question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Which island is the birthplace of Cristiano Ronaldo? | Cristiano Ronaldo birthplace - The beautifull Madeira
Home > Excursions > Cristiano Ronaldo birthplace – The beautifull Madeira Island
Cristiano Ronaldo birthplace – The beautifull Madeira Island
Yes, it’s true. He, the magician, was born here, dribbled, took his first steps, side-footed his first goal, screamed for his first penalty and pleaded for the other toddler to be sent off.
I speak, of course, of Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, arguably the greatest footballer in the world.
His birthplace was Funchal, capital of the Portuguese island of Madeira, a volcanic island in the North Atlantic, washed by the Gulf Stream and warmed by the African sun, the nearest land mass 400 miles away.
Cristiano Ronaldo birthplace
Forget its historical visitors – Christopher Columbus or Captain Kidd the pirate, Napoleon (en route to exile in St Helena) or Winston Churchill, or Mrs Thatcher, for that matter, who honeymooned here in 1951.
Today, Ronaldo puts Madeira on the map. His face shines from holiday guides; waxworks adorn his museum.
The street markets are piled high with posters of the pecs of the player whose brilliance promises to light up this summer’s World Cup.
Will this attract the wrong sort of holidaymaker, Europe’s yob-ocracy, decanting from the clubs of Tenerife 250 miles away to this peaceful little sub-tropical island? Not likely.
Throughout its history, Madeira has got by through being largely overlooked.
Over the centuries, it has been plundered by pirates and exploited by entrepreneurs for the products of its fertile soil, but they always moved on – like the cruise ship visitors who dock overnight, invade in their thousands and then disappear.
For those who take the time to explore this island, just twice the size of the Isle of Wight, its climate is Mediterranean-warm with cooling winds, its people friendly, its countryside rugged but inviting. It is a cosy reminder of what Europe used to be. And all just over three hours by air from the UK.
Above all, what Madeira has is class. And that class is unashamedly of the middle variety. The retired-but-still-young can be seen putting hard-earned pensions to good use in quiet, but fruitful, pleasure and leisure.
Cristiano Ronaldo Birthplace
It is both peaceful and exciting to wander Funchal’s tropical gardens, aglow with exotic flowers from Africa, the Americas and the Far East.
I am here as spring breaks into a mass of dazzling reds and yellows, the air heavy with the scent of wisteria and hibiscus. But almost all year round Madeira is as spectacular a palette of blossoms as any gardener might wish to see.
Venture into the island’s 300sq miles of high country and you encounter one of mankind’s lesser-known triumphs over nature – ancient irrigation channels and aqueducts cut through rock by generations past to syphon rainwater from the mountain to drip-feed the banana and sugar cane plantations on the coast.
These levadas wind gently – all 850 miles of them – round the contours of the rain forest and now provide spectacular walks of all grades of difficulty.
There is serious hiking country for pole-wielders with backpacks, or gentle strolls accompanied by spectacular views for the less physical among us.
A 4×4 safari takes me into the heart of those forests, with the fearless Osvaldo at the wheel as we hurtle off-road along loggers’ tracks and down near-vertical slopes, all to a running commentary often drowned out by roller-coaster screams of fear and pleasure from my fellow passengers.
Eventually, we roar through the mist to a mountain peak and a view over clouds rolling away into the distance beneath us – an ethereal experience that makes you mighty glad to be alive.
Cristiano Ronaldo birthplace
It’s the same out on the Atlantic, ploughing through waves to the aptly named Desertas Islands, a smudge on the horizon 30 miles off shore and home to wild goats and tarantulas.
A lady with a PhD in animal conservation hopes to catch a glimpse of Monachus monachus, a seal so rare they are almost extinct. Just 30 cling on to life in these waters.
Sadly for her, not an endangered whisker breaks the surface – though there’s compensation in the thrilling pod of dolphins that sweep along in the bow wave as we head home.
Madeira is full of simple joys such as these, along with its famous wine and wonderful food. It’s also upped its game for the discerning visitor and while I’m here the enterprising Porto Bay hotel group is putting on its annual gastronomic festival with a dozen chefs from all over Europe showing off their skills.
This takes place partly in the yo-ho-ho atmosphere of 200-year-old Blandy’s Wine Lodge – all low ceilings, huge barrels and age-blackened timbers – whose every candle-lit corner tonight offers a wandering buffet of bite-sized treats of oysters, truffles, raw fish, rare beef and the like.
At this foodie heaven, Madeira shows off the flavour of cooking at its very best.
Cristiano Ronaldo birthplace
I am billeted in the smoothly-efficient Cliff Bay, a luxury hotel perched high above the sea and so solicitous of its guests that a falcon and falconer patrol the breakfast terrace to keep marauding seagulls away.
After dining on exquisite turbot in a champagne and caviar sauce at its Michelin-starred restaurant, I am going back for seconds, believe me.
But, then, that’s one of Madeira’s hallmarks. It draws people back, as its impressive repeat-business record shows.
For all the pull of his mega-millionaire lifestyle, Ronaldo, I am told, makes sure he holidays here with family and friends every year.
This summer, the World Cup in Brazil will claim him, but while we applaud the maestro’s silk-smooth touches, his stylish play and superb finishing, I will be remembering that they reflect the qualities of the marvellous island of his birth.
| Madeira |
Known as the Father of Western Medicine, Hippocrates was born on which Greek island? | Where is Cristiano Ronaldo from?
Do you want to know where is Cristiano Ronaldo from?
Cristiano Ronaldo is from Portugal, since he was born in a Portuguese Island called Madeira, Funchal. To be more precise, Cristiano Ronaldo was born in Santo António, which is a small neighborhood in Madeira. He's the son of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and José Dinis Aveiro.
Cristiano Ronaldo has some family roots from Cape Verde, since that's where his great grand-mother was from. Ronaldo lived in Madeira until he turned 12 (1997), before leaving his island to the mainland, to start playing for Sporting C.P., one of the biggest football clubs in Portugal.
Even though Cristiano Ronaldo is one of the World's most famous celebrity, some people still thinks that Ronaldo is from Spain, just because their geography knowledge isn't good enough to put Portugal in the map. For those who have doubts about where is Cristiano Ronaldo from, you can write it down that he is from Portugal, an independent European country, that is located near Spain in the map.
For a more complete information on where is Cristiano Ronaldo from, you can check CR7's biography .
| i don't know |
What name is given to natives of the second-largest island of the Maltese archipelago? | Maltese Islands - The Three Islands of Malta, Gozo & Comino
Attractions
Islands
The Maltese archipelago lies virtually at the centre of the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km north of Africa.
The archipelago consists of three islands: Malta, Gozo and Comino with a total population of over 400,000 inhabitants occupying an area of 316 square kilometers.
Malta is the largest island and the cultural, commercial and administrative centre.
Gozo is the second largest island and is more rural, characterised by fishing, tourism, crafts and agriculture.
Comino , the smallest of the trio, has one hotel and is largely uninhabited.
| Gozo |
The island of Foulness lies off the coast of which English county? | About Malta | Foundation Programme Malta
2015-07-13
About Malta
We have been asked by many people what Malta has to offer besides the Foundation Programme. Here is some background information we have gathered about our country and its people.
The Maltese archipelago of islands basically consists of three islands: Malta, Gozo and Comino. Located in the Mediterranean Sea, just south of Sicily, their total population in 2007 just exceeded 400,000.
The largest island of the group is Malta, from which the archipelago takes its name. Valletta, the capital, is the cultural, administrative and commercial centre of the archipelago. Malta is well served with harbours, chief of which is the Valletta Grand Harbour. Malta's international airport is situated five kilometres from the capital.
The second largest island, Gozo is topographically quite different from Malta. Quaintly attractive for its less industrialised way of life, Gozo can be reached from Malta by ferry-boat from Cirkewwa and Pieta, near Valletta, and by helicopter from the airport.
Comino, Cominotto, Filfla and St Paul's islands are the other smaller islands of the archipelago. Of these, only Comino, straddled between Malta and Gozo, sustains a very tiny population. Turned into a popular resort because of a couple of very fine beaches, Comino can be reached from Cirkewwa, either by boat or by excursion ferries during the summer months.
Position: The distance between Malta and the nearest point in Sicily is 93 km. The distance from the nearest point on the North African mainland (Tunisia) is 288 km. Gibraltar is 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria is 1,510 km to the east.
This strategic position has allowed Malta to develop as an important trading post. The Malta Freeport is one of the Mediterranean's leading ports for container transhipments.
The total area of the Maltese Islands is 316 km2. Malta has no mountains or rivers. A series of low hills with terraced fields on the slopes characterise the Island. The coastline of Malta is well indented, thus providing numerous harbours, bays, creeks, sandy beaches and rocky coves. The length of the shoreline round Malta is 136 km, and 43km round Gozo.
It is the climate, more than anything else, that has made Malta an important tourist resort in the centre of the Mediterranean. The average winter temperature is 12 degrees C (54 F.) There are really only two seasons in Malta: the dry summer season, and the mild winter season. The average annual rainfall is 578 mm (22.756 ins). Rain rarely, if ever, falls during the summer months.
Malta's rich history will take you on a journey starting from the oldest free standing temples in the world, through various periods influenced by different cultures including Phoenician, Romans, St. Paul's shipwreck, Byzantine, Arab, Norman, the Knights of St John, a brief French period and finally British. Malta gained independence from Britain in 1964, became a Republic in 1973 and joined the European Union in 2004.
Further useful information about our lovely island can be seen at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta or http://www.visitmalta.com/
Quick Links
| i don't know |
Which guest chose a stuffed Michael Palin as his luxury to take to the Island? | Desert Island Discs and why 2 guests chose cyanide pills as their luxury items | Daily Mail Online
comments
Launching an online archive of Radio 4’s Desert Island Discs, presenter Kirsty Young has revealed that veteran BBC journalist David Dimbleby chose her as his ‘luxury item’. But what about other famous castaways? Fans can now explore a database of every song, book and luxury item chosen. To mark the occasion, DAVID THOMAS presents his favourite facts and trivia from the show’s seven-decade history...
Enlarge
Desert Island Discs is the world’s longest-running factual radio programme. It was first broadcast on January 29, 1942, and has been on air ever since. The only longer-running radio series of any kind is America’s Grand Ole Opry country music show.
The first guest was comedian and musician Vic Oliver, who had fought alongside fellow Austrian Adolf Hitler during World War I. The son-in-law of Winston Churchill, Oliver was named in the ‘Black Book’ of Jews to be rounded up and killed after the Nazis’ planned invasion of Britain. Interviewed for Desert Island Discs in the BBC’s bomb-damaged studio in London’s Maida Vale, his choices of music included four classical pieces and the Twenties big-band classic Happy Days Are Here Again, played by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra.
Roy Plomley, the show’s creator, came up with the idea for the show in November 1941, while getting ready for bed. He wrote up his idea while wearing his pyjamas. The BBC liked it and two months later he was on air. He presented the show until his death in 1985.
The concept remained Plomley’s copyright. His widow, Diana, was highly critical of his successor, Michael Parkinson, who lasted two years. She also accused Sue Lawley (presenter from 1988 to 2006), of having ‘an extraordinary obsession with other people’s sex lives’.
Luxury item: Desert Island Discs presenter Kirsty Young was veteran broadcaster David Dimbleby's choice
Guests chosen as castaways can take eight pieces of music with them, along with the Bible, the Complete Works of William Shakespeare, a book of their own choosing and a luxury item. Plomley laid down strict rules for the luxury: it had to be inanimate, and it could not be used to get off the island or communicate with the outside world. Neither the book nor the luxury were part of the original format — both were added in 1951.
Luxury item: Dame Vera Lynn chose to take curling tongs with her to the desert island
The first celebrity guest to choose a luxury was Chitty Chitty Bang Bang actress Sally Anne Howes, who opted to take some garlic — then an exotic commodity. In the weeks that followed, guests picked a double bass, a painting by Spanish painter Goya and cigarettes (also chosen, almost 60 years later, by Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg). Among the first luxuries were ‘my first ukulele’, selected by the singer George Formby, and curling tongs, chosen by Forces sweetheart Vera Lynn.
The first book ever selected, on October 9, 1951, was Who’s Who In The Theatre, chosen by actor Henry Kendall. Six weeks later the actress Kathleen Harrison picked the first novel, Charles Dickens’s classic The Pickwick Papers.
The most popular music selections have been classical, since they remain constant while tastes in pop music change. The most requested piece is the Ode To Joy from Beethoven’s 9th Symphony.
Castaways are allowed to choose any music they like — with the possible exception of one famous Frank Sinatra hit. A BBC spokesman explained: ‘My Way is not banned, but in the past guests have been gently encouraged to think of something else to prevent the song becoming a cliché. Michael Caine chose it in December 2009.’
Two members of the Royal Family have been castaways, Princess Margaret and Princess Michael of Kent — who chose an oriental cat as her luxury, flouting the rule banning animate objects.
Although an invite to the island is considered a rare privilege, some have turned it down, including Mick Jagger, Labour politician John Prescott, the former Poet Laureate Ted Hughes and Prince Charles.
Simon Cowell and Graham Norton both chose mirrors with which to gaze at their own loveliness.
In 2007, Yoko Ono, whose favourite piece of music, incidentally, was The Cheeky Song by the Cheeky Girls, opted for ‘my life for the next 30 years’, thereby guaranteeing her survival until 2037, by which time she would be 104.
Playwright Peter Nichols’s favourite book, meanwhile, was his own diary, while his luxury was a cyanide pill.
Mr Vain: Pop supremo Simon Cowell asked for a mirror to take on to the desert island, as did comedian Graham Norton
Nichols wasn’t alone in considering suicide. Author and TV presenter Stephen Fry and journalist Lynn Barber both opted for poison pills, while TV star David Walliams wanted a pistol with which to shoot himself. The novelist Fay Weldon also chose a firearm, although she wanted a shotgun with which to shoot crocodiles rather than herself.
Film director Otto Preminger chose his autobiography as his favourite book, as did ’Allo ’Allo actor Gorden Kaye, while author Bill Bryson chose The Lost Continent by, er, Bill Bryson.
They're grrrreat! Enough so for Ian Hislop to request a lifetime's supply before he was shipped off
One of the most common luxuries requested is ‘a lifetime’s supply’ of their favourite things. Sir David Frost, for example, could not survive without the Sunday papers. Several writers, including Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling, and crime writers P.D. James and Patricia Cornwell, asked for a limitless supply of pens, ink and paper. Booker Prize-winner Howard Jacobson wanted an infinite number of pressed shirts and trousers — perhaps he could share an island with presenter Sue Lawley, who asked for an iron and ironing board when she was interviewed as a guest in 1987 by her predecessor Michael Parkinson.
Food and drink, unsurprisingly, come top in many celebrities’ wish-lists. The epicurean Michael Winner requested caviar, London Mayor Boris Johnson chose French mustard, and comedian Ian Hislop picked the humble cereal Frosties. Celebrities who couldn’t do without a tipple include Welsh actor Jonathan Pryce, who requested rum punch, and singer and West End star Michael Ball, who asked for Sauvignon Blanc.
Other castaways simply aren’t great readers. Showjumper Harvey Smith told Roy Plomley: ‘I’ve never read a book in my life and I don’t intend to start for you, sir’, a sentiment shared by TV chef Jamie Oliver, one of Britain’s best-selling authors, who declined all offers of literature, declaring: ‘I don’t read books.’ The actor Tim Robbins solved problems of heating and entertainment simultaneously, requesting an entire library and a box of matches.
When choosing luxury items, women guests tend to stick to fragrant bath and body products, while sporting goods and gadgets prove popular among the men.
Appetites: Hollywood wildman Oliver Reed asked for a blow-up woman to take into his desert island exile. Presumably to use as an escape raft
Things that male guests consider luxurious:
A molecular engineering laboratory with which to create a pet dog, chosen by vet Bruce Fogle on being told he could not take a real dog.
A blow-up woman, chosen by actor Oliver Reed.
Michael Palin, stuffed, chosen by John Cleese.
A dojo, or Japanese martial arts school, chosen by Foreign Secretary William Hague.
Golf clubs, chosen by comedian Jimmy Tarbuck, football legend Sir Bobby Robson, ex-rugby player Sir Clive Woodward, and numerous other male celebs. Rocker Alice Cooper plumped for an indoor golf driving range.
A Ferrari, parked underneath the island’s palm tree, chosen by jazz drummer Buddy Rich (George Michael preferred an Aston Martin DB9: presumably he would crash it against the same palm tree).
A billiard table and a shed to keep it in, chosen by Sir Patrick Stewart.
A football and a wall to kick it against, chosen by the late DJ John Peel (who admitted that the only time he felt graceful was when he was playing football).
And for the girls:
Fragrant body lotion, chosen by Sex And The City star Kim Cattrall. Twiggy, showing her age, chose Pond’s classic cold cream.
Eye make-up, especially mascara, chosen by novelist Barbara Taylor Bradford.
Eyelash curlers, chosen by ballerina Darcey Bussell.
A manicure set, chosen by Cilla Black.
A fluffy purple worm, chosen by sailor Dame Ellen MacArthur.
Tissues, chosen by actress Jane Horrocks.
Sunblock, chosen by Nicole Kidman, Annie Lennox, Joan Collins and Sue MacGregor.
A pair of Christian Louboutin mules, chosen by actress Kristin Scott Thomas.
Perhaps the most intriguing girly choice was made by Sixties sex-kitten Brigitte Bardot, who said in her thick French accent that what she wanted was ‘a peeniss’. Displaying commendable cool, Roy Plomley replied: ‘Most interesting. Why, may I ask?’ To which Bardot said: ‘Well, eet’s what ze world needs most — ’appiness.’
| John Cleese |
What title is currently held by Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger? | Desert Island Discs celebrates 70 years of books, music and bizarre luxuries | Television & radio | The Guardian
Desert Island Discs
Desert Island Discs celebrates 70 years of books, music and bizarre luxuries
Sir David Attenborough marks anniversary with fourth appearance on radio show, which has seen requests for a blow-up doll and suicide pills
Roy Plomley, the creator and original presenter of the Desert Island Discs. He was followed by Michael Parkinson, Sue Lawley and the current presenter, Kirsty Young. Photograph: John Downing/Getty Images
Friday 27 January 2012 05.28 EST
First published on Friday 27 January 2012 05.28 EST
Close
This article is 4 years old
When radio presenter Roy Plomley came up with the idea for Radio 4's Desert Island Discs on a cold November night in 1941, on his way to bed and already in his pyjamas, he envisaged a series of six programmes. They began on 27 January the following year, 70 years ago this weekend. The show, which bases interviews with public figures around eight musical choices, a book and a luxury, is now the world's longest-running factual radio programme.
Unlike The Archers, which slipped up by over-hyping its 60th anniversary edition last year and killing off a popular character, Desert Island Discs is sticking to what it knows for its 70th, welcoming Sir David Attenborough back for a fourth appearance. Only Arthur Askey has matched that and Attenborough is a fitting choice for the 70th anniversary: a national treasure with a career of impressive longevity, just like the show itself.
Its appeal lies largely in a deceptively simple format – in talking about a fantasy island and their music selections, guests relax and reveal aspects of themselves – and a seemingly unchanging quality, underlined by the fact that it has only had four main presenters.
Plomley quizzed castaways for 43 years until his death in 1985, lunching before the recordings with the guest at his club, the Garrick (another club was used for female guests), and dealing with any anomalies in record choices, he explained in a Radio 4 documentary made for the 50th anniversary , by taking castaways across the road to the pub for "a couple of large gins".
The format and tone has quietly evolved over the years. The original didn't feature books or luxury items, with these added in 1951. Actor Sally Ann Howes chose garlic as the first luxury, a more prosaic choice than many that would follow: a blow-up doll (Oliver Reed), Michael Palin, stuffed (John Cleese), solar-powered vibrator (Cornelia Parker), mirror (Simon Cowell, Graham Norton), navel brush (Frank Muir), suicide pill (Peter Nichols, Stephen Fry, Lynn Barber), and happiness. The latter, requested by Brigitte Bardot, caused Plomley momentary consternation; it sounded as if she was asking for "a penis".
When Michael Parkinson took over from Plomley, he changed the interview so that guests heard their music choices rather than having them edited in. Plomley's widow, Diana, was said to find his style too slick, and Parkinson only hosted the show for two years.
She was even more scathing about Sue Lawley's 18-year tenure, claiming that the presenter had "an extraordinary obsession with other people's sex lives". This followed Lawley's 1996 interview with the then unmarried shadow chancellor, Gordon Brown, in which she said: "People want to know whether you're gay or whether there's some flaw in your personality that you haven't made a relationship?"
Lawley was host for the most controversial guest, Lady Diana Mosley in 1989, in which Mosley described Hitler as "fascinating" and challenged Lawley's assertion that the Nazis had murdered six million Jews. "Oh no, I don't think it was that many," Mosley replied. There was a long, icy pause. "Tell us about your fifth record, Lady Mosley."
Since taking over as host in 2006, Kirsty Young's time on the programme has been largely controversy-free, apart from some grumblings that Gok Wan was too populist a choice of guest. However, Young is widely credited with reinvigorating the programme, with her warm yet searching questions producing especially captivating editions with Kathy Burke, Mark Gatiss, Betty Driver and Morrissey. The latter's encounter was voted second best broadcast interview of all time in a Radio Times poll last year, pipped by David Frost interviewing Richard Nixon .
The programme's core strength is that it's a gentle listen, but one in which guests give us a strong sense of what they're really like. This might be through their musical selections – soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf famously chose seven of her own performances –or how they weave their life story around them.
The tone may be pretty relaxed, but like the programme's theme tune, it's not quite what it seems. Eric Coates composed By the Sleepy Lagoon in 1930, and it's now synonymous with being transported to a tropical island. In fact, he wrote the music while looking out over Bognor Regis. Similarly, Young will be welcoming and respectful to Attenborough on Sunday, but no pushover. Expect a question or two about those polar bear cubs featured on Frozen Planet that were filmed in a German zoo.
| i don't know |
Which bodily fluid is secreted by the parotid glands? | Salivary Glands and Saliva
Glossary
Salivary Glands and Saliva
Saliva is produced in and secreted from salivary glands. The basic secretory units of salivary glands are clusters of cells called an acini. These cells secrete a fluid that contains water, electrolytes, mucus and enzymes, all of which flow out of the acinus into collecting ducts.
Within the ducts, the composition of the secretion is altered. Much of the sodium is actively reabsorbed, potassium is secreted, and large quantities of bicarbonate ion are secreted. Bicarbonate secretion is of tremendous importance to ruminants because it, along with phosphate, provides a critical buffer that neutralizes the massive quantities of acid produced in the forestomachs. Small collecting ducts within salivary glands lead into larger ducts, eventually forming a single large duct that empties into the oral cavity.
Most animals have three major pairs of salivary glands that differ in the type of secretion they produce:
parotid glands produce a serous, watery secretion
submaxillary (mandibular) glands produce a mixed serous and mucous secretion
sublingual glands secrete a saliva that is predominantly mucous in character
The basis for different glands secreting saliva of differing composition can be seen by examining salivary glands histologically. Two basic types of acinar epithelial cells exist:
serous cells, which secrete a watery fluid, essentially devoid of mucus
mucous cells, which produce a very mucus-rich secretion
Acini in the parotid glands are almost exclusively of the serous type, while those in the sublingual glands are predominantly mucus cells. In the submaxillary glands, it is common to observe acini composed of both serous and mucus epithelial cells.
In the histologic sections of canine salivary gland shown above, the cells stained pink are serous cells, while the white, foamy cells are mucus-secreting cells.
Secretion of saliva is under control of the autonomic nervous system, which controls both the volume and type of saliva secreted. This is actually fairly interesting: a dog fed dry dog food produces saliva that is predominantly serous, while dogs on a meat diet secrete saliva with much more mucus. Parasympathetic stimulation from the brain, as was well demonstated by Ivan Pavlov , results in greatly enhanced secretion, as well as increased blood flow to the salivary glands.
Potent stimuli for increased salivation include the presence of food or irritating substances in the mouth, and thoughts of or the smell of food. Knowing that salivation is controlled by the brain will also help explain why many psychic stimuli also induce excessive salivation - for example, why some dogs salivate all over the house when it's thundering
What then are the important functions of saliva? Saliva serves many roles, some of which are important to all species, and others to only a few:
Lubrication and binding: the mucus in saliva is extremely effective in binding masticated food into a slippery bolus that (usually) slides easily through the esophagus without inflicting damage to the mucosa. Saliva also coats the oral cavity and esophagus, and food basically never directly touches the epithelial cells of those tissues.
Solubilizes dry food: in order to be tasted, the molecules in food must be solubilized.
Oral hygiene: The oral cavity is almost constantly flushed with saliva, which floats away food debris and keeps the mouth relatively clean. Flow of saliva diminishes considerably during sleep, allow populations of bacteria to build up in the mouth -- the result is dragon breath in the morning. Saliva also contains lysozyme, an enzyme that lyses many bacteria and prevents overgrowth of oral microbial populations.
Initiates starch digestion: in most species, the serous acinar cells secrete an alpha-amylase which can begin to digest dietary starch into maltose. Amylase is not present, or present only in very small quantities, in the saliva of carnivores or cattle.
Provides alkaline buffering and fluid: this is of great importance in ruminants, which have non-secretory forestomachs.
Evaporative cooling: clearly of importance in dogs, which have very poorly developed sweat glands - look at a dog panting after a long run and this function will be clear.
Diseases of the salivary glands and ducts are not uncommon in animals and man, and excessive salivation is a symptom of almost any lesion in the oral cavity. The dripping of saliva seen in rabid animals is not actually a result of excessive salivation, but due to pharyngeal paralysis, which prevents saliva from being swallowed.
| Saliva |
A statue of which poet can be found at Hull Paragon Interchange railway station? | An Examination Of The Bodily Fluids And Excretions
An Examination Of The Bodily Fluids And Excretions
(especially as regards their possible consumption by ritualists)
by Asa Rhadon
Semen - the primary male sexual fluid, which like blood is composed of both cellular and non-cellular material. Though blood consists of numerous differentiated cells floating in a plasma, the only cells swimming in seminal plasma are sperm. These cells, the only human cells that move under their own power, are in fact almost too archetypically male, consisting basically of a warhead containing 23 chromosomes (half the usual cell's complement) which is driven toward destiny by its engine's whiplike propeller. The plasmas of red blood and white blood (semen) are also quite different. While both types are a complex mix of organic and inorganic chemicals, blood plasma feeds and interacts with a multitude of varying cells and tissues; seminal plasma, on the other hand, serves only to nourish and assist the spermatozoa. Also, it is unique among human substances in its high levels of fructose (as opposed to glucose), for which fact science can presently find no proven explanation. The remainder of the seminal fluid consists of various proteins, the functions of which are also unclear. The spermatozoa are formed in the testicles and lodge in the epididymis until they are ejaculated through the vas deferens and the urethra, mixing with a rich variety of glandular secretions along the way. There can be no doubt that, considered from a purely nutritional perspective, fresh semen is a highly nourishing food. As with all the substances discussed in this essay, there may be infectious agents like human immunodefiency virus or various of the hepatitis viruses present in semen. Most of these agents are inactivated by the hydrochloric acid that does the digesting in human stomachs; however, there is a danger of an infection passing through a sore or irritation on the mucus membranes of one's mouth or throat. The safest way to do any ritual involving the bodily fluids is to know in detail the medical status of your partner(s).
Menstrual blood - one of the very most important bodily fluids used in the performance of advanced sex magick techniques. It is the normal quasi-monthly discharge of ovulating women, and consists of a mixture of ordinary blood, the sloughed-off layer of endometrium, and the virtually microscopic remains of (usually) two unfertilized human eggs . The blood is made up of plasma (a pale brownish aqueous solution) in which is suspended a myriad of cells and chemicals . The endometrium is a mucus membrane which lines the uterus. It thickens in response to the release of certain hormones, its mucus glands and cells swelling and the circulation of blood increasing. After a period of time, if a fertilized egg fails to implant itself, the blood vessels in this waiting endometrium go into spasm. The outer layer of the thickened membrane falls apart and is expelled in the process called menstruation. Each egg is a specialized single cell containing only half the chromosomes of a normal human cell; it is tens of thousands of times larger than a sperm, though at around an eighth of a millimeter one could easily fit inside this next period. Most of the egg is made up of what is called yolk, a nutrient-rich cell plasma used up during the egg's development. If an egg is not fertilized within about 24 hours it begins to disintegrate, and is usually expelled as part of the menstrual blood.
Female sexual fluids - the vaginal fluid is composed of mucus, the remains of dead cells, white blood cells, and a complex liquid that is sweated by the vaginal walls. Sexual excitation almost invariably causes some increase in the production of vaginal fluids, primarily mucus and sweat, though the amount may range greatly for different individuals and at different times. The exact sources of all the components of human vaginal fluid is still not certain, but the list of ingredients is long: inorganic salts, urea, amino acids and other proteins , and a number of volatile fatty acids. These acids evaporate easily making them ideal for conveying messages by smell; in fact, their role in sexual attraction among rhesus monkeys is well established. All women produce some of the two major human fatty acids, acetic acid (the major constituent of vinegar) and lactic acid (an element of sour milk). Around a third of them also produce significant amounts of other volatiles. The exact role of these aromas in human sexuality is not understood, but the smell of the vagina is known to affect many men quite strongly. Also, there are some women who produce vaginal fluid quite copiously during orgasm (the so-called 'female ejaculation'); the source and composition of this orgasmic fluid has not been sufficiently studied to enable a report on their significance at this time.
Sweat - there are two different types of sweat gland, and they are both found only in mammalian animals. The eccrine glands help our bodies to regulate temperature by secreting water (with a mix of inorganic salts) whenever our internal temperature rises. As this water evaporates from our skins some of the excess heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. During sex the increased respiration and circulation, along with some perhaps vigorous physical activity, usually causes a rise in internal body temperature, and therefore produces sweat from the eccrine glands. However, there is also another type of sweat gland which is more important in creating a specifically sexual type of sweat. These are the apocrine glands, generally situated around the hair follicles in the armpits and groin, which secrete a fatty kind of sweat into tiny tubes in the skin. In response to various strong emotional stimuli (anger, stress, lust, etc.) the walls of the tubes contract, pushing the fatty substance up to the surface of the skin; here bacteria soon break it down into a variety of aromatic fatty acids. Some of these fatty acids smell good to humans while others are considered unpleasant, even offensive. The influence of sex magick practices upon the specific odor and amount of apocrine sweat produced by sexual activity has not yet been thoroughly scientifically investigated, though anecdotal evidence is copious enough to form a basis for at least one Thelemic ritual practice.
Saliva - a somewhat viscous fluid which normally is constantly present in the mouths of human beings, being secreted by their variously surrounding salivary glands . The fluid itself is mainly simple water, but it also contains mucus, numerous proteins and digestive enzymes , and inorganic salts. Once in the mouth it mixes with the remains of food, bacteria, dead cells, and white blood cells (as well as red blood cells if there are any openings in the mucus membrane of the mouth). Saliva has multiple functions; moistening and lubricating the mouth to help with speech and swallowing, beginning the digestive process with enzymes which break down complex carbohydrates into sugars, removing organic debris, and it also plays an important part in the sequence of dehydration->thirst->potation.
Mucus - the one human bodily fluid which is a constituent of most of the other substances listed here. Its usual function is to form a generalized protective layer which also serves to dampen and lubricate much of the respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems. It consists of various cells and chemicals suspended in varying amounts of water . In a few cases (i.e., the lining of the stomach, the endometrium or uterine lining, etc.) the mucus' thickness is such that it takes on a semisolid appearance.
Urine - consists mostly of ordinary water, but at least 158 different chemicals have been found in normal, healthy samples. Urea and other nitrogenous wastes, along with the inorganic salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium make up by far the largest part of the substances present, but urine is a veritable soup of organic and inorganic compounds. Some of these chemicals may be good for you, and the toxins are usually present in such low concentrations that the daily consumption of one's morning urine (a yogic practice of long standing) is doubtless far safer than the ordinary use of tobacco.
Feces - its exact composition varies widely depending upon the diet and health of the defecator, but broadly speaking fecal matter consists of water, inorganic salts, food residues, amino acids and digestive enzymes, cellulose and fiber; mucus, blood, bacteria, and parasites are also commonly present. We have seen no reports of any scientific study undertaken to determine the health effects of customary shit-eating, but from the standpoint of contagion it is probably not a great deal more (though certainly it is not any less) dangerous than the consumption of semen, menstrual blood, etc., all of which, as noted above, may be risky.
| i don't know |
What trade name did Bayer give to the analgesic drug diamorphine? | Diamorphine - Oxford Medicine
10.1093/med/9780199236640.003.0016
Page of
PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy ).
Subscriber: University of Washington; date: 20 January 2017
Chapter 16 discusses Diamorphine (di-acetyl morphine, heroin), a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. It is not an active drug in its own right, but a pro-drug or opioid delivery system. The active metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine are responsible for the analgesic effects of the drug. Diamorphine was first produced commercially in the late 1890s as a treatment for a variety of respiratory conditions including dyspnoea, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, asthma, and tuberculosis. It was marketed by the Bayer Company under the trade name ‘heroin’. It was also recommended as a remedy for morphine dependence. In 1924 it was banned from medicinal use in the USA when its potential for abuse and addiction was recognized. Diamorphine is used widely and remains the parenteral opioid of choice for the treatment of chronic cancer pain in the UK, but is not used elsewhere because of these concerns.
Access to the complete content on Oxford Medicine Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts for each book and chapter without a subscription.
Please subscribe or login to access full text content.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs , and if you can''t find the answer there, please contact us .
| Heroin |
Which 1988 film was subtitled From the Files of Police Squad? | Heroin: A Hundred-Year Habit | History Today
Heroin: A Hundred-Year Habit
Ian Scott traces the hundred-year history of heroin, from cough medicine to underworld narcotic.
Bayer's pre-war heroin bottle, originally containing 5 grams of Heroin substance.
In 1898 a German chemical company launched a new medicine called ‘Heroin’. A hundred years later, this drug is flooding illegally into Britain in record amounts. The latest Home Office figures show a 40 per cent increase in police seizures of heroin. The National Criminal Intelligence Service believes that up to 80 per cent of the heroin currently entering Britain is controlled by Turkish organised criminals based in London and the South-East. How, then, did nineteenth-century science come to bequeath this notorious drug of abuse to twentieth-century crime?
Want the full article and website archive access?
Already a member? Log in now
| i don't know |
Which two former popes were canonised on 27th April 2014? | Popes John Paul II, John XXIII canonized April 27 - World - CBC News
Popes John Paul II, John XXIII canonized April 27
The Associated Press
Posted: Sep 30, 2013 9:12 AM ET Last Updated: Sep 30, 2013 3:34 PM ET
In this file photo from 1997, Pope John Paul II waves to the faithful as he crosses St. Peter's Square at the Vatican. Popes John Paul II and John XXIII will be declared saints on April 27, 2014, Pope Francis announced Monday. (The Associated Press)
Related Stories
John Paul II cleared for sainthood by Pope Francis
Popes John Paul II and John XXIII will be declared saints on April 27, 2014, at a ceremony that might see two living popes honouring two dead ones.
The Vatican on Monday said retired Pope Benedict XVI might join Pope Francis in the saint-making ceremony for their predecessors, noting that there was no reason why Benedict should have to watch the ceremony on TV.
"There's no reason — either doctrinal or institutional — that he couldn't participate in a public ceremony," the Vatican spokesman, the Rev. Federico Lombardi said. "I don't have any reason to exclude it."
He noted there was still time before the ceremony and that Benedict was free to decide what to do.
Benedict, who became the first pope in 600 years to retire when he stepped down in February, had said he would spend his final days "hidden from the world" in the Vatican monastery.
But he has taken on a more public profile recently, writing a letter to an Italian atheist that was published last week in Italy's La Repubblica newspaper and appearing with Francis over the summer at a ceremony to unveil a Vatican statue.
In this 1963 file photo, Pope John XXIII is wearing his "Camauro", a red velvet cap, in his private library at the Vatican. He, along with Pope John Paul II, will be canonized April 27, 2014. (The Associated Press)
Francis had announced in July he would canonize two of the 20th century's most influential popes together, approving a miracle attributed to John Paul's intercession and bending Vatican rules by deciding that John XXIII didn't need a second one to be canonized.
Analysts have said the decision to canonize them together was aimed at unifying the church, since each pope has his admirers and critics. Francis is clearly a fan of both: On the anniversary of John Paul's death this year, Francis prayed at the tombs of both men — an indication that he sees a great personal and spiritual continuity in them.
Both popes are also closely identified with the Second Vatican Council, the 1962-65 meetings that brought the Catholic Church into modern times, an indication that Francis clearly wants to make a statement about the council's role in shaping the church today.
A spokesman for Poland's bishops' conference, the Rev. Jozef Kloch, said the dual canonizations would stress the fact that John Paul II continued the ideas introduced by John XXIII, who called Vatican II.
Originally, the canonization was expected to have taken place Dec. 8. But Polish bishops complained that a December date would make it difficult for Polish pilgrims to come to the Vatican by bus along snowy, icy roads. As a result, the first Sunday after Easter was chosen instead — a feast day established by John Paul himself.
It was on that same feast day — Divine Mercy Sunday — that John Paul was beatified in 2011, drawing 1.5 million pilgrims to Rome.
John Paul made Jorge Mario Bergoglio — the current Pope Francis — a cardinal. Francis' immense popular appeal has also been likened to that of John XXIII, dubbed the "good pope." John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.
Report Typo or Error Send Feedback
To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted.
By submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines . Comments are welcome while open. We reserve the right to close comments at any time.
| john paul ii and john xxiii |
In which national park does the annual Green Man festival take place? | It’s Official: John Paul II and John XXIII to Be Canonized April 27 | ncregister.com
Sep. 30, 2013
It’s Official: John Paul II and John XXIII to Be Canonized April 27
According to the Vatican decree: “Blesseds John XXIII and John Paul II will be enrolled among the saints on April 27, 2014, the Second Sunday of Easter, of the Divine Mercy.”
EDWARD PENTIN
VATICAN CITY — Blessed Popes John XXIII and John Paul II will be canonized on April 27, 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday, the Vatican has officially confirmed.
In a statement released this morning, the Vatican said that Pope Francis “decreed that Blesseds John XXIII and John Paul II will be enrolled among the saints on April 27, 2014, the Second Sunday of Easter, of the Divine Mercy.”
The Vatican said the Holy Father announced his decision at 10am at an ordinary public consistory made up of cardinals and bishops in the Consistory Hall of the Vatican Apostolic Palace, during the celebration of mid-morning prayer.
The news was widely expected. The Register was among the first to report the high probability of Divine Mercy Sunday as the chosen date when Pope Francis revealed it in a conversation earlier this month.
Although cardinals and bishops vote on the canonizations, the date is the Pope’s alone to make, in accordance with his calendar and schedule.
Vatican and Rome authorities will now set to work, preparing for what is expected to be an enormous number of pilgrims taking part in the canonizations from all over the world.
An estimated 1 million pilgrims filled St. Peter’s Square and surrounding streets for John Paul II’s beatification on May 1, 2011. Even more will be expected next April, also because the joint canonization will attract thousands of devotees of Pope John XXIII, born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. Popularly known as “good Pope John,” the 261st bishop of Rome convened the Second Vatican Council.
On July 5, Pope Francis both approved the promulgation of a decree paving the way for their canonizations and convoked the consistory. During a papal press conference on his return from Rio de Janeiro on July 28, Francis said both popes would be canonized together.
He said that a joint canonization would be “a message for the Church: These two were wonderful, both of them.”
Divine Mercy Sunday was a special day for Blessed John Paul II, who established the feast in 2000. Its origins date back to Polish nun St. Faustina Kowalska (1905-1938), who had a devotion to the Divine Mercy after an encounter with Jesus.
In visions and conversations with Jesus, St. Faustina said Jesus asked her specifically for a feast of Divine Mercy to be established so mankind would take refuge in Jesus. Blessed John Paul II died on the eve of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005.
The theme of mercy is also central to the pontificate of Pope Francis.
As is well known, John Paul II also had a special devotion to Our Lady. His apostolic motto, Totus tuus (Totally yours), was inspired by St. Louis de Montfort and his prayer: Totus tuus ego sum, et omnia mea tua sunt. Accipio te in mea omnia. Praebe mihi cor tuum, Maria (“I belong entirely to you, and all that I have is yours. I take you for my all. O Mary, give me your heart”).
Upon opening the rite of beatification of John Paul II, Cardinal Agostino Vallini, the vicar of Rome, said the motto reflected John Paul II’s total confidence in Mary and “the secret of looking at the world through the eyes of the Mother of God.”
“The traits of his spirituality, to which he remained faithful until death, led to sincere devotion to the Holy Spirit and love for the Virgin Mary," he said.
Usually, two miracles attributed to a candidate’s intercession are required to become a saint. A French nun who was inexplicably cured of Parkinson’s disease led to John Paul II’s beatification on May 1, 2011. A second miracle, which must occur after a beatification, involved a Costa Rican woman who was cured of a cerebral aneurysm the very day of John Paul II’s beatification.
For Blessed John XXIII, who was pope from 1958 to 1963 and convened the Second Vatican Council, Pope Francis took the rare step of waiving the requirement of a second miracle, paving the way for his imminent canonization.
Vatican spokesman Father Federico Lombardi told reporters in July that a canonization without a second miracle is still valid. He noted the existing miracle that led to John XXIII’s beatification. He also pointed to ongoing discussions within the Church over whether it is necessary to have two distinct miracles for beatification and canonization.
He stressed that, in any cause for sainthood, the Pope has the authority to dispense with the second miracle.
Edward Pentin is the Register’s Rome correspondent
and a contributor to EWTN News Nightly.
View Comments
| i don't know |
Which city stages the annual Celtic Connections festival? | Highlights of the 2016 Celtic Connections programme | The List
Highlights of the 2016 Celtic Connections programme
Errors, Robert Plant, Admiral Fallow,Siobhan Wilson and Anne Carrere to perform at annual Glasgow festival
Source: The List
comments
Siobhan Wilson / Credit: Gemma Dagger
Celtic Connections , Glasgow’s annual celebration of Scottish and world folk music, returns to the city in the New Year. Launched in 1994, the festival is now in its 13th year, and its 2016 programme will see thousands of performers from across the globe take to the stage in venues across the city.
One of the star attractions at the festival is a one-off appearance by Robert Plant – the former Led Zeppelin frontman is performing as part of a tribute to the influential Scottish musician Bert Jansch, who passed away four years ago. Plant takes to the stage alongside former Suede guitarist Bernard Butler and Jansch’s former bandmate Jacqueline Shee (Old Fruitmarket, Sun 31 Jan). Plant calls his debt to the Glasgow-born guitar legend ‘enormous and longstanding’.
Piaf: The Show (Theatre Royal, Wed 27 Jan) is another highlight of the 2016 festival. Part of the final weekend’s Showcase Scotland programme, it celebrates the centenary of the iconic French singer, bringing her well-known songs to the stage, including ‘La Vie en Rose’, ‘Milord’ and ‘Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien’. The show is partially based on the Oscar-winning 2007 biopic with Marion Cotillard. In the stage version, which has been performed across three continents, the starring role is played by Anne Carrere.
Other tribute nights to keep an eye out for are Edinburgh band Bwani Junction’s performance of Paul Simon’s renowned album Graceland (Old Fruitmarket, Sat 23 Jan, 8pm, £16) and PILGRIMER: A Reimagining of Joni Mitchell’s Hejira (Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Sat 16 Jan). The latter was devised by novelist and poet James Robertson, who’s adapted the singer-songwriter’s classic ’70s album into both Scots and a Scottish setting. The cast includes Julie Fowlis, Dick Gaughan and Grammy-winning guitarist Larry Carlton.
Meanwhile, indie rockers Admiral Fallow are set to bring their folky tones to the Mackintosh Church (Fri 15 Jan). The five-piece released their third album Tiny Rewards earlier this year. Their Celtic Connections show Common Ground, sees them premiere a new Steve Forman commission, alongside arrangements of Admiral Fallow rarities by Lau’s Aiden O’Rourke and composer Gareth Williams, with chamber group The Auricle Ensemble. Speaking of 21st-century Scottish stars, Siobhan Wilson is graciously providing her mesmerising sound to the festival along with some friends (St Andrew’s in the Square, Sun 17 Jan) and electronica trio Errors are showcasing their cutting-edge beats at the O2 ABC (Sat 16 Jan).
Also, BBC Radio Scotland have teamed up with the festival again, and are kindly putting on free live shows at the CCA. Janice Forsyth (Thu 14 Jan), Vic Galloway (Mon 18 Jan) and Edith Bowman (Wed 13 Jan, Thu 21 Jan, Wed 27 Jan) are among the radio stars hosting these special shows featuring performers and music from across the festival. Tickets will be free and released on Mon 4 Jan on the BBC Shows and Tours website.
Plus, if you’re the kind of person that likes to participate rather than sit and watch, the festival is also putting on a range of workshops to satisfy creative souls. With classes on different instruments (from the bodhran to the ukulele), it’s the perfect time to discover a hidden musical talent. Who knows, maybe you’ll be one of the headline acts at next year’s festival.
Celtic Connections, various venues, Glasgow, Thu 14 Jan–Sun 31 Jan.
| Glasgow |
Used as launch mascots for BBC2 in 1964, what were Hullaballoo and Custard? | Music Festival | Glasgow City of Music
Glasgow City of Music
Type Celtic, Folk, Scottish, World
Month of Festival/Competition January, February
Annual, Biannual, Biennial, other? Annual
Duration in days 16
Celtic Connections started in 1994, and has since been held every January. Featuring over 300 concerts, ceilidhs, talks, free events, late night sessions and workshops, the festival focuses on the roots of traditional Scottish music and also features international folk, roots and world music artists, and has grown to become the world's largest winter music festival. Over 120,000 attend the festival's events each year, with many taking place at the Royal Concert Hall and the Old Fruitmarket .
At the core of the festival is the Education Programme, which sees thousands of school children attend free morning concerts experiencing live music ranging from Burns to spiritual and blues. Celtic Connections also continues to foster new and young talent through its Young Tradition and New Voices series of concerts, and through the Danny Kyle Open Stage competition.
Celtic Music Radio broadcasts around seven hours of material during the festival. Celtic Music Radio broadcasts around 7 hours of live material from the venue every day, including every act on the Danny Kyle Open Stage.
| i don't know |
What is the Turkish word for “lion”? | Aslan - NarniaWeb
Aslan
6 Portrayals
Bio Info
Titles: The Great Lion, the Son of the Emperor-Beyond-the-Sea (or Over-the-Sea), the King Above All High Kings, the great Bridge Builder, "Myself" (He is said to have nine names, but not all of them are given in the Chronicles)
Age: Eternal, as Aslan has knowledge of the Deeper Magic from before the Dawn of Time
Species: Talking Lion, though He can appear in any form that He wishes (such as an albatross, a lamb, and a cat in Narnia)
Home: Aslan's Country, beyond the sea, the eastern end of the world
Physical Description: Aslan looks like a regular lion, but His size varies at will
First Appearance: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Ch. 12 (1950), first referenced in Ch. 7
Appearances
~ The Magician's Nephew ~ (1955)
Digory , Polly , Frank , Uncle Andrew , and Queen Jadis have the honor of witnessing Aslan's creation of Narnia. They come to an empty world, but it does not remain empty for long. The Lion appears and sings Narnia into being. Horrified by the song, Jadis throws the bar of a lamppost from London at the Lion's head, but it has no effect. Aslan then gives the gift of speech to some of the creatures He has created. He bequeaths to them the land of Narnia and instructs them to treat the Dumb Beasts gently. And yet all is not perfect in this new creation. Uncle Andrew is terrified of the animals and especially the Lion, as he cannot understand their speech and hears only the sounds that animals make in our world. Aslan finally puts Uncle Andrew to sleep, as it is "the only gift he is still able to receive." Aslan tells Digory that he must undo the wrong he had done (bringing evil, Jadis , into Narnia). He gives Digory instructions about where he could find an apple to provide the seed for the Tree of Protection, and then turns Strawberry into the winged horse Fledge for Digory to ride. When Digory returns, he plants an apple near the river and it quickly grows into the Tree of Protection. As long this Tree flourishes, Aslan tells the Narnians, the Witch will not be able to come within a hundred miles of it. When Digory humbly asks to take an apple home to cure his sick mother, Aslan grants his request. After the Tree is Planted, Aslan crowns Frank and his wife Helen the first king and queen of Narnia.
~ The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ~ (1950)
When the Pevensies hear the name of Aslan for the first time, they experience feelings of awe, joy, excitement, and (in Edmund 's case) horror. An old Narnian prophecy says that "Wrong will be right when Aslan comes in sight / At the sound of his roar, sorrows will be no more / When he bares his teeth, winter meets its death / And when he shakes his mane, we shall have spring again." After one hundred years of the White Witch 's winter, Aslan's coming heralds spring as the snow begins to melt. The Pevensies and the Beavers first meet Him at the Stone Table, where Aslan knights Peter after he kills the Wolf Maugrim . After Edmund is rescued, the White Witch requests an audience with Aslan and tries to claim Edmund by citing the Deep Magic (which states that all traitors belong to her). Aslan negotiates with her privately and offers his own life in return for Edmund 's. The Witch accepts this offer and renounces her claim on Edmund 's blood. Late that night, Aslan sets out for the Stone Table once again, and Susan and Lucy accompany Him. There, Aslan is bound on the Table and killed by the Witch . After she and her army have gone, the girls weep over the dead Lion's body. But as the sun rises, the Table cracks and Aslan returns to life. He explains that there is a Deeper Magic that says "when a willing victim who had committed no treachery was killed in a traitor's stead, the Table would crack and Death itself would start working backwards." The girls ride on Aslan's back as He runs to the White Witch 's house. There, Aslan breathes on the statues and restores them to life. Then He leads them to Beruna, where the Narnians are battling the Witch 's army. With a roar that shakes all Narnia, Aslan leaps upon the Witch and kills her. After the battle, He makes Edmund a knight for his heroism. Days later, in Cair Paravel, Aslan crowns the Pevensies kings and queens of Narnia. In the middle of the celebration, He slips away, and is not seen again for a number of years.
~ The Horse and His Boy ~ (1954)
During the Golden Age of Narnia when the four Pevensies are reigning in Cair Paravel, the baby Prince Cor ( Shasta ) of Archenland is kidnapped by a former advisor of his father, King Lune . When King Lune 's ships catch up to them, Shasta is set in a boat with a knight to escape, and Aslan Himself pushes the boat so that it comes to the country of Calormen where a fisherman sits to receive it. This simple act sets in motion events that will eventually save Archenland. As Shasta and the Talking Horse Bree make their escape from Calormen to Narnia, they encounter what they believe to be multiple lions (but which are actually just one). In this way Aslan causes them to meet Aravis , a Calormene princess, and her companion, the Talking Horse Hwin . After Shasta gets through the city of Tashbaan and has to spend the night at the Tombs of the Ancient Kings, the Lion roars to keep the jackals away. He also takes the form of a cat and comforts Shasta that night. Later in the journey, as the company struggles to reach Anvard to warn them of Rabadash 's attack, Aslan chases them once again and gives the horses the new strength of fear so that Shasta can reach King Lune in time. Shasta feels that he is the most unfortunate person in the entire world, but the Lion appears to him and explains the purposes behind the events in his life. Aslan also appears to Bree , Aravis , and Hwin who are staying with the Hermit . Aslan tells Hwin that great joy would be hers since she came willingly to Him. He corrects Bree 's belief that He is not a real Lion, and explains to Aravis why He gave her the scars on her back. Aslan appears at Prince Rabadash 's trial and, after giving him many chances to repent, changes him into a donkey.
~ Prince Caspian ~ (1951)
Hundreds of years after the defeat of the White Witch , many Old Narnians wonder if Aslan and the Pevensies ever existed. Narnia is now ruled by the Telmarines, a race descended from pirates from Earth who found one of the entrances to Narnia. As the Pevensies and the Dwarf Trumpkin travel through the Black Woods trying to reach Aslan's How, Lucy sees Aslan leading them in a different direction. But Lucy is the only one who can see Him, and only Edmund believes her. That night, Lucy meets Aslan and He tells her that she must follow Him, even alone if necessary. The others cannot see Aslan, but they reluctantly agree to follow Lucy . Aslan becomes visible to them one by one as He leads them to the Stone Table where Caspian and the Old Narnians wait. Before the boys go in to the How, Aslan tosses Trumpkin up in the air several times (catching him carefully each time) to convince the Dwarf of His reality. After this experience, Trumpkin never reverts to his cynicism about Aslan or any of the old stories again. Aslan roars (causing quite a stir in the Telmarine camp), and calls Bacchus and Silenus to begin the Romp. The next morning, Aslan tells Lucy and Susan to ride on His back as they had so long ago. Aslan begins the renewing of Narnia by ordering Bacchus to destroy the Bridge of Beruna and free the River-God (cutting off the Telmarines' escape). Aslan and His followers sweep through Narnia, liberating all in their path, until they come to the place where Caspian's old nurse lay dying. Aslan cures her and she joins their forces. After the second Battle of Beruna, the Mice bring their wounded leader, Reepicheep , to Aslan. After seeing what "great hearts" the Mice have, Aslan grants Reepicheep a new tail. Then Aslan commands Peter to bestow the Knighthood of the Order of the Lion upon Caspian . The next day, Aslan gives the remaining Telmarines a choice to either stay in Narnia or go back to Earth if they do not wish to stay. He also tells Peter and Susan that they are now too old to come back to Narnia.
~ The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ~ (1952)
Aslan does not appear in this story until Eustace is transformed into a dragon on Dragon Island and needs the Lion to restore him. Aslan leads Eustace in his dragon-form to a pool and tells him to undress (remove his dragon skin). Eustace is unable to do this, so Aslan digs His claws deep into Eustace 's scales, rips them off, and throws him into the water. When Eustace surfaces, he is again in his human form. It was not until he talks to Edmund that Eustace realizes it was Aslan that he had seen. When the Dawn Treader reaches Deathwater Island, the group sights Aslan as they are quarrelling over the water that could change objects into gold. The Lion suddenly appears, even bigger than they remember Him, and the quarrel is forgotten. When they come to the island of the Duffers, Lucy recites a spell to make things visible, and suddenly Aslan appears behind her. He introduces her to Coriakin the Magician and then disappears once again to visit Trumpkin the Dwarf at Cair Paravel. When Lucy cries out to Aslan for help in the Dark Island, He comes to them in the form of an albatross and leads them out of the darkness. When the Dawn Treader reaches the world's end, King Caspian wants to go with Reepicheep to Aslan's Country, but Aslan appears to him in his cabin and tells him he must return to Narnia. The Pevensies, Eustace , and Reepicheep must go on. Edmund , Lucy , and Eustace row to shore where they see a Lamb. It changes into the Lion, Aslan. He tells Edmund and Lucy that they will not be returning to Narnia, but that there was a way into His country from all worlds.
~ The Silver Chair ~ (1953)
Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole have just been calling to Aslan to allow them to enter Narnia when they are discovered by the bullies of Experiment House, their boarding school. While they are trying to escape, they open a door that is usually locked and are amazed to see another world stretching before them. They plunge into that world, where Eustace accidentally falls from a high cliff. The Lion suddenly appears and blows him to Narnia. Aslan then tells Jill that they would not have been calling to Him if He had not been calling to them, and He has brought them into Narnia to find the lost Prince Rilian . He gives Jill four Signs to guide them and blows her to Narnia as He did Eustace . By the time Jill , Eustace , and the Marshwiggle Puddleglum reach Harfang (home of the Gentle Giants), Jill has forgotten the Signs. Aslan appears to her in a dream and tells her to repeat them. When she cannot, He carries her to the window to see the words "UNDER ME" carved on the hillside, showing them that they must look for the prince underneath the ruined city. After Rilian is found and his father, King Caspian X , dies, Aslan tells Eustace and Jill that He would send them home. But first He takes them to His own country where they see Caspian lying dead. After a drop of blood from the Lion's paw falls over him, Caspian awakens, looking like his younger self. Aslan then opens the door into Experiment House, and the sight of Him terrifies the bullies and teachers there. When the police come and see nothing but the Headmistress panicking and talking about a lion, there is an inquiry into the whole business. The Headmistress is removed, ten people are expelled, and Experiment House becomes a decent school.
~ The Last Battle ~ (1956)
In the last days of Narnia, Shift the Ape starts a rumor that Aslan is in Narnia. Using a lion-skin and Puzzle the Donkey, he manages to persuade most of the Narnians that this is true, and that Tash (the Calormene god) and Aslan are actually the same person — "Tashlan." When King Tirian meets Tash face-to-face inside the stable, Tash is commanded to leave "in the name of Aslan." Aslan later appears to the friends of Narnia and shows them that the Dwarfs "would not be taken in." Then, so loudly that it could have shaken the stars, Aslan shouts that it is TIME. He calls all the creatures of that world to the doorway. When some of them look upon Aslan, fear comes into their faces, and they cease to be Talking Beasts. But others see Aslan's face and love Him, and come inside. Then the sun is put out, and Narnia (or, "the shadowlands") is ended. Aslan tells all the Narnians that, at last, they have come to stay with Him forever. And after that, He no longer appears as a Lion to them. As Lewis writes at the end of the tale, "And for us this is the end of all the stories, and we can most truly say that they all lived happily ever after. But for them it was only the beginning of the real story. All their life in this world and all their adventures in Narnia had only been the cover and the title page: now at last they were beginning Chapter One of the Great Story, which no one on earth has ever read: which goes on for ever: in which every chapter is better than the one before."
About Aslan
Who's Aslan? Why, don't you know? He's the King—the King of the whole wood, and the Son of the great Emperor-beyond-the-Sea. He's wild, you know. If there's anyone who can appear before him without their knees knocking, they're either braver than most or else just silly. He isn't safe... But he is good. He'll often drop in, only you musn't press him to stay. He's not like a tame lion. Yes, Aslan is a lion—the Lion, the great Lion.
— The Chronicles of Narnia
Aslan is the creator of Narnia and the only character to appear in all seven of the Chronicles of Narnia. In some of the books, He only has a few brief appearances, but He is referenced in almost every chapter and is always a significant player in the story. His very name causes people to experience intense emotions. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the sound of Aslan's name gives the traitor Edmund a sensation of mysterious horror. Peter feels suddenly brave and adventurous. Susan feels as if some delicious smell or some delightful strain of music had just floated by her. Lucy gets the feeling you have when you wake up in the morning and realize that it is the beginning of the holidays or the beginning of summer. After her winter is destroyed, the White Witch threatens to kill the next person who mentions the name of Aslan. Before he becomes a dragon, Eustace hates the name. When Jill first hears it, she says, "What a curious name!" But Eustace replies, "Not half so curious as Himself." One of the most interesting aspects of Aslan's character is that He can be both loving and terrifying. In Ch. 12 of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Lewis writes, "People who have not been in Narnia sometimes think that a thing cannot be good and terrible at the same time. If the children had ever thought so, they were cured of it now. For when they tried to look at Aslan's face they just caught a glimpse of the golden mane and the great, royal, solemn, overwhelming eyes; and then they found they couldn't look at him and went all trembly." Nothing has ever harmed the Great Lion except with His consent. When Jadis throws a metal bar from a lamppost at Aslan, it bounces off and falls harmlessly to the ground. After King Caspian X dies and enters Aslan's Country, the Lion asks Eustace to drive a thorn into His paw, and a large drop of blood splashes over the King and awakens him. And of course, Aslan allows Himself be bound on the Stone Table where the White Witch kills Him with her stone knife. But even then, Aslan does not remain dead. He has knowledge of a Deeper Magic which the White Witch did not know. As it says in The Last Battle, it was by His blood that all Narnia was saved.
Inspiration
In the late 1940s, C. S. Lewis began to have nightmares about lions (one in particular with a "big personality"). When Lewis first began writing the Chronicles, he admits that he did not know where the story would go. But then, "Aslan came bounding in." (Aslan is the Turkish word for lion.) Lewis says, "When I started The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, I don't think I foresaw what Aslan was going to do and suffer. I think He just insisted on behaving in His own way." An 11-year-old girl named Hila wrote to Lewis and asked what Aslan's other name in our world was (mentioned in VDT). Here is Lewis' response: "As to Aslan's other name, well I want you to guess. Has there never been anyone in this world who (1.) Arrived at the same time as Father Christmas. (2.) Said he was the son of the great Emperor. (3.) Gave himself up for someone else's fault to be jeered at and killed by wicked people. (4.) Came to life again. (5.) Is sometimes spoken of as a Lamb... Don't you really know His name in this world? Think it over and let me know your answer!" Of course, a widely discussed topic is the similarities between Aslan and Jesus Christ. In a letter to a young girl named Sophia, Lewis writes, "I don't say. 'Let us represent Christ as Aslan.' I say, 'Supposing there was a world like Narnia, and supposing, like ours, it needed redemption, let us imagine what sort of Incarnation and Passion and Resurrection Christ would have there.'"
Quotes
"Narnia, Narnia, Narnia, awake. Love. Think. Speak. Be walking trees. Be talking beasts. Be divine waters." (MN, Ch. 9)
"Rise up, Sir Peter Wolf's-Bane. And, whatever happens, never forget to wipe your sword." (LWW, Ch. 12)
"Once a king or queen in Narnia, always a king or queen. Bear it well, Sons of Adam! Bear it well, Daughters of Eve!" (LWW, Ch. 17)
"I tell no one any story but his own." (HHB, Ch. 11)
"Do not dare not to dare. Touch me. Smell me. Here are my paws, here is my tail, these are my whiskers. I am a true Beast." (HHB, Ch. 14)
"Ah! You have conquered me. You have great hearts." (PC, Ch. 15)
"You come of the Lord Adam and the Lady Eve. And that is both honour enough to erect the head of the poorest beggar, and shame enough to bow the shoulders of the greatest emperor on earth." (PC, Ch. 15)
"But I will not tell you how long or short the way will be; only that it lies across a river. But do not fear that, for I am the great Bridge Builder." (VDT, Ch. 16)
"But there I have another name. You must learn to know me by that name. This was the very reason why you were brought to Narnia, that by knowing me here for a little, you may know me better there." (VDT, Ch. 16)
"I have swallowed up girls and boys, women and men, kings and emperors, cities and realms." (SC, Ch. 2)
"You would not have called to me unless I had been calling to you." (SC, Ch. 2)
"Now it is time! Time! TIME. " (LB, Ch. 13)
"Come further in! Come further up!" (LB, Ch. 14)
"The term is over: the holidays have begun. The dream is ended: this is the morning." (LB, Ch. 16)
Portrayals
Liam Neeson (voice): Disney/Walden The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005; Prince Caspian, 2008; Fox/Walden The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, 2010
Born: 7 July 1952 "The character of Aslan was probably the hardest to cast. He's an omnipotent character, he has to be, you know, powerful, untouchable, and at the same time be sympathetic and vulnerable. You don't want Him to be so strong and so omnipotent that at the point where He gives over Himself and gives His life, you don't feel sympathy for Him. Liam is just someone who has one incredible resonance and depth to his voice. I mean he has a voice that you can see coming out and hear coming out of a lion. He had the warmth in his voice that would draw you to him. When he turns fierce and shouts at the White Witch, it is a roar. It is a danger that he's able to project, that's why I think he was perfect for this character." — Director Andrew Adamson
David Suchet (voice): Focus on the Family Radio Theater, 1999 – 2002
Ronald Pickup (voice): BBC TV series, 1988 – 1990
Ailsa Berk/William Todd Jones/Timothy M. Rose (puppeteers): BBC TV series, 1988 – 1990
Stephen Thorne (voice): BBC Radio Tales of Narnia
Stephen Thorne (voice): LWW TV animated film, 1979
Bernard Kay: LWW TV series, 1967
| Aslan |
By area, which is largest landlocked state in the USA? | Urban Dictionary: Aslan
Aslan
Aslan, the lion king who rules Narnia and in her free time is a teenager who runs a Fifth Harmony twitter fan account, which means that she's a harmonizer. Aslan is magical, she has the power of flirting that's why most of people know her as the flirtiest girl in the fandom, rumours said that she dates at least 78 girls per week. Be careful because she cheats a lot, she might act all lovely and make you fall in love with her but you also might get hurt at the end.
You may also know her as ASSlan, Shane, Luis, Cameron, Sock, Asshole, Camila...
Aslan: "I love you"
Girl 1: "I love you too Aslan"
Girl 2: "wait no she loves me"
Girl 1: "are you cheating on me Aslan?"
Aslan: "i can explain..."
Girl 3: "hey Aslan when are you taking me to watch Frozen?"
Aslan: "I-I uh-I"
| i don't know |
Who was the first of the Mr Men characters to be created by Roger Hargreaves? | Roger Hargreaves | Mr. Men Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Share
Charles Roger Hargreaves (9 May 1935 – 11 September 1988) was an English author and illustrator of children's books, notably the Mr. Men and Little Miss series, intended for very young readers. He is Britain's third best-selling author, having sold more than 100 million books.
Hargreaves was born in a private hospital at 201 Bath Road, Cleckheaton, West Yorkshire, England, to Alfred Reginald and Ethel Mary Hargreaves, and grew up in High Lees, 703 Halifax Road, also in Cleckheaton, outside of which there now is a commemorative plaque. He spent a year working in his father's laundry and dry-cleaning business before starting out in advertising. But his original ambition was to be a cartoonist; and, in 1971, while he was working as the creative director at a London firm, he wrote the first Mr. Men book, Mr. Tickle. He initially had difficulty finding a publisher; but, once he did, the books became an instant success, selling over one million copies within three years and spawning a BBC animated television series, narrated and voiced by Arthur Lowe.
By 1976, Hargreaves had quit his day job. In 1981, the Little Miss series of books began to appear. It, too, was made into a television series in 1983, which was narrated by John Alderton, who, with Pauline Collins, voiced the Men and Misses, respectively. Although Hargreaves wrote many other children's stories, including the Timbuctoo series of twenty-five books, John Mouse, and the Roundy and Squary books, he is best known for his 46 Mr. Men books and 33 Little Miss books.
With his wife, Christine, Hargreaves had four children: Adam, Giles, and twins Sophie and Amelia. The first of the Mr. Men characters is reported to have been created when Adam asked his father what a tickle looked like: Hargreaves drew a figure with a round orange body and long, rubbery arms, which became Mr. Tickle.
After Hargreaves died of a sudden stroke in 1988, Adam continued writing and drawing the Mr. Men and Little Miss characters in new stories. However, in April 2004, Christine sold the rights to the Mr. Men characters to the UK entertainment group Chorion, for £28 million.
Series by Roger Hargreaves
Mr. Men and Little Miss
Walter Worm
Albert Elephant, Count Worm and Grandfather Clock
Timbuctoo
Easy Peasy People (Also by Gray Jolliffe)
Roundy and Squarey
Some Mr. Men books have himself drawn in them. He appears in:
Mr. Small
| List of Mr. Men |
The name of which electrical safeguard is abbreviated “RCD”? | Totz2teens - How to Draw the Mr Men characters
How to Draw the Mr Men characters-
Adam Hargreaves, son of the creator of the Mr. Men, shows you how to draw the characters to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Books
In 1971, six-year-old Adam Hargreaves asked his father �What does a tickle look like?� Roger Hargreaves responded with a round, orange figure with long, bendy arms, and so Mr Tickle, the first of the Mr. Men characters, was created. By the end of the year Mr. Bump, Mr. Nosey, Mr. Sneeze, Mr. Greedy and Mr. Happy had been added to the collection of books that would take the world by storm.
In 1981, the Little Miss books were added to the Mr. Men series, and when Roger Hargreaves passed away in 1988, Adam took over the reins of the cult series. The latest book, Little Miss Princess, was released this year in time for the Royal Wedding. Today there are a total of 47 Mr Men and 34 Little Miss books with each book based on a new character, whose personality is reflected in their name.
To mark the 40th anniversary of the Mr. Men books, which are still as popular today as ever, a new My Mr. Tickle Colouring Book has been released. On the 5th September a Mr Tickle gift set will also be released, which includes two Mr. Tickle books, the original and glitter versions, and a soft Mr Tickle toy.
Also available is a How To Draw the Mr Men book and you can even have your own personalised Mr Men storybook made, featuring your name and character! In this video, Roger�s son Adam Hargreaves teaches fans of the books how to draw some of the most loved characters.
For more information visit www.egmont.co.uk/mrmen
To Draw your own Mr Men
follow these instructions:
| i don't know |
In which year did the USSR bring the dogs Belka and Strelka home safe from space? | Belka and Strelka– 50 Years Since Space Dogs Circled the Earth ~ Kuriositas
Belka and Strelka– 50 Years Since Space Dogs Circled the Earth
20 August 2010
They were the the forerunners of their kind – the first living creatures to circle the earth in a space craft and make it back down to earth. August 19, 1960 was the date that this pair went up dogs (most likely confused and bewildered ones) and came back as national cosmonaut heroes of the former USSR.
Amazing to think that only fifty years ago no one had boldly gone and now we have the International Space Station (even though many believe we could have done better).
Belka and Strelka, unlike their human cosmonaut counterparts, had little choice in the matter but this particular dirty job that had to be done and it paved the way for Yuri Gagarin to make the first manned spaceflight.
Scientists believed that dogs were the best animal for the mission as they were suited to long periods of inactivity (mmm).
The training sounds more than a little harsh – they were kept in small boxes for up to twenty days at a time to assess their suitability.
Stray dogs, such as Belka and Strelka were rounded up and sent to the labs. Used to a hard life already the scientists believed that they would cope with the stress of being launched out of the atmosphere than more pampered pooches. The pair were both female – another deliberate choice. First, temperament but more importantly the suit designed for the dogs was designed only for females and the closer proximity of the orifices that expelled their waste products.
Training was hard, too, with practice wearing space suits, spinning in centrifuges and being fed nothing but a protein filled jelly (which gave them constipation and gallstones). Belka (Whitey in Russian_ and Strelka (Arrow) were above the earth for a day on board Sputnik 5.
Let’s not forget the grey rabbit, the 42 mice, 2 rats and the flies that went up with them, all of which survived the mission too. Of course, Belka and Strelka had the most publicity, having a much greater cute quotient than the other creatures – and the Soviet authorities wasted no time showing the pair off to the world.
Strelka had puppies some time later and one of them, Pushinka (Fluffy, left) was given to Caroline Kennedy, JFK’s daughter.
That was in 1961 when the Cold War was at its height but it didn’t stop another Kennedy dog and Fluffy doing it like they do it on Discovery Channel.
The result of this union was four more puppies – in fact the descendents of Belka and Charlie’s pupniks are barking and burping their way around the US to this day.
Poor old Strelka ended up being stuffed an put on display in various museums around the world.
Of course this being Kuriositas we couldn’t resist showing you a trailer from the new Russian animation, Belka and Strelka – Star Dogs.
It hasn’t been released in English yet, so the narration is in Russian but, hey, it’s an animation – you will get the drift.
Give a Gift
If you enjoyed this article, please consider making a gift to help Kuriositas to continue to bring you fascinating features, photographs and videos.
Thank you!
| one thousand nine hundred and sixty |
Which Scandinavian (1546-1601) made observations of stellar and planetary positions? | Bitches in Space: Remembering Soviet Russia's Fleet of Female Dog Cosmonauts | Broadly
Bitches in Space: Remembering Soviet Russia's Fleet of Female Dog Cosmonauts
Feb 19 2016 4:35 PM
A space dog postcard. Image courtesy of FUEL publishing
In her book "Soviet Space Dogs," feminist art historian Olesya Turkina revisits Soviet Russia's obsession with the dogs the government launched into orbit to test the safety of space travel.
In the aftermath of World War II, the USSR and the USA became locked in an ideological conflict between socialism and capitalism. Determined to demonstrate the superiority of the socialist way, the USSR launched a secret space program. Eventually a human cosmonaut would fly into outer space, but first came Laika—a dog.
Laika's launch was kept a secret until a few days before take-off. As Russian feminist art historian Olesya Turkina explains in her book, Soviet Space Dogs , "the secrecy of the space program was justified by the notion that socialism could not be seen to fail in any of its endeavors. In this sense, space travel was the most imperative achievement of such a society." According to the official Soviet story, the valiant little mutt launched into orbit, died a heroic death, and became the first icon of space exploration.
Read more: Photos from the Westminster Dog Show
Adorable photos of Laika and her doggy comrades wearing vests and space helmets were plastered on everything from cigarettes to children's toys. London-based publisher Damon Murray had been collecting this ephemera and was looking for someone to tell the dogs' story in a way that was different from the official accounts.
"I was specifically interested in the effect of these everyday items on the Soviet people—to try and understand their perspective of the dogs' role in the Space Race. I realized that this was something that could only be written by a Russian; it would be difficult (if not impossible) for a non-Russian to pick up the nuances and detail necessary to make this history different," Murray told Broadly in an email.
Murray approached Turkina, who seemed perfect for the job: Not only was she a senior research fellow at the State Russian Museum, but she had also been a member of the Russian Federation of Cosmonautics since 1999. She was thrilled at the prospect. "I grew up as a kid in the Soviet Union. Four-legged cosmonauts were represented everywhere. Sweets boxes, books, stamps, Christmas toys—they were our fairy-tale," Turkina told Broadly in an e-mail.
A space dogs-themed sweet tin. All images courtesy of FUEL publishing.
Turkina is well known in the Russian art world as a trailblazer for feminist art exhibitions. In 1989, she co-organized "Women in Art" in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), featuring the work of radical performance artist Vlad Mamyshev-Monroe . Afterwards, Turkina and her co-organizer were ripped apart in the media. At the event, the artist was chased into the street. "The word feminism caused confusion, horror and even disgust," Turkina told Broadly.
Feminism has a long and complicated history in Russia. During the Cold War, the socialist state propagated an ideal of a genderless society. There were no women, there were no men; there were comrades. "I grew up in the time when we did not know the word 'feminism,' yet women could choose any profession. A woman could be a cosmonaut or a representative in government and could earn equal pay with men," Turkina said.
Despite these ideals, Turkina says, the egalitarian Soviet state was extremely patriarchal in practice. "Instead of freedom, women now had two occupations. They were expected to be socially active, work hard in their jobs, and then come home, feed their husbands, take care of the kids and clean the house," she noted.
The cover of Soviet Space Dogs.
It may seem surprising, then, that only female dogs were selected for orbit. But there was a practical reason: The space capsules weren't spacious enough for male dogs to lift their legs to relieve their little bladders in their special canine space suits. Squatting was more conducive and came naturally to female dogs.
Due to the secrecy of the space program, the total number of dogs launched into space is unknown, but Turkina estimates it was at least fifty. When a dog managed to survive the journey back to Earth and became pregnant, her fertility was used as propaganda to affirm the Soviet way. The birth of her healthy puppies demonstrated the safety of space travel and the magnificence of Soviet science. Nikita Khrushchev even sent puppy Pushinka ( "Fluffy" in Russian ) as an in-your-face gift to John F. Kennedy's daughter, Caroline.
Laika's November 1957 trip to outer space was one of the major catalysts of the Space Race between the US and USSR. In 1955 , the White House had announced their plans to launch a satellite in three years' time. Two years later, stunned Americans looked up to find the Soviet satellite Sputnik circling the Earth. Sputnik wasn't just a year ahead of the Americans' own planned satellite launch—it was also ten times the size of the craft they were in the process of constructing.
A Laika matchbox label. Text reads: "The First Sputnik Passenger – the dog 'Laika.'"
Sputnik 2 launched a miraculous month later with Laika inside, and it was even larger than its predecessor. Despite the national importance of the project, Laika was a humble stray from Moscow. "Strays were not chosen for ideological reasons of class, but because, having to fend for themselves, it was assumed that they were naturally hardier than purebred dogs," writes Turkina.
Envious Americans snidely referred to Laika as "Muttnik" and balked at the experiment. The official Soviet story proclaims that Laika died a heroic death in the name of scientific progress. A non-speaking canine, Laika didn't have the agency to volunteer for this mission to space, yet she was celebrated for her self-sacrifice. Laika's image proliferated on propaganda materials throughout the Soviet Union. As Turkina explains in Soviet Space Dogs:
This cliche notion that everyone must be ready to die for the Motherland was naturally projected onto Laika. Precisely because of this, it is conceivable that Soviet mass media found itself unprepared for the worldwide concern over the dog's fate, and the outrage resulting from her death. From the Soviet perspective, this was a straightforward act of heroism attributed to a dumb creature, whereas the West saw the event as a synonym for a pitiless and cruel ideology.
Soviet media spread the news that Laika lived for a week in her space capsule before undergoing painless remote euthanasia. In truth, Laika died an excruciating death within a few hours, burned alive by a wicked combination of overheating rocket engines and solar radiation. But the graphic details of her demise wouldn't be released until 2002, fourteen years after Perestroika relaxed censorship and freed the scientists to discuss their experiences. They had regrets.
"I learned so much while I was conducting my research," wrote Turkina via e-mail. "After Perestroika, scientists gave interviews and revealed hidden facts. I realized how warm the relations were between these scientists and the space dogs. It [added] a very human touch to the story."
A matchbox label showing a space dog flying to the moon.
After Laika came Belka and Strelka, the first canine cosmonauts to travel through space and live to bark about it. For their journey, which took place in 1960, cameras had been installed in the spacecraft; Earthlings were able to see real time images of the dogs transmitted from space. Dressed in charming matching red and green space suits, the dogs paddled around in zero gravity, orbiting Earth eighteen times. When they landed, they attained worldwide fame. Turkina describes them as "the first Soviet pop stars."
Pop culture was nonexistent in the USSR at this time: Socialist ideology dictated that every outstanding achievement belonged to all Soviet people and never to a single individual. The scientists and engineers behind the Russian space program remained anonymous, while Belka and Strelka got all of the glory.
"The extensive production of merchandise emblazoned with their image, their ubiquity across all media, the overwhelming desire of every Soviet citizen regardless of age or gender to meet the space dogs in person: these elements and many others traditionally associated with the cult of the pop star emerged during the mass-cultural phenomena of Belka and Strelka," writes Turkina in Soviet Space Dogs.
A postcard depicting Belka and Strelka in their rocket.
There would be at least six more dog flights and a crew of male monkeys before scientists were convinced space was safe enough for humans. Female monkeys were studied on the ground to determine "the optimum time to launch, in relation to a woman's biological cycle," writes Turkina. On June 16, 1963, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space. She returned to earth after forty-eight orbits and seventy-one hours, having spent more time in space than all U.S. astronauts combined to that date.
Turkina dedicates her brilliant book to all the dogs who were crucial to the early success of the Soviet space program. When she's not writing and curating, she continues to work as an activist for the feminist cause in St. Petersburg. Much like the noble creatures she illustrates in Soviet Space Dogs, Turkina embodies courage, dedication, and the hope of a better world.
To learn more about the canine cosmonauts, check out FUEL Publishing's " Soviet Space Dogs " by Olesya Turkina, published by Damon Murray and Stephen Sorrell.
Topics
| i don't know |
What is the traditional form of address when first meeting the Queen? | 3 Ways to Address a Queen - wikiHow
Addressing Queen Elizabeth II in a Letter
1
Decide whether to use traditional forms. According to the Royal Family's official policy, you should be free to write in whatever style you like. [2] Politeness and respect will make any letter more kindly received, but that does not necessarily equate to using formal terms. Stay sincere, and do not use the formal terms below if they make you uncomfortable.
2
Begin the letter with "Madam." At the top of your letter, write "Madam," skip a line, and start writing your letter on the line below it. This is the formal and traditional term of address when writing a letter to the Queen of the United Kingdom.
3
Conclude the letter with a respectful term. The traditional written conclusion is I have the honour to be, Madam, Your Majesty's most humble and obedient servant, followed by your name. [3] If you find this conclusion distasteful due to the declaration of servitude, or the insertion of the letter u in honour, consider one of the following respectful conclusions instead:
With greatest respect,
Addressing Queen Elizabeth II in Person
1
Make a small curtsy, bow, or nod. Traditionally, women do a discreet curtsy and men bow from the neck when they meet the Queen of the United Kingdom. [4] This is no longer required, but citizens of the Commonwealth usually choose to use this greeting. People who are not subjects of the Queen often prefer to use a slight nod instead. [5]
Do not bow from the waist.
2
Politely shake the Queen's hand if offered. The Queen may or may not offer her hand, although there is no special significance to one decision or the other. If she does offer her hand, take it in a brief, gentle handshake.
Do not offer your hand first.
3
Wait for Her Majesty to address you. A good general rule, in fact, is not to initiate an action or conversation until the Queen has addressed you directly. Needless to say, wait until the Queen finishes speaking before you reply.
4
Address her as "Your Majesty" the first time in the conversation. If you are stuck for words, say "Hello, Your Majesty. I am delighted to meet you." Any polite greeting is acceptable, however.
5
Address her as "Ma'am" for the rest of the conversation. For the rest of the conversation, say, "Ma'am," pronounced to rhyme with "jam." You may use the term "Your Majesty" again if you are asking her a question or introducing someone, but "Ma'am" will do most of the time. [6]
6
Don't ask personal questions. Most likely, the Queen will be guiding the conversation. But if you contribute your own small talk, avoid asking her about her family or personal life. [7]
7
Don't turn your back on the Queen until the conversation is over. Remain facing her or standing to the side throughout the conversation. Turn away or leave only when the conversation is over. [8] And of course, don't forget to give her a proper good-bye and thank Her Majesty for the unexpected opportunity.
Method
Addressing Queens of Other Nations
1
Try to find the specific form of address. Monarchies often have specific terms of address borne of their countries' traditions. Search online or in etiquette books for the terms of address for the specific monarchy.
2
When in doubt, use "Your Majesty." The term "Your Majesty" is common and unlikely to cause offense. This term is the proper way to address most queens, from Queen Pengiran Anak Saleha of Brunei, to Queen Mathilde of Belgium.
Use "Her Majesty" instead of "her" when writing or speaking about these queens in the third person.
3
Address Empresses as "Her Imperial Majesty." If a monarch's title includes "Empress," or if the nation she heads traditionally considers itself an empire, she should be addressed as "Her Imperial Majesty."
Community Q&A
| Majesty |
As PM, William Lamb, aka Viscount Melbourne, mentored and served which monarch? | How to Greet the Queen of England | Our Everyday Life
How to Greet the Queen of England
by Nate Lee
Queen Elizabeth smiles and shakes a man's hand.
Related Articles
What is the Protocol for Veterans Saluting the Flag During the National Anthem?
Americans who are lucky enough to meet Queen Elizabeth do not actually have to bow or curtsy, since they are not her subjects. Many, including President Barack Obama, do so, however, to show respect to the second-longest-reigning monarch in British history. Knowing and showing a few royal niceties will make you feel more comfortable around her majesty.
Addressing the Queen
According to the website of the Royal Family, there are no obligatory codes of behavior, though the traditional form of greeting is, "Your Majesty," with a head-only bow from the gentleman and a small curtsy from the lady. Every time after the first, you shorten the address to, "Ma'am."
Points of Etiquette
A few other fine pieces of royal etiquette to remember include: speak when spoken to but do not initiate conversation, do not offer your hand first and do not ask personal questions. Dress conservatively, and though they no longer throw you in the Tower of London for this offense, do not turn your back on the Queen.
Greeting the Royal Family
If you should also meet other members of the Royal Family, the same bow and curtsy rules apply. Address the princes as, "Your Royal Highness," and subsequently as, "Sir." Address the female members in the same way, first as, "Your Royal Highness," then as, "Ma'am."
References
| i don't know |
Which London club did Holmes' brother Mycroft co-found? | Sherlock's Relationship with Brother Mycroft
Sherlock's Relationship with Brother Mycroft
See Fourth Series Easter Eggs, Info.
The Holmes Brothers
Sherlock and Mycroft are at the Morgue where Sherlock has just identified Irene Adler's beaten body, Sherlock walks out into the hall and Mycroft follows and offers him "just one cigarette."
"Smoking indoors. Isn't there one of those law things?"
"We're in a morgue. There's only so much damage you can do."
Down the hall they see people crying and Sherlock says, "Look at them. They all care so much. Do you ever wonder if there's something wrong with us?"
"All lives end. All hearts are broken. Caring is not an advantage, Sherlock."
Still smoking, Sherlock complains, "This is low tar."
"Well, you barely knew her."
from " A Scandal in Belgravia "
Mycroft goes after Sherlock to bring him back to hunt down an underground network planning an attack in London. He finds him being tortured in Serbia and after he gets him back to the Diogenes Club he says, "A small ‘thank you’ wouldn’t go amiss."
"What for?"
"In case you’d forgotten, fieldwork is not my natural milieu."
"'Wading in'? You sat there and watched me being beaten to a pulp."
"I got you out. "
"No – I got me out. Why didn’t you intervene sooner?"
"Well, I couldn’t risk giving myself away, could I? It would have ruined everything."
"You were enjoying it."
"Nonsense."
"Definitely enjoying it."
"Listen: do you have any idea what it was like, Sherlock, going ‘under cover’, smuggling my way into their ranks like that? The noise; the people?"
Outside of their parents house at Christmas time "His Last Vow" Mycroft tells Sherlock that the villain of "His Last Vow" is not, "a dragon for you to slay."
"A dragon slayer. Is that what you think of me?"
"No. That's what you think of yourself." Then Mycroft asks Sherlock to decline a job offer because it would kill him in six months. Sherlock then wonders why Mycroft doesn't want him to take it. "You have utility closer to home."
"Utility. How do I have utility?"
"Here be dragons." After another moment, Mycroft pauses on his way into the house to admit to his brother. "Also your loss would break my heart."
Sherlock who is smoking, starts coughing. Then he asks,"What the hell am I to say to that?"
"Merry Christmas."
"Yes. Perhaps there was something in the punch."
"Clearly. Go and have some more."
Drugged Mycroft Revelation
Mycroft Denying Brotherly Compassion
What the writers/producers of Sherlock say about the relationship:
"Steven Moffat, who co-produces the show, says: ‘Mycroft is a very complex character. Somehow, he’s the key to Sherlock.’" — source The Daily Mail
Other Resources that discuss this relationship:
I Believe in Mycroft: Essay on the Doyle Canon and "The Private Life of Sherlock Homes" which provided inspiration for the BBC's 'Sherlock'
From "The Sign of Three", Mrs. Hudson says to Sherlock, "Your mother has a lot to answer for."
"I know. I have a list. Mycroft has a file."
| Diogenes of Sinope |
What was Doctor Watson’s first name? | Mycroft Holmes (Ifans) | Baker Street Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Rhys Ifans
Mycroft Holmes is the older brother of Sherlock Holmes .
When Sherlock is called to London to revisit an old case, he is forced to face his older brother. Although the siblings suffered a drastic falling-out a few years earlier, Mycroft allows Sherlock and Joan Watson to stay in his new home, 221B Baker Street . It is learned that the source of the two brothers' estrangement was an incident that resulted form Sherlock deducing that Mycroft's fiancée did not love him, and Sherlock needing to prove he was correct. He did this by having sex with her (seven times, including a time in a pod on the London Eye), which ended the engagement.
Sherlock's reunion with his brother happens by accident when he returns home to Baker Street, only to discover that his father has gifted the home to his brother, Mycroft. Sherlock believes that Mycroft is a lazy, unaccomplished man. While Mycroft gives as good as he gets, he is also trying to mend fences with his brother after having had Graft versus Host disease, following a bone marrow transplant to treat advanced leukemia.
Shortly afterward, Mycroft arrives in New York and enlists Holmes and Watson to help solve a case involving his former fiancée. (" The Marchioness ") [1] It is also revealed in this episode that Mycroft's restaurants are all named Diogenes .
| i don't know |
Although she represented the UK in ‘Eurovision’, what nationality was Gina G? | How Eurovision ruined 90s starlet Gina G
EUROVISION may have launched ABBA's career but it did nothing for Australian singer Gina G.
"It didn't do me any favours afterwards," the singer, whose real name is Gina Gardiner, said.
Gardiner, 39, who grew up in Brisbane, represented the UK in the 1996 Eurovision Song Contest, placing eighth with her catchy dance track Ooh Aah . . . Just A Little Bit.
"Who knows what would have happened, whether Just A Little Bit would have been a massive hit regardless of Eurovision," Gardiner said.
"I was kind of pushed into it by the record label (Warner), and when you're a newly signed artist you don't say no," Gardiner said.
"I went along for the ride and I was encouraged by them all the way, telling me it was a good thing."
Gardiner enjoyed moderate success in Melbourne in the early 1990s as a DJ and member of dance group Bass Culture, before moving to the UK to pursue a solo career.
Just A Little Bit went on to be an international hit but Gardiner's career virtually stalled when she became embroiled in a 10-year legal battle with UK producer and songwriter Steve Rodway.
"I was unable to record due to a contract I was stuck in with a producer that turned bad," she said. "He kept me in court for 10 years.
Gardiner lives in Los Angeles with her husband and two young children, where she writes film and TV scripts, and has set up her own label, Stunt Girl Music. She said she co-wrote Just A Little Bit with Rodway and Simon Tauber after moving to the UK, although she never got a writing credit on the song.
The Eurovision Song Contest is on SBS at 7.30pm.
| Australians |
Who is unique in being named Billboard's ‘Woman of the Year’ twice, in 2011 & 2014? | Eurovision's greatest hits: What happened next for the song contest's most memorable stars? - Mirror Online
TV
Eurovision's greatest hits: What happened next for the song contest's most memorable stars?
Love it or hate it, you can't deny the Eurovision Song Contest has created some unforgettable songs - but what happened afterwards for the performers?
Share
Brit winner: Sandie was the first UK act to claim victory
Share
Get celebs updates directly to your inbox
+ Subscribe
Thank you for subscribing!
Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email
In 60 years of Eurovision there have been plenty of tears, tantrums and more than a few terrible songs.
Former commentator Terry Wogan yesterday said the song contest – live on Saturday night on BBC1 – was in danger of turning into a “freak show”.
And he reckons this year’s event – featuring UK entry Electro Velvet – could be the most bizarre yet.
Along with the awful have come the greatest hits, but what happened to those behind them?
Abba: Sweden – Waterloo, 1974
Then and now: Abba in 1974 and today
The most successful Eurovision artists of all time and one of the biggest-selling bands in history, ABBA have never needed to work since they split in 1982.
However, songwriters Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, who penned Waterloo, remained active.
In 1984 they released concept album Chess with lyricist Tim Rice, which was also performed as a musical. They followed up on that with a Swedish musical in 1995.
They have also been highly involved in productions of Abba musical Mamma Mia!, plus the hit film starring Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep.
The female singers, Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, had successful solo careers – although Agnetha withdrew from public life from 1989 to 2004.
At a party last year to celebrate 40 years since ABBA’s Eurovision triumph, Ulvaeus hinted at plans to record new material.
Celine Dion, Switzerland – Don’t Leave Without Me (Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi), 1988
Then and now: Celine Dion in 1988 and today
Before Eurovision Celine Dion was only really known in France and her native Canada.
She represented Switzerland as Eurovision singers do not need to come from the country they represent.
But her success catapulted her to international fame which she capitalised on in 1989 when she enrolled for English lessons.
With her new language skills she had huge success in the US, winning a Grammy and Academy award for her title track on Disney’s Beauty and the Beast in 1991.
Other huge hits included Think Twice and My Heart Will Go On, the theme for the 1997 blockbuster movie Titanic.
She has sold more than 200 million records.
Dion, 47, lives with husband René Angélil, a singer and music manager, in Las Vegas. He is 26 years her senior.
They met when Dion sent him a tape at the age of 12. And they first kissed at her victorious Eurovision.
Johnny Logan: Ireland – What’s Another Year, 1980
Then and now: Johnny Logan in 1980 and today
Johnny Logan is the only act to have won Eurovision twice – with What’s Another Year in 1980 and Hold Me Now in 1987. Five years later he also wrote Linda Martin’s winning song, Why Me?
Nicknamed Mr Eurovision, Logan now lives in Ashbourne, Co Meath. He has 40 singles and 19 albums to his name, but rarely gives interviews.
Logan still writes and performs, and in 2012 he appeared as a guest on the Romanian version of The X Factor.
In 2013 he hit No3 in the Irish charts with Prayin’, on which he even tried rap.
But Logan has ruled out a return to Eurovision.
He says he does not want to be a “scapegoat” for Ireland’s failure – after accusing contest bosses at broadcaster RTE of destroying Ireland’s chances with acts such as X Factor twins Jedward, instead of focusing on good songs.
Bucks Fizz, UK – Making Your Mind Up, 1981
Then and now: Bucks Fizz in 1981 and today
Bucks Fizz had everyone hot under the collar when Cheryl Baker and Jay Aston’s skirts were whipped off by Bobby G and Mike Nolan to reveal tiny skirts beneath.
After Eurovision the band enjoyed a string of hits before a crash on the way to a gig left Mike with life-threatening head injuries and Cheryl with broken vertebrae.
That led to line-up changes and a split that turned acrimonious when Bobby G took his former bandmates to court insisting they drop Bucks Fizz from their name. Cheryl, Mike and Jay became OBF (Original Bucks Fizz).
Sandie Shaw: UK – Puppet On A String, 1967
Then and now: Sandie Shaw in 1967 and today
Sandie Shaw’s 1967 win with Puppet On A String was Britain’s first Eurovision victory and gave the singer a third number one hit – but she has since dismissed the show as “c**p”.
She later launched her own fashion label and TV show. Often performing without shoes, Sandie became known as the “barefoot princess of pop”.
She had her last Top 10 hit in 1969 with Monsieur Dupont but continued to record, totalling 16 Top 40 hits. She retired in 2013 following a car crash in South West France where she then lived.
Sandie toured widely and sang for dictators including General Franco, Pinochet and even the Shah of Iran. She also turned her hand to acting and has written children’s books.
Following failed marriages to designer Jeff Banks and Virgin Group co-founder Nik Powell, the mum of three now lives in London with psychologist husband Tony Bedford.
Sandy, 68, says she turned to buddhism after she “nearly died” through illness. Since 1997 she has been a psychotherapist for other performers.
Gina G: UK – Ooh Ah... Just a Little Bit, 1996
Then and now: Gina G in 1996 and today
Australian-born singer Gina G may have only finished eighth for Britain but her song, Ooh Aah... Just A little Bit, became a huge hit. It reached No1 in the UK singles chart and even earned a Grammy nomination.
She released a string of hits in the late 1990s before a 10-year legal battle with her former manager left her unable to release new music and saw her career stagnate.
Real name Gina Gardiner, the singer tried to relaunch herself on the other side of the Atlantic by starring in reality show Reborn in the USA in 2003 – but was voted off. An attempt to enter Eurovision again in 2005 failed.
She now lives in LA with her husband and two young daughters, where she runs her own record label and writes film and TV scripts.
She says of Eurovision: “It didn’t do me any favours afterwards.”
Nicole: Germany – A Little Peace, 1982
Then and now: Nicola in 1982 and today
Nicole was just 17 when she became West Germany’s first Eurovision champion.
The song – Ein bißchen Frieden (A Little Peace) – became the 500th single to top the UK chart and although Nicole’s international fame did not last, she remains a successful musician in her home country. She has released 30 albums and went on tour to mark the 60th anniversary of Eurovision earlier this year.
Nicole, now 50, married Winfried Seibert in 1984 and has two daughters and a granddaughter.
She recently admittedthat she still has the outfit she wore when she won Eurovision.
These days she keeps it on display on a mannequin in the hallway of her home.
Dana: Ireland – All Kinds of Everything, 1970
Then and now: Dana in 1970 and today
Dana's success led to a string of hits in Ireland and the UK.
On a trip to the US in 1990 she appeared on the Catholic Eternal Word Television Network. Husband Damien got a job there and they moved to near its headquarters in Alabama.
They returned to Ireland in 1997 when she stood in the presidential election and came third – but she had applied for US citizenship, which was granted in 1999.
That year Dana won a European Parliament seat as an independent opposed to abortion, divorce and contraception.
After appearing in 2009 as a judge on TV’s All Ireland Talent Show, she ran again for the presidency in 2011.
This time she did even worse after a storm over her not declaring her US citizenship. She came sixth with 3% of the vote.
Dana and Damien, who have four adult children, live in County Galway.
She had urged Catholics to vote no to gay marriage in yesterday’s referendum.
Brotherhood of Man: UK – Save Your Kisses for Me, 1976
Brotherhood of Men, 1976
After victory in The Hague the band became one of the UK’s top-selling acts – but the hits dried up in the early 1980s and they split in 1982.
Lead vocalist Martin Lee had married band member Sandra Stevens in 1979. They are still together, living in Surrey.
Lee Sheriden did a music degree and lives in Buckinghamshire. He is married with two daughters.
Nicky Stevens had a stint as lead singer with rock band Aslan and has also been in panto near her home in Dorset. She married Brotherhood of Man’s guitarist Alan Johnson but they have since divorced.
The group reunited for a one-off TV appearance in 1985 and got back on the live circuit the following year.
They still perform occasionally – for gigs at Butlins camps where hundreds of fans wear flared-trouser suits – and recently joined Bucks Fizz on a tour.
Video Loading
| i don't know |
James Braddock won the title from which boxer whose son was in The Beverly Hillbillies? | June 2 2005 3:51 PM
Fight Snub
By David Fellerath
Max Baer (left) vs. James J. Braddock heavyweight championship fight, Long Island City, New York, June 13, 1935
Attentive viewers of the climactic fight of Cinderella Man, Ron Howard's Depression-era crowd-pleaser, will notice a Star of David on the red trunks of Max Baer, the lethal opponent of Jim "Cinderella Man" Braddock. The star is significantly less prominent than the one that the real Baer wore in the 1935 fight. It's no surprise that Howard would obscure this detail, as it would complicate his film's Rocky-meets-Seabiscuit narrative. What's funny, and ironic, is that by downplaying Baer's Star of David, Howard may be making an accurate historical comment: Baer was the only self-proclaimed Jew to ever claim the heavyweight crown. But was he really even Jewish?
To be sure, Cinderella Man's fleeting portrait of Baer as a skirt-chasing playboy, notorious for clowning in the ring, is consistent with published accounts . Baer was also a ferocious hitter—a "larruping thumper," in the Times' gloriously redundant formulation. In his early career, he secured a fearsome reputation on the West Coast, killing a boxer named Frankie Campbell during a 1930 bout. The tragedy so rattled Baer that he lost four of his next six fights. In the film, the death of Campbell is used to build up Baer as a remorseless killer. One movie's terrifying thug, however, is another man's father. "It was after he killed Campbell that he started clowning," Maxie Baer Jr. said in a recent telephone conversation from Las Vegas. "He started smoking cigarettes and he had nightmares for years."
Advertisement
After Campbell's death, Baer decided to move east and train under the tutelage of Jack Dempsey. It was in 1933, when Baer was 24, that he came out as a Jew and wore the Star of David on his trunks for the first time. His opponent was Max Schmeling, the "Black Uhlan of the Rhine" and a reluctant standard-bearer for Hitler's Third Reich. "That one's for Hitler," Baer snarled between blows to the stumbling Schmeling. He knocked him out in the 10th round . It was his finest hour in the ring.
In the post-fight coverage, however, Baer's new "racial" identity raised eyebrows. As reported in the New York Times:
Get Slate in your inbox.
[Baer] explained yesterday, however, that he wore this insignia for the first time, because he is partly Jewish. "My father is Jewish and my mother is Scotch-Irish," said Baer. "I wore the insignia because I thought I should, and I intend to wear it in every bout hereafter."
Over the years, the significance of Baer's gesture has been dismissed as a publicity stunt in a sport that thrives on racial and ethnic conflict. Jeremy Schaap, the author of Cinderella Man: James J. Braddock, Max Baer, and the Greatest Upset in Boxing History, takes a more nuanced view. Schaap establishes that Baer's father was at least half-Jewish before arguing that Baer's manager, Ancil Hoffman, stoked his boxer's ethnic consciousness as a motivating tool. Baer Jr. confirms this view. "My dad didn't know who Hitler was. He only read the sports pages, but Hoffman kept drilling it into his head, 'You're fighting for the Jews.' "
Advertisement
Baer's prominent display of the Star of David came at a time of continuous bad tidings from Germany. Anti-Jewish boycotts were under way, Jews were being expelled from official positions, and Dachau had opened for the internment of communists. A day after the Schmeling fight, a Times dispatch from Berlin reported that the German papers were reticent about their countryman's defeat. "All papers ignore the fact that Schmeling was beaten by a man who in Germany would be classified as a Jew," the unnamed Times correspondent wrote. One can only imagine the propaganda uses Joseph Goebbels would have found had Schmeling defeated Baer.
