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The Ohm are a tribute band to which group?	Band Members - Rain Tour - A Tribute to the beatles Aaron Chiazza (Drums, Percussion, Vocals) Aaron Chiazza began playing music at the young age of 5 when his parents gifted him a drumset. This drumset did not last long under the strength of a kindergartner and eventually he moved into a full size instrument by early elementary school. Early yet important musical influences stemmed from a blend of past era funk, soul, jazz, rock, and others. From there he went on to study music in an academic setting through highschool and college participating in Jazz, Symphonic, and percussion ensembles. Amongst tossing up time between original projects, writing and shows, Aaron also loves being an audio engineer and artist. You can follow his work and ventures with RAIN on his website - www.AaronChiazza.com Jimmy Irizarry (Vocals, Rhythm Guitar, Piano, Harmonica) is from Chicago, IL and began singing and playing the music of his favorite band, The Beatles, at the age of 12. He performed in local Chicago Beatle bands and learned the harmonica to master some of his early Beatle favorites. Years later Jim visited Liverpool for Beatle Week and made several appearances at the Cavern Club. He naturally captures the look and sound of Lennon and transforms himself through all eras of The Beatles as well as recreating John’s famous humor and onstage antics. Joey Curatolo (Vocals, Bass, Piano, Guitar) Joey grew up in a Brooklyn household where classical music and opera formed the soundtrack. A natural musician, he was infatuated with The Beatles, taught himself guitar at age 10 and played piano by ear at 16. After winning multiple McCartney sound-alike contests, Joey toured with the Broadway production of Beatlemania. He joined RAIN shortly after, and helped transform the band into the multi-media production it is today. In addition, he is an active singer/songwriter and studio musician. His original Christmas song “Wishing You A Very Merry Christmas” is featured on Broadway’s Carols for A Cure Volume 12 (to benefit BC/EFA) as well as the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation “Hope for the Holidays” charity album. When Universal Pictures needed a McCartney sound, they contacted Joey to record the song “Love Take Me Down” for the motion picture comedy “Role Models.” For Joey, performing on Broadway is a dream come true. Joe Bithorn (Vocals, Lead Guitar) Joe Bithorn grew up in Manhattan and Long Island where he was exposed to a variety of music including jazz, Latin, classical and more. By age 3, his musical father taught the children how to sing harmony. He was profoundly influenced by the experiences he had at Carnegie Hall through his Mom who worked with the Festival Casals. Thanks to The Beatles appearance on Ed Sullivan, Joe took a strong interest in the guitar. Early influences include the band Cream and Joe developed the ability to learn guitar parts by ear by age 14. By age 16, Joe was so proficient that he was recruited for studio sessions. While in high school, Joe and his brother formed The Bithorn Brothers Band, performing the early music of the Allman Brothers Band. Joe heard about an audition for Beatlemania, and was hired for the touring production as George. After touring with the show in North America, Joe joined RAIN in 1983 and has been touring the world ever since. Ralph Castelli (Drums, Percussion, Vocals) Ralph Castelli, was born and raised in southern California, surrounded by a musically talented family, and by age six became passionate about playing drums. On that momentous night in February, 1964 when The Beatles first appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show, Ralph was hypnotized and knew playing drums was what he was born to do. Captivated by Ringo Starr and The Beatles that night, Ralph’s excitement continued to grow and his dream would eventually become his reality. After touring and performing with numerous bands and pursuing his acting career, Ralph landed the role of Ringo Starr in the touring production of Beatlemania and was also cast as Ringo in ”Beatlemania: The Movie.” His talent, drum techniques, humor, style and appearance was in his favor. Ralph joined RAIN in 1986 and is thrilled to be on Broadway. Mark Beyer (Keyboards, Percussion) Mark Beyer began piano lessons at age 8; at 12 was given special acceptance into a local University music school where he was privately trained in piano and music theory. At 14, he began experimenting with electronic keyboards and synthesizers of the 1970s, and played professionally in a progressive rock band. As keyboard technology advanced, Mark became known for his uncanny reproductions of elaborate sound textures, exotic instruments, and simulating full orchestras. Chris Smallwood (Keyboard, Percussion) Chris fell in love with music as a young kid, but didn’t fall onto a piano bench until high school, when he broke his leg. Just two years later, he was invited to Kentucky’s prestigious Governor’s School for the Arts program. In 2008, Chris received a bachelor of music from Belmont University, and in 2010 earned his master of music from the University of Louisville. Chris has toured internationally with Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles for five years, and loves sharing his passion for The Beatles’ music with fans all over the world. Chris currently serves as adjunct music faculty at Belmont University, and owns Mockingbird Musicians - a Nashville contracting service for live music and entertainment. Chris was just appointed Music Director/Performer for the “Eat Your Science” tour, Chef Alton Brown’s live show, which will tour for two months in 2016. Chris recently released his first piano pop record, “Out in the Open,” which is available on iTunes. Mark Lewis (Founder, Manager, Original Keyboardist) As the managerial and creative mind that transformed Rain from a 1970s southern California bar band doing Beatles covers into an ultra-professional group, Mark Lewis recruited the excellent musicians who would gel into Rain’s long-standing line-up. He traces his love of the Fab Four to the Sunday night of February 9, 1964 when his generation was smitten by The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. Originally called Reign, the band gained national fame, changed its name to Rain and cut the soundtrack to the made-for-TV movie Birth of the Beatles (thanks to Dick Clark). An accomplished pianist at 13, having studied since age 5, he began his career playing the Farfisa organ in teenage rock bands around his native Los Angeles. It was Mark, the original keyboard player with Rain, who worked out all of the musical parts and sounds that enabled Rain to bring many songs that The Beatles themselves never performed live, to life. Ian B. Garcia (Vocals, Bass, Piano, Guitar) was born in the exotic coastal town of Viña del Mar, Chile. He currently resides in Toronto, Canada.Self-taught in voice, guitar, piano and bass he has evolved over the years into a versatile and mature multi – instrumentalist. In 2002 while performing locally he caught the attention of a Beatles tribute act that was in need of a Paul McCartney. The next 5 years would see Garcia honing in and becoming a professional entertainer as he would gradually grow into his mentor’s character.“I have learned so much about playing Sir Paul, that my musical abilities have gone to places I could never have imagined” says Garcia. “It’s those moments like getting the phone call to perform in and be a part of RAIN: The Beatles Experience that I respect my line of work and the gift that I have been given. “I am constantly evolving as a person and as a performer. To eventually tackle the complex musical genius of McCartney in RAIN came as an inevitable challenge.” Garcia proudly states. Jimmy Pou (Vocals, Lead Guitar, Guitar Synth) was born in Miami, Florida into a Cuban family surrounded by rhythmic music. Seeing The Beatles on the Ed Sullivan show inspired him to become a guitarist. He played “George” in Beatlemania in Los Angeles, Chicago and world tour; joined “1964 the Tribute” performing at Carnegie Hall; created his solo show “An Evening With George;” performed with “Beatlemania Now” and has recorded three CDs of his own original music. Jimmy is thrilled to be part of RAIN and playing with his buddies from the Beatlemania days. www.jimmypou.com Douglas Cox (Drums, Percussion, Vocals) was born in Kansas City and raised in Texas. Through his parents’ records he discovered Elvis, Chuck Berry, Little Richard and Buddy Holly but was profoundly moved by one, The Beatles “Ticket to Ride.” Doug has drummed for 16 years in Dallas’ top Beatles tribute A Hard Night’s Day. He has many memories pounding those “pagan skins” in Las Vegas, Liverpool, in London recording videos with VH-1 in Abbey Road Studio 2, and backing Tony Sheridan in Hamburg’s Kaiserkeller. Musicians back home say Doug has always naturally had that signature Ringo style, even as a 12 year old learning the trap set. © 2017 RAIN: A Tribute to The Beatles Tour. All Rights Reserved. - Privacy Policy	The Who
What structures appear on the reverse sides of all Euro banknotes?	Band Members - Rain Tour - A Tribute to the beatles Aaron Chiazza (Drums, Percussion, Vocals) Aaron Chiazza began playing music at the young age of 5 when his parents gifted him a drumset. This drumset did not last long under the strength of a kindergartner and eventually he moved into a full size instrument by early elementary school. Early yet important musical influences stemmed from a blend of past era funk, soul, jazz, rock, and others. From there he went on to study music in an academic setting through highschool and college participating in Jazz, Symphonic, and percussion ensembles. Amongst tossing up time between original projects, writing and shows, Aaron also loves being an audio engineer and artist. You can follow his work and ventures with RAIN on his website - www.AaronChiazza.com Jimmy Irizarry (Vocals, Rhythm Guitar, Piano, Harmonica) is from Chicago, IL and began singing and playing the music of his favorite band, The Beatles, at the age of 12. He performed in local Chicago Beatle bands and learned the harmonica to master some of his early Beatle favorites. Years later Jim visited Liverpool for Beatle Week and made several appearances at the Cavern Club. He naturally captures the look and sound of Lennon and transforms himself through all eras of The Beatles as well as recreating John’s famous humor and onstage antics. Joey Curatolo (Vocals, Bass, Piano, Guitar) Joey grew up in a Brooklyn household where classical music and opera formed the soundtrack. A natural musician, he was infatuated with The Beatles, taught himself guitar at age 10 and played piano by ear at 16. After winning multiple McCartney sound-alike contests, Joey toured with the Broadway production of Beatlemania. He joined RAIN shortly after, and helped transform the band into the multi-media production it is today. In addition, he is an active singer/songwriter and studio musician. His original Christmas song “Wishing You A Very Merry Christmas” is featured on Broadway’s Carols for A Cure Volume 12 (to benefit BC/EFA) as well as the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation “Hope for the Holidays” charity album. When Universal Pictures needed a McCartney sound, they contacted Joey to record the song “Love Take Me Down” for the motion picture comedy “Role Models.” For Joey, performing on Broadway is a dream come true. Joe Bithorn (Vocals, Lead Guitar) Joe Bithorn grew up in Manhattan and Long Island where he was exposed to a variety of music including jazz, Latin, classical and more. By age 3, his musical father taught the children how to sing harmony. He was profoundly influenced by the experiences he had at Carnegie Hall through his Mom who worked with the Festival Casals. Thanks to The Beatles appearance on Ed Sullivan, Joe took a strong interest in the guitar. Early influences include the band Cream and Joe developed the ability to learn guitar parts by ear by age 14. By age 16, Joe was so proficient that he was recruited for studio sessions. While in high school, Joe and his brother formed The Bithorn Brothers Band, performing the early music of the Allman Brothers Band. Joe heard about an audition for Beatlemania, and was hired for the touring production as George. After touring with the show in North America, Joe joined RAIN in 1983 and has been touring the world ever since. Ralph Castelli (Drums, Percussion, Vocals) Ralph Castelli, was born and raised in southern California, surrounded by a musically talented family, and by age six became passionate about playing drums. On that momentous night in February, 1964 when The Beatles first appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show, Ralph was hypnotized and knew playing drums was what he was born to do. Captivated by Ringo Starr and The Beatles that night, Ralph’s excitement continued to grow and his dream would eventually become his reality. After touring and performing with numerous bands and pursuing his acting career, Ralph landed the role of Ringo Starr in the touring production of Beatlemania and was also cast as Ringo in ”Beatlemania: The Movie.” His talent, drum techniques, humor, style and appearance was in his favor. Ralph joined RAIN in 1986 and is thrilled to be on Broadway. Mark Beyer (Keyboards, Percussion) Mark Beyer began piano lessons at age 8; at 12 was given special acceptance into a local University music school where he was privately trained in piano and music theory. At 14, he began experimenting with electronic keyboards and synthesizers of the 1970s, and played professionally in a progressive rock band. As keyboard technology advanced, Mark became known for his uncanny reproductions of elaborate sound textures, exotic instruments, and simulating full orchestras. Chris Smallwood (Keyboard, Percussion) Chris fell in love with music as a young kid, but didn’t fall onto a piano bench until high school, when he broke his leg. Just two years later, he was invited to Kentucky’s prestigious Governor’s School for the Arts program. In 2008, Chris received a bachelor of music from Belmont University, and in 2010 earned his master of music from the University of Louisville. Chris has toured internationally with Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles for five years, and loves sharing his passion for The Beatles’ music with fans all over the world. Chris currently serves as adjunct music faculty at Belmont University, and owns Mockingbird Musicians - a Nashville contracting service for live music and entertainment. Chris was just appointed Music Director/Performer for the “Eat Your Science” tour, Chef Alton Brown’s live show, which will tour for two months in 2016. Chris recently released his first piano pop record, “Out in the Open,” which is available on iTunes. Mark Lewis (Founder, Manager, Original Keyboardist) As the managerial and creative mind that transformed Rain from a 1970s southern California bar band doing Beatles covers into an ultra-professional group, Mark Lewis recruited the excellent musicians who would gel into Rain’s long-standing line-up. He traces his love of the Fab Four to the Sunday night of February 9, 1964 when his generation was smitten by The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. Originally called Reign, the band gained national fame, changed its name to Rain and cut the soundtrack to the made-for-TV movie Birth of the Beatles (thanks to Dick Clark). An accomplished pianist at 13, having studied since age 5, he began his career playing the Farfisa organ in teenage rock bands around his native Los Angeles. It was Mark, the original keyboard player with Rain, who worked out all of the musical parts and sounds that enabled Rain to bring many songs that The Beatles themselves never performed live, to life. Ian B. Garcia (Vocals, Bass, Piano, Guitar) was born in the exotic coastal town of Viña del Mar, Chile. He currently resides in Toronto, Canada.Self-taught in voice, guitar, piano and bass he has evolved over the years into a versatile and mature multi – instrumentalist. In 2002 while performing locally he caught the attention of a Beatles tribute act that was in need of a Paul McCartney. The next 5 years would see Garcia honing in and becoming a professional entertainer as he would gradually grow into his mentor’s character.“I have learned so much about playing Sir Paul, that my musical abilities have gone to places I could never have imagined” says Garcia. “It’s those moments like getting the phone call to perform in and be a part of RAIN: The Beatles Experience that I respect my line of work and the gift that I have been given. “I am constantly evolving as a person and as a performer. To eventually tackle the complex musical genius of McCartney in RAIN came as an inevitable challenge.” Garcia proudly states. Jimmy Pou (Vocals, Lead Guitar, Guitar Synth) was born in Miami, Florida into a Cuban family surrounded by rhythmic music. Seeing The Beatles on the Ed Sullivan show inspired him to become a guitarist. He played “George” in Beatlemania in Los Angeles, Chicago and world tour; joined “1964 the Tribute” performing at Carnegie Hall; created his solo show “An Evening With George;” performed with “Beatlemania Now” and has recorded three CDs of his own original music. Jimmy is thrilled to be part of RAIN and playing with his buddies from the Beatlemania days. www.jimmypou.com Douglas Cox (Drums, Percussion, Vocals) was born in Kansas City and raised in Texas. Through his parents’ records he discovered Elvis, Chuck Berry, Little Richard and Buddy Holly but was profoundly moved by one, The Beatles “Ticket to Ride.” Doug has drummed for 16 years in Dallas’ top Beatles tribute A Hard Night’s Day. He has many memories pounding those “pagan skins” in Las Vegas, Liverpool, in London recording videos with VH-1 in Abbey Road Studio 2, and backing Tony Sheridan in Hamburg’s Kaiserkeller. Musicians back home say Doug has always naturally had that signature Ringo style, even as a 12 year old learning the trap set. © 2017 RAIN: A Tribute to The Beatles Tour. All Rights Reserved. - Privacy Policy	i don't know
