later prints). More noticeably, Jeeves appears for all intents and purposes to be an ordinary valet, and when Bertie gets in trouble and needs help, he has no idea who to ask. The surname "Wooster" and the personality of Jeeves as we know him today don't appear until the second story, aptly titled "Leave It to Jeeves". Election Day Episode : Much Obliged, Jeeves involves Ginger Winship, one of Bertie's old chums, campaigning to become a Member of Parliament. Aunt Dahlia is supporting him and wants Bertie to work for him as well. Enter Stage Window : In Joy in the Morning Bertie climbs though Boko's window, rather than entering through the door, because...well, he just does. Embarrassing First Name : Many members of the Drones Club go by nicknames, often for excellent reasons; in Thank You, Jeeves, "Chuffy" Chuffnell has gone his whole life concealing that his first name is Marmaduke. Presumably the only reason young Mr. Glossop lets his friends call him "Tuppy" is because it's preferable to Hildebrand. Mr. Trotter avoids knighthood for fear of having his first name exposed to public view (it's Lemuel). Rumour has it that his author, Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, avoided knighthood for the same reason. To an extent, Jeeves' first name. It's not so much that 'Reginald' is a particularly embarrassing name or even ill-suited to Jeeves' personality. It's more that he has a first name at all. (Jeeves' first name is not mentioned until the next-to-last novel, Much Obliged, Jeeves.) Embarrassing Middle Name : Bertie's middle name is Wilberforce, his Uncle Tom's is Portarlington, and Mr. Trotter's is Gengulphus. Bertie: There's some raw work pulled at the [baptismal] font from time to time, is there not? Embarrassing Nickname : In-universe, Aunt Dahlia is not fond of how Bertie refers to her husband Thomas: Dahlia: I do wish you would call him something other than " Uncle Tom ". Evil Matriarch : Aunt Agatha. Sometimes other evil aunts show up as well, particularly in the earlier stories. Extreme Doormat : Bertie lets himself be talked into just about anything, and usually on the flimsiest of pretexts. In "Bingo and the Little Woman" he admits that he could probably join a monastery and get browbeaten into doing something by a silent monk, purely through mime. Fatal Attractor : Bertie's pal Bingo Little is always falling in love with girls of low social station. Jeeves' scheme to warm up Bingo's uncle to the idea and securing Bingo's allowance through the use of romance novels all focusing on this trope works a little too well , with the uncle marrying his cook and Unable to Support a Wife and keep giving Bingo the same allowance. Likewise, Bertie's Uncle George, Lord Yaxley, has a similiar habit; in one story, he falls in love with a waitress. When Jeeves is recruited by Aunt Agatha to break this up, the plan is to reunite George with the barmaid he fell in love with in his youth. They are quickly married before Agatha can stop them. Fauxlosophic Narration : Purposely invoked for comedic effect. Fiery Redhead : Bobbie Wickham. From "Jeeves and the Yule-Tide Spirit", in which Bobbie eventually sets up Bertie and Tuppy Glossop to play pranks on each other: Jeeves: Miss Wickham lacks seriousness. She is volatile and frivolous. I would always hesitate to recommend as a life partner a young lady with quite such a vivid shade of red hair. Finishing Each Other's Sentences : Courtesy of Jeeves, the walking encyclopedia. Lots of characters defer to Jeeves before finishing their thoughts, and he always has ready the exact idiom they were searching for. Fire-Forged Friends : In the course of Thank You, Jeeves, one occurs between Bertie and Sir Roderick Glossop. Their sudden matiness can be quite astounding to those who miss the relevant chapter of the Wooster memoirs! Forgetful Jones : "Biffy" Biffen, who has found the girl of his dreams, but can't remember her last name! He could inquire at the hotel, but he can't remember where she's staying. Or where he's staying. It had a big door, and a sort of roof... French Cuisine Is Haughty : Aunt Dahlia's French chef Anatole tends to be very temperamental and prone to threatening to quit whenever he feels like his work is not being appreciated. I Have This Friend... : The source of several of Bertie's engagements (notably his on/off saga with Madeline Bassett). Bertie often says this when trying to play The Matchmaker , but the women he's trying to impress on behalf of his friends inevitably assume he's talking about himself. Played with in "Jeeves in the Springtime": when Jeeves is asked where he can acquire a series of romance novels with which Bingo Little can soften his uncle, he replies, "I have an aunt, sir, who has an almost complete set of Rosie M. Banks." There may or may not be such an aunt; certainly Jeeves later shows a great degree of familiarity with their contents. Imagined Innuendo : Bertie Wooster mistakenly creates the impression that he is proposing to/hitting on/in love with various women on a regular basis (when usually he is, in fact, trying to set her up with a friend). Most of the time they aren't particularly interested in Bertie, but end up accepting his "proposal" anyway, for one reason or another - often to provoke the friend's jealousy. Impossibly Delicious Food : People are constantly resorting to bribery, blackmail and outright theft in order to acquire or retain Anatole's services. Intoxication Ensues : In Right Ho, Jeeves, Gussie Fink-Nottle (a teetotaler and all-around spineless goof) gets roped into giving a speech for the award ceremonies at a local grammar school. To "stiffen his fibers", he drinks a great deal of whiskey, and then a jug-full of orange juice which both Bertie and Jeeves have independently spiked with alcohol. Cue one of the funniest scenes ever put to the page . It's Pronounced Tro-PAY : Bertie's last name is pronounced like "Wuh-ster" rather than "Woo-Ster." For that matter, P.G. Wodehouse's name is promounced "Wood-House" rather than "Wode-House." Also the case with minor character Cyril "Barmy" Fotheringay-Phipps, whose surname is pronounced 'funghy-phipps'. I Want My Beloved to Be Happy : Madeline Bassett and Florence Craye believe that this is the reason Bertie lets them go. With the distinctly awkward result that they're so impressed by his noble nature they keep taking him back whenever their current fiance displeases them. On the other hand, this is the attitude Roderick Spode genuinely has towards Madeline; they eventually do get married, much to Bertie's relief. Lemony Narrator : Bertie pretty much embodies this concept. Wodehouse's talkative, burbling narration style may well have influenced other British writers, particularly those who went on record as impressed by his work. I never know, when I'm telling a story, whether to cut the thing down to plain facts or whether to drool on and shove in a lot of atmosphere and all that. I mean, many a cove would no doubt edge into the final spasm of this narrative with a long description of [the big horse race], featuring the blue sky, the rolling prospect, the joyous crowds of pickpockets, and the parties of the second part who were having the pockets picked, and - in a word, what not. But better give it a miss, I think. Liquid Courage : Wodehouse is fond of this trope, and a particularly notable example appears in Right Ho, Jeeves (see Intoxication Ensues ). Love Freak : Madeline Bassett, who — among other things — considers stars to be God's daisy chain. At one point, convinced he's been pining for a glance at her, she compares a thoroughly befuddled Bertie to a cavalier who traveled across seas to kiss his beloved's hand and then expired. Love Informant : Bertie Wooster repeatedly fills this role. In Right Ho, Jeeves, he attempts to tell Madeleine Bassett that Gussie Fink-Nottle is in love with her. Unfortunately, he phrases it so vaguely that Madeleine ends up convinced that Bertie is in love with her instead. Bertie also serves in this capacity for Bingo Little, with varying results. MacGuffin : The most famous is the seventeenth-century English (not Modern Dutch!) silver cow-creamer, the attempted theft of which starts off an entire multi-book uproar in Bertie's love life. The French chef Anatole often serves as a Living MacGuffin . Noodle Incident : In-canon, during The Code of the Woosters. Specifically, "Eulalie." It's revealed at the end of the book. Inverted when Bertie takes every opportunity he can to tell you what happened that night with Tuppy Glossop and the swimming baths. Not Good with People : Gussie Fink-Nottle finds newts easy, people difficult. Especially women. Offscreen Moment of Awesome : At the end of The Mating Season, Esmond Haddock's defiance of his five aunts inspires Bertie to confront his Aunt Agatha. Sadly, the book ends with his decision to do so. Offscreen Teleportation : Bertie observes in "Leave it to Jeeves" and in other stories that Jeeves is rarely observed to enter or leave a room; he simply appears. In other stories Bertie describes how Jeeves "shimmers" from place to place. Once per Episode : Especially in the early stories, Jeeves zeroes in on a particularly tasteless item Bertie has dared to acquire without his advice — be it a cummerbund, checkered suit, various hats, purple socks, or a hideous mustache — and conspires to destroy it utterly. Meanwhile Bertie is equally resolved to put Jeeves in his place by brazenly wearing same. Most stories will end with Bertie admitting defeat as a reward for Jeeves' latest bit of brilliance, only to be told that the offending item has already been destroyed or given away.note In "Jeeves and the Hard-Boiled Egg", generally known as The One Where Bertie Has A Moustache, Jeeves devises a plan which saves the fortunes of a friend of Bertie's, and Bertie — whose moustache has been paining Jeeves throughout — explicitly rewards Jeeves with the order to shave the moustache off. Jeeves is profoundly moved. Operation: Jealousy : Bertie attempts this on more than one occasion, usually with disastrous results. Also