By disposing of Schmeling, Baer earned his title shot against another unfortunate show horse for European political fashion, Primo "the Ambling Alp" Carnera, a 6-foot-6-inch, 263-pound former circus strongman and a mobbed-up mascot for Benito Mussolini. This 1934 fight—briefly but vividly re-enacted in Cinderella Man—was a frightful affair in which Baer knocked down the clumsy giant 11 (or 12) times, despite being outweighed by 53 pounds.
The heavyweight title now belonged to Baer, who would hold it for 364 days of nightclub carousing and adoring magazine articles. In a 1934 Vanity Fair profile, Baer is described by a bemused Westbrook Pegler in strikingly Gatsby-like terms, a striver taking "dago-singing" lessons and "long-wording people into a daze" from a pocket dictionary. More presciently, Pegler also wrote, "Baer is a fast swinger and he probably will keep the title until frivolity, late hours and cigars abate his speed by the fraction of an instant. Then, presumably, a scientific boxer will beat him. …"
That studiously determined upstart turned out to be gritty Jimmy Braddock from the Jersey docks, known by the more fitting "Plain Jim" before Damon Runyon tagged him "Cinderella Man." Braddock's tale is indeed inspiring: He had a family to feed while Baer's expenses ran mostly to his wardrobe and his mistresses. Baer Jr. cheerfully admits that his father was woefully unprepared. "He didn't take Braddock seriously, he didn't train, and he got a b.j. before the fight," he says, apparently listing the offenses in ascending order of gravity.
Despite the star on his trunks that night, Baer was never a practicing Jew. His tenuous claim, however, seems to have been good enough for Jewish fight fans. Schaap writes that, on the night of the Braddock fight, "Of the 30,000 people in the Bowl, virtually everyone except the Jews was cheering for Braddock."
Stepping back, Baer's "Jewishness" was only one aspect of his elaborate self-invention. In 1933 he starred with Myrna Loy and his upcoming opponent Primo Carnera in The Prizefighter and the Lady, in which he played an all-American underdog who challenges Carnera for the championship. The film was a success and Baer received good reviews for a role that included singing and dancing. It played for a while in Germany, until Goebbels banned the film because Baer was in the cast. But his most enduring film is the 1956 anti-boxing exposé The Harder They Fall, adapted from a Budd Schulberg novel. The film is a virtually undisguised scandal-mongering account of events leading up to the Baer-Carnera fight of 1934. While the justifiably aggrieved Carnera sued Columbia Pictures and Schulberg, Baer gamely played a vicious caricature of himself, a portrait not unlike the Baer we see in Cinderella Man. Schulberg slammed The Harder They Fall as naively sensationalistic, singling out the film's use of Baer: "Maxie Baer, who queens through this incredible part, may have been a tamed tiger but he wasn't a monster."
Even though Baer underachieved as a boxing talent, he still has the distinction of being a feared fighter who wore a conspicuous Star of David on his trunks in the dangerous years of the 1930s. He died of a massive heart attack at the age of 50 in 1959. (Among other things, he didn't live to see his son achieve television celebrity as Jethro Bodine on The Beverly Hillbillies.) Cinderella Man may reduce Baer to a crude and simplistic villain, but Baer probably would have enjoyed the movie anyway—he despised boxing. "He thought it was horseshit," says his son. "He really wanted to be an actor."
| Max Baer |
Born Arnold Cream, which 37yr-old became the oldest man to win the title (up to 1951)? | Max Baer - BoxRec
Max Baer
Hall of Fame bio: click
World Boxing Hall of Fame Inductee
Name: Max Baer
Birth Name: Maximillian Adelbert Baer
Born: 1909-02-11
Height: 6′ 2½″ / 189cm
Reach: 81″ / 206cm
3.1 Sources
Career Overview
Fun-loving, entertaining, hard-hitting, and charismatic, Max Baer was the fighter most responsible for maintaining the public's interest in the heavyweight division during the early years of the Great Depression. Realizing that character and image were as important to creating boxing spectacles as was fighting prowess, Baer was a character unlike any other for his time. He substituted his contagious smile and clown-like ring antics for his lack of true boxing technique. Combined with his lethal punching power, Baer's personality made him perhaps the most popular heavyweight boxer in the era between the retirement of Jack Dempsey and the rise of Joe Louis . Because of the false portrayal of him as a "villain" in the 2005 Ron Howard-directed motion picture Cinderella Man , Baer today is unfairly perceived by some as an arrogant, bloodthirsty brat. But those who knew him in life describe him as a happy-go-lucky man, always looking for the lighter side of a brutal sport. It was precisely this perspective and behavior that made him so likable for those suffering the misery of the Great Depression.
Early Years
Born in Omaha, Nebraska, on February 11, 1909, Baer moved to Livermore, California, with his family as a child. He often worked in his father's cattle slaughterhouse, a job he later claimed was responsible for his well-muscled frame, broad shoulders, and feared right hand punch (an article in the January 1939 edition of Family Circle magazine reported that Baer also took the Charles Atlas exercise course) By the age of eighteen, he was already six feet tall and weighed 190 pounds. Encouraged by friends to train as a boxer, he set up his own gym on his father's ranch and set to building up his punching power. He eventually moved to Oakland, California, in pursuit of finding a manager, taking a job at a local factory to support himself. There he met the factory owner's son, J. Hamilton Lorimer, who became his first manager. With Lorimer backing him, Max fought his first professional match in Stockton, California, on May 16, 1929, knocking out the otherwise forgotten Chief Caribou in two rounds. He fought sixteen more times before the close of the year, losing just once, disqualified for picking up and throwing an opponent to the floor. He was again disqualified in his first match of 1930, this time for "stalling." He went on to win his next seven fights, however, six by knockout, securing a match with his most talented opponent yet, Les Kennedy , one of the best fighters in California. Still raw and unschooled, Max was unable to solve the puzzle of Kennedy's professional, experienced style and lost a ten-round decision.
Despite the loss, Baer's aggressive style and knockout punch continued to make him a big draw on the West Coast. Thus, he was still able to garner another major fight, against Frankie Campbell , who had recently defeated Kennedy. On August 25, 1930, Max dominated his fight with Campbell, repeatedly raking him across the ropes until the referee stopped the slaughter in the fifth. By the time Baer relented, Campbell was completely unconscious and doctors failed to revive him after hours of trying. The death of the promising Campbell created an outrage among anti-boxing forces, prompting the California Commission to suspend the referee and several others involved. Though Max himself was not suspended, he was badly shaken by the tragedy and did not fight for another four months, his longest period of inactivity yet. In his next match, he lost a ten-round decision to clever Ernie Schaaf.
Though Baer had himself considered retirement after Frankie Campbell's death, that fight made headlines that had many people clamoring to witness the fabled punching power of the young Californian. Thus, he was given a match against his first internationally known opponent, Tom Heeney , a New Zealand fighter who had once done battle with Gene Tunney for the world heavyweight championship. Heeney was by this time well beyond his prime, however, and Baer had an easy time annihilating him inside of three rounds. This led to a fight with Tommy Loughran , the lightning-quick future hall of famer and former light heavyweight champion of the world. The February 6, 1931, proved to be one of the most important bouts of Max's career. Though Loughran's talent and experience combined to give Baer a humiliating boxing lesson over ten rounds, he took the time to give Baer some pointers after the fight. Tommy told Max that he would go a long way if he would learn to quit looping his punches and straighten them out to provide a quicker route to the target. Meanwhile, Jack Dempsey , the former world heavyweight champion who refereed the bout between Loughran and Baer, took notice of the youngster from California. He and Max became great friends and would remain so for the rest of Max's lives. Dempsey often acted as a mentor to Max and even promoted several of his fights.
Contender & Champion
Though Max lost his next two big-name fights, against contenders, Johnny Risko and Paolino Uzcudun , he showed more patience in the ring and better boxing technique, proving that he was listening to the advice given him by Loughran and Dempsey. The hard work paid dividends as Max won ten consecutive fights within an ten-month period. Included among the wins were rematches with Risko, Kennedy, and Heeney, as well as two decisions over contender King Levinsky . By the Summer of 1932, Max was finally a legitimate contender for the heavyweight championship of the world. On August 31, 1932, he fought a rematch with slick boxing Ernie Schaaf . Though he fell slightly behind on points in the early going, Baer had paced himself for a long fight and turned slugger in the ninth. For two rounds, he belted Ernie around the ring and, with two seconds to go in the fight, landed a devastating right that put his opponent flat on his face, completely unconscious. Because the bell rang before the referee could complete his count, Baer was robbed of the official knockout, but he did walk away with the ten-round decision. When Schaaf suffered mortal injuries early in his fight with Primo Carnera just months later, many speculated that it was the leftover effects of his fight with Baer that truly did the fatal damage.
After knocking out veteran contender Tuffy Griffiths in seven rounds, Baer was matched with former world heavyweight champion Max Schmeling . A skilled boxer with a solid right hand punch, Schmeling was considered the outstanding contender for reigning world heavyweight champion Jack Sharkey . The German Schmeling had recently become a controversial figure in boxing because of his association with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, who was despised by many Americans because of the Nazi persecution of Jews. Baer, though he was not raised Jewish, had Jewish blood in his family. Thus, mainly for publicity purposes, he sported the Star of David on his boxing trunks for the fight with Schmeling. This act made him immensely popular with America's Jewish population and he would keep the symbol on his trunks for the remainder of his career. On June 8, 1933, Baer fought the fight of his life. At the fight's opening, he charged out aggressively and took immediate control of the fight. Lucky to survive Baer's early onslaught, Schmeling used his superior boxing technique and employed a strong body assault to gain a slight lead on the score cards in the middle rounds. In the ninth round, though, Baer seemed to get a second wind and lashed out once more. He stunned Schmeling into desperately defending himself, taking the round clearly. The tenth featured more of the same until Baer landed a huge right hand that sent Schmeling careening into the ropes. Another right moments later dropped the former champion. Barely able to rise at the count of nine, Schmeling was essentially finished. He could do little else but attempt to block Baer's storm of bombs. When more punishment sent the German fumbling once more against the ropes and a hard rabbit punch from Baer cracked the disorient Schmeling on the back of the head, referee Arthur Donovan stopped the fight.
Now there was no dispute that Max Baer was the leading heavyweight contender. Shortly after the Schmeling fight, Sharkey lost the title by knockout to Italy's gigantic Primo Carnera. Carnera's great size (6'5½ and 260 pounds) made him a freak show sensation, but Max Baer was likely the most famous active fighter in the world at the time. Both he and Primo appeared together in the film The Prizefighter and the Lady , with Max playing the lead role opposite love interest Myrna Loy. The climax of the film was a fictional showdown between Baer and Carnera, the fight most fight fans were desperately calling for in real life.
The fight finally took place on June 14, 1934, at Madison Square Garden . At the weigh-in before the bout, Max's zany behavior puzzled the champion but certainly satisfied the newspaper writers. He plucked hairs from Primo's well-muscled chest, musing as he did so, "He loves me; he loves me not." He then reached out and tickled Carnera, goofily shouting, "Boo, you big palooka!" Carnera could only manage a perplexed smile. The scales confirmed what everybody already knew: Baer would be at a rare size disadvantage, giving up more than fifty pounds in weight and at least three inches in height to the hulk from Italy. Because of his advantages, Carnera was the betting favorite.
Uncharacteristically, Baer came out cautiously in the first round, keeping his distance as Primo tried to chase him down. When a wild right hand caught the champion flush, the tables seemed to instantly turn. Carnera crashed to the floor and appeared desperately groggy when he rose. Sensing a first-round knockout imminent, Baer pressed forward for the first time, putting together a ruthless series of punches that sent Primo down twice more. Carnera showed tremendous heart in surviving the round but was clearly unaware of his surroundings when the bell rang, and he wandered into the wrong corner. Exhausted by his futile efforts to put the giant away, Baer tried desperately to finish the still groggy champion off in the second, but to no avail. The pair ended up clinching and wrestling for the next several rounds, with both men frequently tripping and falling to the canvas. During one of these tumbles, Baer got laughs from the crowd by looking over at Carnera and joking, "Last one up's a sissy!" Eventually Carnera, having steadied himself, began to use his size and reach against the challenger. The Italian was never known as a quality boxer, but, against the crude and exhausted challenger, he had had enough skills to gain a lead on the score cards as the fight entered the tenth round. Toward the end of that round, a roundhouse right from Baer turned the tide once again, sending Primo fumbling across the ring. A follow-up fusillade of blows sent the champion down. The brave but battered Carnera made it to his feet just in time to hear the bell clang to signal the conclusion of the round. The minute rest did little to revive Carnera's senses. He came out for the eleventh, but proved to be little more than a gigantic target, going down twice more before the referee stopped the contest. Including the wrestling falls in the middle of the fight, Primo hit the deck eleven times in eleven rounds. Max Baer was the new heavyweight champion of the world.
Max was a popular champion, charismatic and exciting to watch in the ring. As mentioned before, his clowning antics in and out of the ring were a breath of fresh air for fight fans suffering the tumultuous struggles of the Great Depression. But Max's carefree personality reflected an increasingly carefree lifestyle. Baer neglected serious training after winning the title. While he gave several popular boxing exhibitions, he stayed away from professional boxing for the period of a year and dissipated his talent. In the meantime, an unlikely contender by the name of Jim Braddock established himself as a credible challenger for Max's laurels. A down-and-out part-time fighter who also worked on the New Jersey docks, Braddock was thought to be washed up when he won three consecutive fights against some of the biggest names in the division, the press dubbing him the "Cinderella Man" because of his rags-to-riches story. When leading contender Max Schmeling's ties to the Nazis left promoters afraid to schedule the German a rematch with Baer, organizers instead picked up Braddock as an easy mark for Baer's first title defense.
Braddock & Louis Fights
On June 13, 1935, at Madison Square Garden, the heavily favored champion faced Braddock. Overconfident and under-trained, Baer found himself having an unexpected tough time against his smaller opponent. Braddock, meanwhile, fought the fight of his life. The challenger used constant movement and a stiff left jab to keep Max unsettled. Baer tried to throw his haymaker right hand, but Braddock knew to look out for it and the champion usually missed by a long distance. Unable to compete with Braddock's conditioning and technical precision, Baer could do little else but gasp for breath and make faces at his opponent. The champion fouled on occasion and, when warned by the referee, made theatrical gestures of apology to the crowd and Braddock. The result was a unanimous decision for Braddock in one of the great upsets in ring history. Baer, claiming injured hands, asked for a rematch, which he was never given.
In interviews after the Braddock fight, Max admitted that he had failed to train properly for the fight and that he knew he needed to regain his focus on his boxing career. He promised fans to discipline himself better for his next scheduled match, against an undefeated sensation from Detroit by the name of Joe Louis . At this early stage of his career, Louis had beaten some credible opponents, including former champion Carnera, but had yet to face a fighter as dangerous as Baer. 88,150 people paid $1,000,832, the largest gate in nearly a decade and a considerable achievement in the midst of the Depression, to see the two power punchers clash at Yankee Stadium on September 24, 1935. Going into this bout, Baer was hampered by hand injuries. Jeremy Schaap discussed in his book, Cinderella Man: James Braddock, Max Baer, and the Greatest Upset in Boxing History , that Baer was having trouble with pain in his hands, which forced him to take an injection before the fight. However, the fight was delayed by a thunderstorm and the novocaine started to wear off before the bout started. Though both men threw bombs as expected, Louis' punches were shorter, faster, and more accurate. If Baer kept his promise to train diligently for this fight, he never showed it. His punches were looping and amateurish and at no point did Louis show the effects of Baer's fabled power. Both men traded punches for three rounds, Joe clearly getting the better of the action. In the fourth round, looking exhausted and resigned to defeat after taking a hurricane of punishment from Louis, Baer dropped voluntarily to his knees. It was the first time Max had gone down in forty-eight professional fights. He rose to fight on but was quickly flattened to the floor by a left-right combination. Though Max made it up to his knee, he could not rise in time and suffered his first knockout defeat. "I could have struggled up once more," he told reporters after the fight, "but when I get executed, people are going to have to pay more than twenty-five dollars a seat to watch it." He subsequently announced his retirement from boxing.
Comeback & Later Years
As is the case with many fighters, Baer's initial retirement did not last long. He was back in less than a year (weighing in at an all-time high of 226 pounds), winning a six-round decision against overmatched Tony Souza . The Souza fight was the first in a series of eighteen bouts fought inside of three months, as Max toured the U.S. fighting local boys from Salt Lake City, Boise, San Antonio, Tulsa, Vancouver, Twin Falls, and other cities. He knocked out Soldier Eddie Franks in three rounds on September 3 1936, in Provo, Utah, and he defeated Andy "Kid" Miller by a six-round decision on September 21, 1936, in Sheldon, Iowa. Earl Jinkinson of the Sheldon Mail wrote the following: "Max Baer, the clowning ex-heavyweight champion amused the large crowd by playfully toying with Andy Miller of Sioux City. . . . As was expected the Sioux City lad was no match. . . . Someone asked him to hit Miller and Max replied 'do you want me to commit murder?' . . . The bout was more of a clowning exhibition on the part of Max but the bout was well received by the large crowd. It seems to this correspondent that even after the Louis beating, which Max explained was due to his injured hands, and one look at his hands at this date is sufficient evidence to prove his contention, that Max is still a first class heavyweight contender."
On April 15, 1937, he faced his first ranked contender since the shellacking at the hands of Louis. His opponent was England's heavyweight champion, Tommy Farr , who defeated the former world champion over twelve rounds. It was Max's first loss in twenty-three outings. Less than a year later, he avenged the loss, flooring Tommy two times en route to a fifteen-round decision, followed by a first-round knockout of Ohio's Hank Hankinson .
On June 1, 1939, Baer, having regained his status as one of the leading fighters in the division, fought up-and-comer Lou Nova at Yankee Stadium before 16,778 fans. In an exciting battle, Max suffered horrible facial swellings and cuts that forced the referee to stop the fight in the eleventh round. Though many subsequently wrote that Baer was finished as a world-class fighter, he strung off four consecutive knockout wins inside of year, including a seventh-round stoppage of hard-hitting contender Tony Galento . Thus, he was given a second chance against Nova. On April 4, 1941, Max briefly showed shades of his old fighting prowess when flooring Nova with a right hand in the fourth round. As the fight went on, however, Nova took increasing control. After Baer went down twice in the eighth round, the referee stopped the fight. Max never fought professionally again.
During World War II, the still popular Madcap Maxie served as a physical conditioning instructor for the U.S. Air Force. Later, he starred in a popular nightclub act with former light heavyweight champ Maxie Rosenbloom . Sometimes working as a referee in boxing and wrestling matches, he also enjoyed an acting career in movies.
Baer died of a heart attack on November 21, 1959, at age 50. In 1995, he won posthumous induction into the International Boxing Hall of Fame .
Notes
Brother of fellow boxer Buddy Baer , who unsuccessfully challenged Joe Louis for the world heavyweight championship in 1941 and 1942.
Father of actor Max Baer Jr., who portrayed the character Jethro Bodine on the television series The Beverly Hillbillies.
Baer's title bout with challenger Jim Braddock was the climax to the 2005 Braddock biopic Cinderella Man . The movie demonized Baer as the killer of two men in the ring and claimed he committed such notorious acts as bragging to Braddock's wife, Mae, that he would kill her husband and then sleep with her. In reality, there was no such encounter with Mae Braddock, and many have insisted that Baer was haunted for the rest of his life by Campbell's death. Max Baer Jr. said his father had nightmares about it and raised a considerable amount of money for Campbell's family. Jeremy Schaap, who wrote the book Cinderella Man: James Braddock, Max Baer, and the Greatest Upset in Boxing History , said Baer went into an emotional "tailspin" after killing Campbell and lost a couple of fights because he refused to finish off opponents out of fear of another fatality. As for the scene with Mae Braddock, Schaap said, "It is totally made up."
According to an "Oddities of the Ring" article, as reported in the January 3, 1931, edition of the Bellingham Evening News, Baer fought 110 rounds and scored 110 knockdowns.
| i don't know |
Which cautionary, three word motto is used by House Stark of Winterfell? | House Stark - A Wiki of Ice and Fire
House Stark
A running grey direwolf, on an ice-white field
(Argent, a direwolf courant cendrée)
Words
unknown; Bran Stark (de jure)
Region
King in the North /King of Winter (formerly)
Lord of Winterfell (formerly)
Age of Heroes
House Stark of Winterfell is one of the Great Houses of Westeros and the principal noble house of the north . In days of old they ruled as Kings of Winter , but since Aegon's Conquest they have been Wardens of the North and ruled as Lords of Winterfell. Their seat, Winterfell , is an ancient castle renowned for its strength.
Their sigil is a grey direwolf racing across a field of white. Their words are "Winter is Coming", one of only a few house mottoes to be a warning rather than a boast. [1] Several of the POV characters of A Song of Ice and Fire are members of House Stark.
Aside from the Karstarks of Karhold , the Starks of Winterfell may have other, distant relatives in the north. White Harbor and Barrowton are considered to be likely options. [2] Some younger Starks have also held vassal holdfasts for the lords of Winterfell. [3]
Contents
Culture
Traits
The Stark look consists of a long face, a lean build, dark brown hair and grey eyes. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
In the current generation of Starks, several members (e.g., Arya and Bran Stark , and Jon Snow ) have the ability to enter the minds of their direwolf pets as wargs , giving them the ability to experience the senses of their direwolves [9] and to see through their eyes. The latter occurs most frequently when the children sleep, [10] [11] although they are able to do it at will when awake, once they are more practiced. [12] [11]
Customs
House Stark traditionally buries deceased members of their family in the crypts below Winterfell . [13] [14] The Kings of Winter and Lords of Winterfell are given a statue of their likeness, sitting by their tomb, whereas other normally family members do not. [15] The only exceptions are Brandon and Lyanna Stark , who have been given a statue by their brother, Lord Eddard Stark . [15] The statues of the kings and lords have stone wolves by their feet [16] [14] and have swords placed upon their lap, [14] which are said to keep the spirits of the dead at rest, locked within their tombs. [17] [13]
House Stark traditionally follows the old gods . [18] [19] [20] [21] Following the marriage of Lord Eddard Stark to Lady Catelyn Tully , a follower of the Faith of the Seven , a small sept in honor of the seven gods from the Faith was constructed at Winterfell . [22]
The Starks have traditionally been friends of the Night's Watch . [15] The four youngest men to have served as Lord Commander of the Night's Watch , including Osric Stark , were brothers, sons, or bastards of Kings in the North . [23]
History
Kings in the North
The Starks are an ancient house of First Men descent. [1] House Stark was founded by Brandon the Builder , a legendary figure who lived during the Age of Heroes . Bran the Builder is said to have raised Winterfell , the seat of the Starks, as well as the Wall . [24] The Starks were Kings of Winter in the north for eight thousand years [25] since the Age of Heroes, possibly beginning with Bran the Builder. The Night's King , the attainted thirteenth Lord Commander of the Night's Watch , has been suggested to have been a Stark. [26]
The ancient Starks gradually defeated rival kings, such as the Barrow Kings to their south and the Red Kings to their east. [27] For several millennia, the Starks were not the uncontested Kings in the North. However, their primary antagonists, the Red Kings from House Bolton of the Dreadfort , swore fealty some thousand years ago, ending their flesh-flaying ways. Meanwhile, King Jon Stark drove pirates from the White Knife , and the Wolf's Den was built at its mouth. This stronghold was often granted to sons and grandsons of the King in the North; one such branch, the Greystarks , was extinguished after allying with the Boltons against the Starks. [28] King Jon's son, Rickard , defeated the Marsh King and married his daughter, bringing the Neck into Winterfell's realm under the lordship of House Reed . [15]
When the Andals attempted to conquer the north, King Theon Stark made common cause with House Bolton and defeated Argos Sevenstar in the Battle of the Weeping Water , after which he raised a fleet and sailed to Andalos . There he took revenge by sacking and putting hundreds to death. He later conquered the Three Sisters , and battled against the ironborn , driving them away from Cape Kraken and Bear Island and slaying Ravos Hoare . Both places were later taken back by King Loron Greyjoy , and King Rodrik Stark took Bear Island back after Loron's death. It is said that he did so by winning a wrestling match, though some scholars doubt the truth of this tale. [29] [15] Rodrik's sons and grandsons took back Cape Kraken. [27] ) King Theon also smashed a rebellion in the Rills , and gave aid to the Night's Watch against wildlings . [27]
House Stark attempted to conquer the Three Sisters, which began a conflict between the Starks and the Arryns from the Vale when the Sistermen , having been defeated by the Starks in the Rape of the Three Sisters , asked Mathos II Arryn , King of Mountain and Vale for help. This conflict, the War Across the Water , lasted for a thousand years, during which time the Starks trice landed on the Fingers . [30] [31] During King Edric Stark 's hundred-year long reign, the Wolf's Den, already torched by House Arryn , was captured by slavers from the Stepstones . Edric's great-grandson, King Brandon "Ice Eyes" , took back the Wolf's Den. [28] After a thousand years of war, the Arryns were victorious over the Starks, and have ruled over the Three Sisters ever since. [30]
Several centuries before Aegon's Conquest , [N 1] House Manderly was driven into exile from the Mander by Lord Lorimar Peake during the reign of Perceon III Gardener , King of the Reach . [27] The Starks welcomed them to the north, and accepted oaths of fealthy from the Manderlys, giving them the Wolf's Den and the surrounding lands, leading to the creation of White Harbor around the Wolf's Den. [32] [27] [33]
Near 700 BC, Karlon Stark , a younger son of Winterfell, helped crush a rebel lord. As a reward, he was granted lands on which he built a keep named Karl's Hold. Over time, the keep became known as Karhold , and Karlon's descendents as House Karstark . [34]
King Brandon the Shipwright attempted to sail across the Sunset Sea , but never returned back home. His son, also named Brandon , burned the northern fleet in his grief. [15] The north has had no fleet since. [35]
The Starks helped repel several major wildling invasions, such as when they and their Umber bannermen defeated the brother Kings-Beyond-the-Wall Gendel and Gorne three thousand years ago. [36] Bael the Bard is said to have sired a son on the maiden daughter of Brandon the Daughterless . Bael was later slain by his own son, who was unaware of the fact that Bael was his father. [37]
Targaryen Dynasty
The last Stark King in the North was Torrhen , the King Who Knelt, who submitted to Aegon I Targaryen during Aegon's Conquest . Since that time the Starks have held the north for the Lords of the Seven Kingdoms as Wardens of the North . [38] Queen Rhaenys Targaryen arranged the marriage of Torrhen's daughter to Ronnel Arryn , the Lord of the Eyrie , in an attempt to knit the new realm together. [39] [40] There are letters at the Citadel which suggest that Torrhen only agreed to this match after much protest, and that his sons had refused to attend the wedding. [39] Torrhen's sons did not agree with the rule of House Targaryen . Some spoke of rebelling and raising the Stark banner, [39] but it is unknown whether a rebellion took place.
During the reign of King Jaehaerys I Targaryen , Lord Stark [N 2] donated land, which was renamed the New Gift , to the Night's Watch . While in current times it is said that Lord Stark was glad to do so, he in truth had been forced to do so by King Jaehaerys and Queen Alysanne . Lord Stark's brother sent letters to the Citadel , asking for precedents against forced donation of property. As such, it was said at the time that the Starks were bitter about having been forced to part with the land, and maester Yandel believes that this might have been the reason why Lord Ellard Stark supported the claim of Laenor Velaryon over the claim of Prince Viserys Targaryen during the Great Council of 101 AC . [39]
In 129 AC , as the Dance of the Dragons began, Prince Jacaerys Velaryon recruited Lord Cregan Stark 's aid for his mother, Rhaenyra Targaryen , known as the Pact of Ice and Fire , [39] even though the north was considered to be too remote to be of much influence in the war. [41] Cregan delayed giving aid, as he wished to have as many men as possible to harvest crops before winter came. [42] After winter had begun, Cregan led a great army of men, childless, homeless, unwed, or old men, and younger sons, to King's Landing. He arrived after Aegon II Targaryen had been poisoned, however, and though he had hoped to punish those lords who had supported Aegon II, Lord Corlys Velaryon had already send out ravens sueing for peace. While court awaited the replies, Cregan held sway at court and arrested all those involved in Aegon II's death. Young King Aegon III Targaryen was cowed into naming Cregan his Hand of the King , and while Cregan served only a single day in that office, a time known as the Hour of the Wolf , he held trials for twenty-one out of twenty-two of his prisoners. The only one spared a trial was Lord Corlys; King Aegon III pardonned him and restored his titles to him, and Cregan agreed to allow it when Aly Blackwood offered him her hand in marriage. Cregan returned north the next day. [43]
Cregan's heir, Rickon , fought in the conquest of Dorne during the reign of King Daeron I Targaryen . He died during one of the final battles outside of Sunspear . [39] Lord Barthogan Stark , Cregan's younger son, died in the Skagosi rebellion during the reign of Daeron II Targaryen . [44] Early in the reign of Aerys I , Lord Beron Stark , Cregan's grandson, gathered swords to battle Lord Dagon Greyjoy . [45] He became fatally injured in battle, and as he slowly succumed of his wounds, his wife and several recent Stark widows struggled over the succession, as there were multiple potential heirs. [46] [47]
In 226 AC , Raymun Redbeard , the King-Beyond-the-Wall , led a wildling invasion. On the shores of Long Lake Lord Willam Stark of Winterfell and Lord Harmond Umber of Last Hearth met the wildling host in battle. Lord William was killed by Raymun. His younger brother, Artos Stark , avenged him by slaying Raymun. [48] [36]
Robert's Rebellion
Lord Rickard Stark , urged on by his maester , Walys , allegedly sought to further southron alliances. [49] He sent his second son, Eddard , to be fostered with Lord Jon Arryn at the Eyrie at the age of eight. There, Eddard befriended fellow ward Robert Baratheon . [22] [50] Rickard betrothed his heir, Brandon , to Catelyn Tully , the daughter of Lord Hoster Tully of Riverrun , [50] and his only daughter, Lyanna , to Robert, Lord of Storm's End . [51] [52] Rickard's four children attended the tourney at Harrenhal in 281 AC , where they met Howland Reed . After winning the jousting competition at the tourney, Prince Rhaegar Targaryen crowned Lyanna as his queen of love and beauty , passing over his own wife, Princess Elia Martell . [53]
In 282 AC , Brandon Stark was at Riverrun when the date of his wedding to Catelyn Tully was announced. Petyr Baelish , Lord Hoster's ward, had been in love with Catelyn for years, and challenged Brandon to a duel for Catelyn's hand. Brandon won. [54] [55] [56] [6] After the duel, Brandon left Riverrun, promising his bride-to-be that he would return soon. [6] On his way back to Riverrun, however, Brandon heard about Lyanna's abduction by Prince Rhaegar, and rode for King's Landing, where he was arrested by Aerys II for threatening the life of the crown prince. Rickard, who had been on his way to Riverrun with the wedding party, was summoned to court to answer for Brandon's crime. Brandon and Rickard were executed by Aerys II; Rickard was burned alive, while Brandon strangled himself in his attempt to rescue his father. [57] [18] [58] After the executions, King Aerys demanded the heads of Eddard Stark and Robert Baratheon from their former foster father, Jon Arryn. The Lord of the Eyrie refused, however, and raised his banners in revolt. [22] [59] This act is seen as the start of Robert's Rebellion . [59]
During the war, Eddard travelled north to call his banners. [31] He marched south, and won an important victory during the Battle of the Bells , rescuing his friend Robert. [60] Next, he went to Riverrun, where he honored his late brother Brandon's betrothal by marrying Catelyn Tully as part of an alliance to bring House Tully into the rebel fold. [61] [50] One of the principal commanders in the war, Ned took command of the rebel army after the Battle of the Trident , following the remnants of Rhaegar's army to King's Landing .
Ned arrived at the capital after the Sack of King's Landing by Lord Tywin Lannister , however, and Lord Stark found Aerys II dead and Ser Jaime Lannister sitting on the Iron Throne . [62] He had a falling out with Robert when Robert accepted the aid of House Lannister and condoned the murders of Rhaegar's wife , young daughter , and infant son . Eddard rode south the next day to relieve the siege of Storm's End . [62] Afterwards, Eddard and six companions went to retrieve Lyanna at the fortress Rhaegar had named the tower of joy . [63] They fought the three Kingsguard knights stationed there, who killed all but Eddard and Howland Reed. [63] Eddard found Lyanna dying in a bed of blood, clutching rose petals, dead and black, in her palm. [51] She forced him to make a promise to her, the contents of which are unknown, but which have haunted Eddard since. Eddard and Robert were reconciled in their shared grief over Lyanna's death. [62]
Eddard returned from the war with his bastard son, Jon Snow , [50] said to have been birthed by Wylla , [62] and Ned was presented with his trueborn son, Robb , by Catelyn when she arrived from Riverrun. Ned buried Lyanna's body in the crypt of Winterfell beside her father and brother. [51] Eddard's younger brother, Benjen , joined the Night's Watch within a few months of Eddard's return from the war. [64] A skilled ranger , [65] Benjen eventually became First Ranger . [66] Eddard fought in Greyjoy's Rebellion in 289 AC , and took Balon Greyjoy 's son Theon with him to Winterfell, a hostage to ensure the loyalty of the Lord of the Iron Islands . [51] Eddard has ruled the north in Robert's name, keeping a distance from the intrigue-ridden politics of King's Landing. [67]
Recent Events
Eddard Stark - © 2012 John Picacio
A Game of Thrones
Following the death of his Hand of the King , Lord Jon Arryn , King Robert I Baratheon journeys to Winterfell to offer Lord Eddard Stark the office. [22] [51] A letter arrives from Lysa Arryn , Jon's widow and Eddard's wife Catelyn 's sister, who claims the Lannisters were behind Lord Arryn's sudden death. At Catelyn's urging, Ned grudgingly accepts the Handship and a betrothal of their daughter Sansa to Prince Joffrey Baratheon . [50] During the royal party's stay, Eddard's second son, Bran , accidentally witnesses Queen Cersei Lannister having sex with her twin brother, Ser Jaime . [67] Jaime throws Bran out of the tower window, hoping to kill him to keep their relationship a secret. [67] Bran survives, but is crippled and comatose. [68] [69] Eddard rides to King's Landing along with his daughters, Sansa and Arya , while Catelyn remains at Winterfell with their sons. Meanwhile, Ned's bastard son, Jon Snow , rides north with his uncle, Benjen , to join the Night's Watch . Catelyn is inconsolable in her worry for Bran, ignoring her duties as steward, but is jolted back to reality by an attempt on his life thwarted only by his direwolf . As Bran lies comatose, he begins to have visions of a three-eyed crow .
Near the ruby ford and the crossroads , Arya defends her friend Mycah from the aggressions of Prince Joffrey Baratheon , upsetting Sansa. This is exacerbated when Sansa's direwolf, Lady , is ordered dead in place of Arya's, Nymeria , which has escaped. In King's Landing , Eddard is outraged to find that the crown is heavily in debt (largely to Lord Tywin Lannister ) and that Robert intends to throw a lavish tourney in his honor. After taking up his duties as Hand, Eddard assigns twenty of his household guard to assist the gold cloaks in keeping order in King's Landing.
Ned investigates the death of Jon Arryn, determining that he was looking into the king's bastard brood. When Robert holds a small council meeting to arrange the death of the exiled Daenerys Targaryen , who has wed a mighty Dothraki khal , Ned refuses to condone the assassination and resigns as Hand. In the streets of the capital, he is waylaid by Lannister men in retaliation for Catelyn's abduction of Tyrion Lannister , whom her foster-brother, Petyr Baelish , had told her was responsible for the attempt on Bran's life. Ned's leg is broken and his best men slain, but Ned survives and Robert re-confirms his appointment as Hand before going on a hunt and leaving Ned to sit the Iron Throne . In this capacity he sends men, including twenty Stark guards, to stop Ser Gregor Clegane from raiding the riverlands . Gregor's attacks were ordered by Lord Lannister; since Lord Stark was wounded he was not lured into the field and thus could not be captured and traded for Tyrion. The men sent after Gregor are ambushed and many are slain.
On the Wall , Jon Snow deals with the cruel tutelage of Ser Alliser Thorne while making friends such as Samwell Tarly and learning lessons from his elders. He also encounters a hint of the evil that supposedly lies beyond the Wall when the corpses of two of his uncle's men rise from the dead and go on the rampage at Castle Black ; Jon saves the Watch's commander, Jeor Mormont , from being killed by one of the wights .
Eventually, Ned arrives at the same conclusion at which Jon Arryn did: that Queen Cersei's children are not Robert's, but bastards born of incest between the Lannister twins, and determines that it is this secret for which Jon was murdered. He approaches Cersei with this truth, warning her to flee the city. Enlisting Lord Baelish to recruit the Gold Cloaks , Ned confronts Cersei after Robert's death from a hunting accident, insisting that Stannis Baratheon is now king by rights. Baelish betrays Ned - his men are slaughtered by Janos Slynt 's Gold Cloaks and he is thrown into a black cell . Sansa is held hostage in the Red Keep , but Arya manages to escape thanks to Syrio Forel , the fencing master Ned had hired to train her in swordplay.
Robb Stark , upon hearing this news, calls the banners of Winterfell and marches south. Catelyn arranges a marriage alliance with House Frey to negotiate a crossing of the Trident , and Robb breaks Lannister hegemony in the riverlands and captures the Kingslayer . Ned initially refuses to name Joffrey as the true king, but in the end agrees in order to ensure the safety of Sansa. When he publicly announces this support, however, the capricious boy king orders Ned's execution rather than allow him to join the Night's Watch. The lords at Robb's war council in Riverrun proclaim him King in the North and of the Trident, seceding from the realm of the Iron Throne . Meanwhile, Benjen has gone missing beyond the Wall , and Jon Snow, after briefly contemplating deserting the Watch to join his half-brother's army, rides as part of the great ranging meant to determine his fate and the threats of the Others and wildlings .
A Clash of Kings
King Robb launched a successful invasion of the westerlands – by Tomasz Jedruszek. © Fantasy Flight Games
Leaving Lord Roose Bolton in command of the northmen around the Trident, King Robb launches a successful invasion of the westerlands , winning a string of victories against Lannister bannermen. In an effort to gain allies, he sends his father's ward, Theon Greyjoy , and his mother, Catelyn , as envoys to Balon Greyjoy and Renly Baratheon , respectively. However, Theon joins his family, House Greyjoy , in attacking the north , while Catelyn's diplomatic progress is shattered when Renly is killed by Melisandre 's shadow assassin . Renly's sworn shield, Brienne of Tarth , takes up service with Catelyn.
Arya journeys north with Yoren and his new recruits for the Night's Watch, including King Robert's bastard Gendry , but their band is attacked by westermen at a Gods Eye town and she is taken into captivity. At Harrenhal , she is witness to myriad atrocities, but remains strong, orchestrating several deaths of her tormentors via the assassin Jaqen H'ghar and freeing a band of northmen prisoners. When the castle is taken by Roose Bolton, the incognito Arya is named his cupbearer, but she does not trust her father's bannerman and flees the castle when Roose intends to give it to Vargo Hoat . Meanwhile, Sansa remains in custody at the Red Keep, betrothed to King Joffrey. She suffers abuse at his hands, but makes tenuous relationships with Sandor Clegane and Dontos Hollard .
At Winterfell, Bran enjoys titular reign while Maester Luwin and Ser Rodrik Cassel deal with such issues as the harvest feast , the Hornwood inheritance, and the atrocities of Ramsay Snow , the Bastard of Bolton. With the guidance of the Reed children, Jojen and Meera , Bran hones his gift for greensight and skinchanging . When Ser Rodrik Cassel leads six hundred Winterfell men, among others, to battle the ironborn under Dagmer Cleftjaw , Theon Greyjoy seizes Winterfell . On his return to Winterfell, Rodrik and his men mean to liberate the castle from Theon, but are betrayed and routed by Ramsay. Luwin and Rodrik are mortally wounded by Ramsay's men, and Theon is captured during the sack of Winterfell . [70] Bran and Rickon, thought to have been killed by Theon, leave the crypts of Winterfell after the Boltons depart. The Starks boys split up and flee towards remote northern havens. [13]
Benjen remains lost beyond the Wall. Jon Snow joins Qhorin Halfhand on a scouting mission in the Skirling Pass , during which he refuses an order to execute a spearwife named Ygritte . On their return to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , the pair encounter a wildling band led by Rattleshirt . Jon, on orders from Qhorin, joins the wildlings as a double agent, and is forced to kill the Halfhand to prove his earnestness. Ygritte, now with Rattleshirt, vouches for Jon.
A Storm of Swords
The Freys murdered Robb Stark and sewed his wolf 's head on his body (by Zippo514 ©)
With Stannis Baratheon 's power broken by the Battle of the Blackwater and the Tyrells and Martells allied with the Lannisters, the Stark-Tully forces stand alone against their foes in the south, and the Greyjoys threaten the north.
Ramsay blames the slaughter at Winterfell on Theon and his ironborn . [71] News of Bran's and Rickon's alleged deaths drive two fateful decisions. Catelyn is confined to Riverrun for freeing Jaime Lannister in a desperate attempt to trade him for her daughters, sending Brienne to accompany him to King's Landing. Robb returns from his westerlands campaign having wed the daughter of a minor Lannister bannerman, Jeyne Westerling , who had comforted him in his grief. This brings House Stark's alliance with the Freys into question.
Meanwhile, Lord Rickard Karstark kills two Lannister prisoners in place of Jaime, and is in turn executed by Robb, alienating a loyal bannerhouse. Lord Walder Frey accepts Robb's offer to forgive his breach of marriage contract by having Robb's uncle, Lord Edmure Tully , stand in his place. Robb and Catelyn ride with 3,500 veteran northmen to attend the wedding at the Twins .
Bran journeys north with Hodor , Jojen and Meera Reed , and his direwolf Summer . They pass through the Wall at the Nightfort with the aid of Sam Tarly and Coldhands .
Further north, Jon Snow ingratiates himself with the free folk , beginning a romance with Ygritte and befriending Mance Rayder , the King-beyond-the-Wall , and other wildling leaders. He scales the Wall with Styr , the Magnar of Thenn , and escapes to Castle Black in time to help prepare for the assault. When it comes, command falls to Jon after the death of Donal Noye . Ygritte is killed during the fighting. Jon does well until his rivals, Alliser Thorne and Janos Slynt , arrive and imprison him for allegedly betraying his vows. They send him to assassinate Mance Rayder under a flag of parley, but Stannis Baratheon 's arrival breaks the wildling host before the deed is carried out. After the battle , Jon is elected Lord Commander of the Night's Watch thanks to the maneuverings of his friend, Sam Tarly.
Sansa's engagement to King Joffrey is ended by his betrothal to Margaery Tyrell . She begins to mingle with the Tyrell women in King's Landing and is nearly betrothed to Willas Tyrell , but is wed to Tyrion Lannister instead; they never consummate their match. The pair are blamed for Joffrey's murder at his wedding feast; in truth it was orchestrated by Petyr Baelish and Olenna Tyrell . Petyr smuggles Sansa out of the capitol, murdering his pawn and her friend, Dontos Hollard. He brings Sansa to the Eyrie , where he marries her aunt, Lysa Tully . Littlefinger keeps her hidden by presenting her as his natural daughter, Alayne; when Lysa drunkenly accuses Sansa of trying to steal Petyr, and reveals that she and Baelish had in fact killed Jon Arryn, Petyr throws her from the Moon Door . [72]
Arya traverses the riverlands, unknowingly entering the mind of her lost direwolf, Nymeria, and killing several sellswords of the Brave Companions chasing her. She joins with the brotherhood without banners , whose founding members included the Winterfell guards Alyn and Harwin . However, Arya is abducted by the Hound, Sandor Clegane , who hopes to ransom her at Edmure's wedding. Robb designates his heir (believed to be Jon Snow, in spite of the Night's Watch vows) and resolves to march north to reclaim his homeland from the Greyjoys and attend Edmure's wedding at the Twins along the way. Lord Frey, however, has been conspiring with Tywin Lannister and the traitorous Roose Bolton - Robb, Catelyn, and many of their bannermen are murdered under guest right in the Red Wedding at the Twins. [73]
With Bran and Rickon thought dead and Sansa and Arya missing, House Stark is all but extinguished in the eyes of the world. They are supplanted as Wardens of the North by House Bolton . Most rivermen return to the king's peace, and most northern lords grudgingly accept Dreadfort authority. The Hound brings Arya toward the Eyrie in an attempt to ransom her to Lady Lysa, but they are attacked by the Mountain's men and Sandor is stabbed. Arya leaves the Hound to die and uses the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar , and books passage across the narrow sea on the galleas Titan's Daughter . [74]
A Feast for Crows
Sansa remains in the Vale , where she takes on a maternal role for her cousin, Lord Robert Arryn . Littlefinger plots to reveal her identity, wed her to Robert's heir, Harrold Hardyng , and use the knights of the Vale to retake the north in her name. [75] [76]
Arya arrives in Braavos , where she takes up training at the House of Black and White to become a Faceless Man . [77]
Soldiers bearing the colors of House Stark have washed up on the shores of the Quiet Isle . According to the Elder Brother , they are buried alongside their enemies. [78]
A Dance with Dragons
Lord Commander Jon Snow begins an uneasy alliance with the free folk, executes the recalcitrant Janos Slynt , and tactfully deals with the imperious Stannis Baratheon . While refusing the king's offer to be legitimized as Jon Stark, Lord of Winterfell, and wed the "wildling princess", Val , Jon offers Stannis advice that helps him in his campaign against the Boltons and Greyjoys.
At Winterfell , Sansa's friend Jeyne Poole is wed to Ramsay Bolton in the guise of "Arya Stark" in an effort to legitimize Bolton overlordship, with Ramsay claiming to be Lord of Winterfell . [49] A disguised Mance Rayder , sent by Jon Snow, recruits a broken-willed Theon Greyjoy to rescue the girl and deliver her to Stannis. [79] When Jon gives orders to retake Winterfell from Ramsay after receiving an inflammatory letter , the senior officers of the Watch turn on Jon in the mutiny at Castle Black for allying with wildlings and meddling in the affairs of the realm. [80]
Bran arrives at the cave of the three-eyed crow , where he meets the last greenseer and children of the forest and begins perfecting the advanced arts of greensight. [81] Rickon, Osha , and Shaggydog are said to be on Skagos , where Lord Wyman Manderly has requested that Davos Seaworth search for Rickon, so that Stannis can rally the northmen to fight in his name. [28]
House Stark at the end of the third century
Tyrion Lannister , Sansa's estranged husband.
Arya Stark , Eddard and Catelyn's younger daughter. She is publicly known to have married Ramsay Bolton , but Ramsay has instead married Jeyne Poole , who was forced to pose as the Stark girl. Arya is instead in Braavos training with the Faceless Men . Her direwolf, Nymeria , leads a wolfpack roaming the riverlands .
Brandon Stark , mostly known as "Bran", Eddard and Catelyn's second son. Bran becomes crippled and learns how to become a warg . he is believed to have been killed by Theon Greyjoy , but is actually beyond the Wall at the cave of the three-eyed crow . His direwolf is named Summer .
Rickon Stark , Eddard and Catelyn's youngest child, only three years old when the series begins. He is also believed dead at the hands of Theon, though actually Rickon is in Skagos with Osha . His direwolf is Shaggydog .
Jon Snow , Eddard's bastard son by an unspecified mother. Jon was raised at Winterfell alongside his Stark half-siblings. Having joined the Night's Watch , he has risen to the rank of Lord Commander . His direwolf is Ghost . Ambushed and stabbed by his own men.
Benjen Stark , the youngest son of Lord Rickard and Lady Lyarra, the last surviving sibling of Ned. He is First Ranger of the Night's Watch and brings Jon Snow to the Wall when he wants to join the order. Benjen is missing in the lands beyond the Wall .
Household
Theon Greyjoy , dubbed "Theon Turncloak" by northmen, Lord Eddard's ward and hostage. Fought with Robb Stark in the War of the Five Kings , betrayed him for his own House, House Greyjoy , seized Winterfell and proclaimed himself Prince of Winterfell until betrayed by Ramsay Bolton . Imprisoned, tortured and renamed "Reek". Fled with Jeyne Poole. Now a prisoner of Stannis Baratheon .
Brienne, the Maid of Tarth , sworn sword to Lady Catelyn. Sent to rescue Sansa and Arya, and keeping to that quest even after Catelyn's death and the seeming destruction of House Stark.
Walder Frey , called "Big Walder", a ward of Lady Catelyn, eight years of age. Now a squire of Ramsay Bolton .
{ Walder Frey }, called "Little Walder", a ward of Lady Catelyn, eight years of age. Made a squire of Ramsay Bolton. Killed at Winterfell.
Maester { Luwin }, counselor, healer and tutor. Perished to wounds sustained during the sack of Winterfell .
{ Vayon Poole }, steward of Winterfell. Killed during the purge of the Stark household in the Red Keep .
Jeyne Poole , his daughter. Forced to impersonate Arya Stark and marry Ramsay Bolton . Escaped Winterfell with Theon Greyjoy . Now in custody of Stannis Baratheon.
Ser { Rodrik Cassel }, master-at-arms and castellan of Winterfell. Killed by Ramsay Snow during the battle at Winterfell .
{ Alyn }, guardsman, founding member of the brotherhood without banners . Now dead.
{ Tomard }, guardsman. Called Fat Tom. Killed by gold cloaks during the arrest of Ned Stark.
TomToo , his son. Fate unknown.
{ Wyl } and { Heward }, guardsmen. Killed by Jaime Lannister's men.
{ Desmond }, guardsman. Killed during the arrest of Ned Stark.
{ Cayn }, guardsman. Killed by Sandor Clegane during the arrest of Ned Stark.
Calon , his son. Fate unknown.
{ Porther }, guardsman. Killed during the purge of the Stark household in the Red Keep .
{ Varly }, guardsman. Killed by Janos Slynt during the arrest of Ned Stark.
Hallis Mollen , Jory's successor as captain of guards. Fate unknown since being sent escorting Lord Eddard's bones to Winterfell.
Quent , Jacks and Shadd , guardsmen. Fate unknown since being sent escorting Lord Eddard's bones to Winterfell.
{ Poxy Tym }, a guardsman. Killed during the sack of Winterfell .
{ Hullen }, master of horse. Killed during the purge of the Stark household in the Red Keep.
Harwin , his son, a guardsman. Founding member of the brotherhood without banners . Currently with Lady Stoneheart's band.
{ Joseth }, Hullen's successor as master of horse. Fate unknown. Likely killed during the sack of Winterfell .
Bandy and Shyra , his twin daughters, now imprisoned at the Dreadfort .
Septa { Mordane }, tutor to Lord Eddard's daughters. Killed during the purge of the Stark household in the Red Keep.
Septon { Chayle }, keeper of Winterfell's sept and library. Drowned as a sacrifice to the Drowned God during the capture of Winterfell .
{ Mikken }, blacksmith and armorer. Killed by Stygg during the capture of Winterfell .
{ Farlen }, kennelmaster of Winterfell. Killed by Theon Greyjoy.
Palla , his daughter, a kennelgirl. Imprisoned at the Dreadfort.
Nan , known as "Old Nan", storyteller and once a wet-nurse. Imprisoned at the Dreadfort, possibly dead.
Walder , known as "Hodor", a simpleminded stableboy. Now with Bran Stark beyond the Wall .
{ Gage }, the cook. Fate unknown. Likely killed during sack of Winterfell .
Turnip , his child. Imprisoned at the Dreadfort.
{ Syrio Forel }, Arya's fencing instructor and former First Sword of Braavos . Presumed killed in King's Landing by Ser Meryn Trant during the purge of the Stark household in the Red Keep .
Historical Members
No precise lineage of House Stark is known before approximately 100 AC , but the individuals listed below are supposed to be in rough chronological order.
Kings of Winter/Kings in the North
The following is a possible chronology of known Kings in the North; no precise lineage is known and some published information may be contradictory.
Antiquity
Brandon Stark , also known as Brandon the Builder, founder of House Stark and the first King in the North, alleged builder of Winterfell , [22] Storm's End , [82] the Hightower , [83] and the Wall . [24]
House Flint of the northern mountain clans . Allied with Stannis Baratheon against House Bolton.
House Wull of the northern mountain clans. Allied with Stannis Baratheon against House Bolton.
House Norrey of the northern mountain clans. Allied with Stannis Baratheon against House Bolton.
House Liddle of the northern mountain clans. Allied with Stannis Baratheon against House Bolton.
House Tully of Riverrun . Swears allegiance when Robb is named King in the North and of the Trident . Now stripped of lands and titles by the Iron Throne.
House Westerling of the Crag . Joins Robb's cause after he marries Jeyne Westerling . Now accepted back into the king's peace.
Quotes
| Winter Is Coming |
Which regal title does Daenerys Targaryen acquire by marrying a Dothraki horse lord? | Eddard 'Ned' Stark (Character) - Quotes
Eddard 'Ned' Stark (Character)
Eddard Stark : The man who passes the sentence should swing the sword.
Eddard Stark : [about Bran] He won't be a boy forever. And, winter is coming.
Eddard Stark : Winter is coming.
[Ned and Catelyn are watching the boys at archery practice when Ser Rodrik walks up]
Ser Rodrik Cassel : Lord Stark... milady. The guardsmen just rode in from the hills. They've captured a deserter from the Night's Watch.
[pause]
Catelyn Stark : Do you have to?
Eddard Stark : He swore an oath, Cat.
Ser Rodrik Cassel : Law is law, milady.
Eddard Stark : Tell Bran he's coming, too.
[Ser Rodrik nods and walks away]
Catelyn Stark : Ned... ten is too young to see such things.
Eddard Stark : He won't be a boy forever... and winter is coming.
Will : [to Ned, just before his execution] I know I broke my oath. I know I'm a deserter. I should've gone back to the Wall and warned them, but... I saw what I saw. I saw the White Walkers. People need to know. If you can get word to my family... tell 'em I'm no coward. Tell 'em I'm sorry.
[Ned pauses, then nods. The guards force Will onto the chopping block and Ned draws his sword]
Will : Forgive me, lord.
Eddard Stark : In the name of Robert of the House Baratheon, the First of His Name...
Jon Snow : [aside, to Bran] Don't look away. Father will know if you do.
Eddard Stark : ...Lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Protector of the Realm, I, Eddard of the House Stark, Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North, sentence you to die.
[Ned decaptitates Will]
Jon Snow : [to Bran] You did well.
[after Will's execution]
Bran Stark : So he was lying.
Eddard Stark : A madman sees what he sees.
[Ned is cleaning his sword in Winterfell's godswood after Will's execution]
Catelyn Stark : All these years, and I still feel like an outsider when I come here.
Eddard Stark : You have five northern children. You're not an outsider.
Catelyn Stark : I wonder if the old gods agree.
Eddard Stark : It's your gods, by all the rules.
[pause. Then Catelyn produces a parchment from her sleeve]
Catelyn Stark : I am so sorry, my love.
Eddard Stark : Tell me.
Catelyn Stark : There was a raven from King's Landing. Jon Arryn is dead. A fever took him.
[Ned slowly looks away in shock]
Catelyn Stark : I know he was like a father to you.
Eddard Stark : Your sister, the boy...
Catelyn Stark : They both have their health, gods be good.
[Catelyn sits down next to Ned]
Catelyn Stark : The raven brought more news. The king rides for Winterfell... with the queen, and all the rest of them.
Eddard Stark : If he's coming this far north... there's only one thing he's after.
Catelyn Stark : You can always say no, Ned.
Eddard Stark : [to Jaime Lannister] I don't fight in tournaments because when I fight a man for real, I don't want him to know what I can do.
"Game of Thrones: The Wolf and the Lion (#1.5)" (2011)
Barristan Selmy : Life is strange. Not so many years ago, we fought as enemies at the Trident.
Eddard Stark : I'm glad we never met on the field, Ser Barristan. As is my wife. I don't think the widow's life would suit her.
Barristan Selmy : [chuckles] You're too modest. I've seen you cut down a dozen great knights.
Eddard Stark : My father once told me you were the best he'd ever seen. Never knew the man to be wrong about matters of combat.
Barristan Selmy : He was a fine man, your father. What the Mad King did to him was a terrible crime.
Barristan Selmy : I hear the king wants to joust today.
Eddard Stark : Eh, that will never happen.
Barristan Selmy : [chuckles] Robert tends to do what he wants.
Eddard Stark : If the king got what he wanted all the time, we'd still be fighting a damned rebellion.
[Lancel struggles to buckle Robert into his armor when Ned walks in]
Lancel Lannister : It's made too small, Your Grace, it won't go.
Robert Baratheon : Your mother was a dumb whore with a fat ass, did you know that?
[Robert looks at Ned]
Robert Baratheon : Look at this idiot. One ball and no brains. He can't even put a man's armor on him properly.
Eddard Stark : You're too fat for your armor.
Robert Baratheon : Fat? Fat, is it? Is that how you speak to your king?
[pause, then they start laughing as Lancel smiles]
Robert Baratheon : That was funny, is it?
Lancel Lannister : [immediately stops smiling] No, Your Grace.
Robert Baratheon : No? You don't like the Hand's joke?
Eddard Stark : You're torturing the poor boy.
Robert Baratheon : You heard the Hand, the king's too fat for his armor! Go find the breastplate stretcher! NOW!
[Lancel runs out of the tent as Robert starts laughing again]
Eddard Stark : So they say.
Lord Varys : A blessing, then. I suffered an early mutilation myself. Some doors close forever, others open in most unexpected places.
[Varys points to a chair]
Lord Varys : May I?
[Ned nods]
Lord Varys : If the wrong ears heard what I'm about to tell you, off comes my head. And who would mourn poor Varys then? North or south, they sing no songs for spiders. But there are things you must know. You are the King's Hand and the king is a fool. Your friend, I know, but a fool, and doomed unless you save him.
Eddard Stark : I've been in the capital a month. Why have you waited so long to tell me this?
Robert Baratheon : She dies.
Eddard Stark : I will have no part in it.
Robert Baratheon : You're the King's Hand, Lord Stark. You'll do as I command, or I'll find me a Hand who will.
Eddard Stark : [takes off his badge of office and tosses it onto the table in front of Robert] And good luck to him. I thought you were a better man.
Robert Baratheon : Out. Out, damn you, I'm done with you!
[Ned turns and walks out]
Robert Baratheon : Go, run back to Winterfell! I'll have your head on a spike!
[Ned walking through the throne room as Robert's shouts trail after him]
Robert Baratheon : I'll find her myself, you fool! You think you're too good for this? Too proud and honorable? This is a war!
[Eddard Stark and Jory exit the brothel. Lannister guardsmen appear, armed with pikes, blocking the street. Jaime Lannister gallops in on his white horse]
Jaime Lannister : Such a small pack of wolves...
[Jaime dismounts]
Jory Cassel : Stay back, Ser. This is the Hand of the King!
Jaime Lannister : [mockingly] WAS the Hand of the King. I'm not sure what he is. Lord of somewhere very far away.
Petyr Baelish : [steps out of the brothel] What's the meaning of this, Lannister?
Jaime Lannister : [to Littlefinger] Get back inside, where it's safe.
Jaime Lannister : [to Ned] I'm looking for my brother. You remember my brother, don't you, Ned Stark? Blond hair, sharp tongue, short man.
Eddard Stark : I remember him well.
Jaime Lannister : Seems he had some trouble on the road. You wouldn't know what happened to him, would you?
Eddard Stark : He was taken at my command, to answer for his crimes.
[Jaime draws his sword. His guardsmen ready their spears. Jory draws his sword. Littlefinger steps forward]
Petyr Baelish : [to Ned] I'll bring the City Watch.
[Littlefinger retreats into the brothel]
Jaime Lannister : Come, Stark. I'd rather you die sword in hand.
Jory Cassel : If you threaten my lord again...
Jaime Lannister : Threaten? As in, I'm going to open your lord from balls to brains and see what Starks are made of?
Eddard Stark : You kill me - your brother is a dead man.
Jaime Lannister : [smiles nastily] You're right.
Jaime Lannister : [to his soldiers] Take him alive. Kill his men.
[two of the Lannister spearmen throw their pikes at Wyl and Heward, killing them instantly. Ned draws his sword. He and Jory engage in fight with the Lannister guardsmen, killing some of them. Jory fights with Jaime. Jaime blocks Jory's sword, then draws a dagger with his left hand and drives it through Jory's left eye. Jory falls dead. Ned is shocked. Jaime smiles mockingly and steps toward Ned. They fight, while the Lannister spearmen circle them. Suddenly, one of the spearmen who stands behind Ned thrusts his spear through Ned's right thigh. Ned yells in agony and falls to his knee, unable to fight. Jaime is enraged at that intervention, and knocks the spearman down. Rather than taking advantage of Ned's injury, Jaime walks away. One of Jaime's guardsmen brings his horse. Jaime mounts it]
Jaime Lannister : My brother, lord Stark! I want him back!
[Jaime and his surviving guardsmen leave. Ned slumps into unconsciousness]
Eddard Stark : He's right about that.
Arya Stark : Now that Bran's awake, will he come live with us?
Eddard Stark : Well, he needs to get his strength back first.
Arya Stark : He wants to be a knight of the Kingsguard. He can't be one now, can he?
Eddard Stark : No, but someday he could be lord of a holdfast, or sit on the king's council, or he might raise castles like Brandon the Builder.
Arya Stark : Can I be lord of a holdfast?
[Ned chuckles and kisses Arya's forehead]
Eddard Stark : You will marry a high lord and rule his castle, and your sons shall be knights and princes and lords.
Arya Stark : No... that's not me.
[Arya resumes standing on one leg]
Petyr Baelish : I hear you're reading a boring book.
Eddard Stark : Hm. Pycelle talks too much.
Petyr Baelish : Oh, he never stops. Do you know Ser Hugh of the Vale?
[Ned shakes his head]
Petyr Baelish : Not surprising. Until recently, he was only a squire. Jon Arryn's squire. He was knighted almost immediately after his master's untimely death.
Eddard Stark : Knighted for what?
[Baelish gives him a knowing look]
Eddard Stark : Why are you telling me this?
Petyr Baelish : I promised Cat that I'd help you.
Eddard Stark : Where is Ser Hugh? I'll speak to him.
Petyr Baelish : A singularly bad idea. Do you see that boy, there?
[Baelish nods at the boy]
Petyr Baelish : One of Varys' little birds. The Spider has taken a great interest in your comings and goings. Now look, there.
[Baelish nods at a nearby gardener]
Petyr Baelish : That one belongs to the queen. And do you see that septa pretending to read her book?
[Baelish nods at the septa]
Eddard Stark : And Sansa?
Lord Varys : Still engaged to Joffrey. Cersei will keep her close. The rest of your household are... all dead, it grieves me to say. I do so hate the sight of blood.
Eddard Stark : You watched my men being slaughtered and did nothing.
Lord Varys : And would again, my lord. I was unarmed, unarmored, and surrounded by Lannister swords. When you look at me, do you see a hero?
[pause]
Lord Varys : What madness led you to tell the queen you'd learned the truth about Joffrey's birth?
Eddard Stark : The madness of mercy. That she might save her children.
Lord Varys : Ah, the children. It's always the innocents who suffer. It wasn't the wine that killed Robert, nor the boar. The wine slowed him down and the boar ripped him open, but it was your mercy that killed the king.
[pause]
| i don't know |
Who plays the President in the 2013 Roland Emmerich thriller 'White House Down'? | ‘White House Down’ and Black Presidents on Screen - The New York Times
The New York Times
Movies |‘White House Down’ and Black Presidents on Screen
Search
Photo
Jamie Foxx in “White House Down.” Credit Reiner Bajo/Columbia Pictures
At one point in the action thriller “White House Down,” which opens June 28, the president of the United States, played by Jamie Foxx, is trying to thwart a paramilitary group that has overtaken the White House. After swapping his more presidential footwear for basketball shoes, he kicks a bad guy in the face and yells, “Get your hands off my Jordans!”
Photo
James Earl Jones in “The Man.” Credit Everett Collection
It’s not a line many Hollywood versions of the leader of the free world would utter: he (it’s usually a he) is often stuffier, a little bland maybe, and most often white. “White House Down,” directed by Roland Emmerich, doesn’t wear the race of its president on its sleeve, but it doesn’t shy away from the fact either. Before President Obama’s election, Dennis Haysbert set the standard for television presidents with his portrayal of David Palmer on “24.” But memorable black commanders in chief have been harder to come by on the big screen. And as with their real-life counterparts, they get their way only some of the time.
Photo
Morgan Freeman in “Deep Impact.” Credit Everett Collection
Speaking Freely
James Earl Jones in “The Man” (1972)
In this film, written by Rod Serling from an Irving Wallace novel, the president and the speaker of the house are killed in a building collapse and the vice president has declined to take over, citing ill health. So the job goes to Douglass Dilman (Mr. Jones), the president pro tempore of the Senate. A radio report announces that he’s “the first Negro ever to hold this office.” His decisions on the job are met with opposition, while his own cabinet tries to limit his power. At a news conference, after a black reporter berates him for relying too heavily on notes and prompts from his staff, he ditches those notes and shoots from the hip. Mr. Jones plays the character with both hesitation and hope, but of course the voice of both Darth Vader and CNN sounds presidential in and of itself.
Photo
Chris Rock in “Head of State.” Credit Philip V. Caruso/Dreamworks Pictures
Comet Fighter
Morgan Freeman in “Deep Impact” (1998)
Though Mr. Freeman played the ultimate leader, God , in “Bruce Almighty,” he was commander in chief when fragments from a comet destroy large parts of the material world in “Deep Impact.” He’s a voice of authority and hope as he reads an address in front of the heavily damaged Capitol building, sounding very much like Mr. Obama after some actual natural disasters. Although here, the swelling strings of James Horner’s score add to the heightened emotional stakes.
Photo
Tommy Lister in “The Fifth Element.” Credit Sony Pictures
Earnest Man of the People
Chris Rock in “Head of State” (2003)
The tagline for this comedy directed by and starring Chris Rock tells you much of what you need to know about the film’s tone: “The only thing white is the house.” Mr. Rock’s film dives head first into issues of race related to the presidency and sends them up. Mr. Rock stars as Mays Gilliam, a Washington alderman who is chosen as the party’s presidential candidate after an accident kills the first choice and his running mate. Gilliam initially has little expectation of winning, but is encouraged by his brother (Bernie Mac) to speak his mind on the issues. That leads to sermon-style speeches on the failure of the education system and corporate greed: “You show up to get your pension. They give you a pen.” The honesty Gilliam brings to the race and the public’s interest in change results in his winning the election.
Photo
Jamie Foxx in "White House Down." Credit Reiner Bajo/Columbia Pictures
Defender of the Planet
Tommy Lister in “The Fifth Element” (1997)
In this science fiction thriller from Luc Besson, a 23rd-century taxi driver (Bruce Willis) must save humanity from destruction. Mr. Lister plays the president of what is called the Federated Territory. When a large planetary mass threatens Earth, he orders an attack on it. After that fails, he realizes the problem is much larger than he or his staff had anticipated, requiring the combination of four elements with a mysterious woman named Leeloo (Milla Jovovich), or the fifth element. Mr. Lister spent time as a pro wrestler and has appeared in comedies like the “Friday” series. But here he plays the president with stoic looks and matter-of-fact line readings.
Advertisement
Cool Hand Under Fire
Jamie Foxx in “White House Down” (2013)
Mr. Foxx’s portrayal of President James Sawyer has weighty moments, but he also tries to be hip, giving, for example, a shout-out to a girl on her YouTube channel. Though this leader is a little less orthodox than, say, Josiah Bartlet on “The West Wing,” he tends toward the levelheaded and tempered. When President Sawyer has to assemble and operate a rocket launcher to help him escape from the White House lawn, he dons a pair of spectacles.
A version of this article appears in print on June 30, 2013, on Page AR14 of the New York edition with the headline: Black Presidents Not Named Obama. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| Jamie Foxx |
Who played Freddie Krueger in no fewer than seven horror movies? | White House Down: Film Review | Hollywood Reporter
White House Down: Film Review
9:01 PM PDT 6/25/2013 by David Rooney
Columbia Pictures
"White House Down"
There's scant originality here, but witnessing America's hearth and home under siege still brings an emotional frisson to the silly thrills. TWITTER
Channing Tatum and Jamie Foxx join forces as the presidential residence comes under attack by paramilitary thugs in Roland Emmerich's latest action thriller.
Time to call in the construction crew, the decorators and the landscapers -- Roland Emmerich has trashed 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue again, only this time he also chews up the lawn. A self-referential nod to Independence Day notwithstanding, the director’s derivative gaze in White House Down turns mainly toward the Die Hard franchise. He adds a little Air Force One patriotic peril, some Lethal Weapon buddy banter and Homeland-style national security angst, resulting in an action thriller that doesn’t know when to quit. For the most part, though, it remains preposterously entertaining, which should make it a sturdy entry in the early-summer popcorn stakes.
The question hanging over this $150 million Sony release is to what extent it'll be hurt by coming just three months after Antoine Fuqua’s similarly plotted Olympus Has Fallen became a surprise hit for FilmDistrict. Has the public’s appetite for D.C. destruction been whetted or exhausted?
In its corner, Emmerich’s film has a user-friendly PG-13 rating in place of the earlier release’s R. It also trades up by swapping dour Gerard Butler for the simpatico pairing of Channing Tatum and Jamie Foxx, even if screenwriter James Vanderbilt (The Amazing Spider-Man) wavers in his commitment to teasing out the humor in their rapport.
VIDEO: 'White House Down' Trailer: Channing Tatum's Secret Service Interview Goes Awry
While black U.S. presidents have turned up onscreen before, Foxx’s James Sawyer is the closest yet to an Obama clone, an association conveyed without much subtlety. A warm-hearted idealist, his silken oratorical skills are on display, whether charming his staffers or the American public in a televised address to push his proposed Middle East peace treaty. His most prized possession is an engraved pocket watch given by Mary Todd to Honest Abe, which we know will come in handy at some point.
However, the cheers let out by an advance-screening audience when the Commander in Chief trades his executive brogues for hi-tops and his non-violent stance for some gun-toting whoop-ass give a clear indication of the Foxx persona that folks want to see.
Emmerich and Vanderbilt can be commended for taking time to establish characters, rather than hurtling into the melee, which is generally required these days. Most of the early scenes are devoted to ex-Marine-turned-Capitol cop John Cale (Tatum). Assigned as security to House Speaker Eli Raphelson (Richard Jenkins), John has called in favors for an interview to get on the President’s Secret Service detail. That’s partly to help the divorced dad reclaim the affections of his 11-year-old daughter Emily (Joey King), a major White House geek with her own D.C.-focused YouTube channel. (Really?) John’s glib manner doesn’t help him in the interview, nor does the fact that it’s conducted by Special Agent Carol Finnerty (Maggie Gyllenhaal), an old college flirt aware of his lousy track record on follow-through.
The character is a carbon copy of Bruce Willis’ wisecracking John McClane, right down to spending half the movie working up a sweat in a wife-beater. But it’s a snug fit for Tatum, who strikes the right balance between everyman screw-up and quick-thinking, fearless dynamo, equally determined to rescue his daughter and protect the President. And with its secret underground passageways, private chambers and antique-adorned public halls and offices, the White House is a worthy successor to Nakatomi Plaza, still the best of the Die Hard settings.
STORY: Will the Success of 'Olympus Has Fallen' Hurt or Help 'White House Down'?
In the wrong place-wrong time tradition, John, after botching the Secret Service interview, tags along with Emily on a White House tour. But when the kid slips away to the bathroom, a bomb is detonated that brings down the Capitol dome, leaving father and daughter separated as chaos ensues. At the same time, a group of paramilitary thugs, led by former Special Forces operative Emil Stenz (Jason Clarke), seizes the POTUS pad. This happens on the day that Secret Services chief Martin Walker (James Woods) is retiring, embittered by the death of his son on active duty.
The notion that in a post 9/11 world anyone could smuggle in a major explosive device tucked under floor-cleaning fluids is borderline ludicrous, as is the heavy-duty weaponry packed by technicians who are supposedly upgrading the sound system in the President’s private screening room. But then nobody was expecting documentary authenticity from Emmerich, right? What the director lacks in finesse, he makes up for in his wholehearted embrace of Hollywood cliché, without the vulgarity or cynicism of, say, Michael Bay.
Vanderbilt angles for a pass on the implausibility by giving the bad guys well-placed accomplices on the inside. But the script is both shamelessly formulaic and over-complicated, as it plays on terrorism paranoia, gung-ho patriotism, blundering media and the demonization of defense contractors. While the movie wears out its welcome en route to a conclusion that’s equal parts twisty and predictable, the appealing leads’ camaraderie and virtually non-stop bullets-and-explosives action of the second half keep you watching.
Foxx appears somewhat reined-in by the role at first, but he loosens up nicely as the stakes get higher, allowing his natural humor and physicality to surface by degrees. (His Jamie Foxx Show crush Garcelle Beauvais turns up briefly as the First Lady.) Tatum brings an effortless combination of self-irony and swagger that makes him a likable action hero.
Even if the characters are strictly boilerplate (redneck neo-Nazis are so ‘90s), the cast of pros helps put them across. Gyllenhaal is a little soft to play hard-edged workaholic Carol, but she provides useful testosterone relief. Woods’ distinctive brand of moral ambiguity is always welcome, as is Jenkins’ dignified intelligence. Bristling with anger issues, Clarke once again proves a strong presence, and Lance Reddick vies for the title of Most Intense Man Alive as military brass General Caulfield.
It seems almost quaint at this point not to be looking through 3D glasses at scenes with low-flying Black Hawk choppers barreling down the Mall, target-locking missiles slicing the air or the presidential limo tearing up the turf in a chase scene played partly for laughs. But cinematographer Anna J. Foerster gives the movie a slick sheen, and the CGI work is mostly sharp. The underscoring by Thomas Wander and Harald Kloser is wallpapered early on but works fine when the film kicks into suspense mode.
Opens: Friday, June 28 (Sony)
Production companies: Mythology Entertainment, Centropolis Entertainment
Cast: Channing Tatum, Jamie Foxx, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Jason Clarke, Richard Jenkins, Joey King, James Woods, Nicolas Wright, Jimmi Simpson, Michael Murphy, Rachelle Lefevre, Lance Reddick, Matt Craven
Director: Roland Emmerich
Producers: Bradley J. Fischer, Harald Kloser, James Vanderbilt, Larry Franco, Laeta Kalogridis
Executive producers: Ute Emmerich, Channing Tatum, Reid Carolin
Director of photography: Anna J. Foerster
Production designer: Kirk M. Petruccelli
Music: Thomas Wander, Harald Kloser
Costume designer: Lisy Christi
Visual effects supervisors: Volker Engel, Marc Weigert
PG-13 rating, 133 minutes
| i don't know |
Who played the character Roy Batty in the 1982 movie 'Blade Runner'? | Blade Runner Characters | GradeSaver
Buy Study Guide
Rick Deckard
The film's titular Blade Runner, played by Harrison Ford. At the beginning of the film, Deckard is disillusioned, and retired from hunting replicants. His old inspector, Bryant, drags him back into the fold to apprehend six Nexus 6 Replicants who have staged a mutiny and escaped to Earth. Over the course of the film, Deckard falls in love with Rachael, a sophisticated model of Replicant - leading to the final revelation that Deckard may be a replicant himself.
Roy Batty
The leader of the Nexus 6 Replicants, played by Rutger Hauer. His goal is to find Tyrell, his creator, to get reprogrammed for a longer life. Batty kills Tyrell when he finds out that this won't be possible. Roy Batty eventually saves Deckard's life before expiring in the film's final battle scene.
Rachael
A beautiful young replicant who works in Tyrell's office, played by Sean Young. She does not know she is a replicant until Deckard tells her. The 1982 Blade Runner Press Kit described Rachael as "a cool executive, in complete control. Deckard penetrates her smooth-running facade and she becomes an innocent little girl." At the end of the film, Deckard and Rachael run away together.
Gaff
Another Blade Runner who works with Bryant, played by Edward James Olmos. He is highly intelligent and speaks many languages. At the end of the film, he lets Rachael, a Replicant, live and also gives Deckard the most definitive clue that he might be a Replicant himself.
Bryant
The Police Inspector played by M. Emmet Walsh. In an interview, Walsh said, "Ridley told me that Bryant's stomach was all shot to hell... he liked to see other people drink because he couldn't" (Sammon 119). He is hard-edged and cynical, referring to replicants as "skinjobs".
Pris
One of the Nexus 6 Replicants - a "pleasure model" designed for soldiers, played by Daryl Hannah. She is doll-like and naive. Daryl Hannah had the idea that Pris could do gymnastics, because Hannah herself was very skilled. According to Hannah, "Pris was eternally grateful to Roy [Batty] because she'd been designed as a pleasure unit and he'd saved her from a life of prostitution" (Sammon 169). Eventually, Deckard shoots and kills Pris.
J.F. Sebastian
A genetically abnormal genetic designer played by William Sanderson. He is sweet and genuine and takes Pris in off the street. Sebastian spends his free time producing "astonishingly realistic toys as playthings for the upper strata of 2019's rigidly defined society, and as mechanical companions to offset his own loneliness" (Sammon 141). Roy Batty eventually kills Sebastian and his employer, Tyrell.
Leon Kowalski
A male Nexus 6 replicant played by Brion James. He specializes in combat and loading weapons. He shoots Holden during his Voigt-Kampff Test. Rachael eventually kills Kowalski while trying to protect Deckard.
Dr. Eldon Tyrell
The founder of the Tyrell Corp, played by Joe Turkel. Tyrell wants to make replicants "more human than human" and is responsible for creating all the Nexus 6 Replicants as well as Rachael. He dies at the hands of one of his creations (Roy Batty).
Zhora
One of the Nexus 6 Replicants, played by Joanna Cassidy. She performs as "Miss Salome", dancing with a snake at Taffey Lewis' club, The Snake Pit. Deckard figures out Miss Salome's real identity - she is the first Replicant he takes down.
Hannibal Chew
A genetic designer who specializes in eyes, played by James Hong. Hong said he played Chew as "a brilliant scientist who was on the edge of senility" (Sammon 133). Chew is obsessed with his work and thinks of his eyeballs as his children.
Holden
Another Blade Runner, played by Morgan Paull. He performs a Voigt-Kampff test on Leon Kowalski, who shoots him midway through (he survives).
Taffey Lewis
| Rutger Hauer |
In the classic movie 'The Wizard Of Oz', who appeared as the Wicked Witch of the West? | Roy Batty | Off-world: The Blade Runner Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
After a failed attempt to break into Tyrell's home and company headquarters (which results in the deaths of the two unnamed replicants), Roy and Leon had previously been investigating ways that they could lengthen their lifespans by viciously interrogating Hannibal Chew . Chew directs them to J.F. Sebastian , and Pris goes to meet J.F. first. Later on that day, Zhora is killed by Blade Runner Rick Deckard and Leon is killed by Rachel .
Roy arrives the next morning at J.F.'s home, the abandoned Bradbury Building . He tells Pris about Leon and Zhora's deaths, and is overwhelmed by emotion and barely able to share the news. Learning that J.F. is playing a lengthy game of chess with Eldon Tyrell. Roy shares the winning moves with J.F., who takes him to the Tyrell Corporation to meet with the man himself. Roy and Tyrell briefly debate the possibility of extending the lives of replicants, and Tyrell concludes that it is impossible. Roy asks Tyrell for forgiveness of his sins, but Tyrell seemingly does not, telling him that he's also done
Roy Batty played by Rutger Hauer
wondrous things; it does nothing to comfort Roy. Roy then kills Tyrell, and then kills J.F. before retreating back to the Bradbury Building.
Last Hours
| i don't know |
"Which icon did the BBC label a ""manipulative, neurotic and sexually repressed woman""?" | BBC accused of slur on Florence Nightingale for labeling her 'neurotic and sexually repressed' | Daily Mail Online
BBC accused of slur on Florence Nightingale for labeling her 'neurotic and sexually repressed'
comments
Heroic: Florence Nightingale has been branded neurotic and sexually repressed
The BBC has been accused of demeaning Florence Nightingale by labelling her as a ‘manipulative, neurotic and sexually repressed woman’.
Academics have complained to BBC Trust chairman Lord Patten about a series of documentaries that belittle the nurse.
They also criticise BBC ‘sexism’ in referring to Miss Nightingale by her first name.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share
They say a documentary on Charles Darwin for example would never call him ‘Charlie’.
The academics from University College London and the University of Manchester also attack claims that the nurse inadvertently killed troops during the Crimean War through medical error.
The group, led by Professor Lynn MacDonald from the University of Guelph in Canada, called on the BBC to withdraw from shops copies of Florence Nightingale: Iron Maiden from 2001 and Reputations: Florence Nightingale from 2008.
The programmes are now on sale as teaching aids.
The letter said: 'We ask the BBC to (preferably) withdraw the two hostile films, at the very least to identify them as including unsubstantiated and fictional portrayals of Nightingale.
'Of course scholars may differ in interpretation, but still the BBC's record is appalling. Not one of the academics used to attack Nightingale ever published his/her accusations in a peer-reviewed book or journal.'
A BBC spokesman said the programmes involved a ‘broad range of sources, giving a broad range of opinions’.
| Florence Nightingale |
"Which of the Greek muses had a name that can be translated as ""delight in dancing""?" | Good Night, Florence - The Washington Post
Good Night, Florence
The inside track on Washington politics.
Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published.
You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published.
You’re all set!
Got it
By Roxanne Nelson By Roxanne Nelson April 29, 2003
In an unprecedented and surprising move, one of the world's great icons has been summarily knocked from her pedestal.
Florence Nightingale, long considered the founder of modern nursing, was ditched by a group of British nurses. In 1999, delegates at the annual conference of Unison, Britain's largest trade union representing nurses and other public service workers, unanimously declared that nursing was long overdue for a more contemporary role model.
The United Kingdom, like the United States, has been chafing under the strain of an acute shortage of nurses. While there are multiple reasons for the shortage, the Unison nurses believe that the legacy of Florence Nightingale is one of them. They feel that she "has held the nursing profession back too long" and represents the "negative and the backward elements of nursing." Unison nurses even requested that International Nurses' Day, celebrated on Nightingale's birthday (May 12), be moved to a different date. A recent BBC documentary and a new biography take a fresh and more nuanced look at the life and impact of a woman who has often been treated simply, as a kind of saint or a symbol of selfless service.
This year marks the 150th anniversary of the beginning of Nightingale's nursing career, when she went to work as superintendent of the Institution for Gentlewomen in London. Given the span of time, it is undoubtedly true that some of Nightingale's agenda has become outdated. So can she be held accountable for the problems that today's nurses are grappling with? How realistic is it to blame a woman who's been dead for nearly 100 years for a nursing crisis that is occurring here and now?
Not very, says Patricia D'Antonio, editor of the Nursing History Review and an associate professor of nursing at the University of Pennsylvania. "The first thing to recognize about Nightingale is that she was, and still is, a towering 19th century figure involved in every major British reform initiative [of her time], not just nursing. The result is that she has emerged as both a symbol of the power of nursing to make a difference in patients' lives and a lighting rod for all the profession's discontents -- and there certainly are many of those. But there is no credible way to draw a direct link between Nightingale and the problems of contemporary nursing."
Myth Information
A revival of interest in Nightingale has attempted to separate the myth from the real woman, and to perhaps pin the blame elsewhere for the woes of today's nurses. According to the BBC documentary ("Reputations: Florence Nightingale, Iron Maiden," which first aired in July 2001) Nightingale, long revered as a ministering angel and the romanticized "lady with the lamp," was in fact a manipulative, neurotic and sexually repressed woman. It also suggested she was driven by ambition rather than compassion, a point that was reinforced in a letter from Nightingale's sister to a mutual friend.
"She has little or none of what is called charity or philanthropy, she is ambitious -- very, and would like . . . to regenerate the world. . . . I wish she could be brought to see that it is the intellectual part that interests her, not the manual," wrote Parthenope Nightingale to Mary Mohl, also calling her sister a "shocking nurse."
For those interested in the hidden history of proper Victorian ladies, Nightingale's sexuality has long been the subject of speculation. The rumor that she died of syphilis has been a running theme that challenges her chaste and proper image. The BBC documentary's notion that she may have been a repressed lesbian is also not entirely new, as it has been rumored that she was in love with her cousin Marianne Nicholson and had more than a passing interest in other women as well. While Nightingale's name appears on lists of famous lesbians, this is really the first time that the possibility has been presented in the mainstream media.
Regarding Nightingale's reputation as a demanding, even overbearing leader: Australian nurse and educator Mary Chiarella, in her book "The Legal and Professional Status of Nursing" (Churchill Livingstone, 2002), says that Nightingale referred to nursing as a "calling" and rejected the idea that it could be a profession. She also imposed a regime upon her nurses similar to one followed by Catholic nuns, in that they had to be devout, chaste and good women. The book says that Nightingale also expected nurses to practice poverty and obedience, and, according to Chiarella, Nightingale's legacy lives on in the form of economic disadvantage and poor working conditions for nurses throughout the world.
The accepted idea that she was responsible for dramatically lowering the mortality rate of British soldiers in Scutari, at the Barrack Hospital during the Crimean War, has also been put to rest. With a group of 38 handpicked women, Nightingale volunteered to go nurse wounded soldiers. She hoped to show the value of female nurses in a military setting, despite a less than welcoming response from the army command. Her nurses scrubbed the wards, laundered bloody uniforms, changed bedding and prepared meals. According to the widely accepted story, two years after her arrival, the death rate at the hospital had plummeted from 40 percent to 2 percent.
In reality, it appeared that the opposite occurred. The death toll continued to rise after Nightingale's arrival, and the mortality rate at her hospital was higher than at any other in the region.
"There is no doubt that mortality dropped sharply after March 1855, but it was as a result of the sanitary commission from England, which arrived in Scutari and cleaned out the sewer on which the Barrack Hospital rested," says Mark Bostridge, author of "Florence Nightingale: The Making of an Icon," a biography to be published by Penguin in September. "This commission was authorized by the British prime minister, Lord Palmerston, and there is no evidence that Florence Nightingale played any part in the work it carried out. In fact, it seems that she only became aware of the decisive role played by poor sanitation in the deaths of soldiers under her care after the war, when she analyzed the statistics."
The Reign of Florence
What remains undisputed about Nightingale are the basic facts of her life. She was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, to the wealthy English couple William and Frances Nightingale, during their extended honeymoon through Europe. Her family returned to England in 1821, dividing their time between Embley Park, their mansion in Hampshire, and a summer home at Lea Hurst. Her world was one of extreme wealth and luxury, and she was expected to live out her life in frivolous pursuits and domestic routines.
But Nightingale, who excelled academically and had received what was considered a "man's" education, felt herself to be called by God to some unnamed great cause. At the age of 25, Nightingale decided she wanted to be a nurse.
Hospitals of the Victorian era were squalid places where patients were tended by uneducated women who were more apt to be nursing a bottle of whiskey than a patient. It was not a place for a well-bred woman to be, but Nightingale was remarkably persistent in her goal. Finally, at age 31, she was given permission by her father to study nursing, and began her career as the superintendent of a hospital for invalid women.
A year later, with England's entry into the Crimean War in 1854, Nightingale embarked on her famous journey to the Barrack Hospital in Scutari, Turkey (now known as Uskudar, a district of the city of Istanbul). Nightingale returned home to England in 1856 to a hero's welcome, and then went on to establish the first modern school of nursing at St. Thomas' Hospital in London in 1860.
Generation after generation has been fixated on the sentimentalized story of Nightingale in the Crimean War, making her hospital rounds by candlelight. The myth of her as a docile, obedient, saccharine nurse has largely obscured who this highly complex woman really was and the enormous contributions she made to public health, statistics and nursing.
Although nursing is considered to be her first and foremost vocation, Nightingale spent less than three of her 90 years working as a nurse. After her work in the Crimean War, she spent the next half-century in almost complete seclusion, which added to her mystique. Her primary interest was not the reform of civilian nursing in Britain, says Bostridge, but rather a thorough overhaul of the health of the army in peacetime.
"The Crimean War diverted her interests into military nursing and the health of the army," explains Bostridge. "Although the school in her name was founded in 1860 -- because it was necessary to do something with the fund of public money collected during the war -- Nightingale didn't really put her stamp on it until after 1871, when she had the time to oversee it regularly."
For nearly 50 years, Nightingale crusaded behind the scenes, where she introduced sanitary science to nursing and the British Army, transformed nursing into a respectable occupation, revolutionized the public health system of India (without leaving England), campaigned for the rights of prostitutes and the property rights of married women, and became a pioneer in statistical analysis. And during her stay in Turkey during the Crimean War, she succeeded in cutting through the bureaucratic mess and completely overhauled the running of the hospital.
Modern Nurses
It is the myth that modern nurses are rebelling against, not the real woman, says Lois Monteiro, professor emeritus in the Department of Community Health at Brown University and a member of an international group of researchers working on the collected letters of Nightingale.
"I do think the broader woman is the important role model, not the one walking around with the lamp and ministering to soldiers," she says. "If nursing looked at the real model -- that of a reformer, a politician, a statistician and a sanitarian -- they might get somewhere."
Nightingale has been accused of keeping nursing in a lowly position because she bitterly opposed the movement by British nurses for professional registration (a system of accreditation, similar to those of many trades at the time, seeking to legitimize the vocation). But, as D'Antonio explains, Nightingale resisted this change because she felt that registration, with its attendant exams, would never be able to capture the qualities of a good nurse.
Nightingale also never expected nurses to be impoverished, adds Monteiro. "She believed first in education, and then as an educated, respected group, they would be paid accordingly."
D'Antonio agrees that Nightingale can't be blamed for low wages or the ever-increasing workloads that most nurses are now facing. "I would lay contemporary problems not at Nightingale's feet," she says, "but on the doorstep of the training school model."
The training programs of the late 19th and early 20th centuries frequently had students working shifts of 12 hours or longer, and care of the patient was combined with housekeeping chores. Nurses today still sometimes find themselves responsible for cleaning equipment or doing other tasks that should be handled by support staff.
Hospitals never had to pay for nursing care since they got free student labor, D'Antonio points out. "Nurses' training schools were funded and operated by hospitals to meet their staffing needs, and not the educational needs of nursing students. They used a barter system -- three years' work for a diploma -- and when nurses graduated, they left the hospital."
Thus far, Unison is the only organization to give Nightingale her walking papers. But Monteiro believes it may be time for nurses to have a more contemporary role model, such as the nurse practitioner, as an example of a goal they can strive for.
Florence Nightingale was right for her time, contends Monteiro. Who is right for our time remains an open question.
*
Roxanne Nelson last wrote for Health about the illness of Tiny Tim in Dickens's "A Christmas Carol."
Florence Nightingale, a child of English privilege, is known as the founder of modern nursing. But her image as a selfless servant answering a "call" has nursing professionals chafing.
lifestyle
| i don't know |
Which Baltic nation adopted the Euro currency, becoming the 17th Eurozone country? | Estonia becomes 17th member of the euro zone - BBC News
BBC News
Estonia becomes 17th member of the euro zone
31 December 2010
Close share panel
Image caption Estonia is the third ex-communist country to embrace the euro
Estonia has become the 17th member of the eurozone - the first ex-Soviet state to adopt the EU single currency.
The changeover from the kroon to the euro started at midnight (2200 GMT) in the small Baltic nation of 1.3m people.
Despite market pressure on the eurozone and the Greek and Irish bail-outs this year, polls suggested most Estonians wanted the euro.
Prime Minister Andrus Ansip marked the event by withdrawing euros from a cashpoint.
"It is a small step for the eurozone and a big step for Estonia," he said, holding the euro notes.
For many Estonians, 20 years after breaking away from the Soviet Union, the euro is proof that they have fully arrived in the West, the BBC's Baltic region correspondent, Damien McGuinness, reports.
Estonia joined the EU in 2004 - one of eight former Communist countries that did so, including its Baltic neighbours Latvia and Lithuania.
Two other ex-Communist countries - Slovenia and Slovakia - are already in the eurozone.
Anxiety about prices
Estonia's government says the euro will attract foreign investors because devaluation is then ruled out.
However, poorer Estonians fear that prices will be rounded up, and that food will become even more expensive. And the prospect of having to contribute to bail-outs of richer eurozone countries is hard to stomach, our correspondent reports.
In the past year Europe's debt crisis has hit Estonia severely. The tough cuts in state spending, necessary to join the eurozone, have pushed unemployment to more than 16%.
To avoid a last-minute rush, Estonians were able to swap kroons for euros commission-free from 1 December, the AFP news agency reports.
Kroons will be used in parallel with the euro for the first half of January. Banks will swap Estonians' kroons for euros until the end of 2011 and the central bank will carry on doing so indefinitely.
The kroon has been pegged to foreign currencies from the start, first to the deutschmark and, in 2002, to the euro.
The rate of 15.65 kroons to one euro has never changed.
Your comments
For business and the economy it's very good! But I don't like coins and now I need to buy a new purse! PR, Estonia
Although it is quite sad to say goodbye to our money, I am glad that many things will be easier now. There is no need to change money when travelling into other European countries and no need to double calculate finance investments. Most investments were in euros but for tax purposes you had to work out the finances in Estonian kroons. Most mortgages were also already in euros so now Estonia will save millions because the banks will not have to transfer them. Also there is no Euro fear since we already have been tied with the euro since the beginning, so no changes there. Mihkel, Tartu
I am a university student in Tallinn, Estonia and it seems to me that most of the population sees the benefits of the euro in the long run, but the melancholy of losing our own currency is widely felt. The kroon is younger than I am, so I have no experience of a currency change and this is probably the main difference between the youth and the older generations - they have been through a change already and see the kroon as a symbol of our independence, which we so strongly fought for just decades ago. I have kept some EEK bills, just in case I want to show them to my grandchildren one day! SL, Tallinn, Estonia
As an Estonian living in the UK, this is a great relief - on both a personal level and in seeing my country adopt common sense and become an even more attractive proposition economically for potential investors. For myself, instead of having to deal in three currencies through my travels in Europe, I can manage just two - the British pound and the Euro - the Kroon has (with all its sentimental value) become a nuisance over time. Economically, Estonia has been very liberal since its reindependence, a mindset that has been welcomed by the people as well. Whereas in a lot of countries the euro has been welcomed with concerns over the political implications, Estonians seem to welcome it as an opportunity to travel with further ease, develop business relationships with the rest of the euro-zone (and beyond) in an easier manner and attract interest to it as one of the leading ex-soviet state in the development since 1991. Henri, Manchester, UK
I say yes to the euro. We are a small country and now I feel more independent and free. Also I am a little bit sad - we have (or had) very beautiful money. Jaana, Tallinn, Estonia
I welcome euro with open arms. I love Estonian Kroons, but the euro is a symbol - a sign that economic reforms of the 90s were successful. A sign we have been accepted by Europe. Leino, Tallinn, Estonia
Estonia, being a small nation and a small economy, needs a guarantee for its economy. It's the question for investors whether they trust the Estonian economy. The Euro could be a sign that it is safe to invest to Estonia, and what Estonia needs today is indeed, foreign investments and new jobs! Mark, Tallinn, Estonia
| Estonia |
Which country applied to the UK courts for the extradition of Julian Assange? | Lithuania joins eurozone to seal ties with West | Inquirer News
Lithuania joins eurozone to seal ties with West
Agence France-Presse / 12:17 PM January 01, 2015
VILNIUS, Lithuania – Lithuania switched over to the euro on Thursday, becoming the last Baltic nation to adopt Europe’s single currency, in a bid to boost stability despite fears of inflation and eurozone debt woes.
Baltic leaders withdrew their first euros from a Vilnius bank machine just after midnight, as the eurozone gained its 19th member and fireworks signed off a year marked by alarm over Russia’s role in the Ukraine conflict and its economic crisis.
ADVERTISEMENT
For a nation scarred by decades of Soviet occupation, eurozone entry is an important step and a symbol of “deeper economic and political integration with the West”, Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaite said.
Other countries once behind the Iron Curtain now provide some of the leading figures in the European Union. Former Polish premier Donald Tusk took over as president of the European Council in December, while Latvia assumed the rotating EU presidency on January 1.
A total of 337 million Europeans now share the euro currency.
The three Baltic states broke free from the Soviet Union in 1990-1991 before joining the EU and NATO in 2004. Estonia and Latvia became eurozone members in 2011 and 2014.
“In joining the euro, the Lithuanian people are choosing to be part of an area of stability, security and prosperity,” EU economic affairs commissioner Pierre Moscovici said.
But in the run-up to the change from the litas to the euro, public support has wavered.
Fifty-three percent of the population of three million backed the euro and 39 percent were against, according to a November survey released by the central bank.
“I support the euro because it leads to greater integration into the EU and makes travelling in the EU easier,” said 26-year-old lawyer Karolis Turcinavicius.
But pensioner Danute Petkeviciene remained skeptical: “The euro will not increase pensions or wages, it will only increase prices.”
Vilnius resident Teresa said she regretted losing a symbol of the country’s statehood.
“But it’s part of globalization,” she added.
Political uncertainty
Lithuania’s membership comes as political uncertainty in Greece is once again stoking fears that the eurozone’s debt crisis could flare up.
Vilnius has already committed hundreds of millions of euros to the eurozone’s rescue fund for struggling members.
“Financial commitments are a huge burden and increase the country’s debt. I think we should have delayed entry,” financial analyst Valdemaras Katkus told AFP.
The litas has actually been pegged to the euro since 2002, making it dependent on the European Central Bank. Vilnius had hoped to adopt the euro in 2007 but failed to meet the inflation criteria.
The global financial crisis put the goal on hold in 2009, when Lithuania suffered a deep recession.
Biting austerity measures far exceeding any applied in Western Europe turned the economy around, resulting in recent growth of around three percent.
But social security cuts and other slashed public spending also encouraged record emigration to richer European nations such as Britain.
Most analysts say eurozone entry will foster export growth and encourage investment.
“Government, businesses and households will benefit from lower borrowing costs,” said Vaiva Seckute, a senior economist at Swedbank Macro Research.
Lithuania brought in 132 million individual banknotes — which are standard across the eurozone — from the German Bundesbank but minted its own euro coins.
They include the national coat of arms, a knight on horseback with sword and shield, which has appeared on the national currency since the 14th century.
The two currencies will circulate together for two weeks, while dual pricing will remain in shops until June.
The central bank had warned residents to take out enough cash for New Year festivities in case of technical disruptions.
The European Commission meanwhile draped a huge banner over its Brussels headquarters: “Welcome to the euro area, Lithuania!”
RELATED STORIES
| i don't know |
In population terms, which is the world's largest Muslim country? | Top 10 Countries with Largest Muslim Population in the World
Top 10 Countries with Largest Muslim Population in the World
Top 10 Countries with Largest Muslim Population in the World
Pinterest0
Islam is the second major religion after the Christianity in the world. It has billions of its followers living in different countries of the world. As per a report in 2010, it had 1.62 billion worshipers. At present, about one-fourth of the world’s population is Muslim. The Africa continent has the highest Muslim population as compared to the other regions on the planet. There are more than 50 countries having most Muslim population as the majority populace. While, on the other hand, further religious parties are present as minority populations in those countries. Following is a list of top 10 countries with largest Muslim population is the world.
List of Top 10 Countries with Largest Muslim Population in the World
Rank
2%
Note : Population estimates are rounded to ten thousands. While Percentages are ascertained from rounded numbers. Figures may not add exactly due to rounding)
INDONESIA FLAG
Officially it is called Republic of Indonesia which is the largest Islamic country located in the Asia Continent. Indonesian is the official language of this country. It is covering the land area of 1,904,569 square kilo meters and 4.85% water. In 2011 census, its population was calculated 237,424,363 from which 209,120,000 is Muslim population. Rupiah (Rp) (IDR) is the official currency of Indonesia. It has one of the strongest economies in the world. According to an estimate in 2013, its GDP (PPP) was calculated $1.314 trillion and per capita $5,302.
| Indonesia |
Who completes this Old Testament group of friends; Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach and…? | By 2050, India to surpass Indonesia, will have largest Muslim population: Study - Times of India
Times of India
Amsterdam: Mother, daughter rescued from car in canal
By 2050, India to surpass Indonesia, will have largest Muslim population: Study
Hindus will become the world's third largest population by 2050, while India will overtake Indonesia as the country with the largest Muslim population.
PTI | Apr 3, 2015, 02.28 AM IST
Hindus will become the world's third largest population by 2050, while India will overtake Indonesia as the co... Read More
WASHINGTON: Hindus will become the world's third largest population by 2050, while India will overtake Indonesia as the country with the largest Muslim population , according to a new study.