According to the Old Testament, who invented wine?	Wine in the Bible A CONSIDERATION OF THE USE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES FROM A BIBLE STANDPOINT J. H. Kellogg, M.D. 'And be not drunk with wine. wherein is excess but be filled with the Spirit." Eph. 5: 18 WINE AND THE BIBLE. Perversion of Scripture Among civilized nations, the Bible is almost universally admitted to be at least an admirable code of morals, even by those who do not regard it as an inspired book. An authority held in such high esteem would necessarily have very great influence in molding the judgments of men and forming their opinions. It is for the purpose of gaining the support of this generally accepted authority that the adherents of any special theory or doctrine appeal to the Scriptures for testimony in favor of the same. It need not be at all surprising, then, that the language of Holy Writ should often be grossly perverted by enthusiasts and unscrupulous persons in their attempts to find for their pet theories the needed endorsement. Illustrations of this use of the Scriptures are very abundant. A large class of modern agitators who call themselves "social reformers," and have made themselves notorious by the laxity of morals advocated and practicing by them, claim to find in the Word of God license for their immorality. Polygamists, likewise, appeal to inspiration in support of their unchristian practice. Only a few years ago, American slavery received from thousands of pulpits a most vigorous support, which claimed to have the sanction of divine authority. At the present time there is a powerful party which claims that the use of fermented, or intoxicating, liquors is permitted and even sanctioned by the Bible. This party is headed by a few eminent scholars and clergymen, who are chiefly supported by a promiscuous throng of respectable moderate drinkers, rich rumsellers, and gutter drunkards. If it can be proven that the Bible favors the use of intoxicating drinks in any degree, then the infidel has placed in his hands a most powerful weapon with which to attack the authenticity and sacredness of the Scriptures. If, on the other hand, it can be shown that there is no such conflict between science and common sense and inspiration, then the difficulty vanishes. A careful examination of the subject will convince any candid man that the support which the advocates of the use of liquor claim to derive from the Bible is wholly imaginary; and that the use which is made of the Scriptures in defense of intemperance is a most flagrant perversion of the language and import of inspiration. The Bible in Harmony with Science Inspiration, true science, and sound common sense always agree. Any apparent conflict arises either from a misunderstanding of the meaning of the language employed, or from an imperfect knowledge of the scientific facts supposed to necessitate a disagreement Science says distinctly and unequivocally, all fermented drinks contain alcohol; alcohol is a poison under all circumstances and in all doses. The decision of science is sustained by that of reason; for common sense teaches that a substance with properties like those possessed by alcohol can be nothing else than poisonous. If it is true that the Bible teaches that alcohol-- in the form of wine, or otherwise--- is good and harmless, then it will be made to appear that inspiration is less wise than reason and science; that man, the creature, has outstripped the Creator in knowledge. Such a conclusion, though correctly drawn from the premises, is too absurd for belief by one who has a modicum of faith in inspiration; and its manifest falsity would seem to be sufficient to fully expose the weakness of those who would make the Bible responsible for intemperance. The utter worthlessness of all arguments in favor of the use of alcoholic drinks founded on the Bible becomes still more apparent by a careful examination of the character of the wines mentioned in the Bible, and a consideration in detail of the texts which are claimed to be favorable to the use of alcoholic liquors. Two Kinds of Wine Recognized in the Bible It is undoubtedly true that intoxicating liquors are mentioned in the Bible; and it is equally true that a kind of liquor or wine if recognized and often mentioned which is not intoxicating. Ancient historians preserve the same distinction, making frequent reference to intoxicating wine and its effects, and also to unintoxicating wine and its wholesome properties. Unintoxicating Wine. The intoxicating property of wine is due to the alcohol which it contains. Wine which contains no alcohol is unintoxicating. Alcohol is produced only by fermentation. Wine which has not undergone fermentation, then, is unintoxicating, since it contains no alcohol. All that is required to preserve wine free from alcohol, and thus from intoxicating properties, is to prevent fermentation. That the ancients were acquainted with several modes of preventing fermentation is clearly shown by reference to history. Ancient historians describe four principal methods of effecting this, which were as follows: -- 1. Boiling. In order that sweet fluids should ferment, it is necessary that a certain amount of water should be present. If a portion of the water is removed, fermentation cannot take place. This is easily effected by boiling; and this method was very commonly practicing among the ancients. The fresh juice of the grape was boiled until a considerable portion of the water was evaporated. Sometimes the boiling was continued until the juice acquired the consistency of syrup. This same method is employed now in the preservation of cider, and the sweet juice of the maple-tree and the sugar cane, which would speedily ferment and produce alcohol if left to themselves, but can be preserved any length of time in the form of syrup or molasses. According to Pliny and Virgil, the Romans preserved wine in this way. Pliny mentions wine which had been preserved in this manner and was perfectly sweet, and of the consistency of honey, though two centuries old. Aristotle states that "the wine of Arcadia was so thick that it was necessary to scrape it from the skin bottles in which it was contained, and to dissolve the scrapings in water." "The Mishna (a collection of ancient Jewish writings held in the highest esteem by the Jews) states that the Jews were in the habit of using boiled wine."--- Killo. 2. Filtration. The fermentation which develops alcohol in a sweet fluid by decomposing its sugar, is largely dependent upon the presence of albumen and certain impurities. These were carefully removed by repeated filtration, after which the purified juice was placed in bottles or casks, which were carefully sealed, and buried in the earth or submerged in water, and thus kept cool and sweet. 3. Subsidence. The ingredients of fresh juice which aid in exciting fermentation were also removed by keeping the juice sufficiently cool to prevent fermentation until they had settled to the bottom, when the clear liquid was poured off and carefully bottled as after filtration. 4. Fumigation. Sulfur is a powerful antiseptic. The ancients were familiar with this fact, and often preserved the juice of the grape from fermentation by subjecting it to the fumes of sulfur, or by adding to it the yolk of eggs, mustard seed, or other substances containing sulfur. The same methods are now in use for preserving cider. The fresh juice of the grape or any other sweet fruit, when treated in any one of the above ways, is entirely free from any intoxicating property, and is not only harmless, but also palatable and nutritious. Says Prof. M. Stuart, "Facts show that the ancients not only preserved their wine unfermented, but regarded it as of a higher flavor and finer quality than fermented wine." Intoxicating Wine. As already stated, the intoxicating element of wine is alcohol, which is produced by the decomposition of sugar in the process of fermentation. Alcohol can be made from any juice which contains sugar. The ancients made intoxicating drinks from millet, dates, beans, palm juice, pears, figs, pomegranates, and other fruits, besides the grape. These liquors were known to the Jews, and are frequently referred to in the Scriptures. In Prov. 23:31, we have a striking reference to the fermentation of wine, as follows, according to Dr. Kitt's translation: "Look not thou upon file wine when it is turbid, when it giveth its bubble in the cup, when it moveth itself upright." Scriptural Distinctions of Wines In the English version of the Scriptures, the distinctions made in the original are often obscured or wholly lost. This is especially true in the present instance. In the Hebrew, the language in which the Old Testament was written, different kinds of wine are indicated by different words, which are all rendered in the English translation by the one word wine. The principal words thus employed are, yayin, shekar, and tirosh. Yayin, according to the Biblical critics, refers to the juice of the grape in any form. It might be sweet or sour, fermented or unfermented. Shekar, or shechar, was the term applied to any sweet juice derived from any other source besides the grape. It is sometimes translated honey. It usually refers to the juice of the palm-tree or of its fruit the date; and like yayin, it included the fermented as well as the unfermented condition of the juice. Tirosh was applied to the ripe fruit of the vine, and to the fresh juice of the grape before fermentation had begun. It is often translated "new wine." In brief, then, yayin means fermented or unfermented wine or juice of grapes; shekar means fermented or unfermented wine or juice of the palm-tree, of dates, or other sweet fruit. Tirosh means the sweet unfermented juice of the grape, or new wine. The Hebrews used the term yayin for wine made from grapes, in any of its stages, just as we apply the term cider to the fresh juice of the apple, or to the same juice after it has fermented or become "hard" by age. The Greek, oinos, corresponds exactly with the Hebrew yayin. The foregoing is certainly sufficient to show beyond all chance for reasonable doubt that there are two kinds of wine recognized in the Bible, one of which was sweet, unfermented, and unintoxicating, and the other fermented and intoxicating. The same term is often used for both kinds. If, then, we find the Bible in some instances speaking of wine in terms of commendation, and in others condemning it in the most forcible manner, would it not be reasonable to suppose that in those cases in which wine is commended, the unfermented kind is referred to? and in those in which it is condemned, that which had undergone fermentation is meant? Any one who has confidence in the inspired character of the Scriptures will have no hesitancy in answering in the affirmative. We are now prepared to consider some of the texts in which wine is mentioned. EXAMINATION OF TEXTS. 1. Texts Which Are Said to Favor the use of Wine. "In the holy place shah thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the Lord for a drink-offering." Num. 28:7. Whatever semblance of argument may be founded upon this text loses all its force upon reference to the original. The term which is here rendered "strong wine" is shekar, which might with much greater propriety be translated "sweet wine," since that is the literal meaning of the word. It is so rendered by Kitto, who says that the article referred to in this text was a sweet juice derived from the palm-tree or any sweet fruit other than the grape. That this position is correct is conclusively proven by the testimony of an eminent Jewish rabbi, who says of the Jews, "In their oblations and libations, both public and private, they employed the fruit of the vine, that is, fresh grapes and unfermented grape juice." "Fermentation is to them always a symbol of corruption.' According to Plutarch, even the Egyptians used only unfermented wine in sacrifices. "Wine which cheereth God and man." Judges 9:13. The wine referred to here cannot be the fermented kind, for the original word so rendered is tirosh, which, as previously shown, was always applied to grapes themselves or the fresh juice. Some learned Bible commentators hold that the word refers exclusively to the whole ripe fruit. Travelers in wine-producing countries assert that the fresh juice of the grape has a peculiarly refreshing effect when taken cool, and that any quantity can be drunk without any of the effects of fermented wine. "He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service o f man; that he may bring forth food out of the earth; and wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine," etc. Ps. 104:14, 15. The wine referred to here must be of the unintoxicating kind, for it is represented as being a natural product, like grass, the herb, and oil. Fermented wine is not a natural result of growth. The Creator never made alcohol in any form. Not a single plant contains it. It is the product of decay and rottenness. As remarked in reference to the preceding text, new wine is a most refreshing and cheering beverage. "Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish." Prov. 31:6. Even this text is sometimes used as an apology for the use of liquor, though at the most it could be made to excuse the use of strong drink only in cases of threatened death. An understanding of the real meaning of the text clears up all difficulty attaching to it. The term, "strong drink," had no reference to distilled liquors, as in present usage. The art of distillation was unknown to the ancients, not being discovered until the ninth century of the present em. Strong drink, then, did not mean a liquor strong in alcohol, like brandy or rum. It referred to a liquor sometimes called "mixed wine," which was a compound of wine with wormwood, myrrh, nux vomica, and narcotic drags, which rendered it very intoxicating. It was customary, among ancient nations, to administer this strong or intoxicating liquor to criminals who were about to be executed, in order to stupefy them and thus mitigate their pain. In obedience to the common custom, a draught of the powerful opiate was offered to the Saviour, as he hung upon the cross. It was to this well-known custom that the wise man had reference when he said, "Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish," just as the surgeon would say, Give chloroform to a patient about to undergo a surgical operation. "The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a wine-bibber" etc. Matt. 11:19. It will not be denied that Christ drank wine; but there is not the slightest evidence that he ever drank a single drop of fermented wine. Sweet wines which had been preserved by some one of the methods previously described, were by many persons drank to excess, just as food may be taken in excessive quantity. Such persons were called wine-bibbers, though they could not be called drunkards. But there is no evidence that Christ belonged to this class. The charge was made by wicked men, his enemies, who also accused him of gluttony, and on another occasion said, "He hath a devil." Was he a glutton? If not-- and he certainly was not--how can it be claimed that he was a wine-bibber? The same authority which would prove him to be a wine-bibber, would also make him a glutton and one possessed of a devil. "When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was (but the servants which drew the water knew), the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, and saith unto him. Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse; but thou hast kept the good wine until now." John 2:9, 10. a. If the wine referred to above was of an intoxicating nature, then the brewer and the distiller have, as they claim, a sufficient apology for their nefarious business; for in manufacturing alcohol with which to poison their fellow-men, ruin their constitutions, squander theft property, and render their children homeless and their wives widows-- in all this work of evil, they are only imitating the example of their divine Master! Such a position is too unreasonable to be tenable; for the work of rum savors more of a Satanic than of a divine origin. No; it is impossible for any one but the veriest infidel to regard it consistent for the Saviour of mankind to lend his influence, his example, in favor of a practice which even human wisdom can see is an unmitigated curse to the race. b. But how was this miracle wrought? It was simply by a shortening of the natural process by which wine is produced. The grape-vine sucks up water through its rooters, and by a slow and mysterious process continuing through several months finally converts it into wine in its cluster of luscious fruit. Man obtains it by simply pressing it from the grapes. Christ, by his infinite wisdom, by his knowledge of the intricate processes carried on by the plant, for he made the grape-vine, performed the same work in a moment. The product was the same as though it had been produced in the ordinary way.. Is the product of the vine, new wine, fresh grape juice, fermented or intoxicating? No; it is unfermented and wholesome. The grape-vine cannot produce alcohol. The Creator has not formed it in any plant. In simply shortening the natural process of wine-making, then, Christ produced not fermented but unfermented wine. c. Again, the governor of the feast pronounced the wine produced by Christ the best, saying, "Thou hast kept the good wine until now." If we can ascertain which kind of wine was considered best among the Jews, we shall be able to settle this question with absolute certainty. An appeal to recognized authority will do this. Says Dr. Jacobus, "Those were considered the best wines which were least strong." Prof. M. Stuart says that the ancients regarded unfermented wine "as of a higher flavor and finer quality than fermented wine." Kitto says of wine which had been preserved from fermentation by boiling, "Such was esteemed [by the Jews] the richest and the best wine." There can be no doubt, in view of such testimony, that the wine which Christ made, and which the governor of the feast pronounced the best, was the unfermented kind which was commonly considered the best among the Jews. d. Lastly, Dr. Isaacs, an eminent Jewish rabbi, bears the following testimony: The Jews do not, in their feasts for sacred purposes, including the marriage feasts, ever use any kind of fermented drinks." The Passover Wine. Was the wine used by Christ and his disciples at the Passover supper, just before the crucifixion, fermented or unfermented? This is an interesting question; for all Christendom have for hundreds of years acted upon the supposition that the wine employed was fermented, and have used this kind of wine in the sacrament. If we can ascertain with certainty the character of the wine employed by the Jews in the Passover feast, we shall be able to settle this question satisfactorily. Can we do so? The following facts seem to make the matter sufficiently clear:-- a. The process of fermentation is one of putrefaction or decay. The ancients understood this, and were also acquainted with the fact that fermentation is occasioned by leaven or ferment. b. Not only leavened or fermented bread was forbidden during the Passover, but all fermented things. Says Kitto, "All fermented substances were prohibited during the Pascal feast of the Jews, and during the succeeding seven days." Hence, the Passover was called the "feast of the unleavened," the word bread not being found in the original. c. If the body of Christ was necessarily represented by bread which was absolutely free from ferment or leaven, surely his blood-- which is the life should be represented by wine equally free from putrefactive elements. In view of the above facts, we are certainly justified in the belief that the communion wine used by our Lord was wholly free from alcohol. "For every creature of God is good." 1 Tim. 4:4. Fermented wine is not a "creature of God." It is the poisonous product of a destructive process, and not the result of a creative act, so that it can in no sense be called a "creature of God." Unfermented wine, the fresh juice of the grape, is certainly good and wholesome, and it may with propriety be called a "creature of God;" for it is one of the products of his hands, as shown by Ps. 104:14, 15. "Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake." 1 Tim. 5:23. This text is regarded by moderate drinkers as their stronghold. Whenever reasoned with on the subject, they quote Paul's advice to Timothy and apply the same to themselves irrespective of the state of their stomachs. In the great majority of cases, the stomach makes no complaint until after the habit of wine-taking has been formed. This fact 'alone is quite significant, but we would invite the attention of those who seek consolation from this text to the following points:-- a. The fact that it was necessary for Paul to advise Timothy to "drink no longer water, but wine," proves conclusively that Timothy was not in the habit of drinking any kind of wine. b. Paul recommended wine as a medicine for Timothy on account of some weakness of his stomach, and other infirmities. This would not be recommending it for the habitual use of well persons. c. The wine which Paul recommended was such as would be good for Timothy's stomach, else he would not have advised him to use it. Alcoholic drinks are notoriously bad for even a healthy stomach. They interfere with digestion, and are one of the most prolific causes of dyspepsia. Unfermented wine, on the other hand, has just the opposite properties. It is a most wholesome article, and was much esteemed by the ancients for the very purpose for which Paul recommended wine to Timothy. The conclusion is irresistible, then, that the kind of wine recommended by Paul was the unfermented juice of the grape. This position is confirmed by Athenaeus, who recommended sweet wine "as being very good for the