a common-enough reason for why women - particularly Angela - announce their plans for marrying Bertie, Gussie, or some other third party. Opposites Attract : To Bertie's constant annoyance, high-powered and brainy women seem to find him, or at least the prospect of whipping him into intellectual shape, romantically irresistible. Jeeves: Possibly it may be Nature's provision for maintaining the balance of the species, sir. Origins Episode : "Jeeves Takes Charge", later collected in Carry On, Jeeves, tells the story of how Jeeves came to work for Bertie. Outlaw Couple : In "Aunt Agatha Takes the Count", Aunt Agatha meets a nice-looking young lady and her pleasant brother and decides that Bertie will marry the lady. The supposed brother and sister turn out to be an Outlaw Couple of thieves and con artists. Jeeves saves the day, and Bertie savors a triumph over Aunt Agatha. Produce Pelting : Happens to Tuppy Glossop in "Jeeves and the Song of Songs" when he is the fourth person in a row to sing "Sonny Boy" at a charity concert. Inverted in "The Metropolitan Touch". Bertie's dimwitted buddy Bingo is putting on a children's play in a small rural town. It involves a musical number in which the kids sing about oranges and throw oranges into the crowd. Unfortunately for Bingo a prankster replaces the foam prop oranges with real oranges, and the kids in the show go to town, pelting the crowd with produce. Ransacked Room : In The Code of the Woosters, Stiffy Byng has hidden a notebook (long story) in order to blackmail Bertie into going along with her schemes. Bertie insists to Jeeves that they should search her room before capitulating, because Bertie has read a detective novel which claims that the top of the wardrobe is "every woman's favourite hiding-place". Unfortunately in this case it isn't, and indeed they don't get much further in the ransacking before Stiffy's bad-tempered terrier discovers them. Realistic Diction Is Unrealistic : Makes adapting Wodehouse's work to TV or film no easy task. "The Reason You Suck" Speech : In The Code of the Woosters, Bertie delivers one to Spode regarding how laughable his posturing as a fascist dictator wannabee really is. Retcon : A few minor instances, in which plot elements such as "Bertie grows a mustache and Jeeves does not approve" or "Bertie impersonates a friend while the friend impersonates Bertie", that appeared in the short stories, were later reworked into the plots of the novels without anybody noting the strange repetition of events. This may instead qualify as an Alternate Continuity . Rugby Is Slaughter : Tuppy Glossop finds this in the aptly-named "Ordeal of Young Tuppy" in Very Good, Jeeves. Of course, he's playing a weird local game in which The Points Mean Nothing and it's all about Small Town Rivalry . Bertie: I'm a bit foggy on the rules of this pastime. Are you allowed to bite [the other team]? Tuppy (brightening at the idea): I'll try it, and see what happens. Running Gag : Bertie evidently has two achievements to show for his entire life: a prize for Scripture Knowledge that he won when he was in school, and an article he wrote for Aunt Dahlia's magazine called "What the Well-Dressed Man Is Wearing". He mentions these two things over and over again. Sacred Hospitality : In "The Ordeal of Young Tuppy", Tuppy explains he is motivated by this — really — when he wants to give an Irish water spaniel to the daughter of the house. Separated by a Common Language : In Right Ho, Jeeves, Bertie observes that Aunt Dahlia's French chef Anatole had been in service with an American family for several years before coming to work for her. Bertie pronounces Anatole's English as "fluent, but a bit mixed." In the next paragraph, Anatole mixes up American slang ("Hot dog!", "hit the hay", "mad as a wet hen") with British ("jolly well", "blighters"). Serial Romeo : Bingo Little. He eventually settles down after getting married, although even then he constantly needs help. Series Continuity Error : Besides the inconsistencies listed in Early Installment Weirdness above, Bertie mentions in the short story "Bertie Changes His Mind" that he has a sister with three daughters. In Thank You, Jeeves he says he has no sisters. Serious Business : Although Jeeves likes working for Bertie, he hates Bertie's tendency to be seduced by the latest trends in style and fashion. Bertie is constantly buying colorful bits of clothing or art, which causes the disgusted Jeeves to treat him coolly until Bertie finally relents and allows him to destroy it as a reward for services rendered. Stealth Insult : Jeeves again. Supreme Chef : Anatole, legendary cook to Bertie's Aunt Dahlia. All Dahlia has to do to bend Bertie to her will — up to and including stealing the aforementioned cow-creamer for her husband — is threaten him with banishment from her table. Take That : Wodehouse didn't like the film adaptation starring David Niven , which flipped Bertie around into a lady's man. In one story, Bertie grows a mustache and tries to use David Niven as justification. Jeeves tells him in no uncertain terms that Bertie is not David Niven. Rodrick Spode is a parody of the real-life British fascist Oswald Mosely. "You would not enjoy Nietzsche, sir. He is fundamentally unsound." Talks Like a Simile : A staple, although Bertie can be counted on to forget at least half of the example on his way to the point. And presently the eyes closed, the muscles relaxed, the breathing became soft and regular, and sleep which does something which has slipped my mind to the something sleeve of care poured over me in a healing wave. Title Drop : Thank You, Jeeves, Right Ho, Jeeves, The Code Of The Woosters, Joy In The Morning. Thunder Equals Downpour : "There was a roll of thunder and the rain started to come down in buckets." (from "Jeeves and the Impending Doom") Unable to Support a Wife : In Aunts Aren't Gentlemen, Orlo faces this problem. He is actually heir to a trust fund which would be more than enough for him and his beloved Vanessa Cook, but his father disapproves of his left-wing politics and won't release the money, thus leaving him unable to marry Vanessa. Unnecessary Roughness : In "The Ordeal of Young Tuppy", Tuppy gets involved in the yearly rugby grudge-match between two rival villages; the event quickly proves to be an excuse for the participants to beat on each other. Unusual Euphemism : One rather amusing example is Sir Roderick Glossop's identification as a "nerve specialist," which it's noted is just an elevated term for a "loony doctor." Most of Bertie Wooster's conversation can be viewed as an extended roller-coaster ride through this trope. Unusually Uninteresting Sight : In an early chapter of Jeeves In The Morning, a house burns down. This is barely mentioned throughout the rest of the novel, not even by the owner. Lord Worplesdon (to Bertie): "I should have known that the first thing you would do, before so much as unpacking, would be to burn the place to the ground!" Upper-Class Twit : Yes — oh, yes. Many of Bertie's friends make him look like Jeeves by comparison. Verbal Tic : Bertie's habit of reducing his words to initials. Hence comments like "took the w. right out of my s." See Sophisticated as Hell above for another example. Wacky Americans Have Wacky Names : When told in Much Obliged, Jeeves that the name of Ginger's new secretary is Magnolia Glendennon, Bertie says "It can't be." Hypocritical Humor , of course, considering all of the ridiculous names of Bertie's friends. "Catsmeat Potter-Pirbright", anyone? Walking Disaster Area : Bertie. Lampshaded in Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves, after he breaks Sir Watkyn's father's grandfather clock . Bassett: "[My father] never parted from the clock. It accompanied him in perfect safety from Rome to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to Washington, from Washington to Lisbon. One would have said it was indestructible. But it had still to pass the supreme test of encountering Mr. Wooster, and that was too much for it."
i don't know
Who was commanded by God through a donkey?
Numbers 22:28 Then the LORD opened the donkey's mouth, and it said to Balaam, "What have I done to you to make you beat me these three times?" Matthew Henry Commentary 22:22-35 We must not think, that because God does not always by his providence restrain men from sin, therefore he approves of it, or that it is not hateful to him. The holy angels oppose sin, and perhaps are employed in preventing it more than we are aware. This angel was an adversary to Balaam, because Balaam counted him his adversary; those are really our best friends, and we ought so to reckon them, who stop our progress in sinful ways. Balaam has notice of God's displeasure by the ass. It is common for those whose hearts are fully set in them to do evil, to push on violently, through the difficulties Providence lays in their way. The Lord opened the mouth of the ass. This was a great miracle wrought by the power of God. He who made man speak, could, when he pleased, make the ass to speak with man's voice. The ass complained of Balaam's cruelty. The righteous God does not allow the meanest or weakest to be abused; but they shall be able to speak in their own defence, or he will some way or other speak for them. Balaam at length has his eyes opened. God has many ways to bring down the hard and unhumbled heart. When our eyes are opened, we shall see the danger of sinful ways, and how much it was for our advantage to be crossed. Balaam seemed to relent; I have sinned; but it does not appear that he was sensible of this wickedness of his heart, or willing to own it. If he finds he cannot go forward, he will be content, since there is no remedy, to go back. Thus many leave their sins, only because their sins have left them. The angel declared that he should not only be unable to curse Israel, but should be forced to bless them: this would be more for the glory of God, and to his own confusion, than if he had turned back.
Balaam
In trigonometry what is calculated by the adjacent over the hypotenuse?