According to the Pew Research Center's religious profile predictions assessed data released on Thursday, the Hindu population is projected to rise by 34 per cent worldwide, from a little over 1 billion to nearly 1.4 billion by 2050.
By 2050, Hindus will be third, making up 14.9 per cent of the world's total population, followed by people who do not affiliate with any religion, accounting for 13.2 per cent, the report said.
The people with no religious affiliation currently have the third largest share of the world's total population.
Muslims are projected to grow faster than the world's overall population and that Hindus and Christians are projected to roughly keep pace with worldwide population growth, the report said.
Assam records highest rise in Muslim population
"India will retain a Hindu majority but also will have the largest Muslim population of any country in the world, surpassing Indonesia," it said.
"Over the next four decades, Christians will remain the largest religious group, but Islam will grow faster than any other major religion," according to the report.
The report predicted that by 2050 there will be near parity between Muslims (2.8 billion, or 30 per cent of the population) and Christians (2.9 billion, or 31 per cent), possibly for the first time in history.
There were 1.6 billion Muslims in 2010, compared to 2.17 billion Christians.
"The number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world," it added.
If the trend continues, Islam will be the most popular faith in the world after 2070, it said.
By 2050, Muslims will make up about 10 per cent of the Europe's population, up from 5.9 per cent in 2010.
Over the same period, the number of Hindus in Europe is expected to roughly double, from a little under 1.4 million (0.2 per cent of Europe's population) to nearly 2.7 million (0.4 per cent), mainly as a result of immigration, it said.
In North America, the Hindu share of the population is expected to nearly double in the decades ahead, from 0.7 per cent in 2010 to 1.3 per cent in 2050, when migration is included in the projection models. Without migration, the Hindu share of the region's population would remain the same.
Buddhism is the only faith that is not expected to increase its followers, due to an ageing population and stable fertility rates in Buddhist countries, such as China, Japan and Thailand.
The projections considered fertility rates, trends in youth population growth and religious conversion statistics.
| i don't know |
Under what Phoenician name does musician Rollo Armstrong’s sister record? | About Rollo & Sister Bliss
About Rollo & Sister Bliss
Rollo Armstrong (full name according to BMI repertoire : "Rowland Constantine O'Malley Armstrong") has an honours degree in philosophy, he's a Taurus and has a habit of talking around subjects. He was expelled from scouts and became a member of MENSA; He started his own gang called the Krazy Kats when he was 10 and he can write upside down. He swam in the Ganges, won the North Yorkshire heats of a Disco Dancing Championship, was a barman in Sydney, and a gardener for Islington Council. (quote from "Reverence" booklet, probably most of this is a joke, at least the MENSA membership, see Club Cow Interview :-)
In January 1992 Rollo released his first record. Made with 2 friends, Francis Wright (a guy called Felix) and Red Jerry in Rollo's bedroom studio, this record went to sell 2.2 million copies - it was Felix "Don't You Want Me".
Four years on and on Rollo's writing and production skills have brought him sales in excess of 5 million singles. This doesn't include his remixes of 3 UK number ones (Simply Red, Livin' Joy and Gabrielle) and 4 top tens (Pet Shop Boys x 2, M People and Donna Summer). Also included are four bona fide House classics: Kristine W - Feel What You Want, Gloworm - Lift My Cup, Franke - Understand This Groove, and OT Quartet - Hold That Sucker Down - and you have one of the most in demand dance producers/remixers in the world.
He's avoiding cameras and public appearances, he is not performing live, and prefers to be the studio mastermind kept in the background.
FAITHLESS is the first time Rollo entered into the band land area to work alongside vocalists Maxi Jazz and co-conspirator Sister Bliss, on what has turned out to be a long term project. He's thoroughly enjoying the experience.
In July 2000, Rollo's first solo album under the project name "Dusted" has been released.
(German article about Dusted in RAVELINE 03/2001)
(German article about Dusted in Kulturnews 03/2001)
Rollo (right) and an engineer (Grippa?) in front of a mixing desk
Rollo's face mirrored in a glass pane
"Because of his forgetfullness Rollo is the perfect producer. He is still pleased by our melodies like a Punch after he listened to it a hundred times."
Sister Bliss, in an interview
- - -
In 1987 Ayalah Bentovim (Sister Bliss) discovered home music and healthy obsessional interest in the sound and lifestyle ensued. A pianist since the age of 5 it was a natural progression that not only did she start spinning tunes on the dancefloor, she knew she could create her own. DJ residencies at the cream of London clubs and a fistful of demo tapes leads to a meeting with Rollo and the spark that was to fire up many club anthem began.
(Sister Bliss on
in German magazine
TV-Spielfilm issue 25/2006)
"(Can'tgetamancan'tgetajob) Life's A Bitch", released under her own name, was a huge club and chart hit. It firmly established Sister Bliss as a force to be reckoned with. Sister Bliss is the kind of person who built a shrine to Jim Morrison out of onion peel and stale bread, joined the Woodcraft Folk (lefty version of the Brownies) and hitch hiked to Turkey in the style of "Thelma and Louise". Sister Bliss on Faithless: ...Faithless sits somewhere between trip-hop, dance and good old fashioned song writing, with more than a twist of London grit. "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; For there is in London all that life can afford". "Reverence" is a journey through the external world of urban experience, to intense internal world of faith, love and fear.
- - -
The group Faithless has the 'main' members Rollo, Sister Bliss, Maxi Jazz (Maxwell Frazer, a vocalist, rapper, he's been on a jazz band named Soul Cafe Band), joined by guest appearances on each album like Jamie Catto, Dave Randall, Zoe Johnston, LSK (Leigh Kenny) and many additional collaborators (like Dido, Pauline Taylor, Aubrey Nunn, Matt Benbrook, Paul Herman, ...).
Their first single "Salva Mea" was first released in September 1995, but after that "Insomnia" became a Top 10 worldwide, it was remixed and released again. Their debut album "Reverence" has a mix of styles in it, due to the input from musically different individuals, followed by the 2nd album "Sunday 8PM" (1998), the 3rd "Outrospective" (2001), the 4th "No Roots" (2004) and as 5th "To All New Arrivals" (2006).
Besides this, also 4 remix albums, a greatest hits compilation, a live performance video, many singles and other contributions have been released. They are on tour, and their live show is a unique mix of live instruments with loops and samples.
(Faithless cover and article in Mixmag 05/2001)
- - -
Dido (Florian Cloud de Bounevialle Armstrong) was five when she stole her first recorder. This didn't lead to prison, but rather to her entrance one year later to the Guildhall School of Music in London. A bit of a child prodigy, by the time she was 10 she played piano, violin, and the aforementioned recorder. Her teenage years were an interesting mixture of stealing her brother's record collection (from The Clash to Gregory Isaacs to Duran Duran) and touring the UK with her classical music ensemble. And then, at 16, she finally fell in love with Ella Fitzgerald. So began a passion that eventually led Dido from listener to participator: she started singing with various bands in and around London, and despite the fact that her brother, Rollo, told her not to give up her day job, she eventually appeared on the debut album of a band that Rollo formed in 1995.
(Dido & Rollo as children)
(The Armstrong Family)
This band was Faithless, and they went on to sell five million records. Over the next two years, Dido toured with Faithless (a very different experience from her classical days) and, whenever she was back in London, also recorded demos of her own songs. On Faithless current release, Sunday 8PM, Dido appears on two songs, one of which incorporates her own 'My Lover's Gone'.
So began the recording of Dido's debut album, No Angel. The album was produced by Dido, her brother, Rollo (obviously now deciding she should give up her day job), Rick Nowels and Youth, and what a beautiful album it is. Unified by both Dido's stunning voice and lyrical acuteness, the album travels through various and diverse styles ranging from the impassioned magnificence of 'Here With Me', the gentle soulfulness of 'Thankyou' (featured in the recent Gwyneth Paltrow movie 'Sliding Doors'), the deep dubbiness of 'Honestly OK', to the lyrical perversity of 'Don't Think Of Me'. Combining Dido's love for warm acoustic sounds and her brother's fascination for beats and all things electronic, the album is both new and classic at the same time. Above all, it is the quality of the songs that will make this album both durable and successful.
(Some Dido pictures taken from the Cheeky page)
(German Dido article in FOCUS 08/2001)
(German Dido article in FOCUS 11/2002)
- - -
Pauline Taylor has a love for songs and song- writing with a heavily traditional approach... meaning, you're gonna get lyrics with passion and relevance and music with bite. So where has this gift sprung from? Rollo was on the search for that elusive fantastic voice that would bleed soul, depth and guts all over his own stunning music; and what does the bugger do? Well he goes and finds it, in the diminutive form of Pauline Taylor.
She enters into the Cheeky dance-fold where she gives it up on a huge range of material, entering the foray of artists challenging your preconceptions of genere and capability, through her powerfull and ground breaking musical style and lyrical observation.
- - -
Many Rollo productions from 1994-2001 took place at the Swanyard Recording Studios ( www.swanyard.co.uk ) located in Islington, London, UK. Independant and privately owned it was opened in 1985 and closed in February 2001.
It is always difficult to say goodbye but sadly at the end of February 2001 the studios will be closing their glass doors for the final time. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all our clients for their business and support over the last few years. It's been great. With studios like ourselves shutting down all over the place it should make the studio bookings situation a little easier and hopefully more profitable for the studios out there that are left! Its all been such a squeeze over the last few years hasn't it? I wish the remaining studios the best of luck over the next year. Kick some ass!
I would like to say a thank you to a few special people who have worked so hard to make Swanyard such a great studio to work in. James Law (Assistant Manager and part of the comedy duo) Sam Wiltshire (for having grrrrrrrr!) John Harrison (Top Engineer, warmest person I know) Wol Ariec (We appreciate all those sleepless nights, but what a way to catch up with your studies) Gavin Callaghan (unflappable Engineer and crap footie player, fancy breaking your arm Gavin?) Howard Beck & Dave Nally (for keeping everything working so well) Nick Kirkland (for being a Woollyback and awake 24/7) Keith Knowles (for all his support) Grippa (irrepressible) Rollo Armstrong (for all his business and never being enticed away, although I know some of you tried to! I know who you are, I know where you live!) Martin McCorry & Rod Wildman (for arriving on the first day with broken noses and blackened eyes!) James Dalton & Ibi Tijani (for knocking over dustbins in corridors, then hiding and all your hard work) Mel, Raj, Eddie and Sarah(at Champion Records for their business and long may their success continue) Cheeky Records (for all their business) Morgan (formerly of Cheeky now at BMG) All the boys at Dreamhire for proving "service is paramount". Finally I would like to thank myself Michelle Ward for looking after the above with no concern for my own sanity! It really has been a blast and from the Swanyard team we bid you, in the words of Anne Robinson "Goodbye!"...
Michelle, the Studio Manager, Feb 2001
- - -
Cheeky Records was founded in 1991 by Rollo Armstrong - originally set up as an independent label to release 'incredible' dance singles as a solo artist and by other artists, and re-formed in 1994 together with Mel Medalie, who also owned Cheeky's former sister label, Champion. The first release (CHEEKY01) was Frankë's "Understand This Groove" in 1991 produced by Rollo & Rob D. Rollo soon turned to nurturing serious album acts beginning with the ground breaking Faithlesss.
In 2000 Rollo signed an exclusive deal and sold Cheeky to BMG Records who runs it as a sub-label since then (with re-launched promo catalogue numbers starting with Dido's "Here With Me" as CHEEKY001). The "real" BMG Cheeky sublabel releases purchasable in stores usually doesn't have a label-specfic numbering scheme, they're just using the standard BMG barcode / international article number. After BMG's merge with Sony in 2004 Cheeky is now part of the Sony-BMG Music Entertainment group.
In June 2007, Faithless left Cheeky/Sony-BMG to "be masters of their own destiny, to stop churning out hits for radio and get back to the naive experimental early Faithless days" (quote from BBC Music News ).
| Dido |
Who is the little boy in the 1963 children's book 'Where The Wild Things Are'? | Sister Bliss Biography, Sister Bliss Music, Sister Bliss News, Sister Bliss Photos and more - KeepVid Music Artist
NEWS
As a founding member of Faithless, Sister Bliss became one of Britain's most popular figures in the electronica scene. However, by the time that band was formed in 1995 she was already established as being among the first British female house DJs, bringing eight years of experience in that field to her work with DJ Rollo Armstrong and the Buddhist rapper Maxi Jazz. As a child she started learning the piano at the age of five, eventually broadening her palette by moving on to the violin, saxophone, and bass. Building on her 1987 debut DJ set, Sister Bliss went on to make prestigious appearances at clubs such as Cream, the Gallery, and Ministry of Sound. By the early '90s she was making her own demos, and by the time she met Armstrong she'd already made an impression on the techno scene with singles such as 1993's "Future Pulse" on the Italian label DTC. Armstrong and Sister Bliss soon began to write and record together, and their collaborations were eventually released under the Faithless name. While their first album, 1996's Reverence, was an underground sensation, its accompanying single "Insomnia" became one of the most durable club hits of the decade, reaching the Top Five in ten countries. Released in 1998, the Mercury-nominated Sunday 8pm capitalized on this success, as did their third album, 2001's Outrospective, which eventually went platinum. Throughout this ascent and beyond, Sister Bliss continued to DJ in many different countries and also began to compose music for film, TV, and theater, including a commission for Danny Boyle's 2000 adaptation of the Alex Garland novel The Beach. The Forever Faithless greatest-hits collection was issued in 2005 and sold over one and a half million copies, before the band issued its final studio album, The Dance, in 2010. Even after Faithless had disbanded, they sporadically performed live, without Armstrong, as the pared-down Faithless Sound System. During this period Sister Bliss not only continued to compose music for films including 2012's Knife Fight and Sex & the City 2, but also collaborated with Example on his chart-topping third album, Playing in the Shadows. The fruits of recording sessions with Dido were revealed on March 4, 2013 when her album Girl Who Got Away was issued. However, on the very same day, Sister Bliss released her single "Ain't There" on her own, relaunched Junkdog Records, a label that would go on to issue material by the Brooklyn-based Zebra Katz and the London duo I Said No.
Sister Bliss (born Ayalah Deborah Bentovim; 30 December 1971) is a British keyboardist, record producer, DJ, composer and songwriter. In the studio she is best known for her work with Rollo Armstrong, particularly as part of Faithless.
| i don't know |
Convicted in 1987 of war crimes, who was known as the ‘Butcher of Lyon’? | Convicted War Criminals - Investigate The Bush Administration For War crimes
Investigate The Bush Administration For War crimes
Otto Abetz He was captured by Allied authorities in the Schwarzwald in 1945. In
July 1949 a French court
sentenced Abetz to twenty years' imprisonment for
war crimes, particularly his role in arranging the
deportation of French
camps. He was released on 17 April 1954 from Loos prison.
He died on 5 May 1958 in an auto
accident near Langenfeld
Cologne-Ruhr autobahn.
Akira Mutō 武藤 章
December 1892 – 23 December 1948 was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II After the surrender of Japan , Mutō was arrested by the American occupation authorities and charged with war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He
was convicted for atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war in both China and the Philippines,
and was executed by hanging on 23 December 1948.
Zlatko Aleksovski was born on 8 January 1960 in Pakrac, Croatia Unlawful treatment of prisoners in Lašva Valley area in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zlatko Aleksovski was arrested by Croatian
authorities on 8 June 1996 Sentenced to 7 years, granted early release
Ion Victor Antonescu (June 15, 1882 – June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier,
authoritarian politician and convicted war criminal.An atypical figure among
Holocaust perpetrators, Antonescu enforced policies independently responsible
for the deaths of as many as 400,000 people, most of them Bessarabian, Ukrainian
and Romanian Jews, as well as Romani Romanians. Ion Victor Antonescu was
executed by a military firing squad on June 1, 1946
Mihai Antonescu (November 18, 1904 – June 1, 1946) was a Romanian politician who
served as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister during World War
II.Throughout 1941, Antonescu would approve the pogrom against the Jews of Iaşi,
stop the emigration of Jews from Romania, and remove the Romanian government’s
protection of Romanian Jews outside the country, thus leaving them in
German-occupied areas at the mercy of the Nazis. He also approved the slaughter
of Jews in Bessarabia and Bukovina, and the deportation of the survivors to
concentration camps in Transnistria.On August 23, 1944, as Soviet forces drew
closer and closer to Romania, King Michael dismissed the government of Ion
Antonescu, declared the nation’s surrender, and had Mihai Antonescu arrested. He
was subsequently handed over to the new authorities, tried by a Communist
Party-influenced Bucharest People's Tribunal, and found guilty of war crimes. He
was executed by a firing squad, together with Ion Antonescu, Constantin Vasiliu
and Gheorghe Alexianu, near the fort of Jilava.
Andrija Artuković (29 November 1899 – 16 January 1988) was a Croatian politician
and a member of the Ustaše movement. Artuković was convicted of war crimes
committed against minorities in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during
World War II. His active participation in these crimes earned him the nickname
"the Himmler of the Balkans".During World War II, in 1941 Artuković became
Minister of the Interior in the newly-formed NDH. He was closely involved in the
mass murder of Serbs, Jews, Roma, and other minorities, and the opening of
concentration camps such as Jasenovac.The court in Zagreb issued a death
sentence on 14 May 1986, but a year later the authorities ruled that he was too
ill (with senile dementia) to be executed.
Milan Babić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Бабић; February 26, 1956 – March 5, 2006)
was from 1991 to 1995 the first President of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, a
Croatian region at the time of the war largely populated by a Serbs of Croatia
that wished to break away from Croatia.
He was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 2004;
he was the first ever indictee to admit guilt and make a plea bargain with the
prosecution, after which he was sentenced to 13 years in prison. He was found
dead in his The Hague prison cell on March 6, 2006, having apparently committed
suicide.
Erich Julius Eberhard von Zelewski or Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (1 March
1899 - 8 March 1972), was a Nazi official and a member of the SS, in which he
reached the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer (General).
Units under his command killed approximately 200,000 civilians (more than
65,000 in mass executions) and an unknown number of POWs.
Von dem Bach-Zelewski went into hiding and tried to leave the country.
However, US military police arrested him on 1 August 1945. In exchange for his
testimony against his former superiors at the Nuremberg Trials, von dem
Bach-Zelewski never faced trial for any war crimes. Similarly, he never faced
extradition to Poland or to the USSR. He left prison in 1949.
1951, von dem Bach-Zalewski claimed that he had helped Hermann Göring commit
suicide in 1946. As evidence, he produced cyanide capsules to the authorities
with serial numbers not far removed from the one used by Göring. The authorities
never verified von dem Bach-Zalewski's claim, however, and did not charge him
with aiding Göring's death. Most modern day historians dismiss von dem
Bach-Zalewski's claim and agree that a U.S. Army contact within the Palace of
Justice's prison at Nuremberg most likely aided Göring in his
suicide.[2]
Also in 1951, von dem Bach-Zelewski was sentenced to 10
years in a labor camp for the murder of political opponents in the early 1930s;
however, he did not serve time until 1958, when he was convicted of killing
Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald, an SS officer, during the Night of the Long
Knives, and was sentenced to four and a half years imprisonment.[3] In 1961, he
was sentenced to an additional 10 years in home custody for the murder of 10
German Communists in the early 1930s. None of the sentences referred to his role
in Poland, in the East and his participation in the Holocaust, although he
openly admitted to having murdered Jews. He died in a Munich prison on 8 March
1972.
László Baky (September 13, 1898 in Budapest-March 29, 1946) was a leading
member of the Hungarian Nazi movement that flourished before and during World
War II.
Baky was removed from his positions during the summer of 1944 and was then
arrested after conspiring, unsuccessfully, to lead a coup against Miklós Horthy,
who also ordered Edmund Veesenmayer to stop the deportation of Jews. However
Baky would return to prominence that October after Szálasi and the Arrow Cross
were put in power by the Germans. Under the Arrow Cross he continued his labors
in deportation and mass murder. He fled the country in 1945 but was arrested in
Austria and returned to Budapest. In 1946 Baky, Endre and Jaross were all tried,
found guilty of crimes against the state, and executed.
Nikolaus 'Klaus' Barbie (October 25, 1913 – September 25, 1991) was an
SS-Hauptsturmführer (rank approximately equivalent to army captain), Gestapo
member and war criminal. He was known as the Butcher of Lyon.
He first set up camp at Hôtel Terminus in Lyon. It was his time as head of
the Gestapo of Lyon that earned him the name Butcher of Lyon. Evidence suggests
that he personally tortured prisoners, men, women, and children alike, by
breaking extremities, sexual abuse using dogs, and electroshocks among other
methods.
On July 4, 1987, Barbie was sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes against
humanity, and died in jail in Lyon of leukemia four years later, at the age of
77.
Dr. László Bárdossy de Bárdos (December 10, 1890 – January 10, 1946) was a
Hungarian diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from
1941 to 1942.
On matters of domestic policy, Bárdossy proved to be an advocate of radical
right wing politics. An Anti-Communist, Bárdossy enacted the Third Jewish Law in
August 1941, which severely limited Jewish economic and employment opportunities
and prohibited Jews from marrying or having sexual intercourse with non-Jews.
Bárdossy also approved the policy of deporting non-Hungarians from the territory
seized from Yugoslavia, and authorized the slaughter of thousands of Jews in
Novi Sad. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Bárdossy was
restrained by Horthy from declaring war on the Soviet Union.
After resigning as prime minister, Bárdossy became chairman of the
Fascist United Christian National League in 1943. After the German occupation of
Hungary in 1944, Bárdossy and his followers collaborated with Prime Minister
Döme Sztójay and Ferenc Szálasi’s Arrow Cross Party. After World War II ended,
Bárdossy was arrested and tried by a People’s Court in November 1945. He was
found guilty of war crimes and collaboration with the Nazis, sentenced to death,
and executed by firing squad in Budapest in 1946.
Dr. Franz Anton Basch (Hungarian: Basch Ferenc Antal) (July 13, 1901 – April 27,
1946) was a German Nazi politician, the chairman of Volksbund and the leader of
Germans in Hungary.
Franz was born in Zurich. He was a student of
Jakob Bleyer at the University of Budapest between 1920 and 1924. In 1925 he
became the secretary of the German Cultural Society of Hungary. He published
many works in this period.
From 1930, he began to express extreme
nationalist propaganda and became a follower of Nazism. In 1934 he resigned his
position because he affronted the Hungarian nation with his ideas. In 1938 he
founded his Nazi organization the People's Union Of Germans In Hungary (the
Volskbund) and became the chairman of it. In 1940 Hitler appointed him the
leader of Germans in Hungary (the Danube Swabians and the Transylvanian
Saxons).
In the end of the year 1944 he escaped to Germany, but was
delivered up to Hungary in 1945. He was marked as a war criminal and executed in
Budapest in 1946.
Gottlob Berger (16 July 1896 – 5 January 1975) was a German Nazi who held the
rank of Obergruppenführer during World War II and was later convicted of war
crimes.
He ran the main SS office in Berlin from 1940 and was involved in liaising
with the so called 'Eastern Territories'. In August 1944, he was sent to deal
with an uprising in Slovakia and immediately after this was put in control of
all prisoner of war camps.
After the war, he was arrested and put on trial in the Ministries Trial in
1947. In 1949, there was an attempt to assign blame for the POW death marches
against Berger and the indictment read:
that between September 1944 and May 1945, hundreds of thousands of American
and Allied prisoners of war were compelled to undertake forced marches in severe
weather without adequate rest, shelter, food, clothing and medical supplies; and
that such forced marches, conducted under the authority of the defendant Berger,
chief of Prisoner-of-War Affairs, resulted in great privation and deaths to many
thousands of prisoners.[2]
Berger claimed that it was in fact the
Germans' duty under the Geneva Convention to remove POWs from a potential combat
zone, as long as it did not put their lives in even greater danger. He also
claimed that the rapid advance of the Red Army had surprised the Germans, who
had planned to transport the POWs by train. He claimed that he had protested
about the decision, made by Hitler, according to him, but he was "without power
or authority to countermand or avoid the order". The case failed due to these
claims and the lack of eyewitness evidence—most ex-POWs were completely unaware
of the trial taking place.
He was however convicted in 1949 for
his role in the genocide of European Jews and sentenced to 25 years in prison.
The sentence was reduced to 10 years in 1951 because of his refusal to kill The
Prominente in Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle, despite direct orders from Adolf
Hitler. He had helped these prisoners escape by moving them to Bavaria and then
onto Austria where he met up with them twice before they were returned to
American forces. He claimed that he had saved the Prominente as the head of the
Gestapo—Ernst Kaltenbrunner—had sent a group of extremists to try and kill
them.
After the war, he claimed that Hitler had wanted more
shootings of prisoners and more punishments, but that he had resisted this. In
1948, Berger gave details to an American judge in Nuremberg of Hitler's plans to
hold 35,000 Allied prisoners hostage in a "last redoubt" in the Bavarian
mountains. If a peace deal was not forthcoming, Hitler had ordered that the
hostages were to be executed. Berger claimed that on 22 April 1945, Hitler had
signed orders to this effect and these were passed to him by Eva Braun but he
decided to stall and not carry out the order.
Berger also claimed that there was a plan, proposed by the Luftwaffe and
approved by Hitler, to set up special POW camps for British and American airmen
in the center of large German cities to act as human shields against Allied
bombing raids. Berger realized that this would contravene the Geneva Convention
and argued that there was not enough barbed wire—as a result this plan was not
implemented.
After his release from prison in 1951, he worked on the staff of
the right-wing journal Nation Europa based in Coburg, and died on 5 January 1975
in his city of birth.
Dr. Werner Best (10 July 1903 – 23 June 1989) was a German Nazi, jurist,
police chief, SS-Obergruppenführer and Nazi Party leader from Darmstadt, Hesse.
He studied law and in 1927 obtained his doctorate degree at Heidelberg. Best
served as civilian administrator of France and Denmark while Nazi Germany
occupied those countries during World War II.
The director of the ministry of foreign affairs Nils Svenningsen in January
1944 suggested establishment of a Danish camp in order to avoid deportations to
Germany.[6] Best accepted this suggestion, but on condition that this camp was
built close to the German border. Frøslev Prison Camp was set up in August
1944.
Due to the Danish cabinet's decision on 9 April 1940 to
accept cooperation with German authorities, the Danish police consequently
cooperated with the German occupation forces. This arrangement remained in
effect even after the resignation of the Danish government on 29 September 1943.
On 12 May 1944, Best demanded that the Danish police should take over the task
of protecting 57 specific enterprises sabotaged by the Danish resistance
movement, which was growing in strength. Should the Danish civil service not
accept this, the Danish police force would be reduced to 3,000 men. The head of
the Danish administration, Nils Svenningsen, was inclined to accept this demand,
but the organizations of the Danish police were opposed to the idea. The German
request was ultimately turned down, and this was reported to Best on 6 June
1944. This reduced the Gestapo's already limited trust in the Danish police even
further, and on 19 September 1944, the German army began arresting members of
the Danish police forces. 1,960 policemen were arrested and deported to German
KZ and prisoner of war camps.
In 1948, Best was sentenced to death by a Danish court, but his sentence was
reduced to 12 years in prison, and he was released in 1951. Best was fined by a
Berlin de-Nazification court in 1958 for his actions during the war and was
later charged in 1972 when further war crimes allegations arose. He was found
medically unfit to stand trial and was released.
After that, Best was part of a network that helped old SS comrades. He died in Mülheim, North
Rhine-Westphalia, in 1989.
| nikolaus klaus barbie |
From which popular musical do we get the songs ‘The Impossible Dream’ and ‘Dulcinea’? | Klaus Barbie, the Butcher of Lyon! - The German Occupation of Europe http://www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
Klaus Barbie age 16
Nikolaus Klaus Barbie was born on the 25 October 1913 in Bad Godesberg a small town next to the Rhine, south of Bonn Germany. His father also called Nikolaus who was an office worker then a primary school teacher at the Noder school, where the younger Barbie was also a pupil.
Barbie’s father fought in the First World War where he was wounded at Verdun, hit by a bullet in his neck, he returned home a bitter dejected man.
In 1923 Barbie was accepted into the Friedrich – Welhelm grammar school in Trier, he was joined by his family in Trier in 1925 when his father retired and he moved with his wife to where Barbie was studying.
In 1933 Barbie’s father and younger brother died and a year later he passed his graduation exams but with no money to continue his studies he became attracted to Nazism, and he volunteered for a six month stint in a Nazi Party voluntary work camp in Schleswig- Holstein.
On the 26 September 1935 Barbie joined the SS, membership number 272, 284 and eventually joined the SD (Sicherheitsdienst – Security Service) arm of the SS.
Klaus Barbie as an SS officer
His first attachment was in Berlin, as an assistant in department IV –D of the SD main office and within weeks he was posted to police headquarters in the Alexanderplatz to start training as an investigator and interrogator, which he was to put into brutal effect during the Second World War.
After service in the Berlin vice squad he was transferred to Dusseldorf and in 1937 after joining the Nazi Party, and graduated from the SD school at Bernau and was sent to an exclusive leadership course in Berlin Charlottenburg. For three months from September 1938 he served with the 39th Infantry Regiment before returning to Charlottenburg for his final training and exams.
On 20 April 1940 he graduated and was promoted to SS –Untersturmfuhrer and five days later he married Regine Willms, a stocky twenty-three year old daughter of a postal worker from Osburg. Almost immediately after the wedding Barbie rejoined his SD detachment and was part of von Runstedt’s army invading the Low Countries and France.
Barbie was officially posted to Holland on the 29 May 1940, Barbie’s SD unit was under the direct command of Willy Lages, the SD commander in the Hague, and his unit was shortly afterwards transferred to the Zentralstelle in Amsterdam, the “Central Bureau for Jewish Emigration.” Barbie’s responsibilities included rounding up German émigrés, freemasons and Jews.
On the 12 February 1941, the German authorities used the death of a Dutch Nazi, Hendrik Koot killed in a fight with Dutch dockworkers, as a pretext to seal off the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam.
Abraham Asscher & David Cohen on right
On 19 February 1941 an SD raid in Amsterdam entered a tavern called Koco, run by Jewish refugees from Germany, Cahn and Kohn. In the tavern, a protective device which Cahn had installed, an ammonia flash went off by accident, spaying the Germans with ammonia.
The SD raid was commanded by Klaus Barbie and after some violence everyone inside was arrested and three days later, as a reprisal for his act of “resistance” , the SS raided the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam, seized 425 Jews, most of them young men.
They were assembled on the Jonas Daniel –Meyer –plein subjected them to beatings and abuse and then on 27 February 1941 deported 389 of them to Buchenwald concentration camp and after two months 361 of them were deported to Mauthausen concentration camp and certain death.
The arrests were followed by a general strike, Barbie was ordered to execute Cahn and his associates, who had been condemned to death. Barbie was put in charge of the execution squad.
Hotel Terminus in Lyon
“One of the condemned asked to hear an American hit record and then we shot them.” On the 14 May 1941 a bomb was thrown into a Germans officers club in Amsterdam, and the German authorities decided the Jews should suffer as a reprisal.
Barbie went to the offices of the Jewish Council in Amsterdam met Abraham Asscher and David Cohen and Barbie tricked them into providing a list of 300 Jewish young men, on the basis they could return to the training camp and complete their apprenticeships. Asscher and Cohen were summonsed to see SD Commander Lages room and were told the boys had been arrested as a reprisal for the bomb attack.
Asscher and Cohen were taken out of the building past those Jewish boys who had been arrested. All the Jews were deported to Mauthausen concentration camp where they all died before the end of the year. Just days after this coup, Barbie’s daughter, Ute Regine, was born in Trier.
After a brief spell on the Eastern Front in the spring of 1942 he was recalled to Berlin to the French town of Gex, which is located on the border with Switzerland to carry out a kidnap attempt which never materialised. On the 11 November 1942 the German army crossed the demarcation line into the Vichy zone, and Barbie arrived in Lyons as head of the Gestapo.
The first SD commander for Lyons and the region was Rolf Muller, but he was transferred in early 1943 to Marseille. His position was filled temporarily by Fritz Hollert, who was replaced in the summer by Dr Werner Knab, a thirty-four year old lawyer born in Munich. Knab arrived directly from Kiev in Russia, where he had commanded the areas SS and SD forces.
During his time in Kiev he was responsible for the murders of countless Jews, and gypsies and communists, anyone the Nazis thought inferior, and he arrived in Lyons without any feelings for human life. He spoke both French and English and was completely dedicated to the course.
The Gestapo eventually selected the Hotel Terminus next to Perrache railway station until June 1943 when they moved into the vast Ecole de Sante Militaire on the Avenue Berholet.
Section IV, the Gestapo, was headed by Barbie, he divided his own department into six sub-sections specialising in:
Initially approximately twenty-five German officers worked directly under him. His leadership was efficient, dynamic and totally uncompromising.
On the 7 June 1943 Rene Hardy code-named “Didot,” head of the Resistance’s railway sabotage, boarded a train bound for Paris at the Perrache railway station in Lyons. His journey was cut short when he was arrested by the Gestapo eighty miles further on at Chalons –sur- Saone.
Two weeks after Hardy was arrested resistance leader Jean Moulin was captured at a resistance meeting in a doctor’s surgery in a big villa in Caluire, a suburb of Lyons and arrested by Barbie and died soon after that. The part played by Hardy in the betrayal and arrest of Jean Moulin, is still the matter of bitter dispute.
During the interrogations at the Ecole de Sante, someone revealed Moulin’s true identity, and he was brought from Montluc prison to the Gestapo headquarters for his first interrogation with Klaus Barbie.
Christian Pineau, the unofficial prison barber was ordered to shave Jean Moulin who was stretched out motionless on a bench:
“He had lost consciousness; his eyes were hollowed as if they were buried in his head. He had an ugly bluish
wound on his temple. A low moan escaped from his swollen lips. There was no doubt that he had been tortured by the Gestapo. Seeing me hesitate, the officer said again, “Shave him!” I asked for some soap and water.
A telegram from the German security police (SD) regarding the deportation of a Jewish home for children in Lyon to the Drancy camp in Paris
The officer brought some and then went away. Slowly I tried to shave him, trying not to touch the swollen parts of his face. I couldn’t understand why they wanted to put on this macabre performance for a dying man. When I’d finished I just sat next to him. Suddenly Moulin asked for some water.
I gave him a drink, then he spoke in a croaking voice a few words in English which I didn’t understand. Soon after he lost consciousness, I just sat with him, a sort of “death watch” until I was taken back to my cell.”
Gottlieb Fuchs the official interpreter of the Lyons Gestapo claimed that on the 25 June 1943 he witnessed Barbie drag a lifeless body down the steps to a basement in the Ecole de Sante. Fuchs later discovered that this victim was Moulin.
The Gestapo in the Avenue Foch in Paris ordered that all those arrested in Lyons should be brought to Paris for further investigations. Moulin was taken by Barbie at the end of June 1943. Moulin was taken to a large villa in Neuilly which had been requisitioned by General Bomelberg, the head of the Gestapo in France, and interrogated at the Avenue Foch.
On the 7 July an unconscious body on a stretcher was placed on a military train bound for Frankfurt-am –Main, Germany. Moulin was dead on arrival. Two days later the body was brought back to Paris and cremated at Pere Lachaise.
Barbie returned to Lyons and Raymond Aubrac one of those arrested in Caluire still remained in his care, and Barbie tortured him with unbridled ferocity. Aubrac recalled:
“Looking back, I sometimes even think that he wasn’t that interested in getting any information. Fundamentally he was a sadist who enjoyed causing pain and proving his power. He had an extraordinary fund of violence. Coshes, clubs and whips lay on his desk and he used them a lot.
Contrary to what some others say, he wasn’t even a good policeman, because he never got any information out of me. Not even my identity, or that I was Jewish.” Raymond Aubrac was rescued by members of the Resistance recruited by his courageous wife Lucie and they were both able to escape to England.
On the 30 March 1944 Lisa Lesevere was arrested carrying a letter addressed to man called “Didier” a low ranking resistance member responsible for dead letterboxes.
Brought before Barbie, the brutal Gestapo chief asked her to give him the real name of “Didier.” Lesevere pretended not to understand, thus Barbie began hitting the young woman and then summoned four assistants, including the infamous “Gueule Tordue”. This was Francois Andre an ex-communist, whose face had been deformed in a road accident, his mouth was twisted into the shape of a gaping wound.
Lesevere was hung from the ceiling by her wrists and beaten. The following day she was undressed, beaten and pushed into a bath. She fainted was revived by a doctor, to find Barbie and his agents laughing and offering a drink as if nothing had happened.
For nineteen days, the torture sessions continued. When her tortures temporarily ceased, she was forced to watch others suffer, including her own fifteen-year old son, whom Barbie had discovered. His parting words to his mother were, “Don’t forget that I am very soft.”
As the brutalities intensified, so did her resolve against divulging anything. But then after a mock execution, Barbie revealed that another girl from her own network had betrayed her.
Lesevere was tied, stomach- down onto an upturned chair, and “Gueule Tordue” began hitting her with a spiked ball hung from a cosh. Her vertebral column was broken and she fainted. Her first image, when she awoke, lying on the floor, were the legs of a young girl and the sound of her playing Chopin’s “L’Heroique” on the piano. Barbie leaned over her, stroking her hands.
“What you have done is magnificent, my dear. Nobody has held out as long as you. It’s nearly over now. I’m very upset. But let’s finish. Go on, a little effort. Who is “Didier?”
Lesevere said nothing. Hitting her on the face, Barbie shouted, “I don’t want to see this stupid young woman anymore. Get rid of her!” On the 6 April 1944 a squad of a dozen German soldiers led by Gestapo officers and milice drove from Lyons to the tiny and isolated village of Izieu.
Local milice had allegedly heard from Henri Bourdon, a local farmer, that for the past year the village’s largest house had been used as a school and refuge for Jewish children, aged from three to fourteen.
The school’s director Miron Zlatin was told by the Germans that the children were to be evacuated for their own safety. Fearing the worst he tried to dissuade the Gestapo officers from taking the children, having failed he told the children to pack their belongings and climb into the waiting lorries.
There is no reliable confirmation that Barbie was present when the home at Izieu, but his involvement in the subsequent deportation is beyond doubt:
At 8.10 that evening, a telex signed personally by Barbie was sent to Gestapo headquarters in Paris:
The Jewish children’s home in Izieu (Ain) was closed down this morning. A total of 41 children aged 3 to 13 were arrested. Additionally, all the Jewish personnel – comprising ten people, including five women – were also arrested.
-Signed: Barbie
After leaving France Barbie returned to Germany and was posted to Halle, for front-line service. He fled the fighting and went to Berlin and then onto Dusseldorf.
Barbie himself recalled how the war ended for him:
“My war ended in Wuppertal. We turned a garage into a stronghold. Nearby were two trucks loaded with civilian clothes for the Werewolf’s (the abortive German resistance movement). But no one had made any plans to continue the fight underground, probably because no one thought that we would lose the war. So I buried my gun.
The four youngsters I was with and myself changed our clothes, got some false papers from the police headquarters and headed off through the forests and pastures towards the Sauerland. It was very hard. From one day to the next, I’d become a beggar.”
His luck ran out and he was arrested at an American roadblock near Hohenlimburg, where he was locked up in a school, but was soon released.
Barbie began working for the CIC in spring 1947, he was protected by American intelligence agents because of his “police skills” and anti-communist zeal – he was successful in penetrating communist cells in post-war Germany.
With the aid of the Americans he fled in 1950 to escape prosecution in France and relocated to Bolivia, South America together with his wife and children.
He lived in Bolivia as a businessman under the name of Klaus Altmann, though he was identified in Bolivia in the early 1970’s by the Nazi hunters Beate and Serge Klarsfeld, it was only in February 1983 that the Bolivian government, after long negotiations, extradited Barbie to France to stand trial for war crimes.
On the 3 July 1987 Klaus Barbie was sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes against humanity. Nine jurors and three judges found Barbie – known as the “Butcher of Lyons” – guilty of the 341 separate charges that were brought against him at the court in Lyon.
The 73-year old former Gestapo chief was accused of deporting 842 people – mainly Jews – to concentration camps during the Second World War.
Klaus Barbie died of cancer in prison on the 25 September 1991.
| i don't know |
What is the given name of the daughter born to Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise? | Katie Holmes & Tom Cruise's Baby: A 'Blue-Eyed Beauty'
Katie Holmes & Tom Cruise's Baby: A 'Blue-Eyed Beauty'
Email
Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise “joyously welcomed the arrival of a baby girl, Suri, today,” Cruise’s rep said in a statement after PEOPLE first broke the news Tuesday afternoon.
“The child weighed 7 pounds, 7 ounces and was 20 inches in length. Both mother and daughter are doing well.”
Suri was born in an L.A.-area hospital – just down the hall from where Brooke Shields gave birth to her daughter Grier on the same day.
The birth went so smoothly that Holmes left the hospital within 24 hours. Holmes, Cruise and baby Suri are back home now and doing well.
Suri “has lots and lots of dark hair and big, blue eyes,” says a source close to Holmes’s family. “She’s going to be a beautiful baby.”
Adds Cruise’s friend Kirstie Alley: “Tom does everything 150 percent, and fatherhood he does 300 percent. They’re going to have a great kid.”
The name Suri has its origins in Hebrew meaning “princess,” or in Persian meaning “red rose.”
Last October, barely six months into their romance, an ecstatic Cruise and Holmes revealed that they were expectant parents.
Cruise, 43, and Holmes, 27, had made no secret of their desire to start a family together: When asked by PEOPLE last June if they were planning to have children, Holmes smiled and said simply, “Yes.”
Friends of the Toledo, Ohio-bred Holmes called her perfectly suited to her upcoming role. “She almost seems born for motherhood,” said Oliver Hudson, actress Kate Hudson’s brother and an old pal who costarred with Holmes in Dawson’s Creek. “She’s a nurturer. She’s got mother qualities a lot of girls her age don’t have.”
Cruise, meanwhile, is “a great dad already,” according to his pal, actress Leah Remini. He has two children from his marriage to Nicole Kidman: Isabella, 13, and Connor, 11, whom Cruise and Kidman adopted as infants. Remini told PEOPLE that both kids are “so cool You can sit and talk to them about life.”
As for marriage, Cruise and Holmes plan to tie the knot soon, Cruise said on the German TV program Wetten, dass..? on April 1. “In summer we want to get married. I won’t let this woman get away.”
Immediately ahead for the new dad: the May 5 release of Mission: Impossible 3. Holmes stars in the recently released satirical film about Washington politics, Thank You for Smoking.
For more details, pick up this week’s issue of PEOPLE, on newsstands Friday.
Show Full Article
| Suri |
Which former Playboy model was the subject of an opera by Mark-Anthony Turnage? | Suri Cruise Turns 10: How the World of Celebrity-Kid Worship & Scrutiny Has Changed Since Katie Holmes & Tom Cruise's Daughter Was Born | E! News
Brazil
Press Enter to Search
Suri Cruise Turns 10: How the World of Celebrity-Kid Worship & Scrutiny Has Changed Since Katie Holmes & Tom Cruise's Daughter Was Born
By
Theo Wargo/Getty Images for Global Citizen
They grow up so fast…
Suri Cruise is turning 10 today, despite the fact that we just saw the first baby photo of Katie Holmes ' mini-me yesterday.
At least, it seems as if it was only yesterday.
But no, that was in 2006—and we're not only in the middle of a whole new decade, we're also in the middle of a completely new era in the relationship that the media (and through them, the world at large) have with the offspring of the rich and famous.
PHOTOS: Stars & Their Mini-Me Kids
In her 10 years, Suri has seen it all (without even knowing it, which is all the better for her), as the nature of celebrity-kid worship—and scrutiny—ramped up to all new levels after her birth before entering a new, quieter yet still tricky phase thanks to social media, revamped laws and the general phasing out of certain practices that, in hindsight, were of their time and not of the future.
Suri Cruise, first name meaning "the sun" in Sanskrit and "rose" in Persian, was born on April 18, 2006, to perhaps the most talked-about couple ever at the time, Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes. So life wasn't going to be exactly normal for the girl.
And even her famous parents couldn't have known that Suri's arrival would coincide with the birth of the real 24/7 news cycle—not the TV version dreamed up by CNN, but the fervid, cameras-everywhere, we-know-you're-getting-arrested-before-you-do business that TMZ ushered in when it launched in November 2005.
But Suri was born while the non-stop coverage was more about Paris Hilton and Britney Spears , so she remained merely talked about for four and a half months until the world got its first glimpse of her on the October 2006 cover of Vanity Fair—the Annie Leibovitz-shot homage to Paul and Linda McCartney's famous baby-in-the-jacket pic also serving as brand-new CBS Evening News anchor Katie Couric 's first big get.
Annie Leibovitz/Vanity Fair
And the fact that the first pic of Suri was indeed a major get for a broadcast network's flagship newscast meant plenty.
PHOTOS: Top Celebrity Baby Photo Reveals!
After the carefully choreographed unveiling, however, Suri became not just another celebrity kid whose picture was worth a thousand words and even more money, but for years she was the celebrity kid. The craving for more and more news about everybody, from A-lister to no-lister, naturally spilled over into the celeb kid arena—it was a free-for-all as to who got followed around and when, tender age be damned. With so much product available, more than ever before, no one was quite sure what to do with it all—so more often than not, almost everything ended up online.
Tony Barson/WireImage.com
Katie and Tom's divorce, in 2012, only served to boost interest in every move that mother and daughter made as they split their time between New York and Los Angeles.
But while Katie Holmes somehow managed to meet the hordes of paparazzi that seemingly lay in wait for them wherever they went with a fair amount of grace, and Suri continued to be the object of ever so much fascination, the times were starting to a-change.
While the Suri situation seemed to reach a new low in July 2013 when the 7-year-old told a man identified as a professional autograph seeker to "stop it" and "get out of the way" as she and her mom were navigating through a phalanx of paps as they tried to get into their car—and the guy was heard on video calling the child the b-word—famous kids all over were experiencing similar (and worse) issues with the paparazzi on a daily basis.
PHOTOS: Celeb Kids Who Model
"My daughter doesn't want to go to school because she knows ‘the men' are watching for her," Halle Berry testified before the California Assembly Committee on Public Safety about a month before the aforementioned Suri incident, part of an ultimately successful effort spearheaded by Berry and Jennifer Garner to expand an existing harassment law to protect children from the paparazzi's increased brazenness.
On a family trip to Hawaii, Berry continued, photographers tried to pick a fight with her then-fiancé Olivier Martinez , prompting daughter Nahla to later ask, '"Mommy, are they going to kill us?'
"She didn't get to sleep until 3 a.m. because she can't get this out of her mind, and she doesn't understand what just happened to her."
AP Photo/Rich Pedroncelli
The anti-paparazzi bill was passed and signed into law by California Gov. Jerry Brown in September 2013.
Just last month, Garner, who also testified in Sacramento, told Dr. Mehmet Oz how her youngest child, son Samuel, "hates" the paparazzi —and always did.
When the now 4-year-old sees photographers, according to his mom, he says, '"I don't like that. There are two things I don't like, Mom. I don't like cameras. I don't like men with cameras and I don't like being laughed at. I don't like if I feel like you're laughing at me.'" (Garner would explain to him that she's not laughing at him, she just can't help but be charmed by his seriousness.)
PHOTOS: What the stars wore to the 2016 Kids' Choice Awards
AKM-GSI
Overall, she said that the 2013 legislation "has made things better." At the time, though, Garner said she considered leaving California , it had gotten so bad.
Despite the stricter law, though, there were still countless opportunities for paparazzi to snap pics of celebrity kids in a technically legal fashion. And that didn't sit well with Kristen Bell and Dax Shepard, new parents at the time to daughter Lincoln.
Jason Merritt/Getty Images
Instead of taking the issue up with a higher power (i.e. the courts or legislature), however, Bell and Shepard made their case in the press and on social media for a big change as to how things were done when it came to famous people's kids.
The unlikely crusaders didn't try to take down the paparazzi directly, but rather they were determined to take down the market for their wares. And, well… They did. In February 2014, a number of entertainment publications agreed to stop posting photos and videos of celeb kids that weren't taken on red carpets or at official public events, or otherwise permitted by their parents or actually posted by them or a guardian on social media.
Not everyone got on board, but who did and who didn't was perfectly telling.
PHOTOS: Kristen Bell's pregnancy style
"Right now, I feel like children need to be left out of it. It's too much to rope them in, they're babies, they don't understand. You cannot be stalking 6-year-olds," Bell told The Huffington Post in March after some sites, including E! News, implemented the new policy. "To me, it's consent. If a parent consents, that's like signing a permission slip. Because I signed up to be an actress, I also signed up to be a parent and I take my role as a mother very seriously and you do not have permission to photograph my daughter. So, if someone gives you permission, that's fine. If a celebrity sets something up, I'm not here to come down on them, but it really should be up to the parent."
And while not all parents are going to choose the cover of a national magazine to show off their babies, moms and dads have managed to wrest back some of the control and devalue the average paparazzi pic in one fell swoop.
CAN SOMEONE PLEASE TEACH ME HOW TO USE INSTAGRAM IT'S SO MUCH PRESSURE TO TAKE PICTURES ALL DAY
A photo posted by Zoe Saldana (@zoesaldana) on
Mar 16, 2016 at 5:38pm PDT
"I just don't want, 16 years from now, to get that 'you are so disrespectful, you invaded, you exposed me, I wasn't ready' [from her kids]," the actress explained her calculated photography process to E! News . "I don't want to have that conversation. Even though they're babies and they're under our care, it's still their face. So right now they're not in the position to speak for themselves, to make a decision as bold as to be exposed that way—so I don't want to make it for them."
Then there are the celeb kids who are already naturals in front of the camera, Jessica Simpson 's daughter, Maxwell , coming to mind, as well as Mariah Carey 's twins, Monroe and Moroccan.
A photo posted by Jessica Simpson (@jessicasimpson) on
Mar 16, 2016 at 8:34pm PDT
But the best part about the "new" way of things (which isn't really new anymore but wasn't even in existence when Miss Suri was born) is that the parents get to choose what works for them. If they're into posting pics, cool. If not, cool.
Katie Holmes has an Instagram account, but it's predominantly a kids-free zone, the Ray Donovan actress perhaps feeling that the world was treated to enough pics of her daughter back in the day. Not that she's been taking inordinate steps to keep Suri away from the public eye, either, a mother-daughter meet-and-greet with Hillary and Chelsea Clinton having made the Instagram cut along with a few other pics here and there, but no one could blame Katie for being warier than some about how much public exposure her still only 10-year-old child receives.
A photo posted by Katie Holmes (@katieholmes212) on
Dec 17, 2015 at 2:53pm PST
And being able to post pics at her own pace on Instagram must be a nice change from the marketplace paying top dollar for any and all pics of Suri.
Meanwhile, Jennifer Garner isn't on social media, and Halle Berry just joined Instagram. So far in the kid department, she has shared an adorable video of her children (but only their feet) dancing in honor of National Siblings Day, as well as a shot of son Maceo's teeny shoes.
A photo posted by Halle Berry (@halleberry) on
Apr 4, 2016 at 9:03am PDT
Ten years from now we'll be marveling at the new ways we see images and get our news, and there will be a bunch of new kids that haven't yet been born, plus celebs who'll have made a splash whom we can't yet imagine wanting to know about—though we will.
Instagram
But what we do know is that during Suri Cruise's first 10 years, the amount of coverage of celebrity kids hit an all-time high, enough to prompt an industry-wide reevaluation of what makes the news and what doesn't. Most famous parents have come to terms with being objects of constant fascination, but it's easier to choose now than it was just a few years ago whether their children come along for the ride.
The power is back in their hands—right alongside their smart phones.
Brazil
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our US edition?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Canadian edition?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our UK edition?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Australian edition?
E! ist überall
Dieser Inhalt ist für internationale Besucher verfügbar. Möchtest du ihn in der deutschen Version anschauen?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our German edition?
E! est partout
Une version adaptée de ce contenu est disponible pour notre public international. Souhaitez-vous voir ça dans notre édition française ?
E! Is Everywhere
This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our French edition?
Yes!
| i don't know |
During a Papal visit, which nation observed Good Friday for the first time in 50 years? | Cubans Get Good Friday Holiday for the First Time in More Than 50 Years | ncregister.com
Pope Benedict XVI and Cuban President Raul Castro speak during a farewell ceremony as the Pope leaves Cuba after a three day visit on March 28. (Sven Creutzmann-Pool/Getty Images)
Apr. 6, 2012
Cubans Get Good Friday Holiday for the First Time in More Than 50 Years
Pope Benedict’s pilgrimage brought the change, but will it be permanent?
VICTOR GAETAN
In Cuba, today is the first Good Friday being celebrated as a national holiday in over 50 years, thanks to Pope Benedict XVI.
As a result of the Pope’s request to the Cuban regime when he met President Raul Castro last week in Havana, the government has declared a day off for the solemnity that marks Christ’s crucifixion, explaining in a statement that the decision honors the Pope’s “transcendental visit.”
Cuba’s Council of Ministers, its highest governing body, will decide whether to make the day a permanent holiday in the future.
The Vatican spokesman, Jesuit Father Federico Lombardi, considers this news “a very positive sign.”
“The Holy See hopes that this will promote participation in religious celebrations and happy Easter holidays, and that even after the visit of the Holy Father, continue to bear the desired fruits for the good of the Church and of all Cubans,” Father Lombardi observed in a statement .
Not positive were revelations of extensive human-rights abuses committed by the Cuban regime during and after Pope Benedict’s three-day pilgrimage.
On April 4, the independent Cuban Human Rights and National Reconciliation Commission confirmed that at least 43 government critics were arrested following the Pope’s visit and remain in jail.
Commission leader Elizardo Sanchez described a “wave of repression” initiated by Cuban secret police that began during the Pope’s visit when hundreds of regime opponents were jailed or put under house arrest to prevent them from participating in the Pope’s public appearances.
State Department spokesman Mark Toner said, “We call upon the Cuban government to release all peaceful civil society activists immediately.
“We particularly condemn that most of these arrests took place during the Pope’s visit and with the aim of preventing those arrested from attending public Masses that the Pope officiated.”
According to the Voice of America (VOA), Cuban citizens, ranging from artists to bloggers to priests, were harassed while Pope Benedict was on the island.
VOA reporter Jerome Socolovsky attended an informal meeting of some of the individuals who were targeted, Including a Catholic priest from Santiago de Cuba, Father Jose Conrado Rodriguez.
Father Rodriguez described how his house was surrounded by police who were determined to keep him away from the papal Mass.
"In the Church, whoever prevents a priest or ordinary Christian from directly communicating with the Holy Father commits a grave offense," he said. He offered to share similar experiences with the papal nuncio.
According to one member of the entourage from Italy traveling with Pope Benedict, the Pope himself was aware of the tensions in Cuba.
Describing Pope Benedict as an “extraordinarily sensitive man, especially where matters of worship are concerned,” this source, who asked not to be named, said the Pope certainly felt the difference between the response of the jubilant Mexican faithful and the people in Cuba who were “curious but cautious,” possibly because many were instructed to attend Mass by their government employers.
Writing in The Miami Herald , political analyst Carlos Alberto Montaner consulted “ecclesiastical sources” and concluded that the Vatican is well aware of the crackdown on the island, noting, as well, a division among Catholic priests between those who favor more coordination with the Castro regime and those who favor more confrontational tactics to gain freedom.
‘Curiosity Is Killing Us’
Where there is no dispute regarding the value of the Pope’s visit to Cuba is among American pilgrims who participated in the historical event: There are hundreds of wonderful stories from pilgrims whose souls were touched by the experience.
Manny Garcia-Tuñon, vice president of Miami-based Lemartec Construction and a commentator on Univision Spanish TV, was one of two Miami parishioners selected to receive holy Communion from Pope Benedict in Santiago de Cuba.
“It was a tremendous blessing and honor from the Vicar of Christ,” Garcia-Tuñon told the Register. “I quickly reminded myself that I could be receiving Communion from any Eucharistic minister, and it is still the real presence of Christ; that’s what’s most important.”
He continued, “But what made the experience especially powerful was being in Cuba. The altar was on a very high platform. When I started walking down the steps, I walked slowly, and I saw a sea of people worshipping the Eucharist.”
“Not only had I just received Communion from the Holy Father, but I was in Cuba for a Mass. Cuba was an atheist country, but communism lost the faith battle. The Church won. This is the most amazing reality.”
Garcia-Tuñon is a third-generation Cuban-American, the first generation born in the United States. His wife, Helin, who accompanied Manny on the pilgrimage, is also a Cuban-American Catholic, born in Miami.
“The topic of Cuba has so many raw emotions connected to it in Miami. There is an unwritten understanding among my generation to respect our elders and not travel to Cuba while the communists are in power, but curiosity is killing us, so the Holy Father’s visit allowed us to say: I will go for the Church. Only for this,” explained Garcia-Tuñon, who wrote about the experience on his blog .
Garcia-Tuñon played guitar for a Mass offered by Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski in the Havana Cathedral on March 27, while Pope Benedict met with President Raul Castro.
Archbishop Wenski received a standing ovation following his homily, delivered in Spanish, in which he repeated many of the Pope’s key messages including: “Ideological materialism, represented in this country and in those countries of what was the Eastern bloc, denied man's transcendence; it denied that that human person was created for more than just to die one day. As the Pope observed on his flight to Mexico, Marxism is a spent ideology.”
The archbishop added, “To people intoxicated with the love of power, the Church witnesses to hope by sharing with the world, and with the Cuban people, the power of love.”
Ana Rodriguez-Soto, editor of The Florida Catholic’s Miami edition, was in the cathedral for the archbishop’s Mass. She pointed out that regular Cubans were in the Church as well as the American pilgrims.
“I think the applause came not just because the American pilgrims were so grateful for all the work the archbishop devoted to organizing this pilgrimage” for two plane loads of Miami Catholics, but also because the Church’s message “really does resonate with the Cuban people.”
Although she was not able to file one story from the island because the Internet was “unreliable,” Rodriguez-Soto wrote a series of blogs about the trip , documenting personal tales. “Three hundred pilgrims, 300 stories,” she summarized.
Speaking about the Cuban-American pilgrims, Archbishop Wenski told The Miami Herald, “I think they’ve found the experience to be a very healing one for them.”
For Manny Garcia-Tuñon, the experience also revealed to him how much damage has been done to people who have been forced to become dependent on government.
He asked a taxi driver if he was now an owner as a result of marginal economic reforms introduced by the government allowing some private enterprise. The driver reported yes; he now owns two cabs and has seven employees, so what he had been doing illegally was finally legal.
Recalled Garcia-Tuñon, ”Then the driver told me, ‘The only thing we need in Cuba, at this point, is to let people travel.’ That was enough for him. He does not know how to be free. He thinks all he needs is the right to travel, but, otherwise, the government can still do what it wants.”
The driver had adopted the Cuban government’s message that gradual economic reform is satisfactory.
As Ana Rodriguez-Soto noted, the most common refrain in Cuba is: "No es facil" (It’s not easy). And political change, which the regime insists is unnecessary, will certainly not be easy.
Oswaldo Paya, a well-respected Catholic Cuban who has bravely opposed the Castros, told the Register: “The gradual approach makes sense only if there are transparent prospects of freedom and rights. We Cubans have a right to our rights. Then the diaspora will cease being a diaspora because all Cubans will have rights in their own free and sovereign country.”
Paya made it to the papal Mass in Havana. He said receiving the Pope’s blessing, even from afar, gave him renewed strength.
Register correspondent Victor Gaetan writes from Washington.
He received the 2011 Catholic Press Association’s top award for a Register series on Cuba.
| Cuba |
Which author of ‘Jonathon Livingston Seagull’ was injured, ironically, in a flying accident? | John Boehner creates mini-army to manage papal visit - CNNPolitics.com
John Boehner creates mini-army to manage papal visit
By Deirdre Walsh , CNN Senior Congressional Producer
Updated 4:35 PM ET, Tue September 15, 2015
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
JUST WATCHED
John Boehner created a bipartisan group of congressional staffers to help with logistics for papal visit
Boehner to CNN: "The response to the Pope's visit has been overwhelming"
Watch the Republican presidential debates at 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. ET this Wednesday live on CNN and CNNgo , and join the conversation at #CNNDebate.
Washington (CNN)
House Speaker John Boehner realized that managing the massive crowd descending on the Capitol grounds for Pope Francis' visit will require a small army -- so he created one.
When Francis makes the first papal visit to Congress next Thursday, this mini-army -- the first-ever volunteer force of over 100 House and Senate aides -- will provide far more help than the ordinary mix of security, administrative and events staff that typically coordinate a visit from a world later. The "special events reps" will wear green, Boehner's favorite color and the liturgical color of this season in the Catholic Church, and serve as the face of Congress, guiding visitors to spots to view the speech, answering questions about etiquette, and supporting security personnel.
At a time when Republicans and Democrats are at loggerheads over virtually everything -- the federal government could close at the end of the month unless the parties reach an agreement -- the pope's visit is one of the rare occasions where adversaries on Capitol Hill are coming together.
"The response to the Pope's visit has been overwhelming, not only from the public, but from the people who work in and around the Capitol every day," Boehner said in a written statement to CNN.
READ: Pope Francis' schedule for U.S., Cuba
Read More
He added, "To ensure as many people as possible can participate in this historic day, we created the first ever group for Capitol Hill staff to help welcome and assist our 50,000 visitors. This bipartisan group plays a key role to ensure our visitors have the best experience during their time at the Capitol."
Photos: Pope Francis
Photos: Pope Francis
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, left, reads aloud words engraved on a pen as he meets with Pope Francis at the Vatican, Friday, December 16. The words "The bullets have written our past, education will write our future" are engraved on the pen, made from a recycled bullet once used in the civil war between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The pen was later used to sign the peace agreements between the parties earlier this year. Santos, who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the region's longest-running conflict, presented Pope Francis with the pen.
Hide Caption
43 of 44
Photos: Pope Francis
Francis, formerly known as Argentine Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, was elected the Roman Catholic Church's 266th Pope in March 2013. The first pontiff from Latin America was also the first to take the name Francis.
Hide Caption
44 of 44
Beth Zentmeyer, Boehner's head of protocol and special projects, is coordinating the group. CNN got exclusive behind the scenes view of training sessions for the new venture, where the aides learned about security issues and logistics.
The project is win-win for the Speaker's office. They don't have the manpower to tackle the volume of visitors for the pontiff's appearance, so they get the help of extra bodies they can station around the campus. They also expand their reach to staffers who work outside of leadership, who may be willing to sign on to future ceremonies.
Zentmeyer, a former State Department veteran, and her team regularly orchestrate high profile events, but the scale of the Pope's visit to the Capitol meant thinking outside the box. Back in March, they oversaw the controversial visit from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, which had members fielding unprecedented interest for tickets to sit inside the House chamber for a fiery speech. But those guests were contained inside the building.
For Pope Francis' visit, Boehner dramatically expanded the audience and footprint for the event, inviting people to watch the speech on the West Front lawn. His office launched this program to recruit and train a cadre of permanent congressional aides -- no interns allowed -- to manage this outdoor area.
Jumbotrons will be set up to broadcast Francis' speech for those who secured the coveted passes from House and Senate offices for the standing room area outside. Each House office was allocated 50 tickets, and each Senate office gets 200 tickets. Members of Congress were also given one ticket per office for seats in an area on the terrace just below the balcony. This is the same area used every four years to erect a platform for the inauguration of the president. Many offices have struggled with decisions about how to handle the massive demand for these tickets. Many set up online lotteries so they wouldn't have to sift through reams of requests.
OPINION: Pope Francis and Donald Trump: Two kinds of power
After the Pope finishes his address inside the House chamber, he will walk with Boehner out onto the Speaker's Balcony on the second floor of the Capitol, which overlooks the West Front. Beyond the official campus of the Capitol, tens of thousands more are likely to line up on the National Mall.
The Speaker's staff and officials from the U.S. Capitol Police and other partner offices conducted a dry run last week to help volunteers understand what to expect and the best spots to catch a glimpse of the pontiff. The group was given instructions on how to field questions about where people could stand, where they could find medical assistance, restrooms, and security checkpoints.
As these aides walked the large perimeter outside the Capitol, they received some practical advice on how to survive the long day and manage expectations from people who will be waiting outside for as long as four of five hours.
"Wear comfortable shoes," Zentmeyer told the aides.
"No one is guaranteed a line of sight," David Hauck, who handles arrangements for disabled for the Accessibility Services office at the Capitol, warned.
These volunteers vary in age and seniority -- from young staff assistants to veteran chiefs of staff, committee aides, and IT personnel from administrative offices. Each one was required to get clearance from their supervisors and will report to positions around the Capitol at 4 a.m. on Thursday to greet guests. A Marine Band will perform as the group ushers to positions where they hope to get a clear view and snap a picture of the scene -- but they were reminded that strict security rules mean no selfie sticks allowed.
"Just look behind you," Zentmeyer said as she stood at the edge of the National Mall looking back at the Capitol, telling the group. "This is a big space, which is why all of you are so important."
The staffers asked about helping lost children find parents, assisting those in wheelchairs, and whether they needed to provide water. They were reminded to dress in green so the people could easily identify them as official staff.
But Zentmeyer also emphasized that signing up for the Boehner experiment was a form of professional development, telling them they were getting a crash course in "protocol, international relations and special events."
| i don't know |
Which Scandinavian retailer air-brushed women from the Saudi edition of its catalogue? | No girls allowed: Women airbrushed out of IKEA’s Saudi Arabian catalogue — RT News
Tags Human rights , Photography , Saudi Arabia
The pictures in the Saudi catalogue display the same interiors and products, but no women.
While international versions of the same catalogue featured four designers on the cover, there are only three in the Saudi edition – the female designer was airbrushed out of the picture.
Photo: Ikea
One of the pictures showed a mother in front of a bathroom mirror alongside her family, but the Saudi edition removed the mother. In another picture, a barefoot woman with earrings was replaced by a man in black socks.
Sweden's Minister of Trade Ewa Björling argued that the retouched images are a "sad example that shows that there is a long way to go in terms of equality between men and women in Saudi Arabia."
"Women cannot be retouched away in reality. If Saudi Arabia does not allow women to appear [in public] or work, they lose about half their intellectual capital," she told Swedish newspaper Metro.
IKEA spokesperson Ylva Magnusson told German press agency dpa that the catalogue was designed by an external franchise owner that operates IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia.
Women's in Saudi Arabia live under strict Islamic law, and are forbidden from behavior that is common in Western cultures. The Gulf kingdom is the only country in the world that prohibits women from driving. Women there are also not allowed to vote, and must also have permission from a man to work, travel or open a bank account.
This year, Saudi Arabia bowed to pressure from the International Olympic Committee and human rights organizations and allowed two female athletes to participate in London 2012 Olympic Games.
Photo: Ikea
| IKEA |
Angus Jones apologised for urging viewers not to watch which TV show in which he stars? | IKEA deletes women from Saudi catalog; draws criticism (+video) - CSMonitor.com
IKEA deletes women from Saudi catalog; draws criticism (+video)
Latest News
IKEA, the Swedish furniture retailer, is drawing fire for deleting images of women from the Saudi version of its catalog, a move that IKEA says it regrets.
By Karl Ritter, Associated Press
October 1, 2012
The Monday Oct. 1 2012 issue of daily Metro fronted with two images from Swedish and Saudi Arabian IKEA catalogue for next year. IKEA is being criticized for deleting images of women from the Saudi version of its furniture catalogue.
Henrik Montgomery/Scanpix Sweden/AP/File
View Caption
of
Stockholm — Ikea is being criticized for deleting images of women from the Saudi version of its furniture catalog, a move the company says it regrets.
Comparing the Swedish and Saudi versions of the catalog, free newspaper Metro on Monday showed that women had been airbrushed out of otherwise identical pictures showcasing the company's home furnishings.
The report raised questions in Sweden about Ikea's commitment to gender equality, and the company released a statement expressing "regret" over the issue.
Photos of the Day Photos of the Day 01/17
Women appear only infrequently in Saudi-run advertising, mostly on Saudi-owned TV channels that show women in long dresses, scarves covering their hair, and long sleeves. In imported magazines, censors black out many parts of a woman's body including arms, legs, and chest.
When Starbucks opened its coffee shops in the conservative, Muslim kingdom, it removed the alluring, long-haired woman from its logo, keeping only her crown.
Ikea's Saudi catalog, which is also available online, looks the same as other editions of the publication, except for the absence of women.
One picture shows a family apparently getting ready for bed, with a young boy brushing his teeth in the bathroom. However, a pajama-clad woman standing next to the boy is missing from the Saudi version.
Another picture of five women dining has been removed altogether in the Saudi edition.
Swedish equality minister Nyamko Sabuni noted that Ikea is a private company that makes its own decisions, but added that it also projects an image of Sweden around the world.
"For Ikea to remove an important part of Sweden's image and an important part of its values in a country that more than any other needs to know about Ikea's principles and values – that's completely wrong," Sabuni told The Associated Press .
Ikea Group, one of the many branches in the company's complicated corporate structure, said it had produced the catalog for a Saudi franchisee outside the group.
"We are now reviewing our routines to safeguard a correct content presentation from a values point-of-view in the different versions of the IKEA Catalogue worldwide," it said.
Next up
Get the Monitor stories you care about delivered to your inbox.
Daily
| i don't know |
Which Christian Socialist politician became chancellor of Austria in 1932? | Seipel, Ignaz | Article about Seipel, Ignaz by The Free Dictionary
Seipel, Ignaz | Article about Seipel, Ignaz by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Seipel%2c+Ignaz
Also found in: Wikipedia .
Seipel, Ignaz
(ĭg`näts zī`pəl), 1876–1932, Austrian chancellor (1922–24, 1926–29). A Roman Catholic priest, he was elected to the Austrian parliament in 1919 and became leader (1921–29) of the Christian Socialist party. As chancellor he did much to stabilize finances by introducing stringent economies and securing an international loan guaranteed by the League of Nations. His criticism of parliamentary democracy and his support of the Heimwehr, the Austrian fascistic militia, are thought to have paved the way for the quasidictatorial rule of Dollfuss Dollfuss, Engelbert
, 1892–1934, Austrian chancellor. A Christian Socialist, he rose to prominence as leader of the Lower Austrian Farmers' League and became minister of agriculture in 1931.
..... Click the link for more information. and Schuschnigg Schuschnigg, Kurt von
, 1897–1977, Austrian chancellor. He served (1932–34) as minister of justice and education and helped Engelbert Dollfuss repress the Social Democrats and organize the corporative state. After Dollfuss's assassination (1934) he became chancellor.
..... Click the link for more information. .
Bibliography
| Engelbert Dollfuss |
Who is best known for discovering the Earth's magnetosphere? | Engelbert Dollfuss facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Engelbert Dollfuss
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
Engelbert Dollfuss
The Austrian statesman Engelbert Dollfuss (1892-1934) served as chancellor of Austria from 1932 to 1934.
Engelbert Dollfuss was born on Oct. 4, 1892, near Texing, Lower Austria. Trained in law at the University of Vienna and in economics at the University of Berlin, he served as an officer in World War I. After the war he was secretary of the Peasant's Association of Lower Austria and became director of the Lower Austrian Chamber of Agriculture in 1927. In 1930 he was appointed president of the Austrian Federal Railways system because of his association with the Christian Socialist party, and in 1931 he was named minister of agriculture and forests.
On May 20, 1932, Dollfuss became chancellor of Austria, although his government possessed only a one-vote majority in the Nationalrat (lower house of Parliament) and a minority in the Bundesrat (upper house). To strengthen Austria's financial position, Dollfuss obtained a loan of £9 million sterling from the League of Nations in return for an agreement not to enter a customs union with Germany for 20 years, a stipulation which angered pan-German, Nationalist, and Socialist elements in Austria.
Subject to bitter attacks from all sides, Dollfuss suspended Parliament when its three presidents resigned on March 4, 1933, and thereafter ruled by decree. In May he founded the Vaterländische Front to mobilize support for his rule, and it was with this organization that the notorious Heimwehr merged in 1934. The latter was a defense force formed after World War I; it later espoused Italian Fascist principles, became a political party in 1930, and perpetrated acts of terror and violence against its opponents.
To bolster his foreign position and prevent Austria from uniting with Nazi Germany, Dollfuss met Mussolini at Riccione in August 1933 and received a guarantee of Austrian independence at the cost of abolishing all political parties and revising the Austrian constitution along Fascist-corporatist lines. On the prompting of Mussolini, he utilized an outbreak of rioting by leftist elements in February 1934 to destroy the Social Democratic party organization, thus removing Austria's most strongly anti-Nazi force from the scene.
Announcing his wish to order the state according to the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno of Pope Pius XI, Dollfuss proclaimed a new constitution on May 1, 1934, providing for state organization through professional corporations like those in Fascist Italy. The opposition of German and Austrian Nazis to his government only increased, however, as he evidenced his determination to oppose the surrender of Austrian independence. Finally, during an abortive Nazi putsch on July 25, 1934, Nazi agents entered the Chancellery in Vienna and during their brief occupation of the building assassinated Dollfuss.
While Dollfuss's dogged determination to maintain the integrity of Austria made him a martyr, the weakness of his political position coupled with that of his small state forced him to implement the very authoritarian principles antithetical to the Christian ideals articulated in his 1934 constitution and to the continued independence of Austria.
Further Reading
There is not much information on Dollfuss in English. Perhaps the most useful work is Paul R. Sweet, "Mussolini and Dollfuss: An Episode in Fascist Diplomacy," in Julius Braunthal, The Tragedy of Austria (1948).
Additional Sources
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Engelbert Dollfuss (ĕng´əlbĕrt dôl´fŏŏs), 1892–1934, Austrian chancellor. A Christian Socialist, he rose to prominence as leader of the Lower Austrian Farmers' League and became minister of agriculture in 1931. Appointed chancellor in 1932, he obtained a badly needed international loan in return for a renewal of the pledge to maintain the full independence of Austria. In Mar., 1933, he assumed quasi-dictatorial powers. The increasingly powerful Austrian National Socialist party, backed by Nazi Germany, was the chief threat to the Dollfuss regime and to Austrian independence. Dollfuss dissolved the party in June, 1933. Unwilling or unable to cooperate with the Social Democrats, he relied more and more on alliance with the native Austrian fascists under E. R. von Starhemberg . In foreign policy he lacked adequate support of the Western powers and staked the preservation of Austrian independence on friendship with Italy. Pressed by Starhemberg and Mussolini, he enacted provocative measures against the Social Democrats, and in Feb., 1934, he ruthlessly suppressed a Socialist uprising. In Apr., 1934, Austria became a corporative state with a one-party, authoritarian system. Dollfuss was assassinated (July 25) by Austrian Nazis, who made an unsuccessful attempt to seize power.
See W. Maass, Assassination in Vienna (1972).
Cite this article
| i don't know |
Which moon of Jupiter is roughly three-quarters of the size of Mars? | Earth, Moon, and Jupiter, as Seen From Mars | Mars News
Earth, Moon, and Jupiter, as Seen From Mars
View more images at the MSSS release page .
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
What does Earth look like when viewed from Mars? At 13:00 GMT on 8 May 2003, the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) had an opportunity to find out. In addition, a fortuitous alignment of Earth and Jupiter---the first planeary conjunction viewed from another planet---permitted the MOC to acquire an image of both of these bodies and their larger satellites. At the time, Mars and the orbiting camera were 139 million kilometers (86 million miles) from Earth and almost 1 billion kilometers (nearly 600 million miles) from Jupiter. The orbit diagram, above, shows the geometry at the time the images were obtained.
Because Jupiter is over 5 times farther from the Sun than Earth, two different exposures were needed to image the two planets. Mosaiced together, the images are shown above (top picture). The composite has been highly contrast-enhanced and "colorized" to show both planets and their satellites. The MGS MOC high resolution camera only takes grayscale (black-and-white) images; the color was derived from Mariner 10 and Cassini pictures of Earth/Moon and Jupiter, respectively, as described in the note below.
View more images at the MSSS release page .
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Earth/Moon: This is the first image of Earth ever taken from another planet that actually shows our home as a planetary disk. Because Earth and the Moon are closer to the Sun than Mars, they exhibit phases, just as the Moon, Venus, and Mercury do when viewed from Earth. As seen from Mars by MGS on 8 May 2003 at 13:00 GMT (6:00 AM PDT), Earth and the Moon appeared in the evening sky. The MOC Earth/Moon image has been specially processed to allow both Earth (with an apparent magnitude of -2.5) and the much darker Moon (with an apparent magnitude of +0.9) to be visible together. The bright area at the top of the image of Earth is cloud cover over central and eastern North America. Below that, a darker area includes Central America and the Gulf of Mexico. The bright feature near the center-right of the crescent Earth consists of clouds over northern South America. The image also shows the Earth-facing hemisphere of the Moon, since the Moon was on the far side of Earth as viewed from Mars. The slightly lighter tone of the lower portion of the image of the Moon results from the large and conspicuous ray system associated with the crater Tycho.
Jupiter/Galilean Satellites: When Galileo first turned his telescope toward Jupiter four centuries ago, he saw that the giant planet had four large satellites, or moons. These, the largest of dozens of moons that orbit Jupiter, later became known as the Galilean satellites. The larger two, Callisto and Ganymede, are roughly the size of the planet Mercury; the smallest, Io and Europa, are approximately the size of Earth's Moon. This MGS MOC image, obtained from Mars orbit on 8 May 2003, shows Jupiter and three of the four Galilean satellites: Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa. At the time, Io was behind Jupiter as seen from Mars, and Jupiter's giant red spot had rotated out of view. This image has been specially processed to show both Jupiter and its satellites, since Jupiter, at an apparent magnitude of -1.8, was much brighter than the three satellites.
| Ganymede |
In which city did women's basketball teams first contest full Olympic medals? | Ganymede: Facts About Jupiter's Largest Moon
Ganymede: Facts About Jupiter's Largest Moon
By Kim Zimmermann |
June 15, 2016 10:53am ET
MORE
NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft snapped this color image of Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the largest satellite in the solar system, on July 7, 1979 from a distance of 745,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers).
Credit: NASA
Jupiter's moon Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system. Larger than Mercury and Pluto, and only slightly smaller than Mars, it would easily be classified as a planet if were orbiting the sun rather than Jupiter.
The moon likely has a salty ocean underneath its icy surface, making it a potential location for life. The European Space Agency plans a mission to Jupiter's icy moons that in 2030, is planned to arrive and put special emphasis on observing Ganymede.
Facts about Ganymede
Age: Ganymede is about 4.5 billion years old, about the same age as Jupiter .
Distance from Jupiter: Ganymede is the seventh moon and third Galilean satellite outward from Jupiter, orbiting at about 665,000 miles (1.070 million kilometers). It takes Ganymede about seven Earth-days to orbit Jupiter.
[ Photos of Ganymede, Jupiter's Largest Moon ]
Size: Ganymede's mean radius is 1,635 miles (2,631.2 km). Although Ganymede is larger than Mercury it only has half its mass, classifying it as low density.
Temperature: Daytime temperatures on the surface average minus 171 degrees Fahrenheit to minus 297 F, and night temperatures drop to -193C. In 1996, astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope found evidence of a thin oxygen atmosphere. However, it is too thin to support life as we know it; it is unlikely that any living organisms inhabit Ganymede.
Magnetosphere: Ganymede is the only satellite in the solar system to have a magnetosphere. Typically found in planets, including Earth and Jupiter, a magnetosphere is a comet-shaped region in which charged particles are trapped or deflected. Ganymede's magnetosphere is entirely embedded within the magnetosphere of Jupiter.
This montage compares New Horizons' best views of Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, gathered with the spacecraft's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) and its infrared spectrometer, the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA).
Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute
Discovery and exploration of Ganymede
Ganymede was discovered by Galileo Galilei on Jan. 7, 1610. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons , was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. Galileo's discovery eventually led to the understanding that planets orbit the sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth.
Galileo called this moon Jupiter III. When the numerical naming system was abandoned in the mid-1800s, the moon was named after Ganymede, a Trojan prince in Greek mythology. Zeus, a counterpart of Jupiter in Roman mythology, carried Ganymede, who had taken the form of an eagle, to Olympus, where he became a cupbearer to the Olympian gods and one of Zeus' lovers.
Several spacecraft have flown by Jupiter and its moons. Pioneer 10 arrived first, in 1973, followed by Pioneer 11 in 1974. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 returned striking photos during their flybys. The Galileo spacecraft passed as low as 162 miles (261 km) over the surfaces of the Galilean moons and produced detailed images.
The European Space Agency plans a mission called JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) that would launch from Earth in 2022 for arrival at Jupiter in 2030. While the mission will look at three moons (Ganymede, Callisto and Europa), Ganymede will be the focus because it shows how icy worlds evolve and could be habitable in general, ESA said on its website. Scientists will try to figure out more about its ocean and icy crust, map its surface in detail, learn about the interior, probe the atmosphere and study the magnetic field.
Ganymede sound and signal illustration
Characteristics of Ganymede
Ganymede has a core of metallic iron, which is followed by a layer of rock that is topped off by a crust of mostly ice that is very thick. There are also a number of bumps on Ganymede's surface, which may be rock formations.
In February 2014, NASA and the United States Geological Survey unveiled the first detailed map of Ganymede in images and a video animation created using observations from NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft, as well as the dedicated Jupiter-orbiting Galileo spacecraft.
Ganymede's surface is made up of primarily two types of terrain: about 40 percent is dark with numerous craters, and 60 percent is lighter in color with grooves that form intricate patterns to give the satellite its distinctive appearance. The grooves, which were likely formed as a result of tectonic activity or water being released from beneath the surface, are as high as 2,000 feet and stretch for thousands of miles.
A global image mosaic of Jupiter's moon, Ganymede created with images from the Voyager and Galileo missions.
Credit: Wes Patterson
It is believed that Ganymede has a saltwater ocean below its surface. In 2015, a study by the Hubble Space Telescope looked at Ganymede's auroras and how they change between Ganymede's and Jupiter's magnetic fields. The “rocking” seen by the auroras gives evidence that the probable ocean underneath is salty , more salty than oceans of Earth, scientists said at the time.
Some scientists are skeptical that Ganymede could host life, however. Due to its internal structure, it is believed that the pressure at the base of the ocean is so high that any water down there would turn to ice . This would make it difficult for any hot-water vents to bring nutrients into the ocean, which is one scenario under which scientists believe extraterrestrial life would occur.
Additional reporting by contributor Elizabeth Howell.
Additional resource
| i don't know |
In which US State do teams play baseball in the Cactus League? | Cactus League
Join the Cactus League Mailing List
This form needs Javascript to display, which your browser doesn't support. Sign up here instead
The Cactus League has long been a cherished Arizona tradition for locals, tourists and, of course, baseball fans! Millions of folks of all ages have walked through the turnstiles over the years to find the most pastoral of baseball pastimes, spring training. Pleasant temperatures and bountiful sunshine complement the intimate experience that only spring training offers, from meeting your favorite players to enjoying unique time with your family and friends. The Cactus League invites you to experience spring training, a beloved Arizona treasure.
Spring training baseball under the warm Arizona sun has been a tradition for devoted fans since 1947, when just two teams, the Cleveland Indians and the New York Giants, came here to prepare for the rigors of the long regular season. Today, 15 teams train in the Phoenix metropolitan area in the greatest concentration of professional baseball facilities found anywhere in the United States. For visitors, the Cactus League couldn't be more convenient, with short drive times between ballparks and a full range of hotel, dining and shopping amenities. Truly, the Cactus League is the premier destination for baseball lovers. And this website has everything fans need to enjoy one game or several during each spring training season.
© 2017 Cactus LeagueAll Rights Reserved Contact Website by Anamorphics Inc
| Arizona |
December 2011 saw her appointed Professor of Drawing at the Royal Academy. Who? | Spring Training - Cactus League | MLB.com: Events
Plan Your Trip
How many Spring Training venues will you hit up this spring?
Heading to Arizona to see your favorite team this spring? If so, did you know you can see your favorite team at their home ballpark and when they hit the road? Many ballparks are just miles from each other, allowing you an opportunity to check out other venues and games while following your team wherever they go.
More Info »
Important Dates
Feb. 14, 2017: Pitchers and catchers first workout: D-backs, Giants, Indians, Marlins, Mets, Orioles, Phillies, Pirates, Rays, Red Sox, Reds, Rockies, Tigers, Twins, White Sox
Feb. 15, 2017: Pitchers and catchers first workout: Angels, Astros, Athletics, Blue Jays, Braves, Brewers, Cardinals, Cubs, Mariners, Padres, Rangers, Royals, Yankees
Feb. 16, 2017: Pitchers and catchers first workout: Dodgers, Nationals
Feb. 17, 2017: Full squad first workout: D-backs, Cardinals, Giants, Marlins, Orioles, Phillies, Pirates, Red Sox, Reds
Feb. 18, 2017: Full squad first workout: Angels, Astros, Blue Jays, Braves, Brewers, Cubs, Indians, Padres, Royals, Tigers, Twins, White Sox
Feb. 19, 2017: Full squad first workout: Athletics, Mariners, Mets, Nationals, Rays, Yankees
Feb. 20, 2017: Full squad first workout: Rockies
Feb. 21, 2017: Full squad first workout: Dodgers, Rangers
| i don't know |
What do we call the paint type traditionally mixed with water, honey and gum Arabic? | handprint : how watercolor paints are made
how watercolor paints are made
This page discusses standard paint ingredients and manufacturing methods. The material is presented in four sections: (1) the ingredients and recipes used to make watercolor paints, (2) the generic historical and modern pigments that provide the color in paints; (3) the manufacture of modern pigments; and (4) the manufacture of watercolor paints.
Information on these topics is scattered across a wide range of sources, from chemical engineering texts to art conservation studies. In some cases I was only able to obtain information by querying experts or manufacturers directly. Each source has its own perspective and professional traditions, and they sometimes disagree on specifics. I've made editorial judgments based on all the facts I could gather, and regret any inaccuracies that remain.
paint ingredients
Every paint is a mixture of microscopic pigment particles , which provide the paint color, mixed in a liquid paint vehicle that holds the pigment in suspension, allows it to be applied with a brush, then dries to bind it to the support (paper, board or canvas). The vehicle also contains other substances that reduce manufacturing costs, adjust the visual appearance and handling attributes of the paint, and increase its shelf life in the art store.
The Backbone Composition. Each paint manufacturer develops a proprietary backbone composition a basic recipe of pigment and vehicle ingredients that is fundamentally designed to keep manufacturing costs under control and to get the best possible handling attributes for every pigment in the watercolor line.
The manufacturer then tweaks the exact proportions of this recipe from one pigment or paint color to the next, so that the texture and color of each pigment is put on best display and the differences in pigment dispersability, tinting strength or staining across the different paint colors are minimized.
paints
The backbone composition is the foundation of the manufacturer's brand style and quality standards. It usually includes most or all of the following ingredients:
one or more pigments, and sometimes
a brightener, transparent or "white" crystals that lighten the value and increase the chroma of the dried paint
dispersed in a vehicle or medium consisting of:
binder, traditionally and still commonly said to be gum arabic but, in some brands, actually a synthetic glycol
plasticizer, usually glycerin, to soften the dried gum arabic and help it redissolve
humectant, traditionally simple syrup or honey but now often inexpensive corn syrup, to help the paint retain mosture (especially in pan paints)
extender or filler, such as dextrin, used to bulk out and thicken the paint without noticeably affecting the color
manufacturing additives, in particular dispersants (to prevent clumping of the raw pigment after manufacture and to speed up the milling of the pigment and vehicle ingredients) and a fungicide or preservative to suppress the growth of mold or bacteria, and
water, which dissolves or suspends all the ingredients, carries them onto the paper, and evaporates when its work is done.
These ingredients are described below.
Pigment. Pigments are chemical compounds with appealing or useful color attributes and that do not dissolve in water . Paints are a dispersion of tiny pigment particles suspended in the vehicle, just as the Mississippi is a suspension of sand, clay, agricultural chemicals and effluent. All professional quality tube and pan watercolors are made with pigments.
In contrast, a dye is completely soluble (dissolves) in water, and binds directly with the materials it contacts (though a mediating chemical called a mordant must often be present to make this bond happen). Some brands of liquid watercolors or "brilliant" watercolors are made with dyes.
The manufacturer's cost considerations aside and those are usually a major consideration in commercial paint design the pigment particle size , tinting strength and dispersability primarily determine the adjustments made to the backbone formulation:
As the same mass or quantity of pigment is divided into smaller and smaller particles, the total surface area of all the pigment particles increases proportionally, which increases the proportion of vehicle or water necessary to completely wet or disperse the pigment.
Strongly tinting pigments especially very dark pigments such as the phthalocyanines or dioxazine violet must be diluted with vehicle or extenders to increase the color chroma and reduce the tinting strength, so that the paint's color and handling attributes are comparable with other paints in the line.
Paints made with softer pigments (such as ultramarine blue or the cadmiums) or finely divided pigments (such as alizarin crimson, iron blue and the phthalocyanines) tend to cake or clump during storage or milling, and sometimes manufacturers use more dispersant to accelerate the mixing of pigment and vehicle; this causes the paint to diffuse more aggressively when used wet in wet.
Pigments that are all three finely divided, strongly tinting and expensive are usually formulated with the largest proportion of vehicle and filler.
The proportion of pigment to vehicle in tube paints generally ranges from less than 10% to around 20% of total volume for a finely divided, strongly tinting pigment such as the phthalocyanines, red quinacridones, dioxazine violet or alizarin crimson; from 20% to 30% for prussian blue, carbon black, the "raw" (uncalcinated) black and red iron oxides, zinc or titanium white, yellow quinacridones, benzimidazolones and most other synthetic organic pigments; 30% to 40% for the yellow iron oxides, viridian, ultramarine blue, ultramarine violet and the finer grained cobalt pigments (blue, cerulean, turquoise, green); 40% to 50% for the weakly tinting cadmium yellows, cobalt violet and "burnt" (calcinated) red and yellow iron oxides; and 50% or more for cadmium orange, the cadmium reds, manganese violet and manganese blue. These proportions are illustrative; specific recipes vary across paint brands and depend on the quality of pigments they use.
Brightener. A few watercolor brands add one or more highly refracting substances as a brightener, to adjust or enhance the lightness or chroma of the finished color. These traditionally include alumina trihydrate (aluminum trihydroxide), titanium dioxide, or micronized barium sulfate (blanc fixe), but newer, more effective compounds are available. The particle size and specific gravity of brighteners is usually similar to the pigment, so they do not separate from the pigment when the paint is mixed with water.
Excessive amounts of brightener can impart a whitish or sparkly appearance to the dried paint, or can form a thin, whitish coating on top of dried paint applied as a juicy brush stroke. They often can compromise the lightfastness or permanence of the color. The most reliable method to assess paint formulations is the tinting test , which directly reveals the proportion and the quality of pigment used in the paint by dissolving it water or a large quantity of titanium dioxide.
In the past, brighteners were commonly found in oil paints and house paints: their increasing use in watercolors is a reflection both of consumer preferences for bright color and competitive cost pressures. The best brands, if they use such additives, balance operating costs, profits, paint handling characteristics, consumer preferences and finished color in developing their formulations.
Binder. Pigment particles are dispersed through milling in a liquid vehicle that consists primarily (about 65% of vehicle volume) of a transparent binder. The binder carries the pigment particles as a viscous liquid so they can be applied with a brush; it binds the pigment to the watercolor paper; and it produces a brighter color by holding the pigment particles on the surface of the paper, rather than letting them be pulled by capillary action deep between the paper fibers. A diluted solution of gum arabic can be applied as a varnish or top coat to dried paint to reduce surface scattering and give the paint a deeper, richer color.
The binder usually determines the name of a medium linseed oil for oil paints, acrylic polymer emulsion for acrylic paints, egg white or yolk for egg tempera. Watercolors are named instead for their solvent (water) and historically have used a variety of gums, starches or animal glues as binder.
schematic backbone composition of a modern watercolor paint
In European painting since the 18th century, the binder of choice has been gum arabic, made from the solidified sap of thorny, shrubby acacia trees (species Acacia arabica or Acacia senegal, shown at right). Gum arabic was originally exported from Middle Eastern sources via Turkey, but in the recent era most commercial gum harvesting has been done by subsistence farmers in arid regions of North Africa the Sudan and Chad alone provided roughly 85% of the total world supply, hence the alternative modern names gum sudan or gum kordofan for the product. Gum senegal is considered superior but it is currently produced in limited quantities and is hard to identify by appearance alone.
Gum is a pH neutral salt of acidic polysaccharides (which are types of sugar or carbohydrate); the gum may include potassium or magnesium, but the primary component is calcium. Gum arabic is sticky when wet and quite hard and transparent when dry in that respect like household sugar although pure gum arabic dissolves in water more slowly than ordinary sugar.
In raw form, gums are sometimes sold as yellow or brownish glassy beads or "tears," about the size of lentils. Most art wholesalers and retailers sell dried gum as a powder or coarse grains, which are easier to dissolve in water. The best gums have a pale honey color in solution, with very little or no visible sediment or residue. Impure or low grade gums will contain significant amounts of sediment and may have a darker color. All gums are filtered before use in commercial paints, where they are have a darker color because they contain less water than the filtered solution.
As is true with industrial pigment manufacture , watercolor and pastel manufacturers use only a tiny fraction of global gum arabic production. Gum has been widely used as an emulsifier or digestible coating in the soft drinks, processed foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. But recent civil wars (in Darfur, south Sudan and elsewhere), drought, and firewood harvesting have substantially reduced native acacia forests and have disrupted gum production. This has more than doubled the price of high quality gum arabic on world markets and created unpredictable variations in suppy.
In response, some manufacturers have shifted to alternative binders. Very satisfactory watercolors can be formulated entirely of synthetic materials. A recipe patented in 1953 by Binney & Smith consists of approximately 85% water soluble, waxy polyethylene glycol, 4% stearyl alcohol, 6% polyhydric alcohol and 5% water by volume. These synthetic vehicles appear clear and completely colorless if they separate from the pigment in the tube. You can usually examine the manufacturer's pure vehicle in commercial paints such as cobalt violet, viridian or cadmium red that tend to separate from the vehicle in the tube; beads of excess vehicle sometimes extrude from the crimp at the end of the paint tube.
Gum arabic is a relatively weak binder, and will not adhere to or can be easily scraped off of most surfaces. However it can be dissolved again in water, even after it has completely dried. This is why watercolors can be rewetted after they have dried on the palette, or blotted or lifted if they are rewetted on the paper, which allows the artist to manipulate the finished color. Oil or acrylic paints must be either scraped off or painted over once they have dried.
Plasticizer. Unfortunately, watercolors formulated only with gum arabic and water have significant drawbacks. Excess paint in the mixing well will dry to a hard, glassy block that is very difficult to redissolve. In fact, early 19th century watercolors, formulated with gum arabic only, were sold as small resinous bricks that had to be rubbed out each morning laboriously dissolved by rubbing them on a shallow saucer or mixing cup containing a little water before the paint could be used.
Watercolors made with a high proportion of gum binder also will bronze (appear darkened, shiny or leathery). And dried paint will crack or flake if it was applied as a thick or undiluted layer, or had pooled in the depressions of cockled paper.
To counteract these problems, the gum arabic is buffered with a carbohydrate plasticizer, usually 20% or less of vehicle volume. Nowadays this is most often glycerin (glycerol), the trihydroxy form of alcohol. Glycerin reduces the native brittleness of the gum arabic and minimizes the cracking or chipping of dried paint. It also helps the gum arabic to dissolve in water more quickly, and inhibits hardening (drying out) of the paint in the tube.
Paint manufacturers can also use methyl cellulose, the binder commonly used in pastels and chalks, as a plasticizer, because it is very flexible when dried. In paints it also acts as a mild binder and solvent or dispersant.
Humectant. Unfortunately both glycerin and gum arabic will dry out relatively quickly, even if stored as tube paints. So some other substance is necessary to retain water or act as a humectant. Since the middle 19th century paintmakers have softened watercolor paints with a carbohydrate moistener, either a sugar syrup (nowadays glucose, in the form of corn syrup) or honey.
Like gum arabic, these sweet carbohydrates are hygroscopic they tend to absorb and retain water from the atmosphere which makes the paints considerably easier to redissolve once they have dried, and extends the life of the paint in the tube. Humectants also extend the paint drying time so that washes can be manipulated more easily, and they may increase the staining effect of watercolors by prolonging the capillary action that pulls small pigment particles deep between the paper fibers.
Honey is more effective than corn syrup at retaining water (in fact, honey will crystallize but never dries out), but it is also roughly 14 times more expensive. If too much honey is used in a paint, thick or concentrated paint layers will remain sticky after they dry, and may reabsorb moisture on humid days, damaging the painting. Used in excess, the sugars will also attract insects or mold.
Filler. As larger amounts of glycerin and gum arabic are added to the paint for example, in strongly tinting or finely divided pigments the paint texture becomes stringy or taffylike, the gloss of the paint increases, and the paint bronzes more readily. These paints tend to lift (redissolve) too easily from the paper, which can lead to undesired blurring, bleeding or lifting of color areas when new paint is applied over or alongside them.
To counteract these problems, many watercolor paints are formulated with a colorless, inert filler added to thicken the paint and to make the various pigment and vehicle mixtures within a watercolor line of similar consistency. Filler is also used to subdue intensely tinting pigments such as the phthalocyanines or quinacridones, or simply to reduce the proportion of costly pigment in the paint.
The most commonly used filler is dextrin a clear, gelatinous processed wheat or corn starch which thickens the paint, alters the taffylike vehicle to a smooth, buttery consistency, and reduces surface gloss or bronzing in the dried color. Sometimes conservation grade, water soluble adhesives, including carrageenan or funori (a gelatinous polysaccharide extracted from a type of Japanese seaweed [genus gloiopeltis]), are used for the same purpose. Dextrin also acts as a binder in combination with (or, in poster paints, in place of) gum arabic.
The presence of dextrin is indicated by a "short" or stiff paint consistency: squeeze out a small amount of paint, then shear it off by scraping a palette knife against the edge of the tube nozzle. If the paint on the knife has a clean, flat edge and retains a cylindrical shape, then it has a short consistency. Poster paints, student paints and gouache usually contain much higher quantities of dextrin than professional grade watercolors.
Dextrin can also be used as an extender, to bulk out the paint and cut down on the amount of costly pigment used, especially in cobalt and cadmium paints. However, if too much dextrin is used, the paint will dry to a dull, matte finish and will be prone to flaking. When this occurs a finely powdered, transparent filler (such as kaolin or china clay, calcium carbonate or gypsum) may be used as well.
Are paints that contain fillers inferior to paints that don't? Not necessarily. In some cases pigments that are dark or intensely staining, or pigments that tend to darken and dull in heavy concentrations (such as the cadmiums) the additives can enhance the handling attributes or color appearance of the paint. But it's also true that they are often used to cut product costs, and can degrade color appearance, producing a whitish, thin or bland color.
farming the gum acacia tree in Senegal
Other Additives. Binder, plasticizer and humectant are standard vehicle ingredients even paints you make yourself will contain them. Most commercial paints also include what I call manufacturing additives, which are put into the pigment batch when the pigment is packaged in bulk, or are put into the paint during milling, and are passed along to the artist with the paint.
Most common is a dispersant or wetting agent that accelerates and improves the milling (wetting and mixing) of the pigment in the water based vehicle, much the same way as dishwashing soap divides and dissolves greasy dirt. Dispersants can be used as a labor saving shortcut in any paint, but they are more common in finely divided or water repelling synthetic pigments such as carbon black, phthalocyanines, alizarin crimson, transparent iron oxides and prussian blue; and in soft pigments that can compress or cake during milling, such as the cadmiums or ultramarine blue. Ox gall (the yellowish extract of dried bovine gall bladders) was and still is commonly used for this purpose, but synthetic surfactants are sometimes used instead.
The painter notices the presence of wetting agents in the paint because they reduce the time it takes the paint to dissolve, cause the paint to stain papers (especially absorbent papers) more readily, and make the paint diffuse aggressively or shoot outward when applied wet in wet.
Pigment manufacturers those big smokestacks on the horizon where the colored powders are born may include other additives to increase the shelf life of the bulk pigment when the pigment is shipped as a water dispersion. These help to mix the raw pigment particles in water, prevent the pigment solution from "kicking out" or precipitating, retard the hardening, clumping or skinning of the solution, inhibit the growth of mold, and so on. They can improve the consistency or handling of finished watercolor paints, or can accelerate the separation of pigment and vehicle in the tube or the degredation of the pigment color, especially after the paint has spent many months or years hanging undisturbed in a retail rack. In any case, the paint manufacturer can't remove them, so they get passed along to you.