stomach. Paul certainly would not have recommended fermented wine to Timothy, for Pliny, Philo, and Columella, in speaking of fermented wine, say that they produced "headaches, dropsy, madness, and stomach complaints." Who will believe that Paul advised Timothy to use the very article that would cause his stomach to become diseased if it were not already so? "Not given to much wine." 1 Tim. 3:8; Titus 2:8. Moderate drinkers claim to find in these and similar texts ample support for their practice. They argue that Paul did not condemn the use of wine entirely, but only its excessive use. In 1 Tim. 3:3, Paul says, "Not given to wine," no qualifying word being used. The other expressions evidently do not mean that the use of intoxicating wine in any degree would be unallowable. If such a rule of interpretation as moderate drinkers adopt were followed in explaining other similar expressions, we should have some very strange doctrines taught. For example, we read, in Eccl. 7:17, "Be not over-much wicked." According to the rule referred to, we must understand this to mean that a man may sin in moderation if he is careful to avoid becoming excessively wicked. Such a doctrine would be fatal to Christianity, and obnoxious to reason. Any degree of indulgence in sin is wrong. Any degree of indulgence in intoxicating drinks is also wrong. We may allow a literal interpretation of the text by reference to the fact that even unfermented wine may be used in excess just as food may be indulged in to a gluttonous extent. Such use of wine may have been referred to by the apostle. Let us now consider, 2. Those Texts which Discountenance the Use of Wine and Fermented Liquors. As already remarked, having shown that two kinds of wine are recognized in the Bible, one of which was wholesome, the other 'harmful-- though often referred to in the same terms-- it is most reasonable to suppose that when wine is spoken of in terms of commendation, that which was wholesome is referred to; and when the opposite terms are employed, the contrary kind of wine is meant. This principle should be borne in mind in considering the following Scriptures, which are a few of those which condemn the use of wine and strong drink:-- "Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging; and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise." Prov. 20:1. No language could better describe the real character of wine and strong drink than the words of the wise man. "Wine is a mocker;" or in other words, a deceiver. It deludes the drinker with the fancy that it does him good, while it is all the time sapping his life and leading him to certain rum. "Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them." Isa. 5:11. There is no solace here for the drunkard. In addition to the immediate ills which he brings upon himself by his revellings, the Almighty has pronounced a woe upon him. "For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty." Prov. 23:21. Every one has seen the truth of this scripture repeatedly exemplified in the downward career of the drinker, who sinks from bad to worse, squanders his properly, and not infrequently dies at last in the work-house or on the public highway. "Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed wine." Prov. 23:29, 30. The truthful picture which inspiration has here drawn of the real experience of the drunkard is in strong contrast with the glowing descriptions of delightful exhilaration and pleasurable sensations which the tempter gives as the effects of alcohol. No one will dispute the accuracy of the inspired Word who has carefully observed the effects of wine. "Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his color in file cup, when it moveth itself aright. At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder." Prov. 23:31, 32. The wise man here gives a very precise description of fermented wine, and then admonishes us that we should not even look upon it, much less taste it. Surely, this is countenancing the most rigid total abstinence. How can moderate drinkers who believe in the divine origin of the Bible, continue to indulge in even the mildest fermented liquor, in the face of this admonition? "But judge this rather, that no man put a stumbling-block or an occasion to fall in his brother's way." Rom. 14:13. This text does not mention wine, but it is a very powerful rebuke to those moderate drinkers who maintain that it is only the excess of wine that is harmful, and that so long as they indulge moderately, no one has the fight to question the propriety of their course. Some persons may possess sufficient will power to enable them to continue a course of moderate tippling for many years; but their example in using wine will lead to perdition many less resolute persons who have likewise begun as moderate drinkers, but lacking power to control the appetite for drink, end their career in drunkards' graves. The Bible makes the moderate drinker in a great degree responsible for the sins and excesses of his weaker brother who fell through attempting to follow an example which he lacked the power to fully imitate. Here are the qualities of good and bad wine contrasted:-- BAD WINE. Use of Wine by Bible Characters. If it is still persisted that wine of an intoxicating nature was used by some of the most eminent characters of the Bible, we have only to glance at the effects to see the absurdity of making such a course an example to be followed. It will be found that the effects were notably evil whenever any effects whatever are recorded. Noah's Drunkenness.-- "And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard: and he drank of the wine and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent." Gen. 9:20, 21. This is the very first mention of wine in the Bible. Its effects upon Noah show that it was intoxicating. It so muddled the brain of this great and good man that he lost all sense of propriety, and fell into a state of insensibility in his tent, in a condition of indecent exposure. This unfortunate occurrence also became the occasion of national misfortune to one line of Noah's descendants, through the disrespect of one of his sons. No doubt the first effects of the wine were exhilarating. Doubtless it dispelled from Noah's mind all anxiety about the future prosperity of his extensive plantation, which was to be repeopled, resubdued, and tilled by himself and his descendants. But that it also blunted those other finer sensibilities of his nature, which should always be acute and active, is quite apparent. Surely, then, there can be nothing here to recommend the use of wine. Lot's Shame.-- The next undisputed mention of wine is in Gen. 19:34-36. In this instance, the wine employed was doubtless of the kind called "mixed wine," which possessed most powerful intoxicating properties. The effects in this case were anything but such as would recommend the use of wine; for they led the righteous Lot-- who had dwelt in Sodom so many years, surrounded with wickedness, yet preserving his integrity-- to commit a crime even worse than that for purposes which the lecherous Sodom were smitten with blindness. Nadab and Abihu.-- These two sons of Aaron, while under the influence of drink, were so presumptuous as to directly disobey the express command of the Almighty by offering strange fire upon the sacred altar. In consequence of this daring act of disobedience, they were suddenly smitten with death by the hand of the Lord, who evidently designed by this summary act of justice to render them an example to succeeding generations. This is a most striking illustration of the influence of alcohol to render the mind incapable of distinguishing between sacred and common things. It has an unmistakable influence to blunt the moral sensibilities of men. It certainly will not be argued that in any of these instances the use of fermented, or intoxicating wine was beneficial. Bible Teetotalers. While there is no evidence in the Bible that the use of intoxicating wine ever did, or ever could do, any one the slightest possible good, we have the illustrious example of some of the most eminent Bible characters as teetotalers. The Israelites.-- During the sojourn of the children of Israel in Egypt, they were, undoubtedly, total abstainers, since their masters, the Egyptians, at that time made no use of any fermented liquor. During their journey in the wilderness, the Israelites were of necessity abstainers, their only drink being the purest water from the rock. To this long discipline of temperance might be largely attributed that hardihood, fortitude, and bravery, which enabled them to sweep out with astonishing rapidity the enervated nations of Palestine, who had wasted their energies by intemperate and riotous living, and were thus easily vanquished, though protected by strong walls and fortresses. The Nazarites.--- At the time of the establishment of the ceremonial law, there was also instituted an order of teetotalers. They were called Nazarites. They dedicated themselves wholly to the service of God; and one of the conditions of the dedication was total abstinence from the use of wine. See Num. 6. To insure a perfect observance of the pledge, all wine was prohibited, whether fermented or unfermented. Many of the finest personages of the Bible were members of this class. It is quite probable that Daniel and his three brethren were Nazarites, since they refused to drink the king's wine, preferring pulse and water. See Dan. 1. Samson.-- This Hebrew Hercules was a teetotaler from his birth. None of his muscles were weakened by alcoholic degeneration. None of his nerves were paralyzed by stimulants. He was a Nazarite, and is a fair illustration of the incompatibility of alcohol with strength. Milo, the famous Greek who rivaled Samson in his prodigious strength, was likewise a total abstainer as well as a vegetarian. The Rechabites.-- These were a sort of family temperance society. They abstained from the use of wine because commanded to do so by their father;, and the Lord commended them for their constancy. See Jer. 35. If the sons of the present age were as careful to follow the commands of their father as were those of ancient times, there would certainly be fewer drunkards. But drink deprives a youth of natural affection. It leads him to trample upon the authority of his father, and treat with contempt the prayers and tears of a loving mother. What a terrible monster is drink! The Essenes-- The class of Jews known by this name were very temperate in all their habits. They were strict teetotalers, carefully avoiding the slightest indulgence in fermented drinks. They were noted for their rigorous piety. It is thought by many that John the Baptist was a member of this class. He was a Nazarite, at least. See Luke 1:15. Timothy must have been a total abstainer since it was necessary for Paul to advise him to lake a little wine (sweet wine) for his "stomach's sake." There would have been no propriety in such advice had he been in the habit of using wine. And this becomes the more significant when we consider that Timothy had been the companion of Paul for many years. Evidently his early training and the influence of the great Apostle had been such as to lead him to adopt strict teetotal principles; and it required the advice of the Apostle under the influence of the Holy Spirit to get him to partake of wine on account of his physical infirmity. History, as well as the Bible, furnishes numerous examples of temperance. Pythagoras, one of the most renowned philosophers of ancient times, was an advocate of total abstinence. Neither himself nor his followers made use of wine. Wine was prohibited to those who were training for competition at the national games. It appears evident, indeed, that there have always been societies analogous to temperance societies, or organizations opposed to the use of intoxicating drinks. There are, even at the present day, barbarous tribes the individuals of which are strict abstainers, the use of wine being prohibited by their religion. The relation of the Bible to temperance may be summed up in the following brief conclusions to which the evidence presented must lead us:-- 1. The use of intoxicating drinks is not commanded in the Bible. 2. The use of fermented wine is not recommended. 3. Its use is not countenanced either as a harmless practice or a necessary evil. 4. Total abstinence is nowhere condemned. 5. Many texts commend abstinence, and some command it. 6. There is nothing in the Scriptures which disagrees with the principles of total abstinence, and nothing which sustains moderate drinking. 7. Hence, the Bible agrees with science and common sense in denouncing the use of intoxicating liquors, and commending temperance. In the face of these facts, can any person who has a particle of faith in the inspiration of the Scriptures, and in mans accountably to his Creator continue to indulge in the use of wine in any degree whatever? THE RUM FAMILY No greater calamity can befall a quiet, peaceful community than to have a bad family move into it. But no neighborhood ever suffered more from the bad influence of a family of wicked persons than from the effects invariably produced in any city or village by the advent of the rum family, with its numerous progeny of vices, irregularities, and crimes. The original alcohol family contains half a dozen or more members, some of whom, although naturally inclined to evil, have become useful members of society; while others have been the means of a vast deal of harm. The four best known to the public have been supplied with names by the chemist to distinguish them, and are known as methylic alcohol, ethylic alcohol, amylic alcohol, and butylic alcohol. The first of these, methylic alcohol, is commonly known as naphtha. Methylic alcohol, or Wood naphtha, is derived from the distillation of wood. It produces intoxication very quickly when drunk, but its effects are very transient, owing to its great volatility. It is not often used as an intoxicant, but has been so employed by persons of peculiar taste, or confirmed inebriates who were prevented from obtaining their customary allowance of grog. Ethylic alcohol, or wine spirit, is the intoxicating element of spirituous liquors, and is obtained by the distillation of fermented liquids. The most common form in which it is used as a beverage is in brandy, whiskey, beer, wine, etc. It is seldom found pure in commerce, being usually mixed with water. This variety of alcohol is more intoxicating in its effects and more injurious to the vital tissues than the preceding. Butylic alcohol is generally obtained by the fermentation of the beet root. It is also, perhaps, produced in the fermentation which occurs in butter and cheese when they become old and rancid, since these substances contain an acid known as butyric acid, which is derived from this kind of alcohol. It is this which gives to frowy or rancid butter and very old cheese their peculiar flavor. This member of the family is still more active in intoxicating propensities than those already mentioned, producing an intoxication which is very slowly recovered from and in which there is great prostration, trembling of the muscles, and extreme coldness. Amylic alcohol, or fuel-oil, is produced by the fermentation of potatoes, and also, to some extent, in the fermentation of grains and fruits. It has a burning taste and pungent odor, and is the characteristic constituent of bad whiskey. A few drops of fusel-oil will produce as profound an intoxication as a considerable quantity of ordinary alcohol, which accounts for the infuriating and deadly effects of bad whiskey. There are several other alcohols closely allied to those mentioned, and with similar properties, besides numerous other compounds which are classed by chemists in the "alcohol series," among which are carbolic acid and creosote, the caustic and poisonous properties of which are well known. If not own brothers, these compounds are at least cousins of "demon of the cup." All the alcohols are poisons. No one questions this respecting any, with the exception of ethylic alcohol, or wine spirit, which some scientists claim to be able to show is a food, though all the rest are poisons, if some one should bring to us half a dozen varieties of a newly discovered substance, possessing similar properties, evidently all members of a common class, and all capable of producing death, each having its fatal dose, and should say that all were poisons but one, and that was an excellent food, we should certainly be very incredulous. No one in his senses could be made to believe a statement so widely at variance with common sense, and yet this is exactly what is said to us by those who maintain that wine spirit is a food, while potato spirit, wood spirit, and all the other members of the rum family, are poisons. The fact is that a man may drink a quantity of naphtha with less danger to life and less effects than would be occasioned by a much smaller dose of wine spirit in the form of whiskey, brandy, rum, or gin. J.H. KELLOGG	Noah
Who was the last person to hold the title ‘Queen of Ireland’?	