Balaam's Donkey (Forerunner Commentary) - Bible Tools Numbers 22:23 Balaam tries to do to the donkey what God was trying to do to him! At this first appearance of the Angel of the Lord, the donkey changes course (good donkey!). Balaam tries to put her back on course—on his course. The donkey proves to be smarter than Balaam. When God stands against a person, the wisest course of action is to turn away and stop moving in the direction he is going because God has a sword and is ready to cut him off. But Balaam is too blind. He does not see God at all in this, though the donkey does. The donkey knows that Balaam's path leads to destruction, and it wisely turns aside. Blind Balaam continues down the path of sin. Do not enter the path of the wicked, and do not walk in the way of evil. Avoid it, do not travel on it; turn away from it and pass on. ( Proverbs 4:14-15 ) This is exactly what the donkey is trying to do, but what does Balaam do? He stupidly continues on because he could not see the danger. The donkey shows itself wiser than the "Wise and Powerful Balaam, the Renowned Enchanter"! Richard T. Ritenbaugh Numbers 22:24-25 What does God do? His first attempt to get Balaam's attention fails—not with the donkey, but with Balaam. The man is totally oblivious to what is going on. So God narrows him in or hedges him in. The path that Balaam was taking led between two hedges or walls. There was enough room,however, for the donkey to turn aside, which is what she did. She turned away, but in doing so, Balaam's foot became crushed against the wall, causing him pain. Perhaps God thought that a little pain would help him come to his senses. However, Balaam does not think about God at all. He thinks, "You stupid donkey! Why did you do that to me?" He does not say anything at this point but beats the poor donkey. His injury does not cause him to consider at all that God may be trying to get his attention. It never comes to mind that God may be telling him something. He takes all his pain and rage out on this innocent donkey, which was only trying to obey God. Think of the donkey in terms of this passage: But my eyes are upon You, O GOD the Lord; in You I take refuge; do not leave my soul destitute. Keep me from the snares they have laid for me, and from the traps of the workers of iniquity. Let the wicked fall into their own nets, while I escape safely. ( Psalm 141:8-10 ) The donkey who saw God would have avoided the trap and escaped, if it were not for Balaam controlling her. He made her go back into the trap—and on to his own ruin. Richard T. Ritenbaugh Numbers 22:26-27 Again, the donkey proves herself wiser than Balaam. God frequently does this: First, He gets us in a wide place and allows us to make our decisions. It soon becomes apparent which direction we are going, which path we are taking. Then God begins to narrow the way, especially if He sees us going in the wrong direction. He catches us in a place where we can turn around and gives us an opportunity to make a right decision. If we do not do what He wants us to do, He will go a little further down the path—a little bit later in our life—to catch us in a place where the answer is obvious, and we can do nothing except stop, and say, "God help me! I've gone the wrong way, and I need You to open the path for me." He does this to Balaam. He gets him to the point where there is only plunging on to destruction on one hand, and on the other, stopping and retracing his steps to where he can head in the right direction. This is the point where Balaam is in these two verses. The donkey simply lies down, as that is all she can do. Proverbs 22:3 says, "A prudent man foresees evil and hides himself, but the simple pass on and are punished." The donkey is the "prudent man" here, and blind Balaam is "the simple." He is so without any spiritual acumen that he is just like a foolish simpleton. He cannot see wisdom; he cannot make a wise choice. However, the dumb donkey can! As a last resort, God takes matters one more step. He is always full of mercy, willing to give us that one more chance to make the right choice. But now He has to do something drastic! Richard T. Ritenbaugh Numbers 22:28-30 It is incredible that Balaam even replies to the donkey. If an animal spoke to one of us, would we respond? Perhaps he thought, "Well, I've talked to her enough. She was bound to answer me sometime." This is obviously a miracle—there is only one other place in the Bible (Genesis 3, the serpent to Eve) where an animal speaks—yet Balaam acts as if it happens to him every day! The donkey asks him questions, and he answers! Balaam is totally, spiritually out of it. He has no thought for God or for spiritual things. He is so self-possessed, so full of self-interest that he cannot think beyond the end of his nose! All he is thinking about is, "What am I going to do when I get to Balak? He's going to pile all this money on me! How am I going to set up the sacrifices? What am I going to do? How am I going to say this? I know God will let me do it because I'm just a wonderful negotiator, and that's just the way it is. All the other gods have done exactly as I've bargained, so I think. . . ." As he travels, he talks to himself like this, thinking only about the wonderful job and the wealth he has ahead of him. He is heedless to anything else. When these amazing things happen, they fail to faze him. They fail to make him wonder what is going on. He does not even ask why the donkey was treating him in a way she had never had before. She was totally out of character! She speaks, and he answers! It illustrates the depth of his spiritual blindness. He could not see God if He had bit him! In today's lingo, we would call Balaam totally materialistic. Everything was based on what he could see, feel, hear, smell, and taste. He could not understand beyond that. He was involved in spiritism, with augury, enchanting, and such, but there is nothing spiritual about him. He had no depth. And this made him thoroughly evil. He bore a nice façade that made him look spiritual, but in reality, there was nothing there. The donkey was more truly spiritual than he was! He may have had some spiritual knowledge, but it did not work in him properly because he never put it into practice. He may have known about Israel, about Abraham, Isaac , and Jacob, perhaps even of some of God's instructions to Israel. He certainly knew God was, in all His power and sovereignty, working for them. But none of this knowledge that he may have had did him any good. He even talked to God, and God talked back to him! God was doing all these things in his life, and he was thoroughly blind to all of it. The incredible thing here is that Balaam acted as if these things happened to him every day. But they did not! These were once-in-a-lifetime events, but he was so self-centered that he shrugged them off, ignoring them as if they did not matter. Here was the great sovereign God saying, "Wake up, Balaam! I'm here! Can't you see Me? Can't you see Me working?" But Balaam is blind to the true reality of Him. The "seer" can see nothing because he is so stuck on the here and now, on what he has in his hand and in his pocket. Richard T. Ritenbaugh Numbers 22:32 God does not demand, "Why did you leave your house when I told you not to unless they came back to you," but he asks Balaam why he struck the donkey. God was quite concerned about this donkey; one could say He was more concerned about the donkey than about Balaam at this point, because the man was not on God's "good list." God has a soft spot for the weak—"the poor" the Bible calls them. And such are we. Yet, here was Balaam, who had pretensions of being a good person but who was thoroughly evil, taking out his frustrations on the righteous, symbolized by this donkey—those who see God and try to do what He says. Balaam, in the seat of power over the donkey, beats her for obeying God. So God's concern is rightly for His oppressed creature. Richard T. Ritenbaugh Numbers 22:32-33 Perverse (verse 32) is in Hebrew yarat. It does not quite mean "perverse"; the preferred meaning is interesting: "to precipitate; to be precipitant; to push headlong; to drive recklessly." God says to Balaam, "Your way is headlong and reckless before Me. It is precipitant." It is as if Balaam were driving 90 mph down a steep hill, heedless of the danger at the bottom. He had no foresight. God says, "That's perverse. Balaam, you are not looking ahead to the consequences! Your way is going to get you into trouble." He is like a daredevil, like Evel Knievel, who without thought or fear, endangers his and others' lives for his own selfish purposes. He rushes through life for everything that he can get out of it, never thinking about what will happen afterward, in the end. He is a man who cannot look past the end of his nose. He is so consumed with himself that he sees nothing down the road, only what is happening now. God says that is perverse. A wise man looks ahead and sees where he is going to land. If a man like Balaam gets up a head of steam, he thinks that no one will stop him. Conversely, if we consider the donkey to stand for those who actually see God at work, we can notice a few things: The donkey responds to God's direction. The donkey is persecuted for her obedience. The donkey, in her meekness, does not retaliate. Does she reach back and nip Balaam like he should have been? No. God says that it is for her sake that He has not carried out His judgment on Balaam. This is interesting because the same thing happens because of us. Jesus calls us the salt of the earth, and part of its meaning is that we are the preservative in this world . If the saints did not exist, there would be no world. This donkey was the only thing standing in God's way of totally consuming Balaam. We are the donkey. Because God has mercy on us, we who see God are the only ones keeping the Balaams of this world from getting totally snuffed out. Richard T. Ritenbaugh
i don't know
Which Marks and Gran sitcom returned in the new year after 15 years off screen?
Birds of a Feather (TV Series 1989–2017) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Comedy series following the lives of sisters Tracey and Sharon who are left to fend for themselves after their husbands are arrested for armed robbery. Creators: When Dorien begins acting even more strangely than usual Sharon and Tracey begin to suspect that she is rapidly approaching "The Big Seven-O" and decide to celebrate the event, whether she wants to ... 9.1 Tracey is extremely welcoming when she gets a surprise visitor turning up on her doorstep. Sharon is suspicious of the attractive newcomer, Dorien shocked to the core but Travis is over the moon. 8.9 Auntie Vera can no longer cope with living in a block of flats and so announces that she is going to move in with Sharon and Tracey. The only room available is Dorien's and family comes first. 8.9 a list of 38 titles created 01 Jan 2014 a list of 33 titles created 15 Oct 2014 a list of 45 titles created 05 Jul 2015 a list of 34 titles created 06 Oct 2015 a list of 23 titles created 1 month ago Title: Birds of a Feather (1989–2017) 6.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Comedy about the workers in a factory canteen. Stars: Victoria Wood, Thelma Barlow, Andrew Dunn The Liverpool-based Boswell family are experts at exploiting the system to get by in life. Despite the fact that none of the Boswells are officially employed, they manage to live a fairly ... See full summary  » Stars: Jean Boht, Nick Conway, Jonathon Morris A sitcom about two dreamy roommates in London. Gay unemployed actor Tom Farrell, whose career is going nowhere, and Linda La Hughes, who is about as attractive as a centenary nun, yet has ... See full summary  » Stars: Kathy Burke, James Dreyfus, Beth Goddard Jacko is a house painter who "appreciates" women, he sees the best in each one of them and they in turn, like him. Will he find true love ? Will he settle down as he gets older ? Stars: Karl Howman, Mike Walling, Jackie Lye Comic goings on in this series set in an English holiday camp called Maplins. The title comes from the camp's greeting, which the staff are meant to say with enthusiasm but all too often ... See full summary  » Stars: Paul Shane, Ruth Madoc, Jeffrey Holland The series followed the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex ice cream salesman turned turf ... See full summary  » Stars: Paul Nicholas, Jan Francis, Sylvia Kay 2point4 Children is a BBC television sitcom that was created and written by Andrew Marshall. It follows the lives of the Porters; a seemingly average family whose world is frequently turned... See full summary  » Stars: Belinda Lang, Gary Olsen, Julia Hills Wolfie Smith is an unemployed dreamer from Tooting London, a self proclaimed Urban Guerilla who aspires to be like his hero Che Guevara. Leading a small group called the Tooting Popular ... See full summary  » Stars: Robert Lindsay, Mike Grady, Hilda Braid A rather naive, middle-class man is admitted to a hospital ward and finds that he is sharing it with a working-class layabout and an upper-class hypochondriac. All three of them cause headaches for the hospital staff. Stars: James Bolam, Peter Bowles, Christopher Strauli Various mishaps at a police station in an English town. The main character is the anachronistic, yet charming and funny Inspector Fowler. CID foil to Fowler, Inspector Grim is a bumbling, seething idiot. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Mina Anwar, James Dreyfus The perils of "escaping the rat race" and dropping out of society - to start a farm in Surbiton (and to drive Margo nuts). Stars: Richard Briers, Felicity Kendal, Penelope Keith Zany antics and sketches by the anarchic camp comic. Stars: Kenny Everett, Cleo Rocos, Sheila Steafel Edit Storyline Comedy series following the lives of sisters Tracey and Sharon who are left to fend for themselves after their husbands are arrested for armed robbery. 16 October 1989 (UK) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Series 9 was the only series to feature neither Doug McFerran (Darryl Stubbs) nor David Cardy (Chris Theodopolopodous). See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits The first series opening included Sharon & Tracy walking through spotlights toward the camera and then they were shown sitting on chairs on a rotating platform. See more » Connections Words don't do 'Birds Of A Feather' justice... It was, and still is, one of the BBC's most successfully series for a reason... This series; originally started in 1989 and ran for nearly 10 years, saw wealthy housewife Tracey's seemingly legit husband Daryl sentenced to 12 years in prison for armed robbery along with her brother-in-law Chris... Tracey's council-estate sister Sharon Theodopolopoudos, (she married a Greek) moves into Tracey's million pound Chigwell home, seemingly to keep her sister company through the transition.Nothing to do with getting away from her Edmonton Tower Block of course. Birds Of A Feather is a sharply written, superbly acted, laugh-out-loud comedy, telling the story of these sisters' daily struggle to make-ends-meet and still be able to afford a night out on the razz. Life however is never dull in Chigwell, especially not with the addition of their nosy, snobby, sex-mad man-eater neighbour Dorien Green. Dorien constantly riles the girls' working-class background, never missing an opportunity to make an affectionate dig at their 'C&A' clothes and cockney accents.Even though these course prisoners wives are the best friends she's ever had. Over the course of the series' run, we see these characters not only become household names, but the actors, Pauline Quirke, Lesley Joseph and Linda Robson become stronger in their performances and abilities than you would ever have believed possible, leading them on to such remarkable performances as the terrifying 'The Sculptress' in which Pauline Quirke plays multiple serial killer Olive Martin. This series is truly in a league of its own.Words don't do it justice and I cannot recommend it highly enough. You'll laugh with them, and cry with them.With Shal, Trace and Dor; you'll enjoy the ride. 23 of 25 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Birds of a Feather
Is the mountain range in Ireland in which the river Liffey rises?