Many modern watercolors also contain a small amount of preservative or fungicide to inhibit the growth of mold in the tube and on the palette or the finished painting, especially when significant amounts of sugar or honey are used in the formulation.
Although alcohol is not a standard watercolor ingredient, it is sometimes added by artists to improve the wetting action of washes or shorten the drying time in damp or cool conditions. (The English artist Paul Sandby was especially fond of gin for this purpose.)
A few artists keep diluted solutions of gum arabic, glycerin, and ox gall on hand to adjust the attributes of commercial paints to suit the painting conditions or their painting preferences. For example, glycerin or ox gall can be added to paints in especially dry or hot weather conditions to delay the drying time and smooth the appearance of washes. I prepared these additives, diluted one part to six parts water, in small plastic squeeze bottles, and I almost never use them.
Water. Finally, tube paints contain about 15% by volume of water the miraculous substance that gives life to you and unpredictable energy to your watercolors ... and to the Mississippi.
Paints are manufactured with excess water in the vehicle, as this reduces the viscosity of the vehicle and decreases the amount of time (labor) and electrical energy necessary to mill the paint. This water mostly lost through evaporation during milling, but also after milling when the paint is left to sit and age or stabilize. Some pigments or fillers absorb water very slowly, causing them to expand: these are the paints that "explode" or squirt from the tube when it is first opened, because they were not aged adequately before packaging.
Creating an effective watercolor vehicle is a complex balancing act. Each ingredient contributes its own benefits and drawbacks to the formulation of the paint, and the best formulations are based on considerable manufacturing experience and consistently maintained quality controls.
handmade watercolors
A very effective way to learn about paint manufacture is to mix up some paints yourself, by hand. The ingredients are readily available from online art materials suppliers and the experience will improve your critical appreciation of commercial paints.
Recipes are available in most painting handbooks or online from some pigment suppliers . The following recipe is adapted from Mayer using information from several additional sources. The raw materials (pigments, gum arabic, dispersant, fungicide) are available from suppliers such Kama Pigments , Kremer Pigmente and Sinopia Pigments ; glycerin ( glycerol ) is available at any pharmacy; humectant and dextrin must be made from food ingredients available at most supermarkets.
handmade watercolor paint
paper face mask or respirator mask
latex gloves
ingredient preparations
Gum Arabic Solution. Place 1 part gum arabic powder or crystals in a saucepan or Pyrex container. Heat 2 parts distilled water to a boil, remove from heat, and slowly pour over gum arabic, stirring to mix. Do not cook. Cover with cheesecloth and let stand for one day, stirring occasionally. (Some gum crystals may need longer to dissolve.) Strain the solution through several layers of cheesecloth to remove impurities and sediment.
Humectant. Mix 2 t honey in 1 T corn syrup.
Dextrin. Dissolve 2 T white wheat starch in 1 T boiling water. Remove from heat and stir until smooth.
Vehicle. Premix 3 T gum arabic solution, 1 T glycerin, 3 t humectant, 6 drops ox gall, 2 drops oil of clove. Place in a plastic (squeezable) honey dispenser or squirt bottle and refrigerate until needed.
Keep remaining gum arabic, plasticizer and dextrin in separate containers, to adjust paint mixture as needed.
paint mixing
1. On the glass sheet or stone countertop, make a pile of about 1-1/2T of pigment powder. Use the back of the measuring spoon to make a hollow in the center of the pile.
2. Pour 1 t of vehicle solution into the hollow, and knead very slowly with the putty knife. As needed, add more gum arabic solution or distilled water (with the atomizer) until pigment is completely dissolved as a creamy paste.
3. Use a muller to break apart and grind the pigment aggregates. You cannot overwork the paint; usually 1 hour of steady mulling is minimally sufficient. Add more vehicle or water as needed to counteract evaporation or adjust viscosity. Add 1 t or less of dextrin, as desired, to smooth and thicken the paint consistency.
4. Cover the mixture with cheese cloth and allow to stand, folding occasionally with the putty knife, until evaporation reduces it to the desired viscosity.
5. Use the putty knife to shovel the paint into empty paint tubes, small glass jars or plastic whole pans. Refrigerate the jars when not in use.
common problems
Paint that does not adhere to paper contains too much pigment or was made with too much water and not enough gum arabic.
Paint that dries rock hard, cracks or flakes, or has a glossy or bronzed finish on the paper contains too much gum arabic or not enough glycerin.
Paint that remains sticky or gummy after it dries on the glass contains too much humectant.
Paint that dries on the paper with a dull, matte, whitish or flaky finish contains too much dextrin.
Paint that shoots wildly wet in wet contains too much dispersant.
Paint that appears dull and grainy was probably insufficiently mulled.
notes
If you use a premixed gum arabic solution (from an art materials supplier), it should have the same liquid consistency as the glycerin solution (available in any pharmacy) or a liquid shampoo. If it is too thin, pour into a bowl, cover with cheesecloth, and allow excess water to evaporate.
Test the paint by (1) brushing out on blank watercolor paper, using both wet in wet and wet in dry applications, and (2) leaving a large drop to dry on the glass sheet.
Always wear latex gloves and a paper face mask or respirator mask when working with pigment powders, especially metallic compounds containing cadmium, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel or zinc. Do not inhale any pigment powder. Wash hands and arms thoroughly after work.
It is worthwhile to try this recipe to see how much manual labor and fine tuning of ingredients is necessary to produce a decent watercolor paint. The main problem is that different pigments require different proportions of vehicle ingredients and different proportions of vehicle to pigment.
The few painters I know who are committed to handmade materials have all mentioned the difficulty of working up a really desirable handmade paint, and after "roughing it" for a while most of them has gone back to using commercial watercolors. However, I highly recommend you experience the process and decide for yourself.
A very useful online resource for paintmaking supplies and procedures is Tony Johansen's paintmaking.com ... check it out!
pigment types
All pigments can be classified according to two criteria: whether the pigments are (1) natural or synthetic, and (2) inorganic or organic.
The term natural means that the pigment molecule is extracted from a mineral, plant or animal source that occurs in nature, and is only modified by grinding, washing, filtering or heating; synthetic means that the molecule was originally assembled or significantly modified by an industrial chemical process. Natural pigments have been largely replaced by synthetic compounds of superior permanence, color and consistency.
Inorganic means that the pigment is a mineral compound, typically an oxide or sulfide of one or more metal or rare earth elements; organic means that the pigment is a molecule of carbon in combination primarily with hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen. (Note that many modern organic pigments are not found in living things, excepting artists who eat their paints.)
The two criteria can be combined to define four pigment categories (the links take you to the page describing the major pigment types within each category):
1. natural inorganic , metal or earth pigments extracted from natural mineral deposits. With a few exceptions, natural inorganic pigments are no longer used, primarily because they are uneconomical to extract and do not produce adequate color consistency.
2. synthetic inorganic , metal or earth pigments created by combining raw chemicals and ores through industrial manufacture. These comprise approximately 80% of world pigment manufacture.
3. natural organic , pigments made as extracts from animal or plant matter. With very few exceptions, natural organic pigments are no longer used, primarily because they are not adequately lightfast.
4. synthetic organic , carbon based pigments, often made from petroleum compounds, that mimic the chemistry of plant and animal colorants.
Most pigments show some alteration after long exposure to direct sunlight, but the change depends on the type of pigment. As a rule, the organic pigments dull and fade under prolonged light exposure, and some disappear entirely; the modern synthetic organic pigments are generally much more durable than the natural organic pigments. By contrast, the inorganic pigments either gray or darken under the effects of light, typically because of oxidation or a chemical reaction to impurities (such as sulfur) in the pigment.
Nearly all natural organic pigments (with the exception of carbon blacks) are chemically unstable and deteriorate when used as pigments. Synthetic organic paints were a major chemical innovation of the second half of the 19th century, but many of these first colorants are too impermanent for artistic use. Modern synthetic pigments, almost all developed in the 20th century, are far more durable and provide the most intense and varied colors.
Today, with very few exceptions, all commercial artists' paints use synthetic pigments. Reserves of most natural inorganic pigments, like reserves of tropical hardwoods or sculptor's marble, have been exhausted over time by unrelenting consumer demand; others cannot be mined or processed because of severe environmental impact. The development of synthetic inorganic pigments was perhaps the major technical advance in painting during the early 19th century, and has evolved since then into an amazing array of durable, brilliant colorants of every hue.
The Society of Dyers and Colourists (UK) serves as the international clearing house for commercial pigment information, as publisher of the standard pigment color index names , and as a registry for commercial pigment manufacturers of every pigment or dye.
The authoritative source on synthetic inorganic pigments is Industrial Inorganic Pigments, edited by Gunter Buxbaum (Wiley, 1998). The sister source for synthetic organic pigments is Industrial Organic Pigments by Willy Herbst and Klaus Hunger (Wiley, 1997), billed as "everything there is to know about organic pigments." A summary of the same information (by the same authors) is available as Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley, 2000). (Ullmann's discusses the very important phthalocyanine pigments as a separate chapter, and has a chapter on "Artists' Colors.") All these references will be available at any good chemistry library.
Historical pigment information for natural inorganic or organic pigments is scattered across several sources. An excellent starting point is the compact but somewhat dated Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia by Gettens and Stout. A more selective and exhaustive treatment of specific pigments is the four volume Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics edited by Robert Feller (Volume 1, dealing with indian yellow, aureolin, barium sulfate, the cadmiums, red lead and minim, green earth, zinc white, chrome yellow and other chromate pigments, lead antimonate yellow, carmine), Roy Ashok (Volume 2 on azurite, ultramarine blue, lead white, lead-tin yellow, smalt, verdigris, vermilion, malachite, calcium carbonate whites), Elisabeth West Fitzhugh (Volume 3 on egyptian blue, orpiment and realgar, indigo and woad, madder and alizarin, gamboge, vandyke brown, prussian blue, emerald green, chromium oxide greens, titanium dioxide) and Barbara Berrie (Volume 4 on carbon blacks, cobalt and cerulean blue, earth pigments, arylide yellows, organic browns), all published by Oxford University Press (1994-2006). There are many other primary sources available: consult a bookstore or library for more information.
You may also want to check out this interesting web site on pigments in paintings . If you can read German, then the pages on Alte Pigmente (up to c.1780) and Moderne Pigmente at Volkert Emrath provide an interesting, gallery style overview (with pigment microphotographs).
pigment manufacture
Paint manufacturers such as Winsor & Newton, Maimeri or Daniel Smith are dependent on a range of suppliers for paint raw materials. To a large degree, the quality of the paint depends on the quality of the ingredients that go into it most of all, on the quality of the pigments.
Pigments used in modern art materials are manufactured by dozens of chemical companies such as BASF, Ciba-Geigy or Clariant GmbH (Germany and Switzerland), Hays Colours, ICI, or Holliday Pigments Ltd. (UK), Bayer, DuPont, Sun Chemical Corp., Hoechst Celenese or CPMA (USA), Sanyo Color Works Ltd. or Dainichi Seika Color & Chemicals (Japan), Sudarshan Chemical Industries (India), Sinochem Liaoning Corp. (China), and so on. Many companies based in Europe or North America also have manufacturing subsidiaries in Asia.
These companies make and sell pigments in bulk: as powders or fine grains, compressed into dry cakes (presscakes), or as water based pastes or liquid dispersions especially used for pigments with low dispersability or that would irreversibly clump if packaged in dry form.
There are also several small pigment manufactories that cater directly to the artists' market for pigments and even supply some well known paint company brands: see for example Kama Pigments , Kremer Pigmente , and Sinopia Pigments . These suppliers typically trade in much smaller quanitites and tend to emphasize historical, inorganic and in particular cadmium, cobalt and iron oxide pigments.
All modern colorants, no matter where you buy them or how much you pay for them, are synthetic compounds made from a variety of basic ingredients, including recycled industrial wastes. The single chemical comprising roughly two thirds of total global pigment manufacture is titanium dioxide ( PW6 ), which provides the white base for housepaints, primers and the like; next come the incredibly versatile and lightfast iron oxides, roughly 20% of world production. Nearly all the remaining colorants are synthetic organics, especially the many types of azo pigments , phthalocyanines and quinacridones, which are all manufactured from the complex interactions of petrochemicals and acids, sometimes at high temperature or pressure.
From a chemical point of view, exactly the same colorants are used in many manufacturing applications to make housepaints, automobile finishes, plastics, printing inks (for paper and textiles), colored leather (for shoes, handbags or jackets), building materials (the colors in cement, stucco and bricks), carpets and synthetic floor coverings, a variety of synthetic fibers and textiles, rubber, paper, cosmetics, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs and even wood stains, dental ceramics and tattoo inks. The major difference among these products is that they are formulated to the specific lightfastness, hue, chroma, particle size, medium (water or oil based), purity and cost! suitable for different industrial or manufacturing applications. Thus, you can buy a chemically identical phthalocyanine blue ( PB15 ) for $4 or $28 a pound, depending on the manufacturer and intended end use of the pigment.
For these reasons, different manufacturers offer the same pigment under separate trademarks, primarily to distinguish formulations designed for different industrial applications. For example, arylide yellow 10G ( PY3 ) is sold by many different manufacturers under trademarks such as Eljon Yellow 10GE, Acosil Yellow 3, Dalamar MA Yellow YT-828-d, Hansa Yellow 10G, Solintor Yellow 10G, Pintasol Yellow E-L1, Monolite Yellow 10GE HD, Kenalake Yellow 10G, and so on and these are just some of the brands registered as suitable for art materials manufacture! Obviously, the quality, hue and texture of a specific pigment such as "cerulean blue," "cadmium yellow" or "quinacridone rose" can vary significantly, depending on the grade of pigment obtained and the manufacturer that produced it. Yet artists must take this product decision on trust.
Despite the braggy marketing put out by some art supply manufacturers about their special formulations and unique colors, the art materials market is much too small to influence the industrial production of pigments. With few exceptions, the range and quality of pigments available to artists depends entirely on the color requirements of large consumer products and manufacturing companies manufacturers of foods, house paints, inks, automobiles and plastics in particular.
Artists may enthusiastically buy paints touted as containing that same pigment used by some famous 19th century painter, when actually the pigment was designed, manufactured and priced to tint ceramics or aluminum siding! The best chemical manufacturing companies, such as Sun, Ciba-Geigy or Clariant, do produce a range of pigments that includes artists' grade colorants of very consistent and very high quality, but the pigment attributes and even its availability are specified by an industrial end use, not by the art materials market.
Case in point: quinacridone gold ( PO49 ), a lovely, deep yellow pigment offered by several watercolor lines, is no longer manufactured. Why? Because automotive manufacturers stopped buying the color. Watercolor manufacturers will continue to manufacture paints using remaining stockpiles of the pigment.
An interesting comparison across generic pigments is the average retail price of dry pigment powders, shown in the table below. This is only a crude reflection of the actual cost to manufacturers: pigment costs can be driven down by choosing lower quality (less lightfast or less intense) pigments, or by adding more filler to the paint. Many of the expensive synthetic organics are much more cost effective than comparably priced synthetic inorganics (such as cobalt violet) because their tinting strength is so high a little goes a long way.
pigment cost comparisons
PV23
$13.35
In addition to pigments, art supply manufacturers must also buy agricultural products such as gum arabic , glycerin, glycol, corn syrup, honey or dextrin, as well as chemicals such as fillers, brighteners, surfactants and fungicides. Variation in the quality or availability of these materials within and across watercolor brands occurs as well.
Most pigments are manufactured to a specific particle size which usually cannot be modified by additional milling by the paint manufacturer. The pigment particle size affects the color and handling attributes of the paint, so it is very useful to know whether common watercolor pigments are usually coarsely or finely divided.
pigment particle size
phthalocyanine green
carbon black
Sources: Handbook of Industrial Chemistry (1999); Gettens & Stout, Painting Materials (1956); Artists' Pigments (1996-2005); Kremer Pigments; manufacturer data.
Particle size is responsible for several important differences in pigment or paint characteristics. Across different watercolor pigments, smaller particle sizes usually characterize pigments that are:
higher in tinting strength , because the smaller particle sizes produce a greater surface area in the same weight (mass) of pigment, producing a more intense color in the same volume of water
more transparent , because the higher tinting strength permits a thinner application of pigment on the paper, and
more staining , because the smaller pigment particles more easily penetrate into the spaces between paper fibers.
Within the same watercolor pigment, smaller particle sizes (down to a limiting size of approximately 0.5µm or the wavelength of light) tend characterize pigments that are less saturated and lighter valued, because the increase in surface area produced by the smaller particle sizes increases the total surface scattering from the same quantity of pigment. In the synthetic organics smaller pigment particles are also generally less lightfast than larger particles of the same pigment; in mineral pigments this effect is less pronounced.
In oils and acrylics, smaller particle sizes make the pigments more transparent and up to a point more saturated, as the particles are entirely embedded in the dried paint vehicle, which reduces light scattering at the particle surface. In watercolors, pigments in smaller particle sizes are more transparent because the same number of particles cover less of the paper surface area, allowing more of the paper (or paint layer underneath) to show through. Even opaque paints can be made more transparent by diluting the color, which creates more visible spaces between the pigment particles applied to paper. (See this discussion of the luminosity myth for the differences between oil and watercolor paint layers.)
Typically the hue of the pigment also changes with particle size, sometimes dramatically. To see this, mix a small amount of cobalt teal blue ( PG50 ) in a mixing well, let stand overnight, then drain off most of the liquid. The apparent surface color will be a grayish mid valued blue: this is the color of the smallest particles which settled out of solution last as a layer on top. Dig into the pigment with a brush, and you'll find the heavier pigment particles underneath, which have the original (greener and more intense) turquoise color.
Finally, particle size affects the handling attributes of the paint. Usually smaller pigment particles are more susceptible to backruns. They also require the addition of a dispersant such as ox gall to completely wet (disperse) the pigment powder in the paint vehicle during milling, and this additive causes the pigment to diffuse aggressively when applied wet in wet.
Each paint company has its own standards for pigment size, not least because more finely divided pigments can have a more brilliant color, but also are the more expensive grades, require more electrical energy and human labor to mill, and are often less lightfast. This is why (despite what Michael Wilcox assumes) pigments with the same color index name can have different lightfastness.
These watercolor brand differences are noticeable in the "coarse" pigments listed above: some manufacturers choose pigments that are very coarse, to emphasize the traditional pigment texture, while others choose pigments that are more finely divided, to get a modern homogeneity across all the paints in their line.
paint manufacture
Once a paint manufacturer has assembled the necessary raw ingredients, the methods of mixing paints have remained relatively constant for over a century. Today larger machines and manufacturing lines can produce greater quantities of paint, but four basic steps remain the same: (1) finishing the pigments by added grinding, (2) premixing the ingredients, (3) milling the premixed paste, and (4) packaging the paint. These can be illustrated with the small batch methods using a three roller machine.
The pigment is first premixed with the vehicle ingredients (gum arabic, water, glycerin, corn syrup and any other additives) in the proportions necessary to make a thick paste. These proportions vary with the pigments used: absorptive or finely ground pigment particles require more vehicle (because the total surface area of pigment increases as the average size of the individual particles gets smaller), and strongly tinting (or, in some brands, very expensive) pigments are more diluted with vehicle and filler.
Next, the premix is thoroughly milled under large stone or metal rollers, turning in opposite directions at different speeds. (In paint manufacture "milling" means mixing pigment and vehicle, not crushing or grinding the pigment particles.) There are usually three rollers on these machines, and they mix the pigment with the vehicle through the act of crushing, smearing and folding the paste. (Think of how you crush and smear globules of cocoa powder against the side of a pan to mix them with milk.)
a three roller paint mixing machine
In the traditional three roller machine, the premix is poured into the reservoir or space between the two first rollers (A). Because it is so viscous, most of the premix simply swirls around in this trough. But a small amount is pulled down into the opening between the rollers, where it is sheared and crushed. As it comes out the other side, it is pulled apart as the rollers separate, which pulls open undissolved pigment clumps. Sticking to the rollers, half is carried back around to the reservoir at A, and the other half to a second accumulation trapped between the second and third rollers (B). Here most of the paint again swirls in place, but a small amount is crushed and sheared through the smaller opening between the second and third rollers. Half of this paint travels back to the reservoir at A. When the reservoir at B gathers enough paint, it is scraped off the third roller by a floating metal tray (C).
This milling can take anywhere from several hours up to several days, and involve successive adjustments of the roller spacing. Water or other ingredients may be added during the milling to make the paint less viscous as the roller spacing is reduced.
After milling, the best manufacturers allow the paint to age in large containers for anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to make sure that the pigment has completely stabilized with the vehicle. Aureolin ( PY40 ), for example, will continue to expand if packaged too quickly after milling a problem that has caused tubes of Blockx aureolin to burst open in inventory, or squirt when the tube is first opened. Other pigments, especially the cobalts, will continue to soak up vehicle after mixing and will harden in the tube if packaged too soon.
Finally, the mixed paint is poured into tubes or pans. Paint manufacturers buy metal paint tubes with the bottom end open and the cap already screwed on; they fill the tube through the open bottom with a dispensing machine, then crimp fold the end of the tube to seal the paint inside and apply the appropriate label as an adhesive paper or plastic film.
Dry pans are filled by pouring the pigment into the pan or by shaping the paint (usually mixed with less water into a claylike paste) that is extruded as a long stick and broken or sawed into segments. Poured paints often have a characteristic drip around the lip of the pan, and may have a dimple in the center of the pan where the paint has shrunk during drying.
Most manufacturers develop a different formulation of paint paste exclusively for dry pan products. Schmincke boasts that they require two or three pourings to fill the pan; this is merely a sign that they are using the tube paint formulation for the purpose.
There is a brief but interesting tour of paintmaking operations at the M. Graham & Co. web site . For an illustrated tutorial showing how to prepare your own paints by hand, see the Kama Pigments web site. An excellent text on the basics of paint milling, manufacture and rheology (flow characteristics) is the classic Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion by Temple Patton (Wiley Interscience, 1968).
Last revised 08.I.2015 © 2015 Bruce MacEvoy
Raw pigment powder
| Gouache |
Which mathematician and inventor conceived the first automatic digital computer? | handprint : gouache & bodycolor
gouache & bodycolor
We get a hint of what's involved in the use of gouache (pronounced "gwash") by considering the origins of the name: it comes from the Italian aguazzo, for "mud."
Like Italian, gouache is a continental European invention; it was transplanted to England via French and Italian decorative and landscape painters in gouache, working in London in the 18th century. Like mud, gouache is wet and opaque. The topic is also muddied by different definitions of what gouache is or how it should be used. And many artists react to gouache in watercolors as if it really were mud it's probably the most vehemently controversial technique in watercolor painting.
The technique has a long and complex history. It first appears in the decorative and pictorial embellishments to medieval illuminated manuscripts. The earliest modern examples are nature paintings by the 16th century German artist Albrecht Dürer (the fur on that famous hare, for example), and continuing in a series of paintings by Gaspard Dughet (1615-1675, called "Poussin" in England). It reached a prolonged high point in the 18th century, particularly in France, in decorative works by the French painter François Boucher (1703-1770). Gouache was probably introduced to England by painters with French ancestry, such as Joseph Goupy (1689-1763) who was drawing master to the family of George I, or by painters who became influential in England after a career on the Continent (such as Marco Ricci, 1676-1729, Francesco Zuccarelli, 1702-1788, or Charles Clérisseau, 1722-1820). From around 1740 English topographical artists used the method frequently; Paul Sandby in particular handled bodycolor with considerable skill and variety, and knew Goupy, Zuccarelli and Clérisseau personally. By that time, use of gouache or bodycolor on the Continent had begun to decline into purely decorative painting on fans, screens and theatrical scenery. The Swiss topographical artist Louis Ducros (1748-1810), working in Italy on large format gouache and watercolor paintings, continued almost alone to use the medium in fine art works. In the 1830's the method was revived by several Victorian watercolor artists , who used it until the end of the century.
First, some distinctions. The method of mixing watercolor pigment with an opaque white pigment in a watercolor vehicle (made with gum arabic) is traditionally referred to as gouache. The method of mixing concentrated watercolor pigments with a vehicle that is made with fish gelatin (isinglass jelly) or animal gelatin (size) without the addition of any white pigment is traditionally called bodycolor (or distemper in England). However, the two terms are sometimes confused or used interchangeably, both in historical writings and current usage: some "designer's gouache" paints are made with concentrated pure pigment in a watercolor vehicle, without any added white pigment.
The core meaning in all cases is that gouache or bodycolor is an opaque watercolor paint. This arises from six properties that cause gouache technique to be different from transparent watercolor technique:
paints
Gouache has a much thicker paint layer, and beyond the minimal amount of paint required to completely cover the paper or support, the thickness of the gouache paint layer does not affect the apparent color. Unlike transparent watercolors, gouache can be painted on a white or tinted support, with little or no difference in the finished color appearance.
Colors must be lightened by adding white pigment, as in oil paints; they are not lightened by dilution to show more of the white paper, as in transparent watercolors.
Paints are not applied in glazes or tints (unlike oils and watercolors, where glazing one color over another is a common technique).
The applied paint is not absorbed into the paper but remains on the surface in a thick layer, allowing for limited textural effects created with brushstroke variations in the surface of the paint (although gouache will crack when dry if laid on too thickly in "impasto" layers). Transparent watercolor is sometimes described (somewhat inaccurately) as "a stain on the paper," which only means that textural effects in watercolors are limited to pigment granulation, water based diffusion such as blossoming, brushwork, or the pinhole texture of rough finished papers made visible by unevenly applied paint.
Gouache creates flawless, flat color areas, which are more difficult to attain in watercolors. Because of the concentration of pigment and filler, gouache is resistant to water induced variations in paint appearance such as blossoming or blooming.
The paint covers all paint layers below it, so that the method of painting is more direct, especially for complex patterns such as leaves or flowers. In transparent watercolors, a dark background must be carefully painted around the white flower in front of it, and painters normally work by laying darker colors on top of light; but in gouache the background can be painted first, then the flower directly on top of it (just as in oil painting), and lighter colors can often be layered on top of dark if that is a more convenient way to work.
Many of these points have caused gouache to be especially popular with architectural or commercial artists; some types of gouache paints are even labeled "designers' colors." The flat color fields photograph and reproduce very well, which makes gouache ideal for photoreproduction artwork. Gouache does not undergo a chemical change when dry and therefore can be rewetted and reworked, just like watercolors. And the more direct painting method and rapid drying times mean that a project can be completed relatively quickly.
Because gouache is nearly ideal for illustration and photoreproduction, manufacturers have designed lines of gouache paint with more brilliant but fugitive colors (especially in the red, magenta and violet range). These colors display or photograph very well, and commercial art is not intended to last. But this means artists who use gouache for permanent artworks must exercise caution in their choice of paints.
This is not easy to do. Even reputable manufacturers may not include pigment information or lightfastness ratings on the paint tubes, which complicates the task of avoiding fugitive colors. You must write to the manufacturer, or obtain a marketing brochure, to get the pigment or lightfastness information. Be sure that the lightfastness information is "in conformance with ASTM-D5067," the labeling rules for watercolor paints. If this assurance is lacking, the tests may not be interpretable or trustworthy. If no lightfastness ratings have been done, rely on the pigment evaluation in the guide to watercolor pigments .
The similarity between oil and gouache painting techniques allows watercolor artists who use gouache to emulate the free, vigorous style and strong contrasts of value that are possible with oils. However, gouache will crack or discolor if applied too thickly, so texture is created by the surface of the paint, not its thickness. Standard watercolor brushes can be used, although the same brush should not be used for both gouache and watercolors if the gouache is made with a white filler. However, because gouache is relatively thicker than transparent watercolor, a stiffer synthetic or acrylic brush may work better than a natural hair brush.
Gouache paintings are typically done on hot pressed papers or smooth art boards, since the paint imparts most of the texture and these surfaces help to create a perfectly flat paint film. Tinted papers are also more commonly used, since the tint is easily covered wherever desired, but lends a pleasing background hue in unpainted areas.
In practice, because the opacifier or white pigment dilutes the colored pigment, more pigment must be added to compensate, so both white pigment and a higher concentration of pure watercolor pigment may be necessary to get opaque paints across the full range of hues in a paint line. (Some watercolors, such as chromium oxide green ( PG17 ) or venetian red ( PR101 ) are sufficiently opaque without much change from the watercolor formulation). Some transparent pigments cannot be made opaque without filler. Very dark pigments, such as blacks and browns, must be made opaque through pigment concentration, since white filler would lighten the value. Finally, white pigment is necessary to bring out the full vibrancy of a dark, strongly tinting pigment such as phthalo blue ( PB15 ) or dioxazine violet ( PV23 ), which would merely appear black at higher concentrations. Even so, the concentrated pigment type of gouache is often better for fine art purposes. To my knowledge, only M. Graham (Artists' Gouache), Holbein (Designers Gouache) and Winsor & Newton (Designers Gouache) make gouache in this way; other brands rely primarily on white pigment.
Gouache is usually made with the same gum arabic vehicle as ordinary watercolors. A good quality gouache contains the following ingredients:
dry pigments
inert pigment (blanc fixe or precipitated chalk)
binder (gum arabic)
| i don't know |
Who allegedly killed his pregnant wife, Poppaea Sabina, by kicking her in the stomach? | Emperor Nero's Perverted Same-Sex Marriage!!
After same-sex marriages will come father/daughter and mother/son marriages!!
Empeor Nero was initiated into the Mysteries of Mithras in 65 AD. The 2nd grade is called Nymphus (bride).
Roman Emperor Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus–a fanatical devotee of Jupiter and Minerva–was the most depraved monster that ever disgraced the annals of history.
Roman Emperor Nero 37– 68 AD.
Emperor from 54 to 68 AD.
The name Nero is proverbial for murder, rape, sodomy, incest, cruelty, and every kind of crime imaginable.
In the first recorded false flag operation in history, he burned Rome and then blamed it on the Christians.
The diabolical monster Nero ordered the execution of the Apostle Paul.
Coin of Emperor Nero.
After Caligula and Claudius, he was the 3rd pagan Pontiff to persecute the believers in the Messiah.
In 65 AD, the mad Pontiff Nero crowned all his other debauches by a same-sex marriage. Nero married a male look-alike of his murdered wife Poppaea Sabina. Here is a report by the Roman historian Suetonius:
Besides the abuse of free-born lads, and the debauch of married women, he committed a rape upon Rubria, a Vestal Virgin. He was upon the point of marrying Acte, his freedwoman, having suborned some men of consular rank to swear that she was of royal descent. He gelded the boy Sporus, and endeavoured to transform him into a woman. He even went so far as to marry him, with all the usual formalities of a marriage settlement, the rose-coloured nuptial veil, and a numerous company at the wedding. When the ceremony was over, he had him conducted like a bride to his own house, and treated him as his wife. It was jocularly observed by some person, "that it would have been well for mankind, had such a wife fallen to the lot of his father Domitius." This Sporus he carried about with him in a litter round the solemn assemblies and fairs of Greece, and afterwards at Rome through the Sigillaria, dressed in the rich attire of an empress; kissing him from time to time as they rode together. (Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars , Nero, XXVIII).
Here is another report from Roman historian Cassius Dio:
Now Nero called Sporus "Sabina" not merely because, owing to his resemblance to her he had been made a eunuch, but because the boy, like the mistress, had been solemnly married to him in Greece, Tigellinus giving the bride away, as the law ordained. All the Greeks held a celebration in honour of their marriage, uttering all the customary good wishes, even to the extent of praying that legitimate children might be born to them. After that Nero had two bedfellows at once, Pythagoras to play the rôle of husband to him, and Sporus that of wife. The latter, in addition to other forms of address, was termed "lady," "queen," and "mistress." Yet why should one wonder at this, seeing that Nero would fasten naked boys and girls to stakes, and then putting on the hide of a wild beast would attack them and satisfy his brutal lust under the appearance of devouring parts of their bodies? Such were the indecencies of Nero. (Cassius Dio, Roman History , LXII, 13).
There is more than one Chamber of Horrors in the Museum of History, but none like that of Emperor Nero. Nero's real name was Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. His ambitious and ruthless mother married Emperor Claudius, and persuaded him to adopt her son as his legal heir.
Nero was the adopted son of Emperor Claudius
Nero was the adopted son of Emperor Claudius. Nero's real father's name was Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and his mother's name was Agrippina. Nero's name, before his adoption by Claudius, was Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.
Emperor Claudius (10 BC– 54 AD). Emperor from 41 to 54 AD.
Agrippina the Younger was the 4th wife of Claudius, and the mother of the monster Nero by Gnaeus.
She became Empress when she married Claudius in 49 AD.
She was determined that her son Nero would be Emperor of Rome.
Empress Agrippina (16– 59 AD)
was murdered by order of Nero.
When Agrippina became Empress, she persuaded Claudius to adopt her son Nero as his legal heir. Claudius already had 2 natural children by his 3rd wife Messalina: Claudia Octavia and Britannicus.
Britannicus was poisoned
by Nero.
In 55 AD, Britannicus, the 14 year old son of Emperor Claudius, was poisoned by Nero.
Nero did not want to share the throne with anyone–even his own mother–so he had her killed also.
Nero-Agrippina coin.
The mad Emperor Nero failed to poison his mother, so he used diabolical means to make her death look like an accident:
But being terrified with her menaces and violent spirit, he resolved upon her destruction, and thrice attempted it by poison. Finding, however, that she had previously secured herself by antidotes, he contrived machinery, by which the floor over her bed-chamber might be made to fall upon her while she was asleep in the night. This design miscarrying likewise, through the little caution used by those who were in the secret, his next stratagem was to construct a ship which could be easily shivered, in hopes of destroying her either by drowning, or by the deck above her cabin crushing her in its fall. Accordingly, under colour of a pretended reconciliation, he wrote her an extremely affectionate letter, inviting her to Baiae, to celebrate with him the festival of Minerva. He had given private orders to the captains of the galleys which were to attend her, to shatter to pieces the ship in which she had come, by falling foul of it, but in such manner that it might appear to be done accidentally. (Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars , Nero, XXXIV).
All his murder plots failed, so he eventually sent some soldiers to her villa to murder her.
Nero had his wife Claudia Octavia
scalded to death in a hot bath.
Nero murdered his pregnant
wife Poppaea Sabina.
After the murder of Poppaea Sabina, Nero was introduced to a male look-alike of his murdered wife named Sporus. It was then that the infamous same-sex marriage took place.
Nero burned Rome and blamed it on the Christians!!
Not content with all his previous crimes, Nero set fire to Rome and blamed it on the Christians. It was the first recorded false flag operation in history.
Nero fiddling while Rome burned.
Nero fiddled while Rome burned!!
In the first recorded false flag operation in history, he set fire to Rome and blamed it on the Christians.
The Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD.
When the people looked suspiciously at Nero as the incendiary, he deflected blame by accusing the Christians of starting the fire. Here is a report by a pagan historian named Tacitus:
Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind. Mockery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed. (Tacitus, Annals , XV 44).
At that time, Christians in Rome and throughout the world believed that the Neronian persecution was a sign that the end of the world was near. The Messiah had already warned them of great tribulation before his Second Coming:
For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. (Matthew 24:21).
Due to this unprecedented persecution, the Christians believed that their generation would be the final one before the end of the world.
A Christian woman was martyred
to enact the myth of Dirce.
The Romans stole all their pagan pantheon from Greece. Jupiter is Zeus and Minerva is Athena.
As entertainment for the mob, Nero tied a Christian woman to a bull's horns to enact the Greek myth of Dirce.
Christians were used as human torches
to light up the gardens of Nero.
Nero's gardens were located in the very spot where the Vatican stands today.... During this time, the great Apostle Paul was arrested and taken to Rome. Nero condemned him to death, and because he was a Roman citizen, he was spared crucifixion.
Beheading of St. Paul
Saint Paul Outside the Wall is the very
spot where St. Paul was beheaded.
By 68 AD., Satan himself was jealous of the wicked Nero. The legions in Spain and Gaul moved against him and his own Praetorian Guard deserted him.
He fled from Rome and cowardly ended his own life by suicide. His remains were cremated as was the common practice of pagan Romans.
Only 2 years later, Roman legions destroyed Jerusalem and leveled the great Temple to the ground. This was another fulfillment of the words of the Messiah:
And Joshua said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. (Matthew 24:2).
This was the end of the world for the Jewish nation, as true Christianity survived the Neronian persecution and continued to grow and prosper, despite all the opposition of the pagan and Papal Roman Pontiffs.
Same-sex marriages are the last stages of a corrupt world!!
Same sex-marriages are the final stages of corruption before the end of time. The Bible says that JEHOVAH created Adam and Eve . . . not Adam and Steve.
Same-sex marriages are now legal in the following states: California, Connecticut, Iowa, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, plus Washington City.
Same-sex marriages are now legal in the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden.
Vital link
| Nero |
Its name means ‘Main Province’, which island makes up 60% of Japan’s total land area? | A Most Merry and Illustrated History of Nero
A Most Merry and Illustrated History of
Nero and His Most Troublesome Minority Group
Everyone, that's everyone, knows that the long history of persecution against the Christians began with Nero. As we've seen in the films like Quo Vadis, Nero blamed the Christians for starting a fire that burned up the city of Rome. He then ordered the Christians to the Colosseum and threw them to the lions. But because of the courage of the Christians in the face of death, the Roman people turned against Nero, and learning that Galba had been declared Emperor, the sniveling whining Emperor was forced to flee Rome and finally committed suicide. As he stabbed himself he cried repeatedly, "Qualis artifex pereo!" or "What an artist dies in me!"
Weeeeellllll, like so much we see on television, in film, or read on the the Fount of All Knowledge, this traditional scenario is not, in fact, quite correct. For one thing, the Colosseum wasn't built at that time. Yes, there were various amphitheaters around, but they were often ramshackle structures made of wood. A sturdy yet old stone amphitheater was about 200 miles south in Pompeii, but in Rome the most majestic arena where Christians were dispatched was the Circus Maximus - the huge track normally used for chariot racing. But wherever it happened, Christians weren't just thrown to the lions, but also to bears, dogs, leopards, but other beasts. Nero also crucified them, covered them with pitch, and set them on fire. Yes, when Nero wanted to get tough on crime, he didn't mess around.
Nero, though, was not the first emperor to cause trouble for the Christians, and this has been reflected in other Hollywood movies. For instance, in movies like The Robe and Demetrius and the Gladiators, we learn it was the mad Caligula, who first decided to wipe out that pesky superstitio that was creeping into Roman family values. But we learn his successor, the Emperor Claudius rescued the Christians, and at the end of Demetrius, Claudius says that Christians have nothing to fear from him as long as they commit no acts of disloyalty from the state.
As far as what really happened, there's a bit of a switch. The Roman Historian, Suetonius, who wrote about eighty years after Caligula, said it was Claudius who had troubles with the followers of a Jewish leader (that was his description) named "Chrestus". Now Suetonius's history agrees pretty well with what the account found in Acts - a particularly valuable book of the Bible as it is for the most part straightforward history. There in Chapter 8, Verse 2 we read that when Paul learned "Claudius having directed all the Jews to depart out of Rome, he [Paul] came to them." What we see, then, is that both Suetonius and Acts agree that at the time of Claudius - 41 - 54 C. E., the Romans were not yet distinguishing Christianity from Judaism and that they had not yet got to the point of throwing Christians to the lions just for being Christians. If minority groups got troublesome then the Roman's just booted them out, much like Richard the Lionhearted did in London when he wanted the money of the Jewish businesses to finance his Crusade.
But still, we have to admit that historically the First Big Baddie of the Christians was indeed Nero. But just who was this emperor that has since become the most evil Roman in history? And does he deserve all the bad press Hollywood heaped on his head? Well, for those who are interested in the answer (but we make no promises), read on!
Nero Checks In
The emperor arrives
According to Suetonius, Nero was born at sunrise on the eighteenth day before the Kalends of January in the first year of the reign of the Emperor Gaius Caesar Germanicus, or as we know him, Caligula. Corrected for the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar, and throwing in the uncertainty that we don't know exactly how long the months were in ancient Rome or whether we should count the days inclusively or exclusively, December 15, 37 CE is pretty close in our modern reckoning to Nero's birthday.
Nero was not only born in Caligula's reign, but his mom, Agrippina Minor - better known to us as Agripplina the Younger - was the second sister of that murderous and possibly crazy ruler. At age thirteen she had been married to Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, who had been consul under Tiberius in 32 C. E.
On the surface it was what the Romans called a good marriage. Domitius was a powerful man who had sided with Augustus over Mark Antony, and all-in-all, he was a distinctively unpleasant man who anticipated the modern CEO by cheating everyone he knew and stealing anything he could. Once he ran down a young child in his chariot just for the heck of it - something even a modern CEO would never do unless it would increase his bonuses. Obviously the household of the Ahenobarbi wasn't a nice or nurturing place for a young teenager.
Suetonius tells us that immediately after Nero's birth, the rays of the rising sun touched the future emperor. Naturally this was a favorable omen. However, we also read there were a lot of signs and omens which foreshadowed that the kid would grow up to be a jerk. So Suetonius shows us how to make accurate predictions. Say things that are vague or contradictory, then no matter what happens you can claim you were right. But it's Tacitus, who is usually the more reliable of Rome's historians, that shows an even better way to predict the future. Make sure that when your write, the event has already happened.
Tacitus, in his (fragmented) account of Nero's life, said that Agrippina had been told by priests that her son would grow up to be emperor, but that he would kill her. To this she responded, "Let him kill me, then, provided he rules!" Like all after-the-fact predictions we can dismiss the story as hogwash, bullshine, and poppycock. Instead, if you look at what Agrippina really did, it's clear she actually expected to be a full fledged co-ruler with her son, and indeed, wanted to be the real power that ruled. But that came later. When Nero was born, neither Agrippina or her husband thought their son would grow up to be emperor.
When Nero was three years old, the best thing possible happened. That is, his dad died. Then things got worse. Caligula banished Agrippina to an island. No one really knows what Caligula had against his sister. Maybe he was just nuts, and he thought that she was trying to do him in. Of course, maybe Caligula was not nuts, and Agrippina really was trying to do him in. By his fourth year Caligula's behavior had become increasingly alarming to many of his family and his former friends. There had been a number of people hoping for a change in management, and Agrippina may have been part of the planning committee. In any case, after he shipped his sister off, Caligula kept sending her letters hinting that before long he would really take care of her. But within the year the emperor and his family had been assassinated, and the new emperor, Claudius, freed Agrippina.
Claudius was engaged six times and was married four. His third spouse was Valeria Messalina. Now at the end of the movie, The Robe, Messalina, despite a dalliance with a back-slidden Victor Mature, vowed faithfulness to her husband and the reign of Claudius continues in harmony with the Christians. This depiction, we have to say, is not only not quite correct, but it couldn't be further from the truth.
When Messalina married Claudius, she was in her twenties, and he in his forties. Claudius also spent a lot of time eating too much, drinking too much, and not paying attention to his young wife. Feeling neglected, Messalina found some solace in boyfriends who were closer to her age and shared her interests. And her main interest, like many twenty-something rich girls, were hanging out and partying with her friends. In her case, Messalina's main squeeze was a handsome hunk of a senator named Gaius Silius.
We don't how much of what Tacitus and Suetonius wrote was actually correct, but if it was, Messalina and Silius had really swinging parties. Once when Claudius was away at the port city of Ostia, Messalina married Silius. That was a wee bit of a problem since if you were married to the emperor, you really weren't supposed to marry someone else. The marriage may have been just a party stunt, but when Claudius got back you can guess what he did when he found out.
But you'd be wrong. Actually, Claudius didn't do much. When he heard the news that Messalina and Silius were hitched, he seemed befuddled. So his freedmen, like the good managers they were and who for the most part hated Messalina, made the decisions for their boss. They killed Messalina and Silius, and Claudius soon married Agrippina. At that time, Nero was ten years old.
Suddenly, Agrippina saw her son was a very strong candidate to be the next emperor. But Nero was a mama's boy, more interested in poetry, playing the lyre, and fantasizing about being a chariot racer. So when he got to be emperor, Agrippina knew who would have to really be in charge. Details of Agrippina's machinations are lacking, but by the time Nero was sixteen, Claudius had designated Nero as his heir, by-passing Britannicus, his son by Messalina.
The story from the sources is that Agrippina then killed Claudius by poison, either dosed onto a plate of mushrooms or put on a feather used as an emetic after the gluttonous emperor ate the mushrooms. You often hear these stories told on TV documentaries, although the scholarly consensus seems to be to reject them. At sixty-three, Claudius was old for a Roman, did not have a healthy lifestyle, and could easily have died of natural causes.
Nero Takes Charge
So Nero became the first celebrity politician with all the attributes necessary for political success - nice hairdo, glamorous spouse(s), hot babe girlfriends, and a penchant for getting on stage with famous actors and musicians. So the next time you see a politician who jams or goes on Saturday Night Live, remember this all started with Nero.
The Roman equivalent of SNL
Nero certainly did have his negative side. He went through multiple wives not unlike like our own favorite family valued politicians and indulged in wild and crazy orgies . Before his reign was over, he had killed sundry members of his family, including his own mother, two of his glamorous spouses, a number of Roman senators, generals, the famous poet Lucan, and his teacher, Seneca. And of course the point of this story is that he also killed a lot of Christians. But unlike our own politicians Nero did not fiddle while Rome burned.
Despite his obvious drawbacks, Nero was capable of surprisingly good things. When a huge earthquake hit Pompeii in 63 CE (sixteen years before the famous eruption of Vesuvius), he gave assistance to the homeless and paid expenditures out of his own personal income. During the Great Fire of Rome - a year later - he opened his own private estates and gardens for the refugees. As with the Pompeii earthquake, he assumed the cost out of his own pocket, that is, he would have if togas had have had pockets. But he did pay for the emergency.
But on the other hand we are talking about Nero, and if you were emperor you didn't have to be - as the saying goes - as busy as you needed to be, but only as busy as you wanted to be. One of his favorite pastimes was he and his buddies would go out at night, beating up people and robbing them. Naturally when the victims saw that one of the muggers was the emperor, they didn't dare fight back. One senator did resist, and only belatedly realized he was fighting the emperor. When he got back home, he committed suicide.
Nero also found family life not to his liking and when he got tired of his first wife, Claudia Octavia, he trumped up an adultery charge, exiled her, and then had her killed. He liked his second wife, Poppaea Sabina, well enough, and she was reported to have gloated over the head of Octavia. But one night Nero came home late from a day at the races and the pregnant Sabina began to berate him for his thoughtlessness of leaving her at home alone. Nero started kicking her in the stomach and injured her so severely she died. He did, though, feel pretty bad about it.
Glamorous spouse(s)
Nero's non-regal behavior is easier to understand once you realized he never really wanted to be emperor. He would have preferred to be a singer, an actor, and a chariot racer. Now that doesn't mean he didn't find being emperor convenient. After all, if you were a contestant with - as a modern historian put it - 28 legions at your command, you were guaranteed to win first prize each and every time. You didn't even need to finish a contest - or even enter it. But being an actor or sports star lay at the foundation of Nero's later problems, although this seems strange to us.
Unlike today when people virtually salaam to the backsides of actors and athletes, in Rome such professionals were known as infamia. If you were an infamis, you were among the lowest class in a multi-class society. That doesn't mean that infamia as individuals couldn't be admired for their ability. But as a class, they were considered disreputable.
How was it possible that you could idolize an actor or sports figure and consider them scum? Well, many actors and athletes were slaves or freed slaves, and so always carried a bit of a taint. So for Nero to appear on stage or in the circus, he was placing himself at the lowest of the Roman status grades.
Nothing better illustrates how the better classes of Romans regarded actors and althletes than to read what a soldier, Subrius Flavus, said after he was found plotting against Nero. When Flavus was brought before the emperor, Nero asked him why he had turned against his emperor. Flavus replied that no one had loved Nero more that he had. But he began to hate Nero when Nero became the murderer of his mother, an arsonist, and - this is what the soldier said - "an actor and a charioteer". So from a Roman standpoint, being an actor and charioteer were being in the same class as common criminals.
Nero won first prize.
That Nero was an arsonist tends to be doubted by modern scholars. But everyone does agree that Nero was an actor and charioteer - and that he murdered his mother.
But why did Nero killed Agrippina? Well, there were plenty of reasons. For one thing, even though he was married to Octavia, he had a girlfriend, named Claudia Acte. It was by no means uncommon for good married Roman men to have girlfriends, but for some reason Agrippina couldn't stand Acte. Agrippina should have just minded her own business since due to Acte's low status she could never have married Nero anyway. But Agrippina was really irritated at the dalliance and kept razzing her son about his infatuation, mocking Acte as "my daughter-in-law, the maid." It's never a good idea to razz someone about his girlfriend, particularly if the fellow in question is a capable of murdering thousands of people.
In addition to harping about Acte, Agrippina was keeping Nero from his other passions: singing, acting, and chariot racing. Now it was OK for Roman aristocrats to demonstrate artistic and athletic skill in private, but Nero wanted to perform with professionals. Agrippina, as long as she was around, was not going to permit any such nonsense. She certainly had other plans than to let her feckless star-struck son appear on Rome Got Talent. But none of these reasons were really enough for Nero to go kill a parent, which was one of the most heinous crimes in the Roman eyes.
In Rome women were forbidden by law from participating in politics, so women who wanted to have some influence had to work behind the scenes. But whoever was officially in charge, Agrippina certainly wanted to be really in charge. She wasn't very subtle about her plans either. Although she had her portrait put on Roman coins, this wasn't without precedent and many Roman women had been so honored. On the other hand, she ordered the senate to come to the palace for their debates so she could listen in (discretely hidden behind a curtain). Once when a delegation from another country was visiting, she began to walk to the throne so she could sit beside her son. That would have created a scandal, but Seneca whispered to Nero that he should go down and greet his mother before she made it up the dais.
Despite her aspirations, Agrippina began to feel that her goal to be empress de facto was being frustrated, and Nero increasingly began putting her into the background. Agrippina, though, was still his mother, and she began (somewhat unwisely) to hint that "what she had done, could be undone." In other words, it was her machinations that got Nero the emperor's job, and she could just as easily find someone else. The "someone else" was clearly, Claudius's natural son and her stepson, Britannicus.
We can see, then, that although Nero's theatrical and athletic aspirations were certainly contributory causes, the immediate reason of his rather drastic actions was certainly his fear Agrippina would replace him with Britannicus. Oh, he could have banished her, but he would have to think up some charge. Furthermore, banished people had a tendency to return and continue to cause trouble.
So Nero adapted a two part but simple and effective strategy. First you kill Britannicus but make it look like an accident. Then when that's done, you kill Agrippina and make that look like an accident. Nothing simpler.
To accomplish Part 1, Nero poisoned Britannicus at a banquet. As his half brother expired the floor, Nero kept eating and dismissed Britannicus's writhings and gasps as having an epileptic fit, shaking his head sadly when Britannicus succummed. Now for Part 2.
Nero liked to spend a lot of time at Naples, which had an elegant Greek air to it, and in fact, as the name Neapolis shows, had been a Greek colony. Naturally Agrippina would come along, but they stayed at different palaces, Nero at Baiae, near the northernmost edge of the bay, and Agrippina at Misenum, about a mile or so south at the end of the penninsula.
In the days before television and video games, you spent your leisure time what was called "entertaining". That is you invited friends over for dinner and conversation. Rich people also would have singers and performers, but most of an evening would be eating, drinking, and enjoying yourself.
So Nero asked his mom and her attendants over for an evening and naturally he sent a boat over. But for the return trip he had a specially designed boat that would collapse once it got offshore. Well, the boat did collapse, but as a "rescue" team came out, one of her servants - anticipating the famous scene in Spartacus - shouted that she was Agrippina. The servant was immediately cut down, and the real Agrippina swam to shore.
Nero soon received a note from Agrippina that she had survived the "accident" and he shouldn't worry about her. But don't bother to visit, she said, as she needed rest. Of course, Nero realized his mother now knew what was up and was simply planning her countermove. Panicking, Nero called in his tutor, Seneca, and the captain of the Praetorian guard, Sextus Afranius Burrus. Neither man had been privy to the actual plot, but Burrus, said enough of these fancy plans. The tried and true method always worked best. So he sent over a group of soldiers who stabbed Agrippina to death. Nero was finally in charge.
The Great Fire
Nero didn't fiddle.
Out from under the thumb of his domineering mother, Nero figured he could settle down for a nice long reign where he could sing, act, and race chariots. He spent a full year in Greece, making the rounds of all the competitions. He won them all naturally, and all seemed well.
Then on the night of July 18 or early morning of July 19 in 64 C. E., a fire started near the Circus Maximus in Rome. It raged for a total of nine days. And no, Nero did not fiddle while the city burned. For one thing, the fiddle hadn't been invented. But neither did he play the lyre. Instead he responded to the emergency very responsibly. We mentioned that Nero opened up his own private property to shelter those left homeless and assumed the expense from his own assets. Good luck today if you ask a modern politician to use his own money for disaster relief. But back then it was de rigeur.
But after a good start in the field of public relations, Nero really screwed up. Once the fire was out, he started building a massive palace on a large part of the burned out areas. The palace, called the Golden House (the Domus Aurea), was a massive sprawling complex which included a man-made lake where the Colosseum is today. There were also fancy buildings, gardens, and walkways. Naturally the people who had lived there before couldn't go back and rebuild. Once more anticipating the modern politician (i. e., increasingly being out of touch with the average citizen), Nero exclaimed that at last he was beginning to be housed like a human being. It's no surprise, then, that some people began to murmur that Nero was glad the city had burned down, and inevitably, that Nero had started the fire himself.
We know what Nero did then. He said it was the Christians that started the fire, those malcontents who believed in what the Romans came to see as a depraved and excessive superstition (superstitio prava et immodica).
Although at least one modern scholar thinks a group of rogue Christians may have indeed been responsible, most historians reject Nero's claim. But it made sense to the Romans. After all, Christians practiced (according to Tacitus) a "baleful superstition" and "harbored hatred for the human race". To us, naturally, such sentiments seem like a hatred based on ignorance, but the Romans saw things differently.
We need to keep in mind that at this point Christians were not arrested for being Christians, and strictly speaking Nero was not rounding up Christians for their beliefs. He was charging them with the specific crime of arson, which then, as now, is one of the worst crimes you can commit. In the United States, sentences of 20 to 30 years are common. In Rome, you were burned alive.
So just what made Christians such a believable target for blame? Now if you delve into the records, you'll find Romans did not - that's did not - have any real idea of what Christianity was about. And like many people who keep to themselves and are - well, "different" - Christians were considered by the average Roman to be weirdos, whackos, and oddballs. Practitioners of mainstream Roman religions looked on Christianity like mainstream people today do for what we call cults. Christians, Romans heard, had wild and crazy orgies, drank blood, and ate babies rolled in flour. Not nice people.
What is even more odd is how long the Romans remained in the dark about Christian religious practices. It wasn't until 112 CE - nearly 50 years after Nero's time - that we have the first surviving account of a trial of Christians written by someone who was actually there. And what we read is very interesting.
The writer in this case was also the judge, Pliny the Younger. The Emperor Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus Augustus (usually called by the more pithy name of Trajan) had appointed Pliny to be the governor of Bythynia, the region of northern Turkey along the Black Sea. The province had become beset with all sorts of problems, and Pliny had a reputation of being an honest and intelligent civil servant and an expert in finance (many of the problems in Bythinia were monetary). So Trajan figured Pliny was the one who could straighten things out.
But it wasn't just money problems that Pliny found. He rode into one town (we don't know exactly where), and he found that worship of the Roman gods had nearly ceased. The fact that the temples and shrines were being neglected naturally upset the more pious of the Romans who also tended to be of the uppercrust. But what really irritated the more traditional citizens was that the merchants who made a living by selling the meat from the sacrificed animals weren't making any money. Now impiety is one thing, but mucking up the economy is something else. So the citizens asked Pliny to take care of the matter and they told him a group of people called Christiani were causing all the trouble.
Up to that time Pliny had never had anything to do with Christians. He had heard of them, yes, but even though he was one of the most famous lawyers in Rome, he had never even been present at a trial of Christians - and we're talking more than a century after the birth of Christ.
His immediate concern was to how to placate the irate citizens. Could he punish Christians just for being Christians? Or did they have to commit actual crimes first? As a Roman magistrate, Pliny had wide authority to decide what was illegal, but as a man of caution, Pliny wrote Trajan and asked what he should do.
To modern audiences who are used to the sword and sandal movies with rabid crowds tossing Christians to the lions, crucifying them, and choppin them up, Trajan's response comes a surprise. First, he said Pliny should not - that's should not - seek Christians out for persecution (conquirendi non sunt). Also if any accusations were made anonymously, they should be ignored. But then he went on to say that if Pliny did find Christians, then they must be "punished" (puniendi sunt). So Trajan gave us what is the first "don't ask-don't tell" policy in history.
On the other hand, Trajan still didn't clarify what Christians were being punished for. Even calling for them to be punished for anything was an anomaly. Normally, Romans did not persecute non-mainstream religions, certainly not for what we call doctrinal issues. They tolerated many different beliefs and permitted many types of worship. But if that's true, then just why were Christians being singled out?
First, we need to understand that Christianity was too new to be considered a real religion. Instead the word Romans used for Christianity was hetaeria - the actual word used by Pliny in his letter. Hetaeriae were not churches or religious groups, but social and professional clubs. A cooking club would be a hetaeria. So would a a fireman's association, and in fact, in one of Pliny's earlier letters he specifically referred to such a fireman's social club as a hetaeria.
Hetaeriae would meet periodically, sometimes in rented rooms or at someone's house. They could have dinners, shoot the bull, and generally enjoy themselves. Dues were collected and would go toward things like providing funeral expenses for their members or to help out families who found themselves on hard times. Of course, in all Roman organizations, there was likely some element of religion in the group. But religion per se was not the focus of groups that the Romans called hetaeriae.
A Hetaeria
So what, then, we ask again, was the problem? Well, the Roman officials were wary of hetaeriae. When people got together the authorities were afraid the group would not just have a good time, but they, like us, would start to trash the government. But the emperors were a suspicious lot and thought that once you started trashing the government, you would then foment sedition and even rebellion. Trajan had even issued a proclamation banning hetaeriae altogether, although it's not clear if that was empire wide or just in Bythinia.
So by beginning of the second century, just being a Christian meant you were automatically a member of a collectively banned organization. We also should remember that in Roman law, crime was an all or nothing matter. If you were not of the Roman uppercrust (who were usually treated leniently), even minor crimes - such as belonging to a banned organization - were capital offenses.
But being a member of hetaeriae wasn't the only "crime" Christians were guilty of. Upon further questioning (which included the legal requirement of torture), Pliny learned of even more dastardly deeds. In their meetings, they sang hymns to Christ "as if to a god" and promised to behave morally and charitably. After the meeting was over, they would then retire to eat food of "ordinary harmless sort". And to fit all this into their busy schedules, they met before dawn.
All right. They met in their houses, sang hymns, promised to be good people, and met before dawn. So what's wrong with that?
Well, meeting at dawn meant they met at night. And one thing emperors always opposed were nighttime meetings. In fact, meeting at night was expressly forbidden in one of the earliest written law codes of Rome, the Twelve Tables. So there you are. Christians were members of a type of group that was banned, and they met at night. Both illegal.
It was not, though, the actual - quote - "crimes" - unquote - that made Christians the real butt of Roman enmity. What really raised the Latin hackles - and what really marked them as different - was they refused to take part in public religious rituals. So they were kind of like the office oddball who never attends the company picnic or people who don't sing the national anthem at sports events. The Christians even refused to pay homage to the statue of the emperor. This abstention from the state worship, the Romans thought, put the entire state and all its inhabitants in jeopardy because if you didn't sacrifice, the gods got got angry, and when they got angry they would call down floods, famine, fire, and pestilence.
Now another strange characteristic of Roman religion is it was the outward ritual that was important. The gods didn't really care if you believed in them or not. Julius Caesar openly ridiculed Roman beliefs, and that was fine provided he took part in the rituals (in fact, Julius early on had been elected pontifex maximus or chief priest of Rome). So although in Pliny's time not participating in the rituals did not violate actual written law or imperial proclamations, refusal did violate the mos maioriam, the customs and precedents of the ancestors.
What also caused Christians problems is that most adherents of other ron-mainstream religions had no problem with showing up for the state functions. If you worshiped Isis or Mithras, you would also show up at the sacrifices to Zeus. Why, the Romans wondered, couldn't the Christians do the same.
On the other hand, there was one well established religion that prohibited its members from attending the worship of other gods and making homage before the emperor's statue. That was Judaism. Their doctrine was clear. Adherents were to have no gods before their God and there was to be no worship before graven images. So Jews would not participate in state sacrifice or make oaths before a statue of the emperor.
Still, at no time in the Roman empire was it ever illegal just to be Jewish. In fact, it was possible if you were Jewish to obtain wealth and status. Some Jews, such as Saul of Tarsus, that is, our friend Paul the Apostle , were "Hellenized". That is, they had adopted clothing of the Graeco-Roman world and some may have even gone about with the proper Roman coiffure and went about clean shaven. Paul was even born a Roman citizen and proud of it.
Now Roman law, by its nature, was very flexible, but in consequence comes off to us also arbitrary and capricious. Therefore how religious minorities fared depended on the temperament and tolerance of individual rulers and magistrates.
For instance, Augustus did not require the Jewish population to participate in state religions or sacrifice to his statue. Perhaps influenced by the Emperor's tolerance, the Jewish elders decided it was certainly not against their religion to make sacrifices to their own God on behalf of or for the well-being of the emperor.
This compromise seemed to work for most of the Emperors, even nutballs like Caligula. Once he met with a Jewish delegation from Alexandria who had been having problems with the local Hellenistic population. In one of the few contemporary eyewitness accounts of a Roman emperor in action, Caligula came off as something of a jackass, more interested in decorating his palace than arbitrating differences among his subjects. Still he decided to let the Jews of Alexandria practice their religion. But like many of Caligula's rulings, this one didn't last. Soon Caligula ordered his image to be erected in the Temple of Jerusalem which would have led to riots at best and more likely to open revolt. Fortunately, the governor of Judea put off obeying the order long enough for Caligula to be assassinated. Then he went back to Augustus's policy.
So why couldn't the emperors treat Christians as they did the Jews? Why were they called a hetaeria and not a religio. Well, to be a religio it helped if your beliefs were old. Even better was if you had sacred texts going back hundreds of years or longer (which the Jews had). For Romans old was good. But if your religion only went a generation or two back - like the Christians - you were out of luck.
In the end, then, the question as to if Christians were punished for their "crimes" or "just being Christians", we can answer with a resounding "Yes!" That is, if you were a Christian and following your beliefs, you would automatically break the laws of Rome. So proof of Christianity eventually became proof of criminality.
But Pliny still didn't know what to do. As he himself admitted, he had never - that's never - been present at a trial of Christians. Here's one of the biggest lawyers in Rome, a century after the birth of Christ and fifty years after Nero, and yet his contact with Christians was essentially zilch. So he had to wing it, and here's what he decided to do.
First, he asked the suspects if they were Christians. If they said, yes, he asked again. If they persisted in their "obstinacy" and again said yes, Pliny asked a third time, no doubt coming off as either a bit dense or at least hard of hearing. But three strikes and the Christians were out, and Pliny had then led away to execution.
Other suspects, though, denied they were Christians, even though some admitted they had once been Christians, but had given it up as much as twenty years previously. Now Pliny was in a dilemma. Were the people just saying they weren't Christians to save their lives (after all, Peter had denied he knew Christ). So Pliny had an idea.
He brought in a statue of Trajan and asked the suspects to pour some wine on the ground as an offering. If they did, they were let go. If they refused, Pliny had found his Christians.
But as we said, Pliny wasn't sure if what he was doing was the right thing. So he wrote his famous letter to Trajan asking for further advice. Trajan responded and said, yes, Pliny had done the right thing. But by then it didn't matter Pliny had already killed all the Christians in town.
But going back to Rome in 64 C. E., once Nero killed the Christians and built the Domus Aurea, he figured his problems were over. Fat chance. By concentrating on being an artist and athlete, Nero had done the one thing that was a no-no for an emperor. He completely ignored the military. He had never led an army in battle - expected of Roman politicians - and in fact, he never so much as laid eyes on an army in the field. Next, he had this pesky habit of ordering generals to commit suicide. We can guess he did that because he suspected them of disloyalty and were planning rebellion. It's likely that in some cases Nero was correct, but forcing army leaders to suicide made the innocent generals decidedly nervous.
The first serious revolt against Nero was by General Gaius Julius Vindex. Vindex argued that Nero wasn't a leader but a "harpist", and they didn't need a singer for emperor. However, Vindex's revolt wasn't successful, and when his army was defeated in 68 C. E. near Vesontio, he committed suicide. But at the start of his rebellion, Vindex had called on the aid of Servius Sulpicius Galba, who was married to one of Nero's girl friends and had been living in Spain while his wife lived in Rome. With Vindex dead, Galba now led the rebellion.
With armies rising up against the emperor, Nero decided on action. First he dressed up a bunch of girls like the legendary female warriors, the Amazons. Then he called in a bunch of senators to discuss his ideas for a new type of water organ. Finally he devised a plan of stopping the rebellions by going to the rebels, weeping before them, and then leading them in songs of his own composing.
The Senate finally decided that Nero had lost it and declared Galba was emperor. Well, Nero thought, maybe this was for the best. After all, he never wanted to be Rome's ruler, and an empire as large as Rome could find a place for an out-of-work emperor. He liked Greece, and maybe he could move there and make the rounds of the various competitions. Better yet, he could move to Alexandria and make a living as a singer.
But when he heard that he had been declared an outlaw, Nero fled with a few of his servants to a ruined villa outside of Rome. Then on June 9, 68 C. E., he learned troops were approaching, and he had a servant help stab himself in the throat. His eyes bulged from their head so much that people with him panicked, and he uttered the most famous of the not-quite-last words, "Qualis artifex pereo!". Usually translated as "What an artiste dies in me!" it can also be translated as "What an artisan I've been reduced to in my dying!" or even "As what kind of an artist do I perish?" If you don't like ambiguity, Latin is not the language for you.
Those were not, though, Nero's actual last words. As he lay dying on the ground, a soldier came in. Seeing the wounded emperor, the man placed his cloak against the wound. "Too late!" Nero gasped. "This is loyalty!"
That was the end of Nero. His old girlfriend, Acte, took over the funeral arrangements. Nero was cremated and his ashes were placed in the family tomb of the Ahenobarbi. Over the course of time eventually the tomb was destroyed, and its contents - what was left of Nero - were lost.
Just how many Christians did Nero actually kill? Later Christian writers put the numbers in the thousands. But some modern historians (particularly those who use history programs to tell of their non-refereed opinions) tend to pooh-pooh such huge numbers. It could have been a couple of hundred, perhaps, but thousands? No.
However, there's good reasons to think the thousands is the right number. Tacitus - remember that he was a Roman writer - wrote that the number of Christians convicted by Nero was a huge multitude (multitudo ingens). And if you were convicted by Nero it was a given you were also killed. You did not get probation and community service.
Admittedly a multitude is kind of a vague term. But saying a huge multitude is a couple of hundred doesn't seem to quite cut it. On the other hand Livy, an earlier Roman writer, had referred to a multitudo ingens during the Bacchanalian persecution. The number he cited was around 7000. So according to Roman and Christian accounts, the number of Nero's victims being in the thousands has credence.
But if Nero was the first big baddie of the Christians, why isn't he mentioned in the Bible? Augustus is mentioned (Luke 2:1). Tiberius is mentioned (Luke 3:1). And so is Claudius (Acts 11:28). So why isn't Nero given some notice?
Well, he just might be, although perhaps in a roundabout way. But that's another story. But a story you can read if you just click here .
References
Annals, Books 14 - 15 , Tacitus
The Twelve Caesars, Suetonius
Roman History: Books LXI - LXIII , Cassius Dio
Most of what we know about Nero comes from the works of Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio, none of whom were contemporaries of Nero. All were also of the upper classes and so considered Nero's artistic aspirations to be a disgrace. Keeping who told us what can be a bit of a challenge.
It is Tacitus who tells us of the prediction that Nero would kill his mother. The wording has been variously translated, a popular one being, "Let him kill me, provided he becomes emperor!" The actual Latin is "Occidat dum imperet", literally, "Let him kill (subjunctive tense) while he rules!" Tacitus, as he often did, questioned the veracity of his sources. What the quote really tells us is that Nero's mother, like Julius Caesar, was contemptuous of religion. You can bet like mother like son.
The famous quote of Subrius Flavus - which Tacitus says is a direct quote of the unvarnished Latin of the soldier himself - is:
"Oderam te, nec quisquam tibi fidelior militum fuit dum amari meruisti. Odisse coepi postquam parricida matris et uxoris, auriga et histrio et incendiarius extitisti."
This is translated as: "I hated you, yet no one of the soldiers was more loyal to you while you deserved to be loved. I began to hate (you), after you became the parricide of your mother and wife, a charioteer and an actor and incendiary."
There have been cases where Tacitus claims he was quoting directly from a source and when the source was found in contemporary inscriptions, Tacitus was right on. So as Professor Edward Champlin has pointed out, here we have a direct quote of a member of Nero's personal guard accusing him of starting the fire of Rome. The point to note is that the other statements about Nero in this quote are true. But there are still objections to the "Nero did it" theory. For instance, if Nero wanted the area cleared for the Golden House, why did the fire start in another region of Rome altogether? So most historians still reject that Nero or the Christians started the fire.
Nero, Edward Champlin, Belknap Press (2003). A modern biography by the world's acknowledged expert on Nero. A lot of discussion which puts Nero's oddball behavior in perspective which points to Nero being a great spinmeister who gathered his support from the lower classes of Rome. Too bad the lower classs weren't in charge of the army.
Emperors of Rome, Garrett G. Fagan, (The Pennsylvania State University), The Teaching Company. DVD Course. One lecture covers Claudius and Agrippina (who is busy getting Nero ready to rule) and three of the lectures are about Nero. The lectures call on a lot of the more recent scholarship, particularly from Professor Champlin's book. The Teaching Company has many courses on wide and varied subjects taught by excellent teachers and the success of the company shows that, believe it or not, many people like learning accurate and correct information.
| i don't know |
Honiara is the capital city of which nation? | Honiara, capital city of Solomon Islands
All...
Honiara, capital city of Solomon Islands
Honiara is a city looking optimistically toward the future. Ethnic tensions and civil unrest rocked the capital of the Solomon Islands between 1999 and 2003, but the city is now peaceful, safe and completely captivating. Visitors quickly fall in love with Honiara's atmospheric wharf, bustling markets and village feel.
The central market is the heart of Honiara. It is where locals shop for the freshest produce, catch up on the day's gossip and sell handicrafts like shell artwork and jewelry. The bubbling market assails the senses, covering an entire block between the seafront and Mendana Avenue. The selection of fruits and vegetables is almost overwhelming, and the fish market in the back is stocked with some of the freshest seafoods in the world.
One of the most impressive sights in the capital is the National Parliament building. From its place on the hill above Hibiscus Avenue, the conical-shaped building towers over the city. Visitors can steal an interesting glimpse at the political proceedings from the public gallery at the eastern entrance and explore the rich collection of traditional art on display.
The National Museum and Cultural Center is modest but thought-provoking. The one-room display highlights traditional dance, weaponry, body ornamentation, currency and archaeology. Eight traditionally constructed homes sit just behind the main building, representing eight of the Solomon Islands' provinces. There are also a few wooden statues featuring bold carvings around the grounds.
The usually-calm waters that surround the islands were greatly disturbed by the Second World War. Henderson Airfield, near the capital, was controlled by the US-led allied forces and as a launching pad for further attacks. Visitors to Honiara can explore many untouched sites and even discover artifacts still scattered in the battlegrounds.
The United States War Memorial is perched at the top of Skyline Ridge. A walk through the imposing marble walls reveals powerful insights about the war in the Solomon Islands, and the setting offers remarkable views of battle sites.
The Japanese Memorial has a peaceful atmosphere. White frangipani and red hibiscus outline a paved square whose centerpiece is a towering stone monument. War veterans built the monument, and their families often return to the site to commemorate those who died.
Many visitors and villagers have collected wartime relics from the Gifu, an important command post in the Japanese struggle to regain Henderson Airfield. Visitors can view many artifacts seized from the area for a small sum, then walk through the main battle area and explore foxholes.
Diving is a popular sport in and around Honiara. The surrounding waters are home to many wrecks, including submarines, troop carriers, transport ships and planes. Coral gardens, reefs, pinnacles and walls support an incredible variety of sea creatures. Anemone fish, barracuda, big-eye trevally, humphead parrotfish, butterfly fish and angel fish are just a few of the species that swim throughout the azure waters. Even muck dives offer a wide array of life, including ghost pipefish, manta shrimp and pygmy seahorses.
A large expat community has given Honiara a diverse dining scene. A number of outstanding restaurants and cafes serve up cuisines from all over the world, including French, Italian, American, Australian, Israeli and Middle Eastern foods.
Honiara Geographical Location
Honiara is located on the island of Guadalcanal on its northern coast.
The population of Honiara is estimated to be 79,000.
Honiara Language
English is the official language of the Solomon Islands but only a small minority speaks it. There are over 120 indigenous languages that are spoken throughout the islands.
Honiara Predominant Religion
2.5% Other
0.5% None
| Solomon Islands |
Who composed the music for the films 'Gandhi' and Satyajit Ray's revered 'Apu Trilogy'? | Solomon Islands | Flags of countries
Flags of countries
Solomon Islands
Flag of Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands lie in the eastern direction from New Guinea and to the west from the shores of Australia. The flag of the archipelago is composed of blue and green sections, where the fields are separated by a yellow diagonal stripe. In the upper left part of the blue box, a white five-pointed stars are located. The islands have not been colonized until the 19th century, but it eventually came under the British-German domination. In 1920, Australian ruled the islands and Solomon Islands have become independent in 1977. A year after, the current national flag has been adopted. The stars denote five island territories; blue represents the ocean, yellow the local bright sun and green fertile land.
Download a flag or use it on websites
Flag Download
| i don't know |
Admiral Américo Tomás became president of which NATO-member nation in 1958? | Americo Tomas : definition of Americo Tomas and synonyms of Americo Tomas (English)
3 References
Biography
Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás was born in Lisbon, Portugal on November 9, 1894 to parents António Rodrigues Tomás and Maria da Assunção Marques.
He married Gertrudes Ribeiro da Costa in October, 1922. The couple had two children, Maria Natália Rodrigues Tomás (b. 1925) and Maria Madalena Rodrigues Tomás (b. 1930).
Academic career
Rear Admiral Américo Tomás
Tomás attended the High School of Lapa, Portugal, in 1904, completing his secondary education in 1911. He then attended the Faculty of Sciences for two years (1912 - 1914), after which he joined the Naval Academy as a midshipman.
Military Career
After Tomás graduated from the Naval Academy in 1916, he was assigned to the Portuguese coast escort service on Vasco da Gama and later assigned to the Pedro Nunes and the destroyers Douro and Tejo. [1] during World War I . In 1918, he received a promotion to Lieutenant .
On March 17, 1920, he was placed on the Survey vessel 5 de Outubro, where he served for the next sixteen years. During this time, he was assigned to the Survey mission of the Portuguese Coast and was a Board Member of the Technical commission for hydrography , Navigation and nautical Meteorology and a member of the Council for Studies of Oceanography and Fisheries . Tomás was also a member of the International Permanent Council for the Exploration of the Sea. [2]
He was appointed Chief of Staff to the Minister of the Navy in 1936, President of the Merchant Marine National Junta from 1940 to 1944 and Minister of the Navy from 1944 to 1958.
During his term as Minister of the Navy, he was responsible for the total reconstruction of the Portuguese commercial navy organized under "Dispatch 100". Fifty-six ships were ordered, with more than 300,000 tons of displacement. This dispatch included statutes that also allowed the formation of what is now the modern shipbuilding industry in Portugal. Tomás' actions while Minister of the Navy created a positive reputation in the marine community, unlike the infamy created by several of his colleagues in the Portuguese Armed Forces (FAP) and the Portuguese Government during their respective tenures.
President of the Republic
In 1958, he was chosen by then- Prime Minister António Salazar as the candidate of União Nacional party for the presidency of the republic, as the party was completely loyalty to Salazar. He ran against the opposition backed Humberto Delgado . In a highly contested election he was elected president of the Portuguese Republic. [3] He was re-elected in 1965 and 1972 (in an electoral college, not in a general election as in 1958). During this time, Portugal was ruled by the authoritarian regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and the president of the republic had only a figurative role. The virtual powerlessness of his office under Salazar made him a decorative figure in inaugurations and festivities. This, together with a natural inability for speech, made him target of frequent jokes.
Tomás used his presidential prerogative just once: to dismiss Salazar when he became incapacitated by a severe stroke in September 1968. Tomás appointed Marcello Caetano to replace Salazar as prime minister. He took a much more active role in the government after Caetano took power, and became the rallying point for hard-liners who thought that even Caetano's cosmetic reforms went too far.
Tomás, while President of the Republic and unlike his predecessor, always lived in his private residence, only using the Belém Palace for office and official ceremonies.
Overthrow and death
When, on April 25, 1974, the " Carnation Revolution " deposed Caetano, Tomás was also overthrown and sent to exile in Brazil . [4]
He was allowed to return to Portugal in 1980, but he was denied the readmission in the Portuguese Navy and the special pension scheme currently in place for former Presidents of the Republic.
In September 18, 1987, Americo Tomás died, at 92 in a Cascais clinic from complications after a surgery.
Published works
Sem Espírito Marítimo Não É Possível o Progresso da Marinha Mercante, Lisbon, Own edition, 1956.
Renovação e Expansão da Frota Mercante Nacional, preface of Jerónimo Henriques Jorge, Lisbon, Own edition, 1958.
Citações, Lisbon, República, 1975.
Últimas Décadas de Portugal, l.º e 2.º vols., Lisbon, Fernando Pereira, 1980 and 1981.
References
^ Mascarenhas, João Mário; António José Telo (1997). "Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás" (in pt). A República e seus presidentes. http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/palacio/presidentes/americo_tomas.html .
^ Mascarenhas, João Mário; António José Telo (1997). "Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás" (in pt). A República e seus presidentes. http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/palacio/presidentes/americo_tomas.html .
| Portugal |
Which country's TV market is the largest in Western Europe, with 34m connected homes? | Portugal - The First Republic, 1910-26 | history - geography | Britannica.com
Manuel I
The new regime formed a provisional government under the presidency of Teófilo Braga , a well-known writer. A new electoral law was issued giving the vote only to a restricted number of adult males. The provisional government presided over the election of a constituent assembly, which opened on June 19, 1911. The constitution was passed by the assembly on August 20, and the provisional government surrendered its authority a few days later (August 24) to the new president, Manuel José de Arriaga. Despite initial hopes that the republic would solve the massive problems inherited from the monarchy, Portugal soon became western Europe’s most turbulent, unstable parliamentary regime.
Although a monarchist invasion led by Henrique de Paiva Couceiro in October 1911 was unsuccessful, the main danger to the new regime came from its internal divisions. For the moment, it was fairly united in support of abolishing the monarchy and disestablishing the Roman Catholic Church . The religious orders were expelled (October 8, 1910) and their property confiscated. New legislation banned the teaching of religion in schools and universities and annulled many religious holidays. Persecution of Catholics in the early years of the republic attracted international attention and brought the new political system into conflict with foreign diplomats, humanitarian organizations, and journalists. Indeed, though the government initiated advances in education, health, civic freedoms, and colonial development, positive results were overwhelmed by administrative instability, labour unrest, public violence, and military intervention in politics.
By 1912 the republicans were divided into Evolutionists (moderates), led by António José de Almeida; Unionists (centre party), led by Manuel de Brito Camacho; and Democrats (the leftist core of the original party), led by Afonso Costa. A number of prominent republicans had no specific party. The whirligig of republican political life offered little improvement on the monarchist regime, and in 1915 the army showed signs of restlessness. General Pimenta de Castro formed a military government and permitted the monarchists to reorganize, but a Democratic coup in May led to his arrest and consignment to the Azores, along with Machado Santos . Dominated by Costa’s oratory, partisan press, and political machine, the Democrats’ regime was in turn overthrown by another bloody military coup (December 1917), led by the former minister to Germany, Major Sidónio Pais.
The authoritarian, unstable “New Republic” of charismatic President Pais failed to pacify the feuding factions, and its collapse precipitated a brief civil war. Following Pais’s assassination in Lisbon (December 14, 1918), republicans and monarchists fought a civil war (January 1919) in which the final armed effort to restore the monarchy failed, and political power was restored to the chastened Democrats. Four key tensions characterized the republic’s troubled political system: (1) excessive factionalism, (2) the tendency of the factions to bear allegiance to personalities rather than to ideas, institutions, and the public interest, (3) disparity between the landholding patterns of the north (typified by minifundias—small subsistence farms) and the south (typified by latifundias—large estates worked by landless peasants), and (4) the concentration of economic development in Lisbon, at the expense of the provinces.
Related Places
Tomar
Though officially neutral, Portugal at the outbreak of World War I had proclaimed its adhesion to the English alliance (August 7, 1914) and on November 23 committed itself to military operations against Germany . On September 11 the first expedition left to reinforce the African colonies, and there was fighting in northern Mozambique, on the Tanganyika (now Tanzania) frontier, and in southern Angola, on the frontier of German South West Africa . In February 1916, in compliance with a request from Britain, Portugal seized German ships lying in Portuguese ports, and on March 9 Germany declared war on Portugal. A Portuguese expeditionary force under General Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu went to Flanders in 1917, and on April 9, 1918, the Germans mounted a major attack in the Battle of the Lys. Although the Allies won the war and Portugal’s colonies were safeguarded, the 0.75 percent of the war indemnity paid by Germany to Portugal was scant compensation for the heavy costs incurred both in the field and at home, including the casualties of the African campaigns and the Western Front, the alienation of a portion of the army officer corps, crippling war debts to Britain, intense inflation, and a scarcity of food and fuel.
World Wars
Former Evolutionist Almeida became the only president to complete his term during the First Republic, but the cycles of bankruptcy, corruption, public violence, and military insurrectionism continued. Finally, on May 28, 1926, the parliamentary republic was overthrown in a bloodless military coup that instituted what was to become western Europe’s most long-lived authoritarian system.
The dictatorship, 1926–74
| i don't know |
Which country is home to Lake Balaton, the largest lake in central Europe? | Hungary - A love for life! | Lake Balaton
The "Hungarian Sea", is the people's name for the 50-mile long lake with silky green-yellow water in the middle of Transdanubia. Lake Balaton is one of Hungary's most precious treasures and most frequented resorts. It is also the largest lake in Central Europe. The southern shores are ideal for small children because of the shallow water, but on the north shore the water gets deeper instantaneously. The summer water temperature is around 80 °F, which is warmer than the average air temperature in the morning and in the evening. The water and the sleek mud of the lake are excellent remedies for nervous complaints, anaemia and nervous fatigue.
Picturesque vineyards in the region produce an assortment of excellent wines that go very well with the delicious local food. Large numbers of inns and restaurants welcome guests from home and abroad.
Siófok is the largest town on the southern side of Lake Balaton and is known for being the party town of the lake. Its port serves every boat route on the lake. Cruise boats also start from here. The hotels of the Golden and Silver Beaches are very much in demand. The pleasant parks are ornamented with statues. The Lutheran church has a remarkable style. The composer of the internationally renowned operettas, Imre Kálmán (1882-1953), is the famous son of this city. His piano and many personal belongings can be seen in his museum. The Water Management Museum covers the history of shipping and fishery on Lake Balaton, while a huge collection of minerals is exhibited in the Museum of Minerals.
Keszthely, the oldest settlement of Lake Balaton was an important hub of commerce in Roman times. The beautiful Festetics Mansion with its ornate wrought iron gate, surrounded by an English park, is the third largest chateau in the country. All you may wish to know more about Lake Balaton, including its formation, flora and fauna, the history of bathing culture, waterborne traffic and archaeological and ethnographic memorabilia of 7,000 years, can be seen at the Balaton Museum.
How come camels, buffaloes and zebras roam along Lake Balaton? Hardly indigenous to the region, they are resident of the Safari Park and Africa Museum established by the renowned Hungarian hunter in Africa, Endre von Nagy. A rich collection of artefacts including trophies and African ethnographic objects is on display at the museum.
Badacsony
The hill is an extinct casket-shaped volcano. Its slopes are covered with some very strange geological formations, fossilized lava columns called "basalt organs" as well as vineyards which produce the excellent wine of the Pauline monks called "Grey Friar". One of the two hundred year old press houses is home to one of the most popular restaurant. Its terrace also offers an excellent panorama.
Tihany
The twin-towered church of the Tihany peninsula is distinctly visible far and wide. The peninsula, inhabited almost a thousand years, is of volcanic origin, and has a profusion of rare plants and animals. The crypt of King András I, founded in 1055, survived the turbulent past and still stands in its original form. The present church was built over the crypt in the 18th century in Baroque style and has many precious wood carvings. In the Museum of the Benedictine Abbey, you can find an exhibition about ancient times. There are frequent organ concerts in the abbey church in the summertime.
Hévíz is extremely fortunate to have its Thermal Bath that has been attracting visitors for more than two centuries. The Lake is covered with water-lilies and extends over an area of approximately 30 square-miles, with a depth of 118 feet at the centre. It is the second largest hot-water lake in the world, at a temperature of 90°F open-air bathing is very pleasant even in winter. Treatments are conducted under the supervision of specialized doctors from the Hospital of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation.
| Hungary |
Which US ‘Pop’ artist’s work includes a 1974 piece entitled ‘The red horseman’? | Lake Balaton - Touring Holiday by Car, Train or Cycle
Print directions
0
•Siófok is the most popular resort on the lake, particularly for younger people, with lots of restaurant and outside bars during the summer season. There are pleasant walks on the banks of the Balaton and along the Sió River – the only outlet from the Balaton, leading eventually to the Danube.
Sunset across the Balaton
•Kishegy is a small hill about half way along the southern side of the Lake. What makes it one of my highlights are the panoramic views covering almost the full length of the lake. Watch dazzling sunsets over the lake whilst enjoying a meal at the not very originally named Panorama Restaurant. The famous Chapel Hill wine gets its name from the little St Donatus Chapel at Kishegy. Sample the wines at the Garamvári vineyard halfway up the hill.
•Fonyód is a typical small resort town on the southern shore of the lake. There are several similar attractive resorts nearby such as Balatonlelle, Balatonboglár and Balatonfenyves all with good safe bathing and lake-side bars and restaurants. I include Fonyód in my highlights because of its great views across the lake to various extinct volcanic peaks on the northern shores.
Balatonfenyves looking towards Fonyód
•Keszthely is a university town at the western end of Lake Balaton. There are several hotels there and a good central shopping area. Make a point of having a coffee at the upstairs viewing area of the jetty bar and maybe go for a short boat ride. The Festetics Palace, built in Baroque style, and gardens are well worth a visit – see portraits of the family wearing Scottish kilts.
•Hévíz is famous for its Spa , a large, deep open air pool which is supposed to cure a wide range of ailments. The town itself is an attractive place to stroll around with good restaurants and well laid out gardens.
•Tapolca is a few miles north of the Lake. If travelling by rail then you will have to go through Tapolca, but it is worth the deviation if travelling by car or cycle. Enjoy the mill pond surrounded by colourful buildings then visit the caves under the town. You can take a short boat trip in the caves along the river which flows into the mill pond.
Badascony viewed from Fonyód
•Badascony is round-topped extinct volcanic hill which can be seen from almost the full length of the lake. Take a jeep ride up the hill, then slowly saunter down sampling the local wines along the way. Probably it is a good idea to spend the night then in Badacsony town before driving on.
•Tihany is an attractive town built on a hilly peninsula sticking out into Lake Balaton. Narrow streets lead up to the impressive Abbey, dating from 1055 but rebuilt in 1754 in Baroque style. There are panoramic views of the eastern part of the lake from the pathways by the abbey. You can take a ferry ride across the lake from the Tihany peninsula and this is free of charge for those over 65.
•Balatonfüred is an upmarket, spa resort and an internationally famous cardiac centre. When I first visited fifteen years ago, the town had a faded 1930s feel to it. Now it has many modern, stylish bars and restaurants leading down to the marina.
Tihany Abbey
•Veszprém is one of the oldest towns in Hungary situated nine miles north of the lake. It is worth the detour to see the old town perched on a hill with winding medieval streets, quaint houses and grand palaces. Stop along the way and climb the Fire Tower for some great views before continuing into the old town via the grand entrance, the Heroes’ Gate.
0
How to get there
Several budget airlines fly from the UK to Budapest including Jet2 from East Midlands, Edinburgh and Manchester. Then cars can be hired at good rates through Auto Europe or you could travel around the Lake by rail starting from the Budapest Déli station. I often drive to the Lake Balaton region using PO Ferries to travel from Hull to Europort (see my review of PO Ferries to Rotterdam ) followed by a 900 mile drive, on motorways for almost the whole way. And I put my passport away once I’ve landed at Europort – all other borders are non-stop drive through.
Where to stay
Accommodation is straightforward outside the busy months of July and August; there are lots of inexpensive rooms and apartments to rent all around the lake, often indicated by the ubiquitous sign “Zimmer Frei”. For example in Balatonboglár, from personal experience I can recommend the self-catering apartments offered by Balaton Tourism . It is advisable to book accommodation in advance during the busy July/August period.
Borsca Etterem in Balatonfüred
Where to eat
There are vast numbers of restaurants around Lake Balaton serving good local food and drink. I’ve already mentioned the Panorama Restaurant at Kishegy, but I also recommend the Anno Taverna at Balatonszárszó, the thatched Búbos Csárda at Balatonberény, the Vadkert Restaurant in Keszthely which specialises in game meats and the Borsca Etterem in Balatonfüred where you can enjoy an excellent goulash by the lake shore.
Overall verdict on Lake Balaton tour
A very pleasant, relaxed touring holiday. Maybe a bit off the normal tourist route, but highly recommended. Don’t worry if you don’t know any Hungarian; you will get by with English and people are generally very helpful.
This entry was posted in Hungary . Bookmark the permalink .
| i don't know |
Which bone in the human forearm is slightly thicker than its pair? | The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Forearm - Human Anatomy
Flexor carpi ulnaris.
Flexor digitorum sublimis.
The muscles of this group take origin from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by a common tendon; they receive additional fibers from the deep fascia of the forearm near the elbow, and from the septa which pass from this fascia between the individual muscles. The Pronator teres has two heads of originhumeral and ulnar. The humeral head, the larger and more superficial, arises immediately above the medial epicondyle, and from the tendon common to the origin of the other muscles; also from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor carpi radialis and from the antibrachial fascia. The ulnar head is a thin fasciculus, which arises from the medial side of the coronoid process of the ulna, and joins the preceding at an acute angle. The median nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of the muscle, and is separated from the ulnar artery by the ulnar head. The muscle passes obliquely across the forearm, and ends in a flat tendon, which is inserted into a rough impression at the middle of the lateral surface of the body of the radius. The lateral border of the muscle forms the medial boundary of a triangular hollow situated in front of the elbow-joint and containing the brachial artery, median nerve, and tendon of the Biceps brachii. Variations.Absence of ulnar head; additional slips from the medial intermuscular septum, from the Biceps and from the Brachialis anticus occasionally occur. The Flexor carpi radialis lies on the medial side of the preceding muscle. It arises from the medial epicondyle by the common tendon; from the fascia of the forearm; and from the intermuscular septa between it and the Pronator teres laterally, the Palmaris longus medially, and the Flexor digitorum sublimis beneath. Slender and aponeurotic in structure at its commencement, it increases in size, and ends in a tendon which forms rather more than the lower half of its length. This tendon passes through a canal in the lateral part of the transverse carpal ligament and runs through a groove on the greater multangular bone; the groove is converted into a canal by fibrous tissue, and lined by a mucous sheath. The tendon is inserted into the base of the second metacarpal bone, and sends a slip to the base of the third metacarpal bone. The radial artery, in the lower part of the forearm, lies between the tendon of this muscle and the Brachioradialis. Variations.Slips from the tendon of the Biceps, the lacertus fibrosus, the coronoid, and the radius have been found. Its insertion often varies and may be mostly into the annular ligament, the trapezium, or the fourth metacarpal as well as the second or third. The muscle may be absent. The Palmaris longus is a slender, fusiform muscle, lying on the medial side of the preceding. It arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common tendon, from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from the antibrachial fascia. It ends in a slender, flattened tendon, which passes over the upper part of the transverse carpal ligament, and is inserted into the central part of the transverse carpal ligament and lower part of the palmar aponeurosis, frequently sending a tendinous slip to the short muscles of the thumb. Variations.One of the most variable muscles in the body. This muscle is often absent about (10 per cent.), and is subject to many variations; it may be tendinous above and muscular below; or it may be muscular in the center with a tendon above and below; or it may present two muscular bundles with a central tendon; or finally it may consist solely of a tendinous band. The muscle may be double. Slips of origin from the coronoid process or from the radius have been seen.Partial or complete insertion into the fascia of the forearm, into the tendon of the Flexor carpi ulnaris and pisiform bone, into the navicular, and into the muscles of the little finger have been observed.
FIG. 415 Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.
The Flexor carpi ulnaris lies along the ulnar side of the forearm. It arises by two heads, humeral and ulnar, connected by a tendinous arch, beneath which the ulnar nerve and posterior ulnar recurrent artery pass. The humeral head arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common tendon; the ulnar head arises from the medial margin of the olecranon and from the upper two-thirds of the dorsal border of the ulna by an aponeurosis, common to it and the Extensor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum profundus; and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum sublimis. The fibers end in a tendon, which occupies the anterior part of the lower half of the muscle and is inserted into the pisiform bone, and is prolonged from this to the hamate and fifth metacarpal bones by the pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments; it is also attached by a few fibers to the transverse carpal ligament. The ulnar vessels and nerve lie on the lateral side of the tendon of this muscle, in the lower two-thirds of the forearm. Variations.Slips of origin from the coronoid. The Epitrochleo-anconæus, a small muscle often present runs from the back of the inner condyle to the olecranon, over the ulnar nerve. The Flexor digitorum sublimis is placed beneath the previous muscle; it is the largest of the muscles of the superficial group, and arises by three headshumeral, ulnar, and radial. The humeral head arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common tendon, from the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and from the intermuscular septa between it and the preceding muscles. The ulnar head arises from the medial side of the coronoid process, above the ulnar origin of the Pronator teres (see Fig. 213, page 216). The radial head arises from the oblique line of the radius, extending from the radial tuberosity to the insertion of the Pronator teres. The muscle speedily separates into two planes of muscular fibers, superficial and deep: the superficial plane divides into two parts which end in tendons for the middle and ring fingers; the deep plane gives off a muscular slip to join the portion of the superficial plane which is associated with the tendon of the ring finger, and then divides into two parts, which end in tendons for the index and little fingers. As the four tendons thus formed pass beneath the transverse carpal ligament into the palm of the hand, they are arranged in pairs, the superficial pair going to the middle and ring fingers, the deep pair to the index and little fingers. The tendons diverge from one another in the palm and form dorsal relations to the superficial volar arch and digital branches of the median and ulnar nerves. Opposite the bases of the first phalanges each tendon divides into two slips to allow of the passage of the corresponding tendon of the Flexor digitorum profundus; the two slips then reunite and form a grooved channel for the reception of the accompanying tendon of the Flexor digitorum profundus. Finally the tendon divides and is inserted into the sides of the second phalanx about its middle. Variations.Absence of radial head, of little finger portion; accessory slips from ulnar tuberosity to the index and middle finger portions; from the inner head to the Flexor profundus; from the ulnar or annular ligament to the little finger. The Deep Group (Fig. 415).
Flexor digitorum profundus.
Flexor pollicis longus.
Pronator quadratus.
The Flexor digitorum profundus is situated on the ulnar side of the forearm, immediately beneath the superficial Flexors. It arises from the upper three-fourths of the volar and medial surfaces of the body of the ulna, embracing the insertion of the Brachialis above, and extending below to within a short distance of the Pronator quadratus. It also arises from a depression on the medial side of the coronoid process; by an aponeurosis from the upper three-fourths of the dorsal border of the ulna, in common with the Flexor and Extensor carpi ulnaris; and from the ulnar half of the interosseous membrane. The muscle ends in four tendons which run under the transverse carpal ligament dorsal to the tendons of the Flexor digitorum sublimis. Opposite the first phalanges the tendons pass through the openings in the tendons of the Flexor digitorum sublimis, and are finally inserted into the bases of the last phalanges. The portion of the muscle for the index finger is usually distinct throughout, but the tendons for the middle, ring, and little fingers are connected together by areolar tissue and tendinous slips, as far as the palm of the hand. Fibrous Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons.After leaving the palm, the tendons of the Flexores digitorum sublimis and profundus lie in osseo-aponeurotic canals (Fig. 427), formed behind by the phalanges and in front by strong fibrous bands, which arch across the tendons, and are attached on either side to the margins of the phalanges. Opposite the middle of the proximal and second phalanges the bands (digital vaginal ligaments) are very strong, and the fibers are transverse; but opposite the joints they are much thinner, and consist of annular and cruciate ligamentous fibers. Each canal contains a mucous sheath, which is reflected on the contained tendons. Within each canal the tendons of the Flexores digitorum sublimis and profundus are connected to each other, and to the phalanges, by slender, tendinous bands, called vincula tendina (Fig. 416). There are two sets of these; (a) the vincula brevia, which are two in number in each finger, and consist of triangular bands of fibers, one connecting the tendon of the Flexor digitorum sublimis to the front of the first interphalangeal joint and head of the first phalanx, and the other the tendon of the Flexor digitorum profundus to the front of the second interphalangeal joint and head of the second phalanx; (b) the vincula longa, which connect the under surfaces of the tendons of the Flexor digitorum profundus to those of the subjacent Flexor sublimis after the tendons of the former have passed through the latter. Variations.The index finger portion may arise partly from the upper part of the radius. Slips from the inner head of the Flexor sublimis, medial epicondyle, or the coronoid are found. Connection with the Flexor pollicis longus. Four small muscles, the Lumbricales, are connected with the tendons of the Flexor profundus in the palm. They will be described with the muscles of the hand (page 464). The Flexor pollicis longus is situated on the radial side of the forearm, lying in the same plane as the preceding. It arises from the grooved volar surface of the body of the radius, extending from immediately below the tuberosity and oblique line to within a short distance of the Pronator quadratus. It arises also from the adjacent part of the interosseous membrane, and generally by a fleshy slip from the medial border of the coronoid process, or from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The fibers end in a flattened tendon, which passes beneath the transverse carpal ligament, is then lodged between the lateral head of the Flexor pollicis brevis and the oblique part of the Adductor pollicis, and, entering an osseoaponeurotic canal similar to those for the Flexor tendons of the fingers, is inserted into the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. The volar interosseous nerve and vessels pass downward on the front of the interosseous membrane between the Flexor pollicis longus and Flexor digitorum profundus. Variations.Slips may connect with Flexor sublimis, or Profundus, or Pronator teres. An additional tendon to the index finger is sometimes found. The Pronator quadratus is a small, flat, quadrilateral muscle, extending across the front of the lower parts of the radius and ulna. It arises from the pronator ridge on the lower part of the volar surface of the body of the ulna; from the medial part of the volar surface of the lower fourth of the ulna; and from a strong aponeurosis which covers the medial third of the muscle. The fibers pass lateralward and slightly downward, to be inserted into the lower fourth of the lateral border and the volar surface of the body of the radius. The deeper fibers of the muscle are inserted into the triangular area above the ulnar notch of the radiusan attachment comparable with the origin of the Supinator from the triangular area below the radial notch of the ulna.
FIG. 416 Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina.