NOAH AND THE VINEYARD 1. The conclusion that there was an early version of the biblical presentation according to which the earth was repopulated by the three birds, helps in solving the riddle of the reference to Noah as the planter of a vineyard. Verse 9:19 reads, "These were the three sons of Noah; and from these the whole earth was peopled." Then there follows a verse of which the literal translation is, "Noah, the man of the soil, began and planted a vineyard." >From the earliest times translators have read into this verse something more than it does contain. The Vulgate translates, "And Noah, a man of farming, began to cultivate the earth and planted a vineyard." This translation has been followed by the King James' Bible and by the RSV which reads, "Noah was the first tiller of the soil. He planted a vineyard." According to these translations Noah would have been the first farmer. This interpretation raises an entire series of difficulties, of which the most obvious one is that in Genesis 4:2 Cain is described as the representative of farming in opposition to Abel, the shepherd. In modern times there has been called to attention the fact that the Hebrew text does not refer to Noah as "\|a\| man of the soil," but as "\|the\| man of the soil" with the definite article. Hermann Gunkel understood the verse in question as, "And Noah, the husbandman, was the first to plant a vineyard." This interpretation has been accepted halfway by authoritative commentators such as Skinner and Speiser, and by some of the most recent translations, such as the New English Bible ("Noah, a man of the soil, began the planting of vineyards") and the New American Bible ("Now Noah, a man of the soil, was the first to plant a vineyard"). These translations have the apparent advantage of reducing the role of Noah to that of the founder of viticulture and the inventor of wine. They do not solve the problem presented by the Hebrew text, which reads "the man of the soil," and they distort the meaning of the second part of the verse which reads literally: "began and planted a vineyard." According to Hebrew idiom, these words may mean "began to plant a vineyard," "began by planting a vineyard," or possibly "as a first thing planted a vineyard," but cannot mean "was the first to plant a vineyard." The statement that "Noah, the husbandman, began by planting a vineyard," has created difficulty not only for theologians, who are interested in the ethical meaning of Noah's story, but also for critical interpreters who cannot explain how a specific aspect of cultural achievement was introduced into the narrative of the Deluge. The translations that make Noah into the founder of viticulture have been influenced by the anthropological school of biblical interpretation which has seen a similarity between Noah and the Greek god Dionysos, god and inventor of wine. This parallel must be rejected on several grounds, of which the most compelling is that Dionysos was not a god of wine. More recent investigations of the total Greek evidence have shown that Dionysos was the god of orgiastic festivals that followed the gathering of crops -- all crops, without any particular emphasis on grapes. The Greeks gradually came to associate Dionysos more specifically with the frenzied state of mind that developed in these orgies; wine played a role in the cult of this god only insofar as wine was a means for engendering a state of frenzy, music and dancing being however the more typical means. Another major objection to the supposed similarity between Noah and Dionysos or any god of winegrowing or hero of the cultivation of wine, is that there is nothing in the biblical text except for the one verse in question, to support this similarity. Those who claim to discern this similarity are compelled to assume that there existed an entire body of tradition in which Noah appeared as a figure completely different from the Noah the hero of the Deluge. These traditions would have been completely eliminated by the compilers of Genesis, except for one single echo. The assumption that there existed a lost cycle of legends about Noah as the hero of wine is propounded even by critical interpreters who do not subscribe overtly to the parallel between Noah and Dionysos, established by the anthropological school. Dillmann states: Noah, the "husbandman," the beginner of wine culture, contrasts strongly with the righteous Noah, the hero of the Flood, and carries us into another cycle of legends, in which the subject treated is the history of inventions and the advance of culture. Skinner expresses himself in similar terms: Noah is introduced in an entirely new character, as the discoverer of the new culture of the vine. . . . The Noah of vv. 20-27 almost certainly comes from a different cycle of tradition from the righteous and blameless patriarch who is the hero of the Flood. The incident, indeed, cannot without violating all probability, be harmonized with the Flood-story. These two followers of the documentary school must assume that some redactors of the text drew from a document different from that which provided the main body of the Deluge story, but admit that there is no difference in linguistic style between the episode of Noah the vinegrower and the J stratum of the Deluge story. Furthermore, it would be most peculiar, if another cycle of legends about Noah had indeed existed, that not one trace of it can be found in sources such as the Targums, the Midrashim, and the Talmud, which usually preserve traditions that were excluded from the received text of the Old Testament. Dillmann is not correct in stating that the episode in question belongs to another cycle of legends; it is more correct to say that here the biblical version reflects more closely the Mesopotamian versions. According to the Epic of Gilgamesh the hero of the Deluge took "all the craftsmen" into the Ark. According to Berossos' report King Xisuthros (that is, Ziusudra) wrote down and buried "the beginning, middle, and end of all things" in order to recover them after the Deluge. Since St. Jerome compiled the Vulgate translation, interpreters have created unnecessary difficulties for themselves: the biblical text can be explained without distorting its meaning in order to make Noah into the first farmer or the first winegrower. The Deluge meant a new cosmic order and specifically a new system of geographical coordinates. It was understood that this new system meant a new arrangement of the mountains, rivers, and the sky, which created conditions more favorable to agriculture; it was a way of suggesting that the new geodetic calculations were superior to the old ones. The farming activities of Noah were mentioned to indicate that under the new cosmic arrangement farming became easier and could be more successful. This is indicated also by Genesis 5:29: And named him Noah, saying: "this one shall bring us relief from our work and the toil of our hands out of the ground which Yahweh has cursed." The connection between farming and the cosmic order is made clear by the Quran in sura 71 ("Noah"). According to this sura Noah was instructed to warn mankind of the impending scourge, but people did not want to listen to him. He tried to persuade them by explaining all the benefits that could come to them after repentance: Seek forgiveness of our Lord; he is ever forgiving. He will send down for you abundant rain from the sky, and he will help you with wealth and sons, and will provide you gardens with rivers. . . . See you not how Allah has created the seven heavens in stories and has made the moon a light therein and made the sun a lamp? And Allah has made you grow as a growth from the earth . . . and Allah has made for you the earth an expanse so that you may walk the valley-ways. These verses of the Quran must be compared with Genesis 8:22: As long as the earth lasts, Seedtime and harvest, Day and night, Shall not cease. These lines of poetry inserted into the account of the covenant made with Noah after the Deluge indicate that the Deluge concerned the cosmic order and that the growth of crops was an essential part of it. Recent interpreters should not have been bewildered by the mention of Noah as an agriculturist, since the recreation of vegetation as part of the new ordering of heaven and earth after the Deluge is mentioned in unambiguous terms in the preserved lines of the last column (Column VI) of the Sumerian account of the Deluge: An and Enlil uttered "breath of heaven," "breath of earth" by their . . . it stretched itself, vegetation, coming up out of the earth, rises up. A few lines below, the Sumerian hero of the Deluge, King Ziusudra, is described as: The preserver of the name of vegetation and of the seed of mankind. This line makes absolutely clear that the hero of the Deluge had to perform the function of preserving two aspects of the generative function, the reproduction of mankind and the art of agriculture. According to Genesis the Deluge meant a general improvement of the human condition, not only an ethical improvement. Dillmann properly makes this comment on Genesis 5:29: "Noah the man who is to begin a new epoch, and (by the grace of God) lead men to a better life." Using modern terms, we could say that the Deluge was a step in the march of progress, not only in human culture, but also in geophysical evolution. Speiser distorts the biblical philosophy of man and nature when, in order to explain the supposed mention of Noah as the first vinegrower, he suggests that the Deluge meant a return to the state of nature: "The Flood story then would stand out all the more as an awesome and elemental break in the progress of mankind." This is a notion that would occur only to people who live in an age influenced by the ideas of Rousseau. 2. The mention of Noah as "the farmer" does not hang loose in the narrative of the Deluge as an incongruous piece of information, as all interpreters have understood. But they are right in perceiving that there is something forced and disconnected in the episode of the vineyard: the reason for the lack of continuity in the episode of the vineyard is that this episode was used by the compilers of Genesis to introduce the curse of Ham which originally preceded, and did not follow, the flood. Speiser comments on 9:20: "Connecting passages can be puzzling precisely because they are meant to bridge gaps, and they are usually laconic." The gap, however, is not between the Deluge and the farming activity of Noah, but between the planting of the vineyard and the curse of Ham. The laconicity in question results from the circumstance that the report on Noah's farming was cut short in order to introduce the curse of Ham. >From the Quran it can be gathered that originally the mocking of Noah by a son of his took place before the flood. According to the sura that gives the most detailed account of the Deluge, Noah was mocked by the chiefs of his people while he was building the Ark. (11:40). Among these mockers must have been his son, because verses 40-45 relate: And Noah cried to his son who had gone aside: "Oh my boy! Embark with us and do not stay with the unbelievers." He replied: "I shall betake myself to a mountain that will save me from the water." And Noah said: "None shall be saved today from the commands of Allah save those on whom he has mercy. . ." And the water came between them and he was among the drowned. It may be assumed that in the earliest version of the biblical story the episode of the drowning of the son of Noah was introduced in order to stress the ethical meaning of the salvation from the flood. Those who saw the Deluge story as having an ethical content must have been concerned with the question that according to the Mesopotamian versions the hero of the Deluge brings with him followers independently of their moral worth; this matter was solved by indicating that not even Noah's son could be saved if he did not repent. Those who gave an ethical meaning to the Deluge story must have also been aware of the versions that we meet among the Greeks and many other nations according to which the heroes who survived the flood did so by climbing a high mountain instead of entering a vessel; hence these ethical thinkers had to stress that salvation did not come through natural physical means, such as the climbing of mountains. The placing of the drowning of Ham after the flood instead of before was prepared by the version followed in the Quran. In this writing (11:45-46) it is stated that when the Ark landed on the mountain, Noah cried unto Allah: "My Lord! truly, my son is of my household!" And Allah replied: "O Noah! truly, he is not of thy household; truly he is of evil conduct; so do not ask me for things that are beyond your knowledge." This seems to imply that the son, having climbed the mountain, was still alive at that point. The story of Ham's drowning is preserved in a vague way by Jewish extrabiblical tradition. Noah allowed Og, a son of Ham's wife, to save himself by clinging to the outside of the Ark, but after the Deluge Og reverted to his evil ways. The compilers of Genesis had to move the episode of Ham's damnation after the flood, because they had to ascribe the repopulation of the earth not to the three birds, but to Noah's sons who became three. I have already shown how the figure of Ham was collapsed into that of the raven. The damning of Noah's son before the flood was used to introduce the cursing of the Canaanites, the descendants of the raven. Since the figure of the raven was collapsed with that of Ham, the raven became an accursed bird. Extrabiblical sources relate that the raven was cursed by being caused to impregnate with his beak. This peculiarity of the raven originally was not considered a curse. Pliny, (N.H., X, 14, 32) relates about crows that there is a popular belief that they "lay eggs, or else mate, through the beak." Pliny quotes Aristotle as having explained this popular belief by the fact that crows, like doves, kiss each other with their beaks. There are other pieces of Jewish extrabiblical tradition that support my understanding of the earliest version of Ham's fate. It is related that the evildoers who remained outside the Ark tried to save themselves by climbing mountains, and it is also related that carrion birds (that is, the raven, since this bird is presented as a carrion eater in the Deluge anecdotes) plucked the eyes of those who were trying to save themselves by swimming. I have already mentioned that according to Proverbs 30:17 "the eye that mocks a father or scorns a woman's desire will be plucked out by ravens." The compilers of Genesis had to go through a cumbersome process. They had before them a totemic story according to which Noah had sexual relations with the three birds. The three birds were replaced by the three sons of Noah. As a result of this, Ham came to have sexual relations with his father; this, according to Hebrew idiom, is unquestionably the meaning of the statement that Ham "saw his father's nakedness." Since this statement sounds peculiar because of the sex of Ham, we must keep in mind the extrabiblical traditions according to which Ham's wife was pregnant in the Ark but not by Ham, and the he-raven accused Noah of wanting to have intercourse with the she-raven. In any case, the relation between Noah and the raven, or Ham, or Ham's wife, was made more palatable by attaching this episode to the account of the farming activities of Noah and consequent drunkenness.	i don't know
“Your name will also go on the list; what is it?”	Dad's Army - The Deadly Attachment - NL Ondertiteld - '... Your name vill also go on ze list!..'.. - YouTube Dad's Army - The Deadly Attachment - NL Ondertiteld - '... Your name vill also go on ze list!..'.. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 19, 2015 Dad's Army is a BBC television sitcom about the British Home Guard during the Second World War. Dad's Army is the best comedy ever written. It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft and broadcast on BBC television from 1968 to 1977. The sitcom ran for 9 series and 80 episodes in total, plus a radio version based on the television scripts, a feature film and a stage show. The series regularly gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still repeated worldwide. Cast Capt. Mainwaring - Arthur Lowe (22 sept. 1915 – 15 april 1982) Sgt. Athur Wilson - John Le Mesurier (5 april 1912 – 15 nov. 1983) LCpl. Jack Jones - Clive Dunn (9 januari 1920 – 6 november 2012) Pte James Frazer - John Laurie (25 March 1897 -- 23 June 1980) Pte Joe Walker - James Beck (21 februari 1929 - 6 augustus 1973) Pte. Charles Godfrey - Arnold Ridley (7 jan. 1896 — 12 maart 1984) Pte Frank Pike - Ian Lavender (16 February 1946 - ) Warden Hodges - Bill Pertwee (21 July 1926 – 27 May 2013) Vicar Reverend Timothy Farthing - Frank Williams (July 2 1931 - ) Verger Mr. Yeatman - Edward Sinclair (3 febr. 1914 – 29 aug. 1977) Mrs. Fox - Pamela Cundell (15 January 1920 – 14 February 2015) Mrs. Pike - Janet Davies (14 Sept 1927 – 22 Sept 1986) Shirley - Wendy Richard (20 juli 1943 – 26 februari 2009) David Croft (7 september 1922 – 27 september 2011) Jimmy Perry (20 September 1923 – 23 October 2016) Authenticity is vital to Perry, who remembers the time he was at Rada, rehearsing with fellow actors, when a secret onlooker turned out to be George Bernard Shaw. “He said, ‘I enjoyed your show tremendously. I laughed a lot. But you’ve got to understand one rule of comedy: you must have reality, otherwise it’s rubbish.’” In any case, thanks to its successful repeats Dad’s Army is guaranteed immortality. But to what does Perry attribute our enduring love of Captain Mainwaring and co? “It’s because we reminded the British people of their finest hour. It had wobbly back projection and cardboard scenery, but also the truth… and great artists that brought it to life.” Simon Blackwell ‘To create comedy that generations of people genuinely love is rare, and he managed it time and again’. Perry’s work on the show – along with that of the producer, David Croft – created one of the most popular British television programmes of all time’. Jack Dee ‘Amazing contribution to British telly. Watched Dad's Army only yesterday. Still as funny as when I watched it as a kid.’ Vicki Michelle ‘a brilliant comedy writer & true gentleman. He leaves us such a legacy’ Ian Lavender ‘Jimmy, he has been a part of my life for such a long time. ‘He was half of one amazing partnership, it brings back so many wonderful memories… lots of good times together with much laughter…’ David Schneider ‘Thanks to Jimmy Perry for the sublime Dad’s Army, the perfect sitcom, and for making me laugh for over 40 years.’ Shane Allen, BBC controller of comedy commissioning, said: ‘Jimmy Perry is a Goliath of British comedy writing. His work will be enjoyed and appreciated for many years to come’. Miranda Hart ‘Thank you Jimmy Perry. You made our world a funnier and brighter place.’ Nigel Farage tweeted: Jimmy Perry created and co-wrote the fantastic Dad's Army, my favourite comedy of all time.' Tom Watson 'We grew up laughing at Jimmy Perry's hilarious characters. One of our greatest TV writers who will not be forgotten.' Ruth Madoc ‘Being on set was quite hard work, but great fun. We weren’t allowed to laugh. One particular series we’d been naughty giggling on set. This didn’t go down very well with David and Jimmy, so they made us T-shirts saying, ‘Comedy is a serious business’. We were told in no uncertain terms’. Frank Williams “Dad’s Army was one of the happiest periods of my life, it was a wonderful role to work on.” TV comedy producer Jon Plowman said, “The quality of his work was consistently brilliant”, adding that Jimmy and his co-writer David Croft came as a package. He described them as “comedy revolutionaries”, saying, “They made it look easy; we know it is not.” Chris Jarvis ‘this sitcoms are pure gold & will live on.’ Jeffrey Holland ‘There is no doubt that he and David created some of the most memorable and iconic characters and moments in television sitcom history and as such, has left us with a wonderful legacy we can look back on for many years to come. I am proud to have been a part of so many of his series’. Mark Braxton ‘There is a light that never goes out - and its name is Jimmy Perry’ Perry admits to being bowled over by the continuing success of his Home Guard comedy: “Isn’t it amazing? Let me tell you, I’m overwhelmed.” Appointed an OBE in 1978, Jimmy Perry published his autobiography, A Stupid Boy, in 2002 and received a British Comedy award for lifetime achievement in 2003. Category	The Deadly Attachment