Birds of a Feather stars reveal that Tracey has remarried and Dorien has written erotic memoirs in new series - Mirror Online TV Birds of a Feather stars reveal that Tracey has remarried and Dorien has written erotic memoirs in new series Pauline Quirke, Linda Robson and Lesley Joseph – who played Sharon Theodopolopodos, Tracey Stubbs and Dorien Green for nine years are back  Share Sticking together: Birds of a Feather, Thursday, ITV, 8.30pm (Photo: ITV)  Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email They’ve been off our screens for 15 years since the classic sitcom about two sisters and their nosy neighbour last aired. But now Pauline Quirke, Linda Robson and Lesley Joseph – who played Sharon Theodopolopodos, Tracey Stubbs and Dorien Green for nine years before reuniting for a hit stage tour of the show in 2012 – are back. Sharon’s in her council flat and Tracey’s still in Chigwell with younger son Travis. But what has become of Dorien? Here, the three Birds tell us more... What’s it like being back together? Linda: Terrible. We hate each other! Lesley: It’s just been like a pair of old socks really, hasn’t it? We’ve slipped back into the old routine. Any doubts about reuniting? Linda: No, not for a second. Once we saw the scripts, we just knew it was the right time. Lesley: The audiences for the stage show just went berserk. Everybody you spoke to said, “God, you lot being back on television... it would just be so fantastic”. Do you feel any pressure to repeat the success of the original series? Pauline: We can’t worry about that. Some people will absolutely loathe it, but I think the majority will love it. Linda: We knew nothing about ratings in those days, did we? Lesley: Or High Definition! Linda: My dustman said, “Oh you’re going to be in HD this time”. Thank you! What is the enduring popularity of the show? Lesley: Well, it’s a family show and a lot of people now think, “Oh my goodness, I grew up with this programme”. It’s a drama that happens to be funny and it’s about real people. Despite everything else you’ve done, is Birds still the thing you most get recognised for? Pauline: Yes. They get their Sharon and Traceys mixed up. But we don’t care. We answer to anything. So where do we find the girls 15 years on? Lesley: Well, Sharon and Tracey have had a falling out. Tracey’s been married to somebody else. Dorien has written a book of erotic memoirs called Sixty Shades Of Green and we all bump into each other at my book signing. But then Dorien gets herself sued for plagiarism! Lesley, what was it like to get back into Dorien’s animal-print clothing? Lesley: I had to work hard with a personal trainer because I’d put on a little bit of weight. The skirts are shorter than ever. Are you all hoping this will run and run? Lesley: It’s fantastic to bring it back and we would love it to be a huge success, obviously. If ITV wanted to do another one, then that would be lovely. Pauline, are you planning to do any more Broadchurch? Pauline: Yes, next year, but I honestly don’t know what it’s about. I’m not being coy, I swear. None of us know what it’s about. I just know that I’m in it. Birds of a Feather, Thursday, ITV, 8.30pm Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent
i don't know
In a greyhound race where does a dog finish if it makes ‘a show’?
Greyhound Dog Racing Rules, How To Bet Greyhound Dog Racing rules The noble greyhound - a brief history. Greyhounds were first introduced to America in the 18th century to help farmers control the jackrabbit population. As time went by, the farmers started to conduct some form of competitive greyhound racing which evolved into the greyhound track racing as we know it today. The origin of the greyhound is quite old, possibly dating back thousands of years. The Pharaohs rated them first among all animals as both pets and hunters. Images of the early greyhound can be seen etched on walls of ancient Egyptian tombs. In Arabian culture at that time, the birth of a greyhound ranked nearly as high as the birth of a son. In Persia, Rome and Greece, the greyhound enjoyed similar standing. Greyhound racing in England was first established for the English nobility and could not be enjoyed by other citizens. In 1014 King Canute of England enacted the Forest Laws, which stated that only noblemen could own and hunt with greyhounds. The elegance and beauty of this most noble animal is a sight to behold. Additionally, at the end of their racing career the greyhounds easily adapt to the life of a loving pet and have become the pet of choice among an increasing number of pet lovers. Greyhound track racing dates back to 1919 when Owen Patrick Smith promoted the first major race meeting in California. O.P. Smith's idea of the mechanical lure started way before 1919, and it was up until then that he tried different lures to perfect it. O. P. Smith, invented the revolutionary mechanical lure that could travel around a circular track that made dog racing possible. His research into forcing the dogs round a track hit on the idea of getting them to chase a rabbit. His experiments included dragging a stuffed one around a track behind a motorcycle. He is considered the "Father" of American greyhound racing. O.P. Smith is not only the "Father" of American Greyhound Racing but the "Founder and Inventor of Modern Greyhound Racing". It was O.P. that hired C. Munn to go to England and Ireland with his patents to start up Modern Racing there too. Also, O.P. was working on the mechanical lure as early as 1906, but everyone refers to the 1919 date of Emeryville. But before that he had tracks in Arizona, Texas and New Orleans, then to California, where it took off and gained its early fame. (This information has been kindly provided by Tim O'Brien, the Great Grandson of Owen Patrick Smith.) The sport did not reach British shores until 1926 when Manchester's purpose-built track first held a meeting on 24th July. It was such a success that more race tracks were built around the country and today Greyhound racing is a major sport event in the UK. Betting rules: (How to bet, types of bets.) The main object of betting on greyhounds is to beat the 'Oddsmakers' or the 'Odds Compilers' and win some money. Additionally, placing a bet on your favorite event makes the race exciting and more enjoyable. Betting is done through Sports books or Sportsbooks (US) or Bookmakers (UK) entities that accept bets. You can bet on the outcome of greyhound races and several sporting events. To place a bet, you go to a sportsbook, physical or online. You could also bet over the phone with many sportsbooks. Note that a sportsbook is not the same as an oddsmaker. The sports book simply accepts sports bets. An oddsmaker is a person who sets the betting odds. You need to state what you are betting on by making a selection, the type of bet and the amount you are wagering. Your selection will obviously depend on the odds offered, so you will want to examine the range of odds available before you make a decision. There are many types of bets you can place. Some sportsbooks may offer more betting varieties and combinations than others. Below is a list of the more common types of bets used in greyhounds racing. Different countries may use different terms for how to bet and also for the types of bets. Type of bets Straight bet or Single or Win bet. This is the simplest and most common bet. You bet on a winner at given odds. You collect only if your chosen greyhound is the first across the finish line. Place. A wager for place means you collect if your selected greyhound finishes either first or second. Show. The third greyhound across the finish line. A wager to show means you collect if your selected greyhound finishes either first, second or third. Across The Board. You make three individual bets on one dog to Win, Place, and Show. If your selection wins, you collect on all three bets. If your selection runs second, you collect on Place and Show bets. If your selection runs third, you collect the Show bet. Your total wager will be three times the individual bet. For example; a $2 'Across The Board' bet would cost $6. Combination Bet. Combinations cover from two to four greyhounds to win in chosen order. (see following bets). Quiniela or Reverse Forecast (UK). A bet placed on two greyhounds to finish first and second in either order. Perfecta or Exacta or Straight Forecast (UK). A bet placed on two greyhounds but they must cross the finish line in exact chosen order. Trifecta or Tricast or Treble Forecast (UK). A bet placed on three greyhounds to cross the finish line in exact chosen order. Superfecta. A bet placed on four greyhounds to cross the finish line in exact chosen order. Twin Trifecta. A multiple pool bet. Two trifecta selections in two races. You select the winning Trifecta combination in one race and exchange that ticket for a second Trifecta in the following race. One-half of the net Twin Trifecta pool will be paid equally to winners of the first half when those tickets are presented to be exchanged. The remaining half of the pool, along with any carry over will be to winners of the second half. If no one selects the second half correctly, the pool is carried over to the next racing performance. Tri-Super. Similar to the Twin Trifecta. You select the winning Trifecta combination in one race and exchange that ticket for a Superfecta in the following race. Titanic Tri-Super This operates the same as the Tri-Super, except you must correctly select the Trifecta combination in the 5th Race and the Superfecta in the 7th Race. Daily Double. Similar to an accumulator you select the winners of the first and second races on that day. You must place your bet before the start of the first race. Jackpot. Pick six winners in six races to share in a Jackpot prize. The rules and prizes will vary from race track to race track. Parlay or Accumulator. A multiple bet. A kind of 'let-it-ride' bet. Making simultaneous selections on two or more races with the intent of pressing the winnings of the first win on the bet of the following race selected, and so on. All the selections made must win for you to win the parlay. If a race is a tie, postponed or cancelled, your parlay is automatically reduced by one selection; a double parlay becomes a straight bet, a triple parlay becomes a double. A parlay bet can yield huge dividends if won. Pick 3. Picking the winners of three consecutive races. Pick 6. Picking the winners of six consecutive races. Note: Different countries and different race tracks may have different rules, use different terms for how to bet and also for the types of bets. If unsure, ask the sportsbook or bookmaker when placing a bet.