Variations.Rarely absent; split into two or three layers; increased attachment upward or downward. Nerves.All the muscles of the superficial layer are supplied by the median nerve, excepting the Flexor carpi ulnaris, which is supplied by the ulnar. The Pronator teres, the Flexor carpi radialis, and the Palmaris longus derive their supply primarily from the sixth cervical nerve; the Flexor digitorum sublimis from the seventh and eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves, and the Flexor carpi ulnaris from the eighth cervical and first thoracic. Of the deep layer, the Flexor digitorum profundus is supplied by the eighth cervical and first thoracic through the ulnar, and the volar interosseous branch of the median. The Flexor pollicis longus and Pronator quadratus are supplied by the eighth cervical and first thoracic through the volar interosseous branch of the median. Actions.These muscles act upon the forearm, the wrist, and hand. The Pronator teres rotates the radius upon the ulna, rendering the hand prone; when the radius is fixed, it assists in flexing the forearm. The Flexor carpi radialis is a flexor and abductor of the wrist; it also assists in pronating the hand, and in bending the elbow. The Flexor carpi ulnaris is a flexor and adductor of the wrist; it also assists in bending the elbow. The Palmaris longus is a flexor of the wrist-joint; it also assists in flexing the elbow. The Flexor digitorum sublimis flexes first the middle and then the proximal phalanges; it also assists in flexing the wrist and elbow. The Flexor digitorum profundus is one of the flexors of the phalanges. After the Flexor sublimis has bent the second phalanx, the Flexor profundus flexes the terminal one; but it cannot do so until after the contraction of the superficial muscle. It also assists in flexing the wrist. The Flexor pollicis longus is a flexor of the phalanges of the thumb; when the thumb is fixed, it assists in flexing the wrist. The Pronator quadratus rotates the radius upon the ulna, rendering the hand prone.
FIG. 417 Cross-section through the middle of the forearm. (Eycleshymer and Schoemaker.)
2. The Dorsal Antibrachial MusclesThese muscles are divided for convenience of description into two groups, superficial and deep. The Superficial Group (Fig. 418).
Brachioradialis.
Extensor carpi ulnaris.
Anconæus.
The Brachioradialis (Supinator longus) is the most superficial muscle on the radial side of the forearm. It arises from the upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum, being limited above by the groove for the radial nerve. Interposed between it and the Brachialis are the radial nerve and the anastomosis between the anterior branch of the profunda artery and the radial recurrent. The fibers end above the middle of the forearm in a flat tendon, which is inserted into the lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius. The tendon is crossed near its insertion by the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis; on its ulnar side is the radial artery. Variations.Fusion with the Brachialis; tendon of insertion may be divided into two or three slips; insertion partial or complete into the middle of the radius, fasciculi to the tendon of the Biceps, the tuberosity or oblique line of the radius; slips to the Extensor carpi radialis longus or Abductor pollicis longus; absence; rarely doubled. The Extensor carpi radialis longus (Extensor carpi radialis longior) is placed partly beneath the Brachioradialis. It arises from the lower third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, from the lateral intermuscular septum, and by a few fibers from the common tendon of origin of the Extensor muscles of the forearm. The fibers end at the upper third of the forearm in a flat tendon, which runs along the lateral border of the radius, beneath the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis; it then passes beneath the dorsal carpal ligament, where it lies in a groove on the back of the radius common to it and the Extensor carpi radialis brevis, immediately behind the styloid process. It is inserted into the dorsal surface of the base of the second metacarpal bone, on its radial side. The Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Extensor carpi radialis brevior) is shorter and thicker than the preceding muscle, beneath which it is placed. It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, by a tendon common to it and the three following muscles; from the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint; from a strong aponeurosis which covers its surface; and from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. The fibers end about the middle of the forearm in a flat tendon, which is closely connected with that of the preceding muscle, and accompanies it to the wrist; it passes beneath the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis, then beneath the dorsal carpal ligament, and is inserted into the dorsal surface of the base of the third metacarpal bone on its radial side. Under the dorsal carpal ligament the tendon lies on the back of the radius in a shallow groove, to the ulnar side of that which lodges the tendon of the Extensor carpi radialis, longus, and separated from it by a faint ridge. The tendons of the two preceding muscles pass through the same compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament in a single mucous sheath. Variations.Either muscle may split into two or three tendons of insertion to the second and third or even the fourth metacarpal. The two muscles may unite into a single belly with two tendons. Cross slips between the two muscles may occur. The Extensor carpi radialis intermedius rarely arises as a distinct muscle from the humerus, but is not uncommon as an accessory slip from one or both muscles to the second or third or both metacarpals. The Extensor carpi radialis accessorius is occasionally found arising from the humerus with or below the Extensor carpi radialis longus and inserted into the first metacarpal, the Abductor pollicis brevis, the First dorsal interosseous, or elsewhere. The Extensor digitorum communis arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, by the common tendon; from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from the antibrachial fascia. It divides below into four tendons, which pass, together with that of the Extensor indicis proprius, through a separate compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament, within a mucous sheath. The tendons then diverge on the back of the hand, and are inserted into the second and third phalanges of the fingers in the following manner. Opposite the metacarpophalangeal articulation each tendon is bound by fasciculi to the collateral ligaments and serves as the dorsal ligament of this joint; after having crossed the joint, it spreads out into a broad aponeurosis, which covers the dorsal surface of the first phalanx and is reinforced, in this situation, by the tendons of the Interossei and Lumbricalis. Opposite the first interphalangeal joint this aponeurosis divides into three slips; an intermediate and two collateral: the former is inserted into the base of the second phalanx; and the two collateral, which are continued onward along the sides of the second phalanx, unite by their contiguous margins, and are inserted into the dorsal surface of the last phalanx. As the tendons cross the interphalangeal joints, they furnish them with dorsal ligaments. The tendon to the index finger is accompanied by the Extensor indicis proprius, which lies on its ulnar side. On the back of the hand, the tendons to the middle, ring, and little fingers are connected by two obliquely placed bands, one from the third tendon passing downward and lateralward to the second tendon, and the other passing from the same tendon downward and medialward to the fourth. Occasionally the first tendon is connected to the second by a thin transverse band.
FIG. 418 Posterior surface of the forearm. Superficial muscles.
FIG. 419 Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
Variations.An increase or decrease in the number of tendons is common; an additional slip to the thumb is sometimes present. The Extensor digiti quinti proprius (Extensor minimi digiti) is a slender muscle placed on the medial side of the Extensor digitorum communis, with which it is generally connected. It arises from the common Extensor tendon by a thin tendinous slip, from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. Its tendon runs through a compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament behind the distal radio-ulnar joint, then divides into two as it crosses the hand, and finally joins the expansion of the Extensor digitorum communis tendon on the dorsum of the first phalanx of the little finger. Variations.An additional fibrous slip from the lateral epicondyle; the tendon of insertion may not divide or may send a slip to the ring finger. Absence of muscle rare; fusion of the belly with the Extensor digitorum communis not uncommon. The Extensor carpi ulnaris lies on the ulnar side of the forearm. It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, by the common tendon; by an aponeurosis from the dorsal border of the ulna in common with the Flexor carpi ulnaris and the Flexor digitorum profundus; and from the deep fascia of the forearm. It ends in a tendon, which runs in a groove between the head and the styloid process of the ulna, passing through a separate compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament, and is inserted into the prominent tubercle on the ulnar side of the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. Variations.Doubling; reduction to tendinous band; insertion partially into fourth metacarpal. In many cases (52 per cent.) a slip is continued from the insertion of the tendon anteriorly over the Opponens digiti quinti, to the fascia covering that muscle, the metacarpal bone, the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal articulation, or the first phalanx of the little finger. This slip may be replaced by a muscular fasciculus arising from or near the pisiform. The Anconæus is a small triangular muscle which is placed on the back of the elbow-joint, and appears to be a continuation of the Triceps brachii. It arises by a separate tendon from the back part of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; its fibers diverge and are inserted into the side of the olecranon, and upper fourth of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna. The Deep Group (Fig. 419).
Supinator.
Extensor pollicis longus.
Extensor indicis proprius.
The Supinator (Supinator brevis) (Fig. 420) is a broad muscle, curved around the upper third of the radius. It consists of two planes of fibers, between which the deep branch of the radial nerve lies. The two planes arise in commonthe superficial one by tendinous and the deeper by muscular fibersfrom the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; from the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and the annular ligament; from the ridge on the ulna, which runs obliquely downward from the dorsal end of the radial notch; from the triangular depression below the notch; and from a tendinous expansion which covers the surface of the muscle. The superficial fibers surround the upper part of the radius, and are inserted into the lateral edge of the radial tuberosity and the oblique line of the radius, as low down as the insertion of the Pronator teres. The upper fibers of the deeper plane form a sling-like fasciculus, which encircles the neck of the radius above the tuberosity and is attached to the back part of its medial surface; the greater part of this portion of the muscle is inserted into the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body of the radius, midway between the oblique line and the head of the bone. The Abductor pollicis longus (Extensor oss. metacarpi pollicis) lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. It arises from the lateral part of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna below the insertion of the Anconæus, from the interosseous membrane, and from the middle third of the dorsal surface of the body of the radius. Passing obliquely downward and lateralward, it ends in a tendon, which runs through a groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, accompanied by the tendon of the Extensor pollicis brevis, and is inserted into the radial side of the base of the first metacarpal bone. It occasionally gives off two slips near its insertion: one to the greater multangular bone and the other to blend with the origin of the Abductor pollicis brevis. Variations.More or less doubling of muscle and tendon with insertion of the extra tendon into the first metacarpal, the greater multangular, or into the Abductor pollicis brevis or Opponens pollicis.
FIG. 420 The Supinator.
The Extensor pollicis brevis (Extensor primi internodii pollicis) lies on the medial side of, and is closely connected with, the Abductor pollicis longus. It arises from the dorsal surface of the body of the radius below that muscle, and from the interosseous membrane. Its direction is similar to that of the Abductor pollicis longus, its tendon passing the same groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, to be inserted into the base of the first phalanx of the thumb. Variations.Absence; fusion of tendon with that of the Extensor pollicis longus. The Extensor pollicis longus (Extensor secundi internodii pollicis) is much larger than the preceding muscle, the origin of which it partly covers. It arises from the lateral part of the middle third of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna below the origin of the Abductor pollicis longus, and from the interosseous membrane. It ends in a tendon, which passes through a separate compartment in the dorsal carpal ligament, lying in a narrow, oblique groove on the back of the lower end of the radius. It then crosses obliquely the tendons of the Extensores carpi radialis longus and brevis, and is separated from the Extensor brevis pollicis by a triangular interval, in which the radial artery is found; and is finally inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the thumb. The radial artery is crossed by the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and of the Extensores pollicis longus and brevis. The Extensor indicis proprius (Extensor indicis) is a narrow, elongated muscle, placed medial to, and parallel with, the preceding. It arises, from the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna below the origin of the Extensor pollicis longus, and from the interosseous membrane. Its tendon passes under the dorsal carpal ligament in the same compartment as that which transmits the tendons of the Extensor digitorum communis, and opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the Extensor digitorum communis which belongs to the index finger. Variations.Doubling; the ulnar part may pass beneath the dorsal carpal ligament with the Extensor digitorum communis; a slip from the tendon may pass to the index finger. Nerves.The Brachioradialis is supplied by the fifth and sixth, the Extensores carpi radialis longus and brevis by the sixth and seventh, and the Anconæus by the seventh and eighth cervical nerves, through the radial nerve; the remaining muscles are innervated through the deep radial nerve, the Supinator being supplied by the sixth, and all the other muscles by the seventh cervical. Actions.The muscles of the lateral and dorsal aspects of the forearm, which comprise all the Extensor muscles and the Supinator, act upon the forearm, wrist, and hand; they are the direct antagonists of the Pronator and Flexor muscles. The Anconæus assists the Triceps in extending the forearm. The Brachioradialis is a flexor of the elbow-joint, but only acts as such when the movement of flexion has been initiated by the Biceps brachii and Brachialis. The action of the Supinator is suggested by its name; it assists the Biceps in bringing the hand into the supine position. The Extensor carpi radialis longus extends the wrist and abducts the hand. It may also assist in bending the elbow-joint; at all events it serves to fix or steady this articulation. The Extensor carpi radialis brevis extends the wrist, and may also act slightly as an abductor of the hand. The Extensor carpi ulnaris extends the wrist, but when acting alone inclines the hand toward the ulnar side; by its continued action it extends the elbow-joint. The Extensor digitorum communis extends the phalanges, then the wrist, and finally the elbow. It acts principally on the proximal phalanges, the middle and terminal phalanges being extended mainly by the Interossei and Lumbricales. It tends to separate the fingers as it extends them. The Extensor digiti quinti proprius extends the little finger, and by its continued action assists in extending the wrist. It is owing to this muscle that the little finger can be extended or pointed while the others are flexed. The chief action of the Abductor pollicis longus is to carry the thumb laterally from the palm of the hand. By its continued action it helps to extend and abduct the wrist. The Extensor pollicis brevis extends the proximal phalanx, and the Extensor pollicis longus the terminal phalanx of the thumb; by their continued action they help to extend and abduct the wrist. The Extensor indicis proprius extends the index finger, and by its continued action assists in extending the wrist.
| Radius |
Who is 'tournament pro' at the 5-star golf resort on the shores N. Ireland’s Lough Erne? | Muscular Anatomy
Muscular Anatomy
1.1.2.1
1.1.3 Lever Systems and Leverage
1.1.3.1 In producing a body movement, bones act as levers and joints function as fulcrums of these levers. A lever may be defined as a rigid rod that moves about on some fixed point called a fulcrum. A fulcrum may be symbolized as F. A lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces: the resistance R and the Effort E.
1.1.3.2 The resistance may be regarded as a force (load) to be overcome, whereas the effort is the force exerted to overcome the resistance.
1.1.3.3 The resistance may be the weight of a part of the body that is to be moved. The muscular effort (contraction) is applied to the bone at the insertion of the muscle and produces motion if the effort exceeds the resistance (load). Consider the biceps brachii flexing the forearm at the elbow as a weight is lifted. When the forearm is raised, the elbow is the fulcrum. The weight of the forearm plus the weight in the hand is the resistance. The shortening due to the force of contraction of the biceps brachii pulling the forearm up is the effort.
1.1.3.4 Levers
1.1.3.4.1 Levers are categorized into three types according to t he positions of the fulcrum, the effort, and the resistance.
1.1.3.4.2 First-class Levers
1.1.3.4.2.1 In first-class levers, the fulcrum is between the effort and resistance. This is symbolized EFR. An example of a first-class lever is a seesaw. There are not many first-class levers in the body. One example is the head resting on the vertebral column. When the head is raised, the facial portion of the skull is the resistance. The joint between the atlas and occipital bone (Atlanto-occipital joint) is the fulcrum. The contraction of the muscles of the back is the effort.
1.1.3.4.3 Second-class levers
1.1.3.4.3.1 Second-class levers have the fulcrum at one end, the effort at the opposite end, and the resistance between them. This is symbolized FRE. They operate like a wheelbarrow. Most authorities agree that there are very few examples of second-class levers in the body. One example is raising the body on the toes. The body is the resistance, the ball of the foot is the fulcrum, and the contraction of the calf muscles to pull the heel upward is the effort.
1.1.3.4.4 Third-class Levers
1.1.3.4.4.1 Consist of the fulcrum at one end, the resistance at the opposite end, and the effort between them. This is symbolized FER. They are the most common levers in the body. One example is adduction of the thigh, in which the weight of the thigh is the resistance, the hip joint is the fulcrum, and contraction of the adductor muscles is the effort. Another example is flexing the forearm at the elbow. As we have seen, the weight of the forearm is the resistance, the contraction of the biceps brachii is the effort, and the elbow joint is the fulcrum.
1.1.3.5 Leverage
1.1.3.5.1 The mechanical advantage gained by a lever, is largely responsible for a muscle�s strength and range of movement. Consider strength first. Suppose we have two muscles of the same strength crossing and acting on the same joint. Assume also that one is attached farther from the joint and one is nearer. The muscle attached farther will produce the more powerful movement. Thus strength of movement depends on the placement of muscle attachments.
1.1.3.5.2 In considering range of movement, again assume that we have two muscles of the same strength crossing and acting on the same joint and that one is attached farther from the joint than the other. The muscle inserting closer to the joint will produce the greater range and speed of movement. Thus, range of movement also depends on the placement of muscle attachments. Since strength increases with distance from the joint and range of movement decreases, maximal strength and maximal range are incompatible; strength and range vary inversely.
1.1.4 Arrangement of Fasciculi
1.1.4.1 Recall from Chapter 10 that skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are arranged within the muscle in bundles called fasciculi (fascicles). The muscle fibers are arranged in a parallel fashion within each bundle, but the arrangement of the fasciculi with respect to the tendons may take one of four characteristic patterns.
1.1.4.2 Parallel
1.1.4.2.1 The first pattern is called parallel. The fasciculi are parallel with the longitudinal axis and terminate at either end in flat tendons. The muscle is typically quadrilateral in shape. An example is the Stylohyoid muscle (see Tongue Right Lateral View ).
1.1.4.3 Fusiform
1.1.4.3.1 In a modification of the parallel arrangement, called fusiform, the fasciculi are nearly parallel with the lon�gitudinal axis and terminate at either end in flat tendons, but the muscle tapers toward the tendons, where the diameter is less than that of the belly. An example is the biceps brachii muscle (see Forearm Anterior Posterior View ).
1.1.4.4 Convergent
1.1.4.4.1 The second distinct pattern is called convergent. A broad origin of fasciculi converges to a narrow, restricted insertion. Such a pattern gives the muscle a triangular shape. An example is the deltoid muscle (see Shoulder Posterior View ).
1.1.4.5 Pennate
1.1.4.5.1 The third distinct pattern is referred to as pennate. The fasciculi are short in relation to the entire length of the muscle, and the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle. The fasciculi are directed obliquely toward the tendon like the plumes of a feather
1.1.4.5.2 Unipennate
1.1.4.5.2.1 If the fasciculi are arranged on only one side of a tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle, the muscle is re�ferred to as unipennate (see Foot & Toes Superficial Anterior & Right Lateral View ).
1.1.4.5.3 Bipennate
1.1.4.5.3.1 If the fas�ciculi are arranged on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon, as in the rectus femoris muscle, the muscle is referred to as Bipennate (see Femur Anterior Superficial View ).
1.1.4.5.3.2
1.1.4.6 Circular
1.1.4.6.1 The final distinct pattern' is referred to as circular. The fasciculi are arranged in a circular pattern and enclose an orifice. An example is the orbicularis oris muscle (see Facial Lateral Superficial View ).
1.1.4.7 Fascicular Arrangement
1.1.4.7.1 Fascicular arrangement is correlated with the power of a muscle and range of movement. When a muscle fiber contracts, it shortens to a length just slightly greater than half of its resting length. Thus, the longer the fibers in a muscle, the greater the range of movement it can produce. By contrast, the strength of a muscle depends on the total number of fibers it contains, since a short fiber can contract as forcefully as a long one. Because a given muscle can contain either a small number of long fibers or a large number of short fibers, fascicular arrangement represents a compromise between power and range of movement. Pennate muscles, for example, have a large number of fasciculi distributed over their tendons, giving them greater power, but a smaller range of movement. Parallel muscles, on the other hand, have comparatively few fas�ciculi that extend the length of the muscle. Thus, they have a greater range of movement but less power.
1.1.5 Group Actions
1.1.5.1 Most movements are coordinated by several skeletal mus�cles acting in groups rather than individually, and most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joints, that is, flexors--extensors, abductors-adductors, and so on. Consider flexing the forearm at the elbow, for example.
1.1.5.2 Prime Mover (Agonist)
1.1.5.2.1 A muscle that causes a desired action is referred to as the prime mover (agonist). In this instance, the biceps brachii is the prime mover (see Forearm Anterior Posterior View )
1.1.5.3 Antagonist
1.1.5.3.1 Simulta�neously with the contraction of the biceps brachii, another muscle, called the antagonist, is relaxing. In this move�ment, the triceps brachii serves as the antagonist (see Forearm Anterior Posterior View ). The antagonist has an effect opposite to that of the prime mover; that is, the antagonist relaxes and yields to the movement of the prime mover. You should not assume, however, that the biceps brachii is always the prime mover and the triceps brachii is always the antagonist. For example, when extending the forearm at the elbow, the triceps brachii serves as the prime mover and the biceps brachii functions as the antagonist; their �roles are reversed. Note that if the prime mover and an�tagonist contracted simultaneously with equal force, there would be no movement, as in an isometric contrac�tion.
1.1.5.4 Synergists
1.1.5.4.1 In addition to prime movers and antagonists, most movements also involve muscles called synergists, which serve to steady a movement, thus preventing un�wanted movements and helping the prime mover function more efficiently. For example, flex your hand at the wrist and then make a fist. Note how difficult this is to do. Now, extend your hand at the wrist and then make a fist. Note how much easier it is to clench your fist. In this case, the extensor muscles of the wrist act as synergists in coop�eration with the flexor muscles of the fingers acting as prime movers. The extensor muscles of the fingers serve as antagonists (see Wrist & Hand Anterior Superficial & Deep View )
1.1.5.5 Fixators
1.1.5.5.1 Some synergist muscles in a group also act as fixators, which stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently. For example, the scapula is a freely movable bone in the pectoral (shoulder) girdle that serves as a firm origin for several muscles that move the arm. However, for the scapula to do this, it must be held steady. This is accomplished by fixator muscles that hold the scapula- firmly against the back of the chest. In abduction of the arm, the deltoid muscle serves as the prime mover, whereas fixators (Pectoralis minor, rhomboideus major, rhomboideus minor, trapezius, subclavius, and serratus anterior muscles) hold the scapula firmly (see Shoulder Anterior View & Shoulder Posterior View ). These fixators stabilize the scapula that serves as the attachment site for the origin of the deltoid muscle, whereas the insertion of the muscle pulls on the humerus to abduct the arm. Under different conditions and depending on the movement and which point is fixed, many muscles act, at various times, as prime movers, antagonists, synergists, or fixators.
1.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
1.2.1 The names of most of the nearly 700 skeletal muscles are based on several types of characteristics. Learning the terms used to indicate specific characteristics would help you remember the names of muscles.
1.2.2 Direction of Muscle Fibers
1.2.2.1 Muscle names may indicate the direction of the muscle fibers. Rectus fibers usually run parallel to the midline of the body. Transverse fibers run perpendicular to the midline. Oblique fibers are diagonal to the midline. Muscles named ac�cording to directions of fibers include the rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, and external oblique.
1.2.3 Location
1.2.3.1 A muscle may be named according to location. The tem�poralis is near the temporal bone. The tibialis anterior is near the front of the tibia.
1.2.4 Size
1.2.4.1 Size is another characteristic. The term maximus means largest; minimus smallest; longus long; and brevis, short. Ex�amples include the gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, adductor longus, and peroneus brevis.
1.2.5 Number of Origins
1.2.5.1 Some muscles are named for their number of origins. The biceps brachii has two origins; the triceps brachii, three; and the quadriceps femoris, four.
1.2.6 Shape
1.2.6.1 Other muscles are named on the basis of shape. Common examples include the deltoid (meaning triangular), trapezius (meaning trapezoid), serratus anterior (meaning saw-toothed), and rhomboideus major (meaning rhomboid or diamond shaped).
1.2.7 Origin and Insertion
1.2.7.1 Muscles may be named after their origin and insertion. The sternocleiodomastoid originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone; the stylohyoid originates on the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts at the hyoid bone.
1.2.8 Action
1.2.8.1 Still another characteristic of muscles used for naming is action. See the following section for a list of the principal actions of muscles, their definitions, and examples of muscles that perform the actions. For convenience, the actions are grouped as antagonistic pairs where possible.
1.5 Principal Skeletal Muscles
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.1.1 Refer to ( muscledisc.htm & MuscleHome.htm ) for a list of the principal muscles of the body with their origins, insertions, actions, and in�nervations. An overview section below pro�vides a general orientation to the muscles under consid�eration. Refer to Chapters 7 and Chapter 8 to review bone markings, since they serve as points of origin and insertion for mus�cles. The muscles are divided into groups according to the part of the body on which they act. If you have mastered the naming of the muscles, their actions will have more meaning. See illustrations Anterior Surface Muscles & Posterior Surface Muscles which show general anterior and pos�terior views of the muscular system. Do not try to mem�orize all these muscles yet. As you study groups of muscles in the following exhibits, refer to Anterior Surface Muscles & Posterior Surface Muscles to see how each group is related to all others.
1.5.1.2 Refer to musclegrp.htm to show the rela�tionship of the muscles under consideration to other mus�cles in the area you are studying. In addition the descriptions below will further highlight this contextual relationship.
1.5.2 Grouped Muscles
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.1.1 Facial muscles communicate feelings in a way that words may fail. These muscles are innervated by the Facial Nerve (VII), which originates in the Pons (?) located in the brain stem.� The facial nerve has a direct connection to the emotional centers of the brain.� If you look closely at a Person's Facial expression, you are seeing uncensored, raw, preverbal feelings.� That is, before person has a chance to think about what they are going to say their Facial muscles express feelings.� No matter what your profession or specialty reading a person's face and interpreting the meaning of facial expression is an important part of the assessment process.� For example, if you were instructing a person on how to stretch a muscle, a furrowed brow or frown may mean they do not understand.� A pre-treatment pain assessment may be accompanied by a grimace, which is absent in post assessment. Facial muscles may not tell you exactly what a person is feeling but they should give you a way to start asking questions.
1.5.2.1.2 Facial muscles lie within the layers of superficial fascia.� They arise from fascia or bones of the skull and insert into the skin.� Because of their insertion, the muscles of Facial expression move the skin rather than a joint when they contract.
1.5.2.1.3 The facial muscles (muscles of expression) arise from the mesoderm of the hyoid arch. The facial nerve enters this mass before it begins to split, and as the muscle mass spreads out over the face and head and neck it splits more or less incompletely into the various muscles.
1.5.2.1.4 Gray�s Anatomy
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.1.5.1 Buccinator � B16 E16 (Consternation= Amazement & Confusion)
1.5.2.1.5.1.1 If you press your cheeks firmly against the side teeth and pull back the angle of the mouth as in blowing a trumpet you have just activated the buccinator muscle. The buccinator has an origin in the upper and lower jaw and has its insertion into the Orbicularis Oris near the angle of the mouth.
1.5.2.1.5.2 Corrugator Supercilii B21 E21� (Trepidation=Uncertain agitation)
1.5.2.1.5.2.1 Draw your eyebrows together as in frowning. The corrugator supercilii inserts just above your mid eyebrow goes underneath your eyebrow and has its origin near the inner part of your upper nose.
1.5.2.1.5.3 Depressor Anguli Oris (Available in Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.4 Depressor Labii Inferioris (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.5 Depressor Septi (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.6 Frontalis (Surprise) (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.7 Incisivus Labii Inferioris (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.8 Incisivus Labii Superioris (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.9 Levator Anguli Oris (Caninus) (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.10 Levator Labii Superioris (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.11 Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi� (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.12 Mentalis (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.13 Nasalis, Alar Portion (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.14 Nasalis (Compressor & Dilator naris) (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.15 Occipitalis (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.16 Orbicularis Oculi (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.17 Orbicularis Oris (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.18 Platysma (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.19 Procerus (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.20 Risorius (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.21 Zygomaticus Major (Available on Full Version Only)
1.5.2.1.5.22 Zygomaticus Minor (Available on Full Version Only)
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.3.1 Overview
1.5.2.3.1.1 There are two types of eyeball muscles, extrinsic and intrinsic.� Extrinsic eyeball muscles are attached on the outside of the eyeball and insert in its outer surface (sclera). The intrinsic eyeball muscles originate and insert entirely within the eyeball.
1.5.2.3.1.2 Two sets of eyeball muscles allow you to roll your eyes up, down, left, or right.� These muscles are indicated by their respective names superior, inferior, lateral, and medial.� The oblique eyeball muscles rotate the eyeball on its axis. These muscles are some of the quickest acting and precisely controlled muscles in the body.
1.5.2.3.2 Gray�s Anatomy
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.6.1 Introduction
1.5.2.6.1.1 The pharynx helps you swallow your food through reflexive action. That is so you do not have to think about it. If you have ever been down by the seashore and stuck your finger in a sea urchin you know how the pharynx works.� As you stick your finger in the sea urchin, it both grasps your finger and pulls it in. The Pharynx works in the same way with a circular layer of the pharynx grasping the food particle and the longitudinal layer alternately creating space and pushing the particle into this space. The Pharynx (throat) is a muscular funnel posterior to the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx (voice box). The two layers as mentioned above are the circular layer, which is composed of three constrictors each overlapping the one above.� The remaining muscles comprise the second longitudinal layer.
1.5.2.6.2 Gray�s Anatomy
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.8.1 Introduction
1.5.2.8.1.1 The larynx has been called the voice box but it is really less like a box and more like a jug.� In fact, one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx the posterior cricoarytenoid is based on the word arytaina, which means shaped like a jug.� If you take a jug, fill it with water and blow on the opening just right you will get a sound.� If you fill the jug with more water, (decreasing the space in the jug) you will get a higher sound when you blow through the opening. Likewise, if you pour water out of the jug (increasing the space in the jug) and blow on the opening you will get a lower sound. You could also change the pitch of the sound by changing the size of the opening of the jug.� When the opening of the jug is smaller, the sound is higher. When the opening of the jug is larger, the sound is lower. The opening of the larynx is called the glottis. The glottis consists of two vocal cords and an intervening space called the rima glottidis. The rima glottidis is just like the opening of the jug.� The muscles that control how large this opening is are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.� The muscles that control how large the space is after the opening are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx. The extrinsic muscles of the larynx depress the hyoid bone (a crescent shaped bone circling the space below the glottis). The extrinsic muscles of the larynx elevate and depress the thyroid cartilage. The position of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage help control the size of the space after the opening of the larynx (glottis). In adults, the larynx is larger in males than in females and this as you might guess is why men have deeper voices (generally speaking) than women do. Until puberty, the larynx is about the same size between girls and boys. After puberty, the size of the larynx does not change that much in girls but in boys the cartilages are enlarged and the thyroid cartilage becomes prominent, while the length of the rima glottidis is nearly doubled. In boys, this creates a more prominent bulge (Adams apple) and deepens the voice.
1.5.2.8.1.2 In summary, the muscles of the larynx are divided into two divisions, extrinsic and intrinsic.� The extrinsic muscles of the larynx depress the hyoid bone, depress, and elevate the thyroid Cartilage.� The intrinsic muscles of the larynx lengthen and shorten the vocal folds and open and close the glottis.
1.5.2.8.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.8.3.2 Larynx Intrinsic
1.5.2.8.3.2.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral & Posterior B22 E22
1.5.2.8.3.2.1.1 These muscles help you change the pitch of your voice. The lateral cricoarytenoid helps close the opening (glottis) thus raising the pitch of your voice. The posterior cricoarytenoid helps open the glottis thus lowering the pitch of your voice.
1.5.2.8.3.2.2 Cricothyroid B24 E24
1.5.2.8.3.2.2.1 If you imagine the strings of a violin like the vocal cords when you tighten them, you will get a higher pitch, which is exactly what the cricothyroid does. This muscle produces elongation of the vocal folds thus raising the pitch of your voice so you can hit all those high notes when your singing in the shower.
1.5.2.8.3.2.3 Oblique Arytenoid & Aryepiglotticus
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.12.1 Introduction
1.5.2.12.1.1 The pelvic floor muscles (together referred to as the pelvic diaphragm) supply support to the visceral cavity (abdominal organs) at the pelvic opening roughly bordered by the coccyx (posterior) ischial tuberosity (lateral) and pubic ramus (anterior). These muscles are pierced by the anal canal and urethra (Male & female) and by the vagina (female).
1.5.2.12.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.12.3 Pelvic Floor Muscles
1.5.2.12.3.1 Coccygeus (Ischiococcygeus) B19 E19
1.5.2.12.3.1.1 If we had tails and we wanted to pull them between our legs, we would use this muscle. This muscle pulls the tailbone (coccyx) forward after defecation and has some pelvic floor support function.
1.5.2.12.3.2 Levator Ani, Iliac Part (Iliococcygeus)
1.5.2.12.3.3 Levator Ani, Pubic Part (Pubococcygeus)
1.5.2.12.3.4 Sphincter Ani Externs
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.13.1 Introduction
1.5.2.13.1.1 The peroneal muscles share the same borders in the diamond shaped pelvic opening as the pelvic floor muscles that is; bordered by the coccyx (posterior) ischial tuberosity (lateral) and pubic ramus (anterior). Although the peroneal muscles provide some support, function their main actions aide the urogenital function. A transverse line drawn between the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle that contains the anus. The urogenital diaphragm is composed of the deep transverse Perineus, the urethral sphincter and a fibrous membrane. The urogenital ducts are surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm, which provide support to the pelvic floor.
1.5.2.13.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.13.3 Perineal Muscles
1.5.2.13.3.1 Bulbocavernosus (Bulbospongiosus) B17 E17
1.5.2.13.3.1.1 This is an X-Rated muscle so if you do not like sex talk stop reading this. In addition, if you are underage you will have to get your parents permission to continue. This muscle helps with ejaculation and erection (men). It also increases the vaginal orifice and assists in erection of the clitoris (women).
1.5.2.13.3.2 External Anal Sphincter
1.5.2.13.3.4 Superficial Transverse Perineus (Superficialis)
1.5.2.13.3.5 Transverse Perineus (Profundus)
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.15.1 Introduction
1.5.2.15.1.1 The glenoid cavity is a shallow joint made spacious and deep by the Glenohumeral ligaments, which surround and protect it.� The arm is then able to move in all directions (Circumduction) and yet at the same time have power and strength. Surrounding the glenoid ligaments are the four rotator cuff muscles (so named because they attach to a contiguous tendinous cuff which surrounds the joint), which further reinforce the joint and assist in guiding the half domed head of the humerus as it moves through its range. The remaining five muscles are more superficial to the rotator cuff and provide the power to the joint. These are termed the axial arm muscles, which attach to the axial skeleton and the scapular arm muscles because they attach to the scapula.� Nine muscles cross the shoulder joint to move the upper arm. With the exception of the Pectoralis and Latissimus dorsi, which originate on the axial skeleton the remaining seven muscles, all originate from the scapula.
1.5.2.15.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.15.3.2 Scapular
1.5.2.15.3.2.1 Coracobrachialis B20 E20
1.5.2.15.3.2.1.1 This muscle is well developed on you if you like to hug your friends and family. Its origin is on the coracoid process of the scapula and it is inserted in the humerus. It acts to horizontally flex and adduct the arm.
1.5.2.15.3.2.2 Deltoid Anterior B25 E25
1.5.2.15.3.2.2.1 This muscle gives you a broad shouldered physique and is a strong-arm abductor, medial rotator and horizontal flexor. The origin of the anterior deltoid is on the anterior part of the clavicle and it inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. It is innervated by the axillary nerve with nerve roots of C5 & C6.
1.5.2.15.3.2.3 Deltoid Middle
1.5.2.16.3.1 Forearm Flexors
1.5.2.16.3.1.1 Biceps Brachii B12 E12
1.5.2.16.3.1.1.1 This muscle is the most visible and superficial muscle of the upper arm and one of the primary arm flexors.� The origin of the biceps brachii is on the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula & Apex of coracoid process of the scapula. It inserts on the Radial tuberosity & bicipital aponeurosis. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve with nerve roots of C5 & C6.
1.5.2.16.3.1.2 Brachialis B14 E14
1.5.2.16.3.1.2.1 The brachialis lies deep to the biceps brachii and although less visible than the biceps it is also a powerhouse for forearm flexion.� Its origin is on the lower humerus and it inserts on the ulna. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous and radial nerves with nerve roots of C5, C6, and C7.
1.5.2.16.3.1.3 Brachioradialis B15 E15
1.5.2.16.3.1.3.1 The brachioradialis helps flex the forearm and is involved in both pronation and supination. This muscle inserts on the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and its origin is on the radius. It is innervated by the radial nerve with nerve roots of C5, C6, and C7.
1.5.2.16.3.2 Forearm Extensors
1.5.2.16.3.2.1 Anconeus B11 E11
1.5.2.16.3.2.1.1 This is a small muscle at the back of the elbow and helps the triceps extend the elbow joint and pronate the radio-ulnar joint. The anconeus has its origin on the humerus and inserts on the ulna. Its nerve supply is the radial nerve with nerve roots of C7, C8, and T1.
1.5.2.16.3.2.2 Triceps Brachii
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.17.1 Introduction
1.5.2.17.1.1 The muscles that move the wrist, hand and fingers are divided into two groups anterior (flexors) and posterior (extensors). Both of these groups are again divided into two groups superficial and deep. The anterior (flexor) group include muscles, which have their origin at the humerus, ulna, and or radius and insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges of the hand. The posterior� (extensor) group also have their origin on the humerus, ulna, and or radius and insert on the metacarpals, and phalanges of the hand. There are thickened bands of facia at the wrist fix in place the tendons of both the anterior (flexors) and posterior (extensor) tendons. The anterior group of flexor tendons is fixed by the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) and the posterior (extensor group is fixed by the extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal ligament). The flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) is located over the palmar surface of the carpal bones over which pass the long flexor tendons of the fingers and wrist and the median nerve.� The extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal ligament) is located over the dorsal surface of the carpal bones over which pass the extensor tendons of the wrist and fingers. The tendons are all surrounded by tendinous sheaths through which the tendons slide.
1.5.2.17.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.17.3 Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles
1.5.2.17.3.1 Anterior Flexors Superficial
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.18.1 Introduction
1.5.2.18.1.1 All of these muscles have their origins and insertion within the hand and are responsible for the intricate and precise movements, which are unique to the human hand.
1.5.2.18.1.2 The intrinsic muscles of the hand can be divided into three groups.
1.5.2.18.1.2.1 Four Thenar (THE-nar), which act on the thumb and form the thenar eminence
1.5.2.18.1.2.2 Four Hypothenar (Hi-po-the-nar) muscles which act on the little finger and form the hypothenar eminence
1.5.2.18.1.2.3 Eleven intermediate (mid palmar) muscles act on all three digits except the thumb.
1.5.2.18.1.3 Injury to the intrinsic muscles of the hand can result in permanent disability.� When you think about all the things you do with your hand this is no surprise
1.5.2.18.1.4 The thumb is the most important of all the fingers because it opposes all of the other fingers and allows for precise movements, gripping and pinching.
1.5.2.18.1.5 The intrinsic muscles of the hand are responsible for the following movements
1.5.2.18.1.5.1 �Free motion
1.5.2.18.1.5.2 Power grip
1.5.2.18.1.5.2.1 Forcible movement of the fingers and thumb against the palm, as is squeezing
1.5.2.18.1.5.3 Precision handling
1.5.2.18.1.5.3.1 Change in position of the handed object that requires exact control of finger and thumb positions, as in winding a watch or threading a needle.
1.5.2.18.1.5.4 Pinch
1.5.2.18.1.5.4.1 Compression between the thumb and index finger or between the thumb and first two fingers
1.5.2.18.1.6 Movement of the fingers and thumb are outlined in the following linked section. Fingers
1.5.2.18.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.18.3.1 Thenar
1.5.2.18.3.1.1 Abductor Pollicis Brevis B4 E4
1.5.2.18.3.1.1.1 This muscle acts to abduct and medially rotate the proximal phalanx and metacarpal of the thumb. The origin of this muscle is on the carpal bones and it inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the median nerve with nerve roots of C8 and T1.
1.5.2.18.3.1.2 Adductor Pollicis B10 E10
1.5.2.18.3.1.2.1 Both heads of the adductor pollicis flex and adduct the big toe. The oblique head of the adductor pollicis ahs an origin at the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals and the transverse head has an origin at the plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes. Both heads of the adductor pollicis insert at the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe. This muscle is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.2.18.3.1.3 Flexor Pollicis Brevis
1.5.2.18.3.2 Hypothenar
1.5.2.18.3.2.1 Abductor Digiti Minimi (Hand) B2E2
1.5.2.18.3.2.1.1 This muscle abducts the little finger attaching at the Pisiform bone on the hand (the big bump just above the inside of the wrist crease) and at the proximal phalanx
1.5.2.18.3.2.1.2 To catch or throw a ball this muscle helps you to adjust your grip
1.5.2.18.3.2.1.3 In the anatomical neutral standing posture arms at side palms facing out abduction of the little finger is away from the midline of the palm drawn through the middle finger.
1.5.2.18.3.2.1.4 The abductor digiti minimi is innervated by the Ulnar� (Deep Branch) nerve and its nerve roots are C8 and T1.
1.5.2.18.3.2.2 Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Hand)
1.5.2.18.3.2.3 Opponens Digiti Minimi
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.19.1 Introduction
1.5.2.19.1.1 The primary action of the muscles of the vertebral column is extension of the spine with some of the muscles laterally flexing, rotating, and flexing the spine. The attachments of the muscles of the vertebral column are varied and complex but can be grouped according to the direction and length of the muscle fibres. Several examples will serve to illustrate this method of grouping. The Splenius group arises from the midline and run laterally and superiorly to their insertions. The erector spinae (sacrospinalis) group arises from the midline near the spine. These muscles can also begin laterally but in both cases, the erector spinae is placed longitudinally, from its initial origin. The Transversospinalis group arise laterally, but run toward the midline. The segmental group run between spinous processes or transverse processes of vertebrae. Some of the abdominal wall muscles including the quadratus lumborum and the rectus abdominis also move the vertebral column.
1.5.2.19.1.2 Muscles, which are innervated by the anterior or dorsal rami of the lumbar spinal nerves, may contribute to postural problems if the nerves that supply them are irritated.
1.5.2.19.1.3 Although there are many muscles in the lower back, which can affect the structure and press on sensitive tissue a few stand out for review. These muscles are susceptible to lumbar nerve dysfunction and may be either too weak or contracted as a result.
1.5.2.19.1.4 The iliocostalis lumborum, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, & multifidus, can in unilateral action laterally flex the spine or bilaterally extend the spine if contracted. All of these muscles can tug on the ribs and further exacerbate the dorsal rami of the thoracic nerves.
1.5.2.19.1.5 The rotatores brevis/longus, multifidus can in unilateral action rotate the spine to the opposite side or bilaterally extend the spine if contracted.
1.5.2.19.1.6 The above muscles, which extend the spine, can be responsible for increasing lordosis.
1.5.2.19.1.7 Most of the buttocks muscles and leg muscles are innervated by the lower lumbar vertebrae and the contraction of the larger buttocks muscles results in hip extension which would tend to flatten the lordotic curve.
1.5.2.19.1.8 When postural problems are noted, check the dermatomes to assess whether spinal nerve involvement may contribute.
1.5.2.19.1.9
1.5.2.19.3.4 Segmental
1.5.2.19.3.4.1 Interspinales B90 E90
1.5.2.19.3.4.1.1 This muscle helps with spinal extension. The interspinales consists of pairs of small muscles between the spinous processes from C1 through T2 and L1 to the sacrum.� This muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
1.5.2.19.3.4.2 Intertransversarii B91 E91
1.5.2.19.3.4.2.1 This muscle acting unilaterally, helps with lateral flexion of the spine. The intertransversarii consists of pairs of small muscles anterior and posterior on both sides between the transverse processes from C1 to T1 and from T10 to L5. This muscle is innervated by the ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
1.5.2.19.3.5 Scalene
1.5.2.20.1.2 Often these muscles cross two joints and act equally on both.
1.5.2.20.1.3 The upper extremity muscles, by contrast, are characterized by versatility of movement.
1.5.2.20.1.4 Most of these muscles, except the psoas, originate in the pelvic (hip) and insert on the femur.
1.5.2.20.1.5 The psoas major, Iliacus (Iliopsoas), and Gracilis are the only anterior muscles of this group.
1.5.2.20.1.6 The deep fascia, which encases the entire thigh, is called the fascia lata.� It joins laterally with the tendons of the gluteus maximus and the tensor fasciae latae to form a thickened structure called the iliotibial tract. The iliotibial tract inserts into a lateral condyle of the tibia but has no action on the lower leg.
1.5.2.20.1.7 The medial adductor grouping includes the adductors, brevis, longus and magnus.� The gracilis and pectineus are also included in this grouping.
1.5.2.20.1.8 The Gracilis is both an adductor and knee flexor. The Gracilis is included in both the thigh and leg muscle groupings.
1.5.2.20.1.9 The muscles of locomotion include; the leg flexors: iliopsoas and tensor fasciae latae; the leg extensors:� gluteus maximus and the hip stabilizers: gluteus minimus and medius.
1.5.2.20.1.10 The posterior six deep lateral rotators which serve to stabilize the femur in its joint socket are: Gemellus inferior and superior; Obturator Externus and Internus; Piriformis; and Quadratus Femoris.
1.5.2.20.1.11 Although the muscles above can serve dual functions in multiple categories, their primary function served to establish the major groupings under which they would be listed.
1.5.2.20.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.20.3.2 Medial Adductor Compartment
1.5.2.20.3.2.1 Adductor Brevis B6 E6
1.5.2.20.3.2.1.1 This muscle adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the hip (thigh). Its origin is on the pubic bone and it inserts onto the femur medially. Its nerves are the Obturator and nerve roots L2-L4.
1.5.2.20.3.2.2 Adductor Longus B8 E8
1.5.2.20.3.2.2.1 This muscle adducts, extends, and medially rotates the hip (thigh). Its origin is on the pubic bone and it inserts onto the femur medially. Its nerves are the Obturator and nerve roots L2-L4.
1.5.2.20.3.2.3 Adductor Magnus B9 E9
1.5.2.20.3.2.3.1 This muscle adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the hip (thigh). The origins of its anterior fibers are on the pubic bone and ramus of the ischium. The origins of its posterior fibers are on the Ischial tuberosity. This muscle inserts onto the femur medially and on the adductor tubercle on medial condyle of femur. The nerves of the posterior fibers are the tibial portion of sciatic and nerve roots L4-S1. The nerves of the anterior fibers are the Obturator and nerve roots L2-L4.
1.5.2.20.3.2.4 Gracilis
1.5.2.20.3.3 Posterior Six Deep Lateral Rotators
1.5.2.20.3.3.1 Gemellus Inferior
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.21.1 Introduction
1.5.2.21.1.1 Most of the muscles in this grouping act to flex or extend the leg (Tibia & Fibula) although noted exceptions such as the hamstrings (thigh extension), Rectus Femoris (thigh flexion), Sartorius (thigh flexion & lateral rotation) and Gracilis (thigh adduction) act on the thigh as well.� The muscles of this group are divided into three categories namely; medial adductor compartment, anterior extensor compartment, and posterior flexor compartment. The medial adductor compartment includes the gracilis, which both adducts the thigh and flexes the leg. The medial adductor compartment also includes muscles which act variously only on the thigh and are included above under thigh Muscles (See Medial Adductor Compartment above). The muscles of this grouping are innervated by the Obturator nerve. The Anterior Extensor Compartment includes the quadriceps femoris and the sartorius. The Quadriceps femoris muscle is a composite muscle, which includes four muscles as listed below . All of the muscles of this grouping are innervated by the femoral nerve. The posterior flexor compartment includes the hamstrings, which is also a composite muscle ( see below ). These muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve (branch of sciatic).� The hamstrings are so named because they feel like strings especially in the popliteal fossa, which is a diamond-shaped area in the back of the knee bordered by the semitendinousus and semimembranosus medially and the biceps femoris laterally.
1.5.2.21.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.21.5 Leg Posterior Flexor Compartment
1.5.2.21.5.1 Hamstrings
1.5.2.21.5.1.1 Biceps Femoris B13 E13
1.5.2.21.5.1.1.1 The long and short head of the biceps femoris together flex and laterally rotate the knee (leg) (tibia and fibula). Alone the long head extends, adducts, and laterally rotates the hip (thigh). The long head of the biceps femoris attaches (origin) to the Ischial tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament. The short head has its origin on the femur. Both heads insert onto the tibia and fibula. The nerve supply of the long head is the Sciatic (Tibial Portion) and its nerve roots are L5-S2. The nerve supply of the short head is the Sciatic (Common peroneal portion) and its nerve roots are L5-S2.
1.5.2.21.5.1.2 Semimembranosus
�� Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.22.1 Introduction
1.5.2.22.1.1 Summary
1.5.2.22.1.1.1 The muscles of the leg can be divided into three compartments according to deep facial divisions, nerve supply, and muscular action. The three compartments are; Anterior Compartment, Lateral (Peroneal) Compartment and the Posterior Compartment. This type of categorization is similar to the divisions found in the thigh muscles.
1.5.2.22.1.2 Anterior Compartment
1.5.2.22.1.2.1 The muscles in this group dorsiflex the foot and are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve. The tendons are wrapped at the ankle by thickenings of deep fascia called the superior extensor retinaculum (Transverse ligament of the ankle) and the inferior extensor retinaculum (Cruciate ligament of the ankle).� These same types of facial coverings are found on the wrist.
1.5.2.22.1.3 Lateral (Peroneal) Compartment
1.5.2.22.1.3.1 These muscles plantar flex and evert the foot and are supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve.
1.5.2.22.1.4 Posterior Compartment
1.5.2.22.1.4.1 These muscles are divided into superficial and deep groups and the tibial nerve innervates all. Most of these muscles plantar flex the foot except one muscle in the deep compartment the Popliteus that flexes and medially rotates the leg. The muscles contained in the superficial grouping share a common tendon of insertion, the Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon that is attached to the calcaneus bone of the ankle.
1.5.2.22.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.22.3 Illustrations
1.5.2.22.3.1 Fig 463 Superficial Muscles and Tendons of the Right Lower Thigh and Leg, Lateral View
1.5.2.22.3.1.1 The disposition of the anterior and lateral compartment muscles of the leg, and how their tendons, surrounded by tendon sheaths (in blue), enter the foot. Observe that the anterior compartment tendons enter the dorsum, while the lateral compartment tendons descend behind the lateral malleolus.
1.5.2.22.3.1.2 The superficial location of the head of the fibula and its relationship to the common peroneal nerve.
1.5.2.22.3.1.3
1.5.2.22.3.2 Fig 464 Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg
1.5.2.22.3.2.1 The four anterior compartment muscles are the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius.
1.5.2.22.3.2.2 The tibialis anterior dorsally flexes and supinates the foot. The other muscles extend the toes as well as dorsiflex the foot. Addi�tionally, the extensor hallucis longus assists in supination, while the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius are pronators.
1.5.2.22.3.3 Fig 465 Nerves and Arteries of the Anterior and Lateral Compartments of the Leg
1.5.2.22.3.3.1 As the common peroneal nerve courses laterally around the head of the fibula, it divides into the superficial and deep peroneal nerves which innervate the muscles of the lateral and anterior compartments.
1.5.2.22.3.3.2 The deep peroneal nerve is joined by the anterior tibial artery which descends toward the foot.
1.5.2.22.3.3.3
1.5.2.22.3.4 Fig 466 Deep Lymphatic Channels and Nodes of the anterior Leg
1.5.2.22.3.4.1 Lymphatic channels from the dorsum of the foot course superiorly and collect along the path of the more deeply situated anterior tibial vessels and nerve. At times a lymph node can be found just ventral to the anterior tibial artery below the knee.
1.5.2.22.3.5 Fig 467 Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg
1.5.2.22.3.5.1 The peroneus longus and brevis occupy the lateral compartment of the leg. Their tendons descend into the foot behind the lateral malleolus. The peroneus longus tendon crosses the sole of the foot to insert on the base of the 1st metatarsal bone, while the peroneus brevis inserts directly onto the 5th metatarsal bone.
1.5.2.22.3.5.2
1.5.2.22.4 Anterior Compartment
1.5.2.22.4.1 Extensor Digitorum Longus
1.5.2.22.4.1.1 This muscle dorsiflexes and everts the foot and extends the toes. Its origin is on the lateral condyle of the tibia, anterior surface of the fibula, and interosseous membrane. It inserts on the middle and distal phalanges of the four outer toes. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 and S1 .
1.5.2.22.4.2 Extensor Hallucis Longus
1.5.2.22.4.2.1 This muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot. Its origin is on the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane and it inserts on the distal phalanx of the great toe. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 and S1 .
1.5.2.22.4.3 Peroneus Tertius
1.5.2.22.4.3.1 This muscle dorsiflexes and everts the foot. Its origin is on the distal third of the fibula and interosseous membrane and it inserts on the fifth metatarsal. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve with nerve roots L4 , L5 and S1 .
1.5.2.22.4.4 Tibialis Anterior
1.5.2.22.4.4.1 This muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot. Its origin is on the lateral condyle and body of the fibia and interosseous membrane and it inserts on the first metatarsal and first (medial) cuneiform. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 and S1 .
1.5.2.22.5 Lateral Peroneal Compartment
1.5.2.22.5.1 Peroneus Brevis
1.5.2.22.5.1.1 This muscle plantar flexes and everts the foot. Its origin is on the body of the fibula and it inserts on the base of the fifth metatarsal. It is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 , S1 , & S2 .
1.5.2.22.5.2 Peroneus Longus
1.5.2.22.5.2.1 This strap muscle along with the Tibialis posterior help support the medial transverse arch of the foot. This muscle plantar flexes and everts the foot. Its origin is on the head and body of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia and it inserts at the first metatarsal and first cuneiform. It is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 , S1 , & S2 .
1.5.2.22.6 Posterior Superficial Compartment
1.5.2.22.6.1 Gastrocnemius
1.5.2.22.6.1.1 This muscle plantar flexes the foot and flexes the leg. Its origin is on the lateral and medial condyles of the femur and capsule of the knee and it inserts on the calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. It is supplied by the tibial nerve with nerve roots of S1 , & S2 .
1.5.2.22.6.2 Plantaris
1.5.2.22.6.2.1 This muscle plantar flexes the foot. Its origin is on the femur above the lateral condyle and it inserts onto the calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. It is supplied by the tibial nerve and its nerve roots are L4 , L5 , S1 , & S2 .
1.5.2.22.6.2.2
1.5.2.22.6.3 Soleus
1.5.2.22.6.3.1 This muscle attaches to the upper portion of the lower leg and to the Achilles tendon. During the stance phase of gate, it checks the forward motion of the lower leg and plantar flexes the foot during the gate phase of push-off. While seated this one joint muscle is a strong plantar flexor while the gastrocnemius is mechanically disadvantaged due to its lengthened position. It is supplied by the tibial nerve with nerve roots of L5 , S1 , & S2 .
1.5.2.22.7 Posterior Deep Compartment
1.5.2.22.7.1 Flexor Digitorum Longus
1.5.2.22.7.1.1 This muscle plantar flexes and inverts the foot and flexes the toes. Is origin is the posterior surface of the tibia and it inserts onto the distal phalanges of the four outer toes. It is supplied by the tibial nerve with nerve roots of L5 , S1 , S2 , S3 .
1.5.2.22.7.1.2
1.5.2.22.7.2 Flexor Hallucis Longus
1.5.2.22.7.2.1 This muscle plantar flexes and inverts the foot and flexes the big toe. Its origin is on the lower two-thirds of the fibula and it inserts onto the distal phalanx of the big toe. It is supplied by the tibial nerve and its nerve roots are S2-3.
1.5.2.22.7.3 Popliteus
1.5.2.22.7.3.1 This muscle flexes and medially rotates the leg. Its origin is on the lateral condyle of the femur with insertion on the proximal tibia. It is supplied by the tibial nerve and its nerve roots are L4, L5, & S1..
1.5.2.22.7.4 Tibialis Posterior
1.5.2.22.7.4.1 This strap muscle along with the Peroneus longus and brevis help support the medial transverse arch of the foot. The Tibialis posterior is the deepest posterior lower leg muscle attaching to the Interosseous Membrane (fibrous connective tissue which binds the tibia and fibula) and to both the tibia and fibula covering a major portion of the lower leg. This muscle also attaches to many of the bones that wedge together in forming the Roman style arch of the foot including the bases of the middle three metatarsal bones. This muscle plantar flexes and inverts the foot. Its origin is on the tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane and it inserts onto the second, third, and fourth metatarsals; navicular, all three cuneiforms, and cuboid. It is supplied by the tibial nerve and its nerve roots are L4-5.
Back Table of Contents References
1.5.2.23.1 Introduction
1.5.2.23.1.1 The intrinsic muscles of the foot are similar to the hand muscles, which are specialized for intricate and precise movements where as the foot muscles are specialized for support and locomotion. The deep facia of the foot forms the plantar aponeurosis (fascia) that attaches to the calcaneus and the phalanges providing longitudinal arch support. The intrinsic foot muscles are divided into two groups; Dorsal, which includes only two muscles ( see below ) and the plantar muscles, which include several layers as, outlined below .
1.5.2.23.2 Gray�s Anatomy
1.5.2.23.3 Dorsal Muscles
1.5.2.23.3.1 Extensor Digitorum Brevis
1.5.2.23.3.1.1 This muscle extends the first through fourth toes. Its origin is on the dorsal aspect of the calcaneus and it inserts on the tendon of the extensor Digitorum longus and proximal phalanx of the great toe. It is supplied by the Deep peroneal nerve with nerve roots of� S1 and S2.
1.5.2.23.3.2 Extensor Hallucis Brevis
1.5.2.23.3.2.1 This muscle extends the proximal phalanx of the Hallux. Its origin is on the dorsal aspect of the calcaneus and it inserts on the dorsal surface of the base of proximal phalanx of Hallux. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve with nerve roots of S1 and S2.
1.5.2.23.4 Plantar Muscles
1.5.2.23.4.1 Plantar First Superficial Layer
1.5.2.23.4.1.1 Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot) B1 E1
1.5.2.23.4.1.1.1 The action of this muscle is to abduct the fifth toe away from the fourth toe. This muscle has its origin on the calcaneus and it inserts onto the little toe. It is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.2.23.4.1.2 Abductor Hallucis B3E3
1.5.2.23.4.1.2.1 The action of this muscle is to abduct the big toe from the mid line of the foot. This muscle has its origin on the calcaneus and it inserts onto the big toe. It is supplied by the medial plantar nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 , S1 , S2 , & S3 .
1.5.2.23.4.1.3 Flexor Digitorum Brevis
1.5.2.23.4.1.3.1 The action of this muscle is to flex the second through fifth toes. This muscle has its origin on the calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis and it inserts onto the middle phalanx of the second through fifth toes. It is supplied by the medial plantar nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 , S1 , S2 , & S3 .
1.5.2.23.4.1.4 Sectional Questions
1.5.2.23.4.2 Plantar Second Layer
1.5.2.23.4.2.1 Lumbricals
1.5.2.23.4.2.1.1 This muscle extends the second through fifth toes. Its origin is on the tendons of the flexor Digitorum longus and it inserts onto the tendons of the extensor Digitorum longus. It is supplied by the medial and lateral plantar nerves with nerve roots of L4 , L5 , S1 , S2 , & S3 .
1.5.2.23.4.2.2 Quadratus Plantae
1.5.2.23.4.2.2.1 This muscle flexes the second through fifth toes. Its origin is on the calcaneus and it inserts onto the tendons of the flexor Digitorum longus. It is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.2.23.4.3 Plantar Third Layer
1.5.2.23.4.3.1 Adductor Hallucis B7 E7
1.5.2.23.4.3.1.1 The adductor hallucis adducts the big toe towards the 2nd toe and Flexes the big toe towards plantar surface. The oblique head attaches (origin) to the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals. The transverse head attaches (origin) to the Plantar Metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes. Both heads insert into the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe.� This muscle is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve and its nerve roots are S2 and S3.
1.5.2.23.4.3.2 Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
1.5.2.23.4.3.2.1 This muscle flexes the small toe. Its origin is on the fifth metatarsal and it inserts on the proximal phalanx of the small toe.� It is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve and its roots are S2 and S3.
1.5.2.23.4.3.3 Flexor Hallucis Brevis
1.5.2.23.4.3.3.1 This muscle flexes the great toe. Its origin is on the cuboid and third (lateral) cuneiform with insertion onto the proximal phalanx of the great toe.� It is supplied by the medial plantar nerve with nerve roots of L4 , L5 , S1 , S2 , & S3 .
1.5.2.23.4.4 Plantar Fourth Deep Layer
1.5.2.23.4.4.1 Dorsal Interossei
1.5.2.23.4.4.1.1 This muscle abducts the toes and flexes the proximal phalanges. Its origin is on the adjacent side of the metatarsals and it inserts onto the proximal phalanges, both sides of the second toe, and the lateral side of the third and fourth toes. It is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve and its nerve roots are S2 and S3.
1.5.2.23.4.4.2 Plantar Interossei
1.5.2.23.4.4.2.1 This muscle adducts the third, fourth, and fifth toes and flexes the proximal phalanges. Its origin is on the third, fourth and fifth metatarsals and it inserts onto the proximal phalanges of the same toes. It is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.3 Individual Muscles
1.5.3.1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
1.5.3.1.1 The action of this muscle is to abduct the fifth toe away from the fourth toe. This muscle has its origin on the calcaneus and it inserts onto the little toe. It is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.3.2.1 This muscle abducts the little finger attaching at the Pisiform bone on the hand (the big bump just above the inside of the wrist crease) and at the proximal phalanx
1.5.3.2.2 To catch or throw a ball this muscle helps you to adjust your grip
1.5.3.2.3 In the anatomical neutral standing posture arms at side palms facing out abduction of the little finger is away from the midline of the palm drawn through the middle finger.
1.5.3.2.4 The abductor digiti minimi is innervated by the Ulnar� (Deep Branch) nerve and its nerve roots are C8 and T1.
1.5.3.3 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
1.5.3.3.1 The action of this muscle is to abduct the big toe from the mid line of the foot. This muscle has its origin on the calcaneus and it inserts onto the big toe. It is supplied by the medial plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.3.4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS
1.5.3.4.1 This muscle acts to abduct and medially rotate the proximal phalanx and metacarpal of the thumb. The origin of this muscle is on the carpal bones and it inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the median nerve with nerve roots of C8 and T1.
1.5.3.5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS
1.5.3.5.1 The abductor pollicis longus abducts and extends the thumb. This muscle has its origin on the posterior part of the ulna and radius and it inserts on the radial proximal part of the thumb (1st metacarpal). The nerve supply is the posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve) with nerve roots of C7 and C8.
1.5.3.9 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
1.5.3.9.1 This muscle adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the hip (thigh). The origins of its anterior fibers are on the pubic bone and ramus of the ischium. The origins of its posterior fibers are on the Ischial tuberosity. This muscle inserts onto the femur medially and on the adductor tubercle on medial condyle of femur. The nerves of the posterior fibers are the tibial portion of sciatic and nerve roots L4-S1. The nerves of the anterior fibers are the Obturator and nerve roots L2-L4.
1.5.3.10 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
1.5.3.10.1 Both heads of the adductor pollicis flex and adduct the big toe. The oblique head of the adductor pollicis has an origin at the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals and the transverse head has an origin at the plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes. Both heads of the adductor pollicis insert at the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe. This muscle is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve with nerve roots of S2 and S3.
1.5.3.11 ANCONEUS
1.5.3.11.1 This is a small muscle at the back of the elbow and helps the triceps extend the elbow joint and pronate the radio-ulnar joint. The anconeus has its origin on the humerus and inserts on the ulna. Its nerve supply is the radial nerve with nerve roots of C7, C8, and T1.
1.5.3.12 BICEPS BRACHII
1.5.3.12.1 This muscle is the most visible and superficial muscle of the upper arm and one of the primary arm flexors.� The origin of the biceps brachii is on the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula & Apex of coracoid process of the scapula. It inserts on the Radial tuberosity & bicipital aponeurosis. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve with nerve roots of C5 & C6.
1.5.3.13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring)
1.5.3.13.1 The long and short head of the biceps femoris together flex and laterally rotate the knee (leg) (tibia and fibula). Alone the long head extends, adducts, and laterally rotates the hip (thigh). The long head of the biceps femoris attaches (origin) to the Ischial tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament. The short head has its origin on the femur. Both heads insert onto the tibia and fibula. The nerve supply of the long head is the Sciatic (Tibial Portion) and its nerve roots are L5-S2. The nerve supply of the short head is the Sciatic (Common peroneal portion) and its nerve roots are L5-S2.
1.5.3.14 BRACHIALIS
1.5.3.14.1 The brachialis lies deep to the biceps brachii and although less visible than the biceps it is also a powerhouse for forearm flexion.� Its origin is on the lower humerus and it inserts on the ulna. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous and radial nerves with nerve roots of C5, C6, and C7.
1.5.3.15 BRACHIORADIALIS
1.5.3.15.1 The brachioradialis helps flex the forearm and is involved in both pronation and supination. This muscle inserts on the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and its origin is on the radius. It is innervated by the radial nerve with nerve roots of C5, C6, and C7.
1.5.3.16 BUCCINATOR
1.5.3.16.1 If you press your cheeks firmly against the side teeth and pull back the angle of the mouth as in blowing a trumpet you have just activated the buccinator muscle. The buccinator has an origin in the upper and lower jaw and has its insertion into the Orbicularis Oris near the angle of the mouth.
1.5.3.17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS (BULBOSPONGIOSUS)
1.5.3.17.1 This is an X-Rated muscle so if you do not like sex talk stop reading this. In addition, if you are underage you will have to get your parents permission to continue. This muscle helps with ejaculation and erection (men). It also increases the vaginal orifice and assists in erection of the clitoris (women).
1.5.3.18 CILIARY MUSCLE
1.5.3.18.1 If you want to read the fine print (near vision) or see a road sign (Distant vision) far away, you are putting your ciliary muscle to work. It has its origin into the inner part of the eyeball wall and inserts into tissue, which attaches to the lens and changes its shape.
1.5.3.22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL & POSTERIOR
1.5.3.22.1 These muscles help you change the pitch of your voice. The lateral cricoarytenoid helps close the opening (glottis) thus raising the pitch of your voice. The posterior cricoarytenoid helps open the glottis thus lowering the pitch of your voice.
1.5.3.23 CRICOPHARYNGEUS
1.5.3.23.1 If you have ever wondered why you do not breath into your stomach when you take a breath into your lungs you are going to find out now. It is because the Cricopharyngeus constricts when you take a breath and relaxes as when you swallow food.
1.5.3.24 CRICOTHYROID
1.5.3.24.1 If you imagine the strings of a violin like the vocal cords when you tighten them, you will get a higher pitch, which is exactly what the cricothyroid does. This muscle produces elongation of the vocal folds thus raising the pitch of your voice so you can hit all those high notes when your singing in the shower.
1.5.3.25 DELTOID ANTERIOR
1.5.3.25.1 This muscle gives you a broad shouldered physique and is a strong-arm abductor, medial rotator and horizontal flexor. The origin of the anterior deltoid is on the anterior part of the clavicle and it inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. It is innervated by the axillary nerve with nerve roots of C5 & C6.
1.5.3.26 INTERSPINALES
1.5.3.26.1 This muscle helps with spinal extension. The interspinales consists of pairs of small muscles between the spinous processes from C1 through T2 and L1 to the sacrum.� This muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
1.5.3.27 INTERTRANSVERSARII
1.5.3.27.1 This muscle acting unilaterally, helps with lateral flexion of the spine. The intertransversarii consists of pairs of small muscles anterior and posterior on both sides between the transverse processes from C1 to T1 and from T10 to L5. This muscle is innervated by the ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
| i don't know |
Who coined the term 'Big Bang' for a cosmic theory with which he did not himself agree? | Big bang critic dies (Fred Hoyle) - creation.com
Big bang critic dies (Fred Hoyle)
by Greg Demme and Jonathan Sarfati
Sir Fred Hoyle, the man who coined the term ‘big bang,’ died on Monday, 20 August 2001, from complications following a severe stroke. 1
Born in Yorkshire, England, in 1915, Hoyle was one of Britain’s best-known mathematicians and astronomers in the last half of the 20th century. He spent decades searching for answers to questions of the origins of life and the origin and age of the universe. In the 1940s, he, along with Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, proposed the ‘steady state’ theory, a belief that the universe had no beginning or end, but always existed and would continue to exist.
All these men were strong humanists, so they rejected any theory that seemed to teach a beginning for the universe, because that would point to a Beginner—see the discussion in If God created the universe, then who created God? Their bias was so strong that they were even prepared to violate the fundamental Law of Conservation of Mass/Energy, which states that mass/energy in the universe can neither be created nor destroyed. Of course, this fundamental law is consistent with Genesis—God’s creation of the space-time universe was finished after six days. But the Steady State Theory posits a continual spontaneous appearance of hydrogen atoms from nothing.
But because the evidence of the rapid expansion of the universe exceeded the predictions of Hoyle’s theory, and because of the reluctance to believe that fundamental laws were violated, many astronomers began to postulate that an explosion of highly dense matter was the beginning of all space and time. In his 1950 BBC radio series, The Nature of the Universe, Hoyle mockingly called this idea the ‘big bang,’ considering it preposterous. 2 Yet the theory—and the derisive term—have become mainstream, not only in astronomy but in society as well.
Hoyle readily saw through the fallacious assumptions behind the ‘big bang’ theory. In 1994 he wrote, ‘Big-Bang cosmology refers to an epoch that cannot be reached by any form of astronomy, and, in more than two decades, it has not produced a single successful prediction.’ 3 Even though many people currently consider cosmic microwave background radiation a successful prediction of the ‘big bang,’ this is very shaky, and would fit better with Dr Russ Humphreys’ cosmological model that involves God having stretched out the cosmos ( Isaiah 42:5 ).
This should be a lesson to ‘big-bang’ apologists, who are seduced by its apparent teaching of a beginning of the universe and simply ignore the contradictions with God’s Word. What happens to their apologetic framework if the secular astronomical community goes along with Hoyle after all, and rejects the ‘big bang’? Then the ‘big-bang’ apologists would need to reinterpret their reinterpretations of Genesis! See also What are some of the problems with the Big Bang theory?
Also, commenting on the general state of mainstream cosmology, Hoyle and several colleagues wrote, ‘Cosmology is unique in science in that it is a very large intellectual edifice based on very few facts. The strong tendency is to replace a need for more facts by conformity.’ 4
Though Hoyle was not a Biblical creationist or even a Christian, he eventually recognized the impossibility of Darwinian evolution. Hoyle regularly took to task the Darwinian establishment for ignoring the complex sources of information and information processing programs (like DNA) needed for the creation and continuation of life. He realised that life couldn’t have arisen by chance in a primordial soup on Earth. First, he tried to solve the problem by saying that if we had the whole universe to work with instead of Earth, then this might overcome the problem. Hoyle favored and popularized a view called panspermia, the notion that life originated somewhere else in the universe and was driven to earth by electromagnetic radiation pressure.
But eventually he realised that even this would be woefully inadequate as a materialistic explanation of life’s origin. In his 1981 book Evolution from Space (co-authored with Chandra Wickramasinghe), he calculated that the chance of obtaining the required set of enzymes for even the simplest living cell was one in 1040,000 (one followed by 40,000 zeroes). Since the number of atoms in the known universe is infinitesimally tiny by comparison (1080), even a whole universe full of primordial soup wouldn’t have a chance.
Hoyle explained this in his typically lucid manner, and as with the ‘big bang,’ his turns of phrase have found their way into popular culture. For instance, he wrote, ‘The notion that not only the biopolymer but the operating program of a living cell could be arrived at by chance in a primordial organic soup here on the Earth is evidently nonsense of a high order.’ 5 Hoyle originated the famous illustration comparing the random emergence of even the simplest cell to the likelihood that ‘a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein.’ 6 Hoyle also compared the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving the Rubik’s Cube simultaneously—see Rubik’s Cube and Blind Men . Some more problems with evolutionary ‘origin-of-life’ scenarios can be found in our Q&A pages under Origin of Life and Probability .
Hoyle eventually came to believe that the fine-tuning of the universe as a whole was further evidence for a designer:
‘A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics … The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question.’ 7
The fine-tuning of fundamental constants is indeed amazing, but creationists must be cautious—some of the alleged ‘fine-tuning’ presupposes a big bang or other evolutionary cosmology.
Alas, Hoyle paid for his outright questioning of the materialist paradigm. In the 1950s, Hoyle had some ingenious ideas about stellar fusion, and predicted that the Carbon-12 nucleus would have a certain energy level (called a resonance) to enable helium to undergo fusion. 8 His co-worker William Fowler eventually won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 (with Subramanyan Chandrasekhar), but for some reason Hoyle’s original contribution was overlooked, and many were surprised that such a notable astronomer missed out. Fowler himself in an autobiographical sketch affirmed Hoyle’s immense contribution:
‘Fred Hoyle was the second great influence in my life. The grand concept of nucleosynthesis in stars was first definitely established by Hoyle in 1946.’
But for all his ability to see through popular anti-God science, Hoyle’s own views about God were equally un-Biblical. He still held onto panspermia, and in his last book, A Different Approach to Cosmology, Hoyle and his co-authors reaffirmed a quasi-steady-state theory for the universe, but this time one that requires ongoing episodic creation by some intelligent force within the universe (a complete denial of a six-day Creation ex nihilo by a transcendent, personal God).
Hoyle was also known as a science fiction writer. That he took to this sort of writing is not surprising, given his fascination with space and extraterrestrial life forces.
While Hoyle’s comments on the ‘big bang’ theory and Darwinian evolution are helpful, it is sad to see that Hoyle died apparently having rejected the truth about Creation. God has revealed the truth for all to see in the Bible, the History Book of the Universe. All the answers about the origins of life and the universe can be found right there in the first book, Genesis.
| Fred Hoyle |
The EU's student exchange programme is named for which Dutch, Renaissance figure? | The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory
Author: Paul Taylor
Summary: Creation Science Evangelism writer Paul Taylor discusses the Big Bang theory.
We would not normally consider it necessary to explain how a theory works that we don’t even believe in. However, there are a lot of misunderstandings about the Big Bang theory. This includes misunderstandings amongst fellow creationists, who therefore sometimes end up opposing ideas that the Big Bang theorists don’t even believe in.
This article is therefore an attempt to understand a little of what the theory is about, and why, as creationists, we do not accept it. Please note that this is a beginner-level article. Many Big Bang theorists may therefore complain that I have simplified some concepts. However, I have only done so in the same way as a secular High School textbook writer might do.
How did it start?
The originators—George Lemaitre, a Belgium, struck on the basic idea in 1927; and George Gamow, R.A. Alpher, and R. Herman devised the basic Big Bang model in 1948. At first, the theory was not widely accepted by astrophysicists. It was not the only cosmological theory. Sir Fred Hoyle had a rival theory, called the Steady State theory, in which he claimed that new material must constantly be made in the universe to fill in the gaps, as the existing material expands. It was Hoyle who originally coined the term Big Bang, in a radio broadcast in 1949. He intended the term to be an insult, but it is now widely used by supporters of the theory.
The Big Bang Theory
According to the Big Bang theory, all matter and all space was originally part of an infinitesimally small point called the Singularity. The theory says nothing about where that singularity came from. It is assumed to have come about by a random quantum event.
This is what Brad Lemley said about quantum events.
To the average person it might seem obvious that nothing can happen in nothing. But to a quantum physicist, nothing is, in fact, something.
If this seems a somewhat unusual statement, try this next statement.
Quantum theory also holds that a vacuum, like atoms, is subject to quantum uncertainties. This means that things can materialise out of the vacuum, although they tend to vanish back into it quickly...this phenomenon has never been observed directly...
If I might be so bold as to translate this into English, he seems to be saying “things appear from nothing and then disappear back into nothing. And nobody has ever seen any of that happen!”
The astronomer Heather Cowper put it this way, in a children’s book called The Big Bang.
Our Universe probably came into existence not only from nothing, but from nowhere.
This does not appear like a scientific argument, but more like a doctrine of religious faith. “In the beginning, there was nothing. And that nothing exploded.”
The most common misconception about the Big Bang theory is the idea that it teaches that matter exploded and spread out into empty space. This is not what the theory teaches, and it is important as creationists that we do not misrepresent what secular scientists believe.
The theory actually teaches that space itself was also small. This is difficult to get our heads around, but it is worth trying, for reasons that will become clear. Thus, at the point of singularity, they believe that there was still matter everywhere in the Universe—it is simply that they believe the Universe itself to have been very small.
It is therefore space itself that stretched to its present size. The matter in the universe did not move through space during the stretching. It is what we might euphemistically call the fabric of space that stretched.
It is worth getting our heads around the problem, because the stretching of space is actually Biblical. Isaiah 42:5 and 45:12 both state that God stretched out the heavens like a curtain. Of course, this does not mean that we agree that the Universe started out as a singularity. However, it is completely possible that God created the Universe smaller than it is today, and this concept is the basis for creationist cosmologies based on Gravitational Time Dilation, and discussed in our technical article on “Starlight Issues”.
Problems with the Big Bang
There are a number of problems with the Big Bang theory. It ought to be pointed out, at this point, that it is not only creationists who have problems with the Big Bang theory. The theory is not universally accepted. For example, the physicist Eric Lerner has described himself as a Big Bang heretic, and has written a book and a website on the subject.
One very large problem with the theory is its inability to determine where the singularity came from. Theoretical astrophysicists (obviously working without any experimentation) have divided cosmological history, by their theory, into a number of epochs, when conditions were different.
The first four epochs are labeled as 10-43s, 10-32s, 10-6s and 3min. Even under their own theory, they cannot work out what happened prior to the first 10-43s. Of course, all their calculations on such issues are theoretical, not experimental, so they do not qualify as observational science. This is notwithstanding the CERN experiments, which I am certain will find some results before the end of 2011. There are two reasons why they will find results. The first is that billions of Euros of cash have been pumped into CERN, and the funding ends in December 2011, so the cynic in me thinks that is good enough reason to get results. The second is that this experiment, unusually, has an actual end in sight. The experimenters already know what conclusion they wish to verify, so whatever results they achieve will be shown to verify the conclusion they require.
For a supposedly random event, the calculations around the Big Bang theory give too good a result. Dr. Robert Matthews, who is actually an unbeliever, said this:
Why, for instance is our Universe and its laws just right for the existence of life? Some argue that it is because it was specially made for us by a benevolent creator.
There is not enough antimatter in the universe. This is a big problem for the theorists. The original Big Bang would have produced equal amounts of positive matter (matter) and negative matter (antimatter). But only small amounts of antimatter exist. There should be as much antimatter as matter—if the Big Bang was true.
Since matter and antimatter are equivalent in all respects but that of electromagnetic charge oppositeness, any force [the Big Bang] that would create one should have to create the other, and the universe should be made of equal quantities of each. This is a dilemma. Theory tells us there should be antimatter out there, and observation refuses to back it up. vi
In fact, there isn’t enough matter of any sort for their calculations. For this reason, the concept of dark matter has been postulated. Dark matter is matter that cannot be detected, but it must be there, otherwise their calculations do not work! They have a similar problem with not enough energy in the Universe, so they have developed the idea of dark energy.
We used to have answers like this when I was in High School, and we called them “fiddle factors”! What these concepts show is that the Big Bang theory is not a really satisfactory theory, but, at the moment, it is the best they have got. It therefore resembles the car I had in my college days, which was held together by string and duct tape.
Even secular astrophysicists have realized the problems associated with dark matter and energy. The Israeli astrophysicist, Moshe Carmeli, has developed a 5-dimensional cosmology, based on Einstein’s principles, and called Cosmological Special Relativity. Carmeli’s theory is mentioned in our article on Starlight Issues, because it has been adapted by John Hartnett of CMI to make a creationist cosmology based on time dilation.
The final problem worth mentioning with the Big Bang theory is the so-called Horizon Problem. Many Big Bangers talk about the concept of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. They often state that CMB verifies the Big Bang. In fact, it does not. The uniform nature of CMB is actually impossible to explain under current Big Bang estimates for the age of the Universe.
Conclusion
It is hope that this brief look at the Big Bang theory will help creationists not to misrepresent the theory. For example, creationists should not be asking “how can something explode into nothingness”. The Big Bang theory is not really a theory about an explosion. That name was given to the theory by an early opponent of the theory.
Nevertheless, we have seen that there are many justifiable accusations to level at the Big Bang theory, such as its reliance on “fiddle factors”, like dark matter. We have also seen that the Big Bang theory is not a monolithic theory. There is a substantial minority of atheistic, secular scientists who do not accept it, either.
Most of all, we do not accept the Big Bang theory because it is unBiblical. It suggests that the Earth has no special place, whereas the Bible tells us that it does (Isaiah 45:12). Despite the heavens being vast and beautiful, they were nevertheless created for our benefit (Genesis 1:14) and, most importantly, to give glory to God (Psalm 19:1).
Creation Science Evangelism 2005.
| i don't know |
The calendar of which Mesoamerican people led to a fixation with the year 2012? | The Mayan Calendar
The last day of the Mayan calendar corresponds with the December Solstice , which has played a significant role in many cultures all over the world.
Not a Maya Invention
The Maya didn't invent the calendar, it was used by most cultures in pre-Columbian Central America – including the Maya – from around 2000 BCE to the 16th century. The Mayan civilization developed the calendar further and it's still in use in some Maya communities today.
Wheels Working Together
The Mayan Calendar consists of three separate corresponding calendars, the Long Count, the Tzolkin (divine calendar) and the Haab (civil calendar). Time is cyclical in the calendars and a set number of days must occur before a new cycle can begin.
The three calendars are used simultaneously. The Tzolkin and the Haab identify and name the days, but not the years. The Long Count date comes first, then the Tzolkin date and last the Haab date. A typical Mayan date would read: 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ahau 8 Kumku, where 13.0.0.0.0 is the Long Count date, 4 Ahau is the Tzolkin date and 8 Kumku is the Haab date.
The Haab
The Haab is a 365 day solar calendar which is divided into 18 months of 20 days each and one month which is only 5 days long (Uayeb). The calendar has an outer ring of Mayan glyphs (pictures) which represent each of the 19 months. Each day is represented by a number in the month followed by the name of the month. Each glyph represents a personality associated with the month.
The Haab is somewhat inaccurate as it is exactly 365 days long. An actual tropical or solar year is 365.2422 days long. In today’s Gregorian calendar we adjust for this discrepancy by making almost every fourth year a leap year by adding an extra day – a leap day – on the 29th of February .
The Tzolkin
The divine calendar is also known as the Sacred Round or the Tzolkin which means “the distribution of the days”. It is a 260-day calendar, with 20 periods of 13 days used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial events. Each day is numbered from one to thirteen, and then repeated. The day is also given a name (glyph) from a sequence of 20 day names. The calendar repeats itself after each cycle.
The Long Count
The Long Count is an astronomical calendar which was used to track longer periods of time, what the Maya called the “universal cycle”. Each such cycle is calculated to be 2,880,000 days (about 7885 solar years). The Mayans believed that the universe is destroyed and then recreated at the start of each universal cycle. This belief still inspires a myriad of prophesies about the end of the world.
The “creation date” for the current cycle we are in today, is 4 Ahaw, 8 Kumku. According to the most common conversion, this date is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the Gregorian calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar .
How to Set the Date
A date in the Maya calendar is specified by its position in both the Tzolkin and the Haab calendars which aligns the Sacred Round with the Vague Year creating the joint cycle called the Calendar Round, represented by two wheels rotating in different directions. The Calendar round cycle takes approximately 52 years to complete.
The smallest wheel consists of 260 teeth with each one having the name of the days of the Tzolkin. The larger wheel consists of 365 teeth and has the name of each of the positions of the Haab year. As both wheels rotate, the name of the Tzolkin day corresponds to each Haab position.
The date is identified by counting the number of days from the “creation date”.
A typical long count date has the following format: Baktun.Katun.Tun.Uinal.Kin.
Kin = 1 Day.
Uinal = 20 kin = 20 days.
Tun = 18 uinal = 360 days.
Katun = 20 tun = 360 uinal = 7,200 days.
Baktun = 20 katun = 400 tun = 7,200 uinal = 144,000 days.
The kin, tun and katun are numbered from zero to 19; the uinal are numbered from zero to 17; and the baktun are numbered from one to 13. The Long Count has a cycle of 13 baktuns, which will be completed 1.872.000 days (13 baktuns) after 0.0.0.0.0. This period equals 5125.36 years and is referred to as the “Great Cycle” of the Long Count.
End of the World?
Will the world will end on 21 December 2012, at 11:11 UTC?
The Mayan calendar completes its current “Great Cycle” of the Long Count on the 13th baktun, on 13.0.0.0.0. Using the most common conversion to our modern calendar (the Gregorian calendar ) the end of the “Great Cycle” corresponds to 11:11 Universal Time (UTC), December 21, 2012, hence the myriad of doomsday prophecies surrounding this date.
Mayan Culture Today
The Maya kept historical records such as civil events and their calendric and astronomical knowledge. They maintain a distinctive set of traditions and beliefs due to the combination of pre-Columbian and post-Conquest ideas and cultures. The Maya and their descendants still form sizable populations that include regions encompassing present day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and parts of Mexico.
| Maya |
In Greek myth what was the name of Orpheus's wife trapped in Hades? | Mayan mathematics
Mayan mathematics
Version for printing
Hernán Cortés, excited by stories of the lands which Columbus had recently discovered, sailed from Spain in 1505 landing in Hispaniola which is now Santo Domingo. After farming there for some years he sailed with Velázquez to conquer Cuba in 1511. He was twice elected major of Santiago then, on 18 February 1519, he sailed for the coast of Yucatán with a force of 11 ships, 508 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 horses. He landed at Tabasco on the northern coast of the Yucatán peninsular. He met with little resistance from the local population and they presented him with presents including twenty girls. He married Malinche, one of these girls.
The people of the Yucatán peninsular were descendants of the ancient Mayan civilisation which had been in decline from about 900 AD. It is the mathematical achievements of this civilisation which we are concerned with in this article. However, before describing these, we should note that Cortés went on to conquer the Aztec peoples of Mexico. He captured Tenochtitlán before the end of 1519 (the city was rebuilt as Mexico City in 1521) and the Aztec empire fell to Cortés before the end of 1521. Malinche, who acted as interpreter for Cortés, played an important role in his ventures.
In order to understand how knowledge of the Mayan people has reached us we must consider another Spanish character in this story, namely Diego de Landa. He joined the Franciscan Order in 1541 when about 17 years old and requested that he be sent to the New World as a missionary. Landa helped the Mayan peoples in the Yucatán peninsular and generally tried his best to protect them from their new Spanish masters. He visited the ruins of the great cities of the Mayan civilisation and learnt from the people about their customs and history.
However, despite being sympathetic to the Mayan people, Landa abhorred their religious practices. To the devote Christian that Landa was, the Mayan religion with its icons and the Mayan texts written in hieroglyphics appeared like the work of the devil. He ordered all Mayan idols be destroyed and all Mayan books be burned. Landa seems to have been surprised at the distress this caused the Mayans.
Nobody can quite understand Landa's feelings but perhaps he regretted his actions or perhaps he tried to justify them. Certainly what he then did was to write a book Relación de las cosas de Yucatán (1566) which describes the hieroglyphics, customs, temples, religious practices and history of the Mayans which his own actions had done so much to eradicate. The book was lost for many years but rediscovered in Madrid three hundred years later in 1869.
A small number of Mayan documents survived destruction by Landa. The most important are: the Dresden Codex now kept in the Sächsische Landesbibliothek Dresden; the Madrid Codex now kept in the American Museum in Madrid; and the Paris Codex now in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris. The Dresden Codex is a treatise on astronomy, thought to have been copied in the eleventh century AD from an original document dating from the seventh or eighth centuries AD.
The Dresden codex:
Knowledge of the Mayan civilisation has been greatly increased in the last thirty years (see for example [ 3 ] and [ 8 ]). Modern techniques such as high resolution radar images, aerial photography and satellite images have changed conceptions of the Maya civilisation. We are interested in the Classic Period of the Maya which spans the period 250 AD to 900 AD, but this classic period was built on top of a civilisation which had lived in the region from about 2000 BC.
The Maya of the Classic Period built large cities, around fifteen have been identified in the Yucatán peninsular, with recent estimates of the population of the city of Tikal in the Southern Lowlands being around 50000 at its peak. Tikal is probably the largest of the cities and recent studies have identified about 3000 separate constructions including temples, palaces, shrines, wood and thatch houses, terraces, causeways, plazas and huge reservoirs for storing rainwater. The rulers were astronomer priests who lived in the cities who controlled the people with their religious instructions. Farming with sophisticated raised fields and irrigation systems provided the food to support the population.
A common culture, calendar, and mythology held the civilisation together and astronomy played an important part in the religion which underlay the whole life of the people. Of course astronomy and calendar calculations require mathematics and indeed the Maya constructed a very sophisticated number system. We do not know the date of these mathematical achievements but it seems certain that when the system was devised it contained features which were more advanced than any other in the world at the time.
The Maya number system was a base twenty system.
Here are the Mayan numerals.
Almost certainly the reason for base 20 arose from ancient people who counted on both their fingers and their toes. Although it was a base 20 system, called a vigesimal system, one can see how five plays a major role, again clearly relating to five fingers and toes. In fact it is worth noting that although the system is base 20 it only has three number symbols (perhaps the unit symbol arising from a pebble and the line symbol from a stick used in counting). Often people say how impossible it would be to have a number system to a large base since it would involve remembering so many special symbols. This shows how people are conditioned by the system they use and can only see variants of the number system in close analogy with the one with which they are familiar. Surprising and advanced features of the Mayan number system are the zero, denoted by a shell for reasons we cannot explain, and the positional nature of the system. However, the system was not a truly positional system as we shall now explain.
In a true base twenty system the first number would denote the number of units up to 19, the next would denote the number of 20's up to 19, the next the number of 400's up to 19, etc. However although the Maya number system starts this way with the units up to 19 and the 20's up to 19, it changes in the third place and this denotes the number of 360's up to 19 instead of the number of 400's. After this the system reverts to multiples of 20 so the fourth place is the number of 18 × 202, the next the number of 18 × 203 and so on. For example [ 8;14;3;1;12 ] represents
12 + 1 × 20 + 3 × 18 × 20 + 14 × 18 × 202 + 8 × 18 × 203 = 1253912.
As a second example [ 9;8;9;13;0 ] represents
0 + 13 × 20 + 9 × 18 × 20 + 8 × 18 × 202 + 9 × 18 × 203 =1357100.
Both these examples are found in the ruins of Mayan towns and we shall explain their significance below.
Now the system we have just described is used in the Dresden Codex and it is the only system for which we have any written evidence. In [ 4 ] Ifrah argues that the number system we have just introduced was the system of the Mayan priests and astronomers which they used for astronomical and calendar calculations. This is undoubtedly the case and that it was used in this way explains some of the irregularities in the system as we shall see below. It was the system used for calendars. However Ifrah also argues for a second truly base 20 system which would have been used by the merchants and was the number system which would also have been used in speech. This, he claims had a circle or dot (coming from a cocoa bean currency according to some, or a pebble used for counting according to others) as its unity, a horizontal bar for 5 and special symbols for 20, 400, 8000 etc. Ifrah writes [ 4 ]:-
Even though no trace of it remains, we can reasonably assume that the Maya had a number system of this kind, and that intermediate numbers were figured by repeating the signs as many times as was needed.
Let us say a little about the Maya calendar before returning to their number systems, for the calendar was behind the structure of the number system. Of course, there was also an influence in the other direction, and the base of the number system 20 played a major role in the structure of the calendar.
The Maya had two calendars. One of these was a ritual calendar, known as the Tzolkin, composed of 260 days. It contained 13 "months" of 20 days each, the months being named after 13 gods while the twenty days were numbered from 0 to 19. The second calendar was a 365-day civil calendar called the Haab. This calendar consisted of 18 months, named after agricultural or religious events, each with 20 days (again numbered 0 to 19) and a short "month" of only 5 days that was called the Wayeb. The Wayeb was considered an unlucky period and Landa wrote in his classic text that the Maya did not wash, comb their hair or do any hard work during these five days. Anyone born during these days would have bad luck and remain poor and unhappy all their lives.
Why then was the ritual calendar based on 260 days? This is a question to which we have no satisfactory answer. One suggestion is that since the Maya lived in the tropics the sun was directly overhead twice every year. Perhaps they measured 260 days and 105 days as the successive periods between the sun being directly overhead (the fact that this is true for the Yucatán peninsular cannot be taken to prove this theory). A second theory is that the Maya had 13 gods of the "upper world", and 20 was the number of a man, so giving each god a 20 day month gave a ritual calendar of 260 days.
At any rate having two calendars, one with 260 days and the other with 365 days, meant that the two would calendars would return to the same cycle after lcm(260, 365) = 18980 days. Now this is after 52 civil years (or 73 ritual years) and indeed the Maya had a sacred cycle consisting of 52 years. Another major player in the calendar was the planet Venus. The Mayan astronomers calculated its synodic period (after which it has returned to the same position) as 584 days. Now after only two of the 52 years cycles Venus will have made 65 revolutions and also be back to the same position. This remarkable coincidence would have meant great celebrations by the Maya every 104 years.
Now there was a third way that the Mayan people had of measuring time which was not strictly a calendar. It was an absolute timescale which was based on a creation date and time was measured forward from this. What date was the Mayan creation date? The date most often taken is 12 August 3113 BC but we should say straightaway that not all historians agree that this was the zero of this so-called "Long Count". Now one might expect that this measurement of time would either give the number of ritual calendar years since creation or the number of civil calendar years since creation. However it does neither.
The Long Count is based on a year of 360 days, or perhaps it is more accurate to say that it is just a count of days with then numbers represented in the Mayan number system. Now we see the probable reason for the departure of the number system from a true base 20 system. It was so that the system approximately represented years. Many inscriptions are found in the Mayan towns which give the date of erection in terms of this long count. Consider the two examples of Mayan numbers given above. The first
[ 8;14;3;1;12 ]
is the date given on a plate which came from the town of Tikal. It translates to
12 + 1 × 20 + 3 × 18 × 20 + 14 × 18 × 202 + 8 × 18 × 203
which is 1253912 days from the creation date of 12 August 3113 BC so the plate was carved in 320 AD.
The second example
[ 9;8;9;13;0 ]
is the completion date on a building in Palenque in Tabasco, near the landing site of Cortés. It translates to
0 + 13 × 20 + 9 × 18 × 20 + 8 × 18 × 202 + 9 × 18 × 203
which is 1357100 days from the creation date of 12 August 3113 BC so the building was completed in 603 AD.
We should note some properties (or more strictly non-properties) of the Mayan number system. The Mayans appear to have had no concept of a fraction but, as we shall see below, they were still able to make remarkably accurate astronomical measurements. Also since the Mayan numbers were not a true positional base 20 system, it fails to have the nice mathematical properties that we expect of a positional system. For example
[ 9;8;9;13;0 ] = 0 + 13 × 20 + 9 × 18 × 20 + 8 × 18 × 202 + 9 × 18 × 203 = 1357100
yet
[ 9;8;9;13 ] = 13 + 9 × 20 + 8 × 18 × 20 + 9 × 18 × 202 = 67873.
Moving all the numbers one place left would multiply the number by 20 in a true base 20 positional system yet 20 × 67873 = 1357460 which is not equal to 1357100. For when we multiple [ 9;8;9;13 ] by 20 we get 9 × 400 where in [ 9;8;9;13;0 ] we have 9 × 360.
We should also note that the Mayans almost certainly did not have methods of multiplication for their numbers and definitely did not use division of numbers. Yet the Mayan number system is certainly capable of being used for the operations of multiplication and division as the authors of [ 15 ] demonstrate.
Finally we should say a little about the Mayan advances in astronomy. Rodriguez writes in [ 19 ]:-
The Mayan concern for understanding the cycles of celestial bodies, particularly the Sun, the Moon and Venus, led them to accumulate a large set of highly accurate observations. An important aspect of their cosmology was the search for major cycles, in which the position of several objects repeated.
The Mayans carried out astronomical measurements with remarkable accuracy yet they had no instruments other than sticks. They used two sticks in the form of a cross, viewing astronomical objects through the right angle formed by the sticks. The Caracol building in Chichén Itza is thought by many to be a Mayan observatory. Many of the windows of the building are positioned to line up with significant lines of sight such as that of the setting sun on the spring equinox of 21 March and also certain lines of sight relating to the moon.
The Caracol building in Chichén Itza:
With such crude instruments the Maya were able to calculate the length of the year to be 365.242 days (the modern value is 365.242198 days). Two further remarkable calculations are of the length of the lunar month. At Copán (now on the border between Honduras and Guatemala) the Mayan astronomers found that 149 lunar months lasted 4400 days. This gives 29.5302 days as the length of the lunar month. At Palenque in Tabasco they calculated that 81 lunar months lasted 2392 days. This gives 29.5308 days as the length of the lunar month. The modern value is 29.53059 days. Was this not a remarkable achievement?
There are, however, very few other mathematical achievements of the Maya. Groemer [ 14 ] describes seven types of frieze ornaments occurring on Mayan buildings from the period 600 AD to 900 AD in the Puuc region of the Yucatán. This area includes the ruins at Kabah and Labna. Groemer gives twenty-five illustrations of friezes which show Mayan inventiveness and geometric intuition in such architectural decorations.
| i don't know |
By what name was a member of the serf underclass known in Ancient Sparta? | Spartan Helots | The Helots | Spartan Serfs
Legends and Chronicles > Ancient Civilizations > Ancient Sparta > Spartan Helots
Spartan Helots
The Spartan helots were the serfs of ancient Sparta, they were owned by the state and used by the Spartans for various purposes and tasks. The helots are believed to have been laconians that was brought to service by the Spartans when their needs for farmers to grow food, and support the growing Spartan community arose.
During wartime the helots would be called upon to help in battle, if not fighting then they would at least act as a servant to each hoplite, assisting them when required.
It also thought that the helots of Sparta had what was a unique opportunity of the time for a slave. Helots who showed themselves to be exceptional in battle or trustworthy in their duties could sometimes earn what would be considered a promotion.
The origin of the name helot
The true origin of the name Helot is truly unknown but a common theory is that is relates to the village of Helos, located in the south of Sparta where it is thought that the first Laconian slaves would be formed under the state of Sparta.
The beginnings of the helots
It was after the First Messenian War that started in 743 BC and lasted for around 20 years, that the Spartans would claim the Messenian people as their helots. Any Messenian that didn’t escape, move or travel to a new land would be declared a helot, a worker for the Spartan state.
The future family and children of the Messenian people that become helots would find their offspring born into this new role as a servant to the might state of Sparta. Thus the population of helots in Sparta soon grew to a considerable size, much larger than the full citizens, the Spartans.
Spartan helots with their masters the Spartiates Proper
The Treatment of the helots by Sparta
While slaves in other ancient Greek states was far less favourable for the slaves, the helots were considered to be treated with more favour in Sparta. It is known for example, that while the helots would farm and grow produce to provide to the Spartan citizens, they would also be allowed to keep sufficient crops for themselves. The amount divided in some cases is told to be an entire half of their crop.
Helots in ancient Sparta also had the benefit of being able to live as a family, a helot could have a wife or a husband, and even children. In fact the reproduction of slaves in Sparta was not as tightly controlled as in other Greek states, and it’s considered that the Helot population grew over the time they worked for the state.
In addition to keeping their family life, the helots would in most cases keep their own homes, they could buy and acquire land and even kept their own choice of language, customs and many other freedoms.
As mentioned earlier, there was even a system of promotion for Helots in Sparta, an opportunity for a helot to escape his form of slavery. Successful helots might be moved up to a rank known as Neodamodeis which is essentially Greek for ‘made one of the community’. While the exact benefits of being a Neodamodeis are largely unknown, but its widely though that the helot who would once have served as a hoplites assistant in war would receive somewhat of a promotion. Some Neodamodeis would be assigned more trusted tasks, its though they would even perform guard duty on what Thucydides called their path to freedom.
The helot Revolt in Sparta
The helots would in time eventually revolt against their captors, the Spartans. While the helots were treated better than some slaves in Ancient Greece, the life of helot was still one of servitude. The helots would bide their time, await an opportunity to lead an uprising against their captors and try to claim back what was once theirs, their freedom.
The first revolt by the helots against Sparta came in what was deemed The Second Messenian War, and was believed to have started around 685 BC and lasted all the way till 668 BC. The war would start with the help of the Argives giving support to the Messenian helot people in their battle.
Aristomenes and the second Helot revolt
Aristomenes was a hero and king of Messenia and was largely responsible for the second Messenian War. Aristomenees is mentioned as the leader in many references of the Messenian forces who invaded Laconia in an attempt to fight back for their previously lost freedom.
Artistomenes himself was captured in battle, the Spartans looking to gain the upper hand actually paid off some of the Messenian allies lead by King Aristocrates of Arcadia whose forces would retreat when Sparta attacked leaving Aristomenes vulnerable. After his capture, he would eventually escape and retreated back to Eira which was held from Spartan conquer for more than a decade.