Which 2008 presidential biopic was directed by Oliver Stone?	Dad's Army - The Deadly Attachment - NL Ondertiteld - '... Your name vill also go on ze list!..'.. - YouTube Dad's Army - The Deadly Attachment - NL Ondertiteld - '... Your name vill also go on ze list!..'.. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 19, 2015 Dad's Army is a BBC television sitcom about the British Home Guard during the Second World War. Dad's Army is the best comedy ever written. It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft and broadcast on BBC television from 1968 to 1977. The sitcom ran for 9 series and 80 episodes in total, plus a radio version based on the television scripts, a feature film and a stage show. The series regularly gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still repeated worldwide. Cast Capt. Mainwaring - Arthur Lowe (22 sept. 1915 – 15 april 1982) Sgt. Athur Wilson - John Le Mesurier (5 april 1912 – 15 nov. 1983) LCpl. Jack Jones - Clive Dunn (9 januari 1920 – 6 november 2012) Pte James Frazer - John Laurie (25 March 1897 -- 23 June 1980) Pte Joe Walker - James Beck (21 februari 1929 - 6 augustus 1973) Pte. Charles Godfrey - Arnold Ridley (7 jan. 1896 — 12 maart 1984) Pte Frank Pike - Ian Lavender (16 February 1946 - ) Warden Hodges - Bill Pertwee (21 July 1926 – 27 May 2013) Vicar Reverend Timothy Farthing - Frank Williams (July 2 1931 - ) Verger Mr. Yeatman - Edward Sinclair (3 febr. 1914 – 29 aug. 1977) Mrs. Fox - Pamela Cundell (15 January 1920 – 14 February 2015) Mrs. Pike - Janet Davies (14 Sept 1927 – 22 Sept 1986) Shirley - Wendy Richard (20 juli 1943 – 26 februari 2009) David Croft (7 september 1922 – 27 september 2011) Jimmy Perry (20 September 1923 – 23 October 2016) Authenticity is vital to Perry, who remembers the time he was at Rada, rehearsing with fellow actors, when a secret onlooker turned out to be George Bernard Shaw. “He said, ‘I enjoyed your show tremendously. I laughed a lot. But you’ve got to understand one rule of comedy: you must have reality, otherwise it’s rubbish.’” In any case, thanks to its successful repeats Dad’s Army is guaranteed immortality. But to what does Perry attribute our enduring love of Captain Mainwaring and co? “It’s because we reminded the British people of their finest hour. It had wobbly back projection and cardboard scenery, but also the truth… and great artists that brought it to life.” Simon Blackwell ‘To create comedy that generations of people genuinely love is rare, and he managed it time and again’. Perry’s work on the show – along with that of the producer, David Croft – created one of the most popular British television programmes of all time’. Jack Dee ‘Amazing contribution to British telly. Watched Dad's Army only yesterday. Still as funny as when I watched it as a kid.’ Vicki Michelle ‘a brilliant comedy writer & true gentleman. He leaves us such a legacy’ Ian Lavender ‘Jimmy, he has been a part of my life for such a long time. ‘He was half of one amazing partnership, it brings back so many wonderful memories… lots of good times together with much laughter…’ David Schneider ‘Thanks to Jimmy Perry for the sublime Dad’s Army, the perfect sitcom, and for making me laugh for over 40 years.’ Shane Allen, BBC controller of comedy commissioning, said: ‘Jimmy Perry is a Goliath of British comedy writing. His work will be enjoyed and appreciated for many years to come’. Miranda Hart ‘Thank you Jimmy Perry. You made our world a funnier and brighter place.’ Nigel Farage tweeted: Jimmy Perry created and co-wrote the fantastic Dad's Army, my favourite comedy of all time.' Tom Watson 'We grew up laughing at Jimmy Perry's hilarious characters. One of our greatest TV writers who will not be forgotten.' Ruth Madoc ‘Being on set was quite hard work, but great fun. We weren’t allowed to laugh. One particular series we’d been naughty giggling on set. This didn’t go down very well with David and Jimmy, so they made us T-shirts saying, ‘Comedy is a serious business’. We were told in no uncertain terms’. Frank Williams “Dad’s Army was one of the happiest periods of my life, it was a wonderful role to work on.” TV comedy producer Jon Plowman said, “The quality of his work was consistently brilliant”, adding that Jimmy and his co-writer David Croft came as a package. He described them as “comedy revolutionaries”, saying, “They made it look easy; we know it is not.” Chris Jarvis ‘this sitcoms are pure gold & will live on.’ Jeffrey Holland ‘There is no doubt that he and David created some of the most memorable and iconic characters and moments in television sitcom history and as such, has left us with a wonderful legacy we can look back on for many years to come. I am proud to have been a part of so many of his series’. Mark Braxton ‘There is a light that never goes out - and its name is Jimmy Perry’ Perry admits to being bowled over by the continuing success of his Home Guard comedy: “Isn’t it amazing? Let me tell you, I’m overwhelmed.” Appointed an OBE in 1978, Jimmy Perry published his autobiography, A Stupid Boy, in 2002 and received a British Comedy award for lifetime achievement in 2003. Category	i don't know
Who is the narrator of Three Men in a Boat?	Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog) Characters \| GradeSaver Buy Study Guide J. The narrator of the novel, most likely based on Jerome himself. J. has a dog named Montmorency, and two friends, George and Harris. He sees himself as intelligent, hard-working, and competent, but his behavior in the novel suggests otherwise. Like his friends, J. is a hypochondriac. George A good-natured banker, and one of J.'s best friends. Of the three men, he is portrayed as the only one who is seriously dedicated to his job. He brings a banjo on the boat trip and tries to learn how to play it. Harris A friend of George and J., who joins them on the trip. Although the novel's flashbacks suggest that J. and Harris (full name William Samuel Harris) have known each other for a long time, J. actually dislikes Harris a great deal. He constantly criticizes Harris for being lazy and uncultured, and writes that "there is no poetry about Harris – no wild yearning for the unattainable" (18). Montmorency	J
In science, what symbol is normally used for the speed of light?	Three Men in a Boat - Jerome Klapka Jerome \| Feedbooks Three Men in a Boat in EPUB format, also available for Kindle or in PDF This work is available for countries where copyright is Life+70 and in the USA. Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), published in 1889, is a humorous account by Jerome K. Jerome of a boating holiday on the Thames between Kingston and Oxford. The book was initially intended to be a serious travel guide, with accounts of local history along the route, but the humorous elements took over to the point where the serious and somewhat sentimental passages seem a distraction to the comic novel. One of the most praised things about Three Men… (more) Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), published in 1889, is a humorous account by Jerome K. Jerome of a boating holiday on the Thames between Kingston and Oxford. The book was initially intended to be a serious travel guide, with accounts of local history along the route, but the humorous elements took over to the point where the serious and somewhat sentimental passages seem a distraction to the comic novel. One of the most praised things about Three Men in a Boat is how undated it appears to modern readers, the jokes seem fresh and witty even today. The three men are based on Jerome himself (the narrator J.) and two real-life friends, George Wingrave (who went on to become a senior manager in Barclays Bank) and Carl Hentschel (the founder of a London printing business, called Harris in the book), with whom he often took boating trips. The dog, Montmorency, is entirely fictional, but "as Jerome admits, developed out of that area of inner consciousness which, in all Englishmen, contains an element of the dog." The trip is a typical boating holiday of the time in a Thames camping skiff. This is just after commercial boat traffic on the Upper Thames had died out, replaced by the 1880s craze for boating as a leisure activity.	i don't know
In which sitcom did a Jack Russell terrier called Eddie appear?	<em>Frasier'</em>s Best Friend 'Eddie' Dies Email Moose, the feisty Jack Russell terrier who played Eddie on TV’s Frasier, has died, his trainer, Mathilde Halberg, tells PEOPLE. “He was 16-and-a-half years old, and he just had an incredible charisma and was a such a free spirit,” said Halberg. Moose, considered the Lassie of the ’90s, died Thursday night of old age at Halberg’s Los Angeles-area home. Moose retired from showbiz when he was 10 and was replacd by a younger lookalike named Enzo for the final two seasons of Frasier. Although he also starred in the 2000 Frankie Muniz-Kevin Bacon feature My Dog Skip (as the older Skip), he was best known for stealing scenes from Kelsey Grammer on the long-running Emmy-winning NBC sitcom. “He was always trying to put Frasier in uncomfortable circumstances,” said his trainer, who had rescued him in the early 1990s. “I saved him from the pound. His owners called me as a last resort,” Halberg recalled. “He was extremely mischievous, always escaping, chewing up things and running off. When he killed a neighbor’s cat and chased some horses, that was it.” Not that anyone who owns a Jack Russell would find such behavior surprising. “But then,” remembered his trainer, “he began his career, and he will never be forgotten.” Show Full Article	Frasier
Jimmy Wales was the co-founder of which major Web site?	Eddie - The Pet Press Eddie Dedicated to those who perished on September 11, 2001 The Pet Press is a free monthly magazine for Los Angeles pet lovers. Behind the Scenes with TV’s Top Dog: From Troubled Terrier to Canine Comedian By Lori Golden In the summer of 1994 I met Eddie, the canine star of Frasier, for the first time. The NBC sitcom was starting its second season and I was already a huge fan of TV’s newest doggie darling, (not to mention the show.) To understand just what makes this terrier “tick,” I am reprinting an edited version of the first article I wrote about Eddie, which appeared in the October, 1994 issue of Animal Press. An update on Eddie and how stardom has affected his life follows. FLASHBACK: Paramount Studios, Hollywood, CA - 1994 In a special area backstage at the Emmy-winning comedy show Frasier is a pet kennel. Lacking silk curtains and plush carpeting, this is where one of TV’s hottest stars, a 4-year old Jack Russell terrier named Moose, rests between rehearsals. Known to fans of Frasier as Eddie, he is the beloved companion of Frasier’s dad, who shares an apartment with his stuffy radio-shrink son. With one hit season under his belt, stardom hasn’t really changed the canine comedian: according to his trainer, Mathilde de Cagny, “he’s still the same old Moose who likes to chase cats.” In fact, chasing cats was one of the activities that led to this troubled terrier becoming one of TV’s most precious pooches. Originally owned by a Florida family, Moose was too hard to handle. He couldn’t be house trained; he chewed everything; he dug and barked a lot; and he was constantly escaping and climbing trees. Eventually given to the Florida manager of Birds and Animals Unlimited, a company that trains animals for TV and motion pictures, Moose was put on a plane at 2 ½ - years old and sent to Mathilde de Cagny, an LA trainer working for the show-biz animal company. Nine years ago Mathilde, a native of Paris, France, set her sights on becoming an animal trainer for the movies. After much perseverance she ended up at Birds and Animals Unlimited, initially volunteering to do anything for the company. Eventually she became a trainer, handling the dogs seen in Steel Magnolias, Back to the Future 2 & 3,The Firm, and Bodyguard. Then came Moose. AndFrasier. When Mathilde first met Moose, she had no idea if he had that special “star” quality, but felt he could be a good working dog. “He was so hyper and energetic, it was obvious he wanted to do something.” In fact, she thinks he got bored with his previous family and just needed to be busy all the time. “Moose had a great disposition for training. He loved it right away... it calmed him down a little. It’s as if all of a sudden he had a purpose in his life. You can see in his eyes that he’s very sharp. He’s also very curious and is always moving around.” From their very first session Mathilde knew Moose was “into it.” He learned so fast that after six months of training, Moose beat out a number of other canines in his first audition, landing the coveted role of Eddie on Frasier. Moose’s major contribution to the show is his famous look: an endless stare that unnerves the pompous psychiatrist played by Kelsey Grammer. Mathilde says it took a while to teach Moose his defiant stare. “It’s a cue thing. I point my finger up and he knows that no matter what’s going on around him, he must look at my finger in front of my face. It’s natural for him to look around when there are noises, so I had him do this when there were a lot of distractions. And because we always use it on the show, we still work on it every once in a while.” Mathilde doesn’t always reward Moose’s behaviors with treats. “I don’t want him to always expect things from me, so sometimes I’ll just give him a good pat or play with him for a few seconds.” When he does get treats, they’re varied so he doesn’t get bored... from beef stew to chicken to hot dogs to liver bits, cooked at home, cut into little pieces, and brought to the set in a cooler. Otherwise, his nightly meal consists of dry dog food mixed with a small amount of canned food for taste. Moose works four days a week, getting a special bath and a spray of Holiday Cologne for dogs on film days, “because people are always coming up to pet him and kiss him.” Although Moose generally knows where to go and what to do during filming, he has occasionally messed up a scene: one time someone had accidentally dropped a piece of cracker on the floor. Moose entered the room, saw it, and went straight for the cracker instead of doing his trick. But John Mahoney, who plays Frasier’s father Martin Crane, says that working with Moose is like working with any other actor. “He’s like a robot... a consummate professional who works hard learning his tricks.” Visitors to the park by Paramount’s stage 25 often see a Moose look-alike frolicking about. That’s Miko, Moose’s one-year old daughter whom “he’s crazy about.” Mathilde is starting to train Miko as well, hoping that if she gets big enough, she’ll be able to work as a stand-in for her doting dad. While Moose’s main job as Eddie is to annoy Frasier, viewers of the recent 1994 Emmy Awards could sense Moose’s importance to the show. On accepting his award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series, Kelsey Grammer avoided thanking people individually for fear of neglecting someone. But he did end his speech saying, “most importantly, Moose, this is for you.” Interviewed after the awards Grammer commented, “I did thank the dog. He’s the funniest thing on the show.” UPDATE: Paramount Studios, Hollywood, CA – 2002 Now in it’s 10th season, Frasier has earned a total of 21 Emmy Awards, including three for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Kelsey Grammer) and two for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (David Hyde Pierce). Never even nominated was Moose, who wrote in his autobiography, My Life as a Dog, “I don’t care. I’m sick of the whole damn mess. I’m just going to keep doing good work and be satisfied with the knowledge that I’m loved by millions of adoring fans around the world. But if I ever have to play a depressed dog again, I won’t have to act.” (More about the book later.) While the human cast of Frasier has remained intact, such is not the case with Eddie. Moose is basically retired and his son Enzo, 7, now plays the precocious pup. “The retirement of Moose was gradual,” explains Mathilde. “For a couple of years Enzo was doing all the fast-action, jumping up and down, retrieving or running moves. Anything that I thought was becoming a little too strenuous for Moose. Also, Enzo has teeth and Moose doesn’t, a problem that occurred from his chewing difficulties since he was a puppy. Moose is turning 13 and he’s doing great. He could work but I felt like it was time.” (Miko, who never grew big enough to be a back-up double for Moose, was given to one of the show’s technicians.) “Enzo has the exact facial markings as Moose, which is extremely rare for Jack Russells to match so well,” Mathilde continues. “They can come out in every shape and every color. It turned out that they double each other perfectly. Enzo is a little leaner and he’s obviously younger, and now it shows, but for years nobody even here really knew which dog I was using. The cast can now tell the difference between the two dogs because Moose has a grimmer, older, wiser look to him, (we call him the old man), and Enzo is still young.” Less anyone be upset because I’m featuring a dog who was bred for a specific purpose, it’s important to note that this is not the norm for Mathilde or the people with whom she works. All of Mathilde’s dogs are rescues that usually come from shelters or rescue groups. And spaying and neutering is very important to her as well. All of her dogs are fixed. “Moose was an exception,” she explains. “It was a necessity because of the show. But even Moose is neutered now.” Mathilde adds that probably a third of the people involved with Frasier have dogs that she rescued for them. And the cast members are all animal lovers. “Peri has a few dogs, including one of Moose’s puppies from a few years ago. David has two Wheaten Terriers. Kelsey has a bunch of horses and dogs and Jane has a cat, but we don’t tell that to the dogs, of course.” Ironically, only John Mahoney, Eddie’s doting dad, remains ‘dog-less,’ although he’s had Boxers in the past. (During our interview Enzo and Mathilde are called for rehearsal. I get to watch. The entire cast is involved in the scene, including Enzo. At one point, as the director discusses some blocking notes, the conniving canine cozies up to Kelsey Grammer, who immediately begins patting, rubbing and scratching Enzo for a good three minutes before sending him, content and happy, back to Mathilde. The smile on his face indicated to me that Kelsey enjoyed the exercise as much as Enzo.) Although I’m a faithful fan of the show, I never knew that the casting of Eddie had changed. But Mathilde explains the differences between the two stars. “Both dogs are very smart and train very well, but Enzo was always a lot easier to work with… a lot less challenging. He’s a typical good working dog that wants to please me. And he likes to catch his tail, which is very hard for a Jack Russell to do. Enzo is really a spectacular dog.” “Moose, on the other hand, was always a problem child, which is why he got to me in the first place. He still is. He has “issues.” It’s in his mind. (He could actually be a candidate for Prozac.) He’s not the average dog. He always seemed to be really unhappy and you can see it in his eyes. It’s him. It’s his personality. I’m not saying he is unhappy. I think he’s pretty happy. He’s got a pretty good life and lots of love. He’s just not the average loving dog you would think. Now don’t get me wrong. Moose has huge charisma and he’s got something that no other dogs do… he has an incredible personality. And it shows. But he’s not as much of a method actor as Enzo is.” I think Moose would beg to differ with Mathilde on that last point, at least according to his autobiography, My Life as a Dog, by Moose with Brian Hargrove. (c.2000, HarperCollins Publisher) In this delightful tome, Moose goes into great detail about his acting craft, and in his own inimitable style, takes the reader through his rags to riches story. So how does Moose spend his time these days? “He leads a pretty relaxing life. He enjoys being at home and has his own dog walker who comes every day for an hour walk. The rest of the time he hangs out in the sun, playing with one of his buddies, Bogus, a St.Bernard/Golden Retriever mix who is a retired actor as well.” Moose also goes camping with Mathilde and her husband, or anywhere else when they leave town. Although she has a number of dogs, Moose, due to his senior elder statesman status, tends to get preferential treatment Moose also goes to the studio often with Mathilde to check on all his buddies. “He comes here more or less to look after things and to make sure that Enzo is doing ok.” Even though the pet kennel has been replaced by a trailer, Mathilde says Moose most enjoys hanging out in David Hyde Pierce’s production office with his assistant Katie. “David is thrilled and honored to have him in his office, and he’s with people when I’m doing other things.” David, meanwhile, seems to have the utmost respect for Mathilde. Commenting on what it’s been like to work with her dogs for the last ten years, the actor says, “I can tell you that both Moose and Enzo have aged like fine wines because they are so well cared for.” That being said, Mathilde points out something that totally surprised me: “Moose and Enzo do NOT get along at all, which is not unusual because they are two male, Jack Russell terriers. In the car, one of them rides in the front, the other in the back. One comes out first, the other second. Everything is done twice. They are walked separately. They don’t even know there is two of them. They are never together. If they see each other they’ll get mad and fight.” Mathilde has worked long and hard at her craft, and offers this important advice for people who think their dog could be the next Eddie. “If the person is not a trainer, there is very little chance they’ll be able to get their animal in the business. Maybe a print ad. It’s a relationship you build with the animals. You don’t share an animal with someone you don’t know. We are absolutely not interested in working with someone else’s animals. We want them to live with us and we are very parental with our animals. And we will hardly ever work with privately owned dogs.” These days it’s very difficult for a show to last ten years on television. And while the novelty of a dog on a show tends to decrease after a year or two, the opposite is true with Moose. He became more popular. “He gets mail and gifts all the time, and he was treated just like any other best-selling author when we went on our National book tour forMy Life as a Dog.” Moose travels in limos and flies first class across the country. He even has his own frequent flyer card under the name Mr. Eddie Moose Frasier. Whether it be Moose or Enzo, one thing is perfectly clear: Eddie truly is the Lassie of the nineties…and still going strong in this new millenium! (Both Moose and Enzo starred with Kevin Bacon in My Dog Skip, available in video stores. (Enzo played the young Skip; Moose took over the role as the dog aged.) Jane Leeves and Peri Gilpin are working together to produce a TV movie based on Moose’s autobiography. And while My Life as a Dog is no longer in print, a “large-type” version of the book is available at Amazon.com. Finally, you can still catch Eddie on Frasier Tuesdays at 9:00pm on NBC.) November, 2002 First published in August of 1999, The Pet Press has become THE only local resource for pet lovers in the Los Angeles area. The mission of The Pet Press is three-fold: Promote Responsible Pet Care	i don't know