Third
Apart from a straight flush which other hand beats a full house in poker?
Online Greyhound Betting - Legally Bet On Dog Racing In The USA Affiliates US Greyhound Racing Betting Greyhound racing satisfies a niche part of the racing world. Even though horse racing earns the lion’s share of the glory and attention, there’s something compelling about very fast dogs. Greyhounds deserve credit for being very well trained and reaching speeds upwards of 40 miles an hour. Today, there are 22 active greyhound racetracks in 7 states in the United States. The sport has declined amid pressures from other entertainment and gambling options, but the tracks that do run still show races most days of the week. In any given day, you can log on to licensed greyhound betting sites and watch a hundred different live races while making wagers from your desktop, tablet, or mobile device. Rank Play Now Betting has always played an important role in greyhound racing. Without betting, there’s not a whole lot of money in the sport. But with betting available, it is possible for tracks, dog racing teams and fans to share in the loot. The internet has introduced new life to the sport as the global reach of the internet makes it possible for people located anywhere to place bets on races. The biggest issue in betting on greyhounds is finding a place to do it. You can always visit the local track if you happen to live near one, but that isn’t an option for all racing fans. The next best bet is to visit a website that accepts greyhound wagers. That leads us to the next issue – finding a site that provides greyhound wagering. Most betting sites do not follow the sport. The one operator that offers greyhound racing on a daily basis is BetAmerica.com. This is a legal and regulated website in the United States that follows both horse racing and greyhound racing. If you’re interested in trying your hand at real money greyhound betting, BetAmerica.com is your best bet. In fact, it’s the only legal website that we know of that offers greyhound wagering. Even the illegal offshore sports and racebooks tend to focus on just sports and horses. Is online greyhound betting legal in the United States? Yes. Greyhound races are one of the few forms of online betting that received an exemption from the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 ( UIGEA ). Both horse racing and dog racing were specifically mentioned in the UIGEA and were given a free pass. However, the UIGEA also gave individual states the option to opt-out of racing betting. Most states decided to allow online racing betting, but a few states did opt out. You can see the list of states that allow online horse betting below. Online poker, sports betting and casino games were not so lucky. The UIGEA made it very difficult for operators in those areas to stay in business. Horse and dog racing sites managed to get their exemptions and have been running in the open in the US ever since. So why did horse and dog racing get exemptions from the law? Well, it was most likely a result of political clout. Horse and dog tracks have strong connections with politicians in their states and were able to plead their cases to the powers that be. Additionally, dog and horse racing tracks rely on betting revenue to stay in business. In some cases, even that isn’t enough (we have seen many tracks of both types go out of business over the past couple of decades). Internet betting was seen as a way to bring increased viewership and wagers to struggling tracks, which in turn hire people and spur the local economy. What this means for you is that it is legal to bet at licensed betting sites. The three licensed betting sites that we know of here at US Online Betting are BetAmerica, TwinSpires and TVG. Out of those three, only BetAmerica deals with dog racing. How Greyhound Betting Works Greyhound betting is a form of pari-mutuel wagerin g. What this means is that all wagers of a certain type are pooled together. Then, the payouts are determined based on the amount of action placed on each bet-type after the house take and taxes are removed from the pool. Parimutuel wagering is a little different than sports betting because the payouts are calculated in real-time as wagers are collected. By comparison, regular sports betting odds are calculated ahead of time. Parimutuel odds and payouts are more dependent upon the betting public’s actions as a whole. The advantage of parimutuel wagering is that you, the bettor, do not compete against the house. The house gets its cut no matter which dogs win or how the race plays out. Your only competition is the general betting public. Types of Bets You Can Place On Dog Races Betting on greyhounds is almost identical to betting on horses. All the same types of bets that you can place on horses can also be placed on greyhounds. This makes for a nice transition if you’re coming over from horse racing to greyhounds. There are two main categories that all greyhound bets fall under: straight bets and exotics. “Straight bets” refer to fairly straightforward bets about how well certain dogs will perform in a race. Straight Bet to Win – This is the simplest bet of them all. In a straight bet to win, you pick one dog and you win if that dog takes first place. Place – This is another bet on a single dog, except this time you win if your dog finishes 1st OR 2nd. This bet is a little easier to win and therefore pays a little less than the straight bet to win. Show – Again, you bet on a single dog. This time, your bet wins if he finishes anywhere in the top 3. It doesn’t matter if it’s in first, second or third place; your bet still wins. Across the Board – An across-the-board bet is a combination of the above three wagers. In this one, you pick exactly one dog and place three different bets on that dog: a win bet, a place bet and a show bet. If your dog comes in first place, you collect on all three bets. If your dog comes in second, you collect only on the place and show bets. If your dog comes in third, you collect only on the show bet. And that’s it for the straight bets. As you can see, they are all pretty simple. If you’re new to greyhound betting, the above wagers are a great starting point. The next set of wagers are collectively known as the “exotics.” Exotics are a little more complex, but they aren’t that bad. If you take a little time to read through them, you won’t have too much trouble getting started with these bets. Quinella – In this bet, you pick two different dogs and you win if they take first and second place. The exact order doesn’t matter as long as both of your dogs finish in the top two places. Exacta – You pick two dogs to place first and second place in that exact order. Trifecta – You pick three dogs to place first, second and third place in that exact order. Superfecta – You pick four dogs to place first, second, third and fourth place in that exact order. Daily Double – You pick the first place finishers of two different races. This bet is usually offered on the first two races of the day and you must place it before the first race begins. Pick 3 – Similar to a daily double bet except in this one, you pick the winners of 3 different races. Sometimes you will also see Pick 4s and Pick 6s. Those also have the same basic idea except applied to four or six different races. Jackpots Some dog racing tracks offer special jackpots for the Pick 6 bet. A racetrack will set up some type of jackpot that grows each day until one person successfully picks the 1st place finishers of six different races. The rules and exact payouts will vary, but the general idea is that there’s a special, significant payout for getting a Pick 6 right. Parlays A parlay is a chain of bets spread across multiple races. If your first pick wins, the winnings automatically roll over and are applied to the bet on the next race. Parlays are difficult to win but they offer potentially massive prizes. Boxing Your Bets One of the more advanced betting options in dog racing is to box a quinella, trifecta or superfecta. Boxing comes in handy when you have the sense that several dogs will perform well in a specific race, but you aren’t sure which order those dogs will take. Let’s say for example that you decide to box a quinella with four dogs. This bet would allow you to pick four different dogs and then you will win if any two of those dogs take first and second place. You can pick anywhere from 3 to 8 dogs, but the more dogs you box, the more expensive the bet becomes. Keying Your Bets A keyed bet is similar to a boxed bet in that it allows you to pick multiple dogs. The difference here is that you pick one dog to take first place and then add 3 or more other dogs to take 2nd and 3rd place in no particular order. Your “key” dog must take first place, but the finishing order of the other dogs doesn’t matter. This is called “keying a trifecta.” You can also key superfecta bets in the same manner. In a superfecta key, you pick one dog to take 1st and then three or more dogs to take 2nd, 3rd and 4th in no particular order. The main thing to keep in mind here is that the key dog MUST take first place; the remaining dogs can finish in any order. Greyhound Betting Sites Now that you have a firm grip on how greyhound betting works, the next step is to put your knowledge to the test. This means it is time to find a greyhound betting site. You’ll have the best luck by visiting BetAmerica.com and signing up for an account there. BetAmerica is licensed and regulated in the United States and has a spotless track record for fair wagers and security. BetAmerica also shows as many as 100 live greyhound races every day at no charge to you. The coverage at BetAmerica includes 18 tracks located across 7 states. There are no fees for signing up, watching video or placing bets. The only money you spend at BetAmerica is the money you risk in your own wagers at true track odds. There’s another reason why BetAmerica is a good choice for all Americans: it is the only legal greyhound betting site in the United States. We have looked and looked, but still haven’t found any other website that can legally accept real money wagers on greyhounds. In fact, you would have a hard time betting on greyhounds even if you were willing to risk your money at offshore sportsbooks. Even the biggest illegal bookmakers (that accept US players) avoid greyhound racing. There’s so much more money in other sports that it’s not worth their time to invest in dog racing. Normally, it would be a bad thing to only have one option, but BetAmerica actually does a nice job. It still competes against TVG and TwinSpires in the horse racing industry, which is where the bulk of those three companies’ profits come from. If anything changes for the worse at BetAmerica.com, we’ll let you know. Depositing and Withdrawing The last thing you’ll need to do before placing a bet is get your money online. Since BetAmerica is the only US-legal greyhound site, we’ll focus on them in this section. There are several options for funding your account with real money. You can start by logging in to your account and clicking on the red “deposit” button inside the member’s area. There, you’ll see a list of deposit options that includes the following: ECash Transfer Visa / MasterCard / American Express / Discover Wire Transfer
i don't know
Which letter denotes the civil aircraft marking for a plane registered in the UK?