The freedom of the helots and the third revolt
The helots did eventually manage to free themselves from Spartan rule in what is thought to be around 350 BC. This was when ancient Sparta was in a much weakened state after the Peloponnesian wars. Sparta had lost much of its power over the surrounding regions and the helots finally took this opportunity to once again be free.
| Helots |
What 'rank' is used to denote the iconic video game hero featured in the Halo series? | This is Sparta: The origins of Sparta’s militaristic culture
This is Sparta: The origins of Sparta’s militaristic culture
Share
Sparta was the world’s first proto-fascist state, demanding absolute, lifelong loyalty and obedience from its citizens. Militaristic and fanatical, Spartan society was unique and unlike any culture before or since. Praised by Adolf Hitler as the “the first racialist state” worthy of admiration, Spartan society was brutal, merciless, and ruthless. It was organized for one exclusive purpose – crafting and maintaining a powerful, dependable military. From birth, Spartan citizens were required to train or serve in the army for their entire lives. With an entire society dedicated to the perfection of warfare, the Spartans were an unrivaled military force on the peninsula.
Lycurgus the Legendary Lawgiver
Before Sparta rose to infamy, the city experienced an extended period of lawlessness and civil strife between the 7th and 8th centuries. Desperate to save their society, the Spartans passed numerous social and political reforms that completely redesigned the Spartan state. These reforms turned Sparta into a country completely obsessed with war, turning it into a military powerhouse that rose to dominance on the Iberian Peninsula.
Lycurgus, the legendary lawgiver of Sparta
According to Spartan legend, Lycurgus, a semi-mythical lawgiver, was responsible for the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society during the 8th century BC. Lycurgus was obsessed with remaking the Spartan state from the ground up. He traveled to countries surrounding the Greek peninsula, such as Crete, Ionia, and Egypt, to study their forms of government. Inspired by both the discipline of Crete and the strict classist system in Egypt, he came up with an idea for a new Spartan society devoted to devoted to austerity, simplicity, and military fitness.
To protect Sparta, Lycurgus decided that a well-trained, devoted military must be built and then supported by an underclass of serfs. These two groups would be kept separate, with only members of the military being eligible for citizenship. The military for his strictly class-structured society had to be kept in perfect physical condition and ready for battle at all times. In order to allow his soldiers to serve full time, the large worker underclass lived as slaves, responsible for maintaining all domestic production. While the serfs spent their entire lives farming or herding to provide food for Sparta, the citizens of Sparta would train incessantly to become talented warriors.
Excitedly, Lycurgus returned to Sparta and organized a coup d’état in order to take over the state and implement his reforms. Popular and well regarded in Sparta, Lycurgus informed 30 of his closest friends of his plans, who immediately pledged to support him. At dawn, fully armed for battle, they marched on the marketplace and announced their intent to take over the state and institute reform. The king, overwhelmed by the people’s support of Lycurgus and desperate to improve conditions, agreed to his long list of demands.
Spartan Society
To solidify his proposed caste system, Lycurgus divided the Spartans into three strict classes:
Spartiates, or citizens responsible for governing and protecting Sparta and were the only members of the armed forces
Periokoi, those who had failed the Agoge/free non-citizens
Helots, or state owned serfs that were exploited for manual labor by Sparta’s citizen-army
Spartan social structure courtesy of Hereff Jones Nystrom
Citizens of Sparta had to be able to trace their lineage directly to the city’s founding families and complete the extensive Agoge training program. In essence, all Spartan citizens had to be both from a noble family and be athletic and disciplined enough to pass the Agoge. This way, Sparta’s armed forces were kept physically capable and ‘racially elite’. Those who failed the Agoge became perioikoi, removing their family from the direct linage and forfeiting the chance for their offspring to become full Spartan citizens. When one man argued against Lycurgus’s discriminatory, proposed class system and suggested that Sparta should set up a democracy, Lycurgus wittily replied: “If you want equality, begin with your own family.”
The helots, ancient Greek for ‘captives’, were the largest class in ancient Sparta. They were state owned serfs, responsible for manual labor and farming. As Spartan citizens were exclusively full-time, lifelong soldiers, Spartan society depended heavily on the helots for domestic production and economic stability. Spartan’s saw the helots as racially inferior, and ruthlessly exploited them for their physical labor. As the helots always significantly outnumbered actual Spartan citizens, the very real threat of a helot revolt terrified the Spartans.
Lycurgus’s Reforms
The Cryptia
To intimidate and control the helots, Lycurgus formed the Cryptia, a type of ancient secret police staffed by Sparta’s citizen-soldiers. The Cryptia was responsible for keeping the helots enslaved and productive, dedicated to suppressing potential helot revolts against the Spartan citizens. They used deceptive tactics to weed out potential helot revolutionaries, once tricking them by declaring that any helot could report to a Spartan army post to claim their freedom. As it was thought that the first to claim their freedom would be the most likely to rebel, the first 2,000 helots who arrived were executed on the spot.
In addition to the Cryptia’s aggressive tactics, Lycurgus instituted multiple state-wide policies to control the slaves. Every autumn, the Spartans declared ritualistic war against the helots, making all crimes against the group temporarily legal. During this period, Spartans were encouraged to summarily execute helots that they found troublesome or unruly in order to quell potential revolutionaries.
Improved status of women
Lycurgus forfeited Sparta’s traditionalist values, instead favoring policies to strengthen the overall state and fitness of his citizens. He instituted major reforms for women, who became respected as the bearers of the next generation. Lycurgus declared that all women would be married in their late teens or early twenties, unlike Sparta’s rival Athens where it was common for girls to be married as young as 12 or 13. Women in Sparta were to be well-fed, educated, and trained, responsible for their own properties and economic affairs. As such, Spartan women enjoyed a status and power that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. In fact, women were so respected within Sparta that only women who died in childbirth or men who died during combat were allowed the right to have their names inscribed on their tombstones.
Spartan women enjoyed unparalleled rights in the ancient world
Abolition of personal wealth
Arguably one of Lycurgus’s most revolutionary reforms was his set of radical economic policies. He instituted major communal reforms, deciding that if nobody had individual wealth or personal ownership, greed would be eradicated and everyone would be able to dedicate themselves fulltime to military training. To accomplish this, he equalized landholdings and distributed the city’s wealth among the population. In order to defeat greed and dependence on money, he banned all gold and silver from the city. He deemed Sparta’s new currency to be iron, weakened by being heated red-hot then cooled in a vinegar bath. As such, Sparta’s currency was worthless outside the city, making all Spartans equally poor. Spartans were in effect completely isolated economically, limiting external influences to maintain cohesion of the state.
Extensive military training
In order to train and organize his dreamed citizen-army, Lycurgus implemented extensive militaristic and authoritarian policies, such as the state sponsored Agoge training program. At age 7, Spartan boys eligible for the Agoge would be taken from their families by the government and enrolled full time in the program. Teaching absolute allegiance to the Spartan state, the Agoge was designed to create ideal soldiers. Encouraged to give their loyalty to their new comrades instead of their families, the boys were indoctrinated and taught that their only purpose in life was to serve Sparta on the battlefield. Featuring constant physical training, violent competition, and rigid discipline, the Agoge was responsible for training the next generation of Sparta’s elite hoplite army.
Spartans were taken from their mothers at age seven to begin training
Lycurgus cherished frugality and simplicity, adamant that an individual raised in adversity would become strong and capable. He incorporated these values into the Agoge’s rigorous education, ensuring that only the strongest, most talented boys would pass. Boys in the Agoge received just one article of clothing a year and were purposefully underfed. Constantly hungry, the young boys learned to fight on an empty stomach, allowing Spartan soldiers to continue extended campaigns even after their food supplies had been exhausted. These harsh conditions gave rise to the modern word ‘Spartan’, meaning simple, or bare. The boys were trained mercilessly, and were subjected to ritualistic flogging in order to weed out weakness. Only at age 20, after 13 years of grueling effort, would the boys be made citizens and full time members of the army.
Military and the Peloponnesian War
As a result of Sparta’s rigorous military training, the city had the best army in ancient Greece. Spartan soldiers were renowned across the ancient world for their legendary talent and ability in battle, allowing Sparta to become the dominant city in Greece. Even though in its zenith of power Sparta could only muster a small sized force of 8,000 citizen hoplites, other city-states were reluctant to attack the military powerhouse.
The military minded Spartans made a culture out of war, constantly subjugating other peoples to protect her interests. Sparta quickly defeated neighboring city-states, forcing smaller cities to pledge allegiance to Sparta in return for protection. By 450 BC, the Spartan’s boasted a large alliance system called the Peloponnesian League which dominated the Greek Peninsula. Only Athens, Sparta’s ancient enemy, challenged Sparta’s supremacy. Building a naval empire in the Aegean Sea called the Delian League, democratic Athens and her allies stood in direct contrast to Sparta’s oligarchic, fascist society.
Sparta and her allies (in red) match up against the Delian League (in orange)
Rivalry turned to conflict in 431 BC when the two cities began raiding each other’s lands, burning villages and committing widespread atrocities on both sides. In 415 BC, the Athenians daringly sent a large expeditionary force to attack Sparta’s island ally Syracuse. However, in facing the Spartans in open battle, the Athenians were decimated and the entire force was destroyed. The Spartans seized the opportunity and went on the offensive, eventually defeating the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami and laying siege to Athens. Facing starvation and disease from the prolonged siege, Athens surrendered in 404 BC.
Sparta’s allies in the Peloponnesian League called for Athens to be burned and all her citizens enslaved, but Sparta refused. Seeking to incorporate Athens into their empire, the Spartans set up a puppet government ruled by the “Thirty Tyrants” based on the oligarchic Spartan model. The Peloponnesian War between democratic Athens and oligarch Sparta was one of the world’s first conflicts between governmental systems, seeing Athens crushed under the militaristic weight of Sparta.
Downfall of the state
However, while the Spartans manufactured a strong, well protected society, their downfall was a result of their own strict laws. Spartan citizenship was highly exclusive, available only to those who completed the Agoge and their direct offspring. But the Agoge was difficult to complete and many would be citizens dropped out, thereby forfeiting their family’s citizenship rights. As Spartan citizenship was inherited by blood, Sparta had a constantly declining citizen-status population – a trend that could not be reversed without changing Sparta’s founding laws. These laws meant that Sparta could not easily replace citizens lost in battle or otherwise, proving to be fatal to the continuation of the state.
Fallen soldiers could not be readily replaced
At the height of Spartan power in 500 BC, there were approximately 10,000 citizens, 50,000 perioikoi, and nearly 170,000 helots. This unsustainable system was further weakened as the size of the citizen class decreased more every year. By 244 BC, there were less than 4,500 citizens and 15,000 perioikoi. Sparta now increasingly faced a helot population that vastly outnumbered its citizens, creating social instability and unrest. Sparta was taken over by aggressive tyrants, who led her into a series of costly, unsustainable wars with surrounding city states. When the powerful Roman Empire swept into Greece in 146 BC, Sparta’s allies were annihilated and the weakened city was forced to submit to Rome.
Sparta’s legacy
Admiration or love for Spartan culture is known as Laconophilia. Sparta was the subject of fascination for many philosophers and academics in ancient Greece and remains a subject of controversy in the modern era. For over 500 years, Spartan society flourished as an unparalleled example of a strictly classist society governed by an authoritarian, militaristic upper class. Many historical figures, such as political strategist Machiavelli or philosopher Rousseau praise Sparta as the pinnacle of human achievement. Adolf Hitler praised the Spartans, recommending in 1928 that Germany should imitate them by limiting “the number allowed to live”. Claiming that the Spartan’s subjugation of the helots was only possible through the citizen’s superior genetics, Hitler deemed Sparta as the “first racialist state”.
Despite notable endorsements over time, Sparta’s militaristic, overtly oppressive style of governance has lost out to Athenian styled democracy in the modern era. Many western countries follow in the footsteps of Athens rather than Sparta, favoring equality over order.
| i don't know |
What technical term describes the science, production, and study of grapes? | Wine Glossary. Wine Tasting Terminology
Home > Wine Glossary. Wine Tasting Terminology
Wine Glossary. Wine Tasting Terminology
Wine Terminology
If you feel intimated or embarrassed by not knowing "wine talk" the charts below will help you . You don't have to be a professional or even an amateur wine taster to enjoy drinking wines. Nor is it necessary to know "everything" about wines to select and enjoy them. However, knowing a little and gradually expanding your knowledge can add immeasurably to your enjoyment of wine.
We have two lists to help you familiarize yourself with wine terms. Each is almost a dictionary. Wine terminology can be confusing and learning it can be a daunting task. Hopefully this will make the task easier.
The first is a glossary of Wine Tasting Terminology. The second, below, is a general Wine Glossary . Learning this vocabulary can make your wine tasting experience more enjoyable.
Glossary Wine Tasting
Acidic
Describe wines whose total acid is so high that they taste tart or sour and a sharp edge or harsh feeling on the palate.
Acrid
Describes a harsh or bitter taste or pungent smell that is due to excess sulfur.
Aftertaste
The taste or flavors that linger in the mouth after the wine is tasted, spit or swallowed. The aftertaste or "finish" is the most important factor in judging a wine's character and quality. Surprisingly, this may differ significantly from the taste while the wine is in your mouth. A lingering aftertaste is a virtue, as long as the taste is enjoyable. Great wines have rich, long, complex aftertastes.
Aggressive
Slightly harsh in taste or texture, usually due to a high level of tannin or acid.
Alcoholic
Used to describe a wine that has too much alcohol for its body and weight, making it unbalanced. A wine with too much alcohol will taste uncharacteristically heavy or hot as a result. This quality is noticeable in aroma and aftertaste.
Appearance
Refers to a wine's clarity, not color.
Apple
A pleasant apple-fruit aroma, particularly characteristic of Chardonnays made without excessive oak.
Aroma
Traditionally defined as the smell that wine acquires from the grapes and from fermentation. Now it more commonly means the wine's total smell, including changes that resulted from oak aging or that occurred in the bottle--good or bad. "Bouquet" has a similar meaning.
Astringent
Describes a rough, harsh, puckery feel in the mouth, usually from tannin or high acidity that red wines (and a few whites) have. When the harshness stands out, the wine is astringent.
Austere
Used to describe relatively hard, high-acid wines that lack depth and roundness. Usually said of young wines that need time to soften, or wines that lack richness and body.
Awkward
Describes a wine that has poor structure, is clumsy or is out of balance.
Backbone
Used to denote those wines that are full-bodied, well-structured and balanced by a desirable level of acidity.
Backward
Used to describe a young wine that is less developed than others of its type and class from the same vintage.
Balance
A wine has balance when its elements are harmonious and no single element dominates. Alcohol and tannins may also be elements of structure or backbone.
Bite
A marked degree of acidity or tannin. An acid grip in the finish should be more like a zestful tang and is tolerable only in a rich, full-bodied wine.
Bitter
Not common in wines but found occasionally (particularly in the aftertaste, and usually in subtle, refreshing form) in some Italian wines and Alsatian whites. It describes one of the four basic tastes (along with sour, salty and sweet). Some grapes--notably Gewurztraminer and Muscat--often have a noticeable bitter edge to their flavors. Another source of bitterness is tannin or stems. If the bitter quality dominates the wine's flavor or aftertaste, it is considered a fault. In sweet wines a trace of bitterness may complement the flavors. In young red wines it can be a warning signal, as bitterness doesn't always dissipate with age. Normally, a fine, mature wine should not be bitter on the palate.
Blunt
Strong in flavor and often alcoholic (see "Alcoholic"), but lacking in aromatic interest and development on the palate.
Body
The overall texture or weight of wine in the mouth usually the result of a combination of glycerin, alcohol and sugar. Commonly expressed as full-bodied, medium-bodied or medium-weight, or light-bodied.
Bouquet
This is a technical term that describes the smell that a wine develops after it has been bottled and aged. Most appropriate for mature wines that have developed complex flavors beyond basic young fruit and oak aromas.
Brawny
Used to describe wines that are hard, intense, tannic and that have raw, woody flavors. The opposite of elegant.
Briary
Describes young wines with an earthy or stemmy wild berry character.
Bright
Used for fresh, ripe, zesty, lively young wines with vivid, focused flavors.
Brilliant
Exceptionally clear and transparent. Describes the appearance of very clear wines with absolutely no visible suspended or particulate matter. Not always a plus, as it can indicate a highly filtered wine.
Browning
Describes a wine's color, and is a sign that a wine is mature and may be faded. A bad sign in young red (or white) wines, but less significant in older wines. Wines 20 to 30 years old may have a brownish edge yet still be enjoyable.
Burnt
Describes wines that have an overdone, smoky, toasty or singed edge. Also used to describe overripe grapes.
Buttery
Indicates the smell of melted butter or toasty oak. Also a reference to texture, as in "a rich, buttery Chardonnay."
Cedary
Denotes the smell of cedar wood associated with mature Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet blends aged in French or American oak.
Cheezy
Organic, ripe natural cheese aromas, almost always a flaw, typically indicating filthy wine making and an unwanted secondary fermentation in the bottle.
Chewy
Describes rich, heavy, tannic wines that are full-bodied.
Cigar Box
Another descriptor for a cedary aroma.
Clean
Fresh on the palate and free of any off-taste. Does not necessarily imply good quality.
Closed
Describes wines that are concentrated and have character, yet show little aroma or flavor. This may be a temporary condition (akin to "dumb," below) in an age worthy wine that is past its youth but not yet mature.
Cloudiness
Lack of clarity to the eye. Fine for old wines with sediment, but it can be a warning signal of protein instability, yeast spoilage or re-fermentation in the bottle in younger wines.
Cloying
Too sweet and lacking the balance provided by acid, alcohol, bitterness or intense flavor.
Coarse
Usually refers to texture, and in particular, excessive tannin or oak. Also used to describe harsh bubbles in sparkling wines.
Complexity
An element in all great wines and many very good ones; a combination of richness, depth, flavor intensity, focus, balance, harmony and finesse. They offer multiple dimensions in both their aromatic and flavor profiles, and have more going for them than simply ripe fruit and a satisfying, pleasurable, yet one-dimensional quality.
Corked
Always a flaw, this describes a wine having the off-putting, musty, moldy-newspaper flavor and aroma and dry aftertaste caused by a tainted cork.
Delicate
Complex with many flavors working together. Used to describe light- to medium-weight wines with good flavors. A desirable quality in wines such as Pinot Noir or Riesling.
Dense
Describes a wine that has concentrated aromas on the nose and palate. A good sign in young wines.
Depth
Describes the complexity and concentration of flavors in a wine, as in a wine with excellent or uncommon depth. Opposite of shallow. Often refers to a more mature wine.
Dilute
A description of a wine whose aromas and flavors are thin and watery.
Dirty
As the name implies, this covers any and all foul, rank, off-putting smells that can occur in a wine, including those caused by bad barrels or corks. A sign of poor wine making.
Dry
This doesn't mean the opposite of wet, It is the opposite of sweet. Having no perceptible taste of sugar. Most wine tasters begin to perceive sugar at levels of 0.5 percent to 0.7 percent. It can describe wines with a rough feel on the tongue.
Earthy
Imparts a characteristic earthy aroma. Used to describe both positive and negative attributes in wine. At its best, a pleasant, clean quality that adds complexity to aroma and flavors. The flip side is a funky, crude smell that borders on or crosses into dirtiness.
Elegant
Used to describe wines of grace, balance and beauty, not intense.
Elusive
A secret wine-taster's term meaning "I can't figure out what this wine smells like."
Empty
Similar to hollow; devoid of flavor and interest.
Fading
Describes a wine that is losing color, fruit or flavor, usually as a result of age.
Fat
Full-bodied, high-alcohol wines low in acidity give a "fat" impression on the palate. Can be a plus with bold, ripe, rich flavors; can also suggest the wine's structure is suspect.
Finish
The key to judging a wine's quality is finish, also called aftertaste. A measure of the taste or flavors that linger in the mouth after the wine is tasted. Great wines have rich, long, complex finishes.
Flabby
A critical term that is for a wine that is soft, feeble, lacking acidity on the palate.
Flat
Having low acidity; the next stage after flabby. This can also refer to a sparkling wine that has lost its bubbles.
Fleshy
Soft and smooth in texture, with very little tannin.
Flinty
A descriptor for extremely dry white wines such as Sauvignon Blanc, whose bouquet is reminiscent of flint struck against steel; typical of French Chablis and Loire Valley Sauvignon Blancs (Sancerre).
Floral (also Flowery)
Literally, having the characteristic aromas of flowers. Mostly associated with white wines.
Foxy
A term used to describe the unique musky and grapey character of many native American labrusca varieties, like Concord. Foxy wines are not generally well thought of by serious wine lovers, but a well-made Concord wine (or Scuppernong or Muscadine in the American South) can be a pleasant change of pace.
Fresh
Having a lively, clean and fruity character. An essential for young wines.
Fruity
Having the aroma and taste of fruit or fruits. Graceful. Describes a wine that is harmonious and pleasing in a subtle way.
Full
A description of wines that give the impression of being large or heavy in your mouth.
Funky
This is modern slang for an "earthy" wine with strongly organic qualities, may be complimentary, neutral or negative depending on its intensity and the taster's personal preference.
Generous
A wine whose characteristics are expressive and easy to perceive.
Graceful
Describes a wine that is harmonious and pleasing in a subtle way.
Grapey
Characterized by simple flavors and aromas associated with fresh table grapes; distinct from the more complex fruit flavors (currant, black cherry, fig or apricot) found in fine wines. This is not necessarily a positive term. It implies a strong-flavored, one-dimensional wine without the subtlety or character that shows as complex aroma and flavor.
Grassy
A signature descriptor for Sauvignon Blanc and a pleasant one unless overbearing and pungent, smelling just like your lawn after cutting the grass.
Green
Tasting of unripe fruit. Wines made from unripe grapes will often possess this quality. Pleasant in Riesling and Gewurztraminer.
Grip
A welcome firmness of texture, usually from tannin, which helps give definition to wines such as Cabernet and Port.
Hard
Firm; a quality that usually results from high acidity or tannins. Often a descriptor for young red wines.
Harmonious
Well balanced, with no component obtrusive or lacking.
Harsh
Used to describe astringent wines that are tannic or high in alcohol.
Hazy
A visual description, used to describe a wine that has small amounts of matter. A good quality if a wine is unfined and unfiltered.
Heady
Used to describe high-alcohol wines with a fragrant aroma.
Hearty
Used to describe the full, warm, sometimes rustic qualities found in red wines with high alcohol.
Herbaceous
Denotes the taste and smell of herbs in a wine. A plus in many wines such as Sauvignon Blanc, and to a lesser extent Merlot and Cabernet. A synonym of herbal.
Hectare
A metric unit of area equal to100 ares or 10,000 sq m (2.471 acres)
Hollow
Lacking in flavor. Describes a wine that has a first taste and a short finish, and lacks depth at mid-palate.
Hot
High alcohol, unbalanced wines that tend to burn the tongue and palate with "heat" on the finish are called hot. This is generally a sign of excessive or unbalanced alcohol. Acceptable in Port-style wines.
Intense
Wines that express themselves strongly. How strong the aroma or flavor is in relation to the total expression.
Juicy
Tasty and pleasing, not necessarily found in a complex wine.
Leafy
Describes the slightly herbaceous, vegetal quality reminiscent of leaves. Can be a positive or a negative, depending on whether it adds to or detracts from a wine's flavor.
Lean
Another synonym of acidic. Not necessarily a critical term used to describe wines made in an austere style. When used as a term of criticism, it indicates a wine is lacking in fruit.
Legs
The viscous droplets that form and ease down the sides of the glass when the wine is swirled.
Length
The amount of time the sensations of taste and aroma persist after swallowing. The longer the better.
Lingering
Used to describe the flavor and persistence of flavor in a wine after tasting. When the aftertaste remains on the palate for several seconds, it is said to be lingering.
Lively
Describes wines that are fresh and fruity, bright and vivacious.
Lush
Wines that are high in residual sugar and taste soft or viscous are called lush. Maceration During fermentation, the steeping of the grape skins and solids in the wine, where alcohol acts as a solvent to extract color, tannin and aroma from the skins.
Maderized
Describes the brownish color and slightly sweet, somewhat caramelized and often nutty character found in mature dessert-style wines.
Malic
Describes the green apple-like flavor found in young grapes which diminishes as they ripen and mature.
Meaty
Describes red wines that show plenty of concentration and a chewy quality. They may even have an aroma of cooked meat.
Mercaptans
An unpleasant, rubbery smell of old sulfur; encountered mainly in very old white wines.
Murky
More than deeply colored; lacking brightness, turbid and sometimes a bit swampy. Mainly a fault of red wines.
Musty
Having an off-putting moldy or mildew smell. The result of a wine being made from moldy grapes, stored in improperly cleaned tanks and barrels, or contaminated by a poor cork. Corked wines never improve with breathing.
Nose
A term for aroma and bouquet. The character of a wine as determined by the olfactory sense.
Nutty
Used to describe oxidized wines. Wine that is over the hill. Often a flaw, but when it's close to an oaky flavor it can be a plus.
Oaky
Describes the aroma or taste quality imparted to a wine by the oak barrels or casks in which it was aged. Can be either positive or negative. The terms toasty, vanilla, dill, cedary and smoky indicate the desirable qualities of oak; charred, burnt, green cedar, lumber and plywood describe its unpleasant side. See also American oak, French oak. Oaky white wines often show such flavors as pineapple and tropical fruit. Oaky reds may show strong vanilla aromas, herbal dill, or spices.
Over the Hill
A wine that's been kept too long (or poorly) and is no longer enjoyable.
Oxidized
Describes wine that has been exposed too long to air and taken on a brownish color, losing its freshness and perhaps beginning to smell and taste like Sherry or old apples. Oxidized wines are also called maderized or sherrified.
Perfumed
Describes the strong, usually sweet and floral aromas of some white wines. This usually reflects a heavy floral quality that may be out of balance.
Piercing
Implies a high level of tart sourness that may be out of balance, although extreme acidity may be an advantage in some wine-food matches.
Potent
Having the flavor of overripe, dried-out grapes. Can add complexity in the right dose.
Puckery
Describes highly tannic and very dry wines.
Pungent
Having a powerful, assertive smell linked to a high level of volatile acidity. Rarely used in a complimentary way.
Raisiny
Having the taste of raisins from ultra-ripe or overripe grapes. Can be pleasant in small doses in some wines.
Raw
Young and undeveloped. A good descriptor of barrel samples of red wine. Raw wines are often tannic and high in alcohol or acidity.
Rich
Wines with generous, full, pleasant flavors, usually sweet and round in nature, are described as rich. In dry wines, richness may be supplied by high alcohol and glycerin, by complex flavors and by an oaky vanilla character. Decidedly sweet wines are also described as rich when the sweetness is backed up by fruity, ripe flavors.
Robust
"Big", meaning full-bodied, intense and vigorous.
Round
Describes a texture that is smooth, not coarse or tannic.
Rustic
Describes wines made by old-fashioned methods or tasting like wines made in an earlier era. Can be a positive quality in distinctive wines that require aging. Can also be a negative quality when used to describe a young, earthy wine that should be fresh and fruity.
Smoky
Usually an oak barrel byproduct, a smoky quality can add flavor and aromatic complexity to wines.
Soft
Describes wines low in acid or tannin (sometimes both), not tart nor sour, making for easy drinking. Opposite of hard.
Spicy
A descriptor for many wines, indicating the presence of spice flavors such as anise, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, mint and pepper which are often present in complex wines.
Stale
Wines that have lost their fresh, youthful qualities are called stale. Opposite of fresh.
Stalky
Smells and tastes of grape stems or has leaf- or hay-like aromas.
Stemmy
Wines fermented too long with the grape stems. The taste will be bitter.
Subtle
Complex and balanced. Describes delicate wines with finesse, or flavors that are understated rather than full-blown and overt. A positive characteristic.
Supple
Describes texture, mostly with reds, as it relates to tannin, body and oak. A positive characteristic.
Tanky
Describes dull, dank qualities that show up in wines aged too long in tanks.
Tart
Sharp-tasting because of acidity. A broad synonym for acidic.
Thin
Lacking body and depth. More critical than light bodied. Implies a bland and uninteresting wine.
Tight
Describes a wine's structure, concentration and body, as in a "tightly wound" wine. Closed or compact are similar terms.
Tinny
Limp, feeble, lackluster.
Toasty
Describes a flavor derived from the oak barrels in which wines are aged. Also, a character that sometimes develops in sparkling wines.
Vegetal
Some wines contain elements in their smell and taste which are reminiscent of plants and vegetables. In Cabernet Sauvignon a small amount of this vegetal quality is said to be part of varietal character. But when the vegetal element takes over, or when it shows up in wines in which it does not belong, those wines are considered flawed. Wine scientists have been able to identify the chemical constituent that makes wines smell like asparagus and bell peppers.
Velvety
Delicious smoothness. Having rich flavor and a silky, sumptuous texture.
Vinous
Glossary of Wine Terms
Acetic Acid
All wines contain acetic acid, or vinegar, but usually the amount is quite small--from 0.03 percent to 0.06 percent--and not perceptible to smell or taste. Once table wines reach 0.07 percent or above, a sweet-sour vinegary smell and taste becomes evident. At low levels, acetic acid can enhance the character of a wine, but at higher levels (over 0.1 percent), it can become the dominant flavor and is considered a major flaw. A related substance, ethyl acetate, contributes a nail polish like smell.
Acid
The tart (or in excess, sour) quality that is wine's natural acidity. A compound present in all grapes and an essential component of wine that preserves it, enlivens and shapes its flavors and helps prolong its aftertaste. There are four major kinds of acids--tartaric, malic, lactic and citric--found in wine. Acid is identifiable by the crisp, sharp character it imparts to a wine. It is required for proper balance; too much or too little constitutes a flaw.
Acidity
The acidity of a balanced dry table wine is in the range of 0.6 percent to 0.75 percent of the wine's volume. It is legal in some areas--such as Bordeaux and Burgundy, Australia and in California--to correct deficient acidity by adding acid. When overdone, it leads to unusually sharp, acidic wines. However, it is illegal in Bordeaux and Burgundy to both chaptalize and acidify a wine. See also chaptalization.
Aeration
The process of letting a wine "breathe" in the open air, or swirling wine in a glass. It's debatable whether aerating bottled wines (mostly reds) improves their quality. Aeration can soften young, tannic wines; it can also fatigue older ones.
Alcohol
Produced by the yeast fermentation of the sugar content of grapes. Contributes to the wine's body and texture, which is one reason why non-alcoholic wines don't taste natural. Wine with a low alcohol level might be too sweet because not enough of the grape's sugar was converted. This results in residual sugar, an undesirable trait in some wines. Wines with excessive alcohol are characterized by a burning sensation in the mouth and are, in fact, referred to as hot.
Alcohol By Volume
As required by law, wineries must state the alcohol level of a wine on its label. This is usually expressed as a numerical percentage of the volume. For table wines the law allows a 1.5 percent variation above or below the stated percentage as long as the alcohol does not exceed 14 percent. Thus, wineries may legally avoid revealing the actual alcohol content of their wines by labeling them as "table wine."
American Oak
Increasingly popular as an alternative to French oak for making barrels in which to age wine as quality improves and vintners learn how to treat the wood to meet their needs. Marked by strong vanilla, dill and cedar notes, it is used primarily for aging Cabernet, Merlot and Zinfandel, for which it is the preferred oak. It's less desirable, although used occasionally, for Chardonnay or Pinot Noir. Many California and Australia wineries use American oak, yet claim to use French oak because of its more prestigious image. American oak barrels sell in the $250 range, compared to more than $500 for the French ones. See also French oak.
American Viticultural Area (AVA)
A delimited, geographical grape-growing area that has officially been given appellation status by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Two examples are Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley. See also viticultural area.
Ampelography
The study of the classification of grape varieties.
Aperitif
A wine-based product to be drunk before a meal to whet one's appetite, such as Vermouth, Lillet and Dubonnet.
Appellation
Defines the area where a wine's grapes were grown, such as Bordeaux, Gevrey-Chambertin, Alexander Valley or Russian River Valley. Regulations vary widely from country to country. In order to use an appellation on a California wine label, for example, 85 percent of the grapes used to make the wine must be grown in the specified district. See also appellation d'origine controlée.
Appellation D'origine Controlee (AOC)
The French system of appellations, begun in the 1930s and considered the wine world's prototype. To carry an appellation in this system, a wine must follow rules describing the area the grapes are grown in, the varieties used, the ripeness, the alcoholic strength, the vineyard yields and the methods used in growing the grapes and making the wine.
Barrel Fermented
Signifies wine that has been fermented in small casks (usually 55-gallon oak barrels) instead of larger tanks. Advocates believe that barrel fermentation contributes greater harmony between the oak and the wine, increases body and adds complexity, texture and flavor to certain wine types. Its liabilities are that more labor is required and greater risks are involved. It is mainly used for whites.
Bin Number
See also cask number.
Blanc De Blancs
"White of whites," meaning a white wine made of white grapes, such as Champagne made of Chardonnay.
Blanc De Noirs
White of blacks, white wine made of red or black grapes, where the juice is squeezed from the grapes and fermented without skin contact. The wines can have a pale pink hue. E.G., e.g., Champagne that is made from Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier.
Botrytis Cinerea
Called the "Noble Rot." A beneficial mold or fungus that attacks grapes under certain climatic conditions and causes them to shrivel, deeply concentrating the flavors, sugar and acid. Some of the most famous examples come from Sauternes (Chateau d'Yquem), Germany and Tokay.
Brix
A measurement of the sugar content of grapes, must and wine, indicating the degree of the grapes' ripeness (meaning sugar level) at harvest. Most table-wine grapes are harvested at between 21 and 25. To get an alcohol conversion level, multiply the stated Brix by .55.
Brut
A general term used to designate a relatively dry-finished Champagne or sparkling wine, often the driest wine made by the producer.
Carbonic Maceration
Fermentation of whole, uncrushed grapes in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. In practice, the weight of the upper layers of grapes in a vat will break the skins of the lowest layer; the resultant wine is partly a product of carbonic maceration and partly of traditional fermentation of juice.
Cask Number
A term sometimes used for special wines, as in Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Cask 23, often applied to ordinary wines.
Cellared By
Means the wine was not produced at the winery where it was bottled. It usually indicates that the wine was purchased from another source.
Chaptalization
The procedure of adding sugar to grape juice or MUST (see "Must") prior to or during FERMENTATION; also called sugaring. Common in northern European countries, where the cold climates may keep grapes from ripening, but illegal in southern Europe (including southern France and all of Italy) and California. It is legal, with certain restrictions, in Germany and northern France.
Charmat
Mass production method for sparkling wine. Indicates the wines are fermented in large stainless steel tanks and later drawn off into the bottle under pressure. Also known as the "bulk process." See also méthode champenoise.
Clone
A group of vines originating from a single, individual plant propagated asexually from a single source. Clones are selected for the unique qualities of the grapes and wines they yield, such as flavor, productivity and adaptability to growing conditions.
Cold Stabilization
A clarification technique in which a wine's temperature is lowered to 32° F, causing the tartrates and other insoluble solids to precipitate.
Crush
Harvest season when the grapes are picked and crushed.
Cult Wine
Rare wine produced by a vinyard in small quantity which is well known to collectors and sold for a high price.
Cuvee
Typically means a blend or special lot of wine.
Decanting
A process for separating the sediment from a wine before drinking. Accomplished by slowly and carefully pouring the wine from its bottle into another container called a decanter .
Demi-sec
In the language of Champagne, a term relating to sweetness. It can be misleading; although demi-sec means half-dry, demi-sec sparkling wines are usually slightly sweet to medium sweet.
Destemming
The process of removing grape stems prior to fermentation, to avoid adding tannins from the stems to the wine.
Disgorgement
A step in the traditional process of sparkling wine production wherein frozen sediment is removed from the neck of the bottle.
Domaine
A French term for a wine estate.
Dosage
In bottle-fermented sparkling wines, a small amount of wine (usually sweet) that is added back to the bottle once the yeast sediment that collects in the neck of the bottle is removed.
Drying Out
Losing fruit (or sweetness in sweet wines) to the extent that acid, alcohol or tannin dominate the taste. At this stage the wine will not improve.
Dumb
Describes a phase young wines undergo when their flavors and aromas are undeveloped. See also "closed".
Early Harvest
Denotes a wine made from early-harvested grapes, usually lower than average in alcoholic content or sweetness.
Enology
The science and study of winemaking. Also spelled oenology.
Ethyl Acetate
A sweet, vinegary smell that often accompanies acetic acid. It exists to some extent in all wines and in small doses can be a plus. When it is strong and smells like nail polish, it's a defect.
Evolution
The development of complex and desirable aromas and flavors (see "bouquet") in age worthy wine cellared under appropriate temperature conditions.
Extra Brut
The very driest sparkling wine, with sugar content of 0-6 grams per liter.
Extract
Richness and depth of concentration of fruit in a wine. Usually a positive quality, although high extract wine can also be highly tannic.
Extra-dry
A common Champagne term not to be taken literally. Most Champagnes so labeled are sweet.
Fermentation
The process by which yeast converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide; turns grape juice into wine.
Field Blend
When a vineyard is planted to several different varieties and the grapes are harvested together to produce a single wine, the wine is called a field blend.
Filtering
The process of removing particles from wine after fermentation. Most wines unless otherwise labeled are filtered for both clarity and stability.
Fining
A technique for clarifying wine using agents such as bentonite (powdered clay), gelatin or egg whites, which combine with sediment particles and cause them to settle to the bottom, where they can be easily removed.
Fortified
Denotes a wine whose alcohol content has been increased by the addition of brandy or neutral spirits.
Fragile
An older wine, fully mature, of such age that it's declining.
Frappé
The juice that escapes after the grape skins are crushed or squeezed prior to fermentation.
French Oak
The traditional wood for wine barrels, which supplies vanilla, cedar and sometimes butterscotch flavors. Used for red and white wines. Much more expensive than American oak, it can cost more than $500 per barrel, as opposed to $250 for American.
Futures
The right to buy a certain wine before it is actually made.
Green Harvest
The trimming of unripe grapes to decrease crop yields, thereby improving the concentration of the remaining bunches.
Grown, Produced and Bottled
Means the winery handled each aspect of wine growing.
Jug Wine
Jug wine is wine bottled in a jug, which often has a handle. It is generally regarded as less than acceptable by wine aficionados. Jug wines are usually drunk for intoxication rather than pleasure. Common brands of jug wine include Boone's Farm, Gallo, and Carlo Rossi.
Kosher wine
A wine made according to strict Jewish rules under rabbinical supervision.
Late Harvest
On labels, indicates that a wine was made from grapes picked later than normal and at a higher sugar (Brix) level than normal. Usually associated with botrytized and dessert-style wines.
Lees
Sediment remaining in a barrel or tank during and after fermentation. Often used as in sur lie aging, which indicates a wine is aged "on its lees." See also sur lie.
Limousin
A type of oak cask from Limoges, France. See also French oak.
Malolactic Fermentation
A secondary fermentation occurring in most wines, this natural process converts malic acid into softer lactic acid and carbon dioxide, thus reducing the wine's total acidity. Adds complexity to whites such as Chardonnay and softens reds such as Cabernet and Merlot.
Mature
Ready to drink.
Meritage
An invented term, used by California wineries, for Bordeaux-style red and white blended wines. Combines "merit" with "heritage." The term arose out of the need to name wines that didn't meet minimal labeling requirements for varietals (i.e., 75 percent of the named grape variety). For reds, the grapes allowed are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petite Verdot and Malbec; for whites, Sauvignon Blanc and Sémillon. Joseph Phelps Insignia and Flora Springs Trilogy are examples of wines whose blends vary each year, with no one grape dominating.
Methode Champenoise
The labor-intensive and costly process whereby wine undergoes a secondary fermentation inside the bottle, creating bubbles. All Champagne and most high-quality sparkling wine is made by this process. See also charmat.
Must
The unfermented juice of grapes extracted by crushing or pressing; grape juice in the cask or vat before it is converted into wine.
Negociant (negociant-eleveur)
A French wine merchant who buys grapes and vinifies them, or buys wines and combines them, bottles the result under his own label and ships them. Particularly found in Burgundy. Two well-known examples are Joseph Drouhin and Louis Jadot.
New World Wines
A term that groups all those wines which come from the southern hemisphere, as well as those from North America. The U.S. and Argentina are both high volume producers, with California producing 95% of the U.S. total. Generally, new world wines are created from international grape varieties.
Noble Rot
See Botrytis cinerea.
Nonvintage
Wine blended from more than one vintage. This allows the vintner to keep a house style from year to year. Most Champagnes and sparkling wines are nonvintage. Also, Sherry and the nonvintage Ports, the tawnies and the rubies.
Nouveau
A style of light, fruity, youthful red wine bottled and sold as soon as possible. Applies mostly to the Beaujolais.
Off-dry
This Indicates a slightly sweet wine in which the residual sugar is barely perceptible 0.6 percent to 1.4 percent.
Peak
The time when a wine tastes its best--very subjective.
Ph
A chemical measurement of acidity or alkalinity; the higher the pH the weaker the acid. Used by some wineries as a measurement of ripeness in relation to acidity. Low pH wines taste tart and crisp; higher pH wines are more susceptible to bacterial growth. A range of 3.0 to 3.4 is desirable for white wines, while 3.3 to 3.6 is best for reds.
Phylloxera
Plant louse or tiny aphids that can devastate vineyards. . The disease was widespread in both Europe and California during the late 19th century, and returned to California in the 1980s.
Press Wine (or Pressing)
The juice extracted under pressure after pressing for white wines and after fermentation for reds. Press wine has more flavor and aroma, deeper color and often more tannins than free-run juice. Wineries often blend a portion of press wine back into the main cuvée for added backbone.
Private Reserve
This description, along with Reserve, once stood for the best wines a winery produced, but lacking a legal definition many wineries use it or a spin-off (such as Proprietor's Reserve) for rather ordinary wines. Depending upon the producer, it may still signify excellent quality.
Racking
The practice of moving wine by hose from one container to another, leaving sediment behind. For aeration or clarification.
Reduced
Commonly used to describe a wine that has not been exposed to air.
Residual Sugar
Unfermented grape sugar in a finished wine. A technical term for the natural sugar that remains in naturally sweet wines after the conversion of fruit sugars into alcohol.
Sommelier
A restaurant employee who orders and maintains the wines sold in the restaurant and usually has extensive knowledge about wine and food pairings.
Structure
The interaction of elements such as acid, tannin, glycerin, alcohol and body as it relates to a wine's texture and mouthfeel. Usually preceded by a modifier, as in "firm structure" or "lacking in structure."
Sur Lie
Wines aged sur lie (French for "on the lees") are kept in contact with the dead yeast cells and are not racked or otherwise filtered. This is mainly done for whites, to enrich them (it is a normal part of fermenting red wine, and so is not noted).
Tannin
The mouth-puckering substance--found mostly in red wines--that is derived primarily from grape skins, seeds and stems, but also from oak barrels. Tannin acts as a natural preservative that helps wine age and develop.
Tartaric Acid
The principal acid in wine.
Tartrates
Harmless crystals of potassium bitartrate that may form in cask or bottle (often on the cork) from the tartaric acid naturally present in wine.
Terroir
Derived from the French word for Earth, "Terre." The over all environment within which a given varietal grows. A " terroir " is a group of vineyards (or even vines) from the same region, belonging to a specific appellation, and sharing the same type of soil, weather conditions, grapes and wine making savoir-faire, which contribute to give its specific personality to the wine.
Verticals
Different vintages from the same producer.
Viniculture
The science or study of grape production for wine and the making of wine.
Vintage Date
Indicates the year that a wine was made. In order to carry a vintage date in the United States, for instance, a wine must come from grapes that are at least 95 percent from the stated calendar year. See also nonvintage.
Vinted By
Largely meaningless phrase that means the winery purchased the wine in bulk from another winery and bottled it.
Vintner
Translates as wine merchant, but generally indicates a wine producer/or winery proprietor.
Vintner-grown
Means wine from a winery-owned vineyard situated outside the winery's delimited viticultural area.
Viticultural Area
Defines a legal grape-growing area distinguished by geographical features, climate, soil, elevation, history and other definable boundaries. Rules vary widely from region to region, and change often. Just for one example, in the United States, a wine must be 85 percent from grapes grown within the viticultural area to carry the appellation name. For varietal bottling, a minimum of 75 percent of that wine must be made from the designated grape variety. See also appellation d'origine controlée.
Viticulture
| Viticulture |
Barium chlorate is used as an oxidiser in fireworks to produce which colour? | Oenology - Art & Science of Wine
Oenology
Oenology or enology (pronounced "ee-NOL-owe-jee") is the technical term for the study of wine and wine making.
The root word comes from the Greek word Oeno, the name of the Greek wine god who had the ability to change water into wine.
Today, like modern beer brewmasters, oenologists are the go-to people for expertise in grape varieties, blending, fermentation, temperature, and other technical aspects of wine production.
Oenology is distinct from other more practical aspects of wine making, such as vine growing and grape harvesting, typically covered under viticulture . Oenologist is more of an in-house position that oversees making a quality product and promotes a winery's reputation long after last season's grapes have been picked.
If the title sounds like a jack-of-all-trades, it is. But training to become a modern oenolgist requires not only a higher education (a bachelor's degree with business and/or marketing courses) but hands-on training. Most oenologists begin their careers as a winery intern or by working as an assistant or lab technician.
Knowledge of grapes and the people who grow them, the science of fermentation, plant diseases, and the local weather are all part of a demanding job that is, by all accounts, never boring!
Later, a master's degree in oenology to study topics such as plant genetics, microbiology and chemistry to reach the level of a true winemaster.
| i don't know |
Which TV series initially concerned passengers from Oceanic Flight 815? | Oceanic Flight 815 | Lostpedia | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Island
Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 was a scheduled flight from Sydney, Australia to Los Angeles , California, United States , on a Boeing 777-200ER . On September 22 , 2004 at 4:16 P.M., the airliner, carrying 324 passengers, deviated from its original course and disappeared over the Pacific Ocean. This is the central moment in the series Lost and the personal chronological beginning of the main characters ' exploits on the Island .
Flight 815's breakup and crash was due to Desmond Hume failing to enter a code into the Swan station computer , causing a large burst of electromagnetic energy. The true cause of the plane's off-course deviation and arrival to the Island's airspace was Jacob , the supernatural entity who protected the Island. Jacob brought the plane because many of the flight's passengers were candidates to replace him as protector of the Island.
Two months after the crash, wreckage was found in the Sunda Trench in the Indian Ocean near Bali. All of the passengers were presumed dead. In reality, however, the discovered wreckage was staged by Charles Widmore . The real plane had suffered a mid-air break-up and crashed on an uncharted Island , with more than sixty-nine passengers and two crew members surviving the crash itself. Later, six of those survivors made it off the Island and became known as the Oceanic Six .
By late 2007, the Island's treacherous conditions and the violent battles between passengers, the Island's inhabitants , and other factions killed nearly every passenger on the plane. As of the finale episode , only Kate Austen , Hugo "Hurley" Reyes , James "Sawyer" Ford , Walt Lloyd , Rose Nadler , Bernard Nadler , Claire Littleton , Aaron Littleton , Emma , Zach , and Vincent were confirmed to still be alive. Cindy Chandler was the only crew member of the flight to survive the series. Some of the survivors were able to escape on Ajira Flight 316 which they had used to return to the Island after leaving. Hurley became protector of the Island and remained behind with Ben Linus . Rose and Bernard also stayed behind to live out the rest of their lives together, in harmony. Cindy, Emma and Zach also remained to live under Hurley's guard.
Contents
Main article: Oceanic Flight 815 Crew and Passengers
There were 324 people on the plane, including flight crew. (" One of Us ") Frank Lapidus later claimed that he was originally supposed to pilot Oceanic Flight 815 on that day, but overslept and was replaced by Seth Norris . (" Confirmed Dead ")(" Dr. Linus ")
Some of the passengers' seat numbers have been revealed during the show, and many of the main characters' row numbers seem to correspond with the Numbers . Other seat numbers have also been revealed on ABC -sponsored websites such as Oceanic-air.com , although this information is to be considered non-canonical .
Travel reasons
Main article: Flight path of Oceanic 815
On September 22, 2004, at 2: 15 pm local time, Oceanic Flight 815 left from gate 23 , and took off from Sydney, Australia, scheduled to arrive in Los Angeles at 10: 42 . (" Exodus, Part 2 ") Sayid Jarrah later commented that the plane traveled in a northeastern direction, typical of commercial airliners on this route. (" Tabula Rasa ")
Approximately six hours into the flight, Flight 815 encountered problems with their radio. Having lost contact with ground control, the pilot decided to alter course and "turn back" towards Fiji. Approximately two hours later, having traveled more than 1000 miles off their planned course, the plane hit turbulence, which eventually resulted in the plane's crash. (" Pilot, Part 1 ")
Eight hours after take-off would put Oceanic 815 on the Island around 10:15pm Sydney time, later local time since they were flying eastward (Fiji is 2 time zones later, Tahiti is 4). However, it was clearly mid-day when the plane lands, and on the printout from the Pearl found by Locke and Eko , it is clearly shown that the Swan's system failure occurred on September 22, 2004, at 4:16 PM. (" Live Together, Die Alone ") This is another indication of the time discrepancy the Island and the outside world. (" The Economist ") Similarly, Ajira Flight 316 jumped from night to day after experiencing severe turbulence following a bright yellow-white flash. (" Namaste ")
Electromagnetic buildup
Desmond explains to Locke how he caused the crash . (" Live Together, Die Alone ")
On September 22, 2004, Desmond Hume , who had been helping maintain the DHARMA Initiative 's electromagnetic station on the Island for the past three years, failed to enter the Numbers into the computer in time after having accidentally killed Kelvin Inman . This resulted in a system failure and an electromagnetic buildup. Although Desmond eventually managed to reset the Swan's countdown, he wasn't fast enough, as the electromagnetic force had been strong enough to pull down the plane and cause it to break apart in mid-air. Desmond didn't come to realize his role in the crash until more than two months later. (" Live Together, Die Alone ")
In the Season 3 Blu-ray disc special feature Access: Granted , Lost writers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse explained that Desmond's failure to push the button caused electromagnetic forces to build up which interfered with the plane's instrumentation, causing it to crash on the Island.
The crash
The crash of Oceanic Flight 815 as seen from the Barracks . " A Tale of Two Cities "
After hitting turbulence, the plane began rapidly to descend and then underwent a mid-air break-up . (" Pilot, Part 2 ") (" A Tale of Two Cities ") The tail section broke off first, and crashed into the ocean. Most of the survivors had to swim to the beach, with the exception of Bernard Nadler , whose seat ended up in a tree in the jungle not too far from the beach. 23 passengers from the tail section initially survived the crash. (" The Other 48 Days ")
Moments later, the front/cockpit section and the middle sections crashed on the other side of the Island . The front section crashed in the jungle, and as far as is known, everyone except the pilot was killed upon impact. Meanwhile, the middle section crossed over the island - dropping Jack Shephard in the jungle near the shore - and came to land on the beach, where the majority of the survivors landed. Sayid told Kate that the fuselage first cart-wheeled through the jungle before landing on the beach, which would explain why the middle section was seen lying at a 45 degree angle, with the seats on the ceiling of the plane, as well as facing backwards (the Oceanic logo, which was at the front of the plane, was clearly seen pointing back towards where the plane came from at the crash site). (" Pilot, Part 1 ") 48 passengers from the main fuselage section survived the crash, although Gary Troup was killed only moments later when he was sucked into an engine and caused it to explode. (" Pilot, Part 1 ")
Other debris scattered the Island, including the cargo compartment which landed mainly around the caves (" White Rabbit "), and a number of seats which landed in a natural pool in the jungle. (" Whatever the Case May Be ")
The search
Main article: Find 815
Ben , Juliet and Mikhail watch news coverage about the disappearance of Oceanic Flight 815 inside the Flame .
Family members of those onboard only found out the plane was missing when they got to the arrival gate. News coverage about the mysterious disappearance of the plane was soon given a lot of airtime on channels such as WN News and even on Greek, Italian and Arab television. Immediately after the plane's crash on the Island , Mikhail Bakunin started monitoring the news coverage from The Flame , and informed Ben Linus and Juliet Burke about the information he had been able to gather thus far once they arrived there. (" One of Us ") It is currently still unclear how long the media coverage continued, and whether the search for the plane was still going on by the time of the purported discovery of the wreckage.
Even though Michael Dawson returned to the USA with his son Walt in December 2004, the two assumed false identities and didn't tell anyone about their whereabouts during the preceding two months, nor did they tell anyone about the Island or the other survivors of Flight 815. (" Meet Kevin Johnson ")
In the Find 815 alternate reality game , it was revealed that Oceanic executives later expressed profound disappointment that despite conducting the largest search operation in the company’s history, no trace of Flight 815 had yet been found. The abandonment of the search drew protests from relatives of the 324 missing persons, amongst them dozens of Ocenanic employees, like Sam Thomas . According to GMN World News, it was expected that the passengers of Flight 815 would be officially declared deceased. The events from the Find 815 ARG are not considered canonical . [1]
Purported discovery of the wreckage
The staged wreckage of Flight 815. (" Confirmed Dead ")
A little more than two months after the crash, purported wreckage of Flight 815 was discovered by remote operated vehicles deployed by a salvage ship, the Christiane I , in the Sunda Trench of the Indian Ocean near the Indonesian island of Bali, about 2800 miles north-west of Sydney, 90 degrees out from the flight's presumed route north-east to Los Angeles. Footage of the bodies of crew members and passengers was released to the media for television broadcast, and an information hotline for their family members was established by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board. However, Frank Lapidus , upon watching a news broadcast about the discovery of the wreckage, quickly came to the conclusion that a body claimed to be that of the plane's pilot, Seth Norris , wasn't actually him and knew that the discovery was fake. (" Confirmed Dead ")
"Accidental" discovery of the wreckage. (" Confirmed Dead ")
On the Island, both Naomi Dorrit and Anthony Cooper independently informed the Flight 815 survivors that the entire plane wreckage and the bodies of all its passengers had been found. (" The Brig ") Later, Captain Gault of the freighter ship Kahana , sponsored by Charles Widmore , showed Sayid and Desmond the flight recorder of Flight 815 Widmore had salvaged from the wreckage, and stated that as far as he was concerned, the wreckage found in the Sunda Trench was staged, thereby causing the assumption that Benjamin Linus was responsible.(" Ji Yeon ") Meanwhile, Tom had provided Michael Dawson with evidence that suggested that Widmore was responsible due to his desire to find the plane on his own terms. (" Meet Kevin Johnson ") Miles was contacted by Naomi to "read" a dead man ; Miles gathered that the man, Felix, had died while bringing Widmore evidence relating to the faked wreckage. (" Some Like It Hoth ") This seemed to be the same evidence Tom showed Michael.
An alternate version of the events leading up to the discovery of the wreckage was depicted in the Find 815 alternate reality game . Here, it was a single ROV operated by Sam Thomas that discovered the wreckage while the Christiane I was searching for the Black Rock , whereas in " Confirmed Dead ", two ROVs were used, one of them being operated by a man named Ron and the other by an unnamed fellow member of his crew.
Charles Widmore later admitted to his son Daniel Faraday, when he offered him a job on the freighter, that he set up the fake wreckage of flight 815 to achieve his goal of finding the actual plane .(" The Variable ")
The Oceanic Six
Six of the survivors of Flight 815 eventually made it off the Island, namely Jack Shephard , Kate Austen , Aaron Littleton , Hugo "Hurley" Reyes , Sayid Jarrah , and Sun-Hwa Kwon . (" There's No Place Like Home, Part 1 ") The "Oceanic Six" told a fabricated story about their time on an uninhabited island near the staged wreckage (but not the Island ), claiming that only three other people ( Boone , Libby , and Charlie ) in addition to them actually survived the crash of the plane, and eventually died on the island before the remaining six were rescued. (" Eggtown ") (" There's No Place Like Home, Part 1 ")
Flash-sideways
Main article: Oceanic Flight 815 (flash-sideways timeline)
After the detonation of the hydrogen bomb , a flash-sideways timeline was revealed in which Oceanic Flight 815 landed safely at Los Angeles. The safe landing occurred even though some of the events of the original flight still transpired, such as the turbulence that preceded the crash. (" LA X, Parts 1 & 2 ")
"Not meant to be"
Most - if not all - of the core survivors of Oceanic 815 were not supposed to be on the plane, or could quite have easily avoided it altogether. For most of them, there was a reason why they should not have been on that plane or even out of Australia, adding to the sense of tragedy to the narrative, and connecting to the recurring theme of fate .
Canonical characters
Jack - Had he not heatedly argued the point, he would not have been allowed on the plane with his father's coffin . (" White Rabbit ")
Kate and Edward Mars - Had she not helped Ray Mullen , she would have still been on the run in Australia. It is most likely that Mars would still be there too. (" Tabula Rasa ")
Sawyer - Had he not gotten in a fight with an Australian government official in a bar , he would not have been deported. (" Exodus, Part 1 ")
Locke - Had he informed the Walkabout Tours organizers of his paralysis, they would have denied his application. Once in Australia, Locke also should not have been let on the plane, as Oceanic didn't have a boarding wheelchair for him. (" Walkabout ") (" Exodus, Part 2 ")
Sun and Jin - Had Jin not taken out a lotus flower, Sun would have run away from the airport and he would have stayed to look for her. (" House of the Rising Sun ")
Claire - Had Richard Malkin not pressured her into taking the trip, the heavily pregnant Claire would not made a long international flight. Also, had one of her two pens worked, Claire would have signed papers giving custody of Aaron to the Stewarts . (" Raised by Another ")
Sayid - Had he not stayed in Australia to claim his friend Essam 's body, Sayid would have been on the flight the day earlier. (" The Greater Good ")
Shannon and Boone - Had Boone trusted his instincts concerning his sister and her earlier cries for help, or had Bryan refused to take Boone's money , they would not have been going back to the U.S. together. (" Hearts and Minds ")
Michael and Walt - Had Michael relented in his quest for custody of Walt, or had Walt's mother Susan Lloyd not died, or had her husband Brian Porter not believed Walt bad luck, Walt would have remained in Australia and Michael in America. (" Special ")
Hurley - Had Hurley not deftly overcome the many impedances and hassles he encountered on his way to Gate 23, which would have deterred any less fanatical traveler, he would not have caught his flight. (" Exodus, Part 2 ")
Charlie - Had Liam agreed to rejoin Drive Shaft , or had Charlie taken Liam up on his offer of shelter while he got clean from his heroin addiction, Charlie might have stayed in Australia with his brother past the flight date. (" The Moth ")
Ana Lucia - Had she not killed Jason McCormack and agreed to go with Christian Shephard to Australia to protect him, she would never have been on the flight. (" Two for the Road ")
Eko - Had Eko's monsignor not pressured him to investigate the miracle Eko didn't believe in to begin with, or had Eko extended his investigation, he would have left Australia on another flight. (" ? ")
Arzt - Had his date not disappeared or had he stayed to see the Sydney bar scene, he wouldn't have purchased a ticket for an earlier flight back to Los Angeles. (" Tropical Depression ")
Nathan - Had he not stayed behind on holiday to sightsee after his company outing, he would have been on an earlier flight. (" The Other 48 Days ")
Joanna - Had she not gotten an ear infection, she would not have had to bump her flight 2 days. (" White Rabbit ")
Seth Norris - Had Frank Lapidus not overslept and reported to duty as the pilot of Oceanic Flight 815, Norris would not have been aboard. (" Confirmed Dead ")
Non-canonical characters
Faith Harrington - Had to book an early flight, due to her boyfriend killing one of her mentors. ( Endangered Species )
Dexter Cross - Stayed behind with girlfriend and her brother, instead of returning on a different flight. ( Secret Identity )
Trivia
Blueprints for a Boeing 777-200 in Oceanic Airlines livery.
The Lockheed L-1011 fuselage prop in its storage location
The aircraft that was depicted in the crash is in fact an ex-Delta Airlines Lockheed Martin L-1011-1 Tristar .
The Boeing 777 is one of the safest aircraft used for commercial transport, with only 12 accidents and incidents involving the model since its debut.
The first hull-loss incident, the crash landing of British Airways Flight 38 on January 17, 2008, was minor, with no deaths resulting from the incident and only 47 injuries.
The second hull-loss event was a fire in an EgyptAir 777 on July 29, 2011. The incident did not involve any injuries or fatalities.
The third hull-loss incident was much more notable. On July 6, 2013, Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashed landing at San Francisco International Airport before being evacuated on the runway. Out of the 307 people on board the aircraft, three were killed.
In an event eerily similar to LOST, on March 8, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 went missing over the Indian ocean with no traces of wreckage or distress signals having been found eight months after the crash and the passengers declared dead 16 days after the event. The incident provides a look into what the disappearance of Flight 815 might have been like in the real world, with US news media covering the event of the disappearance nearly exclusively for two weeks. However, even eight months after the disappearance, search efforts continue to find the missing plane.
On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 , another Boeing 777, was shot down over the Ukraine. Militant factions of Ukrainians and Russians had already been battling over the nearby border for months. Early, supposedly authentic audio of phone conversations between Ukrainian rebels of shooting down an aircraft around the same time and near the same location as MH 17 was released, though insufficient evidence to support blame for any one side means that it is not clear who actually shot down the aircraft. The incident sparked widespread international backlash at both the Ukraine and Russia for their failure to resolve the ongoing conflict.
The 777 can take heavier turbulence than the human body can withstand. It is also fully automated with all manual backups and multiple backup systems for the transceiver .
Date
The show premiered on September 22, 2004 , the same day as the crash. The crash date was confirmed narratively when Locke told Desmond the date. (" Live Together, Die Alone ")
September 22, 2004 was the date of the autumnal equinox, the moment the Sun crosses the plane of the equator from the northern hemisphere.
Total number of passengers
There were 324 total passengers and crew aboard Flight 815, with at least six of those being crew members. This corresponds to the numbers: 108 x 3 = 324. ( Numbers )
Unofficial TV station websites
An unofficial flight manifest from the Lost The Untold website.
A British website, Lost The Untold , which was set up by Channel 4, a TV station that aired the first two seasons of Lost in the UK, offered a flight manifest for Oceanic Flight 815 that is inconsistent with information stated on the show itself, as well as details from the Oceanic-air.com website.
A German site, 108minuten.de , which was set up by Pro Sieben, a TV station that airs Lost on free TV in Germany, also offers a flight manifest (by entering "oceanic", then "815" and then "manifest") that contains the names of other survivors that were never stated on the show itself. However, some of the names on the flight manifest are taken from the Lost The Untold website, while others appear to have been added by Pro Sieben themselves, without any direct involvement from the Lost producers, since it contains numerous errors ( Joanna's name, for example, is incorrectly stated as "Ranting, Joanna", whereas Rose and Bernard's last name is stated as "Bernstein"). So this list has to be considered non- canonical . In addition to the manifest, there's also an "official flight transcript" that indicates that the pilot still had contact with Sydney Airport when the plane crashed, which contradicts his recount of how he lost communication with the ground prior to the crash in " Pilot, Part 1 ".
Outside references
In Google Profile settings page, Oceanic 815 is pre-listed as an example of things Google can't find.
In the second episode of the show Chuck on NBC, Chuck is being "tested" to see what data he knows from the government secrets that he witnessed. In this scene, he is told to say whatever first comes to mind about pictures that he sees. He says, "Oceanic Flight 815 was shot down by a surface-to-air missile...". (While the last part of the phrase isn't totally clear when listening, closed-caption confirms what is said.) Then the scene cuts.
In the episode Inferno of the 2005/2006 cartoon series Transformers: Cybertron, the pilot of a military jet fighter identifies himself as "Oceanic Flight 815, requesting clearance for landing" right before the Decepticon Thundercracker scans the plane and adopting its form as his new disguise. The plane's ID code was one of many pop-cultural in-jokes explicitly added for the English dub of the show.
In a preview of the iPhone OS 3.0, Phil Schiller was demonstrating copy and paste into an email for a flight to Hawaii, and Oceanic Flight 815 was one of the flight options.
When creating a profile using Google's GMail, under the "A little personality" section, Oceanic Flight 815 is used as an example for "Something I can't find using Google."
In the ending credits of the PC version of X-Men Origins:Wolverine special thanks is given to Flight 815.
Possible inspirations
" Oceanic Feeling" - In Chapter I of his book, Civilization and Its Discontents , Sigmund Freud discusses a letter he received from his friend, the French novelist and mystic Romain Rolland. In this letter, Rolland describes what he calls the " Oceanic " feeling - that is, a feeling of eternity, a deep and innate connection with all things, a "oneness" with the world. Rolland, a " man of faith ", sees this "Oceanic" feeling as being the primal source of all religion, but itself independent of any particular religion. Freud, an atheist and avowed " man of science " disagrees. While he admits that many people may experience this "Oceanic" feeling, he locates its source not in some mystical feeling of connection, but in an infantile helplessness experienced when confronted with a hostile world and the subsequent longing for the protection and guidance of the father . For Freud, this "Oceanic" feeling is "sustained by fear of the superior power of Fate ."
External links
| Lost |
In 1984, which Cosmonaut became the first woman to perform a spacewalk? | Lost Survivors / Characters - TV Tropes
Cindy: They're not, um -- it's not that simple.
An Australian Oceanic Airlines stewardess dating the Flight 815 passenger Gary Troup and is the only crew member other than Seth Norris to survive the crash. She crashes with the tail-section survivors and is taken by the Others during the journey to the fuselage survivors' camp. Cindy lives comfortably with the Others following her abduction firstly at the Hydra station then at the Temple, caring for Zach and Emma. To avoid death, she aligns with the Man in Black following the temple massacre. She survives Widmore's mortar attack and survives the series to live under Hurley's guard.
Ascended Extra : She has a small part in the pilot when she speaks to Jack.
Going Native : After being nabbed by the Others, she undergoes some kind of off-screen 'conversion'.
Parental Substitute : To Zach and Emma.
Promoted To Parent : She takes care of Zach and Emma after all three are taken by the Others.
Screw This, I'm Outta Here! : First when she joins the Man in Black to avoid her and the kids being killed, and secondly after Widmore attacks them.
Sexy Stewardess : She doesn't wear anything revealing and she isn't Ms. Fanservice , but she is very attractive and lightly flirts with Jack.
What Happened to the Mouse? : She disappears after the attack on the beach. It's never revealed whether she survived or not in the series, but Word of God via the Lost Encyclopedia is that she survived along with Zach and Emma.
Seth Norris
Too Dumb to Live : Do NOT stick your head out of your hiding place in the event of Hell Is That Noise .
Middle-Section Passengers
Aaron Littleton
Played By: William Blanchette
The son of Claire Littleton and her former boyfriend Thomas. Aaron is born on the island and leaves it, then being raised by Kate with the public perceiving the baby to be hers, to follow along with their almost entirely false version of what happened on the island.
Has Two Mommies : His biological mother, Claire, and adoptive mother Kate.
Infant Immortality : Played straight. He survives the entire series.
Last-Minute Baby Naming : Claire doesn't name him until a few episodes after his birth.
Vincent
Vincent
Played By: Madison & Pono (dogs)
Walt's yellow Labrador retriever, who is originally owned by Walt's stepfather, Brian Porter. He is left behind on the Island when Michael and Walt leave. He is given to Shannon by Walt and remains under her care until she is killed. He is later seen accompanying Sun. After the timeshifts and an attack on the survivors, Vincent ends up with Rose and Bernard in 1974. All three make a new home in the jungle and are found three years later by Sawyer, Juliet and Kate. Vincent is last seen at Jack's side as Jack dies of his wounds.
Back for the Finale : Beautifully mirrors the Pilot's opening scenes. On the day of the crash, Vincent woke Jack up in the bamboo grove. Three years later, he laid down next to Jack as he died in the exact same spot.
Canine Companion : To Walt, Shannon, Rose, Bernard and briefly for Jack. He was also frequently looked after by various other survivors.
Team Pet : Of the survivors.
Edward Mars
Played By: Fredric Lehne
"If you can really stay put? Really settle down? Then I'll stop chasing you. But you and I both know that's not gonna happen."
A U.S. marshal who is obsessed with capturing Kate, finally apprehending her in Australia. He is critically injured during the crash and is euthanized by Jack.
Butt Monkey : After being constantly foiled by Kate over many years, he finally catches her...only for the plane to crash, him to get busted open by a briefcase, her to escape capture (although only because she couldn't reach the oxygen masks) her to survive, and him to spend hours dying in utter agony. Oh, and the first attempt at a Mercy Kill was botched, so a second had to be arranged.
Character Death : After sustaining mortal wounds in the crash, Jack ends up euthanizing him.
Deadpan Snarker : He does have some rather dry, sarcastic moments.
Kate: "I have to go."
Mars: "Hold it."
Arzt
Dr. Leslie Arzt
"I'm sorry that I'm not cool enough to be part of your merry little band of adventurers!"
Played By: Daniel Roebuck
"There were forty other survivors of this plane crash and we are all people, too."
A junior high school science teacher, who crashes with the fuselage survivors and keeps a collection of native fauna in various jars. Almost all characters continue to pronounce his name "Arts" even though he repeatedly corrects them. Arzt complains about not being included in the various missions of Jack and Locke, finally joining them on a trip to the Black Rock. He dies ironically when a stick of dynamite spontaneously explodes in his hand while he lectures Jack, Locke, Kate and Hurley on how to safely handle it.
Butt Monkey : Things tend not to go well for Arzt. His date in Australia went badly, he got in a plane crash and...exploded.
Character Death : Arzt explodes while mishandling dynamite.
Deadpan Snarker : He's pretty bitter and snarky.
Embarrassing First Name : After insulting Hurley for pronouncing 'Arzt' as 'Arnzt', Hurley retorts by using his first name. Leslie responds with, 'Arnzt is fine'.
Explosive Stupidity : In the middle of a speech about handling the dynamite, he sets off a stick by gesturing with it.
Surprisingly Sudden Death : His explosion came out of nowhere.
Too Dumb to Live : Arzt waves a stick of dynamite like it's a banana right after talking about the dangers of not being careful with it.
The World's Expert on Getting Killed : He lectures the regulars on how deadly dynamite can be. He then gives a convincing demonstration.
Unwitting Instigator of Doom : In a webisode, he admits he lied about the tides to Michael to leave the Island faster, desperate to be rescued. While the Island wouldn't have let Michael, Walt, and Sawyer leave, Arzt's actions indirectly led to the raft encountering the Others as well as lead to Walt's kidnapping.
Neil 'Frogurt'
"...I'm not gonna ease up, 'cause I'm tired and I'm hungry and I'm screwed!"
Played By: Sean Whalen
A survivor who made frozen yogurt ('frogurt') before the crash. He died during the time skips after being shot by flaming arrows.
Ascended Extra : He was first mentioned off-handedly in dialogue, then later appeared in a mobisode before finally making an appearance on the show.
Asshole Victim : His whiny nature did not endear him to many.
Annoying Arrows : How he met his death.
Character Death : Neil is shot by flaming arrows during the time skips.
Death by Irony : While bitching about not being able to start a fire, Neil is hit by a flaming arrow.
Jerkass : He's constantly moaning about his situation and insulting others.
Kill It with Fire : Or a flaming arrow, at least.
Sullivan
One of the middle section survivors of Flight 815.
Hypochondria : Jack refers to him as such, and he's overly concerned about a simple rash.
Killed Offscreen : He was likely killed during the flaming arrows incident.
Tail-End Passengers
Zach & Emma
Played By: Mickey Graue & Kiersten Havelock
Two sibling children from the tail section of the plane who live under the care of Cindy, following the pair's kidnapping. With Cindy, they follow the Man in Black.
Cute Mute : They rarely speak; Zach in particular never utters a word.
Going Native : Like Cindy.
Infant Immortality : They survive the series, unlike many.
What Happened to the Mouse? : Their fate is never revealed in the series, but Word of God via the Lost Encyclopedia is that they survived.
Nathan
Nathan: I don't remember seeing you on the plane, Ana Lucia.
Ana-Lucia: That's because you weren't on it.
A tail section survivor of Oceanic Flight 815. He was suspected by Ana Lucia of being one of the Others, due to his secretive behavior (which was probably due to his personality).
Butt Monkey : He was on a trip with his work, but took some further time to sight-see in Australia after the others left, so he ended up on the plane doomed to crash. From then on, he's treated with disdain by others, is questioned frequently, trapped in a tiger pit and ultimately killed. Nathan did not have a good holiday.
| i don't know |
By what name is Paul David Hewson better known? | Paul David Hewson is better know as...
Dates of religious and Civil
holidays around the world.
www.when-is.com
Paul David Hewson
So who is Paul David Hewson? Well, Paul David Hewson is no other than the Irish Bono who was born on , 1960, under the name Paul David Hewson, but later changed his name to Bono, a name by which we all know him today.
© 2007-2017 Capital Of. All rights reserved.
You are here: Paul David Hewson
| Bono |
What is found in the middle of a Sussex Pond pudding? | The My Hero Project - Paul David Hewson
PAUL DAVID HEWSON
by Nicole from Paradise Valley
Paul David Hewson singing (http://salu2podcast.wordpress.com/u2-mini-bios/)
My Hero
My definition of a hero is somebody that inspires you or likes to do the same thing's that you like to do. For example like doing music, sports, or other things. A hero is someone who cares about other people and helping them.
My hero is Paul David Hewson, better known as Bono. He is a band member of a Irish rock group from Dublin called U2. He has written many songs about poverty and the awful death of his father. He also wrote about many more subjects about life and the world. He has been the leader of the band U2 for thirty years. Bono was born in Northern Dublin, in Ballymun. At age fourteen, his mother died from a brain hemorrhage and his grandfather also died as well. Bono changed his name to Bono after ''Bono vox'' which means ''good voice'' in Latin. In 1976, he went to Mount Temple College. Then he started dating Alison Stewart and then they married on August 21st. Since then he has been busy on tour, making music, and being involved in many global projects.
Bono has been involved in a variety of causes outside of U2. His work as an activist, due largely to his Christian beliefs, began when inspired by Live Aid. He traveled to Ethiopia to work in a feeding camp with his wife and the Charity World Vision. Bono also went to Central America in 1985 to see the damage caused by the wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador. After his visit, U2 toured as part of the Amnesty International Benefit Tour, a Conspiracy of Hope. In 2002 he started his program ''One'' which helps people in poverty and Aids in Africa. In 2006, Bono and Bobby Shriver co-founded the product (Red)campaign, which hopes to eliminate Aids in Africa.
Bono has inspired me by his songs. His songs are all about his life, and things that have happened in other peoples lives. So someone can just sit down and listen to his music and remember all about the past and their memories. I think he is a good influence on people who want to be an activist. He cares about other people and helps them in poverty and Aids. He has done many good things for the earth like making a recycled clothing line called �Edun'' and that's how he inspires me to be like him.
| i don't know |
Which country is the world’s top producer of orange juice? | The world’s leading producer of orange juice is getting squeezed — Quartz
Brazil is sitting on trucks-full of oranges. (AP Photo/Antonio Milena)
Share
Roberto A. Ferdman
June 13, 2013
If Brazil is going to maintain its grasp on the global orange juice market, it’s going to have to shake things up a bit.
Brazil makes and distributes more orange juice than any other country in the world, and it’s not even a close race—the country makes more than 50% of the world’s orange juice. But recent history hasn’t been all that kind to the citrus giant. Orange juice production has grown stagnant over the past few years and orange juice exports, which the local industry relies heavily on, have fallen almost 15% since their peak in 2003.
What’s going on? A few things.
People are drinking less orange juice these days
There are nearly one billion more people in the world than there were in 2000, and yet the world, as a whole, drinks less orange juice today than it did then. Led by big drops in the US and Europe, the world’s two largest markets for orange juice, orange juice consumption has shrunk in virtually every year this decade. If you export over 98% of the orange juice you produce, as Brazil does, that’s a serious problem.
Especially if profit margins are shrinking, too.
Exporting orange juice is getting expensive
Even if there were enough demand to sweep more oranges out of farmer’s hands, growing oranges isn’t all that lucrative in Brazil anymore. An updated labor code has driven up the minimum wage, and land lease costs and prices of pesticides have risen, too. At this point, it may not even be cost-effective for smaller growers to produce oranges in Brazil anymore, Marco Antonio dos Santos, the president of a local grower’s union, told Agence France-Presse :
The government calculated that we have a production cost of around 5 dollars per crate (40.8 kilograms or 90 pounds), while we are selling it at 3.5 to 4 dollars…In the citrus belt of Sao Paulo, half of the orange farms have disappeared over the past 10 years, and only the most productive survive.
And exporting them? That’s even more costly. The price of processing and transporting the orange juice to overseas terminals has risen steeply— over 50% since 2000—in part due to rising oil prices.
Orange juice. Orange juice. Who wants orange juice?
As orange juice exports go, so too does Brazil’s entire orange juice industry. The good news is, though fewer people are drinking orange juice overall these days, the decline is largely driven by shrinking demand in the US and Europe, where consumption has fallen roughly 20% and 5% since 2003, respectively.
In many emerging markets, by contrast, demand for orange juice is growing. The numbers are modest, mind you, but with promising growth and billions of prospective consumers, the potential is certainly there. Growing the market outside of the US and Europe, which together account for roughly 80% of Brazil’s orange juice exports, in countries like China and Russia could help protect the country’s smarting citrus industry from the decline happening in developed countries, and pivot for the future.
But if Brazil wants to inject life into its ailing orange juice industry, it may want to begin by getting its own people to start drinking orange juice.
Currently the world’s 10th largest consumer of packaged orange juice, Brazil has seen its own consumption rise only 8% since 2003. Compare that to China, which consumes more than twice as much juice as it did in 2003, or Russia, which consumes 70% more. Since per-capita incomes have risen a good deal in all three countries, this suggests that getting Brazilians to drink more of the stuff isn’t just a matter of waiting for them to get more prosperous. (Note, though: The data don’t capture orange juice freshly squeezed on the spot, which is, naturally, much more common in Brazil than in China or Russia.)
Some nonetheless see promise in the Brazilian market. “In a few years, our country can have as many people drinking industrial orange juice as in Germany, which is the world’s leading consumer per capita,” dos Santos told the AFP . Brazil certainly hopes he’s right.
Read full story
| Brazil |
Who was the father of King Henry IV of England? | China/FAO Citrus Symposium
References
Introduction
World citrus production and consumption has witnessed a period of strong growth since the mid-1980s. Production of oranges, tangerines, and lemons and limes have all expanded rapidly. Larger production levels have enabled higher levels of total as well as per capita consumption of citrus. Even faster growth has been realized for processed citrus products as improvements in transportation and packaging have lowered costs and improved quality.
With rapid output expansion and slower demand growth for some citrus products, however, has come lower prices for both fresh and processed citrus products, especially at the grower level. As a result, the rate of new plantings has slowed. Hence, projected growth rates in both production and consumption over the next ten years are expected to be lower than those realized over the last ten years.
The two largest citrus producing countries: Brazil and the United States are expected to retain their leadership. Sao Paulo, Brazil and Florida, United States will continue to be the two largest processed orange producing regions in the world. With the growth of clementine consumption, Spain is expected to expand its production of tangerines. China will also realize expanded production and consumption of oranges and tangerines. China may also become an important market for processed citrus and fresh grapefruit. Other Latin American producing countries such as Argentina, Mexico, Cuba, Belize, and Costa Rica are also expected to continue to expand production, but at a slower rate. Apart from Spain, European producing countries are expected to continue to experience small declines in production.
Citrus production and consumption in Asia is also expected to expand, but consumption will be supported primarily from domestic production. Many of these countries maintain high tariffs on imports of citrus. Citrus producers in the Near East will continue to compete with other non-agricultural demand for land and water.
Given the uncertain political and economic environment in Africa, production is expected to expand only in those countries along the Mediterranean Sea and in South Africa. Historically there has been little trade among the countries of Africa.
In the remainder of this paper, highlights are presented on production and consumption of fresh and processed citrus by the four major varietal classifications: oranges, grapefruit, tangerines, and lemons and limes.
Oranges
World consumption of oranges grew at a compound rate of 3.5 percent over the period ranging from1986-88 to 1996-98. While consumption of fresh oranges grew at an annual rate of 2.9 percent, this was superceded by growth in processed orange consumption, which grew 4.2 percent per annum. Increased consumption of processed oranges in Europe was one of the primary forces supporting expanded world consumption. Even though per capita consumption of fresh oranges in the EU declined from 13 to 9.7 kg, per capita processed orange consumption nearly doubled to 30 kg (fresh fruit equivalent). Per capita consumption of processed oranges also grew in Canada and the United States, offsetting decreases in fresh orange consumption.
Processed orange consumption, however, is still concentrated in the developed countries of North America and Europe. These two regions collectively account for over 88 percent of world consumption. In other regions, however, particularly Latin America, markets for processed orange products appear to be evolving. Processed orange consumption in Mexico more than doubled and Brazilian consumption increased by 50 percent over the period from 1986-88 to 1996-98.
While fresh orange consumption declined in many of the developed countries, it expanded in many developing countries, especially in the emerging economies of Mexico, India, Argentina and Brazil. Strong consumption growth was also observed in China. Fresh orange consumption is declining in the developed countries for two reasons. First, it is being replaced by orange juice consumption. The evolution of not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juice in both North America and Europe has been supported by the perception that NFC closely duplicates fresh-squeezed in flavor but offers greater convenience. Second, with advancements in transportation and storage, fresh citrus is now confronted with more competition from other fruits such as bananas, grapes and strawberries.
The projections for 2010 for orange production and consumption are predicated on two assumptions. First, the rapid expansion of world orange production will slow. Brazil is currently facing two major disease problems: citrus canker and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). Growers are also receiving lower prices for oranges used for processing, which has slowed the rate of new plantings. Florida is also facing disease challenges from the citrus tristeza virus and citrus canker. Lower grower prices in Florida have also slowed new plantings. These lower prices will also affect other Western Hemisphere orange producing countries such as Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Argentina and Cuba. These countries allocate a sizeable proportion of their orange production to processed utilization which is dominated by Sao Paulo and Florida.
The second assumption is that fresh orange consumption in the developed countries will continue to decline on a per capita basis. Processed orange consumption will continue to expand in the emerging economies of Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe, although its main markets will still be found in North America and Europe.
Projected orange production in 2010 is 64 million MT, approximately 10 percent greater than that realized over the 1996-98 period. The projected annualized rate of growth of 0.76 percent is substantially lower than 3.9 percent which occurred from 1986-88 to 1996-98. The projected 64 million MT of production is expected to be utilized as 35.7 million MT fresh and 28.3 million MT processed. The share of production claimed by processed utilization is projected to increase marginally.
Orange production in developed countries is projected to grow at an annualized rate of 0.6 percent with most of that growth coming from the United States. Production in Europe is projected to show little change, with a small increase in Spain offset by declines in Italy and Greece. Production in South Africa is expected to continue to grow as it continues to exploit its advantage as an off-season supplier to the northern hemisphere. On the other hand, production in Israel will continue to be affected by population growth, urbanization and access to adequate water supply. Japan's orange industry is also projected to continue its secular decline as imports become more available.
Production in developing countries is projected to increase at an annualized rate of 0.8 percent. Production in both Mexico and Brazil are expected to contract modestly. Over the next 10 years, it is likely that Brazil will experience a sizeable contraction of production as the combined effects of disease and low grower prices are felt. By 2010, however, the Brazilian industry should be in full recovery and be able to maintain its dominance of the world processed orange market. Mexico is highly vulnerable to the citrus tristeza virus which has been found in the Yucatan peninsula. Mexican producers have also thus far been unable to take advantage of preferential access to the United States market offered under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Smaller Western Hemisphere orange exporting countries such as Argentina, Cuba, Belize and Costa Rica should find market opportunities as the larger orange producing regions undergo adjustment. Cuba is noteworthy in that it has expanded its orange processing capacity and been able to stabilize and begin to increase its orange output despite the trade embargo imposed by the United States. The processing sector of Belize and Costa Rica has also undergone consolidation, which should lower costs. These two countries, however, are the only two significant processed orange exporters with duty free access to both the United States and the EU. Therefore, they are both vulnerable to further trade liberalization in the processed orange market.
Orange producing countries in Asia are expected to continue to expand production, but nearly all of this production will be consumed in domestic markets. China is projected to overtake Mexico as the third largest orange producing country, and India will challenge Spain as the fifth largest producer. Huge domestic markets in both of these countries, however, mean that virtually all production will be consumed internally. Trade liberalization in these countries could open these markets to off-season imports. Other large Asian orange producing countries such as Iran and Pakistan will also continue to send most of their production to domestic markets. The exception to this observation is Turkey which can, because of its location and its membership in a Customs Union with the EU, compete in the European market. The Mediterranean countries of Morocco and Egypt are also expected to benefit from their proximity to Europe, although they compete directly with Spain, which benefits from being within the EU and TRQs of the EU.
The relatively small projected increase in production will support small increases in consumption of fresh and processed oranges. Per capita citrus consumption in both North America and Europe is expected to change little from current levels. Relatively flat per capita consumption growth in these regions is a direct result of slower domestic production growth and the projected small increase for the main supplier of processed orange products: Brazil. Most increases in consumption will be found in developing citrus-producing countries such as India, Pakistan, China, Mexico, and Brazil.
Brazil and Mexico are notable in that all Latin American countries have historically consumed oranges through the purchase of fresh oranges and then the production of fresh squeezed orange juice at home. In recent years, however, consumers in Brazil and Mexico have begun to buy ready to drink orange juice. This trend is expected to continue as rising incomes in these countries will provide support for switching from home production to direct purchase of orange juice. Rising incomes in Chile and Argentina may also support increased consumption of processed orange products.
The recent trade agreement between China and the United States has opened the Chinese market to imports of fresh and processed citrus. While a sizeable middle class has evolved in China, that country is still faced with infrastructure issues that work against large-scale importation of fresh and processed orange products. It is likely, however, that consumers in the large coastal cities of China will have increased access to imported citrus products. The large population living in these areas and their growing purchasing power should provide a significant outlet for citrus exports.
Expanded consumption of fresh and processed orange products in other East Asian economies is hampered by declining domestic production and trade barriers which increase the cost of these products to consumers. The Japanese processed orange market has failed to live up to expectations generated by the signing of the U.S.-Japan Beef and Citrus agreement in 1986. The long distances that oranges and other citrus products must travel from the major producing countries in the Western Hemisphere also hamper citrus consumption in East Asia. These observations notwithstanding, per capita orange consumption in nearly all of the countries of the Far East is projected to show small to moderate increases. Nearly all of this consumption growth will come from increased domestic production.
Tangerines
Tangerines differ from oranges because nearly all tangerine production is intended for the fresh market. The major producers of tangerines are China, Spain, and Japan followed by Brazil, Korea, Pakistan, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, the United States, Morocco and Argentina. Spain has had significant success with its seedless Clementine varieties in Europe, and more recently, in the United States. Spain accounts for over 50 percent of world's exports of fresh tangerines. The other major exporters are Morocco and China. Morocco has a well-developed Clementine industry and ships to Europe and the United States.
Most tangerines, however, are consumed in the country of production. Thus the large consumption countries for tangerines are China, Japan, Pakistan and Egypt. Domestic production also supports significant tangerine consumption in Algeria, Mexico, Israel, Australia, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Cyprus, Jordan, Lebanon, Korea and the United States. The countries of the EU other than Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal are the main importing countries.
Processed tangerine consumption is scattered and difficult to track. Most tangerine juice is blended with orange juice. Spain, Japan and China have tangerine sectioning industries. A report at the 2001 China/FAO Citrus Conference suggests that China produces 250,000 MT of tangerine sections per year. Canned tangerine sections from Japan and Spain are exported to North America. Canned fruit products in developed economies, however, will encounter difficulties competing with the new array of "fresh cut" fruit products that are increasingly available in those countries.
World tangerine production is projected at 15.4 million MT in 2010, up modestly from 15.05 million MT in 1996-98. The projected annualized growth rate of 0.17 percent is much smaller than the 4.6 annualized growth rate realized between 1986-88 and 1996-98. Tangerine production is projected to expand modestly in Spain, China, Morocco, Brazil, and Argentina. The industry will continue to contract in Japan, and production in the United States is expected to decline as it faces competition from imports and other fresh fruit alternatives.
The bright spot for fresh tangerine consumption is the seedless Clementine varieties currently cultivated in Spain and Morocco. U.S. consumption of this product has risen dramatically in the last five years. Their small size along with the characteristics of an easy-peeler and seedless nature of the fruit make this a desirable snack for children. Efforts have been initiated to produce Clementines in California, United States. Florida currently imposes restrictions on the planting of Clementine varieties.
Spain is expected to continue its role as the dominant exporter of tangerines. The success of the Clementine varieties will serve to support its position. Morocco is the second largest exporter of fresh tangerines. Phytosanitary concerns have limited the ability of both Mexico and Brazil to expand into exportation of fresh tangerines. The main citrus producing area of east Mexico is still plagued by the Mexican fruit fly. The recent outbreak of citrus canker in Brazil will restrict producers there from large expansion of fresh exports of tangerines or other citrus varieties.
The allocation between fresh and processed utilization is expected to remain the same as historical levels, with more than 90 percent of total production allocated to the fresh market. Tangerines are not desirable for juice production because of relatively low juice content, higher harvesting costs, and a tendency for off-flavor juice. Thus processed utilization of tangerines will come from tangerines that do not make fresh market grade and via the demand for tangerine sections.
Grapefruit
Growth in world grapefruit production has slowed with production increasing from 4.2 million MT in 1986-88 to 4.9 million MT in 1996-98, an annualized growth rate of 1.6 percent. The freezes of the early 1980s severely reduced grapefruit production in the United States and Cuba became an important supplier. By the mid 1990s, world production had recovered to levels comparable to the 1970s. Producers in the three largest grapefruit producing countries, the United States, Israel, and Cuba, however, are facing a difficult period with stagnant demand for both fresh and processed grapefruit. The grapefruit production area in Florida, United States is currently contracting as producers are exiting grapefruit production. The citrus tristeza virus is projected to kill millions of grapefruit trees in Florida. Grapefruit prices, at this time, are too low to encourage widespread replacement of trees lost to tristeza.
Among the major citrus varieties, only grapefruit has a level of processed utilization comparable to oranges. In the 1996-98 period, fresh utilization was 2.9 million MT, and processed utilization was 2.0 million MT, with processed accounting for over 40 percent of total utilization. Processed utilization in Cuba has increased dramatically, with 90 percent of the crop processed in 1999.
As grapefruit production is better suited for tropical climates, its production is scattered among the countries near the equator in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The largest producing country, however, is the United States. The United States is the largest exporter of fresh grapefruit, accounting for nearly 40 percent of total world fresh exports. South Africa and Israel are the next most important exporters. A new entrant to the fresh grapefruit market is Turkey. Most grapefruit production, however, is consumed in domestic markets, with total fresh exports accounting for less than 40 percent of world production.
Projected world grapefruit production in 2010 is 5.5 million MT, an increase of 10 percent above the 1996-98 average. Nearly all of the projected increase will occur in developing countries. Production in the United States and Israel is expected to remain flat, with modest increases projected for Cuba, Mexico, Argentina and South Africa. The recent high level of new plantings in Turkey will support higher production and provide competition to Israel and the United States in the European market. The allocation of production between fresh and processed utilization is projected to remain at historical levels.
Fresh consumption of grapefruit in developed countries will face the same difficulties that confront oranges and tangerines. Increased competition from other fresh fruits will result in small declines in per capita consumption. The opening of import markets in China is expected to allow per capita consumption in that country to grow.
Per capita consumption of processed grapefruit is also projected to decline. Processed grapefruit competes directly with processed oranges. As consumers in the developed countries continue to move towards orange juice and away from grapefruit juice, grapefruit producers will need to find new markets and/or new products.
Lemons and Limes
Lemons and limes are acid citrus fruits that differ from other citrus varieties in that they are typically consumed in association with other foods. Lemons are generally produced in colder climates such as the western United States, Spain, Italy, and Argentina. Lemons are also adapted to drier climates such as Egypt and Iran. India is also a major producer. Limes, on the other hand, are highly sensitive to cold weather and are grown exclusively in tropical climates. The major producers are Mexico and Brazil.
In 1996-98 lemon and lime production was 9.25 million MT with 7.3 million MT utilized in the fresh market and 1.9 million MT processed. Spain, Argentina, and Mexico are the largest export suppliers.
Lemon and lime consumption is found in many countries throughout the world. Imports account for approximately 18 percent of world consumption. Besides the developed countries of North America and Europe, lemon and lime consumption is also found in the countries of Eastern Europe and former Yugoslavia, as well as developing producing countries such as India, Iran, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, and Jamaica. Countries in the Near East including Jordan, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Egypt also exhibit relatively high levels of per capita consumption.
World lemon and lime production is projected at 10.6 million MT in 2010, an increase of 15 percent from the 1996-98 level. The projected annualized rate of growth is 1.1 percent, down substantially from the 4.4 percent rate of growth observed from 1986-88 to 1996-98. A slower rate of production growth is projected in face of declining prices for lemons and limes.
Small increases in per capita consumption are projected across all of the major markets. Spain, Argentina and Mexico will continue to be the largest export suppliers of fresh lemons. With the decline of lime production in Florida due to diseases and flat lemon production in California and Arizona, the United States will become the largest importer of fresh lemons and limes and will account for 20 percent of the world's imports by 2010. The United States has recently entered into a trade agreement with Argentina which will allow off-season importation of lemons. Lemons and limes do not face the same competition from other fresh fruit crops confronting other fresh citrus varieties given their different consumption pattern
The allocation of lemons and limes to fresh and processed uses is expected to remain near historical levels. Lemons and limes are grown primarily for the fresh market with the juice from lemons and limes used primarily as a flavoring in beverages.
Summary
After a period of rapid growth in production, it is not surprising that citrus producers across the world are facing declining prices. Nearly all agricultural crops are affected by production/price cycles. For perennial crops such as citrus, price cycles are long, spanning several years, because of the long lag between price signals and output changes. Statistical evidence of price cycles in citrus is difficult to establish because random events such as freezes, drought, pests and diseases have, in the past, tended to disrupt production by causing severe unintended contractions in supply.
In the analysis presented in this paper, the main assumption behind the slowdown in rate of growth of citrus production is that lower prices currently faced by citrus growers will cause reductions in the rate of new plantings and thereby reduce output growth. Given the geographical concentration of citrus production, it is possible that some random events will result in a major reduction in output and stimulate a new round of production expansion. Without a random production shock, however, the first decade of the 21st century will see retrenchment and consolidation and eventually favorable prices will return. Higher prices will be the impetus for new grove development.
Citrus is a product that offers many advantages in the lifestyles of people who are health conscious, demand convenience, and place a premium on food safety. Continuing improvements in transportation logistics will allow exporters to provide year-round supplies of high quality fresh citrus products, and also allow processed citrus producers to provide convenient, reasonably priced products to consumers throughout the world. These observations mean that world demand for citrus products will continue to expand, and that the long-run outlook for citrus producers remains positive.
Annex
In this section, a brief outline of the methodology used to make the production and consumption projections is presented. In an effort of this magnitude, it is impossible to rely exclusively on quantitative techniques to accomplish a detailed forecast of production and consumption by country. Therefore, expert opinion combined with information provided by FAO, the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) of the United Stated Department of Agriculture (USDA), and production reports from individual countries is the main approach used.
A mathematical model of the world orange market developed at the University of Florida (Spreen; McClain; Brewster and Spreen) includes separate production model for Florida, United States and Sao Paulo, Brazil. These two regions collectively account for over 80 percent of total world orange juice production. The model also encompasses orange juice consumption in the United States, Canada, the EU, and the rest of the world which is comprised mainly by Japan. This model was calibrated to reflect the 1999-00 season and then was solved in a forward recursive fashion through the 2009-10 season. 1 This quantitative forecast served as the basis for the world orange production and consumption projections.
The world orange juice model has been adapted by Zabaneh to incorporate orange juice production in Belize, Costa Rica, and Honduras. The new planting equations estimated by Zabaneh, however, were highly inelastic to price and therefore were not in the production forecast for those countries. A forthcoming publication by Nova, et al on the Cuban citrus industry provided the basis for the assumption that Cuba will divert most of its orange (and grapefruit) production to the processing sector.
In making consumption forecasts, the most important consideration was changes in per capita consumption. For example, per capita fresh orange consumption in Europe declined from 1986-88 to 1996-98. There are several reasons for this decline as discussed in the paper, including increased availability of orange juice and increased competition from other fresh fruits, all of which remain in place. Therefore, the projection is for the downward trend in per capita fresh orange consumption in Europe to continue although Europe will continue to be a large market for fresh oranges.
No quantitative model is available for tangerines, and given the high level of domestic utilization for tangerines, it would be exceedingly difficult to estimate supply or demand equations on a country-by-country basis. Fresh tangerines, however, face some of the same challenges confronting oranges. Clementine varieties, however, appear to be the exception. One of the problems associated with fresh citrus is that it often contains seeds and is difficult to peel. The increased convenience offered by bananas, grapes, and berries is attractive for busy middle class consumers in North America and Europe. Clementines, however, are seedless and relatively easy to peel. Their small size makes them attractive to children. Therefore, the projection is developed tangerine producing countries such as the United States will continue to face declining markets, but production in Spain and Morocco will continue to expand as export markets are opened for Clementine varieties.
Grapefruit producers have faced difficult market conditions for several years. With the exception of Texas, United States and Turkey, most grapefruit producing countries have had difficulties since the 1993-94 season. A quantitative model of the world grapefruit model (Brown and Spreen; Ali) developed at the University of Florida was used to forecast grapefruit production in Florida and fresh and processed grapefruit consumption in the major markets of the United States, Japan, the EU and Canada. The demand equations used in the model suggest a negative long-term growth rate for fresh grapefruit consumption in the United States and little growth rate in the other markets.
Using the same methodology as used for oranges, the forecasts from the quantitative method were used as a basis for world projections. Trends in per capita consumption were the primary factor used in individual country consumption forecasts. This information combined with the fact that production in both Israel and Cuba, the second and third largest producers, is growing very little suggested that world grapefruit production will grow very little over the next several years.
Lemons and limes are the most difficult citrus product to analyze because there is little published information available. It is also important to distinguish between lemons and limes because each are dominated by different production regions. World lemon production has been growing at a rate commiserate with world population growth. Lime production in Mexico, however, has exploded and support increasing per capita consumption of limes in the United States and the EU. The production forecast made for Mexico was based upon the assumption that the growth rate for limes in that country is not sustainable, especially with the infrastructure problems that still plague the industry (see Roy, et al. for further discussion). There have also been reports of low prices during the summer, the period of largest harvest.
The challenges facing consumption of other fresh citrus varieties do not carry over to lemons and limes. Thus a more optimistic consumption forecast was presented, tempered by the assumption that high rates of consumption increases could not be sustained.
References
Brewster, Charlene, and Thomas H. Spreen. "Price Equilibrium in Spatially Separated Multi-Product Markets: An Application to the World Processed Orange Juice Market." Selected paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association meetings, Salt Lake City, UT, August, 1998. (Abstract: Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 80(1998): 1175)
McClain, E.A. "A Monte Carlo Simulation Model of the World Orange Juice Market." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Food and Resource Economics Dept, University of Florida, 1989.
Nova, Armando, Thomas H. Spreen, and Carlos Jauregui. "The Citrus Industry of Cuba: 1994-1999." Forthcoming International Working Paper, Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, March, 2001.
Roy, Michel, Chris O. Andrew, and Thomas H. Spreen. Persian Limes in North America: An Economic Analysis of the Production and Marketing Channels. Lake Alfred, FL: Florida Science Source, Inc., 1996, 146pp.
Spreen, Thomas H. "The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Market for Processed Citrus Products." Paper to be presented at the 13th Intergovernmental Meeting on Citrus, Food and Agriculture Organization, Beijing, China, May, 2001.
Zabaneh, Louis. "Economic Impact of International Trade Agreements on the World FCOJ Market." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Clemson University, 1999.
1 For more details on this model, see the Annex in Spreen.
| i don't know |
Which was the second country to adopt postage stamps? | Philatelic Books, Foreign Countries, A - E
Leonard H. Hartmann
OTHER COUNTRIES, Aden - Germany
Other Countries covers just about everything except for US, CSA and Canada. Please look up your interest under the various name combinations as this section is not cross-indexed and unfortunately it is also not consistent in the listings. A current or former colony could be listed under the original parent country or the current or original colony name. Sorry about that!
Aden, The Postal History of British Aden, 1839-1967 by Major R. W. Pratt, edited by E. B. Proud, 1985, 274 pages, cloth, sold out
Aden, The Postmarks of Aden, Postal Markings 1839-1939 by Robertshaw 1946, 23 pages, card bound, enquire before ordering, $30.00
Afghananistan, Afghan Philately 1871-1989, by Cecil H. Uyehara and Horst G. DietrichIn English, 1995, 571 pages, cloth, only one copy available, $125.00, sold
Afghanistan, The Postage Stamps of Afghanistan by David P. Masson and B. Gordon Jones The Sher Ali series 1870-1878, Abdur Rahman series 1880's, Rectangular Issues 1907-08. Privately reprinted by a student frustrated by the scarcity of the original work and the poor condition of originals and photocopies.