Who was born Vera Margaret Welsh on 20th March 1917?	Vera Lynn - Biography - IMDb Vera Lynn Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trivia (16) \| Personal Quotes (3) Overview (4) 5' 7" (1.7 m) Mini Bio (1) Vera Lynn was born on March 20, 1917 in East Ham, London, England as Vera Margaret Welch. She was previously married to Harry Lewis. Spouse (1) (1941 - 1999) (his death) (1 child) Trivia (16) Subject of a song on Pink Floyd's "The Wall" and in the movie of the same. Refers to the 1942 "We'll Meet Again". She was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1969 Queen's New Year Honours List and the DBE (Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours List. Released a comeback single in the 70s called "Don't You Remember When" which was written and produced by Lynsey de Paul . Had a radio show during the war for the BBC titled 'Sincerely Yours' where she sang requests in the form of a letter to troops overseas, visited their wives and visited the troops abroad in Burma. Bestselling autobiography 'Vocal Refrain' and bestselling war memoirs 'We'll meet again' Husband Harry Lewis was a musician in the Bert Ambrose orchestra where Vera was a singer. Retired in 1995 after singing outside Buckingham Palace at the 50th V.E. Day celebrations. She often appears at war shows and made a surprise appearance at the 60th V.E Day show in London (2005). Left school at 14 to work in a factory, after working a few weeks in the factory she decided to return to singing in clubs A regular guest on Tallulah Bankhead radio show 'The Big Show'. Brother: Roger Daughter: Virginia Penelope Ann Lewis, born 10th March 1945 Had a hugely successful music career. Which included being the first British female to top the American Billboard charts with "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" in 1952. That same year she had 3 top ten hits in the first ever official UK Singles chart on November 14th 1952. In 1957 she topped the UK Singles chart with "My Son, My Son" which featured the Frank Weir Orchestra. On 13th September 2009 her greatest hits collection, "We'll Meet Again - The Very Best of Vera Lynn", topped the UK album chart, making her the oldest artist ever to do so, aged 92. Made many trips to remote camps near the front during World War II, in the Pacific theater of operation; to entertain and visit the troops. She is now widowed and residing in Ditchling in East Sussex. [June 2004] She was awarded the CH (Companion of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours List for her services to entertainment and charity in East Sussex, England. Personal Quotes (3) I've never claimed to be a great singer but I've always given my best, and I've loved what I've done, and had a very good life. You hear people go on about unpopular wars, but show me a popular one. Nobody in their right mind wants to go to war, but when it happens you have to get behind your troops. I got so many letters. I still get them now, and I'm always moved by them. It seemed extraordinary that soldiers would come back from the war and write to thank me for what I had done. It made me feel very humble, and that's why I've always done everything I can to thank them back. See also	Vera Lynn
In which city was the first Disney theme park opened in 1955?	Vera Lynn - We'll Meet Again - YouTube Vera Lynn - We'll Meet Again Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 10, 2009 Vera Lynn - We'll Meet Again Early life Vera Lynn was born Vera Margaret Welch on 20 March 1917, in East Ham, then in Essex, now part of Greater London. Her father was a plumber and Vera Welch grew up with her parents' Cockney accent, which she has never abandoned. She began singing at the age of seven in a working men's club, and later adopted her grandmother's maiden name for her stage name. Lynn's first radio broadcast was in 1935 with the Joe Loss Orchestra. She was already being featured on records released by dance bands, including Loss's and Charlie Kunz's. She made her first solo record on the Crown label in 1936, "Up the Wooden Hill to Bedfordshire". (The label was soon bought out by Decca.) After a short time with Loss, she sang with Kunz, during which time she made several recordings. Lynn then moved to the dance band of Bert Ambrose. War years Lynn met clarinetist and saxophonist Harry Lewis, the man she would later marry, in 1939, the year World War II began. The following year, she began her own radio programme, Sincerely Yours, sending messages to British troops serving abroad. She and a quartet would perform songs most requested by the soldiers. Lynn also visited hospitals to interview new mothers and send personal messages to their husbands overseas. During the war years she would tour Egypt, India, Burma, giving outdoor concerts for the troops. In 1942, Lynn recorded the Ross Parker/Hughie Charles song "We'll Meet Again", also appearing in the film of that name. The nostalgic lyrics ("We'll meet again, don't know where, don't know when, but I know we'll meet again some sunny day") were very popular during the war and became one of the emblematic songs of the war. Contrary to later reports, she neither sang nor recorded the "Rose of England" during this time and it was only in 1966 when her producer, David Gooch, selected it for her album More Hits of the Blitz that she became familiar with it. The album itself was a follow up to Hits of the Blitz produced by Norman Newell. Post-war career Lynn's "Auf Wiedersehen, Sweetheart" became the first record by a British performer to top the charts in the United States, doing so for nine weeks. She also appeared regularly for a time on Tallulah Bankhead's U.S. radio programme, The Big Show. "Auf Wiedersehen, Sweetheart", along with "The Homing Waltz" and "Forget-Me-Not", gave Lynn a remarkable three entries on the first UK Singles Chart, a top 12 (which actually contained 15 songs owing to tied positions). Lynn's career flourished in the 1950s, peaking with "My Son, My Son", a number-one hit in 1954. Lynn co-wrote the song with Eddie Calvert. In early 1960, she left Decca Records after nearly 25 years, and joined EMI. She recorded for EMI's Columbia, MGM and HMV labels. She hit the top 10 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart in 1967 with "It Hurts To Say Goodbye". Vera is also notable for being the only artist to have a chart span on the UK single and album charts reaching from the chart's inception to the 21st century - having three singles in the first ever singles chart, and most recently having a #2 album with We'll Meet Again - The Very Best Of Vera Lynn in September 2009. Category	i don't know
Plovdiv is the second city of which European country?	Plovdiv, Bulgaria: Europe's Oldest Inhabited City \| The Huffington Post Plovdiv, Bulgaria: Europe's Oldest Inhabited City 07/14/2013 12:59 am ET \| Updated Sep 12, 2013 280 Jennifer Walker Anglo-Hungarian Ex-Physicist, Writer and Compulsive Traveler As the bus drove through Plovdiv's suburbs, after a two-hour journey from the capital Sofia, I felt like I was visiting an old friend. I have had an inner obsession with Plovdiv for years. My fixation with the myth of Orpheus led me to the lands of ancient Thrace, right to this historic city situated between the Rhodope Mountains (the legendary homeland of Orpheus), the Thracian Plains and the Balkan Mountain Range. Plovdiv Roman Theater, photo credit: Jennifer Walker The sun already burned in May, amplifying the car fumes in the Hristo Botev Boulevard as we made our way from the bus station, and even finding our hostel became an adventure. The street signs sprawled in Cyrillic script fortified the impression of being on the "other side of Europe". The road curved past the tall chestnut trees shading the street, under the flaking houses that paved the way to our guest house. On first impression, Plovdiv was slightly dilapidated with a sense of fading grandeur, a quality I love in old cities. I adored Plovdiv instantly, but the best thing was that I knew there was more to discover in the hot and dusty streets of Bulgaria's second city. Hills peeked up above flaking façades adorned with elaborate plasterwork. The city had seven hills once, like Rome, but they were used as quarries over the centuries, leaving the city with only five, maybe six hills that can be classed as such, where the three hills of the old town are the most prominent. Plovdiv's history dates as far back as 4000BC, when it began life a Neolithic settlement. It is one of the World's most ancient cities and Europe's oldest inhabited city -- even beating Athens. The settlement was originally Thracian, but it became a major Greek and then a Roman city known as Philippopolis, named after the King of Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, who conquered the city in 342BC. Plovdiv became a city in tune with the ever-changing evolution of history. Plovdiv Old Town, photo credit: Jennifer Walker Echoes of Plovdiv's past still wink behind fenced off excavation areas in the center, hinting at Roman columns and overgrown Thracian ruins on the hillside. The narrow streets of the city's Revival era old town coiled up the hill, taking us up, across the large stone clad pavements radiating the heat as we sweated up the hill searching for the city's history. Our base instincts took us down the most shaded roads, leading us into Plovdiv's Roman Theater. The Theater overlooks the city, with views all the way over to the Rhodope Mountains that span the southern fringe of Bulgaria and all the way into Greece. There were no crowds here, just a couple of people scattered about the marble stones and the towering colonnade of the reconstructed stage. Encased with a fence of metal bars, a rope cord stretched across a gap, marking the entrance to the Theater. The ticket collector sat under the shaded veranda enlaced with flowers and vines only meters away. I handed over 5 Lev (2.50€) to the ticket collector as a cat brushed my leg. I caught sight of another tabby ducking under a bush by the ring of worn down marble seats. "Too many cats," he said to me, "I look after all of them. I have five at home and about twelve here. But, someone has to take care of them." He pointed to a sack of dry cat food, but I didn't catch sight of any of Plovdiv's "Roman Cats" for the rest of the afternoon. I could only make out a hum of distant traffic as I walked through Plovdiv Old Town's deserted streets. I found it surreal, and refreshing, to stroll through a city as beautiful and as historically significant as Plovdiv, without encountering endless shops selling tat for tourists or restaurants where determined waiters try to drag you in. I caught the scent of lilacs and the subtle background noise of crockery behind opened wooden shutters. Plovdiv Ethnographic Museum, photo credit: Jennifer Walker Most of Plovdiv's touristic life takes place on Saborna Street, but even here the gift shops retain a sense of authenticity, like the artisanal gallery, whose painted antique carts and ploughs filled its courtyard. Further down, just before we reached the gold and black sinuous waves of Plovdiv's Ethnographic Museum, a live chicken clucked at us from the top of a postcard stand, just outside a souvenir shop in the square. Photo credit: Jennifer Walker Ancient Plovdiv is subtle, especially when the elaborately painted houses decked with wooden beams from the Bulgarian Revival hog the limelight, albeit deservedly. Roman ruins are always in the undergrowth; some are excavated and beautifully presented, like the Theater or the Stadium in Plovdiv's busy downtown. Plovdiv's Thracian heritage shies away up on Nebet Hill, where its overgrown ruined walls overlook the Old Town and the Mosque. I didn't expect to find the Orpheus connection in this Thracian city, I had plans to pursue that obsession in the Rhodope Mountains the next day. Yet, as I descended the steps from the Old Town, I caught sight of a mural towering above the creeping ivy, shrubbery and graffiti covered wall. With a lyre in hand, etched into the side of an old house - I found Orpheus. Follow Jennifer Walker on Twitter: www.twitter.com/JDWalkerWriter More:	Bulgaria
In which town is the Devonshire Campus of the University of Derby?	Plovdiv – Guide \| Bulgaria Guide Attractions Surroundings The second largest Bulgarian city – Plovdiv is situated in the western part of the Upper Thracian Valley, 150 km east of Sofia. Plovdiv is situated along the two banks of Maritsa River, and also on a number of picturesque hills (called "tepe" by the local people) that are part of the town's charm and beauty. Being the second largest city in the country, it has a population of 350 000 people. It is one of the oldest centres in Europe and keeps traces of many ancient cultures. Trimontium, Julia, Ulpia, Flavia, Poulpoudeva, Filipopolis - these are different variants of one and the same name - Plovdiv. Today, Plovdiv is the major administrative center of the Plovdiv region, a picturesque town, with many parks and gardens, museums and archaeological monuments. Home	i don't know
Where in England is the Ceremony of the Keys held every evening?	Ceremony Of The Keys - Book Now \| Tower Of London \| Historic Royal Palaces Ceremony of the Keys Ceremony of the Keys Be part of this 700 year old ancient ceremony! Tickets are issued free of charge but, due to the popularity of the ceremony, it is necessary to book as far in advance as is possible. Tickets can only be booked online. About the Ceremony of the Keys The Ceremony of the Keys is the traditional locking up of the Tower of London and has taken place on each and every night, without fail, for at least 700 years. The importance of securing this fortress for the night is still very relevant because, although the Monarch no longer resides at this royal palace, the Crown Jewels and many other valuables still do! The Ceremony of the Keys is fully booked until January 2018. Booking conditions Tickets are non-transferable. We are not able to change names on bookings under any circumstances. There is a maximum number of tickets that are available to any one applicant. Multiple bookings under the same name or address will be cancelled and will be refused entry on the night. We do not accept bookings by groups, schools or third parties, tour operators etc. Any bookings will be cancelled. We are not able to offer a waiting list. Attending the Ceremony of the Keys Please bring the e-ticket accessed via the link on your booking confirmation. Visitors will be admitted to the Tower under escort at 21.30 hrs (9.30pm) precisely. Please note that late arrivals will not be admitted. The ceremony will conclude at 22.05 hrs (10.05pm) after which all visitors will be escorted to the exit. There are no toilet or refreshment facilities available. Photography is not permitted during any part of the ceremony. You may also be interested in... E-newsletter sign up Sign up for our regular e-newsletter for the latest news and events at our six historic royal palaces	Tower of London
On which day are American Presidential elections always held?	Ceremony of the Keys \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Ceremony of the Keys Ceremonies known as the Ceremony of the Keys are held in at least two locations in the United Kingdom : London, and Edinburgh, as well as Gibraltar . London Edit Probably the best known such ceremony is the one that takes place every night at the Tower of London , and has done so in some form or another since the 14th century. At exactly 9.53pm, the Chief Yeoman Warder , dressed in Tudor Watchcoat, meets the military escort, made up of members of the Tower of London Guard . Together, the Chief Yeoman Warder and the Yeoman Warder 'Watchman' secure the main gates of the Tower. Upon their return down Water Lane, the party is halted by the sentry and challenged to identify themselves: Sentry: "Who comes there?" Chief Warder: "The keys." Sentry: "Whose keys?" Chief Warder: "Queen Elizabeth's keys." (identifying the keys as being those of the current British monarch ) Sentry: "Pass Queen Elizabeth's Keys. All's well." Following this, the party makes its way through the Bloody Tower Archway into the fortress, where they halt at the bottom of the Broadwalk Steps. On the top of the Stairs, under the command of their officer, the Tower Guard present arms and the Chief Warder raises his hat, proclaiming: Chief Warder: "God preserve Queen Elizabeth." Sentry: "Amen!" He then takes the keys to the Queen's House for safekeeping, while the Last Post is sounded. As with many events of ceremony in the United Kingdom, it takes some significant outside influence to interrupt the Ceremony of the Keys. The one time when the ceremony was interrupted was during the Second World War , when there was an air raid on London, and a number of incendiary bombs fell on the old Victorian guardroom just as the Chief Yeoman Warder and the escort were coming through the Bloody Tower archway. The shock and the noise of the bombs falling blew over the escort and the Chief Yeoman Warder, but they stood up, dusted themselves down, and carried on. The Tower holds a letter from the Officer of the Guard apologising to King George VI that the ceremony was late, along with a reply from the King which says that the officer is not to be punished as the delay was due to enemy action.[ citation needed ] In popular culture Edit The tower ceremonies mentioned above were partially parodied in the opening sequence of the film The Cracksman in which Charlie Drake's title character is called in to resolve a jammed lock occurring during the ceremony. The Ceremony of the Keys is mentioned in Tom Clancy's Patriot Games . In the novel the protagonist, Jack Ryan, is shown the ceremony by the Yeoman Warders after having saved the Prince and Princess of Wales from a terrorist attack. In the book the ceremony is represented as not being open to the public and therefore somewhat of a privilege to see; also, the term "Queen Anne's Keys" is used rather than "Queen Elizabeth's Keys." In reality it is possible for the public to view the ceremony, though the numbers are limited and free tickets must be obtained well in advance of the viewing date. The Ceremony is also parodied in the opening pages of Terry Pratchett 's Discworld novel The Last Continent , where a similar ceremony takes place at Unseen University . During series 4 of the ITV television series Soldier Soldier , the fictional regiment ('B' Company, 1st Battalion The King's Fusiliers ) was posted to London District to perform public duties, one of which being the Ceremony of the Keys. Edinburgh Edit There is also a Ceremony of the Keys held in Holyrood Palace , at the start of the British monarch's week-long residence there in July. Soon after the monarch's arrival, in the forecourt of the Palace, the Queen or King is symbolically offered the keys to the city of Edinburgh by the Lord Provost . The monarch returns the keys, saying: I return these keys, being perfectly convinced that they cannot be placed in better hands than those of the Lord Provost and Councillors of my good City of Edinburgh. At the start of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , there is also a ceremony of the keys when the Lord High Commissioner , as the Monarch's representative, receives the keys from the Lord Provost. Gibraltar See also: The Convent (Gibraltar) Re-enactment of the Ceremony of the Keys at Grand Casemates Square , Gibraltar by History Alive The Ceremony of the Keys event is a re-enactment of the locking of the gates to the old Town and garrison of Gibraltar . During the 18th and 19th centuries, the sea came up to the defensive walls and there were four outer gates through which the town could be entered. Four keys locked these entrances to the town. The ceremony's origins date from the Great Siege of Gibraltar , which started in 1779 when French and Spanish troops attempted to capture Gibraltar. The keys were kept by the Governor who would hand them to the Port (Gate) Sergeant each evening at sunset, so that the four land entrances could be locked shut. The Gate Sergeant with an escort consisting of several armed soldiers, fife and drums would then march to each of the four gates in turn. He would be challenged by the sentry at the gate with the same words as used in London. Once all the gates were locked, the keys would be returned to the Governor at The Convent . In the morning, the Port Sergeant would once again collect the keys to open the town. During the Great Siege, the Governor, General Sir George Augustus Eliott , reputedly would carry the keys with him everywhere; it was rumoured he slept with them under his pillow at night. The ceremony was reinstituted in 1933 and is currently performed twice a year (in April and October) by the Royal Gibraltar Regiment and visiting British units and bands. In the modern version of the ceremony, at the firing of the sunset gun, the Governor of Gibraltar symbolically hands the keys of the fortress to the Port Sergeant . The Port Sergeant, accompanied by an armed escort, marches away to symbolically lock the gates of the fortress for the night before returning the keys to the Governor. The party is also accompanied by drums and fifes , to sound a warning for aliens to leave the colony before the gates are closed. The Ceremony is held only at one of the four gates, Grand Casemates Gates (the old Waterport Gates) at Casemates Square . At official dinners at the Governor's residence, the Keys are piped in by the Port Sergeant who hands them to the Governor declaring the fortress to be locked and safe, these are then placed on a cushion on the table where they remain during the meal. External links	i don't know