International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes International Aircraft Registration Prefixes Tail Numbers An aircraft registration is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies a civilian aircraft. Because airplanes typically display their registration numbers on the aft fuselage just forward of the tail, in earlier times more often on the tail itself, the registration is often referred to as the “tail number”. In the United States, the registration number is also referred to as an “N-number”, as it starts with the letter N. de Haviland DH-88 “Comet” (G-ACSS) The de Havilland DH-88 “Comet” shown above displays the registration “G-ACSS”. The “G-” prefix denotes that it is registered in the United Kingdom. International Standards The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) maintains the standards for aircraft registration. Article 20 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation requires that all signatory countries register aircraft over a certain weight with a national aviation authority. Upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique “registration” which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation describes the definitions, location, and measurement of nationality and registration marks. The aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the country's call-sign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), making the registration a quick way of determining the country of origin, and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code and consists of one to five digits or characters respectively. The ICAO provides a supplement to Annex 7 which provides an updated list of approved Nationality and Common Marks used by various countries. Boeing 777-200 (4X-ECC) When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are separated by a dash … for example 4X-ECC, however when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted (for example 4XECC). In the United States, the prefix and suffix are painted without a dash. Private aircraft usually use their registration as their radio call-sign, but most commercial aircraft use the ICAO airline designator or a company call-sign. In some instances, it may be sufficient to simply display the suffix letters, with the country prefix omitted. For example, gliders registered in Australia would omit the VH prefix and simply display the suffix. Obviously this is only suitable where the aircraft does not fly in the airspace of another country. Even if the suffix consists solely of alphabetical characters in a certain country, gliders and ultralights may sometimes use digits instead. For example, in Germany, D-ABCD can be an aircraft while D-1234 is a glider. In Australia, early glider registration suffixes began with the letter &ldwquo;G”, and it is not uncommon to find such gliders only displaying the last two letters of the suffix, as they lacked the range to travel internationally. For example, VH-GIQ would simply be displayed as IQ. Different countries have different registration schemes: Canadian registrations start with C, British with G, German with D, and so forth. A comprehensive list is tabulated below. United States of America An “N-number” is an aircraft registration number used in the United States. All aircraft registered there have a number starting with N. Due to the large numbers of aircraft registered in the United States an alpha-numeric system is used. N-numbers may only consist of 1 to 5 characters and must start with a number other than zero and can not end in more than two letters. In addition, N-numbers may not contain the letters I or O, due to their close similarity with the numbers 1 and 0. Each alphabetic character in the suffix can have one of 24 discrete values, while each numeric digit can be one of 10, except the first, which can take on only nine values. This yields a total of 915,399 possible registration numbers in the name-space, though certain combinations are reserved either for government use or for other special purposes. Goodyear Blimp “Spirit of America” (N10A) The following are the N-Number combinations that could be used: N1 to N9 (Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only) N1A to N9Z (Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only) N10A to N99Z
G
Which European city is nicknamed the Athens of the North?
Registration Markings of Australian Aircraft Registration Markings of Australian Aircraft In July 1919 the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) allocated civil aircraft registration prefixes to each member nation. British Commonwealth countries were allocated the letter 'G' with the next one or two letters indicating the countries within the Commonwealth. England used 'G-E', New Zealand 'G-NZ', Canada 'G-CA' and Australia 'G-AU'. Under the Air Navigation Act of 1920, Australia accepted responsibility for the "registration, marking and airworthiness" of aircraft. However, aircraft operating in Australia continued to be registered against the British nationality mark until 1929. Australian Certificate of Registration No.1 was issued on 28 June 1921 for an Avro 504K aircraft. The registration allocated was G-AUBA.   Registrations at this time were mostly allocated in alphabetical order, the first 'out of series', personalised registration being CAB's own Bristol Tourer G-AUCA (CA = Civil Aviation). This aircraft was also registed on 28 June 1921, with Certificate of Registration No. 46. A number of other early 'out of sequence' registrations, for example G-AUJJ and G-AUKH belonging to the Larkin organisation, were allocated following representations about the cost of re-painting the aircraft. These aircraft were allocated an Australian registration that permitted them to use the last two letters of their original British registration. With the exception of G-AUAA (see below), 'double letter' marks (e.g. G-AUBB) were not allocated, although the reason for this has not been established. Some other marks were also not allocated. From 1949 certain marks were listed as 'prohibited' for various reasons: for example, they conflicted with code groups used in wireless telegraphy, or they spelled ' dirty words ' (e.g. _VD). The first mark in the Australian series, G-AUAA , was allocated to CAB's new De Havilland DH37 which was registed on 1 July 1924, Certificate of Registration No. 98. CAB also reserved the block G-AUAA to G-AUAZ for its own use. The International Radiotelegraph Convention in Washington, USA, in 1927 produced a revised table of Nationality and Registration markings for aircraft and other radio call-signs. These recommendations were duly adopted by ICAN in June 1928. The Commonwealth of Australia was allocated the prefixes VH, VI, VJ, VK, VL and VM. Since the Dominions and Colonies did not have a vote at ICAN until about 1929, the allocation of 'VH' was probably made arbitrarily. These prefixes were allocated as follows: VH - civil aircraft VI and VJ - Coastal Radio Stations, which communicated with ships at sea and, in the early days, with aircraft VK - Amateur Radio VL and VM - military aircraft post WWII Within the group VH-A to VH-Z , certain blocks of letters were reserved for the RAAF, RAN and, later, for gliders. From January 1929, Australian aircraft began displaying the nationality and registration mark 'VH'. Aircraft previously registered G-A__ dropped the 'G-A' prefix but retained the last three letters of their registration. Thus G-AUBA became VH-UBA. Because of the cost of re-painting aircraft, owners were given a period of twelve months in which to effect the change at the next major overhaul. An exception was aircraft flying overseas which had to change their markings before departing. Some owners stretched the twelve months grace period to the limit, with the last recorded changeover being made on 22 February 1933.
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Which kind of water contains quinine?
How Much Tonic Water Must You Drink to Ease Leg Cramps? - The People's Pharmacy Loading... How Much Tonic Water Must You Drink to Ease Leg Cramps? People with leg cramps sometimes suffer excruciating pain, but what can be done to alleviate it? For some, home remedies like tonic water may be the answer Joe Graedon The People's Pharmacy January 23, 2014 Cramps (hands, legs) 115 Comments Q. For years I have suffered with leg cramps, debilitating, put-you-on-the-floor leg cramps. I used to be able to buy a leg cramp medicine in pill form from the pharmacy. The medicine was a complete success. On a trip to Walgreens I purchased another bottle of the leg cramp medicine. After taking it for a few days, I noticed I was getting those leg cramps again. I went back to the pharmacy and told the pharmacist the pills were worthless. His answer was, ‘that’s because the FDA made them take the quinine out of it.’ They still sell leg cramp medicine, but it does not work at all. I just love it when some government agency decides what’s best for me. If you watch virtually any commercials on TV about virtually any drug, you will hear the magic words that XYZ med is not meant for everybody. You can bet your life that one of the side effects is death, in rare instances of course. The thing is that the FDA has approved all these dangerous drugs that are advertised, but we can no longer get quinine. I have read that mustard will take care of the problem of leg cramps. It’s probably the salt in the mustard that does the job. It takes about 4 pain-filled minutes to work. Pour a little salt in the palm of your hand, lick it off and chase it with a little water. It works. With so many new drugs coming on the market, how much money did that drug manufacturer have to pay to get it approved? I guess there wasn’t enough money in quinine. By the way, if you’re thinking of getting your quinine by drinking tonic water, you would have to drink two litres a day. This will probably not be posted, we don’t want to upset the FDA. It might give them cramps. A. The FDA banned quinine because it does occasionally cause serious adverse reactions in susceptible people. Such individuals can develop a deadly blood disorder. As little as one 5-ounce glass of tonic water can be disastrous for these vulnerable people, though we hope that the FDA never bans tonic water. Other quinine side effects may include nausea, stomach cramps, ringing in the ears, headache, anxiety, blurry or double vision, irregular heart rhythms, skin rash and fever. We do understand your point. The FDA allows many dangerous drugs on the market. Watching drug commercials on television is a scary proposition, especially when the announcer says things like: “Call your doctor if you have high fever, stiff muscles and confusion to address a possible life-threatening condition or if you have uncontrollable muscle movements, as these can become permanent. High blood sugar has been reported with Abilify and medicines like it and in extreme cases can lead to coma or death.” So how much tonic water would you have to drink to get a pharmacological dose of quinine? The doctor-prescribed dose to prevent leg cramps has been between 200 and 300 mg. A liter of tonic contains around 83 mg of quinine. That means one eight-ounce glass has about 20 mg. You would have to drink about 10 glasses to get the dose of quinine that doctors used to prescribe to prevent leg cramps. That’s not practical. What else can you do to prevent those excruciating leg cramps? Visitors to this website and readers of our newspaper column sing the praises of soap as a preventive. They also like magnesium or potassium, pickle juice, V-8 Juice, turmeric, yellow mustard and apple cider vinegar. Salt may work, but many people are on low-salt diets, which is why pickle juice is probably out for such folks. To learn more about how to use any of these these alternate approaches you may find our book, The People’s Pharmacy Quick & Handy Home Remedies, of great value. You will also find a list of our favorite foods for good health. Remember, Mother Nature’s medicine can frequently be found in your kitchen cabinet! For more information about these and thousands of other remedies, check out our publications . You may also find “ Bed Soap ” or “ Leg Soap ” worth considering. Share your own leg cramp remedy below. Advertisement Cancel Reply We invite you to share your thoughts with others, but remember that our comment section is a public forum. Please do not use your full first and last name if you want to keep details of your medical history anonymous. A first name and last initial or a pseudonym is acceptable. Advice from other commenters on this website is not a substitute for medical attention. Do not stop any medicine without checking with the prescriber. Stopping medication suddenly could result in serious harm. We expect comments to be civil in tone and language. By commenting, you agree to abide by our commenting policy and website terms & conditions . Comments that do not follow these policies will not be posted. Name
Tonic water
In a book recto is the right-hand page – what is the left?