Original 1908 edition, rebound in buckrim with original cover, sold
Reprint of 1908 book, 58+8 pages + plates, cloth with plates in folder, $125.00
Afghanistan, The Afghan Campaign 1841-43 by Peter Collins An analysis of the 148 letters in Captain Riddell's correspondence, much history and postal history. 1973, 28 pages, card $8.50
Afghanistan, Its Twentieth Century Postal Issues by F. Patterson III 1964, 208 pages, cloth $35.50
AFRICA
Listing of single copy books, see expanded Africa listing
Africa, British East Africa Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery by Minns A fine and beautiful study from the Royal of London.
1982, 134 pages, 4 color plates, cloth, edition of 500
1990, 54 pages, card supplement
Book and supplement, only one available, $200.00
Africa, The P.H. and Handstamps of British West Africa by C. McCaig 1978 reprint of 1974 booklet, 64 pages, card, excellent study $12.50
Africa, History of the East African Army Postal Service by Stuart Rossiter, edited by Edward B. Proud 1982, 111 pages, cloth, limited stock, $75.00
Africa, British East Africa Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery by Minns A fine and beautiful study from the Royal of London.
1982, 134 pages, 4 color plates, cloth, edition of 500
1990, 54 pages, card supplement
Set, only one available $220.00
Africa, Transvaal, The Provisional Issue of the First British Occupation by Alan R. Drysdall, 1994, 82+9+ pages, cloth with dj, only one copy available, $63.50
Africa, Transvaal 1878-1880 by Robson Lowe 1973, 24 pages, 50 illustrations, card, a fine plating study $5.00
Africa, Rhodesia, The Postal History of Northern Rhodesia by E. B. Proud 1997, 376 pages, cloth, $75.00
Africa, Rhodesia, The Postal History of Southern Rhodesia by E. B. Proud 1997, 623 pages, cloth, $105.00
Africa, Rhodesia, Postmarks, Postal Routes and Principal Postage Rates of Southern Rhodesia to 1924 by R. C. Knight and D. A. Mitchell Large format with fold out maps. 1984, 176 pages, cloth with dj, edition of 500, $48.50
Africa, Rhodesia, A Postal History - Its Stamps, Posts & Telegraphs by R. C. Smith, 1967, 454 pages, cloth with dj, one copy available, $60.00
Africa, Rhodesia, Mashonaland - A Postal History 1890 - 1896 by Drysdall and Collis The founding of Rhodesia, published by Robson Lowe in conjunction with the Rhodesia Study Circle, much philatelic, postal and historic depth. 1990, 184 pages, cloth, edition of 500 copies, $74.00
Africa, Nyasaland - Rhodesia Field Force 1914-18 by Drysdall & Pennycuick 1986, 148 pages plus 5 fold out tables, card, one copy available $37.50, sold
Africa, Rhodesia, Stamps and Postal History of Northern Rhodesia and Zambia 1963-1965 by Alan R. Drysdall 1976, 40 pages, card, a most complete coverage, $6.50
Postal History of Kenya by Edward B. Proud, Covers the 1890 - 1963 period. 1992, 368 pages, cloth $95.00
Africa, Rhodesia 1913 Admirals by Gerald Simpson Excellent work on the printings and varieties from Robson Lowe. 1976, 12 page self cover, $5.00
Africa, The Postal History of Nyasaland by E. B. Proud 1998, 336 pages, cloth, $75.00
Africa, Postal Service of British Nigeria Region Prior to 1914 by John Ince and John Sacher Another book from the Royal Philatelic Society in London; Summary of the history and comprehensive Postal History, Stamps and Postal Stationery of Fernando Po, Lagos, Niger Territories, Oil River and Niger Coast Protectorates, Northern and Southern Nigeria. A massive work. 1992, 576 pages, 16 in color, cloth, $212.50
Africa, The Postal History of Nigeria by E. B. Proud 1995, 888 pages, 8 pages in color, cloth, $135.00
Africa, The Cockrill work on Nigeria by M.P. Nicholson Withdrawn years ago at Philip's request, an authorized reprint by Mervyn Todd, identical to the original but not as well printed. 2002 reprint of 1982-3,
No. 29, The Stamps & PH of the Niger Territories and the Niger Coast Protectorate
No. 30, The Local Bisects & Surcharges of the Oil Rivers and Niger Coast, 1893-1894
No. 31, The Stamps & PH of Southern Nigeria
No. 32, The Stamps & PH of Northern Nigeria
Set No. 29-32, enquire before ordering, $45.00
Africa, Transvaal Philately by Major Ian B. Mathews A complete coverage: external mails by Baker, Petersburg emergency issues by Bowden, Revenue and Telegraph by Crocker, Nieuwe Republic by Jonkers, Forgeries by Kaupe and Wigmore, Postal Stationery by van Zeyl, etc. In all there are 28 chapters, four color plates and 250 other illustrations.1986, limited stock, $115.00
Africa, The De La Rue Georgians of South Africa by H. E. Lobdell, 1944, monograph from the CCC, 100 pages, card, limited stock, $32.50
Africa, The Union of South Africa 1910-1961 by S. J. Hagger A completely new edition of the definitive Union Handbook 1986, 300 pages, 1987 one errata page, cloth, sold out
Africa, The Triangular Stamps of Cape of Good Hope by D. Alan Stevenson, 1950, 142+15 pages, two supplements, $285.00, sold
Africa, The Handstruck Letter Stamps of the Cape of Good Hope from 1792 to 1853 and the Postmarks from 1853 to 1910 by A. A. Jurgens, 1943, 140 + 14 + plates, a xerox copy, not bound, $65.00
Africa, Postmarks of the Cape of Good Hope, 1792-1910 by Robert Goldblatt The new definitive work on The Cape, also covers Griqualand West, 480 markings, covers, history, etc, well printed, good paper
1984, 267+ pages, 5 color plates, cloth with dj, nquire before ordering, $165.00
Supplement to Postmarks of the Cape of Good Hope by Goldblatt Corrections and additions, updated valuation on markings 1988, 47 pages, card, illustrated, soldout
Africa, Postal History of the South African Army Postal Service by Proud Covers South West Africa, East Africa WW 1, Egypt & France WW 2, SA Army Postal Service WW 2, and FPO WW 2. 1989, 159 pages, cloth $62.50
Africa, World War I in East Africa: Civil Censorship by Regis Hoffman from the Chavril Press 2001, 24 pages, card, �6.50, $13.00
Africa, Military Mails at the Cape of Good Hope, 1795-1870 by Ken Baker 1985, 44 pages, card, a new study of considerable importance $15.00
Africa, Paquebot Marks of Africa, Mediterranean Countries and their Islands by Edwin Drechsel, 1980, 72 pages, card, new and good $18.75
Africa, Mailboat Services from Europe to the Belgian Congo 1879 - 1922 by Abbe Gudenkauf, Belgian Congo Study Circle 1983, 84 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 41, $10.00
The Postal Stationery of the Bechuanalands and Botswana by Peter Thy and John Inglefield-Watson covers the stationery, proofs and essays from 1886 to 1997, published by the British Philatelic Trust, originally at �50 but now reduced by the Bechuanalands & Botswana Society to �20 plus transit, for copies purchased before June 2008 there is a first year membership included, 2004, 184 pages, hard bound, $62.50
Africa,The Postal History of Swaziland & Zululand by E. B. Proud 1996, 182 pages, cloth, $73.50
Africa, The Cancellations & Postal Markings of Basutoland & Lesotho Post Officves & their historical backgrund by A. H. Scott, 1980, 294 pages + fold out map, cloth, $47.50
Africa, The Postal History of Basutoland & Bechauanaland Protectorate by E. B. Proud 1996, 382 pages, cloth, $80.00
Africa, The Postal History of Gold Coast by Edward B. Proud 1995, 528 pages, 8 pages in color, cloth $115.00
Africa, The Postal Services of the Gold Coast to 1901 edited by John Sacher, Another superb work, history and philately from John Sacher 2003, 12 + 254 pages, cloth with dj, published 70� plus transit from RPSL, $132.50
Africa, Cameroons, for British and French please see Cameroons
Africa, French Morocco, 1943-44 Tour Hassan Issues by Charles Neidorf 1953, 56 pages, card $15.00
Albania,The Stamps & Postal History of Albania & Epirus 1878 to 1945 by John S. Phipps An excellent philatelic study with much emphasis on the necessary history, quite readable.
1996, 285 pages, card, published �25, total edition 450 copies, enquire before ordering
2001, 36 pages, card, supplement from the Albania Study Circle in the UK, enquire before ordering
Andorra-Andorre by W. A. Jacques
1974, 68 pages, cloth, edition of 500, $22.50
1985 Supplement, 32 pages, self cover
1985, 1974 edition with Supplement bound in $35.00
Andorra by Fred J. Melville 1936, 48 pages, card, $13.50
Antigua, Codrington Correspondence, 1743-1851 by Robson Lowe 1968, 124 pages, cloth, $32.50
Arabia, The Postal Issues of Hejaz, Jeddah and Nejd by D. F. Warren The original edition in MINT condition, edition of 350, 1927, 130 pages, tipped in map and loose plate of markings, card, new condition, one copy available, $350.00
Arabia, The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf, Supplement by Neil Donaldson, 1994, 38 pages, beautiful blue and gold card cover, all printed in blue, card, sold
Arabia, Catalog of the Postage Stamps of Saudi Arabia and the Hejaz and Nejd by M. Max Mayo, 1973, 160 pages, $45.00
Arabia, The Indian Postal Agencies in the Persian Gulf Area by Alan Parsons. For the first time the offices at Ezras Tomb, Qalet Saleh, Baghaila and the Desert Post, Euphrates Experimental Post, Ambassadors Mail, etc. 2001, 64 pages, cloth, sold
East Asia
The set is complete
Volume 6 is now in stock
A Postal History of the Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees in East Asia During the Second World War
by David Tett
Vol 1, Singapore & Malaya 1942-1945, the Changi Connection by David Tett, 2002, 21+387 pages, cloth with dj, enquire for current price
Vol 2, The Dutch East Indies 1942-1946, 2003, 20 + 470 pages with 8 color plates, cloth with dj, not sold separately.
Vol 3, The mails to and from Burma, Thailand and Indochina. 2004, 22 + 380 pages, 400 illustrations, mostly in color, cloth, $102.50
Vol 4, Hong Kong and China, 1941-1945, Captives in Cathay, 2007, 18 + 457 pages, in full color, cloth with dj, $83.50
Vol 5, Philippine and Taiwan, 1941-1945, No Uncle Sam, 2010, 391 pages, full color, cloth with dj, $80.00
Vol 6, Japan, Korea, and Manchuria and Borneo, 1942-1945, Hellships to Slavery, 2010, 427 pages, full color, cloth with dj, $85.00
Vol 1 - 6, complete, $530.00
Argentina Specialized Catalog 1856 - 2009
Large format, in Spanish however as each listing is illustrated in color a knowledge of the language is not really needed but as always most desirable, well printed. Comprehensive, mint and used stamps, covers are priced from 1856 -1888, telegraph stamps, good sections on official stamps and the departmental overprints, etc. all priced in US $, 2009, 501, pages, hard bound, large format, $95.00, sold
Argentine Maritime Postal History by Mario D. Kurchan The Maritime book on Argentina, good reading and reference, in English and Spanish 2002, 3rd edition, 444 pages, card, $40.00
Argentina, Tierra Del Fuego, the 1891 Postage Stamp and it's Usage by Brian Moorhouse and John C. West, 80 pages, 18 pages in color, cloth, published �20 plus transit, $45.00
Argentina, Corrents The Issues from 1856-80 by Louis Stitch, Col Club NY 1957, 88 pages, card, only one copy available, $40.00
Ascension, The Postal History of Ascension, St. Helena & Tristan da Cunha by Edward B. Proud, 2005, 248 pages, cloth with dj,out of print, $170.00
Ascension, The Stamps and Postal History by J. H. Atwood 1981, 71 pages, cloth $40.00
Australia New Zealand UK Mails, to 1900, Rates Routes and Ships Out and Home
by Colin Tabeart
Covers in detail the major and minor shipping lines and routes, bibliography plus general and ship indexes, a partial listing of Vol 1
The Toulmin Packets 1844-49 (Ward�s original work reproduced by kind permission)
The Early Steam Ships, private and contract (Ward�s original work with many additions)
The Sailing Packets 1854-6 (completely new)
The European and Australian Line 1856-8 (Molnar/Kirk with many additions)
The various P&O Contracts 1859-1880 (Kirk�s original work updated & re-tabulated)
The Pacific Routes both via Panama and San Francisco (completely new)
The Torres Strait Route 1866-1880 (completely new)
The Orient Line 1877-1880 (mostly new)
Limited stock
Vol 1 revised, The period prior to 1880, about 20% new material not in the 2004 book, bibliography and indexes, 418+ pages
Vol 2, 1881 - 1900, 384+ pages, one copy available $135.00
Set, Vol 1 revised and Vol 2, 2011, cloth, one set available, $275.00
The original 2004 Vol 1, to 1880, edition of 250, out of print, one copy available $110.00
The Half-Lengths of Victoria:
by
Hans Smith FRPSL
2013, 188+ 32 pages, with 50 years of additions to Tchilinghirian pioneer work in color, in English, cloth with dust jacket, published £50.00 plus postage, $110.00
Bahamas, The Postal History of Bahamas by E. B. Proud 2000, 392 pages, cloth, �45.00, $95.00
Bahamas, The Postage Stamps and Postal History of the Bahamas by H. G. D. Gisburn
1950, 144 pages, cloth, with owner labels $30, unmarked, $52.50
1998 reprint, 144 pages, cloth, �25, $50.00
Bahamas Post Offices by Gale J. Raymond, 1962, 8 pages, card, only one copy, $7.50
Bahamas Early Mail Service and Postal Markings by M. H. Ludington The postal history and postal markings to about 1975. 1982, 210 pages, cloth $110.00
Bahamas Temporary Rubber Datestamps and Cancellations by G. J. Raymond, 1960, 12 pages, card, only one copy $6.50
Balkans Revenues, by J. Barefoot, retail about �20, not yet out
Baltic State Revenues, by J. Barefoot Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Memel, and German WWI & WWII Occupation 1988, 40 pages, card, published �4, EP #9, $8.00
Baltic Postal Locations 1632-1917/18 by Harry v. Hofmann Gives the German, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian or Polish names for Russian place names. This second edition is much expanded over the previous which only covered 1858-1916. Invaluable for those interested in this area. 1996, 244 pages, card $42.50
The Postal History of Barbados and Grenada by Edward B. Proud, 2006, 335 pages plus 4 in color, cloth with dj, �45 plus transit, $94.00
Grenada by E.D. Bacon and F.H. Napier, circa 1906, 173+ pages, card, excellent condition but should be cloth bound, $85.00
MonacoPhil 2009
in conjunction with Club de Monte Carlo 1999-2009 issued an exceptional set of six books, in color, hard bound with dust jackets, in French and English covering things relating to Belgium.
The Maritime Mail, 574 pages
Belgium Proofs, 878 + pages
1st Issues of Belgium ( 249 pages). one copy available, $70.00
Sets, sold out
Belgium Postal Markings
La Poste Belge et ses Diverses Marques Postales de 1814 a 1914 by Louis Hanciau Well laid out thus the French text is not a great problem, all markings are in the back by type, 631 types in all. 1981 reprint of 1929 book, 474 pages plus 15 plates, cloth $39.00
Belgian Colonial
From the Azores to New Zealand, the Belgian Colonies on all six continents (1451-1916) their origins, history, and communication (pre-philately) by Patrick Maselis,
A major philatelic work; exceptional with respect to history, philately, overall production and at a most favorable price. The Belgian Colonial influence is far more than most of us suspected, there are 14 pages on New York alone, 28 on the Antarctic, 18 on New Zealand, 20 on Brazil, far more than just the Congo. Published with the assistance of the Stuart Rossiter Trust, 2005, large format (9.5 x 13 inches), 419 pages, in full color, in English, cloth with dj, $100.00
Belgium Post Offices, Dictionnaire Des Bureaux De Poste De Belgique de 1830 - 1983 by Albert Degreef. A listing of post offices, dates for openings, closings, class changes 1985, 550 pages, in French, $80.00
Belgium, Catalogue of Postmarks in Use During the German Occupation, 1914-1918 by Willy Van Riet 1982, 138 pages, cloth, in English, French & German $25.00
Belgium, Censure et Postes Militaires Belges 1914-1929 by Ren� Silverberg All aspects of the Belgium Army Post and Censoring systems 1982, 2nd edition, 159 pages, 138 illustrations, cloth, in French $22.50
Belgium, Nomenclatuere Des Bureaux De Poste, De Belgique et du Nore de La France Occup�s Guerre 1914-1918 by J. De Bast rre 1914-1918 by J. De Bast A detailed study of the WW I markings of Belgium and Northern France. 1990, circa 400 pages, with marking card, cloth, Dutch and French $45.00
Belgium,Les Chevaliers du timbre (De Ridders van de postzegel) The German invasions of Belgium, 1985, 116 + pages, in limp binder, in French, $27.50
Belgium, La Poste Belge Durant la Guerre de 1914-1919 by Ren� Silverberg Belgian civil postal system and stamps during WW I. 1976, 122 pages, 88 illustrations, card, in French $10.00
Belgium, Les Oblit�ratins M�caniques de Belgique de 1905 a 1920 by Ren� Silverberg Belgium Machine cancellations, well illustrated 1988, 125 pages, card, French $18.50
Belgium, Les cachets "Ambulant" de la Belgique occup�e 1914-1918 by De Grave The railroad cancellatins during the occupation. 1977, 24 pages, card, French, sold
Belgium Cancellations by H. Koopman Fine booklets, each with an English translation by A. De Lisle, limited stock
Les cachets a barres de Belgique 1849-1864 The horizontal and vertical bar killers 1975, 64 pages, card, Dutch and French $22.50
De Puntstempels van Belgie 1864-1873 A priced catalog of the dotted killers, also the traveling po 1982, 46 pages, card, Dutch and French $15.00, sold
Les Obliteratins a Double Cercle 1873-1876 1984, 23 pages, card, French $20.00
Les Obliterations Des "Depots" 1879-1910 Post Offices with Limited Service 1977, 28 pages, card, Dutch and French, $22.50, sold
Belgium, Les oblit�rations sur l'�mission de 1893 dit <
> by Gonze The cancellatins found on Scott 60-75 1979, 38 pages, card, French $5.00
Belgium, Catalogue des Proes Belges 1894-1937 by Jean Lepingle Belgium precancels 1980, 120 pages, plastic binding, limited stock $18.50
Belgium, Catalogue National, Sp�cialis� "-10%" The most recent catalog of the -10% overprints, illustrated, by town 1976, 132 pages, Dutch and French, sold out
Bibliografie van de filatelie in Belgie by Robert Leroy Bibliography of philatelic literature published in Belgium with indexes by author and subject, listing of library locations, etc. Some notes in English. 1988 second edition, 298 pages, cloth, $42.50
Belgium Congo, Le Congo Belge et ses Marques Postales by Andre De Cock A fine study of all the markings from the postal ones to the revenue, telephone, and fake markings, etc, good drawings of markings. 1986 reprint of 1931 book, 1987 pricing guide, 217 pages, cloth with dj, French, $35.00, sold
Belgium & Congo, Catalogue Illustre Des Essais des Timbres de Belgique et Congo Belge by Willy Grubben. Catalog of Essays, 251 illustrations. 1983 reprint of 1933 book, 120 pages, cloth, sorry, sold
Belgian Congo, Mailboat Steamers on Congo Rivers & Lakes 1896-1940 by Gudenkauf, Covers the postal history and cancellations. 1985, 64 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 43, $11.00
Belgian Congo, Postal History of the Lado Enclave 1897-1910 by Abbe G. Gudenkauf, Belgian Congo Study Circle 1986, 144 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 44, $20.00
Belgian Colonies Postal Stationery by E. Norman Lurch Listing starts with the Congo Free State in 1886 through the Belgian Congo in 1908, Occupation of German East Africa, etc. to Katanga in 1960. Large map enclosed, also an acetate overlay for the 1910 overprints. 1989, 64 pages, card cover, autographed, sold out
Burma, The Postal History of Burma by E. B. Proud, 2002, 1000 pages, over 1000 post offices and about 4,500 postmarks illustrated, cloth, last published price �100, out of print
Bermuda
Bermuda, The Postal History of Bermuda by M. H. Ludington The standard work on Bermuda. 1961, 283+13+50 plates, cloth with dj, RL edition 1978, 432+13 pages, cloth with dj, revised and slightly expanded, Quarterman edition, $165.00
The Postal History of Bermuda by Edward B. Proud From the early days through the end of the Colonial period, 1970 2003, 432 pages, cloth with dj, �45 + transit, $100.00
Bermuda, Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps by Robson Lowe An outprint of Bermuda and British Honduras from Vol 5 of the Encyclopedia 1973, 128 pages, card, $16.50
Bermuda, King George VI Large Key Type Stamps of Bermuda, Leeward Islands, Nyasaland by Robert W. Dickgiesser and Eric P. Yendall Detailed study of the stamps, postal rates and revenue usages. 1985, 183 pages, cloth, sold out
Bermuda Packet Mails 1806-1886 by J.C. Arnell & M. H. Ludington Detailed sailing tables, ships, arrival and departure dates. 1989, 161 pages, card, �28, $70.00, sold out
Bermuda Mails to 1865: An Inventory of the Postal Markings by Michel Forand and C. Charles Freeland About 650 entries covering Date stamps, Paid Stamps, Ship Letter and Forwarding Agents from 1820 to 1865. Tables of packet arrival and departure dates for 1827, 1842-50 and 1850-54. A table summarizing postal rates and an overview of the pre 1820 postal history. 1995, 124 pages, card $20.00
Bermuda Postmaster Stamps by Michel Forand 1990, 188 pages, cloth, 22 page article from 1990 APC book $25.00
Bermuda, Royal Mail Steam Packets to Bermuda and Bahamas by Ludington & Osborn 1971, 24 pages, 11 illustrations, 10 maps $4.50
Bermuda King George VI High Values by Robert W. Dickgiesser A detailed study of the printings and plate flaws. 1980, 59 pages, cloth, $30.00
Bermuda Registration Labels by Brad Arch Illustrations of the numerous types with period of use and catalog numbers. 1993, 24 pages, card $6.50
Intercepted in Bermuda, The Censorship of Transatlantic Mail during the Second World War by Peter A. Flynn Bermuda was the main point for censorship of mail going by air or ship between the Americas and Europe. There is much history on the service with a listing of the arrival and departure of planes from May 1939 through December 1945. The data base recording over 7,900 covers has permitted a detailed listing of the markings and there usage, the tapes, examiners, earliest and latest usages by examiner number, etc. Another limited edition book from the Collectors Club of Chicago, 2006, 235 pages, cloth, sold out, limited stock, $140.00
Bermuda, assundry, only one of each
Bermuda, The Handstruck Stamps and Cancellations by M. H. Ludingon, 1956, published by RL, 40 pages, card, $12.50
Bermuda King George VI High Values, a guide to the flaws and printings by Robert W. Dickgiesser 1980, 59 pages, card, $12.50
The Furness Line to Bermuda by Ludington and Rego 1990, 58 pages, card, $12.50, sold
Bermuda "Ship" Type by M. H. Ludington, 1955, 35 pages, card, $12.50
Bermuda by H. R. Holmes1931, 92 pages, card, $15.00
Bermuda, The Hanstruck Stamps and Cancellations by Ludington, 1956, 40 pages, card, $22.50
Bermuda Registration Labels by Brad Arch, 1933, 24 pages, card, $8.50
Borneo, The Postal History of British Borneo by E. B. Proud Covers Brunei, North Borneo and Sarawak, 2003, complete revision of 1987 edition, 456 pages, cloth with dj, �50, $115.00
Borneo: The Japanese POW Camps by Neville Watterson, 1989, two volumes in slip case, 341 pages, total, card in slip case, only one available, $92.50
Bosnia, Handbook and Catalogue, Postal History Bosnia & Herzegovina 1878 - 1918 by Berislav Sekelj, 2005, 384 pages, in color, card, in Croatian, German and English, the English text is excellent but not as extensive as the German however anyone interested in the subject should have little trouble, $63.50, sold out
Brazil 1844-1846 "Slanted Numerals" Handbook by Walter G. Tveira Covers the authentic stamps with emphasis on the issue, multiples and philatelic history along with 16 different forgeries,etc. ps with emphasis on the issue, multiples and philatelic history along with 16 different forgeries,etc. 2001, 628 pages, cloth, in English and Portuguese, some color illustrations
Bulls Eyes Stamps of Brazil by L. G. Brookman1943, 22 pages, out print from the AP, $15.00, sold out
Imperio Do Brazil 1843-1889, Centenar Handbook No. 3, published by the APS, 1943, 159 pages, card bound, $90.00, sold out
Steam Packets to Brazil, Paquetes a Vapor Para O Brasil, by Armando Mario O. Vieira Steam Packets from Europe to Brasil originating at or touching Lisbon. A much needed work, complete with sailing dates, in 1872 there were 11 different packet companies serving Brazil. A superb work but as it is printed in Portuguese most of us will have to be satisfied with the date in the tables of sailing dates, illustrated with fine covers. 1991, 309 pages, cloth, edition of 500, numbere
Correio Aero - A History of the Development of Air Mail Services in Brazil by William Victor Kriebel The development of the airlines that carried mail in and out of Brazil, Aeropostale, Lufthansa, LATI, NYRBA, Pan Am, Varg, Condor, etc Another fine volume from the AAMS, 1997, 200 pages, card, in English, $16.50
British Army Postal Service, Covers 1882 - 1963, markings, maps and history.
Vol. 1, 1882-1902, 283 pages, cloth, $75.00
Vol. 2, 1903-1926, 312 pages, cloth, $95.00
Vol. 3, 1927-1963, 531 pages, cloth
Complete set, Vol. 1 - 3, $345.00
The British Post Office in Colombia 1821-1881 by Malcolm Bentley, 2010, 141 pages, illustrated in colour and black and white, cloth with dj, published at �40 plus �12 postage, $88.50
British Guiana, The Postage Stamps and Postal History of British Guiana by Townsend & Howe, published by The Royal Philatelic Society London, 1970, 424 pages, limited stock, $425.00
The Postal History of British Guiana by E. B. Proud 2000, 220 pages, cloth, �35.00, $80.00
British Indian Ocean Territory, History and Postal Markings of the BIOT, British and American Military Postal system by Pendleton , circa 2004, 61+ pages, card, $14.50
British Solomon Islands by Harold G. D. Gisburn, 1956, 111 pages, cloth, $60.00
British Solomon Islands Protectorate, Postal History of the U.S. Forces During World War II by Stanley C. Jersey, 1968, 96 pages, cloth
British Solomon Islands, Cancellation Study of the British Solomon Island Protectorate by Vernon, 1976, 22 pages, card, $10.00
British West Indies & Falkland Islands, British Empire Civil Censorship Devices of World War II, edited by Peter C. Burrows, 2010, about 150+ pages, wire spiral binding, limited edition, $32.00
Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom, History, stamps and postal history 1840-1908
by Roberto Sciaky
2006, 120 pages, in English, card, published at 27 euro, $35.00
Brunei 1895 Star and Crescent Issue by Robson Lowe 1973, 32 pages plus one page of corrections, card $6.00
Brunei, Definitive Issues and Postal Cancellations to 1974 by Thorndike 1982, 52 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 34 $10.00
Burma Postal History by Gerald Davis and Denys Martin
1971, 204 pages, cloth bound
1987, Indian Post Office in Burma, supplement to 1971 edition, 38 pages, card, $17.50
1987, 1971 book with 1987 supplement bound, cloth
Burma, An Annotated Bibliography of Burma Philately by Alan Meech Most readable, detailed and well produced listing of books articles and auction catalogs. 1993, 125 pages, 16 illustrations, card bound $40.00
The Railroads of Cameroun and Associated Postal History by Marty Bratzel From the the first railroads of Cameroun that were laid by the Germans in 1901, the transition of World War I, during and through the British and French administrations, and after independence through to the present day. Railroad postmarks and their recorded dates of use, related Cameroun postage stamps, World War I-related covers, 138 railroad photographs, etc. 2009, 170 pages, spiral bound, to appear in August, $55.00
The Postal Tariffs of Cameroun under French Administration -- 1916-1961
by Marty Bratzel
All aspects of postal tariffs of the Cameroun under French administration. This is the most complete and best documented postal rate work that we know of; numerous rates are given along with other services such as money orders, C.O.D., postal cheques, reply coupons, debt collection, insurance, etc. Many covers are illustrated. 2007, 215+6 pages, searchable CD in pdf format having over 500 pages on the tariffs, spiral wire binding, $80.00
British Cameroons, The Postmarks and Postal History, 1916-1961 by R.J. Maddocks and M.P. Bratzel Jr. The original 1994 book is a detailed study illustrating over 225 postmarks, 17 pictures, 2 maps an 41 covers. For both the Northern and Southern Cameroons all facets from international mail routes, air, WW II censorship, postage due, free franks and even perfins are covered among others. A detailed treatment of the 1960-61 Cameroons UKTT stamp issue. We now have a major supplement to the original book.
1994, The Original Book, 136 + 8 pages, card cover edition of 400, $27.50
2007, Supplement and Addenda, 115 + 6 pages, spiral bound, edition of 200, $40.00
Cameroons Cameroons - Facets Covering Postal Censorship in Wartime, 1939-1945 by R. J. Maddocks, Cause and Effect of Postal Censorship 1989, card, Cockrill Booklet 58 $16.00
CamerounWartime Revenue Stamps of Cameroun, A Critical Examination by M. P. Bratzel Jr. Covers 1940 - 1945, 8 issues, 50 different stamps and 15 major varieties. A well produced booklet in a limited edition. To see a sample of the fine color work in this book please select Cameroun Illustration but be warned it will be slow to load. 1996, 47+4 pages, 9 pages in excellent color, card, $25.00
Cayman Islands, Postal History of the Cayman Islands by Giraldi and McCann, From the first PO in 1889 and the adhesive stamps in 1900 to the 1980's, markings and stamps, revenue, censorship, etc. etc. 1989, 184 pages, cloth $65.00
Central America, Postal History and a Listing of Prephilatelic Postmarks edited by Leo J. Harris A fine and useful study, enjoyable to read however we must say the quality of the paper, printing and binding is not as one would expect for a book published in 1986 at $40.00. These faults are the publishers, not the compilers. 1986, 156 pages, card, limited stock $50.00
The Postal History of Ceylon by Edward B. Proud 2006, 934 pages, cloth with dj, published at �65 plus transit, $148.50
Ceylon Postal History 1857-1902 by Obr� J. Sanders Special emphasis on the maritime mail, postage rates and regulations. 1999, 180 pages, 17 plates in color, cloth with dj, edition, 500, sold
Ceylon - Its Postal History 1914-19 Short handbook, with value guide covering a fascinating period. 1990, 12 pages, card UK �2.00, $3.50
The Postal History of Chile by Hugo V. Brinkgreve & John C. West Covers markings from stampless through the 1940's Published by Proud-Baily, in English, 2002, 564 pages plus 8 color plates, cloth with dj, �50, $110.00
Chile: First Issues of Postage Stamps 1853-1867 by Gerhard Blank Covers printing characteristics and watermarks in detail; catalog of the stamps, covers, proofs and reprints with rarity factors. 1989, 180 pages, 16 color plates, 22+2 black and white plates
Chile, Postmarks of Santiago by Michael Rego From 1770 through circa 1940, main and branch post offices. 1984, 80 pages, card, edition of 250, well illustrated, $35.00
Chile, The Postmarks of Valparaiso by M. Rego & J. C. West In English, the general datestamps from 1853 to 1939 and the fancy killers used to 1880, 500 markings, much Maritime including shipping lines and postal arrangements, the British, French and US Consulates, etc. 1995, 200 pages, cloth edition, $37.50
Chile, The Traveling Post Offices of Chile by Sr. Emmerich Vamos Sz 1983, 32 pages, card, in English, $12.50
Chile, The Pacific Steam Navigation Company by A. R. Doublet A fine history of the company, ships, covers, markings and stamps. 1983, 80 pages, card, edition of 1,000, Royal of London, $32.50
China, The Large Dragons 1878-1885 by P. W. Ireland 1978, 130 pages, cloth wit dj, some illustrations in color, only one copy available, $105.00
Notes on the "Chung Hwa" Forgeries by A. Charles Strong Mostly forged overprints on Postal Savings Stamps of China, Foreign PO in China, Danzig, Ukraine, Russian Occupation of Lithuania, Estonia, GB Officials, Russia - British Occupation of Batum, Polish Posts in Danzig, Japanese Occupation of North China. Forged Proofs of the Russian Romanov Dynasty 1913 set, China Large and Small Dragon, etc.
Vol 1, 2000, about 150 pages, cloth bound, edition of 100, numbered
Vol 2, 2001, about 122 pages, cloth bound, edition of 100, numbered, limited stock, set $140.00
China, The Gee-Ma Forgeries by Robson Lowe 1980, 12 pages, card, illustrates 234 forged Chinese overprints, sold out, scans possible
China, From China and Tibet by Robson Lowe Letters written by missionaries in the interior, 1844-1865. 1981, 24 pages, self cover, enquire first, $12.50
Webb Hong Kong
The Philatelic and Postal of Hong Kong and the Treaty Ports of China and Japan by Francis W. Webb A spectacular work on the subject and a magnificent book. 1994 reprint of 1961 book, 556 pages, cloth, used but not abused $140.00, new $170.00
Richard C. K. Chan collection of Hong Kong and Treaty Ports, March 6, 2003, Oct 15, 2003 & March 24, 2004 by Cavendish, with pr, $135.00
Cancerllations of the Treaty Ports of Hong Kong 1850-1930 by Hans Schoenfeld, 1988, about 100 pages, cloth, in English, only one copy availble, $32.50
The Royal Navy in Hong Kong since 1841 by Kathleen Harland, non-philatelic but of interest, circa 1995, 112 pages, card, onlyone copy available, $15.00
China, Postal History of Hong Kong, by Edward B. Proud
Vol 1, 1841 - 1958
1993, 1st edition, 146 pages, card, only one copy left, $25.00
1997, 2nd edition, 180 pages, card, edition of 200 copies, $40.00
China, Shanghai Large Dragons, The First Issue of The Shanghai Local Post by Dr. Wei-Liang Chow, 1996, 72 pages, card, in Englilsh edited by William L. Kullman, limited stock, $40.00
China, The Shanghai Postal System, The Stamps and Postal History by Charles W.Dougan, 1981, 214 pages, cloth, only one copy available, $110.00
China, A Comprehensive Illustation of Covers with Sinkiang Provisional Airmail Stamps, 1932-1933 by David Lu, Each cover is described in detail with full provenance, in both English and Chinese. Well printed with excellent English test though the general arrangement is strange. 2001, 256 pages with 8 in color, hard bound with dj (not card edition), $32.50
China, The Postage Stamps and Commemorative Cancellations of Manchouku/Manchukoku, Manchou Tukuo, Manchoukuo by Helen K. Zirkle, Collectors Club of New York handbook no 16, 1964, 131 pages, cloth
Colombia by Dieter Bortfeldt
Colombia, Private Mail Carriers of Colombia by Dieter Bortfeldt with Carlos Valenzuela A. and Alfredo Frohlich, Covers 62 different carrier companies operating from 1870 to 1960. 2006, 301 pages, full colour, $175.00
Handbook of Colombian Revenue Stamps by Alan D. Anyon
Another excellent book by the Colombian Philatelic Research society, 2009, 223 pages, in color, hard bound, sold out
Colombia, The Lansa Story, The Postal History of the Colombian Airline LANSA by Alfredo Frohlich & Dieter Bortfeldt, A comprehensive story of the history, covers, stamps and forgeries. 2005, 179 pages, in color, cloth, $135.00
Colombia, Handbook of the SCADTA Provisional Surcharges 1921-1923 by Santiago Cruz & Dieter Bortfeldt, printed in Colombia but in English, new study of the provisionals including details on the forgeries, 2004, 120 pages, $145.00
Colombia, The Cordova Issue of 1899, Department of Antioquia by Dieter Bortfeldt, printed in Colombia but in English, 2005, 144 pages, in color, cloth.
Copies 1 - 20 numbered come with two pages having 14 of the stamps, $145.00
The Workbook, Notes on Reprints and Forgeries of Colombian Stamps, by Dieter Bortfeldt, FRPSL, AIEP
Part 1, The Classic Period 1859-1868, printed in Colombia but in English, 2004, 211 pages printed one side, in color, cloth bound, numbered edition, $135.00, sold out
Part 2, The Sovereign States of Colombia, Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cundinamarca, Tolima, Panama, 2007, 252 pages, cloth, $135.00, sold out
Part 3, The Colombian Airmails, 2007, 240 pages, cloth, one copy left, $175.00, sold
The Postal History of Costa Rica to 1883 by Richard C. Frajola and Frederick R. Mayer 2008, 200 pages, cloth, full color, $50.00
Costa Rica, Photographic Artwork and Essays from the American Bank Note Company Archives, circa 1910-1950 by Brian Moorhouse 2002, 32 pages, card, �6.00, $10.00
Cyprus, The Postal History of Cyprus by E. B. Proud 1998, 688 pages, cloth, �55.00 plus transit, $107.50
Cyprus 1353-1986, history, postal history and postage stamps by W. F. Castle Note, 1952 edition has detailed forgery article by Patton which is not in later editions.
1952, 1st edition, 132+10 pages, cloth
1971, 2nd edition, 256 pages, cloth, limited stock $70.00
1987, 3rd edition, 564 pages, cloth, enquire first, $200.00
Rural Post of Cyprus, 1886-2000 by Ken Lewis, CD Rom, For details please see Cyprus
2001 CD Rom, sold out
Cyprus by Brenda M. Goodwin
Mail Services of the Pre-1974 Invasion Period 1982, 48 pages, card, Cyprus Booklet No. 1, Cockrill Booklet 35, $8.00
Mail Services to the Refugee Camps, Part I 1983, 36 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 36, $8.00
Mail Services to the Refugee Camps, Part II 1983, 36 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 37, $8.00
Post-1974 Mail Routes and Developments 1984, 40 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 39, $8.00
Curacao, A Postal History of Curacao by F. W. Julsen and A.M. Benders, 1976, 626 pages, cloth with dj, one copy available, $120.00
Cyprus, The Postal Surcharge and Revenue Stamps of Cyprus by Bols 1979, 12 pages, self cover, 27 illustrations $7.50
Czechoslovakia, Bibliography by John Velek 1970, 1st Quarter, PHILATELIC LITERATURE REVIEW $2.50
Czechoslovakia,Mail of the Czechoslovak Legions in France by Jaroslav J. Verner Am excellent coverage of the history and markings, WW I. Each page has two columns, the left is in English and the right in Czeck, well printed, covers in full color. 2002, 84 pages, card, edition of 650 copies, $13.50
Czechoslovakia, Mail Service in the Ghetto Terezin 1941-1945 by Frantisek Benes and Patricia Tosnerova. A beautiful written and produced book, hard bound in paper case with slip case, in four languages including English. 1995, 344 pages with 15 color plates, limited stock $112.50
Czechoslovakia Revenue by J. Barefoot 2001, 55 pages, card, �7, $14.00
Denmark, An Introduction to the Postal History of Denmark 1624-1950 by David Cornelius From the Stuart Rossiter Trust, 2004, 344 + 22 pages, cloth, dj, �38 plus transit, $87.50
Danish Postal Stationery by S. Ringstr�m Denmark, Danish West Indies, Schleswig and Iceland from 1871 to 1984. 1985, 218 pages, cloth
Denmark, Danish Numeral Cancellations 1852 - 1884 by Hansen and Tester Extremely comprehensive, besides cancellations there is much postal history, information on the adhesives, maps, bibliographies, etc. 1988, 178 pages, card, recommended $25.00, sold out
Denmark, Catalog of Scandinavian Revenue Stamps by Paul A. Nelson
Vol. 1 , DWI, Faeroes, Greenland, Iceland and Norway 1983, 80 pages, card, 11 pages of additions and corrections, sold out
Vol. 2, Denmark adhesives and stamped revenue paper including Danish India Numerous Cinderellas' are also listed such as Lottery Tickets, Fee Stamps for Credit-Worthiness, Vacation Stamps, Perfins, etc. 1989, 96 pages, card, a fascinating book, $14.00
Denmark, The Railway Post Offices of Denmark by Anthony M. Goodbody 1979, 27 pages, card, in English $12.50
Denmark 2 Rigsbank-Skilling 1851-1852 by Sten Christensen The stamps, postal history, Danish rates from 1522 to 1851, all in English, The stamps are covered from the manufacture of the paper and watermark, the printing plates and printings, first by line engraving and then typography, the burelage. The plating of the stamps is covered in great detail as are the fifteen types of forgeries. Four plating quality facsimiles covering 248 positions are tipped in. A fine section on the postal history. 1981, 160 pages, cloth, 337 illustrations, 248 facsimiles, $32.50
Denmark, Private Local Posts of Denmark by Christensen & Ringstr�m A scholarly work that has been beautifully produced, all in English. Each post starts with it's history, photographs and maps then a catalog priced in US $ for the stamps and stationery, many stamps are plated with enlarged photographs showing the characteristics, covers and cancellations. Color is well used, the maps are excellent, old photographs and prints are in appropriate tones, some stamps in color, as are reproductions of documents.
1974, 199 pages, regular edition $45.00
1974, 214 pages, deluxe edition, � leather, facsimiles tipped in $125.00, used, $85.00
1974, 214 pages, deluxe edition with all facsimiles, never bound, $75.00
Danish West Indies Mails, 1754-1917 by Victor E. Engstrom
Vol 1, 1979, 200 pages, cloth
Vol 2, 1981, 273 pages, cloth, with quarter sheet reprint of 3c 1856 stamp from the original plate, 25 stamps
Vol 3, 1982, 317 pages, cloth
Set, one available, mint condition, the current price in Denmark is $1,740.00, $1,250.00
Postal History of the US Virgin Islands, formerly the Danish West Indies by J.Alfred Birch, 1966, 40 pages, card, $16.50
Dominician Republic,
The Classic Stamps
by Danilo A. Mueses
An excellent study of the stamps, postal history and forgeries, in Spanish and English, the outer column in Spanish and the inner in English, almost paragraph for paragraph thus excellent for some one wanting to brush up on the language, 2001, 240 pages, in color, card, $45.00
Ecuador, Postal History and a Listing of Prephilatelic Postmarks by Leon J. Harris, Percy Bargholtz and Rodrigo Paez T. 1984 appeared 1985, English & Spanish edition, circa 150 pages, cloth, $145.00
Ecuador: The Philately of the Seebeck Era, January 1892 to Mid-June 1897, its Stamps, Proofs, POSTAL STATIONERY AND POSTAL HISTORY, By Robert A. D'Elia, FRPSL and Douglas B. Armitage, FRPSL Bill Welch, FRSPL, Editor The stamps are most detailed and the postal history is more than adequate. Extensive illustrations and text on the many overprints and surcharges, genuine and forged, and is complete with a full index and bibliography. The book is designed as a teaching tool, to allow the reader to learn, in detail, about these stamps, proofs, postal stationery, and their postal history, and especially, how to recognize the genuine stamps and overprints from their reprints and forgeries. It also, indirectly, provides a guide for collectors of the stamps of other Seebeck Countries. The edition is numbered and our copies autographe, edition limited to 204 copies. 2005, 407 + 31, pages, 16 pages in color, cloth, $225.00
Egypt, Stamps and Posts of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by Gisburn & Thompson 1947, 1998 reprint, 120 pages, cloth, �25, $50.00
Egypt, 19th Century Campaigns in Egypt and the Sudan by John Firebrace Fourteen campaigns from the French 1798-1801 through the Nile Expedition, 1897-1900, the basic history and postal history followed by pages from the author's collection. 1997, 218+10 pages plus 8 color plates, published �40, $80.00
Egypt
The Nile Post, Handbook and Catalogue of Egyptian Stamps by Joseph H. Chalhoub Covers most aspects and in considerable detail and all is in English: 72 pages on essays, 124 on definitives, 257 pagers on commemoratives, etc. to the special stamps, Suez Canal, French Consular, Postal Stationery, issues for Palestine, Sudan, etc. 2003, 784+24+32 color plates, well produced, a massive 7 lbs in wt, cloth with dj, $115.00
Egypt, Postal History of Egypt to 1900 by Samir Amin Fikry From the Royal Philatelic Society of London but not up to there usual standards, The work is arranged into five sections: Pre-Adhesive, Foreign Consular Post Offices, Egyptian Posts in the Suez Canal Zone and Fifth Viceroy and Offices Abroad. 1996, 176 pages 48 plates in color, cloth, limited stock
Egypt Stamps & Postal History A Philatelic Treatise by Peter A.S. Smith, 1999, 874 pages, cloth with dj, $420.00, sold out
Egypt, The Kings of Egypt and Their Stamps 1860-1960 by Robson Lowe Essays of Egypt, a collection formed by Mackenzie-Lowe and King Fouad. 1969, 40 pages, 51 illustrations in color, 186 half-tones, card, sold out
The F.I.P. Guide to Exhibiting and Judging Traditional and Postal History Exhibits by Robert P. Odenweller and Paul H. Jensen. Of special interes as the first two issues of Egypt are used as examples for the material is seldom shown thus few have any preconceived expectations. 1994, Two parts, 27 pages text, 64 pages in excellent color, card, one copy available $50.00
Egypt, Suez Canal Company, The Private Ship Letter Stamps of the World Vol. 3 by Ringstr�m, Tester and Boulad d'Humi�res. 1985 288 pages plus enlarged 40c Saatjian sheet, cloth, $45.00
Egypt, The Traveling Post Offices of Egypt by Peter A. S. Smith 1983, 65 pages, card, covers 1875 through the 1940's
Egypt, Catalogue of Egyptian Revenue Stamps, with Sudanese Revenue & Egyptian Cinderellas by Peter R. Feltus 1982, 236 pages, 4 color plates, cloth, edition 1,000, sold out
Egypt, The Posta European & 1984 Kehr Catalogue of Interpostals by Ernest A. Kehr & Philip Cockrill 1984, 60 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 33, $10.00
The Prestamp Period of El Salvador (1525 - 1866)
by
Guillermo F. Gallegos and Joseph D. Hahn
Being published by the Collectors Club of Chicago, expected delivery mid April, 2015. An exceptional book with respect to understanding the postal operations of all of early Spanish America and not just El Salvador though the book is devoted to El Salvador, the rates, covers and markings, extensively illustrated, edition limited to 300 copies, 286 + 18 pages of which 26 are in color, cloth, with dj, pre-publication price of $72.00 plus transit has expired, the list price is $80.00 plus postage $3.00 for the US or $25.00 for abroad.
El Salvador, The Revenue Stamps of El Salvador by Joe Ross Well illustrated catalog from 1883, well indexed 1994, 53 pages, plastic binding, edition of 250, numbered, out of print
Ethiopia by Roberto Sciaky
The definitive work on Ethiopian Stamps and Postal History, extremely comprehensive and detailed, much background information, a classic study and it is in English. Three volumes and a supplement. For details please see Ethiopia
The History, Stamps and Postal History 1936 - 1974,
2003, 219 pages, cloth, $92.50
For an update please see a pdf file 1936-1974
History, Stamps and Postal History, 1867 - 1936,
1999, 224 pages, 16 color plates, 200 b/w illustrations, cloth, $72.50
2001, 78 pages, card, addendum to above, $30.00
Additional updates, a pdf file at
1936-1974, 2nd
Ethiopia from Tewodros to Menelik, Postal History from the Napier Expedition to the Independent Imperial Posts 1867-1908 A wonderful continuation to his 1999 book and the 2001 supplement,
2002, 160 pages, card, with floppy disk having a data base of 763 cards and covers, published 60 Euro, $75.00
Ethiopia by Eric Payne & Norman Cape Eight booklets covering most aspects of Ethiopian philately; stamps 1894 - 1936, postmarks 1868 - 1936, stationery, fiscals, etc.
1981-2, Cockrill Booklets 13 - 20, $97.50
Falkland Islands & Dependencies by Edward B. Proud, 2006, cloth with dj, out of print, $170.00
Falkland IslandsThe Postage Stamps of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies by B.S.H. Grant
1952, 140 pages, cloth, $60.00
1998 reprint, 140 pages, cloth, �25, $50.00
Falkland Islands Philatelic Digest A compilation from the UPLAND GOOSE for the 1970-1975 period.
No. 1 edited by Malcolm D. Barton, 1983 reprint of 1975 book, 184 pages, 60 illustrations, cloth, $25.00 Original 1975 book, card, $20.00
No. 2 edited by Major R.N. Spafford, 1979, 200 pages, cloth, $25.00 Card 1979 edition, $20.00
Falklands The War Stamp Overprints of the Falklands, 1918-1920 by J. P. Bunt 1987, 28 pages, 2nd edition, printing of 400, $9.50
The Falkland Islands, printings of The Pictorial Issue of 1938-1949 by C. E. Glass, 1979, 20 pages, card, only one copy available, $12.50
Falklands, The 1933 Centenary Issue of the Falkland Islands by Major R.N. Spafford, 1972, 83 pages, cloth with dj, $62.50, sold out
Falklands, De La Rue Definitive of the Falkland Islands 1901-1929 by Bunt 1986, 100 pages, cloth, only one copy number, $75.00, sold
Falklands, War Stamp Overprints of the Falkland Islands 1918-1920 by Bunt 1981, 40 pages, cloth, $45.00
Falkland Island Mails, The Kosmos Years, 1880-1900 by Rev Jeremy Howat The sailings of all 265 contract mail voyages are detailed along with the contracts and known covers. 1989, 144 pages, cloth, $50.00
Falklands, Postal Service of the Falkland Islands by R. Barnes
1972 first printing, soft, $22.50
1980 second printing, 104 pages, cloth, $32.50
Falkland Islands, Postcards of.., A Catalogue: 1900-1950 by H. & F. Heyburn 1985, 256 pages, 310 illustrations, $27.50
Falklands, Cancellations of the Falkland Islands and The Dependencies by James Andrews 1956, 56 pages, cloth, one copy available, $37.50
Fiji, The Stamps and Postal History 1870-75 by Rodger and Duberal, 1970, 147 pages, cloth with dj, $110.00
Fiji, The Postal History of Fiji 1911-1952 by J. G. Rodger Covers the transport of mail on land, sea and in the air, postal tariffs and stationery, post offices and postal agencies, revenue stamps, 1915-20 War Stamps, George V 1�d stamp. 1991, 112 pages, card bound, edition of 300, numbered $65.00
Fiji, The Postal History of Fiji by J.G. Rodger Published by E.B. Proud but still a Rodgers book. 1999, 528 pages, cloth, $90.00
Fiji, The Post Offices and Postal Cancellations of Fiji by H. M. Campbell, 1968, 56 pages, card, enquire first, $35.00
Fiji, Ship Letters of the South Pacific by J. Whitsed Dover, 1955, 24 pages, card, enquire first, $22.50
Post Offices in Finland 1638-1985, English translation by Anneli Hvidonov, An introduction from the Philatelic Federation of Finland, 1989, 107+2 pages, card, $20.00, sold out
Finland, The Serpentine Rouletted Stamps, Issues of 1860 and 1866 All in English, translated by Kauko Aro, SPF
Vol. 1, The Adhesive Stamp by Linder and Dromberg 1983, 106 pages, card $18.50
Vol. 2, Cancellations and Roulette Varieties by Ossa 1985, 113 pages, card $19.50
Finland, European Letters to Finland 1819 to 1873 by B. Lundh Illustrates covers, full size, explaining the markings, routes and rates. Contains 207 covers from 13 countries, 5 maps, in English. Edition of 300, numbered 1990, 234 pages, 24 color plates, card, $75.00
Finland, The Railway Parcel Stamps of Finland by Hellman & Saarinen Well illustrated, text in English and Finnish, edition of 800, numbered 1993, 112 pages + 4 color plates + color map, card, $30.00
Finnish Christmas Seals 1908 - 1993 by Philatelic Federation of Finland A beautiful book in Finnish, Swedish and English As with the US ones unused seals are of moderate value but those on cover and cancelled are most desirable, also post cards, proofs and imperforates exist and often were produced for the collector, again as with US ones. 1994, 216 pages, card, limited stock, $52.50
Fiume, The Postmarks of Fiume 1809 - 1945 by John Gilbert, from the Italy and Colonies Study Circle, The French, Austrian and Hungarian periods, World War One, the Allied Occupation, the d'Annunzio regime, the Annexation to Italy, World War Two and the Yugoslav Military Occupation. The historical background of all the significant events is explained, well illustrated with maps, contemporary pictures, covers and hundreds of postal and other markings including military, maritime, airmail and railway postmarks, and registration, censor and express handstamps. 2007, 164 pages, prong binding with acetate covers, published at �20 plus trnsit, $48.50
France, A Bibliography of Philatelic Literature on the French Colonies, Protectorates and Overseas Territories, Vol. One by R. G. Stone 1981, 110 pages, card, $10.00
France, Fakes and Forgeries of 20th Century French Postage Stamps by R. G. Gethin A detailed study from the 1914 Red Cross Surtax through 1997 with the red letter simple rate stamps. 2006, 148 pages, in English and in color, card, $82.50
Table of French Postal Rates 1849 to 2011 by Derek Richardson.
The 4th edition and much expanded with better organization and presentation. It covers 1849 to 2011 for numerous classes of mail, domestic and overseas. An excellent expansion over the 66 page version that appeared in 1996.
1996, 2nd edition, 66 pages, card, sold out
2006, 3rd edition, 96 pages, card, one copy available $40.00
2011, 4th edition, 2012 printing, 100 pages, card, enquire first, $50.00
The Development of Rates of Postage (France) by A. D. Smith revised and abridged by C. S. Holder, The French material abstracter and updated from A. D. Smith's 1917 work, 1980, 65 pages, card, in English, $22.50
France, The Pneumatic Post of Paris by J. D. Hayhurst, 1974, 27 pages, card, in English, $17.50
France, The Postal History of the Kingdom of Westphalia Under Napoleon 1807-1814 by Carroll Chase & Henry Meyer Eleven maps, tracings of 76 postmarks, 1958, 47 pages, card, in English, limited stock, $45.00
France, Philat�lie � la Fran�aise, Philatelic Foundation Monograph No. 2 International Mail, 1699-1869 by Martin F. Stempien, Jr., The Hulot Plates of 1849-1876 by Marc W. Martin First Issues by John E. Lievsay Guadeloupe, 1859-1915 by Edward J.J. Grabowski, all in English. 1992, 101 pages, card bound, $30.00
France, Nomenclatuere Des Bureaux De Poste, De Belgique et du Nore de La France Occup�s Guerre 1914-1918 by J. De Bast A detailed study of the WW I markings of Belgium and Northern France. 1990, circa 400 pages, marking card, cloth, Dutch and French, $45.00
France, Military and Postal History of the Revolutionary Armies in the West of France 1791-1802 by Stanley J. Luft A well done study of the history and philately, produced on a Laser Jet Printer by Envision Monographs, type is first rate, as the illustrations are stampless they are quite acceptable. 1993, 113 pages, card bound, sold out
French Colonial Airmail rates from 1920 to 1945 by Bob Picirilli Covers the letter rates and airmail surtax for French colonies from the start of commercial aviation to the end of WW2, and provides for the first time a comprehensive source of information to explain the postage rates applied to pre 1946 French colonial airmail covers. Published by the France & Colonies Philatelic Society (GB). 234 pages, card bound, and a CD having a 7,500 cover database, out of print
The Sower, A common Little French Stamp by Ashley Lawrence, 2012, 252+ 4 pages, in color, soft, published at £40.00 + transit, limited stock $80.00
The Postal History of French Forces in Tunisia 1900-1920 & the South Tunisian Campaign 1915-1917
by David Trapnell, Well illustrated: covers, markings and maps. 2013, 40 pages, large format, in color, $27.50
French Postal History by Vincent Pothion
Paris Marques Postales et Obliterations de Paris 1700 au 31/12/1848, 2002, 79 pages plus errata, card with prices, $55.00
Paris Obliterations 1849-1876, 2000, Nouvelle �dition, 93 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue Des Bureaux Ambulants, 1845-1965 & Des Timbres � Dates Des Pr�pos�s Des Postes Aux Gares, 1854-1960,, Railroad Cancellations, 1999, 83 pages, card with prices $47.50
France Obliterations 1849-1876 (sans Paris), 1998, 72 pages, card with prices, $45.00
Nomenclature Des Bureaux de Poste Francais 1852 - 1876 Petits et Gros Chiffres Cot�s, 1998, 124 pages, card with prices, $50.00
Catalogue Des Cachets Petits Chiffres Des Gros Chiffres, 1862-1876, 1991, 47 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Cachets Courriers - Convoyeurs - Lignes, 1877-1966, The markings having a scalloped outer border. 1990, 90 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Cachets Courriers - Convoyeurs Stations (France et Algerie 1866-1890), 1988, 83 pages, card with prices, 23 e, $37.50
Num�ros Blancs, 1876 - 1895 1980, 10 pages, card, $12.50
Initiation a L'Obliterations Francaise An introduction to the numerous types of French postal markings, well illustrated. 1996, 110 pages, card, sold out
Catalogue des Timbres a Date Facteurs Boitiers Type 1884 The circular marking surrounded by dots introduced in 1884 and used into the 20th century. 1997, 60 pages, card with prices, 130 F, $35.00
Marques Postales et Obliterations des Bureaux Francais a L'Ethranger, 1561-1948 & Bureaux De Distribution D'Algerie French obliterations used in foreign countries with specialized Algerie. 1982, 60 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Marques Postales Des Bureaux de Distribution de France, "Cursives" 1819-1858 Markings with italics and script type. 1989, 77 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Obliterations Temporaires de France 1855-1961 Temporary post offices, ie. expositions, congresses, fairs, etc. 1996, 52 pages, card with prices, $37.50
Catalogue des Timbres "Grilles" 1849-1852, Paris, Province, Algerie 1997, 87 pages, card with prices, 150 F. $37.50
La Poste de L'Ancienne France des origines � 1791, 6th Suppl�ment au Catalogue de 1965 by Louis Lenain 1993, 119 pages, card, sold out France, The Pigeon Post in Paris 1870 - 1871 by J. D. Hayhurst 1970, 48 pages, card, a fine study, in English, $25.00
France, The Flight of the Ville D'Orleans by Ernst M. Cohn Perhaps the most fascinating flight from the 1870 Siege of Paris. 1978, 175 pages, cloth, deluxe edition, $65.00
France, Nomenclature des Entiers Postaux Officiels de France et de Monaco by Jean-Fran�ois Brun, priced catalog of France & Monaco postal stationery. 1986, 56 pages, card, in French but well illustrated, $9.50
France, Free French Censorship in the Levant by D. M. Zimmerman Jr. The handstamps, markings and printed tapes with a good background. 1980, 89 pages, card in spiral binding
The Postal History of French Forces in Tunisia 1900-1920 & the South Tunisian Campaign 1915-1917 by David Trapnell edited by Maurice Tyler, 2013, 40 pages, in full color, self cover, $27.50
R F
France, Roosevelt, De Gaulle and the Posts by D. M. Giangreco The AMG story, Franco-American War Relations Viewed Through Their Effects on the French Postal System, 1942-1944. The background behind the RF overprints. 1988, 192 pages, card, 100 illustrations including covers, $17.50
French Postal History in Tripoli (1852-1914)
in the age of steamships, French influence in the Levant and the decline of the Ottoman Empire
by Semaan Bassil
Though this book is partly titled "An Introduction to" we can only hope a subsequent volume will appear however if not this work is most certainly of major value to the collector as to; history, maps, rates, sailing data and cancellations. 2013, 179+ pages, large format, full color, in English with a one page introduction in French, soft cover, published £49, $95.00
Seventy Years of Postal History at the French Post Office in Beirut
By Semaan Bassil.
Published by The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum, Beirut 2009. the background to the original capitulations is explained and how the position of France vis-�-vis the Ottoman Empire was privileged, and this was particularly so after France took the side of the Ottomans in the Crimea. The special rights accorded to French residents and the preferential duties on trade. This situation enjoyed by France enabled them to establish strong shipping links with the Levant and Beirut from the 1830s and the establishment of a disinfection station in Beirut in 1834 further strengthened the importance of the port. The 1830s also saw substantial investment by the Lyonnais in silk production and there is considerable detail given to the companies involved and the history of this trade.
The French shipping lines serving Beirut showing routes and postal markings. It is explained that the lack of an effective Ottoman postal service led to the authorization of postal consular activity leading to the opening of a French post office in 1845 followed by other European countries.
All marks of the French post office are illustrated and supported by copies of relevant letters and description of the rates. This includes tax and maritime marks with a detailed analysis of the covers and the different postage stamps used. This includes both letters to France and other destinations. The post UPU period is treated in a similar manner covering the period up to WWI.
A final section covers moveable box mail (including a slight misunderstanding of Sallies) and military correspondence. A useful annexe illustrates the postage stamps used, ancillary marks, details about principal trading companies, a glossary and bibliography.
2009, 231 + 12 pages, large format, full color, in English and French, cloth published at �55, $97.50 French Islands by O. W. Newport and J. T. Whitney Postal markings of Chausey, Mont Saint-Michel, Br�hat, Ushant (Ouessant), Belle Isle, Ile de R� and Ile d'Ol�ron; also hotel cachets. 1981, 94 pages, 376 illustrations, card, $27.50
France, Cilicie Occupation Militarie Francase by M. Max Mayo A fine catalog - handbook covering the postal history, markings and stamps, many in color of this small territory of Turkey. 1984, 200 pages, card some illustrations in color, $35.00
French Somali Coast, Postal History 1939-45 by A. R. Torra 1992, 24 pages, card UK �5.50, $11.00, enquire, we can't find our stock
France, also see
| Brazil |
Which TV detective is the 8th Earl of Asherton? | Philatelic Books, Foreign Countries, A - E
Leonard H. Hartmann
OTHER COUNTRIES, Aden - Germany
Other Countries covers just about everything except for US, CSA and Canada. Please look up your interest under the various name combinations as this section is not cross-indexed and unfortunately it is also not consistent in the listings. A current or former colony could be listed under the original parent country or the current or original colony name. Sorry about that!
Aden, The Postal History of British Aden, 1839-1967 by Major R. W. Pratt, edited by E. B. Proud, 1985, 274 pages, cloth, sold out
Aden, The Postmarks of Aden, Postal Markings 1839-1939 by Robertshaw 1946, 23 pages, card bound, enquire before ordering, $30.00
Afghananistan, Afghan Philately 1871-1989, by Cecil H. Uyehara and Horst G. DietrichIn English, 1995, 571 pages, cloth, only one copy available, $125.00, sold
Afghanistan, The Postage Stamps of Afghanistan by David P. Masson and B. Gordon Jones The Sher Ali series 1870-1878, Abdur Rahman series 1880's, Rectangular Issues 1907-08. Privately reprinted by a student frustrated by the scarcity of the original work and the poor condition of originals and photocopies.
Original 1908 edition, rebound in buckrim with original cover, sold
Reprint of 1908 book, 58+8 pages + plates, cloth with plates in folder, $125.00
Afghanistan, The Afghan Campaign 1841-43 by Peter Collins An analysis of the 148 letters in Captain Riddell's correspondence, much history and postal history. 1973, 28 pages, card $8.50
Afghanistan, Its Twentieth Century Postal Issues by F. Patterson III 1964, 208 pages, cloth $35.50
AFRICA
Listing of single copy books, see expanded Africa listing
Africa, British East Africa Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery by Minns A fine and beautiful study from the Royal of London.
1982, 134 pages, 4 color plates, cloth, edition of 500
1990, 54 pages, card supplement
Book and supplement, only one available, $200.00
Africa, The P.H. and Handstamps of British West Africa by C. McCaig 1978 reprint of 1974 booklet, 64 pages, card, excellent study $12.50
Africa, History of the East African Army Postal Service by Stuart Rossiter, edited by Edward B. Proud 1982, 111 pages, cloth, limited stock, $75.00
Africa, British East Africa Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery by Minns A fine and beautiful study from the Royal of London.
1982, 134 pages, 4 color plates, cloth, edition of 500
1990, 54 pages, card supplement
Set, only one available $220.00
Africa, Transvaal, The Provisional Issue of the First British Occupation by Alan R. Drysdall, 1994, 82+9+ pages, cloth with dj, only one copy available, $63.50
Africa, Transvaal 1878-1880 by Robson Lowe 1973, 24 pages, 50 illustrations, card, a fine plating study $5.00
Africa, Rhodesia, The Postal History of Northern Rhodesia by E. B. Proud 1997, 376 pages, cloth, $75.00
Africa, Rhodesia, The Postal History of Southern Rhodesia by E. B. Proud 1997, 623 pages, cloth, $105.00
Africa, Rhodesia, Postmarks, Postal Routes and Principal Postage Rates of Southern Rhodesia to 1924 by R. C. Knight and D. A. Mitchell Large format with fold out maps. 1984, 176 pages, cloth with dj, edition of 500, $48.50
Africa, Rhodesia, A Postal History - Its Stamps, Posts & Telegraphs by R. C. Smith, 1967, 454 pages, cloth with dj, one copy available, $60.00
Africa, Rhodesia, Mashonaland - A Postal History 1890 - 1896 by Drysdall and Collis The founding of Rhodesia, published by Robson Lowe in conjunction with the Rhodesia Study Circle, much philatelic, postal and historic depth. 1990, 184 pages, cloth, edition of 500 copies, $74.00
Africa, Nyasaland - Rhodesia Field Force 1914-18 by Drysdall & Pennycuick 1986, 148 pages plus 5 fold out tables, card, one copy available $37.50, sold
Africa, Rhodesia, Stamps and Postal History of Northern Rhodesia and Zambia 1963-1965 by Alan R. Drysdall 1976, 40 pages, card, a most complete coverage, $6.50
Postal History of Kenya by Edward B. Proud, Covers the 1890 - 1963 period. 1992, 368 pages, cloth $95.00
Africa, Rhodesia 1913 Admirals by Gerald Simpson Excellent work on the printings and varieties from Robson Lowe. 1976, 12 page self cover, $5.00
Africa, The Postal History of Nyasaland by E. B. Proud 1998, 336 pages, cloth, $75.00
Africa, Postal Service of British Nigeria Region Prior to 1914 by John Ince and John Sacher Another book from the Royal Philatelic Society in London; Summary of the history and comprehensive Postal History, Stamps and Postal Stationery of Fernando Po, Lagos, Niger Territories, Oil River and Niger Coast Protectorates, Northern and Southern Nigeria. A massive work. 1992, 576 pages, 16 in color, cloth, $212.50
Africa, The Postal History of Nigeria by E. B. Proud 1995, 888 pages, 8 pages in color, cloth, $135.00
Africa, The Cockrill work on Nigeria by M.P. Nicholson Withdrawn years ago at Philip's request, an authorized reprint by Mervyn Todd, identical to the original but not as well printed. 2002 reprint of 1982-3,
No. 29, The Stamps & PH of the Niger Territories and the Niger Coast Protectorate
No. 30, The Local Bisects & Surcharges of the Oil Rivers and Niger Coast, 1893-1894
No. 31, The Stamps & PH of Southern Nigeria
No. 32, The Stamps & PH of Northern Nigeria
Set No. 29-32, enquire before ordering, $45.00
Africa, Transvaal Philately by Major Ian B. Mathews A complete coverage: external mails by Baker, Petersburg emergency issues by Bowden, Revenue and Telegraph by Crocker, Nieuwe Republic by Jonkers, Forgeries by Kaupe and Wigmore, Postal Stationery by van Zeyl, etc. In all there are 28 chapters, four color plates and 250 other illustrations.1986, limited stock, $115.00
Africa, The De La Rue Georgians of South Africa by H. E. Lobdell, 1944, monograph from the CCC, 100 pages, card, limited stock, $32.50
Africa, The Union of South Africa 1910-1961 by S. J. Hagger A completely new edition of the definitive Union Handbook 1986, 300 pages, 1987 one errata page, cloth, sold out
Africa, The Triangular Stamps of Cape of Good Hope by D. Alan Stevenson, 1950, 142+15 pages, two supplements, $285.00, sold
Africa, The Handstruck Letter Stamps of the Cape of Good Hope from 1792 to 1853 and the Postmarks from 1853 to 1910 by A. A. Jurgens, 1943, 140 + 14 + plates, a xerox copy, not bound, $65.00
Africa, Postmarks of the Cape of Good Hope, 1792-1910 by Robert Goldblatt The new definitive work on The Cape, also covers Griqualand West, 480 markings, covers, history, etc, well printed, good paper
1984, 267+ pages, 5 color plates, cloth with dj, nquire before ordering, $165.00
Supplement to Postmarks of the Cape of Good Hope by Goldblatt Corrections and additions, updated valuation on markings 1988, 47 pages, card, illustrated, soldout
Africa, Postal History of the South African Army Postal Service by Proud Covers South West Africa, East Africa WW 1, Egypt & France WW 2, SA Army Postal Service WW 2, and FPO WW 2. 1989, 159 pages, cloth $62.50
Africa, World War I in East Africa: Civil Censorship by Regis Hoffman from the Chavril Press 2001, 24 pages, card, �6.50, $13.00
Africa, Military Mails at the Cape of Good Hope, 1795-1870 by Ken Baker 1985, 44 pages, card, a new study of considerable importance $15.00
Africa, Paquebot Marks of Africa, Mediterranean Countries and their Islands by Edwin Drechsel, 1980, 72 pages, card, new and good $18.75
Africa, Mailboat Services from Europe to the Belgian Congo 1879 - 1922 by Abbe Gudenkauf, Belgian Congo Study Circle 1983, 84 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 41, $10.00
The Postal Stationery of the Bechuanalands and Botswana by Peter Thy and John Inglefield-Watson covers the stationery, proofs and essays from 1886 to 1997, published by the British Philatelic Trust, originally at �50 but now reduced by the Bechuanalands & Botswana Society to �20 plus transit, for copies purchased before June 2008 there is a first year membership included, 2004, 184 pages, hard bound, $62.50
Africa,The Postal History of Swaziland & Zululand by E. B. Proud 1996, 182 pages, cloth, $73.50
Africa, The Cancellations & Postal Markings of Basutoland & Lesotho Post Officves & their historical backgrund by A. H. Scott, 1980, 294 pages + fold out map, cloth, $47.50
Africa, The Postal History of Basutoland & Bechauanaland Protectorate by E. B. Proud 1996, 382 pages, cloth, $80.00
Africa, The Postal History of Gold Coast by Edward B. Proud 1995, 528 pages, 8 pages in color, cloth $115.00
Africa, The Postal Services of the Gold Coast to 1901 edited by John Sacher, Another superb work, history and philately from John Sacher 2003, 12 + 254 pages, cloth with dj, published 70� plus transit from RPSL, $132.50
Africa, Cameroons, for British and French please see Cameroons
Africa, French Morocco, 1943-44 Tour Hassan Issues by Charles Neidorf 1953, 56 pages, card $15.00
Albania,The Stamps & Postal History of Albania & Epirus 1878 to 1945 by John S. Phipps An excellent philatelic study with much emphasis on the necessary history, quite readable.
1996, 285 pages, card, published �25, total edition 450 copies, enquire before ordering
2001, 36 pages, card, supplement from the Albania Study Circle in the UK, enquire before ordering
Andorra-Andorre by W. A. Jacques
1974, 68 pages, cloth, edition of 500, $22.50
1985 Supplement, 32 pages, self cover
1985, 1974 edition with Supplement bound in $35.00
Andorra by Fred J. Melville 1936, 48 pages, card, $13.50
Antigua, Codrington Correspondence, 1743-1851 by Robson Lowe 1968, 124 pages, cloth, $32.50
Arabia, The Postal Issues of Hejaz, Jeddah and Nejd by D. F. Warren The original edition in MINT condition, edition of 350, 1927, 130 pages, tipped in map and loose plate of markings, card, new condition, one copy available, $350.00
Arabia, The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf, Supplement by Neil Donaldson, 1994, 38 pages, beautiful blue and gold card cover, all printed in blue, card, sold
Arabia, Catalog of the Postage Stamps of Saudi Arabia and the Hejaz and Nejd by M. Max Mayo, 1973, 160 pages, $45.00
Arabia, The Indian Postal Agencies in the Persian Gulf Area by Alan Parsons. For the first time the offices at Ezras Tomb, Qalet Saleh, Baghaila and the Desert Post, Euphrates Experimental Post, Ambassadors Mail, etc. 2001, 64 pages, cloth, sold
East Asia
The set is complete
Volume 6 is now in stock
A Postal History of the Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees in East Asia During the Second World War
by David Tett
Vol 1, Singapore & Malaya 1942-1945, the Changi Connection by David Tett, 2002, 21+387 pages, cloth with dj, enquire for current price
Vol 2, The Dutch East Indies 1942-1946, 2003, 20 + 470 pages with 8 color plates, cloth with dj, not sold separately.
Vol 3, The mails to and from Burma, Thailand and Indochina. 2004, 22 + 380 pages, 400 illustrations, mostly in color, cloth, $102.50
Vol 4, Hong Kong and China, 1941-1945, Captives in Cathay, 2007, 18 + 457 pages, in full color, cloth with dj, $83.50
Vol 5, Philippine and Taiwan, 1941-1945, No Uncle Sam, 2010, 391 pages, full color, cloth with dj, $80.00
Vol 6, Japan, Korea, and Manchuria and Borneo, 1942-1945, Hellships to Slavery, 2010, 427 pages, full color, cloth with dj, $85.00
Vol 1 - 6, complete, $530.00
Argentina Specialized Catalog 1856 - 2009
Large format, in Spanish however as each listing is illustrated in color a knowledge of the language is not really needed but as always most desirable, well printed. Comprehensive, mint and used stamps, covers are priced from 1856 -1888, telegraph stamps, good sections on official stamps and the departmental overprints, etc. all priced in US $, 2009, 501, pages, hard bound, large format, $95.00, sold
Argentine Maritime Postal History by Mario D. Kurchan The Maritime book on Argentina, good reading and reference, in English and Spanish 2002, 3rd edition, 444 pages, card, $40.00
Argentina, Tierra Del Fuego, the 1891 Postage Stamp and it's Usage by Brian Moorhouse and John C. West, 80 pages, 18 pages in color, cloth, published �20 plus transit, $45.00
Argentina, Corrents The Issues from 1856-80 by Louis Stitch, Col Club NY 1957, 88 pages, card, only one copy available, $40.00
Ascension, The Postal History of Ascension, St. Helena & Tristan da Cunha by Edward B. Proud, 2005, 248 pages, cloth with dj,out of print, $170.00
Ascension, The Stamps and Postal History by J. H. Atwood 1981, 71 pages, cloth $40.00
Australia New Zealand UK Mails, to 1900, Rates Routes and Ships Out and Home
by Colin Tabeart
Covers in detail the major and minor shipping lines and routes, bibliography plus general and ship indexes, a partial listing of Vol 1
The Toulmin Packets 1844-49 (Ward�s original work reproduced by kind permission)
The Early Steam Ships, private and contract (Ward�s original work with many additions)
The Sailing Packets 1854-6 (completely new)
The European and Australian Line 1856-8 (Molnar/Kirk with many additions)
The various P&O Contracts 1859-1880 (Kirk�s original work updated & re-tabulated)
The Pacific Routes both via Panama and San Francisco (completely new)
The Torres Strait Route 1866-1880 (completely new)
The Orient Line 1877-1880 (mostly new)
Limited stock
Vol 1 revised, The period prior to 1880, about 20% new material not in the 2004 book, bibliography and indexes, 418+ pages
Vol 2, 1881 - 1900, 384+ pages, one copy available $135.00
Set, Vol 1 revised and Vol 2, 2011, cloth, one set available, $275.00
The original 2004 Vol 1, to 1880, edition of 250, out of print, one copy available $110.00
The Half-Lengths of Victoria:
by
Hans Smith FRPSL
2013, 188+ 32 pages, with 50 years of additions to Tchilinghirian pioneer work in color, in English, cloth with dust jacket, published £50.00 plus postage, $110.00
Bahamas, The Postal History of Bahamas by E. B. Proud 2000, 392 pages, cloth, �45.00, $95.00
Bahamas, The Postage Stamps and Postal History of the Bahamas by H. G. D. Gisburn
1950, 144 pages, cloth, with owner labels $30, unmarked, $52.50
1998 reprint, 144 pages, cloth, �25, $50.00
Bahamas Post Offices by Gale J. Raymond, 1962, 8 pages, card, only one copy, $7.50
Bahamas Early Mail Service and Postal Markings by M. H. Ludington The postal history and postal markings to about 1975. 1982, 210 pages, cloth $110.00
Bahamas Temporary Rubber Datestamps and Cancellations by G. J. Raymond, 1960, 12 pages, card, only one copy $6.50
Balkans Revenues, by J. Barefoot, retail about �20, not yet out
Baltic State Revenues, by J. Barefoot Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Memel, and German WWI & WWII Occupation 1988, 40 pages, card, published �4, EP #9, $8.00
Baltic Postal Locations 1632-1917/18 by Harry v. Hofmann Gives the German, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian or Polish names for Russian place names. This second edition is much expanded over the previous which only covered 1858-1916. Invaluable for those interested in this area. 1996, 244 pages, card $42.50
The Postal History of Barbados and Grenada by Edward B. Proud, 2006, 335 pages plus 4 in color, cloth with dj, �45 plus transit, $94.00
Grenada by E.D. Bacon and F.H. Napier, circa 1906, 173+ pages, card, excellent condition but should be cloth bound, $85.00
MonacoPhil 2009
in conjunction with Club de Monte Carlo 1999-2009 issued an exceptional set of six books, in color, hard bound with dust jackets, in French and English covering things relating to Belgium.
The Maritime Mail, 574 pages
Belgium Proofs, 878 + pages
1st Issues of Belgium ( 249 pages). one copy available, $70.00
Sets, sold out
Belgium Postal Markings
La Poste Belge et ses Diverses Marques Postales de 1814 a 1914 by Louis Hanciau Well laid out thus the French text is not a great problem, all markings are in the back by type, 631 types in all. 1981 reprint of 1929 book, 474 pages plus 15 plates, cloth $39.00
Belgian Colonial
From the Azores to New Zealand, the Belgian Colonies on all six continents (1451-1916) their origins, history, and communication (pre-philately) by Patrick Maselis,
A major philatelic work; exceptional with respect to history, philately, overall production and at a most favorable price. The Belgian Colonial influence is far more than most of us suspected, there are 14 pages on New York alone, 28 on the Antarctic, 18 on New Zealand, 20 on Brazil, far more than just the Congo. Published with the assistance of the Stuart Rossiter Trust, 2005, large format (9.5 x 13 inches), 419 pages, in full color, in English, cloth with dj, $100.00
Belgium Post Offices, Dictionnaire Des Bureaux De Poste De Belgique de 1830 - 1983 by Albert Degreef. A listing of post offices, dates for openings, closings, class changes 1985, 550 pages, in French, $80.00
Belgium, Catalogue of Postmarks in Use During the German Occupation, 1914-1918 by Willy Van Riet 1982, 138 pages, cloth, in English, French & German $25.00
Belgium, Censure et Postes Militaires Belges 1914-1929 by Ren� Silverberg All aspects of the Belgium Army Post and Censoring systems 1982, 2nd edition, 159 pages, 138 illustrations, cloth, in French $22.50
Belgium, Nomenclatuere Des Bureaux De Poste, De Belgique et du Nore de La France Occup�s Guerre 1914-1918 by J. De Bast rre 1914-1918 by J. De Bast A detailed study of the WW I markings of Belgium and Northern France. 1990, circa 400 pages, with marking card, cloth, Dutch and French $45.00
Belgium,Les Chevaliers du timbre (De Ridders van de postzegel) The German invasions of Belgium, 1985, 116 + pages, in limp binder, in French, $27.50
Belgium, La Poste Belge Durant la Guerre de 1914-1919 by Ren� Silverberg Belgian civil postal system and stamps during WW I. 1976, 122 pages, 88 illustrations, card, in French $10.00
Belgium, Les Oblit�ratins M�caniques de Belgique de 1905 a 1920 by Ren� Silverberg Belgium Machine cancellations, well illustrated 1988, 125 pages, card, French $18.50
Belgium, Les cachets "Ambulant" de la Belgique occup�e 1914-1918 by De Grave The railroad cancellatins during the occupation. 1977, 24 pages, card, French, sold
Belgium Cancellations by H. Koopman Fine booklets, each with an English translation by A. De Lisle, limited stock
Les cachets a barres de Belgique 1849-1864 The horizontal and vertical bar killers 1975, 64 pages, card, Dutch and French $22.50
De Puntstempels van Belgie 1864-1873 A priced catalog of the dotted killers, also the traveling po 1982, 46 pages, card, Dutch and French $15.00, sold
Les Obliteratins a Double Cercle 1873-1876 1984, 23 pages, card, French $20.00
Les Obliterations Des "Depots" 1879-1910 Post Offices with Limited Service 1977, 28 pages, card, Dutch and French, $22.50, sold
Belgium, Les oblit�rations sur l'�mission de 1893 dit <
> by Gonze The cancellatins found on Scott 60-75 1979, 38 pages, card, French $5.00
Belgium, Catalogue des Proes Belges 1894-1937 by Jean Lepingle Belgium precancels 1980, 120 pages, plastic binding, limited stock $18.50
Belgium, Catalogue National, Sp�cialis� "-10%" The most recent catalog of the -10% overprints, illustrated, by town 1976, 132 pages, Dutch and French, sold out
Bibliografie van de filatelie in Belgie by Robert Leroy Bibliography of philatelic literature published in Belgium with indexes by author and subject, listing of library locations, etc. Some notes in English. 1988 second edition, 298 pages, cloth, $42.50
Belgium Congo, Le Congo Belge et ses Marques Postales by Andre De Cock A fine study of all the markings from the postal ones to the revenue, telephone, and fake markings, etc, good drawings of markings. 1986 reprint of 1931 book, 1987 pricing guide, 217 pages, cloth with dj, French, $35.00, sold
Belgium & Congo, Catalogue Illustre Des Essais des Timbres de Belgique et Congo Belge by Willy Grubben. Catalog of Essays, 251 illustrations. 1983 reprint of 1933 book, 120 pages, cloth, sorry, sold
Belgian Congo, Mailboat Steamers on Congo Rivers & Lakes 1896-1940 by Gudenkauf, Covers the postal history and cancellations. 1985, 64 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 43, $11.00
Belgian Congo, Postal History of the Lado Enclave 1897-1910 by Abbe G. Gudenkauf, Belgian Congo Study Circle 1986, 144 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 44, $20.00
Belgian Colonies Postal Stationery by E. Norman Lurch Listing starts with the Congo Free State in 1886 through the Belgian Congo in 1908, Occupation of German East Africa, etc. to Katanga in 1960. Large map enclosed, also an acetate overlay for the 1910 overprints. 1989, 64 pages, card cover, autographed, sold out
Burma, The Postal History of Burma by E. B. Proud, 2002, 1000 pages, over 1000 post offices and about 4,500 postmarks illustrated, cloth, last published price �100, out of print
Bermuda
Bermuda, The Postal History of Bermuda by M. H. Ludington The standard work on Bermuda. 1961, 283+13+50 plates, cloth with dj, RL edition 1978, 432+13 pages, cloth with dj, revised and slightly expanded, Quarterman edition, $165.00
The Postal History of Bermuda by Edward B. Proud From the early days through the end of the Colonial period, 1970 2003, 432 pages, cloth with dj, �45 + transit, $100.00
Bermuda, Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps by Robson Lowe An outprint of Bermuda and British Honduras from Vol 5 of the Encyclopedia 1973, 128 pages, card, $16.50
Bermuda, King George VI Large Key Type Stamps of Bermuda, Leeward Islands, Nyasaland by Robert W. Dickgiesser and Eric P. Yendall Detailed study of the stamps, postal rates and revenue usages. 1985, 183 pages, cloth, sold out
Bermuda Packet Mails 1806-1886 by J.C. Arnell & M. H. Ludington Detailed sailing tables, ships, arrival and departure dates. 1989, 161 pages, card, �28, $70.00, sold out
Bermuda Mails to 1865: An Inventory of the Postal Markings by Michel Forand and C. Charles Freeland About 650 entries covering Date stamps, Paid Stamps, Ship Letter and Forwarding Agents from 1820 to 1865. Tables of packet arrival and departure dates for 1827, 1842-50 and 1850-54. A table summarizing postal rates and an overview of the pre 1820 postal history. 1995, 124 pages, card $20.00
Bermuda Postmaster Stamps by Michel Forand 1990, 188 pages, cloth, 22 page article from 1990 APC book $25.00
Bermuda, Royal Mail Steam Packets to Bermuda and Bahamas by Ludington & Osborn 1971, 24 pages, 11 illustrations, 10 maps $4.50
Bermuda King George VI High Values by Robert W. Dickgiesser A detailed study of the printings and plate flaws. 1980, 59 pages, cloth, $30.00
Bermuda Registration Labels by Brad Arch Illustrations of the numerous types with period of use and catalog numbers. 1993, 24 pages, card $6.50
Intercepted in Bermuda, The Censorship of Transatlantic Mail during the Second World War by Peter A. Flynn Bermuda was the main point for censorship of mail going by air or ship between the Americas and Europe. There is much history on the service with a listing of the arrival and departure of planes from May 1939 through December 1945. The data base recording over 7,900 covers has permitted a detailed listing of the markings and there usage, the tapes, examiners, earliest and latest usages by examiner number, etc. Another limited edition book from the Collectors Club of Chicago, 2006, 235 pages, cloth, sold out, limited stock, $140.00
Bermuda, assundry, only one of each
Bermuda, The Handstruck Stamps and Cancellations by M. H. Ludingon, 1956, published by RL, 40 pages, card, $12.50
Bermuda King George VI High Values, a guide to the flaws and printings by Robert W. Dickgiesser 1980, 59 pages, card, $12.50
The Furness Line to Bermuda by Ludington and Rego 1990, 58 pages, card, $12.50, sold
Bermuda "Ship" Type by M. H. Ludington, 1955, 35 pages, card, $12.50
Bermuda by H. R. Holmes1931, 92 pages, card, $15.00
Bermuda, The Hanstruck Stamps and Cancellations by Ludington, 1956, 40 pages, card, $22.50
Bermuda Registration Labels by Brad Arch, 1933, 24 pages, card, $8.50
Borneo, The Postal History of British Borneo by E. B. Proud Covers Brunei, North Borneo and Sarawak, 2003, complete revision of 1987 edition, 456 pages, cloth with dj, �50, $115.00
Borneo: The Japanese POW Camps by Neville Watterson, 1989, two volumes in slip case, 341 pages, total, card in slip case, only one available, $92.50
Bosnia, Handbook and Catalogue, Postal History Bosnia & Herzegovina 1878 - 1918 by Berislav Sekelj, 2005, 384 pages, in color, card, in Croatian, German and English, the English text is excellent but not as extensive as the German however anyone interested in the subject should have little trouble, $63.50, sold out
Brazil 1844-1846 "Slanted Numerals" Handbook by Walter G. Tveira Covers the authentic stamps with emphasis on the issue, multiples and philatelic history along with 16 different forgeries,etc. ps with emphasis on the issue, multiples and philatelic history along with 16 different forgeries,etc. 2001, 628 pages, cloth, in English and Portuguese, some color illustrations
Bulls Eyes Stamps of Brazil by L. G. Brookman1943, 22 pages, out print from the AP, $15.00, sold out
Imperio Do Brazil 1843-1889, Centenar Handbook No. 3, published by the APS, 1943, 159 pages, card bound, $90.00, sold out
Steam Packets to Brazil, Paquetes a Vapor Para O Brasil, by Armando Mario O. Vieira Steam Packets from Europe to Brasil originating at or touching Lisbon. A much needed work, complete with sailing dates, in 1872 there were 11 different packet companies serving Brazil. A superb work but as it is printed in Portuguese most of us will have to be satisfied with the date in the tables of sailing dates, illustrated with fine covers. 1991, 309 pages, cloth, edition of 500, numbere
Correio Aero - A History of the Development of Air Mail Services in Brazil by William Victor Kriebel The development of the airlines that carried mail in and out of Brazil, Aeropostale, Lufthansa, LATI, NYRBA, Pan Am, Varg, Condor, etc Another fine volume from the AAMS, 1997, 200 pages, card, in English, $16.50
British Army Postal Service, Covers 1882 - 1963, markings, maps and history.
Vol. 1, 1882-1902, 283 pages, cloth, $75.00
Vol. 2, 1903-1926, 312 pages, cloth, $95.00
Vol. 3, 1927-1963, 531 pages, cloth
Complete set, Vol. 1 - 3, $345.00
The British Post Office in Colombia 1821-1881 by Malcolm Bentley, 2010, 141 pages, illustrated in colour and black and white, cloth with dj, published at �40 plus �12 postage, $88.50
British Guiana, The Postage Stamps and Postal History of British Guiana by Townsend & Howe, published by The Royal Philatelic Society London, 1970, 424 pages, limited stock, $425.00
The Postal History of British Guiana by E. B. Proud 2000, 220 pages, cloth, �35.00, $80.00
British Indian Ocean Territory, History and Postal Markings of the BIOT, British and American Military Postal system by Pendleton , circa 2004, 61+ pages, card, $14.50
British Solomon Islands by Harold G. D. Gisburn, 1956, 111 pages, cloth, $60.00
British Solomon Islands Protectorate, Postal History of the U.S. Forces During World War II by Stanley C. Jersey, 1968, 96 pages, cloth
British Solomon Islands, Cancellation Study of the British Solomon Island Protectorate by Vernon, 1976, 22 pages, card, $10.00
British West Indies & Falkland Islands, British Empire Civil Censorship Devices of World War II, edited by Peter C. Burrows, 2010, about 150+ pages, wire spiral binding, limited edition, $32.00
Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom, History, stamps and postal history 1840-1908
by Roberto Sciaky
2006, 120 pages, in English, card, published at 27 euro, $35.00
Brunei 1895 Star and Crescent Issue by Robson Lowe 1973, 32 pages plus one page of corrections, card $6.00
Brunei, Definitive Issues and Postal Cancellations to 1974 by Thorndike 1982, 52 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 34 $10.00
Burma Postal History by Gerald Davis and Denys Martin
1971, 204 pages, cloth bound
1987, Indian Post Office in Burma, supplement to 1971 edition, 38 pages, card, $17.50
1987, 1971 book with 1987 supplement bound, cloth
Burma, An Annotated Bibliography of Burma Philately by Alan Meech Most readable, detailed and well produced listing of books articles and auction catalogs. 1993, 125 pages, 16 illustrations, card bound $40.00
The Railroads of Cameroun and Associated Postal History by Marty Bratzel From the the first railroads of Cameroun that were laid by the Germans in 1901, the transition of World War I, during and through the British and French administrations, and after independence through to the present day. Railroad postmarks and their recorded dates of use, related Cameroun postage stamps, World War I-related covers, 138 railroad photographs, etc. 2009, 170 pages, spiral bound, to appear in August, $55.00
The Postal Tariffs of Cameroun under French Administration -- 1916-1961
by Marty Bratzel
All aspects of postal tariffs of the Cameroun under French administration. This is the most complete and best documented postal rate work that we know of; numerous rates are given along with other services such as money orders, C.O.D., postal cheques, reply coupons, debt collection, insurance, etc. Many covers are illustrated. 2007, 215+6 pages, searchable CD in pdf format having over 500 pages on the tariffs, spiral wire binding, $80.00
British Cameroons, The Postmarks and Postal History, 1916-1961 by R.J. Maddocks and M.P. Bratzel Jr. The original 1994 book is a detailed study illustrating over 225 postmarks, 17 pictures, 2 maps an 41 covers. For both the Northern and Southern Cameroons all facets from international mail routes, air, WW II censorship, postage due, free franks and even perfins are covered among others. A detailed treatment of the 1960-61 Cameroons UKTT stamp issue. We now have a major supplement to the original book.
1994, The Original Book, 136 + 8 pages, card cover edition of 400, $27.50
2007, Supplement and Addenda, 115 + 6 pages, spiral bound, edition of 200, $40.00
Cameroons Cameroons - Facets Covering Postal Censorship in Wartime, 1939-1945 by R. J. Maddocks, Cause and Effect of Postal Censorship 1989, card, Cockrill Booklet 58 $16.00
CamerounWartime Revenue Stamps of Cameroun, A Critical Examination by M. P. Bratzel Jr. Covers 1940 - 1945, 8 issues, 50 different stamps and 15 major varieties. A well produced booklet in a limited edition. To see a sample of the fine color work in this book please select Cameroun Illustration but be warned it will be slow to load. 1996, 47+4 pages, 9 pages in excellent color, card, $25.00
Cayman Islands, Postal History of the Cayman Islands by Giraldi and McCann, From the first PO in 1889 and the adhesive stamps in 1900 to the 1980's, markings and stamps, revenue, censorship, etc. etc. 1989, 184 pages, cloth $65.00
Central America, Postal History and a Listing of Prephilatelic Postmarks edited by Leo J. Harris A fine and useful study, enjoyable to read however we must say the quality of the paper, printing and binding is not as one would expect for a book published in 1986 at $40.00. These faults are the publishers, not the compilers. 1986, 156 pages, card, limited stock $50.00
The Postal History of Ceylon by Edward B. Proud 2006, 934 pages, cloth with dj, published at �65 plus transit, $148.50
Ceylon Postal History 1857-1902 by Obr� J. Sanders Special emphasis on the maritime mail, postage rates and regulations. 1999, 180 pages, 17 plates in color, cloth with dj, edition, 500, sold
Ceylon - Its Postal History 1914-19 Short handbook, with value guide covering a fascinating period. 1990, 12 pages, card UK �2.00, $3.50
The Postal History of Chile by Hugo V. Brinkgreve & John C. West Covers markings from stampless through the 1940's Published by Proud-Baily, in English, 2002, 564 pages plus 8 color plates, cloth with dj, �50, $110.00
Chile: First Issues of Postage Stamps 1853-1867 by Gerhard Blank Covers printing characteristics and watermarks in detail; catalog of the stamps, covers, proofs and reprints with rarity factors. 1989, 180 pages, 16 color plates, 22+2 black and white plates
Chile, Postmarks of Santiago by Michael Rego From 1770 through circa 1940, main and branch post offices. 1984, 80 pages, card, edition of 250, well illustrated, $35.00
Chile, The Postmarks of Valparaiso by M. Rego & J. C. West In English, the general datestamps from 1853 to 1939 and the fancy killers used to 1880, 500 markings, much Maritime including shipping lines and postal arrangements, the British, French and US Consulates, etc. 1995, 200 pages, cloth edition, $37.50
Chile, The Traveling Post Offices of Chile by Sr. Emmerich Vamos Sz 1983, 32 pages, card, in English, $12.50
Chile, The Pacific Steam Navigation Company by A. R. Doublet A fine history of the company, ships, covers, markings and stamps. 1983, 80 pages, card, edition of 1,000, Royal of London, $32.50
China, The Large Dragons 1878-1885 by P. W. Ireland 1978, 130 pages, cloth wit dj, some illustrations in color, only one copy available, $105.00
Notes on the "Chung Hwa" Forgeries by A. Charles Strong Mostly forged overprints on Postal Savings Stamps of China, Foreign PO in China, Danzig, Ukraine, Russian Occupation of Lithuania, Estonia, GB Officials, Russia - British Occupation of Batum, Polish Posts in Danzig, Japanese Occupation of North China. Forged Proofs of the Russian Romanov Dynasty 1913 set, China Large and Small Dragon, etc.
Vol 1, 2000, about 150 pages, cloth bound, edition of 100, numbered
Vol 2, 2001, about 122 pages, cloth bound, edition of 100, numbered, limited stock, set $140.00
China, The Gee-Ma Forgeries by Robson Lowe 1980, 12 pages, card, illustrates 234 forged Chinese overprints, sold out, scans possible
China, From China and Tibet by Robson Lowe Letters written by missionaries in the interior, 1844-1865. 1981, 24 pages, self cover, enquire first, $12.50
Webb Hong Kong
The Philatelic and Postal of Hong Kong and the Treaty Ports of China and Japan by Francis W. Webb A spectacular work on the subject and a magnificent book. 1994 reprint of 1961 book, 556 pages, cloth, used but not abused $140.00, new $170.00
Richard C. K. Chan collection of Hong Kong and Treaty Ports, March 6, 2003, Oct 15, 2003 & March 24, 2004 by Cavendish, with pr, $135.00
Cancerllations of the Treaty Ports of Hong Kong 1850-1930 by Hans Schoenfeld, 1988, about 100 pages, cloth, in English, only one copy availble, $32.50
The Royal Navy in Hong Kong since 1841 by Kathleen Harland, non-philatelic but of interest, circa 1995, 112 pages, card, onlyone copy available, $15.00
China, Postal History of Hong Kong, by Edward B. Proud
Vol 1, 1841 - 1958
1993, 1st edition, 146 pages, card, only one copy left, $25.00
1997, 2nd edition, 180 pages, card, edition of 200 copies, $40.00
China, Shanghai Large Dragons, The First Issue of The Shanghai Local Post by Dr. Wei-Liang Chow, 1996, 72 pages, card, in Englilsh edited by William L. Kullman, limited stock, $40.00
China, The Shanghai Postal System, The Stamps and Postal History by Charles W.Dougan, 1981, 214 pages, cloth, only one copy available, $110.00
China, A Comprehensive Illustation of Covers with Sinkiang Provisional Airmail Stamps, 1932-1933 by David Lu, Each cover is described in detail with full provenance, in both English and Chinese. Well printed with excellent English test though the general arrangement is strange. 2001, 256 pages with 8 in color, hard bound with dj (not card edition), $32.50
China, The Postage Stamps and Commemorative Cancellations of Manchouku/Manchukoku, Manchou Tukuo, Manchoukuo by Helen K. Zirkle, Collectors Club of New York handbook no 16, 1964, 131 pages, cloth
Colombia by Dieter Bortfeldt
Colombia, Private Mail Carriers of Colombia by Dieter Bortfeldt with Carlos Valenzuela A. and Alfredo Frohlich, Covers 62 different carrier companies operating from 1870 to 1960. 2006, 301 pages, full colour, $175.00
Handbook of Colombian Revenue Stamps by Alan D. Anyon
Another excellent book by the Colombian Philatelic Research society, 2009, 223 pages, in color, hard bound, sold out
Colombia, The Lansa Story, The Postal History of the Colombian Airline LANSA by Alfredo Frohlich & Dieter Bortfeldt, A comprehensive story of the history, covers, stamps and forgeries. 2005, 179 pages, in color, cloth, $135.00
Colombia, Handbook of the SCADTA Provisional Surcharges 1921-1923 by Santiago Cruz & Dieter Bortfeldt, printed in Colombia but in English, new study of the provisionals including details on the forgeries, 2004, 120 pages, $145.00
Colombia, The Cordova Issue of 1899, Department of Antioquia by Dieter Bortfeldt, printed in Colombia but in English, 2005, 144 pages, in color, cloth.
Copies 1 - 20 numbered come with two pages having 14 of the stamps, $145.00
The Workbook, Notes on Reprints and Forgeries of Colombian Stamps, by Dieter Bortfeldt, FRPSL, AIEP
Part 1, The Classic Period 1859-1868, printed in Colombia but in English, 2004, 211 pages printed one side, in color, cloth bound, numbered edition, $135.00, sold out
Part 2, The Sovereign States of Colombia, Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cundinamarca, Tolima, Panama, 2007, 252 pages, cloth, $135.00, sold out
Part 3, The Colombian Airmails, 2007, 240 pages, cloth, one copy left, $175.00, sold
The Postal History of Costa Rica to 1883 by Richard C. Frajola and Frederick R. Mayer 2008, 200 pages, cloth, full color, $50.00
Costa Rica, Photographic Artwork and Essays from the American Bank Note Company Archives, circa 1910-1950 by Brian Moorhouse 2002, 32 pages, card, �6.00, $10.00
Cyprus, The Postal History of Cyprus by E. B. Proud 1998, 688 pages, cloth, �55.00 plus transit, $107.50
Cyprus 1353-1986, history, postal history and postage stamps by W. F. Castle Note, 1952 edition has detailed forgery article by Patton which is not in later editions.