Which British fabric has an ‘Orb’ trade mark?	History of Harris Tweed History of Harris Tweed Our Shop and Warehouse - Harris Tweed Isle of Harris Northton Isle of Harris - Black Face sheep cross the incoming tide looking for better pasture. Clò-Mòr - Harris Tweed Cloth - A wide selection of Harris Tweed cloth available in plain, herringbone, checks and tartans. Rough grazing in the hills - The ever changing landscape is an inspiration for our weavers, creating new and exciting tweeds. The Iconic Orb Mark on Harris Tweed - All our tweeds are stamped with the orb mark of the Harris Tweed Authority. The Colour of Tweed - Our Harris Tweed is suitable for furnishings and clothing, plus everything in-between, from furniture upholstery to wedding dresses. Our Harris Tweed Warehouse - Hundreds of tweeds in every colour pattern and length. Come and browse next time your in Tarbert! Famous Beaches on the Isle of Harris - The colour of the land and seascapes reflected in our Harris Tweed. Hebridean Wool - Our wool is hand-twisted for each order, washed and then dried in the Hebridean sunshine. History of Harris Tweed The following article is published here by kind permission of Angus MacLeod Archive The inhabitants of the Western Isles of Scotland like those in many parts of the country manufactured cloth, entirely by hand, for domestic and local use, long before the industrial revolution reached Scotland. 'Clò-Mòr', later called 'Harris Tweed' was one of the fabrics manufactured by hand, by the Islanders, from their own wool, in their cottages during the long winter evenings. Harris Tweed It is generally accepted that Clò-Mòr was first referred to as Harris Tweed when the Countess of Dunmore, whose family were the proprietors of the North Harris Estate, took an interest in the cloth about 1840. Harris Tweed would probably never have come to the notice of the general public, was it not for the philanthropic work of a number of persons and agencies, mainly before, but also after the end of the 19th century. Prominent among these were Lord and Lady Dunmore, Mrs Thomas, Mrs Mary Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth, Lady Gorash Cathcart, Millicent, Duchess of Sutherland, Mrs Platt of Eishken, Scottish Home Industries Association, Highland Home Industries, the Crofters Agency and others. The activities of these and other people on behalf of the cottage industry were motivated by considerations other than personal profit. It is obvious that the main consideration was social and economic, the welfare of the ordinary people of the Outer Hebrides. It was an industry of the people, for the people, and in this respect was unique. Cottage industry Thus we see that the Harris Tweed Industry was originally a cottage industry, producing an article made entirely by hand. Early marketing The product was marketed as a result of the activities of the individuals and agencies mentioned above and this was done from the middle of the 19th century, and by the turn of the century Harris Tweed had gained for itself a very good reputation. The cloth was attracting attention for its characteristics and good quality, and therefore it was able to create its own market on its own merits. Original reputation It was during this early period the fabric earned for itself the good reputation and name that established Harris Tweed as a cloth of quality and distinction. Commercial interests were not slow to appreciate the potential value of the good will and the name 'Harris Tweed'. Early imitation Power woven imitation Harris Tweed began to appear in the British market by the end of the 19th century and the practise eventually spread to the European continent and even as far afield as Japan. Orb trade mark The necessity for a protective Trade Mark was appreciated early in the 20th century. Eventually the Harris Tweed Association Ltd was formed in 1909 and subsequently the Orb definition Trade Mark was registered in 1910. The Orb Trade Mark was of course originally confined, by its definition, to the article made entirely by hand. Mainland carding By this time, that is during the first decade of the 20th century, crofters sometimes sent their wool to the mainland woollen mills to be carded for them and soon the crofters wool was both carded and spun on the mainland and the resulting yarn was woven by the Islanders on their hand looms and marketed as Harris Tweed. Island carding mills Very early in the 20th century carding mills were set up both in Lewis and in Harris. Hand carding was a tedious and time consuming work and it was felt that the setting up of carding mills would help the producers and enable them to increase their production. Mill spinning In the case of Lewis mill carding was followed by mill spinning by the end of the first decade of the 20th century. To begin with however, these mill processes were established in order to supply the demand from crofters and small producers for carded wool, and later for mill spun yarn for the production of Harris Tweed as well as yarn for the weaving of blankets for domestic use. Mill manufacturers The Lewis mills soon realised they could manufacture Harris Tweed as well as spin yarn for the islanders and so the Lewis spinners began to make Harris Tweed on their own account during the second decade of the 20th century. It was however, after the First World War before the Lewis spinners produced a significant volume of cloth. The bulk of the cloth produced before 1920 was still produced by the crofters and small producers. Mill buying of Harris Tweed During the early years of the Lewis spinners they engaged to a limited extent in the purchase of Harris Tweed from the Islanders. Mainland mill spun yarn Mill spun yarn was first introduced into the Harris Tweed Industry from the mainland and by 1920 a large volume of mainland spun yarn was imported into the Islands. Tweed made from this yarn was marketed under various names such as 'Lewis Tweed', 'Home Spun Tweed', 'Harris Tweed' etc. Generally speaking experience showed that it was easier to sell under the name of Harris Tweed and so most of the imported mainland yarn was marketed under the name 'Harris Tweed'. Historic use of the term Harris Tweed Historically therefore, the term 'Harris Tweed' was applied to tweed made entirely by hand in the Outer Hebrides and this article was protected by the Orb Trade Mark from 1911 onwards. The term Harris Tweed was also freely and generally applied to tweed made from mill spun yarn produced either in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland or mainland Scotland. There was one common feature to all cloth sold as Harris Tweed and that was that it was hand woven and, with the exception of Shield Harris Tweed all of it was hand woven at the islanders' own homes. Period 1914 / 1934 During the period of approximately 20 years prior to the amending of the definition of the Orb Trade Mark in 1934, almost all the Harris Tweed manufactured was made from mill spun yarn and a very large proportion was made from mainland spun yarn. It is felt that a reasonable estimate of the mill spun yarn used at this time may be 50%. Almost, if not all, the producers of Harris Tweed that came into prominence after the amending of the Orb definition in 1934 had used mainland yarn; indeed I think it is only one spinner/manufacturer that did not to a large extent build his original Harris Tweed manufacturing business on mainland spun yarn. The 1934 'Orb' amendment By the early 1930s the Hebridean spinners had grown into a powerful force and they were no longer content with the use of the term Harris Tweed, they now felt they should have the use of the Orb Trade Mark as well and so they commenced an agitation to have the Orb definition changed to allow the use of the Hebridean mill spun yarn. A fierce controversy followed because a large number of small producers and crofters resisted the moves to change the Orb definition in favour of the Hebridean spinners. There were bitter complaints about the restrictive practices of the Hebridean spinners when it came to supplying yarn to their competitors. It was strongly felt that an amendment of the Orb definition in favour of Hebridean mill spun yarn would prejudice the use of mainland mill spun yarn because cloth made from such yarn would not be eligible for the Orb Trade Mark. The small producers and crofters would be at the mercy of the Hebridean spinners and few of them doubted the ultimate result of such dependence on commission spinners who were also their competitors in the marketing of cloth. The Hebridean spinners were able to put forward a powerful lobby and a united front, whereas the non-spinner producers were divided in their approach and lacked unity and leadership. In 1934 the Board of Trade granted an amendment to the definition attached to the Orb Trade Mark, allowing the application of the Trade Mark to cloth made from Hebridean mill spun yarn. In reality, mainland mill spun yarn had an equal, if not better claim to qualify for the Orb Trade Mark. Furthermore the 1934 Orb amendment created a situation of privilege and a perfect opportunity for the practice of unfair restrictions by the Hebridean spinners against those producers of Harris Tweed who depended on them for their supply of yarn at a price that would enable them to compete with the spinner/manufacturers in world markets. The 1934 Orb amendment was not realistic because it did not take account of the plain facts of the situation and I maintain the consequences of the amendment were detrimental to the industry and to the best interests of the community in the long run. The Hebridean spinners did practice unfair restrictions against their yarn customers as can be ascertained from the testimony of many small producers. Also the best interests of the buying public were not served by the commercially restrictive conditions created by the amendment which gave a few spinners a monopoly in the essential raw material necessary for the production of Harris Tweed that would qualify for the protective Trade Mark originally granted to the crofters and small producers. Claim of mainland to the 'Orb' The natural growth of the Harris Tweed Industry after 1934 was stifled because the historical claim of mainland yarn to recognition and inclusion within the amended definition of the Orb in 1934 was not recognised. The admission of mainland yarn to qualify for the Orb would not have created any threat to the continuity of the industry in the Scottish Hebrides exclusively, and it would not have created any difficulty in the administration of the Orb Trade Mark. It would be just as easy for the H.T.A. to control the wool content of Orb Harris yarn spun on the mainland as it was for yarn spun in the Hebrides. No one would go to the trouble to bring yarn from the mainland if yarn of similar quality and price could be bought on the Islands. Therefore the local spinners would have the incentive to supply the demand for yarn. I maintain they had the capacity to produce, at all times, far in excess of their production at any given point in time. No manufacturer from the mainland could embark on the production of Harris Tweed without first taking his yarn to the Islands where the hand weaving process had to be carried out at the Islanders homes. In that way the essential processes in the manufacture of Harris Tweed had to be carried out in the Islands and more employment created for the weavers. The small producer element in the industry would have been free from the unfair restrictions of the Hebridean spinners. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the growth of the industry would have been faster and greater, and that the industry would have provided a much higher degree of employment over the years. It is an undisputed fact that the demand for Harris Tweed was far in excess of the supply in both home and export markets during a large part of the time following the 1934 Orb amendment. As proof of this fact, one can point to the large volume of Harris Tweed supplied to the market by the shield growth of manufacturers on the mainland of Scotland. No damage was done to the Harris Tweed industry by the activities of the mainland Shield growth. On the contrary the Shield growth made a valuable contribution to the economy of the Hebrides by providing work for weavers at a time when the weaving force was grossly under employed. Had mainland yarn been available under the 1934 Orb amended definition, it is reasonable to assume that many of the small producers who were already in business on a fairly large scale would have prospered. Also it is reasonable to assume that small producers from other parts of the Hebrides might well have engaged in the manufacture of Harris Tweed on a larger scale, thus creating work for the grossly under-employed weaving force, many of whom were forced to leave the Islands in search of work. In the early 1930s it was estimated that the existing Hebridean mills, spinning to full capacity would have a yarn output, probably sufficient to produce about 600,000 yards of tweed a year. At the same time it was estimated that the probable weight of yarn imported into the Islands in the early 1930s was between 500,000 and 600,000 yards per year, or sufficient to produce an equal quantity of tweed to that produced from Island spun yarn. Over the years the cost of Hebridean spun yarn was invariably higher than similar yarn imported from mainland mills and very often the quality of mainland yarn was superior. In the 1950s and 1960s the mainland Shield competition sold their Harris Tweed 2s/- below the Orb cloth yet at that very time the small producers were being squeezed out of the Orb industry because of the high price of Orb yarn. Mainland yarn used after 1934 Mainland yarn continued to come into the Islands after 1934 in a substantial volume despite the disadvantage it was now under compared with the similar Hebridean mill spun yarn. Even as late as 1961, almost 30 years after the 1934 amendment, Mr H. A. Moisley of Glasgow University writing in his book 'Harris Tweed – A Growing Highland Industry' shows that 16% of all the Harris Tweed sold at that time (including Shield Harris Tweed) was made from mainland mill spun yarn. It is not difficult to imagine that the volume of cloth made from mainland yarn and sold as Harris Tweed would have been a great deal higher over the years had this side of the industry enjoyed the undoubted advantage of the Orb Trade mark and the encouragement of the Harris Tweed Association Ltd. The market potential for Harris Tweed during the 30 to 40 years following the amending of the definition of the Orb Trade Mark in 1934 was never realised and that was proved by the substantial foothold gained by the mainland Shield producers in the 1950s and 60s. It is a well known fact that Hebridean weavers were seriously under-employed during the whole of the history of the Harris Tweed industry, and it therefore follows that the degree of control conferred on the Hebridean spinners, over the industry, by the 1934 Orb amendment was not in the best interests of the Hebridean weavers. New features of the 1934 Orb definition The original definition attached to the Orb Trade Mark was as follows, 'Harris Tweed' means a tweed, hand spun, hand woven, dyed and finished by hand in the Islands of Lewis, Harris, Uist, Barra and their several pertinences and all known as the Outer Hebrides. The 1934 amended definition is as follows: 'Harris Tweed' means a tweed made from pure virgin wool produced in Scotland, spun, dyed, and finished in the Outer Hebrides and Hand-woven by the Islanders at their own homes in the Islands of Lewis, Harris, Uist, Barra and their several pertinences, and all known as the Outer Hebrides.' The new features introduced into the definition were: Allow Hebridean mill spun yarn. Limit the industry to use pure virgin wool produced in Scotland. Allow mill finishing. Confine the weaving to hand weaving by the Islanders at their own homes. Restrictive features of the 1934 definition The two restrictive features of the new definition were the rejection of mainland spun yarn and confining the product to the use of Scottish produced wool. Although there was no dispute about the Scottish wool clause at the time, it stands to reason that there is a limit as to the weight of wool produced in Scotland and if ever that product fell far short of the demand the natural outcome would be that competition would force up the price of Scottish wool and possibly cause Harris Tweed to be less competitive than it would otherwise be if the industry had access to any suitable pure virgin wool. Protective feature of the 1934 definition By 1934 the practice of concentrating the Hattersley hand loom at mill premises had gone a long way. There were even power looms on mill premises but as far as is known there was no effort made to weave Harris Tweed on power looms. However, the trend was noted and the danger that all manufacturing processes of Harris Tweed would eventually be concentrated on mill premises was recognised, and the clause 'hand woven by the Islanders in their own homes' was embodied in the new definition. The looms were dispersed from mill premises and consequently this ensured the diversion of the weaving work throughout the rural parts with consequent economic benefits of very great value to the rural communities. Without the Harris Tweed cottage weaving there would have been undoubtedly a much larger shift of population from the rural areas both to the town of Stornoway and away from the Islands altogether. The social structure and way of life in the Islands would have suffered a great loss without the cottage weaving industry. Forty years later in the late 1960s and 1970s we find power looms coming back to the Stornoway mills and history repeating itself with an agitation for a further amending of the definition of the Orb Trade Mark and the question is, will the cottage weaving industry at the homes of the Islanders get the same protection in the event of a change in the Orb definition. It is difficult to see how the establishment of weaving factories is consistent with the protection of, or the continuity of the traditional cottage weaving which is the corner stone on which the Harris Tweed Industry was built. It is also difficult to see what is to prevent the weaving of Harris Tweed eventually drifting into the manufacturer's premises, or premises under his control, as near to him as possible if the protective clause 'at the Islanders homes' is removed or qualified in any way. [ends]	Harris Tweed