The Truth About Tonic Water The Truth About Tonic Water By Luke Yoquinto, MyHealthNewsDaily Contributor | July 6, 2012 04:59pm ET MORE Credit: Gin and tonic photo via Shutterstock Summer is a time for popsicles and corn on the cob, watermelon and ice cream, and for some, beverages prepared with clear liquors. It’s well known that alcohol affects the body and mind in profound ways, but there’s more to a mixed drink than meets the liver. What about tonic water, that bitter, effervescent liquid so often called upon during the warmer months to serve as the yin to the yang of gin? Tonic water originally existed as a way to deliver quinine, an antimalarial drug derived from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. In the early 1800s, a British officer in colonial India invented the venerable gin and tonic when he realized that alcohol helped the medicine go down in the most delightful way. Today, tonic water still contains quinine, but the roles are reversed: a diluted, sweeter formulation of tonic water helps guide gin and vodka past the tonsils instead. Among foods and drinks that are ingested solely for reasons of taste, tonic water is unique in that it was first and foremost a medicine. Since medicines tend to have side effects, is it possible that a hidden health risk is swirling around in tonic water? The answer is yes, with some caveats. Quinine is still used to treat malaria today, although doctors typically reserve it for cases when the pathogen responsible for the disease displays resistance to newer drugs. However, you'd have to drink almost 20 liters of today's dilute tonic water daily to achieve the daily dose typically prescribed for malaria. That may come as bad news for anyone hoping to cure the deadly infection with a nightly tippling session , but it should come as a relief to the rest of us, because quinine comes with side effects. Side effects so serious, in fact, they were the reason the Food and Drug Administration banned doctors in 2010 from prescribing the drug to treat nighttime leg cramps, a frequent off-label usage. The most serious of the common side effects is thrombocytopenia, a drop in the blood's platelet count that can lead to internal and external bleeding, as well as a related condition that can cause permanent kidney damage. Worse, these and other side effects occur to some degree in up to one in 25 patients treated with medicinal doses of quinine. Happily, the low dose of quinine found in a glass or two of tonic water isn't enough to trigger these issues in most people. However, for the unlucky few, even the small amount of quinine in tonic water can cause thrombocytopenia (doctors call this rare occurrence a "gin and tonic purpura").  People may also develop sensitivities and allergies to quinine as a result of occasional tonic water consumption, only to experience a full-blown reaction years later, upon taking a medicinal dose of quinine. Quinine can pass through the placenta from mother to fetus and there is some limited evidence that it can cause birth defects, so pregnant women should avoid the drug unless a doctor prescribes it to fight malaria. People with the metabolic disorder glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) should also avoid it. For the rest of us, from a health perspective, alcohol is a much more worrisome mixed-drink ingredient than tonic. Pass it on: People may want to avoid tonic water if pregnant, or sensitive or allergic to quinine. Food Facts explores the weird world of the chemicals and nutrients found in our food, and appears on MyHealthNewsDaily on Fridays. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @ MyHealth_MHND . We're also on Facebook  &  Google+ . More Food Facts columns:
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Whose autobiography was the UK’s best selling book of 2013?
Alex Ferguson tops table for bestselling book in print for 2013 | Books | The Guardian Alex Ferguson tops table for bestselling book in print for 2013 Ex-Manchester United manager's memoir My Autobiography has sold more than 647,000 copies since publication in October Alex Ferguson's My Autobiography is the fastest-selling non-fiction book on record. Photograph: Carl Court/AFP/Getty Images Sunday 22 December 2013 12.24 EST First published on Sunday 22 December 2013 12.24 EST Close This article is 3 years old His team may be languishing mid-table over the festive season, but the former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson will sit down to Christmas dinner in pole position once more, as his latest autobiography is declared 2013's bestselling print book. Ferguson's memoir has dominated the charts since publication in October, when it became the fastest-selling work of non-fiction on record , going on to amass sales of more than 647,000 copies. According to Waterstones' Jon Howells, the scale of My Autobiography's success has been something of a surprise. "It looks like it's going to be one of the biggest-selling autobiographies since records began," Howells said, "and I don't think anybody would have predicted three months ago that would happen." For Howells, Ferguson's literary success shows the winner of 13 Premier League titles, two Champions Leagues and five FA Cups has managed to transcend sport. "It's reaching a readership which is interested in management and leadership as a broader issue." With just one week of sales data to add to the UK top 100 before Christmas, Dan Brown's latest Robert Langdon thriller, Inferno, is in second place on the Nielsen BookScan chart. With sales of 228,000 in its first week , this Dantean vision of Armageddon has gone on to shift more than 626,000 copies during 2013 – compared with the 1.2m copies notched up for the previous outing for his academic adventurer, The Lost Symbol. But according to Howells, this dip doesn't mark a loss of form from one of popular fiction's biggest stars, but rather is an indication of wider shifts in the books industry. "I'm not into Dan Brown snobbery," Howells said. "I've read Inferno and the others and they're great fun." Nobody was reading digitally when The Lost Symbol was published back in 2009, he said. "Now there's a massive ebook market for popular fiction. If you add in ebook sales, then the figure for Inferno would be much closer to 1m. But most of those sales will be on Kindle, and Amazon don't release those figures." For Nielsen's Russell Bremner, Amazon's refusal to release figures for Kindle downloads is "the big issue for accurate figures in ebook sales". With electronic books accounting for 17% of UK sales by volume according to consumer research conducted by Kantar World Panel and the internet retailer accounting for 79% of those sales , ebook figures for popular fiction remain something of a mystery, Bremner said. "We have no idea how many ebooks Amazon is selling in comparison to paper copies. I wish we did." Third on the list of print sales is Gillian Flynn's Gone Girl – proof that four years after the Richard and Judy show was axed from UKTV their book club still wields considerable commercial clout. After partnering with WHSmith and shifting online, the book club sees five of its 2013 selections in the top 100, alongside a debut novel from one of the presenters – Judy Finnigan's Cornish ghost story, Eloise, is in 55th place. David Jason has won the battle of the showbiz memoir with almost 300,000 books sold, comfortably ahead of Morrissey, who sold more than 140,00 copies of his Penguin classic, and Miranda Hart whose 2012 memoir Is It Just Me? sold more than 137,000 copies during 2013 in paperback. Just behind Jason in 11th place is JK Rowling, whose first novel for adults, The Casual Vacancy, sold almost 275,000 this year in paperback. Rowling makes a second appearance a little further down the charts in her guise as Robert Galbraith. Her novel featuring the private investigator Cormoran Strike offers a chance to measure the power of a name in cold, hard cash. The Cuckoo's Calling sold 8,500 copies in hardback, ebook and audio edition before the identity of its author was revealed. It has since sold more than 112,000 copies: sales worth almost £1.2m. This will come as a welcome fillip to publishers still struggling to cope as the slide in print sales continues. Early indications show the number of sales in 2013 will be down almost 9% on 2012, a year which was itself down 4% on 2011. According the editor of the Bookseller, Philip Jones, publishers have still put out "event books", such as William Boyd's James Bond novel, Solo, and Helen Fielding's latest Bridget Jones, Mad About the Boy, which appears at 18th in the 2013 chart with 225,000 copies sold. The continuing fall in print sales is partly due to the recession and the shift to digital, Jones argues, but also pays tribute to the breakout success of 50 Shades of Grey. Take out EL James from figures from 2012 and the decline is only 4%. EL James's influence on publishing can be still be seen in 2013 with two appearances for Sylvia Day's Crossfire erotic romances – Entwined with You is in 12th slot with almost 255,000 copies sold. But with a film adaptation of 50 Shades of Grey due in early 2015, Howells is confident EL James will return to bestselling ways. "When that happens – presuming the film is the faithful adaptation of the book all her fans expect – she'll be back in the top 100 again," he said, citing cinema versions of Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings. "You think everybody's read something the first time around, but if the film works, you see sales rocket again," he said. Another author propelled on to the UK top 100 by cinematic success is Jeff Kinney, six of whose eight Diary of a Wimpy Kid novels appear on the chart, with the latest, Hard Luck, in fifth position with almost 350,000 copies sold. With the children's market due to contract by only 5% David Walliams is another writer who has translated screen success into a publishing gold, with five of his recent novels for eight to twelve year olds among this year's top sellers. The influence of the silver screen extends to literary fiction as well, with Ang Lee's 2012 film adaptation of The Life of Pi enough to make Yann Martel's 2001 novel a star of 2013. Martel appears alongside fellow Booker winners Ian McEwan and Hilary Mantel on the top 100, but there was no space for this year's winner, Eleanor Catton, or for Donna Tartt, though according to Jones both titles should figure very strongly next year in paperback. Despite the continuing fall in print sales, Jones remains bullish about prospects for 2014, suggesting that with almost 50% of the sales for big commercial titles shifting to digital editions and falling off the charts, a slide of 8% is "not bad". "We saw a lot of optimism at the London Book Fair and Frankfurt in 2013," he added, "a lot of buying. Publishers have discovered that the more their business shifts to digital the more profitable it becomes, and they were spending some of that this year. Publishing is remarkably robust and incredibly positive, though with Amazon's domination extending over more and more of the industry, who knows what the future will bring." • This article was amended on 8 January 2014 to clarify the level of uncertainties surrounding ebook sales data
Alex Ferguson
Which tennis star was sued for palimony by Judy Nelson?