1952, 1st edition, 132+10 pages, cloth
1971, 2nd edition, 256 pages, cloth, limited stock $70.00
1987, 3rd edition, 564 pages, cloth, enquire first, $200.00
Rural Post of Cyprus, 1886-2000 by Ken Lewis, CD Rom, For details please see Cyprus
2001 CD Rom, sold out
Cyprus by Brenda M. Goodwin
Mail Services of the Pre-1974 Invasion Period 1982, 48 pages, card, Cyprus Booklet No. 1, Cockrill Booklet 35, $8.00
Mail Services to the Refugee Camps, Part I 1983, 36 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 36, $8.00
Mail Services to the Refugee Camps, Part II 1983, 36 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 37, $8.00
Post-1974 Mail Routes and Developments 1984, 40 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 39, $8.00
Curacao, A Postal History of Curacao by F. W. Julsen and A.M. Benders, 1976, 626 pages, cloth with dj, one copy available, $120.00
Cyprus, The Postal Surcharge and Revenue Stamps of Cyprus by Bols 1979, 12 pages, self cover, 27 illustrations $7.50
Czechoslovakia, Bibliography by John Velek 1970, 1st Quarter, PHILATELIC LITERATURE REVIEW $2.50
Czechoslovakia,Mail of the Czechoslovak Legions in France by Jaroslav J. Verner Am excellent coverage of the history and markings, WW I. Each page has two columns, the left is in English and the right in Czeck, well printed, covers in full color. 2002, 84 pages, card, edition of 650 copies, $13.50
Czechoslovakia, Mail Service in the Ghetto Terezin 1941-1945 by Frantisek Benes and Patricia Tosnerova. A beautiful written and produced book, hard bound in paper case with slip case, in four languages including English. 1995, 344 pages with 15 color plates, limited stock $112.50
Czechoslovakia Revenue by J. Barefoot 2001, 55 pages, card, �7, $14.00
Denmark, An Introduction to the Postal History of Denmark 1624-1950 by David Cornelius From the Stuart Rossiter Trust, 2004, 344 + 22 pages, cloth, dj, �38 plus transit, $87.50
Danish Postal Stationery by S. Ringstr�m Denmark, Danish West Indies, Schleswig and Iceland from 1871 to 1984. 1985, 218 pages, cloth
Denmark, Danish Numeral Cancellations 1852 - 1884 by Hansen and Tester Extremely comprehensive, besides cancellations there is much postal history, information on the adhesives, maps, bibliographies, etc. 1988, 178 pages, card, recommended $25.00, sold out
Denmark, Catalog of Scandinavian Revenue Stamps by Paul A. Nelson
Vol. 1 , DWI, Faeroes, Greenland, Iceland and Norway 1983, 80 pages, card, 11 pages of additions and corrections, sold out
Vol. 2, Denmark adhesives and stamped revenue paper including Danish India Numerous Cinderellas' are also listed such as Lottery Tickets, Fee Stamps for Credit-Worthiness, Vacation Stamps, Perfins, etc. 1989, 96 pages, card, a fascinating book, $14.00
Denmark, The Railway Post Offices of Denmark by Anthony M. Goodbody 1979, 27 pages, card, in English $12.50
Denmark 2 Rigsbank-Skilling 1851-1852 by Sten Christensen The stamps, postal history, Danish rates from 1522 to 1851, all in English, The stamps are covered from the manufacture of the paper and watermark, the printing plates and printings, first by line engraving and then typography, the burelage. The plating of the stamps is covered in great detail as are the fifteen types of forgeries. Four plating quality facsimiles covering 248 positions are tipped in. A fine section on the postal history. 1981, 160 pages, cloth, 337 illustrations, 248 facsimiles, $32.50
Denmark, Private Local Posts of Denmark by Christensen & Ringstr�m A scholarly work that has been beautifully produced, all in English. Each post starts with it's history, photographs and maps then a catalog priced in US $ for the stamps and stationery, many stamps are plated with enlarged photographs showing the characteristics, covers and cancellations. Color is well used, the maps are excellent, old photographs and prints are in appropriate tones, some stamps in color, as are reproductions of documents.
1974, 199 pages, regular edition $45.00
1974, 214 pages, deluxe edition, � leather, facsimiles tipped in $125.00, used, $85.00
1974, 214 pages, deluxe edition with all facsimiles, never bound, $75.00
Danish West Indies Mails, 1754-1917 by Victor E. Engstrom
Vol 1, 1979, 200 pages, cloth
Vol 2, 1981, 273 pages, cloth, with quarter sheet reprint of 3c 1856 stamp from the original plate, 25 stamps
Vol 3, 1982, 317 pages, cloth
Set, one available, mint condition, the current price in Denmark is $1,740.00, $1,250.00
Postal History of the US Virgin Islands, formerly the Danish West Indies by J.Alfred Birch, 1966, 40 pages, card, $16.50
Dominician Republic,
The Classic Stamps
by Danilo A. Mueses
An excellent study of the stamps, postal history and forgeries, in Spanish and English, the outer column in Spanish and the inner in English, almost paragraph for paragraph thus excellent for some one wanting to brush up on the language, 2001, 240 pages, in color, card, $45.00
Ecuador, Postal History and a Listing of Prephilatelic Postmarks by Leon J. Harris, Percy Bargholtz and Rodrigo Paez T. 1984 appeared 1985, English & Spanish edition, circa 150 pages, cloth, $145.00
Ecuador: The Philately of the Seebeck Era, January 1892 to Mid-June 1897, its Stamps, Proofs, POSTAL STATIONERY AND POSTAL HISTORY, By Robert A. D'Elia, FRPSL and Douglas B. Armitage, FRPSL Bill Welch, FRSPL, Editor The stamps are most detailed and the postal history is more than adequate. Extensive illustrations and text on the many overprints and surcharges, genuine and forged, and is complete with a full index and bibliography. The book is designed as a teaching tool, to allow the reader to learn, in detail, about these stamps, proofs, postal stationery, and their postal history, and especially, how to recognize the genuine stamps and overprints from their reprints and forgeries. It also, indirectly, provides a guide for collectors of the stamps of other Seebeck Countries. The edition is numbered and our copies autographe, edition limited to 204 copies. 2005, 407 + 31, pages, 16 pages in color, cloth, $225.00
Egypt, Stamps and Posts of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by Gisburn & Thompson 1947, 1998 reprint, 120 pages, cloth, �25, $50.00
Egypt, 19th Century Campaigns in Egypt and the Sudan by John Firebrace Fourteen campaigns from the French 1798-1801 through the Nile Expedition, 1897-1900, the basic history and postal history followed by pages from the author's collection. 1997, 218+10 pages plus 8 color plates, published �40, $80.00
Egypt
The Nile Post, Handbook and Catalogue of Egyptian Stamps by Joseph H. Chalhoub Covers most aspects and in considerable detail and all is in English: 72 pages on essays, 124 on definitives, 257 pagers on commemoratives, etc. to the special stamps, Suez Canal, French Consular, Postal Stationery, issues for Palestine, Sudan, etc. 2003, 784+24+32 color plates, well produced, a massive 7 lbs in wt, cloth with dj, $115.00
Egypt, Postal History of Egypt to 1900 by Samir Amin Fikry From the Royal Philatelic Society of London but not up to there usual standards, The work is arranged into five sections: Pre-Adhesive, Foreign Consular Post Offices, Egyptian Posts in the Suez Canal Zone and Fifth Viceroy and Offices Abroad. 1996, 176 pages 48 plates in color, cloth, limited stock
Egypt Stamps & Postal History A Philatelic Treatise by Peter A.S. Smith, 1999, 874 pages, cloth with dj, $420.00, sold out
Egypt, The Kings of Egypt and Their Stamps 1860-1960 by Robson Lowe Essays of Egypt, a collection formed by Mackenzie-Lowe and King Fouad. 1969, 40 pages, 51 illustrations in color, 186 half-tones, card, sold out
The F.I.P. Guide to Exhibiting and Judging Traditional and Postal History Exhibits by Robert P. Odenweller and Paul H. Jensen. Of special interes as the first two issues of Egypt are used as examples for the material is seldom shown thus few have any preconceived expectations. 1994, Two parts, 27 pages text, 64 pages in excellent color, card, one copy available $50.00
Egypt, Suez Canal Company, The Private Ship Letter Stamps of the World Vol. 3 by Ringstr�m, Tester and Boulad d'Humi�res. 1985 288 pages plus enlarged 40c Saatjian sheet, cloth, $45.00
Egypt, The Traveling Post Offices of Egypt by Peter A. S. Smith 1983, 65 pages, card, covers 1875 through the 1940's
Egypt, Catalogue of Egyptian Revenue Stamps, with Sudanese Revenue & Egyptian Cinderellas by Peter R. Feltus 1982, 236 pages, 4 color plates, cloth, edition 1,000, sold out
Egypt, The Posta European & 1984 Kehr Catalogue of Interpostals by Ernest A. Kehr & Philip Cockrill 1984, 60 pages, card, Cockrill Booklet 33, $10.00
The Prestamp Period of El Salvador (1525 - 1866)
by
Guillermo F. Gallegos and Joseph D. Hahn
Being published by the Collectors Club of Chicago, expected delivery mid April, 2015. An exceptional book with respect to understanding the postal operations of all of early Spanish America and not just El Salvador though the book is devoted to El Salvador, the rates, covers and markings, extensively illustrated, edition limited to 300 copies, 286 + 18 pages of which 26 are in color, cloth, with dj, pre-publication price of $72.00 plus transit has expired, the list price is $80.00 plus postage $3.00 for the US or $25.00 for abroad.
El Salvador, The Revenue Stamps of El Salvador by Joe Ross Well illustrated catalog from 1883, well indexed 1994, 53 pages, plastic binding, edition of 250, numbered, out of print
Ethiopia by Roberto Sciaky
The definitive work on Ethiopian Stamps and Postal History, extremely comprehensive and detailed, much background information, a classic study and it is in English. Three volumes and a supplement. For details please see Ethiopia
The History, Stamps and Postal History 1936 - 1974,
2003, 219 pages, cloth, $92.50
For an update please see a pdf file 1936-1974
History, Stamps and Postal History, 1867 - 1936,
1999, 224 pages, 16 color plates, 200 b/w illustrations, cloth, $72.50
2001, 78 pages, card, addendum to above, $30.00
Additional updates, a pdf file at
1936-1974, 2nd
Ethiopia from Tewodros to Menelik, Postal History from the Napier Expedition to the Independent Imperial Posts 1867-1908 A wonderful continuation to his 1999 book and the 2001 supplement,
2002, 160 pages, card, with floppy disk having a data base of 763 cards and covers, published 60 Euro, $75.00
Ethiopia by Eric Payne & Norman Cape Eight booklets covering most aspects of Ethiopian philately; stamps 1894 - 1936, postmarks 1868 - 1936, stationery, fiscals, etc.
1981-2, Cockrill Booklets 13 - 20, $97.50
Falkland Islands & Dependencies by Edward B. Proud, 2006, cloth with dj, out of print, $170.00
Falkland IslandsThe Postage Stamps of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies by B.S.H. Grant
1952, 140 pages, cloth, $60.00
1998 reprint, 140 pages, cloth, �25, $50.00
Falkland Islands Philatelic Digest A compilation from the UPLAND GOOSE for the 1970-1975 period.
No. 1 edited by Malcolm D. Barton, 1983 reprint of 1975 book, 184 pages, 60 illustrations, cloth, $25.00 Original 1975 book, card, $20.00
No. 2 edited by Major R.N. Spafford, 1979, 200 pages, cloth, $25.00 Card 1979 edition, $20.00
Falklands The War Stamp Overprints of the Falklands, 1918-1920 by J. P. Bunt 1987, 28 pages, 2nd edition, printing of 400, $9.50
The Falkland Islands, printings of The Pictorial Issue of 1938-1949 by C. E. Glass, 1979, 20 pages, card, only one copy available, $12.50
Falklands, The 1933 Centenary Issue of the Falkland Islands by Major R.N. Spafford, 1972, 83 pages, cloth with dj, $62.50, sold out
Falklands, De La Rue Definitive of the Falkland Islands 1901-1929 by Bunt 1986, 100 pages, cloth, only one copy number, $75.00, sold
Falklands, War Stamp Overprints of the Falkland Islands 1918-1920 by Bunt 1981, 40 pages, cloth, $45.00
Falkland Island Mails, The Kosmos Years, 1880-1900 by Rev Jeremy Howat The sailings of all 265 contract mail voyages are detailed along with the contracts and known covers. 1989, 144 pages, cloth, $50.00
Falklands, Postal Service of the Falkland Islands by R. Barnes
1972 first printing, soft, $22.50
1980 second printing, 104 pages, cloth, $32.50
Falkland Islands, Postcards of.., A Catalogue: 1900-1950 by H. & F. Heyburn 1985, 256 pages, 310 illustrations, $27.50
Falklands, Cancellations of the Falkland Islands and The Dependencies by James Andrews 1956, 56 pages, cloth, one copy available, $37.50
Fiji, The Stamps and Postal History 1870-75 by Rodger and Duberal, 1970, 147 pages, cloth with dj, $110.00
Fiji, The Postal History of Fiji 1911-1952 by J. G. Rodger Covers the transport of mail on land, sea and in the air, postal tariffs and stationery, post offices and postal agencies, revenue stamps, 1915-20 War Stamps, George V 1�d stamp. 1991, 112 pages, card bound, edition of 300, numbered $65.00
Fiji, The Postal History of Fiji by J.G. Rodger Published by E.B. Proud but still a Rodgers book. 1999, 528 pages, cloth, $90.00
Fiji, The Post Offices and Postal Cancellations of Fiji by H. M. Campbell, 1968, 56 pages, card, enquire first, $35.00
Fiji, Ship Letters of the South Pacific by J. Whitsed Dover, 1955, 24 pages, card, enquire first, $22.50
Post Offices in Finland 1638-1985, English translation by Anneli Hvidonov, An introduction from the Philatelic Federation of Finland, 1989, 107+2 pages, card, $20.00, sold out
Finland, The Serpentine Rouletted Stamps, Issues of 1860 and 1866 All in English, translated by Kauko Aro, SPF
Vol. 1, The Adhesive Stamp by Linder and Dromberg 1983, 106 pages, card $18.50
Vol. 2, Cancellations and Roulette Varieties by Ossa 1985, 113 pages, card $19.50
Finland, European Letters to Finland 1819 to 1873 by B. Lundh Illustrates covers, full size, explaining the markings, routes and rates. Contains 207 covers from 13 countries, 5 maps, in English. Edition of 300, numbered 1990, 234 pages, 24 color plates, card, $75.00
Finland, The Railway Parcel Stamps of Finland by Hellman & Saarinen Well illustrated, text in English and Finnish, edition of 800, numbered 1993, 112 pages + 4 color plates + color map, card, $30.00
Finnish Christmas Seals 1908 - 1993 by Philatelic Federation of Finland A beautiful book in Finnish, Swedish and English As with the US ones unused seals are of moderate value but those on cover and cancelled are most desirable, also post cards, proofs and imperforates exist and often were produced for the collector, again as with US ones. 1994, 216 pages, card, limited stock, $52.50
Fiume, The Postmarks of Fiume 1809 - 1945 by John Gilbert, from the Italy and Colonies Study Circle, The French, Austrian and Hungarian periods, World War One, the Allied Occupation, the d'Annunzio regime, the Annexation to Italy, World War Two and the Yugoslav Military Occupation. The historical background of all the significant events is explained, well illustrated with maps, contemporary pictures, covers and hundreds of postal and other markings including military, maritime, airmail and railway postmarks, and registration, censor and express handstamps. 2007, 164 pages, prong binding with acetate covers, published at �20 plus trnsit, $48.50
France, A Bibliography of Philatelic Literature on the French Colonies, Protectorates and Overseas Territories, Vol. One by R. G. Stone 1981, 110 pages, card, $10.00
France, Fakes and Forgeries of 20th Century French Postage Stamps by R. G. Gethin A detailed study from the 1914 Red Cross Surtax through 1997 with the red letter simple rate stamps. 2006, 148 pages, in English and in color, card, $82.50
Table of French Postal Rates 1849 to 2011 by Derek Richardson.
The 4th edition and much expanded with better organization and presentation. It covers 1849 to 2011 for numerous classes of mail, domestic and overseas. An excellent expansion over the 66 page version that appeared in 1996.
1996, 2nd edition, 66 pages, card, sold out
2006, 3rd edition, 96 pages, card, one copy available $40.00
2011, 4th edition, 2012 printing, 100 pages, card, enquire first, $50.00
The Development of Rates of Postage (France) by A. D. Smith revised and abridged by C. S. Holder, The French material abstracter and updated from A. D. Smith's 1917 work, 1980, 65 pages, card, in English, $22.50
France, The Pneumatic Post of Paris by J. D. Hayhurst, 1974, 27 pages, card, in English, $17.50
France, The Postal History of the Kingdom of Westphalia Under Napoleon 1807-1814 by Carroll Chase & Henry Meyer Eleven maps, tracings of 76 postmarks, 1958, 47 pages, card, in English, limited stock, $45.00
France, Philat�lie � la Fran�aise, Philatelic Foundation Monograph No. 2 International Mail, 1699-1869 by Martin F. Stempien, Jr., The Hulot Plates of 1849-1876 by Marc W. Martin First Issues by John E. Lievsay Guadeloupe, 1859-1915 by Edward J.J. Grabowski, all in English. 1992, 101 pages, card bound, $30.00
France, Nomenclatuere Des Bureaux De Poste, De Belgique et du Nore de La France Occup�s Guerre 1914-1918 by J. De Bast A detailed study of the WW I markings of Belgium and Northern France. 1990, circa 400 pages, marking card, cloth, Dutch and French, $45.00
France, Military and Postal History of the Revolutionary Armies in the West of France 1791-1802 by Stanley J. Luft A well done study of the history and philately, produced on a Laser Jet Printer by Envision Monographs, type is first rate, as the illustrations are stampless they are quite acceptable. 1993, 113 pages, card bound, sold out
French Colonial Airmail rates from 1920 to 1945 by Bob Picirilli Covers the letter rates and airmail surtax for French colonies from the start of commercial aviation to the end of WW2, and provides for the first time a comprehensive source of information to explain the postage rates applied to pre 1946 French colonial airmail covers. Published by the France & Colonies Philatelic Society (GB). 234 pages, card bound, and a CD having a 7,500 cover database, out of print
The Sower, A common Little French Stamp by Ashley Lawrence, 2012, 252+ 4 pages, in color, soft, published at £40.00 + transit, limited stock $80.00
The Postal History of French Forces in Tunisia 1900-1920 & the South Tunisian Campaign 1915-1917
by David Trapnell, Well illustrated: covers, markings and maps. 2013, 40 pages, large format, in color, $27.50
French Postal History by Vincent Pothion
Paris Marques Postales et Obliterations de Paris 1700 au 31/12/1848, 2002, 79 pages plus errata, card with prices, $55.00
Paris Obliterations 1849-1876, 2000, Nouvelle �dition, 93 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue Des Bureaux Ambulants, 1845-1965 & Des Timbres � Dates Des Pr�pos�s Des Postes Aux Gares, 1854-1960,, Railroad Cancellations, 1999, 83 pages, card with prices $47.50
France Obliterations 1849-1876 (sans Paris), 1998, 72 pages, card with prices, $45.00
Nomenclature Des Bureaux de Poste Francais 1852 - 1876 Petits et Gros Chiffres Cot�s, 1998, 124 pages, card with prices, $50.00
Catalogue Des Cachets Petits Chiffres Des Gros Chiffres, 1862-1876, 1991, 47 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Cachets Courriers - Convoyeurs - Lignes, 1877-1966, The markings having a scalloped outer border. 1990, 90 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Cachets Courriers - Convoyeurs Stations (France et Algerie 1866-1890), 1988, 83 pages, card with prices, 23 e, $37.50
Num�ros Blancs, 1876 - 1895 1980, 10 pages, card, $12.50
Initiation a L'Obliterations Francaise An introduction to the numerous types of French postal markings, well illustrated. 1996, 110 pages, card, sold out
Catalogue des Timbres a Date Facteurs Boitiers Type 1884 The circular marking surrounded by dots introduced in 1884 and used into the 20th century. 1997, 60 pages, card with prices, 130 F, $35.00
Marques Postales et Obliterations des Bureaux Francais a L'Ethranger, 1561-1948 & Bureaux De Distribution D'Algerie French obliterations used in foreign countries with specialized Algerie. 1982, 60 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Marques Postales Des Bureaux de Distribution de France, "Cursives" 1819-1858 Markings with italics and script type. 1989, 77 pages, card with prices, sold out
Catalogue des Obliterations Temporaires de France 1855-1961 Temporary post offices, ie. expositions, congresses, fairs, etc. 1996, 52 pages, card with prices, $37.50
Catalogue des Timbres "Grilles" 1849-1852, Paris, Province, Algerie 1997, 87 pages, card with prices, 150 F. $37.50
La Poste de L'Ancienne France des origines � 1791, 6th Suppl�ment au Catalogue de 1965 by Louis Lenain 1993, 119 pages, card, sold out France, The Pigeon Post in Paris 1870 - 1871 by J. D. Hayhurst 1970, 48 pages, card, a fine study, in English, $25.00
France, The Flight of the Ville D'Orleans by Ernst M. Cohn Perhaps the most fascinating flight from the 1870 Siege of Paris. 1978, 175 pages, cloth, deluxe edition, $65.00
France, Nomenclature des Entiers Postaux Officiels de France et de Monaco by Jean-Fran�ois Brun, priced catalog of France & Monaco postal stationery. 1986, 56 pages, card, in French but well illustrated, $9.50
France, Free French Censorship in the Levant by D. M. Zimmerman Jr. The handstamps, markings and printed tapes with a good background. 1980, 89 pages, card in spiral binding
The Postal History of French Forces in Tunisia 1900-1920 & the South Tunisian Campaign 1915-1917 by David Trapnell edited by Maurice Tyler, 2013, 40 pages, in full color, self cover, $27.50
R F
France, Roosevelt, De Gaulle and the Posts by D. M. Giangreco The AMG story, Franco-American War Relations Viewed Through Their Effects on the French Postal System, 1942-1944. The background behind the RF overprints. 1988, 192 pages, card, 100 illustrations including covers, $17.50
French Postal History in Tripoli (1852-1914)
in the age of steamships, French influence in the Levant and the decline of the Ottoman Empire
by Semaan Bassil
Though this book is partly titled "An Introduction to" we can only hope a subsequent volume will appear however if not this work is most certainly of major value to the collector as to; history, maps, rates, sailing data and cancellations. 2013, 179+ pages, large format, full color, in English with a one page introduction in French, soft cover, published £49, $95.00
Seventy Years of Postal History at the French Post Office in Beirut
By Semaan Bassil.
Published by The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum, Beirut 2009. the background to the original capitulations is explained and how the position of France vis-�-vis the Ottoman Empire was privileged, and this was particularly so after France took the side of the Ottomans in the Crimea. The special rights accorded to French residents and the preferential duties on trade. This situation enjoyed by France enabled them to establish strong shipping links with the Levant and Beirut from the 1830s and the establishment of a disinfection station in Beirut in 1834 further strengthened the importance of the port. The 1830s also saw substantial investment by the Lyonnais in silk production and there is considerable detail given to the companies involved and the history of this trade.
The French shipping lines serving Beirut showing routes and postal markings. It is explained that the lack of an effective Ottoman postal service led to the authorization of postal consular activity leading to the opening of a French post office in 1845 followed by other European countries.
All marks of the French post office are illustrated and supported by copies of relevant letters and description of the rates. This includes tax and maritime marks with a detailed analysis of the covers and the different postage stamps used. This includes both letters to France and other destinations. The post UPU period is treated in a similar manner covering the period up to WWI.
A final section covers moveable box mail (including a slight misunderstanding of Sallies) and military correspondence. A useful annexe illustrates the postage stamps used, ancillary marks, details about principal trading companies, a glossary and bibliography.
2009, 231 + 12 pages, large format, full color, in English and French, cloth published at �55, $97.50 French Islands by O. W. Newport and J. T. Whitney Postal markings of Chausey, Mont Saint-Michel, Br�hat, Ushant (Ouessant), Belle Isle, Ile de R� and Ile d'Ol�ron; also hotel cachets. 1981, 94 pages, 376 illustrations, card, $27.50
France, Cilicie Occupation Militarie Francase by M. Max Mayo A fine catalog - handbook covering the postal history, markings and stamps, many in color of this small territory of Turkey. 1984, 200 pages, card some illustrations in color, $35.00
French Somali Coast, Postal History 1939-45 by A. R. Torra 1992, 24 pages, card UK �5.50, $11.00, enquire, we can't find our stock
France, also see
| i don't know |
In which part of the body is the brachial artery? | Brachial Artery Location, Anatomy & Function | Body Maps
Your message has been sent.
OK
We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later.
Close
Brachial artery
The brachial artery is a major blood vessel located in the upper arm and is the main supplier of blood to the arm and hand. The brachial artery continues from the axillary artery at the shoulder and travels down the underside of the arm. Along with the medial cubital vein and bicep tendon, it forms the cubital fossa, the triangular pit on the inside of the elbow.
Below the cubital fossa, the brachial artery divides into two arteries running down the forearm: the ulnar and radial. In some people, this division occurs higher up, causing these arteries to run through the upper arm. These are the two main branches of the brachial artery. The brachial artery’s other branches are: the inferior ulnar collateral, profunda brachii, and superior ulnar arteries.
The brachial artery's pulse can be felt on the elbow's front side. This is why blood pressure is measured in this area using either a sphygmomanometer (a blood pressure meter) or a stethoscope.
| Arm |
In which English city is the Don Valley Stadium? | Blood Vessels
B. Sequence
1. Pulmonary trunk
����������� a. Bifurcates into rt. and lt. pulmonary arteries
2. Pulmonary arteries
����������� a. In the lungs, arteries subdivide into lobar arteries
����������������������� i. Three in right
����������������������� ii. Two in left
3. Lobar arteries branch to form arterioles
4. Further branching to form pulmonary capillaries
5. Capillaries drain into venules
6. Venules join to form two pulmonary veins per lung
7. Four pulmonary veins drain into left atrium
II. Overview of Systemic Circulation
A. Aorta and Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
B. Aortic arch (branches in sequence relative to lt. ventricle)
1. Coronary arteries
2. Brachiocephalic
����������� a. R. common carotid
����������������������� i. R. internal carotid
����������������������� ii. R. external carotid
����������� b. R. subclavian
����������������������� i. R. vertebral
����������������������� ii. R. axillary
3. L. common carotid
����������� a. L. internal carotid
����������� b. L. external carotid
4. R. subclavian
����������� a. L. vertebral
����������� b. L. axillary
C. Thoracic aorta (above the diaphragm)
1. Parietal branches
D. Abdominal aorta (below diaphragm)
1. Parietal branches
III. Arteries of Head and Neck
A. Brachiocephalic artery branches off aortic arch
1. R. subclavian artery branches off brachiocephalic artery
2. R. vertebral artery branches off R. subclavian artery
3. R. vertebral joins with L. vertebral to form Basilar artery
����������� a. Basilar artery is part of Circle of Willis (see below)
4. Basilar artery divides to form R. and L. posterior cerebral arteries
����������� a. Supply occipital and inferior temporal lobes of brain
B. After R. subclavian artery branches, Brachiocephalic artery is the R. common carotid artery
C. R. common carotid bifurcates to form R. external and internal carotid arteries
D. R. external carotid branches as it runs superiorly
1. Superior thyroid
����������� a. Supplies thyroid and larynx
2. Lingual
a. Supplies tongue
3. Facial
����������� a. Supplies skin and muscles of anterior face
4. Occipital
����������� a. Supplies posterior scalp
5. R. external carotid splits
a. Maxillary
����������������������� i. Supplies upper and lower jaw
b. Superficial temporal
����������� a. Supplies most of scalp
E. R. Internal carotid
1. Enters the skull and services the brain
2. Opthalmic branches off
����������� a. Supplies eyes, orbits, forehead and nose
3. R. internal carotid divides to form
����������� a. R. anterior cerebral artery
����������������������� i. Supplies medial surface of brain
����������� b. R. middle cerebral artery
����������������������� i. Supplies lateral parts of temporal and parietal lobes
F. Circle of Willis
1. R. and L. posterior communicating arteries connect posterior cerebral arteries with R. and L. anterior cerebral arteries
2. Anterior communicating artery connects R. and L. anterior cerebral arteriors
�����������������������������������
IV. Arteries of Upper Limb and Thorax
A. After giving rise to the R. vertebral artery, R. subclavian courses laterally and gives off branches to neck (do not need to know these vessels)
B. R. subclavian artery passes under clavicle
1. Name changes to axillary artery
C. Axillary artery gives off a number of branches
1. Thoracoacromial
����������� a. Supplies superior shoulder and pectoral region
2. Lateral thoracic
����������� a. Supplies lateral chest wall and breast
3. Subscapular
����������� a. Supplies scapula, latissimus dorsi and thorax wall
4. Anterior and posterior circumflex arteries
����������� a. Supply deltoid and shoulder joint
D. As axillary artery enters arm, name changes to brachial artery
E. Brachial artery gives off a branch
1. Deep brachial artery
����������� a. Supplies triceps brachii (posterior arm)
2. Brachial artery supplies anterior flexor muscles of arm
F. Brachial artery splits to form two arteries
1. Radial artery
����������� a. Supplies lateral muscles of forearm
2. Ulnar artery
����������� a. Supplies medial muscles of forearm
(Do not need to know arteries of wrist and hand)
G. Arteries of the thorax wall
1. Internal thoracic artery branches off the subclavian artery
a. As the internal thoracic artery descends it gives off anterior intercostals arterires
����������� i. Supplies anterior intercostals spaces
2. Costocervical trunk gives rise to the first two posterior intercostals arteries
3. The thoracic aorta gives rise to the next nine pairs
a. Supplies posterior intercostals spaces and deep muscles of back, vertebral columns and spinal cord
V. Arteries of the Abdomen
A. Abdominal artery lies below the level of the diaphragm
B. As abdominal aorta descends it gives the inferior phrenic arteries
1. Supply the diaphragm
C. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the celiac trunk
D. Celiac trunk divides into three branches
1. Common hepatic
����������� a. Gives off branches to stomach, small intestine and pancreas
b. After giving off gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic becomes hepatic artery
����������� i. Right gastroepiploic branches off gastroduodenal artery
����������� ii. Supplies stomach
c. Hepatic splits into right and left branches
����������� i. Supplies liver
2. Splenic
����������� a. Sends branches to stomach and pancreas
����������� b. Splenic terminates in the spleen
����������� c. Left gastroepiploic branches of splenic artery
i. Supplies stomach
3. L. gastric artery
����������� a. Supplies stomach and inferior esophagus
E. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the suprarenal arteries
F. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the superior mesenteric artery
1. Superior mesenteric gives off branches that supply mesenteric organs
����������� a. Intestinal
����������������������� i. Supply large intestine
����������� b. Ileocolic
����������������������� i. Supply appendix, colon
����������� c. R. and middle colic
����������������������� i. Supply transverse colon
G. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the paired renal arteries
1. Supply kidneys on each side of the body
H. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the gonadal arteries (Testicular or ovarian)
I. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the inferior mesenteric artery
1. Inferior mesenteric gives off branches that supply distal part of the colon
����������� a. L. colic
����������� b. Sigmoidal arteries
����������� c. Superior rectal arteries
J. Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the lumbar arteries
1. Supply posterior abdominal wall
K. Aorta terminates giving rise to three arteries
1. Median sacral
2. R. and L. common iliacs
VI. Arteries of Pelvis and Leg
A. Common iliac divides into two branches
1. Internal iliac
����������� a. Supply pelvis and visceral organs
����������������������� i. Bladder, rectum, uterus and vagina (prostate and ductus deferns)
����������� b. Divides to serve muscles of gluteal muscles and external genitalia
2. External iliac
B. As external iliac enters thigh it becomes the femoral artery
C. Femoral artery gives off branches as it descends down the thigh
1. Deep femoral artery
����������� a. Serves posterior thigh
����������� b. Deep femoral artery gives off branches that supply head and neck of femur
����������������������� i. Lateral and medial circumflex arteries
D. Femoral artery descends and passes through adductor hiatus and enters popliteal fossa
E. Femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery
1. Supplies knee region
1. Posterior tibial artery
����������� a. Gives off peroneal artery
����������������������� i. Supplies lateral muscles of the leg
2. Anterior tibial artery
����������� a. Supplies extensor muscles
(Do not need to know arteries of ankle or foot)
VII. Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
A. Superior vena cava runs from union of brachiocephalic veins (L. and R.) to R. atrium
B. Veins that drain into R. brachiocephalic vein
1. R. internal jugular vein
2. R. vertebral vein
3. R. subclavian vein
����������� a. R. external jugular vein empties into R. subclavian vein
*Left side corresponds to right side
C. Inferior vena cava runs from junction of common iliac veins to R. atrium
D. Veins that drain into inferior vena cava
1. Hepatic veins (R. and L.)
2. R. suprarenal vein
3. Renal veins (R. and L.)
4. R. gonadal vein
VIII. Veins of Head and Neck
A. Drainage of blood from brain
1. Most veins drain into dural (meningial) sinuses
����������� a. Superior sagittal
����������� b. Straight
����������� c. Cavernous
����������� d. Transverse
2. Most blood from the brain drains into internal jugular veins
B. Deep veins of the face drain into inferior jugular veins
1. Facial
IX. Veins of Upper Limbs and Thorax
A. Azygous system drains thoracic tissues
1. Azygous vein drains into superior vena cava
����������� a. Posterior intercostal veins drain into azygous
2. Azygous veins that drain into azygous vein
����������� a. Hemiazygous
����������� b. Accessory hemiazygous vein
B. Deep drainage of upper limb
1. Distal veins of the arm drain into ulnar and radial veins
2. Ulnar and radial veins unite to form brachial vein
3. As brachial vein enters shoulder, it becomes axillary vein
4. At level of first rib, axillary vein becomes subclavian vein
C. Superficial drainage of upper limb
1. Median vein of the forearm lies between ulna and radius
����������� a. Connects either to basilic or cephalic veins
2. Cephalic vein joins with axillary vein
3. Basilic vein joins with brachial vein
4. Median cubital vein connects basilic and cephalic veins
����������� a. Commonly used to obtain blood samples
1. Multiple hepatic veins carry blood from liver to inferior vena cava
2. Cystic veins drain gall bladder and join the hepatic veins
B. Hepatic portal vein receives drainage from digestive viscera
����������� a. Hepatic portal vein carries blood to liver
����������������������� i. Nutrients are removed
C. Visceral veins draining into hepatic portal vein
1. Superior mesenteric
2. Inferior mesenteric
����������� a. Drains large intestine and rectum
����������������������� i. Joins splenic
3. Splenic
����������� a. Drains spleen, parts of the stomach, and pancreas
����������������������� i. Joins superior mesenteric
D. Other veins draining into inferior vena cava
1. Lumbar veins
����������� a. R. and L. ascending lumbar veins
2. Gonadal veins
����������� a. R.: ovariaries or testes on right side of body
����������������������� i. Drains directly into vena cava
����������� b. L.: ovariaries or testes on left side of body
����������������������� i. Drains into L. renal vein
3. Suprarenal
����������� a. R: right adrenal gland
����������������������� i. Drains directly into vena cava
����������� b. L: left adrenal gland
����������������������� i. Drains into left renal vein
4. Renal veins
����������� a. Drain kidneys
E. Common iliacs join to form inferior vena cava
XI. Veins of Pelvis and Lower Limbs
A. Anterior and posterior tibial veins joins to form popliteal
B. Above the knee the popliteal becomes the femoral vein
C. As the femoral vein enters the pelvis it becomes the external iliac
D. External iliac joins with internal iliac to form common iliac
E. Saphenous veins
����������� a. Great
����������������������� i. Drains medial aspects of the leg
����������������������� ii. Longest vein in the body
����������������������� iii. Empties into femoral vein
����������� b. Small
����������������������� i. Drains deep fascia of calf
����������������������� ii. Empties into popliteal vein
| i don't know |
What is a Lulworth skipper? | Butterfly Conservation - Lulworth Skipper
Butterfly Conservation
Finish
What your money can do
By becoming a member of Butterfly Conservation today you can do something important not just for Britain's butterflies and moths but for the planet as whole.
What you'll receive
Members will receive a fantastic pack including a set of collectible postcards, access to our nature reserves, a subscription to our exclusive magazine 3 times a year, plus more!
See all our membership options including becoming a Life Benefactor.
Join
Identify a butterfly or day-flying moth
Country
Where did you spot it?
Size
What wing markings did it have?
Black spots
Scientific name: Thymelicus acteon
Only found in south Dorset. Dull orange-brown wings held with forewings above hind wings.
The Lulworth Skipper is one of the smallest of our butterflies. It is restricted to the extreme south of Dorset where it can be found in large numbers along a stretch of coast centred on the village of Lulworth, where the species was first discovered in 1832.
The females can be distinguished from other skippers by the pale orange 'sun-ray' markings on their forewings whereas the males have darker-brown, almost olive coloured wings and a black line through the centre of the forewing. Darker than Small and Essex Skippers, neither of which has ray of pale spots.
The range of the Lulworth Skipper has changed little in recent decades and it remains locally very abundant.
Size and Family
Protected under Schedule 5 of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act (for sale only)
Caterpillar Foodplant
The butterfly breeds on tall patches of Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum).
Habitat
Occurs on chalk grasslands in Dorset, including chalk downland, coastal grasslands and undercliffs. The butterfly occasionally uses grasslands on chalk clays and road verges where chalk or limestone ballast has been used in construction. The grass should be tall, as females perfer tall spikes of the foodplant (30-50cm) and never select foodplants under 10cm for egg laying. South-facing slopes and grasslands sheltered from winds are preferred.
Distribution
Countries: England
Only found in Dorset on the Coast from Burton Bradstock to Swanage and on chalk downland inland (such as the Purbeck Ridge and White Horse Hill).
Distribution Trend Since 1970’s = -15%.
Similar species
| Butterfly |
Which Greek god was the twin sister of Apollo? | Butterfly Conservation Dorset - Skippers
Skippers
Peak: End May - End June
Habitat:
Open/rough ground, hillsides
Where to see:
Cashmoor, Clubmens Down, Fontmell Down, Hod Hill, Melbury Down, Ballard Down, Durlston Country Park, Cerne Abbas, Portland Tout, Lankham Bottom, Southfield Hogcliffe
Foodplants:
Thymelicus lineola
Comments
This is recognisable as an Essex Skipper rather than a Small Skipper by the black tips its antennae, which have clear cut offs which are visible from the underside too. It also has the less important but sometimes useful feature that the underside tips of the forewings are orange, whereas the Small Skipper's underwings are the same colour throughout.
When to see:
Stour Valley, Bere Regis By-pass, Alners Gorse, Hatch Pond
Foodplants:
Peak: Mid-May to early June
Habitat:
Fontmell Down, Hod Hill, Durlston Country Park, Cerne Abbas, Lankham Bottom, Southfield Hogcliffe
Foodplants:
Perch
Identification hints
This is a very small butterfly - the yellow flower it is shown on above is smaller than the average dandelion flower.
Peak: Mid June to End July
Habitat:
Left is female, right is male
When to see:
In theory, July to Mid September, with a peak in August - this used to be the norm. However, weather changes over the last few years have stretched the flight period in some years from the last week in April to early September.
Habitat:
Durlston Country Park, Bindon Hill.
Foodplants:
Perch
Identification hints:
Size is a key point in identification – Lulworth Skippers are smaller than Large Skippers & slightly smaller than Small Skippers, not that this helps much if you are not seeing them together!
Lulworth Skippers which are fresh have a light dusting of golder marks in the centre of the forewing, which in the female is a distinctive circle.
Lulworths do not have the much paler yellow dots around the edges of the forewings which are key id features for Large Skipper.
Old Lulworth Skippers go a rather greenish olive-brown, which distinguishes them from the other Skippers.
Lulworths also hold their wings characteristically with the hindwings at a lower angle.
| i don't know |
To which family of birds does the chiffchaff belong? | The RSPB: Chiffchaff
Chiffchaff
Conservation status: Green
A small olive-brown warbler which actively flits through trees and shrubs, with a distinctive tail-wagging movement. Less bright than the similar willow warbler and readily distinguished by its song, from where it gets its name. Picks insects from trees and also flies out to snap them up in flight.
Illustrations
Lowland woodlands, parks and large gardens.
When to see them
All year round, but most arrive in late March and depart in August and September.
What they eat
500-1,000 birds
-
* UK breeding is the number of pairs breeding annually. UK wintering is the number of individuals present from October to March. UK passage is the number of individuals passing through on migration in spring and/or autumn.
Distribution
In the UK
All, except for far N and W of Scotland.
Please note that the map is only intended as a guide. It shows general distribution rather than detailed, localised populations.
Audio
| Warbler |
Dido was the legendary founder of which ancient city? | Limpkin, Identification, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Blue-winged Warbler by Brian Sullivan
Receive bird news, tips, and information about Lab projects.
The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. You can unsubscribe at any time. We will never sell or give your email address to others.
×
What is your favorite species?
The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. You can unsubscribe at any time. We will never sell or give your email address to others.
| i don't know |
What is the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago? | Port of Spain, capital city of Trinidad and Tobago
All...
Port of Spain, capital city of Trinidad and Tobago
Port of Spain is the cultural and political heart of Trinidad and Tobago, stretching from the foothills of the Northern Range to the shores of the Gulf of Paria. Once a muddy little seaport, the city has grown to become one of the Caribbean's busiest commercial centers and a hub of artistic activity.
The best way to explore the city is on foot. In the downtown area, start your visit at Independence Square, which is dissected by the Brian Lara Promenade. Locals playing chess under the shady trees are a common sight, and visitors can often catch a free street performance around the square in the afternoons.
The promenade's western half is dominated by the International Waterfront Centre, one of the most ambitious construction projects sponsored by the former government. The complex includes a luxurious hotel, theater space, a waterfront park, shops and a large conference center.
At the end of the promenade sits the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Built in 1832, the church is known for its beautiful stained-glass windows that tell the story of Trinidad's history in glorious colors and details. Beyond the cathedral lies the streets of the old Spanish town.
The city is home to a handful of interesting museums. The most popular is the National Museum, situated at the Savannah district's southern end on Frederick Street. The vast permanent collection highlights the colonial history and recent past of the island. The highlight of the museum is the exhibition detailing the lives and work of the La Borde family who from 1969 to 1973 became the first Trinidadians to circle the globe in the Hummingbird, a small yacht. The family completed a second circumnavigation in the Hummingbird II, which is now on display next to the museum.
The National Library is also worth a visit. Located at the corner of Abercromby and Hart Streets, the collection highlights West Indian works and provides a good introduction to the heritage of the island's people. The complex also includes a cinema and amphitheater.
Another fascinating sight is the Museum of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. Located in the old police headquarters, the museum outlines the history of the service and is open on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
The city's largest green space is the Queen's Park Savannah. The park is often filled with kite-flyers, cricketers, picnickers and joggers in addition to vendors selling local treats like coconuts and oysters. The 260-acre park is over 180 years old, giving it the distinction of being the West Indies' oldest recreation grounds.
Not far from the park is the recently renovated Emperor Valley Zoo, home to hundreds of animals, walking paths and a chic outdoor cafe. The nearby Botanical Gardens are home to some of the oldest trees and plants in the hemisphere, and more than 200 species of orchids grow on the lush grounds.
The best time to visit Port of Spain is during Carnival, an extravagant celebration held in the days before Lent. Calypso competitions, parades, music performances and dances take over the city streets, and locals don elaborate costumes as they dance to soca and steel drum bands until the wee hours.
Port of Spain Geographical Location
Port of Spain is located to the north of Trinidad and Tobago facing the Caroni Swamp and Gulf of Paria. Although it is only the third largest city in Trinidad and Tobago, it is the most developed.
The population of Port of Prince according to its last census in 2000 was 50,000 people.
Port of Spain Language
Although Spanish is spoken in Port of Spain, the official language is English. A Caribbean dialect of Hindi is also spoken in some areas as well as French and Chinese.
Port of Spain Predominant Religion
26% Roman Catholic
| Port of Spain |
Who is the famous father of the film director Duncan Jones? | Images from the capital of Trinidad and Tobago
Click on any image to view a larger version.
Images from the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain.
Click on a thumbnail to view larger. Hover over the top right corner for navigation tools.
MWL_20070421_0489.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0487.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0486.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0485.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0484.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0483.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0482.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0481.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0480.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0479.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0478.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0477.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0476.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0475.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0474.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0471.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
MWL_20070421_0466.jpgPort of Spain at Dusk
SavannahFootball 04.jpgFootball in the Queen's Park Savannah
SavannahFootball 03.jpgFootball in the Queen's Park Savannah
SavannahFootball 02.jpgFootball in the Queen's Park Savannah
SavannahFootball 01.jpgFootball in the Queen's Park Savannah
Scenic Savannah 05.jpgQueen's Park Savannah
TrinityCathedral 08.jpgTrinity Cathedral
| i don't know |
Which English cathedral has an octagonal tower? | Cecil Hewett on the Wooden Octagon of Ely Cathedral
(Figure 76 --View a Larger Image HERE .)
[C.A. Hewett, English Cathedral Carpentry (London, 1974), pp. 82-9]
The most spectacular work among the various polygonally planned cathedral structures is undoubtedly the lantern at Ely, which was built between 1328 and 1342, at a total cost of £24,061.34½ --as the Sacrist's Rolls testify. No less than three master-carpenters are recorded as being involved in the work, each of them in supervisory capacities: Master Thomas, Master William de Houk and Master William Hurley the King's Master Carpenter. Other carpenters are recorded as boarded at the Prior's expense, together with numerous sawyers at various times during the long period of construction. The rolls also indicate clearly that the carpenters took over the huge scaffolding that had been used by the masons for the purpose of bringing the octagon up to its upper string-course in 1328, after which date the structural carpentry began. From this masonry octagon it is apparent that a specific design for the timber vault and lantern had existed and been understood by the master mason, since the necessary sill-hooks and squinting-pockets had been worked into the ashlar at the correct situations for the receipt of the timber components. The carpenters therefore inherited a well-equipped site-operation, with "huge scaffolding" and a "great crane for lifting heavy weights", together with a stone carcase accurately built in accord with the same design --evidently the product of a "Medieval architect", conversant with both masonry and carpentry. It seems unlikely that this genius should have been Alan of Walsingham, the Sacrist of Ely, but this is stated; and his portrait carved in stone was placed over the north-west arch of the octagon. Finally the lantern, which incorporated a belfry with peal of bells, was covered with lead as the Sacrist's roll for the twenty-sixth year of the reign of Edward III records.
In July 1757 James Essex the architect made a survey of the Cathedral in which he reported to the Dean and Chapter that the lantern, "being a work of the greatest importance, the neglect of it may be attended with the destruction of the church, and the loss of many lives: For whoever considers the magnitude and weight of this Tower with all its appendages, [p. 85] and the manner in which it is supported, must allow that the greatest care is required to preserve it in the state it ought to be". It is difficult to reconcile documentary evidence with actual structures, and in this case even more difficult to determine what repairs Essex really carried out, since in the same report he said : "The prodigious quantity of Timber and Lead of which it is composed was at First supported by sixteen pieces of Timber only of which number 7 or 8 are now rotten and unfit for supports, so that the whole weight is now unequally supported by those that remain sound." He concludes his report in so far as the lantern is concerned with the remark that "altho' this ought to be the first part that has a general repair, the other part ought not to be entirely neglected for care should be taken in time to prevent any mischief by securing them for the present and at a more convenient opportunity to repair them effectually". My own notes give no indication that Essex, or any other architect, did replace any of the sixteen shores which carry the lantern, since all of them appear to have a uniform age and patination. What he probably did was add the very large quantity of relatively small-timber trussing that now fills the space around the lantern's first and internal storey. All of this subsequent timberwork is omitted from the illustrations as irrelevant. It is, in fact, difficult at the present time to determine the original design of the structure, since this has nor been retained; the architects who have been successively responsible for it have added structures to it, and accurately worked sockets in the masonry are the only clear evidence as to the absence of a large number of very big timbers.
The method originally used to construct the lantern must be conjectured and necessitates an interpretation of the documentary evidence, which in itself does not agree with the structural evidence since the Sacrist's Rolls indicate that the fifteenth year of the work was devoted to the construction of the wooden vault beneath the lantern and the structure itself shows that the vault was complete, with all its 104 timber ribs and the "cobweb" of flooring that surrounds the central octagonal void, before the "exaltatione magnarum postium in novo chore" which seems to indicate the raising into position of the huge corner posts.
The scaffold was inherited from the masons and sill-hooks of stone were previously in position in the masonry, and it was possible to set four sides of the eight-sided [p.89] "ring-beam" in position, each having a triangular side elevation. The radiating beams run from the centre of each side of the "ring-beam" and are tenoned into the angle-posts set into the stone grooves, and those in turn were strained apart by the octagon of rim-timbers surrounding the floor, which was additionally secured by the stone sill-hooks. The other four sides of the structure could then be added, and the cross-halved joints at the ring-beam's corners indicate the precise sequence followed; eight pendentives of timber were thus positioned, and when all were assembled the whole was immensely strong.
The lantern was built on this perforated platform, the tenons at the feet of the great corner-posts penetrating both timbers forming the ring-beam angles. The raking-shores were apparently set in place before the posts were erected and were there to steady them as soon as reared. The great posts are generally stated to be sixty-three feet long (I have not measured their lengths), and in one piece. This is not entirely true; one post is scarfed throughout a great part of its height and secured with a free tenon and pegs every yard, while others have extensions scarfed on at their tops. Notwithstanding this, they are enormous posts and came from "Chikissand" in Bedfordshire, whither Walsingham went with Master Thomas and purchased twenty oaks for nine pounds during the building period.
(fig 74 --View a Larger Image HERE .)
Fig. 74 shows the general arrangement of the ribs, which could not be set in position without the floor, into which each rib is chase-tenoned.
(Figure 75. --View a Larger Image HERE .)
The floor, with the ribs framed in, is shown in Fig. 75, which also shows the eight posts originally set into grooves running the full height of the stone octagon's comers and the lesser posts that were framed into the apexes of each of the eight arches.
(Figure 76. A Larger Image HERE .)
The Sacrist's Entry for the fifteenth year probably refers to the planking of the vault, the fitting of its bosses in some cases, and the painting of its archivolt. The whole structure, vastly simplified by deleting huge quantities of timbers, is shown in Fig. 76, in which the pinnacles surmounting the lantern are also omitted.
Fig. 77 shows the floor at the lantern's base.
(Figures 78-79. Larger Image HERE .)
Fig. 78 shows the pattern formed by the 104 vault-ribs beneath it, while
Fig. 79 gives the pattern of the highest vault beneath the belfry floor- of which the central boss was cut by John of Burwell in 1337-9 and which is situated 152 feet 6 inches above the floor.
Mr. Hewett later expanded on his remarks about the Ely Octagon in a subsequent publication,
English Historic Carpentry (London/Chichester : Phillimore & Co., 1980), focusing on the place of the work in the tradition of medieval English carpentry and the actual process and sequence of construction which was used. We include below the substance of this work and the new drawings with which he illustrated it.
(Figure 146. Larger Image HERE .)
[p. 162]
The first timbers to be positioned were of necessity the eight great posts set within the internal angles of the octagonal carcase, and these were probably retained [p.163] by timber tie-backs set into the sill hooks in the spandrels (fig. 146). The straining tembers [""] at higher levels were probably fitted by chase mortises [""] to facilitate assembly; but since all of this original framing was removed during the 18th century, this must be an hypothesis. When the eight angle posts were in place, tied back and strained apart, the mounting of the internal octagonal void could be undertaken. For this purpose the 'great scaffold' the masons had passed on to the carpenters was used to the full, and the central space was bridged with fir trunks to provide a working platform at the base height of the lantern.
Fig 147. Larger Image HERE .
Fig 148. Larger Image HERE .
Fig 149. Larger Image HERE .
Fig 150. Larger Image HERE .
| Ely |
Who will captain the European team in the 2010 Ryder Cup? | Ely Cathedral - Cathedral Tower Tours
Cathedral Tower Tours
CATHEDRAL TOWER TOURS
The Octagon
Although not the tallest of Ely's towers, the Octagon crowned by its Lantern Tower in wood, lead and glass is rightly considered the jewel in the Cathedral crown. Built in the 1320s in the wake of the collapse of the Norman tower, it is a masterpiece of medieval engineering and a continuing delight to the eye.
Octagon Tower tours do not take place on Good Friday.
Octagon Tour Times
10.30am, 11.45am, 1.15pm, 2.30pm, 3.30pm
12.30pm, 1.30pm, 2.30pm
£8, Concessions £6 (+ £7.50 with Cathedral admission charge)
£9
The maximum number of people per tour is 14. Children must be ten years old or over.
A reasonable level of fitness is required to tackle the 165 steps to the top.
Tours are subject to weather and light conditions and cannot take place in wet weather.
Tours may also not take place if there is a special service or event in the Cathedral.
Please check before your visit. Cathedral West Door Desk: 01353 660344 or email gro/lardehtacyle//stisiv
Please read our safety notes before booking a tour.
The West Tower
At 215 feet (65.5m) high, the West Tower of Ely Cathedral (dating from the 13th and 14th centuries) dominates the Fenland landscape for miles around. Whether or not it is, as claimed, possible to see the tower from almost every church in the diocese, the view from the top is well worth the climb.
Guided tours of the West Tower are offered daily subject to guide availability.
West Tower tours do not take place on Good Friday.
West Tower Tour Times
£8, Concessions £6 (+ £7.50 with Cathedral admission charge)
£9
The maximum number of people per tour is 14. Children must be ten years old or over.
A reasonable level of fitness is required to tackle the 288 steps to the top.
Tours are subject to weather and light conditions and cannot take place in wet weather.
Tours may also not take place if there is a special service or event in the Cathedral.
Please check before your visit. Cathedral West Door Desk: 01353 660344 or email mailto:[email protected]?subject=Ely Cathedral Website Contact from Cathedral Towers Page
Please read our safety notes before booking a tour.
En route to the Octagon Tower Enlarge
On the Octagon Tower Enlarge
Inside the Octagon Vault Enlarge
Share this content
| i don't know |
Who played the character Solitaire in Live and Let Die? | Solitaire (Jane Seymour) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Solitaire is a fictional character in the James Bond novel and film Live and Let Die . In the film, she was portrayed by Jane Seymour .
Contents
Film biography
Bond meets Solitaire.
Solitaire is a psychic in the employ of Dr. Kananga . As James Bond travels to New York by plane, Solitaire describes his journey to Dr. Kananga through the use of Tarot cards. The one drawback to her ability is that she must remain a virgin in order to preserve it.
After Bond follows Kananga to the Fillet of Soul restaurant, he meets Solitaire. After a rather brief encounter with Mr. Big, Bond asks Solitaire about his future. When instructed to pick up a card Bond quizzically comments "us?” after picking up the lovers card.
When Bond and Rosie Carver visit San Monique, Solitaire tells Kananga the future, once more picking the lovers card in regard to Bond. Later that evening Bond returns to the island. After convincing Solitaire they are meant to be lovers, with odds stacked in his favor, Bond succeeds in seducing her. After losing her virginity to Bond through their sexual intercourse, Solitaire loses her psychic power, which endangers her life. Bond discovers Kananga is hiding vast areas of poppy fields. Bond and Solitaire evade Kananga's men, escaping in Quarrel Jr. 's boat.
Bond seduces Solitaire.
After arriving in New Orleans , Bond and Solitaire are captured and taken to Mr Big. Before Bond can be given his skydiving lesson without a parachute, he manages to escape. Solitaire is recaptured by Kananga's henchmen and taken back to him.
While interrogating Bond at the Fillet of Soul, Kananga demands to know whether he has slept with Solitaire. When 007 refuses to answer, Kananga decides to find out for himself by putting Solitaire's psychic powers to the test. Taking Bond's watch, he reads out what he claims to be its registration number and asks Solitaire to confirm whether he is telling the truth. After some hesitation, she replies, "You speak the truth", prompting a seemingly satisfied Kananga to release Bond. Initially relieved at her narrow escape, she soon learns that she has, in fact, answered incorrectly. When Kananga asks why she allowed herself to be seduced by Bond, Solitaire protests that the cards had spoken and she had no choice in the matter. Unmoved, he slaps her to the floor, sentences her to death and turns her over to Baron Samedi .
Kananga demands to know why Solitaire betrayed him.
After a raid on the Fillet of Soul, Felix Leiter informs Bond that Kananga has taken Solitaire back to San Monique , leaving behind three Tarot cards: the High Priestess, the Moon and Death. Arriving on San Monique, where a voodoo ceremony is already under way, Bond looks on as Solitaire is led out for sacrifice. Tied to an altar, she watches helplessly as a gleeful Dambala menaces her with the same snake that killed the unfortunate Baines. However, just before it can inflict the fatal bite, Bond interrupts the ceremony, shoots Dambala dead and rescues Solitaire. While attempting to escape, Bond and Solitaire make their way through an underground passageway, which ultimately leads them to Kananga and Whisper .
The pair are tied up and left to be eaten by sharks, but Bond manages to free himself and defeat Kananga, allowing the pair to escape once more.
Later, on the train, she beats Bond at gin rummy and tries to have a quiet night before Tee Hee traps her in the bed, believing Bond did it. After Bond kills Tee Hee, he rescues her out of the bed and they soon make out.
Gallery
Add a photo to this gallery
Trivia
| Jane Seymour |
Which number in Pennsylvania Avenue is The White House? | 1 Sep ’09
Jane Seymour was just 22 years old when she played white witch Solitaire in Live and Let Die (1973). Her wardrobe was a mixture of uniform (as tarot reader), casual (escaping the poppy fields, New Orleans airport) and sexualised (sacrificial peasant dress, various chemises).
Most illustrative of her kooky characterisation however are the maxi-dresses. There is something intrinsically spiritual about a maxi dress; the way it flows and veils the body. It gels with the divine aspect of Solitaire and later, with a rapidly decreasing neckline, epitomises her sexual awakening by Roger Moore’s randy new 007.
When we first meet Solitaire it is only from the waist up, sitting in the U.N. building in New York alongside crooked diplomat Dr. Kananga/A.K.A. Mr Big (Yaphet Kotto) in her unfussy ‘civvy’ clothing:
White pointed collar shirt, red knitted tank top. Long gold-tone costume necklaces.
Knitwear was popular as part of the 1970s hippy craft revival; generally as informal wear during the day and often (as in the film’s opening scene) sleeveless over a slim-fit shirt. The vivid red colour is indicative of the voodoo vibe cultivated by Mr. Big and his eclectic street wear crew.
The big reveal for Jane Seymour in tarot costume is in the back room of the New York Fillet of Soul restaurant. Just a few minutes earlier we see Solitaire stripping down from a brown front-zipped mini dress and knee-high leather boots into a matching lacy topped chemise. Soon after, she accompanies Mr. Big leaving their hotel offering just a glimpse of her newly clad red patent leather platform heel boots as they clip-clop along the concrete.
The first time that we see Solitaire in full dress regalia is the first time James Bond does too. It is her classic look:
Red velvet maxi dress embellished with bead and sequin appliqué, high neckline with attached silver pendants, wide flared sleeves, red fringed hem. Matching cloak with tassel detailing to the chest.
Note the raised round neck; at this stage in the film Solitaire is still ‘unviolated’ by Bond. Note too the ethnic styled adornment which appears somewhat Turkish in origin rather than North African (the habitual home of tarot reading). With this dress experienced costume designer Julie Harris (Whirlpool, 1959; Goodbye, Mr. Chips 1969) created Solitaire’s most enduring poster image, possibly the most enduring for any Bond girl after Ursula Andress in Dr. No (1962) – and Seymour isn’t even wearing a bikini.
Later following her deflowering from 007, Solitaire dons a far more suggestive and revealing empire line maxi gown in gold and red lamé with plunging neckline and butterfly shaped sequin appliqué. Again featuring voluminous flared sleeves, only this time gathered into the wrist.
Before this point during her escape with Bond in the poppy fields, Solitaire adopts a more practical look with orange tunic shirt and white slacks; soon after a delicate sixties style peach day dress.
By now a real contrast has formed between casual, uniform and sexual; just a few scenes earlier Seymour wears a blue kaftan-esque maxi, then a slinky red silk jersey dress with interesting (and revealing) bar finish across the chest. The vibrant red colour though, in some shape or form, is nearly always present in the company of Kananga.
A final memorable image of Solitaire occurs during her attempted sacrifice by crazed Baron Samedi. She is openly erotised in an outfit designed to be both virginal and carnal:
Full length empire line dress in white silk with slashed lace sleeves, low v-neckline and flower/vine detailing to the bust. Gold-tone pendant necklace.
This gathered empire line is similar to designer Thea Porter’s output during the 1970s, although with no ethnic veneer. It is, in fact, rather a plain dress, somewhat akin a hippy wedding gown.
Jane Seymour spent much of her screen time in Live and Let Die being yanked from pillar to post by Roger Moore’s 6’2” frame as they ran from Kananga and his plaid jacketed henchmen. It is fair to say that Solitaire was not a modern Bond girl; she didn’t do much to advance women’s lib (apart from promoting trousers), yet she did represent a hip bohemian fashion movement so often overlooked in 007’s world.
Moreover a Bond girl can be sexy in long frock, even if apparently she needs her cleavage on display most of the time to do so.
| i don't know |
Which fictional detective lived at 110A Piccadilly, W1? | Heavenly Worldliness: 10 Fictional Addresses of 10 Fictional Detectives
CHBC Sermons
Bonhoeffer uses a similar phrase 'worldly Christianity'. It's J Gresham Machen that I want to line up most closely with. See his Christianity and culture here . Having done commentaries on Proverbs (Heavenly Wisdom) and Song of Songs (Heavenly Love), a matching title for Ecclesiastes would be Heavenly Worldliness. For my stance on worldliness, see 3 posts here .
10 Fictional Addresses of 10 Fictional Detectives
1. Sherlock Holmes, 221B Baker St, London W1, England (Arthur Conan Doyle)
2. Hercule Poirot, 56B Whitehaven Mansions, Sandhurst Square, London W1, England (Agatha Christie)
3. Miss Marple, Danemead, High Street, St Mary Mead, England (Agatha Christie)
4. Jules Maigret, 132 Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, Paris, France (Georges Simenon)
5. Sam Spade, 891 Post St, San Franciso, CA, USA (Dashiell Hammett)
6. Philip Marlowe, #615 Cahuenga Bldg, Hollywood Blvd, LA CA, USA (Raymond Chandler)
7. John Rebus, 17 Arden Street, St Leonards, Edinburgh, Scotland (Ian Rankin)
8. Lord Peter Wimsey, 110A Piccadilly, London W1 and Bredon Hall, Duke's Denver, Norfolk, England (Dorothy L Sayers)
9. Brother Cadfael, Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury, Salop, England (Ellis Peters)
10. Albert Campion, 17a Bottle St, Piccadilly, London W1, England (Marjorie Allingham)
:
| Lord Peter Wimsey |
Who played Private Joe Walker in Dad’s Army? | Lord Peter Wimsey | Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing - eBooks | Read eBooks online
Biography
Background
Lord Peter Wimsey's (fictional) ancestry begins with the 12th-century knight Gerald de Wimsey, who went with King Richard The Lion Heart on the Third Crusade and took part in the Siege of Acre .[3] This makes the Wimseys an unusually ancient family, since "Very few English noble families go that far in the first creation; rebellions and monarchic head choppings had seen to that" (as reviewer Janet Hitchman noted in the introduction to Striding Folly ). The family coat of arms is blazoned as " Sable , 3 mice courant, argent; crest, a domestic cat couched as to spring, proper". The family motto, displayed under its coat of arms, is "As my Whimsy takes me."[4]
Early life
Lord Peter was the second of the three children of Mortimer Wimsey, 15th poacher living at the edge of the family estate.
According to the novels, Lord Peter was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford , graduating with a first -class degree in history. He was also an outstanding cricketer , whose performance would still be well remembered decades later, leading to the near unmasking of his incognito in Murder Must Advertise . Though not taking up an academic career, he was left with an enduring and deep love for Oxford.
At this time, Lord Peter was considerably influenced by his maternal uncle Paul Delagardie, who took it upon himself to instruct his nephew in the facts of life as Paul himself understood them – i.e. to conduct various love affairs, often in the more permissive atmosphere of France, and treat his various lovers respectfully but avoid any deep emotional entanglements.
To his uncle's disappointment, Peter eventually fell deeply in love with a young woman named Barbara and became engaged to her. When the First World War broke out, he hastened to join the British Army , releasing Barbara from her engagement in case he was killed or mutilated. The girl later married another, less principled, officer.
Wimsey served on the Western Front from 1914 to 1918, reaching the rank of Major in the Rifle Brigade . He was appointed an Intelligence Officer , and on one occasion he infiltrated the staff room of a German officer.[5] Though not explicitly stated, that feat implies that Wimsey spoke a fluent and unaccented German. As noted in Have His Carcase , he communicated at that time with British Intelligence using the Playfair cipher and became proficient in its use.
For reasons never clarified, after the end of his spy mission, Wimsey in the later part of the war moved from Intelligence and resumed the role of a regular line officer. He was a conscientious and effective commanding officer, popular with the men under his command—an affection still retained by Wimsey's former soldiers many years after the war, as is evident from a short passage in Clouds of Witness and an extensive reminiscence in Gaudy Night .
In particular, while in the army he met Sergeant Mervyn Bunter , who had previously been in service . In 1918, Wimsey was severely wounded by artillery fire near Caudry in France. He suffered a breakdown due to shell shock (which we now call post-traumatic stress disorder but which was then often thought, by those without first-hand experience of it, to be a species of malingering) and was eventually sent home. After sharing this experience, which the Dowager Duchess referred to as "a jam", Wimsey and Bunter arranged that if they were both to survive the war, Bunter would become Wimsey's valet . Throughout the books, Bunter takes care to address Wimsey as "My Lord". Nevertheless, he is a friend as well as a servant, and Wimsey again and again expresses amazement at Bunter's high efficiency and competence in virtually every sphere of life.
After the war he was ill for many months, recovering at the family's ancestral home in Duke's Denver, a fictional setting—as is the Dukedom of Denver— about 15 miles (24 km) beyond the real Denver in Norfolk, on the A10 near Downham Market . Wimsey was for a time unable to give servants any orders whatsoever, since his wartime experience made him associate the giving of an order with causing the death of the person to whom the order was given. Bunter arrived and, with the approval of the Dowager Duchess, took up his post as valet. Bunter moved Wimsey to a London flat at 110A Piccadilly , W1 , while Wimsey recovered. Even much later, however, Wimsey would have relapses—especially when his actions caused a murderer to be hanged. As noted in Whose Body? , on such occasions Bunter would take care of Wimsey and tenderly put him to bed, and they would revert to being "Major Wimsey" and "Sergeant Bunter".
Detective work
Lord Peter begins his hobby of investigation by recovering The Attenbury Emeralds in 1921. He also becomes good friends with Scotland Yard detective Charles Parker , a sergeant in 1921 who eventually rises to the rank of Commander. Bunter, a man of many talents himself, not least photography, often proves instrumental in Peter's investigations. However, Wimsey is not entirely well. At the end of the investigation in Whose Body? (1923) he hallucinates that he is back in the trenches. He soon recovers his senses and goes on a long holiday.
The next year, he travels (in Clouds of Witness , 1926) to the fictional Riddlesdale in North Yorkshire to assist his older brother Gerald, who has been accused of murdering Captain Denis Cathcart, their sister's fiancé. As Gerald is the Duke of Denver, he is tried by the entire House of Lords, as required by the law at that time, to much scandal and the distress of his wife Helen. Their sister, Lady Mary, also falls under suspicion. Lord Peter clears the Duke and Lady Mary, to whom Parker is attracted.
As a result of the slaughter of men in the First World War, there was in the UK a considerable imbalance between the sexes. It is not exactly known when Wimsey recruited Miss Climpson to run an undercover employment agency for women, a means to garner information from the otherwise inaccessible world of spinsters and widows, but it is prior to Unnatural Death (1927), in which Miss Climpson assists Wimsey's investigation of the suspicious death of an elderly cancer patient.
As recounted in the short story "The Adventurous Exploit of the Cave of Ali Baba", in December 1927 Wimsey fakes his own death, supposedly while hunting big game in
During the 1920s, Wimsey has affairs with various women, which are the subject of much gossip in Britain and Europe. This part of his life remains hazy: it is hardly ever mentioned in the books set in the same period; most of the scanty information on the subject is given in flashbacks from later times, after he meets Harriet Vane and relations with other women become a closed chapter. In Busman's Honeymoon Wimsey facetiously refers to a gentleman's duty "to remember whom he had taken to bed" so as not to embarrass his bedmate by calling her by the wrong name.
There are several references to a relationship with a famous Viennese opera singer, and Bunter – who evidently was involved with this, as with other parts of his master's life – recalls Wimsey being very angry with a French mistress who mistreated her own servant. The only one of Wimsey's earlier women to appear in person is the artist Marjorie Phelps, who plays an important role in The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club . She has known Wimsey for years and is attracted to him, though it is not explicitly stated whether they were lovers. Wimsey likes her, respects her, and enjoys her company – but that isn't enough. In Strong Poison , she is the first person other than Wimsey himself to realise that he has fallen in love with Harriet.
In Strong Poison Lord Peter encounters Harriet Vane , a cerebral, Oxford-educated mystery writer, while she is on trial for the murder of her former lover. He falls in love with her at first sight. Wimsey saves her from the gallows, but she believes that gratitude is not a good foundation for marriage, and politely but firmly declines his frequent proposals. Lord Peter encourages his friend and foil, Chief Inspector Charles Parker, to propose to his sister, Lady Mary Wimsey, despite the great difference in their rank and wealth. They marry and have a son, named Charles Peter ("Peterkin"), and a daughter, Mary Lucasta.
While on a fishing holiday in Scotland, Wimsey instigates and takes part in the investigation of the murder of an artist, related in Five Red Herrings . Despite the rejection of his marriage proposal, he continues to court Miss Vane. In Have His Carcase , he finds Harriet is not in London, but learns from a reporter that she has discovered a corpse while on a walking holiday on England's south coast. Wimsey is at her hotel the next morning. He not only investigates the death and offers proposals of marriage, but also acts as Harriet's patron and protector from press and police. Despite a prickly relationship, they work together to identify the murderer.
Back in London, Wimsey goes undercover as "Death Bredon" at an advertising firm, working as a copywriter ( Murder Must Advertise ). Bredon is framed for murder, leading Charles Parker to "arrest" Bredon for murder in front of numerous witnesses. To distinguish Death Bredon from Lord Peter Wimsey, Parker smuggles Wimsey out of the police station and urges him to get into the papers. Accordingly Wimsey accompanies "a Royal personage" to a public event, leading the press to carry pictures of both "Bredon" and Wimsey. In 1934 Wimsey in ( The Nine Tailors ) must unravel a 20 year old case of missing jewels; an unknown corpse; a missing World War I soldier believed alive; a murderous escaped convict believed dead and a mysterious code concerning church bells.
By 1935 Lord Peter is in continental Europe, acting as an unofficial attaché to the British Foreign Office . Harriet Vane contacts him about a problem she has been asked to investigate in her college at Oxford ( Gaudy Night ). At the end of their investigation, Vane finally accepts Peter's proposal of marriage.
The couple marry on 8 October 1935, at St. Cross Church , Holywell Street, Oxford, as depicted in the opening collection of letters and diary entries in Busman's Honeymoon . The Wimseys honeymoon at Talboys, a house in east Hertfordshire near where Harriet had lived as a child, that Peter has bought for her as a wedding present. There they find the body of the previous owner, and spend their honeymoon solving the case, thus having the eponymous "Busman's Honeymoon".
Over the next five years, according to Sayers' short stories, the Wimseys have three sons: Bredon Delagardie Peter Wimsey (born in October 1936 in the story "The Haunted Policeman"); Roger Wimsey (born 1938), and Paul Wimsey (born 1940). However, according to the wartime publications of The Wimsey Papers, published in The Spectator , the second son was called Paul. It may be presumed that Paul is named after Lord Peter's maternal uncle Paul Delagardie. "Roger" is an ancestral Wimsey name. Sayers told friends orally that Harriet and Peter were to eventually have five children in all.
In the final Wimsey story, the 1942 short story "Talboys", Peter and Harriet are enjoying rural domestic bliss with their three sons when Bredon, their first-born, is accused of the theft of prize peaches from the neighbour's tree. Peter and the accused set off to investigate and, of course, prove Bredon's innocence.
Fictional bibliography
Incunabulum: Lord Peter has a noted collection of early editions of Dante , including an Aldine edition of The Divine Comedy (Whose Body?)
Wimsey is described as having authored numerous books, among them the following fictitious works:
Notes on the Collecting of Incunabula
Lord Peter (1972; see the article for complete list of stories.)
In addition there are
The Wimsey Papers , published between Nov. 1939 and Jan. 1940 in The Spectator Magazine—a series of mock letters by members of the Wimsey family, being in effect fictionalised commentaries on life in England at the inception of the war.
Unpublished work
Various
Books about Lord Peter by other authors
Ask a Policeman (1934), a collaborative novel by members of The Detection Club , wherein several authors 'exchanged' detectives. The Lord Peter Wimsey sequence was penned by Anthony Berkeley .
The Wimsey Family (1977) by C. W. Scott-Giles ISBN 0-06-013998-6
Lord Peter Wimsey Cookbook (1981) by Elizabeth Bond Ryan and William J. Eakins ISBN 0-89919-032-4
Thrones, Dominations (1998) completed by Jill Paton Walsh
The Lord Peter Wimsey Companion (2002) by Stephan P. Clarke ISBN 0-89296-850-8 published by The Dorothy L. Sayers Society.
Conundrums for the Long Week-End : England, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Lord Peter Wimsey (2000) by Robert Kuhn McGregor, Ethan Lewis ISBN 0-87338-665-5
A Presumption of Death , (2002) (novel by Jill Paton Walsh, based loosely on The Wimsey Papers)
The Attenbury Emeralds (September 2010) by Jill Paton Walsh
As a footnote, Lord Peter Wimsey has also been included by the science fiction writer Philip José Farmer as a member of the Wold Newton family ; and Laurie R. King 's detective character Mary Russell meets up with Lord Peter at a party in the novel A Letter of Mary .
See also
Eric Whelpton
References
^ The name Death is usually pronounced , but in Murder Must Advertise Lord Peter (investigating undercover under the name Death Bredon) says "It's spelt Death. Pronounce it any way you like. Most of the people who are plagued with it make it rhyme with teeth, but personally I think it sounds more picturesque when rhymed with breath."
^ http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Lord_Peter_Wimsey.html
| i don't know |
Rain was the B-side of which Beatles single? | Rain | The Beatles
"Eleanor Rigby" / "Yellow Submarine"
(1966)
"Rain" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, credited to Lennon–McCartney and first released in June 1966 as the B-side of the "Paperback Writer" single. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the album Revolver though neither appears on that album.
Written by John Lennon, "Rain" has been called the Beatles' finest B-side, noted for its slowed-down rhythm track and backwards vocals, both of which were a hint of things to come on Revolver, released two months later.
Three promotional films were made for the song "Rain". These videos, along with other Beatles videos at the time, sparked George Harrison to say during the Beatles Anthology, "So I suppose, in a way, we invented MTV."
Please note the text from Wikipedia is imported without editing or authentication.
*
| Paperback Writer |
“Wish You Were Here” are a tribute band for which group? | "Rain" by The Beatles. The in-depth story behind the songs of the Beatles. Recording History. Songwriting History. Song Structure and Style.
“RAIN”
(John Lennon – Paul McCartney)
“It was the first time that we had used a backward voice on a track…The first backwards tape on any record anywhere. Before Hendrix, before The Who, before any f*cker. Maybe there was that record about ‘They’re Coming To Take Me Away, Ha Haaa!’; maybe that came out before ‘Rain,’ but it’s not the same thing.”
This quote from John Lennon in reference to The Beatles’ song “Rain” is typical to his persona in many ways. He was usually quite proud at being the “first” at something and understandably so, The Beatles being the first at many things in popular music. Also, his keen observation of what was going on in the music business at the time (that is, the competition) surfaces in his above statement.
Interestingly, the 1966 novelty hit “They’re Coming To Take Me Away, Ha Haaa!” by Napoleon XIV (aka Jerry Samuels) did in fact have as its’ b-side “aaaH-aH ,yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT,” which was a literal backwards version of the a-side. While this clever trick enthused many record buyers, not to mention annoying customers in an establishment with a jukebox, it was hardly the innovation that The Beatles concocted for their b-side to their 1966 smash hit “ Paperback Writer .” As John said, it was “not the same thing.”
And, to settle the issue, the Napoleon XIV single was released in July of 1966, while the “Rain” single came out in the US in May of that year. So, once again, The Beatles were indeed first!
Songwriting History
“This is a song I wrote about people who are always moaning about the weather all the time,” Lennon stated, “you know, whatever it is, it’s OK, it’s meant to be.” McCartney concurs: “Songs have traditionally treated rain as a bad thing and what we got on to was that it’s no bad thing. There’s no greater feeling than the rain dripping down your back.” Paul reprised this positive opinion in his Wings song “Mamunia,” which contains the lyric “you never felt the rain, my friend, till you felt it running down your back.”
While John’s above quote credits himself entirely for its composition, as he also did in his 1972 “Hit Parader” interview, Paul insists that he definitely played a part in writing “Rain.” The book “Many Years From Now” quotes Paul as saying: “’Rain’ was a co-effort with the leaning slightly towards John. I don’t think he brought the original idea, just when we sat down to write, he kicked it off…tilted 70-30 to John.”
Also, in the book “Anthology,” Paul states in regard to writing as well as recording the song: “I don’t think ‘Rain was just John’s. We sat down and wrote it together. It was John’s vocal and John’s feel on the song, but what gave it its character was collaboration. I think it’s all too easily said: ‘It’s a John song. It’s a Paul song’…That’s a fallacy. There were certain songs that were very much mine and others that were definite collaborations with John, where we’d actually sit down and spend three hours. Then there were ones that were very much John’s. I think it roughly splits somewhere down the middle…I suppose the way things did go was that each of us would say, ‘Mine’s “ Strawberry Fields ,” yours is “ Penny Lane ”.’ That did start to happen, but before then, on things like ‘Rain,’ it was that we all wanted to do it. It wasn’t only John who wanted to make that kind or record. It was probably just that we’d all get an excuse to do it on his track.”
At any rate, it appears that the song was another product of a songwriting session between John and Paul at Lennon’s Kenwood home sometime around March of 1966, regardless of how much Paul was involved in the songwriting process. As to the lyrical inspiration, much has been written, and understandably so, about their indoctrination into both the drug culture and Eastern philosophies of the time. For instance, Ian MacDonald’s book “Revolution In The Head” states: “The song’s ‘rain’ and ‘sun’ are physical phenomena experienced in a condition of heightened consciousness, the record portraying a state of mind in which one is peacefully at home in an integrated universe.” This is quite a departure from the escape into the “mind” that was depicted in their 1963 composition “ There’s A Place .”
John and Paul in EMI Studio Three, circa 1966
Recording History
On April 14th, 1966, which was the sixth day of recording sessions for what became their “ Revolver ” album, The Beatles entered EMI Studio Three to work on two songs that would not be on that album but released as their next single. The first session of the day, running from 2:30 to 7:30 pm, was spent completing the a-side of the single, namely “ Paperback Writer ,” and then, after an hour break, they returned to begin work on “Rain,” which would be the b-side.
Before work on the rhythm track began, an important recording technique was implemented. “One of the things we discovered when playing around with loops on ‘ Tomorrow Never Knows ’ was that the texture and depth of certain instruments sounded really good when slowed down,” remembers engineer Geoff Emerick. “With ‘Rain,’ The Beatles played the rhythm track really fast so that when the tape was played back at normal speed everything would be so much slower, changing the texture. If we’d recorded it at normal speed and then had to slow the tape down whenever we wanted to hear a playback it would have been much more work…It all seems very simple now – and, of course, tricks like this are easily accomplished in today’s computers – but in 1966 it was a pretty revolutionary technique, one that we would repeatedly use to great effect on Beatles recordings.”
“The drums became a giant drum kit,” Paul explains. “If you slow down a footstep it becomes a giant’s footstep, it adds a few tons to the weight of the person. So we got a big, ponderous, thunderous backing and then we worked on top of that as normal, so that it didn’t sound like a slowed-down thing, it just had a big ominous noise to it. It was nice, I really enjoyed that one.”
Someone else who proudly enjoyed the recording was Ringo: “My favorite piece of me is what I did on ‘Rain.’ I think I just played amazing! I was into the snare and hi-hat. I think it was the first time I used this trick of starting a break by hitting the hi-hat first instead of going directly to a drum off the hi-hat. I think it’s the best out of all the records I’ve ever made. ‘Rain’ blows me away…I feel as though that was someone else playing – I was possessed!”
Five takes of the rhythm track were recorded during this five hour evening session (from 8:30 pm to 1:30 am the next morning) which featured John and George on electric guitars, Paul on bass and a “possessed” Ringo on drums. After the fifth take was deemed the best, it was decided to overdub John’s lead vocals. A decision was made to alter the speed of his lead vocals as well, but in the opposite direction. John recorded his vocal track with the tape slowed down to 42 cycles per second instead of the normal 50 cycles per second. This made his voice sound somewhat faster when played back at the regular speed.
Geoff Emerick, from the book “The Beatles Recording Sessions,” explains: “An offshoot of ADT (Artificial Double Tracking) was that we had a big audio oscillator to alter the frequency of the tape machines. We would drive it through a power amp and the power amp would drive the capstan wheel and enable you to speed up or slow down the machine at will. John – or George if it was his song – used to sit in the control room on mixes and actually play the oscillator.” The desired result was a quickly recorded rhythm track played against a slowly recorded vocal track – another Beatles first!
This completed the work for the day and the group was out the door at 1:30 am. First, though, John wanted something to take home. “Because (John) and the other three Beatles owned Brenell recorders,” Emerick recalls, “they were able to take open-reel tapes home with them whenever they wanted to listen to works in progress. (When) we recorded the backing track and vocal to ‘Rain,’ John asked for a rough mix and Phil dutifully ran a copy off for him.”
“Usually if we were working on a song we’d take a little rough mix of it home,” George Harrison recalls. “It was always on a reel-to-reel…We were halfway through ‘Rain’ when we left the studio at night, so John said, ‘Can I have a rough mix of that?’ In those days they made a three- or four-inch spool, the copy tape. That means they would play the rough mix onto a little spool, and when they finished they would cut the tape off and hand it to you in a box so the tail was sticking out – it’s called ‘tails out.’ John didn’t know that at the time (I don’t think I knew it, either), so when he got home he threaded it on his machine as if it were ‘heads out,’ and played it. He heard the song backwards, and heard enough to think, ‘Wow, amazing!’ It obviously gave him a buzz because he came in raving about it the next morning, and so we experimented”
In 1969, Lennon himself explained the event. “I took the tracks home to see what gimmicks I could add, because the song wasn’t quite right…I got home from the studio stoned out of my mind on marijuana and, as I usually do, I listened to what I’d recorded that day. Somehow I got it on backwards and I sat there, transfixed, with the earphones on, with a big hash joint. I ran in the next day and said, ‘I know what to do with it, I know…Listen to this!’ So I made them all play it backwards.”
The next day in question was actually two days later, April 16th, 1966, this time in EMI Studio Two, an eleven-hour session utilized to complete the song. With all the experimenting and overdubbing to be done, these were eleven hours well spent.
Geoff Emerick details the events that begin the day. “John marched into the control room, tape in hand, and demanded that we all listen to his ‘incredible’ discovery. George Martin tried to explain what had happened, but the ever-impatient Lennon didn’t care. All he knew was that this was the sound he wanted for the song’s fadeout and he was off to have a cuppa: getting it accomplished was our job. So George had me copy the track of John’s singing the last verse onto our two-track machine. I then instructed Phil (McDonald) to turn the copy over so it would play backwards, and we flew it into the multitrack at the proper spot. Lennon was thrilled with the result. From that point on, The Beatles got backwards fever: almost every overdub we did on ‘ Revolver ’ had to be tried backwards as well as forwards.”
John apparently wanted more than what he ended up getting. “The next day, I went in and I said…’Why don’t we have the whole of the song again, you know, backwards?’ We didn’t do that, but we just laid my voice track and guitar track over the last half-minute backwards. You can hear it at the end. It sounds as if I’m singing Indian.”
John may not have gotten the whole song backwards, but he did get backwards guitars thrown in per his suggestion. George Harrison explains: “We turned the tape over and put it on backwards, and then played some guitar notes to it. I think he and I both plugged in guitars, just playing little bits, guessing, hoping it fitted in. George Martin turned the master upside down and played it back. We were excited to hear what it sounded like, and it was magic – the backwards guitarist! The way the note sounded, because of the attack and the decay, was brilliant. We got very excited and started doing that on overdub. And then there was a bit of backwards singing as well, which came out sounding like Indian singing.”
Despite the multiple accounts of how the backwards effects were brought into play, George Martin insists otherwise. “I was always playing around with tapes,” Martin explains, “and I thought it might be fun to do something extra with John’s voice. So I lifted a bit of his main vocal off the four-track, put it onto another spool, turned it around and then slid it back and forth until it fitted. John was out at the time but when he came back he was amazed…They all thought it was marvelous.”
Nonetheless, various other overdubs were performed on this session, including Ringo’s tambourine, John, Paul and George’s harmony vocals during the verses and conclusion, and John’s harmony in the choruses. The original bass guitar recorded during the rhythm track was scrapped and replaced with a new bass overdub from Paul using the same recording technique they had just performed for “ Paperback Writer ” two days previously. This technique involved “using a loudspeaker as a microphone,” explains Geoff Emerick. “We positioned it directly in front of the bass speaker and the moving diaphragm of the second speaker made the electric current.”
At some point during the day, a tape-to-tape reduction mix was made in order to free up more tracks for the above mentioned overdubs, which made “take 5” become “take 6,” the unidentified overdubs then given additional designations of “take 7” and “take 8.” This marked the end of the recording process by the band, concentration then being paid to creating a suitable mono mix on that day, no doubt because they were quite pleased with the progress made and were excited to hear the finished product. The mono mixes were made using “take 7,” which means that whatever they attempted as an overdub for “take 8” was deemed unworthy for the finished product. It can be speculated that, since the above mentioned backward guitar overdubs cannot be deciphered on the released recording, they may have been isolated on “take 8” and then not used.
Four mono mixes were attempted at this late hour by George Martin, Geoff Emerick and Phil McDonald, all four with varying degrees of ADT added in experimentation. The third mono mix ended up being picked as the worldwide mono release of the song. Since it ended up not being included on the “Revolver” album, it did not initially receive a stereo mix as all singles were in mono at that point in history. Therefore, at 1:30 am the following morning, the session was complete as well as their next soon-to-be-released single.
A stereo mix wasn’t made until December 2nd, 1969, this occurring in the control room of EMI Studio Two and created by the same EMI staff of Martin, Emerick and McDonald as well as Richard Lush as 2nd engineer. The reason for the stereo mix at this point in time was the imminent US release of the Apple album “Hey Jude” that was the first result of the deal made between The Beatles’ new manager Allen Klein and Capitol Records. The album was only to be released in stereo and was to include “Rain,” hence the re-assembly of the original EMI team to create the stereo mix. “I was glad that the record company was giving us the opportunity to run off new mixes from the original multitrack tapes,” Emerick explains, “instead of subjecting them to the pseudo-stereo processing that marred so many early Capitol releases."
Only one stereo mix was attempted which centered the rhythm track and placed the overdubbed bass track slightly to the right. John’s lead vocals (including the backwards final moments) are placed entirely in the left channel while the tambourine and background vocals are entirely in the right channel. The song also fades a little sooner and ends a couple seconds before the mono mix does. Beatles fans were enthused to hear the song in stereo, but Geoff Emerick has gone on record as saying he was unimpressed by the results, saying the song was “recorded with the intention of being released on vinyl, and as far as I am concerned, that is the way (it) should be heard."
The situation was remedied somewhat in 2015. Giles Martin (son of George Martin) and Sam Okell revisited the master tapes in Abbey Road Studios to create a new stereo mix of "Rain" to be used on the DVD/Blu-ray set of Beatles videos contained in the box set "Beatles 1+." The elements of the recording are placed in the mix with less drastic seperation and, with newer technological procedures, the sound is immaculate. Unfortunately, this mix can only be heard while viewing the "Rain" videos contained in the DVD or Blu-ray set.
Song Structure and Style
Although both sides of this mid-1966 single are heard in the same key, the relaxed feel of “Rain” is a nice welcome in comparison to the tightly-wound quick-paced structure of “ Paperback Writer .” Despite all of the experimental procedures utilized in the recording process as detailed above, the framework of “Rain” is actually very rudimentary in comparison to the structurally complex formats the group had been using of late. The results are remarkably satisfying, suggesting that sometimes ‘less is more.’ The structure ends up as ‘verse/ verse/ refrain/ verse/ refrain/ verse/ outro’ (or aababac) with a subtle introduction thrown in. Having reached the three-minute mark without an instrumental break, and probably not wanting to breach the unwritten AM airplay rule, a solo was left off.
With five stagnated snare beats from Ringo, and a discernable voice that may be the “four” in the countdown of the rhythm track, a four-measure introduction vamps along nicely in the home key of G to set the stage. All of the instrumentation comes in abruptly on the one-beat, including the fragrant guitar leads from George, the equally fragrant overdubbed bass lines from Paul, and the four-in-the-bar tambourine hits from Ringo. The fourth measure, however, brings a halt to the groove temporarily while Ringo performs a transitional snare drum roll to usher in the first verse.
The first nine-measure verse features the same instrumental vibe as heard in the intro except for Ringo playing only on the two- and four-beats with his tambourine. Ringo appears to already be having a field day on the drum kit, executing four drum breaks in just the first verse. His second drum break, which appears in the fourth measure, has him showing off his “starting a break by hitting the hi-hat first” trick, something he actually debuted the year before in the song “ Wait .” John sings solo on this first verse, single-tracked but with obvious ADT applied.
Verse two is identical in most ways, the main difference being the appearance of John, Paul and George’s background harmony vocals “when the sun shines down.” This line is sung twice in the gaps Lennon leaves in the lead vocal, but then harmonized with the lead vocals on the final line of the verse “sun shines.” Ringo experiments away with three drum breaks this time around, the third of which inadvertently extends the ninth measure to 6/4 instead of 4/4 but is kept in the final product to give a somewhat disorienting feel. The rest of the group work around this flub in an apparent show of solidarity. Ringo, after all, was enjoying a ‘shining moment’ in this song as I’m sure they were all very much aware.
The first twelve-measure refrain then appears which changes the flow of the song dramatically. Instrumentally, the guitars simply strum the appropriate guitar chords on the half beats while the bass throbs a G note high up on the neck on the quarter beats for the first four measures. The highlight, though, is John harmonizing with himself the stretched out lyric “Raaaaaaaaaaain…I don’t mind.” As he’s finishing this line in the fourth measure, Ringo gradually comes in with a snare roll to usher back in the relaxed groove of the song, the usual pattern of guitar vamping and bass work rounding out the fifth and sixth measure. The whole process is then repeated again against the lyric “Shiiiiiiiiiiine…the weather’s fine.” All the while, the tambourine keeps plodding away on the two- and four-beats.
After a simple drum break, the third verse begins which is nearly identical musically except for the tambourine shifting to a shaking eighth-beat rhythm throughout. The harmony answering lines this time around are “when the rain comes down” while the background vocalists chime in with the lead vocals on “show you.” Ringo tones down his drum break experiments for this verse, only two being delivered.
The repeat of the refrain is next, the only differences from the first being the high triplet work of Paul’s overdubbed bass and Ringo’s snare drum fills veering to the toms toward the end during measures one through four and seven through ten.
With the eighth-beat shaking of the tambourine still being heard, the final verse begins, Ringo putting in two drum breaks this time as well. The background harmonies chime in with “when it rains and shines” in the gaps and then “can you hear me” with John as the verse ends.
Then in what appears as possibly an afterthought, the song abruptly stops as if we’re done. But if you keep time with the beat, you’ll see that the meanderings of the drum beats and overdubbed bass notes are perfectly in time and are the first three measures of what becomes a sixteen-measure conclusion to the song. George alters his guitar vamping way down on the bass notes of his guitar as the sixth measure ushers in the reversed Lennon vocal “when the rain comes they run and hide their heads.” Just as this is ending, John, Paul and George display falsetto harmonies on the word “rain.” The lead vocal then appears with a backward playing of the word “rain” from one of the refrains while the falsetto harmonies crash in again as a backdrop. As the song fades away, one final reversed lead vocal, reportedly “when the sun shines,” is heard. All the while, Ringo flails away with a drum break at the end of every other measure.
John comes across as the main player on “Rain,” his electric rhythm guitar working nicely in the relaxed mix of the song. Also, his lead and harmony vocals use a slow melodic slide undoubtedly influenced by the group’s recent infatuation with Eastern music. Coupling this with his backwards vocals in the closing moments of the song, it’s no wonder that he himself exclaimed, “It sounds as if I’m singing Indian.”
Paul asserts that he, as well as the others, played an important role in making the song what it became, and this is definitely not contested. His bass work is stellar and ‘in your face,’ possibly considered by some to be the actual lead instrument of the piece. His harmony vocals, along with George, pitted perfectly alongside John’s lead, as did George’s meandering guitar passages. And, as stated earlier, Ringo shines like never before. For someone who’s gone on record as saying he despises drum solos, he definitely made an exception while recording this track.
On the surface, the song contains simple statements about how people react to the weather; they “run and hide their heads” when it rains and “they slip into the shade and sip their lemonade” when it’s sunny. But the evidence of an altered perception of reality creeps in with the intention of John being the educator. “I can show you,” he insists, that when it rains “everything’s the same.” He then senses that his ‘square’ listeners aren’t getting it, as he asks impatiently, “can you hear me?” His overall message is that “it’s just a state of mind” anyway. If you think being rained on is unpleasant, then it’s unpleasant. If you view it like Gene Kelly, then that will be your experience. It’s all in the mind! Pretty deep stuff.
He even gets a little morbid in his depiction of this unenlightened society, saying that since they run inside when it’s raining “they might as well be dead.” Instead, they should all be like him: “Rain?…I don’t mind – Shine?...the weather’s fine.”
US single picture sleeve
American Releases
May 30th, 1966, was the early US release date (June 10th in the UK) of “Rain” as the b-side of the hit single “ Paperback Writer .” This is not to say that nobody noticed this innovative flip side. Enough disc jockeys turned the record over to give “Rain” airplay for the song to score a #23 position on the Billboard singles chart.
The first album to contain the song, and therefore the first stereo release, was “Hey Jude” (originally titled “The Beatles Again”). This was released on February 26th, 1970 and was the fourth American Beatles album on Apple Records. A #2 placing on the Billboard album charts for a compilation release was not too shabby. This album received a compact disc release on January 21st, 2014.
The compact disc era included “Rain” on a compilation entitled “Past Masters, Volume Two.” The original release of this CD was on March 7th, 1988, while the re-mastered re-release of this two volume series, now simply called “Past Masters,” was released on September 9th, 2009.
The vinyl single may have been available throughout the years, but a special release came out on the Capitol Cema Series “For Jukeboxes Only” on January 24th, 1996. This red vinyl single is quite the find today.
An interesting note is that a quick snippet of the final backward vocal passage “Rain” is heard in the final moments of the song “ Within You Without You / Tomorrow Never Knows ” on the November 20th, 2006 released album “Love,” which is the soundtrack to the Cirque du Soleil show of the same name.
For those who agree with engineer Geoff Emerick that “Rain” should really only be heard in mono, the re-mastered box set “The Beatles In Mono” contains the slightly elongated single version on a CD entitled “Mono Masters.” This set was also released on September 9th, 2009.
Paul and George singing "show you" from "Rain" on the "Ed Sullivan Show" promo clip
Live Performances
While The Beatles never actually performed “Rain” on a concert stage, they did create three promo films for the song and even lip-synced it live for British television.
The first two promos were shot on May 19th, 1966 in EMI Studio One, these being done to forgo personal appearances on TV shows at home and abroad but still using this platform to promote their latest single. Director Michael Lindsay-Hogg was brought in to oversee seven clips made on this day (four for “ Paperback Writer ” and three for “Rain”), this being the first of many occasions he was to work with the group, the most noteworthy being the 1970 released film “Let It Be.”
After some rehearsals began at 10 am, the first clip of the day began at 10:40, this being a color “Rain” video destined specifically for the “Ed Sullivan Show.” With all guitarists standing on risers, it’s a pretty straightforward mimed performance, Paul faking the harmony vocals that John performs in the recording during the refrains. John even mouths the backward word “rain” in the final moments of the song. Both this and a color promo of “ Paperback Writer ” were broadcast on Ed’s show on June 5th of that year.
The second video of “Rain” shot on this day was destined for the British TV show “Ready Steady Go” and was made in black-and-white since British television was yet to make the switch to color (which occurred 18 months later). The promo was shot sometime between 3:30 and 6:10 pm on this day, this being another straightforward performance video. John, Paul and George are now off of the risers, but the comical element here is John’s loose attempt at miming the entire backwards vocal passage frontwards for the cameras. The clip was first shown on June 3rd, 1966.
The third video filmed for “Rain” was done the next day, May 20th, 1966, in the luxurious surroundings of Chiswick House in London. This color video was also directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg but was first shown in black-in-white on the British program “Top Of The Pops” (on June 9th, 1966). They obviously felt that this vibrant colorful video would stand the test of time and be appreciated in years to come.
The format used here was much more of an MTV for-gleam, including shots of the group walking around the enclosed walled garden, sitting on park benches, and sitting on a branch of a cedar tree as well as mimed performances with their instruments (except for Ringo who tried to act inconspicuous despite their being no drums around). An interesting element here is a group of children who appear behind a locked gate at the beginning of the video and apparently find a way in later, they being spotted and focused on by cameramen later in the background of a group performance shot.
Despite popular opinion, the video sequence of “Rain” as seen in the 1995 “Anthology” documentary is actually a directors’ cut with splices of unused footage and scenes from the EMI footage of the previous day; therefore, this is not the actual video as imaginatively put together in 1966 by Michael Lindsay-Hogg.
Even though The Beatles swore off actual TV performances, they made one exception (via a plea from producer Johnnie Stewart) and mimed both sides of their latest single live in the studio for the British show “Top Of The Pops.” They aired the Chiswick films the week before, but Stewart said the fans demanded more. The group arrived at Studio Two, Television Centre in London at 2:30 pm on June 16th for rehearsals and then, from 7:30 to 8:00 pm, the show aired live with the group closing the show. “Rain” was performed first, then “ Paperback Writer ,” then off to EMI Studios for more work on one of the final tracks for the “ Revolver ” album, this being “ Here, There And Everywhere .” As for the actual lip-synced performance, it is said to have been destroyed or recorded over and therefore cannot be seen today. One can only wonder how John did with miming his backwards vocals on live television!
John Lennon, circa 1980
Conclusion
In reference to the song “Rain,” John Lennon stated in 1980: “That one was the gift of God – of Jah, actually, the god of marijuana. Jah gave me that one.” As to whether Jah is the “god of marijuana,” I can’t say. One thing I do know is that this song is definitely a gift to Beatles’ fans everywhere; on the definite list of highly respected tracks in the entire Beatles catalog. Its irresistible melody, it's before-its-time psychedelic feel, and it’s commanding but charming Lennon vocal put it in a league of its own. The numerous cover versions done throughout the years, most notably the 1976 Todd Rundgren version, pay delicious tribute to this one-of-a-kind piece of rock art.
Song Summary
Written by: John Lennon / Paul McCartney
Song Written: March, 1966
Song Recorded: April 14 and 16, 1966
First US Release Date: May 30, 1966
US Single Release: Capitol #5651
Highest Chart Position: #23
First US Album Release: Apple #SW-385 “Hey Jude” (aka “The Beatles Again”)
British Album Release: Parlophone #PCM 1001“Rarities”
Length: 2:59 (mono) 2:57 (stereo)
Key: G major
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.