Printed book sales fall £98m in 2013 - BBC News BBC News Printed book sales fall £98m in 2013 6 January 2014 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Image caption The size of the printed book market slumped to an 11-year low in both volume and value terms Sales of printed books fell by £98m last year - a drop of 6.5% from 2012. A total of £1.416bn was spent on paperbacks and hardbacks in the 52-week period up to 28 December, according to Nielsen BookScan data. The total number of printed books sold dropped even further - falling 9.8% to 183.9 million. A rise in the average price partly made up for the shortfall. The continued growth of the digital e-book market is in part responsible for the large drop in sales. Recent consumer data figures showed more than two million UK users joined the digital book market in the first nine months of 2013. However, The Bookseller said the fall in value of the book market was also due to the slowdown in sales of EL James's Fifty Shades novels. In 2012, the author's trilogy sold in record-breaking numbers. At its peak, the series accounted for almost half of all novels bought in the UK. James's sales for 2013 totalled £1.4m, compared to £47.3m in 2012, when the trilogy sold 10.5 million copies. Despite the overall market slump, the average selling price of a book reached a nine-year high, rising 21p to £7.70. Sir Alex Ferguson's My Autobiography was the best-selling book of 2013, shifting 803,084 copies, while the hardback version of Dan Brown's Inferno was the best-selling novel, with 640,676 copies purchased. Meanwhile, supermarket chain Sainsbury's has announced it is to stop selling printed books online by the end of February. "We see that the online opportunity lies in digital products, with physical music, books, games and films sold in our stores," a Sainsbury's spokesperson said. "This move is in line with wider industry trends towards on demand entertainment, and part of our focus on the fast-growing download and streaming market."
i don't know
On which instrument is a skirl played?
Experienced Bagpiper in Northeast Ohio (Akron, Canton, Cleveland) -- History of the bagpipes. Bagpiper for hire in Northeast Ohio, Akron, Canton, Cleveland areas. Bagpipes (pipers) for hire! Bagpipe player - piper (bagpipers) available for wedding, party, funeral, lessons. A silence falls over the crowd ... there is a distant wail, getting closer and closer. It soon becomes a skirl and the audience rises in anticipation. All eyes are fixed on the double doors at the end of the ballroom. Then, suddenly, the doors swing open and the sound of the bagpipes fills the room. The crowd bursts out in cheers and applause....... Bagpipes have been played through thousands of years of history. The instrument occasionally shows up in Medieval art, such as this carving of an angel. Early models only had one or two drones over the shoulder. Brave pipers were the first to storm the battlefields. Bagpipes ~ A Brief History The pipes have captured audiences the world over since ancient times They are among the oldest musical instruments, so old that their true age and origin are debated among historians. Contrary to popular belief, the bagpipes were not invented in Scotland or Ireland. It is widely believed that the pipes were originally created in the middle east, with supporting evidence in Egypt and eventually Greece and Rome. The use of the instrument soon spread throughout Europe, carried by the Celts and Roman invaders. It's music and unique sound were popular among the common people and enjoyed in fairs, weddings and open-air dances. During the late Middle-Ages, the fate of the instrument began to show as more and more indoor activities became popular. The loud pipes were not invited among the more elaborate instruments of the day and soon the popularity of the bagpipes began to wane... except in Scotland. Its martial music appealed to the warlike spirit of the Scottish and at an early date it superseded the harp in their favor. The original form with bag, chanter, blowpipe and one drone remained unaltered till around 1500 when a second drone was added. A third � the big drone � being added about 200 years later. Dynasties of pipers emerged, such as MacCrimmons, MacKays, MacGregors, and Cummings, who performed the duties of official piper for their clan chiefs through successive generations and who sustained and generated the music. Pipers in those times were privileged individuals, worthy of a seat at the chieftain's table. Their music inspired armies to surge forth in the heat of battle and yet soothed their mourning hearts at the burial of a fellow clansman. Bagpipes could be heard up to 10 miles away in the Highlands and they were perfect for sending tonal messages from one end of a battlefield to the other. Because of the importance of the bagpipes to any Highland army, they were aimed upon by the British forces during the Highland uprising in the 1700s. After England defeated Scotland's Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745, kilts and bagpipes were outlawed, the pipes being classified as "instruments of war". To play them would warrant an execution. By the time the ban was lifted, it had done its job well. The Scots were well integrated into the British Empire. Never has an instrument been so loved by a people and yet so feared by their enemies as the Highland bagpipes. The pipes are a symbol of strength, the salve of the soul, and the prize of Clans. The Scottish regiments earned strong reputations as some of the bravest and fiercest in battles from Waterloo where Napoleon was defeated to the Boer Wars in South Africa to the defeats of the independent rajahs of India. But where ever they went, the Scottish regiments brought bagpipes with them. By then using modern weapons of the British army, the soldiers continued to be inspired by their highland bagpipe on the battlefield. And the pipers continued to lead. In the early days of World War I they leaped from the trenches in charges against the German machine guns, leading the troops through the hail of bullets. After some time an order was issued - pipers were to remain behind the trenches and not lead - because they became targets, and were killed faster than new ones could be taught. Yet their courage remained unabated. The Scottish regiments still maintain their pipe bands with pride today. The Great Highland Bagpipe has spread throughout the world, wherever the Scottish people have gone. New Zealand, Australia, and Canada all have strong piping traditions, and it is growing at a steady pace in the United States as well. Here in Ohio, you can enjoy the pipe band and solo competitions at the annual Ohio Scottish Games in the town of Wellington. Competitions are taken seriously and performers rehearse endlessly in preparation to prove their skills. If you are interested in having the pipes played at your next event, or would like to learn to play for yourself, feel free to contact me at (330)628-4202 or send to [email protected] I serve the Northeast Ohio community and would be glad to hear from you. Copyright � 2004 Brian McElhinney. All rights reserved.
Bagpipes
What was the Oxford Dictionaries ‘New Word of the Year’?
great-highland-pipes great-highland-pipes Bass Drum The Great Highland Bagpipe is most closely identified with Scotland but it didn’t originate there. It’s fairly difficult to identify the exact origins because it is made of natural materials and it has always been an instrument of the common people. It does appear in art, both in sculpture and painting, the earliest of which place it at least 800 to 1000 years B.C. and probably in that part of the world which is now Iraq and Iran. Some historians suggest Macedonia. Various forms of an instrument which incorporated a bag and reeded pipes are found in the Celtic countries. An annual festival held in Lorient in Brittany is attended by players from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, The Isle of Man, Brittany, Galicia and Asturia. The instrument as we know it predates the violin so there’s an argument to be made that Nero actually piped rather than fiddled while Rome burned in 64 AD. The instrument itself is a woodwind with both single and double reeds. It differs from other woodwinds, like the oboe in the way the reeds are enclosed and not actually placed in the mouth of the player. The bag acts as a reservoir for the air and thus allows the player to make a continuous sound. Players of other instruments can achieve this by using the cheeks as a reservoir, breathing in through the nose while blowing out through the mouth (e.g. the Australian didgeridoo). The method is known as circular breathing and some bagpipers can achieve it when playing the practice chanter. The Great Highland Bagpipe has evolved over the centuries to a standard conformation with a leather or synthetic bag and five pipes… the blowstick, chanter, bass drone and two tenors. The chanter, which plays the melody, has an octave plus one note, generally tuned to “A” or “B flat”. The two tenors are tuned an octave lower and the Bass an octave below that. The distinctive sound of the bagpipe (the skirl) derives from the way the three drones, which sound a continuous note, harmonize with each note on the chanter. The chanter plays a pentatonic scale in the mixolydian mode. The pipes can be played with other instruments, especially B flat and E flat, so it’s not uncommon for military bands and pipe bands to play together. The bagpipe arrived in Canada with the first Scots settlers. One arrival is recorded in the famous painting by JD Kelly of the Landing of the Ship Hector in Pictou N.S. in 1773. The piper in the painting is a Fraser and that name is certainly well known in Canadian piping circles. There were pipers at the Plains of Abraham when Wolfe famously said it would be “no great mischief” if the Scots were killed, and gave the title to Alastair McLeod for his novel. There are numerically more pipers and pipe bands in Canada today than there are in Scotland… not surprising when you consider we have seven times the population. Canadian pipers have achieved the very highest honours in piping competitions, frequently winning the gold medal at Cowal and Inverness. The first band from outside Scotland to win the world pipe band championship was from Canada and the Simon Fraser University Band and the 78th Fraser Highlanders have been winning regularly ever since.
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