Born 1917, which Australian painter is well known for his portraits of outlaw Ned Kelly?	Textile Tales: Harris Tweed - RawrDenim.com Comments With temperatures in many parts of the world are finally rising from the cold, dark depths of winter, we’re now taking a look at a famous fabric known for warming people up. Harris Tweed is unmistakeable due to its classic texture and appearance, and also remains unique in that it MUST be woven by hand by a small group of artisans in Scotland. Traditionally Harris Tweed has been used in jackets, outerwear and suiting, but in the past decade brands have purposed the wool for things as out-there as footwear and interior design. Something else as undeniable as the fabric’s history is its skyrocketing popularity–it’s been used by more and more of these brands for more and more end uses all over the world. After you know the history of Harris Tweed and how it’s carefully produced, you’ll probably end up a champion of its rise as well! The History of Harris Tweed Harris Tweed weaver circa 1960 (c/o Wikipedia) There’s no hard date for the “inception” of tweed, but it’s widely accepted that it’s been woven by the Scottish for centuries. What’s more important is that it’s a specific group of Scots who have woven the fabric, and that group consists of the inhabitants of of the Outer Hebrides. These “Western Isles” consist of the islands Lewis and Harris, the Uists, Benbecula and Barra. The people on these islands have handwoven pure virgin wool for hundreds of years, calling it Clò Mór in the original Scottish Gaelic, or “the big cloth.” Before the Industrial Revolution, the wool fabric was woven for local uses and only sold at small markets. But in 1846, Lady Catherine Herbert (widow of the landowner of Harris, the Earl of Dunmore) decided to have her clan tartan redone in this tweed fabric by weavers from Harris. The end product was beautiful enough for Lady Dunmore to champion it amongst her wealthy and aristocratic friends and it quickly spread to places like Queen Victoria’s social circle, and the commercial production of Harris Tweed was born. Harris Tweed became so sought after that the need for a regulatory body was clear. With weavers flooding the market looking to capitalize on its popularity, the weavers of the Outer Hebrides formed Harris Tweed Association in 1909 to make their product known as the real deal. The now-famous Orb Trade Mark was registered the following year, and started being stamped on tweed produced in the Outer Hebrides starting in 1911. Over 80 years later, the Harris Tweed Act of 1993 (an Act of Parliament) established the Harris Tweed Authority as the successor the former group and gave the definitive definition of Harris Tweed: Harris Tweed means a tweed which has been hand woven by the islanders at their homes in the Outer Hebrides, finished in the islands of Harris, Lewis, North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist and Barra and their several purtenances (The Outer Hebrides) and made from pure virgin wool dyed and spun in the Outer Hebrides. The Structure of Harris Tweed Harris Tweed yarn closeup (c/o HarrisTweed.org) Harris Tweed begins with the pure virgin wool fleece sheared from Cheviot and Scottish Blackface sheep. Atypically, the the wool is then dyed before weaving, which allows the artisans to make incredibly diverse patterns later in the process. The fleece is carded through rollers, where the initial yarn is produced. The soft yarn is spun to give it the greatest strength possible, and then wound onto bobbins that can be used for either weft or warp threads. Once supplied to the weavers, all Harris Tweed is handwoven on a manually-powered treadle loom that is often found in the weavers home instead of a factory. Harris Tweed rolls of yarn (c/o HarrisTweed.org) The tweed is transferred to a mill in its natural greasy state, where darners pore over the fabric, looking for any imperfections or flaws. Dirt and oil are washed and beaten in sodium carbonate and soapy water before being dried, steamed, pressed and cropped. Final fabrics are inspected by the independent Harris Tweed Authority, who apply the Orb Trade Mark as a mark of authenticity. Tweed often gets an unfair reputation as a scratchy, stifling wool fabric. But after centuries of production, Harris Tweed is surprisingly soft and breathable, while still maintaining its usefulness and long life. How Harris Tweed is Used Today J.Crew Harris Tweed Sportcoats Like we mentioned earlier, Harris Tweed is frequently seen in outerwear and suiting. Brands like J.Crew and Brooks Brothers frequently incorporate the patterned wool into their sport coats and suiting. Men aren’t the only ones benefiting from the fabric’s popularity; Harris Tweed is also used when womenswear calls for some warmth and complexity. J.Crew Women’s Harris Tweed Topcoat Beyond clothing, the wool has made its way onto pillows, bags, iPad cases and even sneakers and boots! Converse and Red Wing x Nigel Cabourn are just a couple of footwear brands/collaborations that have incorporated Harris Tweed, presumably making for some toasty feet. Red Wing x Nigel Cabourn Munson Boots with Harris Tweed lining (c/o B74) Harris Tweed is in a unique place for a fabric with such sky-high popularity. Since it’s regulated and monitored so closely, it’s able to find itself in more places without having to sacrifice quality. The next time you’re shopping online or at a brick-and-mortar and see a wool with the classic orb trademark, you’ll know it’s as good as it can get. Marks & Spencer Harris Tweed Holdall Converse x Harris Tweed Chuck Taylor	i don't know
In The Mikado who does Nanki-Poo love and eventually marry?	Mikado Plot The Mikado The Plot Our story begins in the town of Titipu in Japan where, having introduced themselves, Japanese nobles meet a wandering minstrel named Nanki-Poo. He tells them of his love for Yum-Yum whom he first saw as he was playing in the Titipu town band. Yum-Yum was engaged to Ko-Ko, a cut price tailor, but he has been sentenced to death for flirting, so Nanki-Poo returns to find his beloved Yum-Yum and marry her. The death sentence for flirting is the idea of the bloodthirsty ruler of Japan, the Mikado. The gentlemen of Titipu decide to get round this law by creating Ko-Ko Lord High Executioner on the grounds that he is then unlikely to execute himself. All the senior Titipu civil servants resign in protest at these shenanigans only to find that the ambitious Pooh-Bah snaps up all their jobs, salaries and perks to become Lord High Everything Else. Ko-Ko is set to marry Yum-Yum who arrives with her girl friends, Pitti Sing, Peep-bo and Yo-Ko - three little maids from school. When Yum-Yum sees the handsome Nanki-Poo, she is overjoyed since she does not love Ko-Ko, but duty makes her reluctantly realise that her wedding with the recently ennobled cheap tailor must take place. Then a crisis hits the town. The Mikado is coming to visit Titipu to check that his savage law has been carried out. Since Nanki-Poo has decided to kill himself because he cannot marry Yum-Yum, Ko-Ko convinces him to become the necessary victim the Mikado wants to have executed. Nanki-Poo agrees on the condition: that he weds Yum-Yum and they enjoy a month's married bliss before he gets the chop - after which, Ko-Ko can marry her. This seems to fit the bill, and everyone rejoices until another crisis descends in the frightening person of Katisha, an aristocratic older lady who was engaged to Nanki-Poo before he fled the court unable to face marrying her. She tries to reveal Nanki-Poo's identity as the son of the Mikado and heir to the Japanese throne, but the local people refuse to listen to her, and she storms off vowing revenge. On Yum-Yum's wedding day, Ko-Ko brings news that due to another cruel law, the wife of a beheaded man must be buried alive, a fate Yum-Yum does not relish on account of its stuffiness. Pooh-Bah and Ko-Ko decide that the only solution is to do a snow job on the Mikado. They will let Yum-Yum and Nanki-Poo get married, pack them off abroad on a honeymoon, then draw up false documents and lie to the Mikado about the execution. Accompanied by Katisha, the Mikado arrives and is informed by Ko-Ko, Pooh-Bah and Pitti-Sing of the alleged execution of Nanki-Poo. The deceit boomerangs however, since yet another crazy Japanese law insists that no matter how ignorant of their actions, everyone remotely associated with the death of the heir apparent must be boiled alive. Since the bloodthirsty and husband-hungry Katisha is keen to see the plotters killed, the only solution seems to be for someone to marry Katisha as quickly as possible, then get her to beg the Mikado for mercy. Ko-Ko draws the short straw and marries the dragon lady. When Nanki-Poo and his wife appear, there is a lot of complicated explaining to be done. Fortunately, by a justification even crazier than the fictitious laws of the stage Japan, Ko-Ko manages to placate the Mikado, and with laughing song and merry dance, everyone lives happily ever after. England has produced centuries of great writers and creative artists, but only very few have spoken a universal language, been taken to the hearts of the English speaking world and become popular institutions - icons of English speaking civilisation. It's all a matter of producing recognisable characters, lovable or otherwise, who speak and sing the language of the people. Chaucer did it. Shakespeare did it. Dickens did it. Shaw, perhaps, did it. And Gilbert and Sullivan did it with a derry down derry and a willow, tit willow, tit willow. Even those high- brows who hate G & S - and what other writers of comic opera in the world are recognised by the mere initials of their surnames? - are infuriated by the enduring success of these two friendly enemies who set the British Empire and its descendants humming and chuckling. How many people reading this remember with affection the first time they saw a Gilbert and Sullivan opera ? How many recall the fun and magic of being in a school production or having a family member or friend in one ? Probably as many as can quote or sing as much or more G & S than they can recite Chaucer or Shakespeare or Dickens or Shaw or the lot of them put together. And for this joyful and jolly gift of our English speaking heritage, we have to thank not two, but three collaborators: William Schwenck Gilbert (1836 - 1911), Arthur Seymour Sullivan (1842 - 1900), and Richard D'Oyly Carte (1844 - 1901). It was theatrical manager and impresario D'Oyly Carte who recognised that the former two totally opposed personalities were perfect matching talents. This same entrepreneurial - or as we'd say today, 'showbiz' - genius managed to keep the quarreling partnership writing hit after mega-hit (twelve in all - more than any musical writers since) for fourteen years. And even after their final smash, The Gondoliers, they wrote two flops with more toe-tapping tunes in them than any of the successes of their day ... none of which has survived! Known collectively as 'the Savoy operas' after the Savoy Theatre in London where most of them played, Gilbert and Sullivan's works instantly captured the imagination of the British - hence the Empire's - theatregoing public. They sang the songs. They laughed at the words. They recognised the characters. They relished the affectionate mockery of the fads and foibles of the day. In no time at all, Gilbert and Sullivan became more box-office than even Offenbach. Within one generation, G & S became classics of family entertainment. Following Thespis (the music of which is lost and waiting to be found in some attic) in 1871, Gilbert and Sullivan wrote Trial By Jury (1875), The Sorcerer (1877), HMS Pinafore (1878), The Pirates of Penzance (1880), Patience (1881), Iolanthe (1882), Princess Ida (1884), The Mikado (1885), Ruddigore (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), The Gondoliers (1889), Utopia Limited (1893), and The Grand Duke (1896). It is probably only of Shakespeare and Gilbert and Sullivan it can be said that somewhere in the English speaking world, one their works is being performed every night. And our object all sublime is to delight you with Savoy musical comedy at its maddest and merriest as we sing and dance the topsy turvy carryings-on of a wandering minstrel, a Lord High Executioner, a Lord High Everything Else, three little maids from school. a yumyummish heroine, a timidly bloodthirsty tyrant, a dragon lady whose bark is worse than her bite, and some of the wackiest and most athletic gentlemen of Japan the stage has ever seen - all a source of innocent merriment thanks to Gilbert and Sullivan. The Mikado	Yum Yum
What is the name of the device from which cards are dealt in a casino?	Plot Summary of The Mikado by Gilbert and Sullivan You are here: Archive Home > The Mikado > Plot Summary The Mikado The Town of Titipu by W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan The show opens in the town of Titipu where the chorus of nobles are joined by Nanki-Poo, disguised as a second trombone, who is looking for Yum-Yum, the ward of Ko-Ko. A noble lord named Pish-Tush asks what Nanki-Poo's business is with Yum-Yum, and learns that the minstrel had seen the girl a year ago when he was a member of the town band, and they had fallen in love. But Yum-Yum was betrothed to her guardian Ko-Ko, 'a cheap tailor.' However on learning that Ko-Ko was condemned to death for flirting, the minstrel has hurried back to try to claim Yum-Yum. Unfortunately on his return he finds that far from being dead, Ko-Ko has in fact been let out on bail, and appointed Lord High Executioner. There is worse to come as Pooh-Bah, who holds every major office of state, informs Nanki-Poo that Yum-Yum and Ko-Ko are to be married that very day. Yum-Yum and her sisters, Pitti-Sing and Peep-Bo, appear with their schoolfellows. When Yum-Yum finally catches sight of Nanki-Poo he reveals that he is the son of the Mikado, and when they are alone, she admits she does not love her guardian. The two lovers realise that their cause is hopeless, and Yum-Yum leaves Nanki-Poo who then tries to kill himself. Meanwhile, Ko-Ko has received a letter from the Mikado, who threatens to abolish the post of Lord High Executioner and reduce Titipu to the rank of a village unless a beheading takes place within a month. On seeing Nanki-Poo about to 'terminate an unendurable existence,' Ko-Ko points out that suicide is a capital offence, and offers to do the job professionally. Nanki-Poo agrees, on the condition that he can Marry Yum-Yum and enjoy one month of married life before he is beheaded. After the execution Ko-Ko will then be able to marry the widowed Yum-Yum. Amidst the celebrations in storms Katisha, having tracked down the object of her affections, Nanki-Poo, and threatens to reveal his true identity. She is outshouted by a chorus of Japanese syllables: " O ni! bikkuri shakkuri to!" (one of the many possible translations of which is "So surprised, we hiccup! Bah!") . But the town dwellers are not to be deterred and 'joy reigns everywhere around.' Act two opens with Yum-Yum being prepared for her wedding. But soon the awful fact is out that under the Mikado's law the widow of a beheaded man must be buried alive. This places Nanki-Poo in a dilemma, if he holds Yum-Yum to this marriage, she dies a hideous death, and if he releases her she must marry Ko-Ko at once. The marriage is off, and Nanki-Poo determines to do away with himself that afternoon unless Ko-Ko will kill him at once. But it turns out that Ko-Ko can't kill anything. To make matters worse, the Mikado and his suite are approaching the town and will arrive in ten minutes. In desperation Ko-Ko arranges to draw up an affidavit of Nanki-Poo's execution. The Mikado arrives with Katisha who makes much of being his daughter-in-law elect. When Ko-Ko presents his certificate of execution. The Mikado reads it and says, 'My poor fellow, in your anxiety to carry out my wishes you have beheaded the heir to the throne of Japan!' Ko-Ko and Pooh-Bah find Nanki-Poo and beg him to present himself, alive, to his father, thereby absolving them of his death. But Nanki-Poo, now married to Yum-Yum, is afraid of Katisha's wrath. Unless Ko-Ko will agree to marry the old hag himself, he and Yum-Yum will leave on their honeymoon at once. Katisha, meanwhile, is mourning the death of Nanki-Poo, and when Ko-Ko tries to woo her, she is at first reluctant, but he wins the formidable lady with a pack of flattering lies and a sad, lovelorn song. Katisha adds her powerful pleas to the Mikado for everyone to be pardoned. The Mikado, a bit bewildered by it all nonetheless pronounces that 'Nothing could possibly be more satisfactory!' Plot summary by by Andrew Lister, University of Warwick G&S Society Download this plot summary as a text file.	i don't know
Which model was described as the ‘Face of ‘66’?	Twiggy Pictures, Photo Galleries, Bio & Rating - AskMen AskMen Messages You have no messages Notifications You have no notifications Twiggy Twiggy With her boyish haircut, wide-eyed expression, and mod clothes, Twiggy was named the "Face of '66" by London's Daily Express, thus launching a worldwide phenomenon that rivaled Beatlemania. She turned her back on modeling at the age of 19, and reemerged as the singing, dancing and acting star of The Boy Friend (1971). Subsequent film roles followed, but Twiggy found more success on the stage, appearing in critically acclaimed productions such as My One and Only. Appeal Twiggy's stick-like physique was a radical reversal from the voluptuous ideals of female perfection from previous generations. Being all of 91 pounds and measuring a meager 31-22-32 during the height of her prominence in the late '60s, a Newsweek cover story of the day described her as "four straight limbs in search of a body" and as having the "frail torso of the teenage choirboy." There may have been more curvaceous women selling a certain image of femininity, but Twiggy's unusual sex appeal came through in her confident, blasé demeanor. She helped change the concept of what made a woman sexy without adapting to the norm of the times. Foot fetishists take note: Twiggy has one of the smallest shoe sizes of any model. Success At the peak of her popularity in the mid to late '60s, Twiggy was one of the most recognized faces and names in the world, and undoubtedly the best known model up to that point. She was named the "Face of '66" in the UK after only a brief period in the modeling profession. She was Britain's biggest moneymaker of 1967, the best paid model of the '60s, and was mobbed everywhere she went when she first visited the U.S. in the late '60s. In February 1967, Twiggy became the first model to be featured in Madame Tussaud's famous wax museum. The following year, some 200,000 Twiggy dresses were sold worldwide, and Twiggy merchandise such as coloring books and dolls were also popular products. Twiggy switched gears when she debuted in The Boy Friend, a critical and box-office hit directed by Ken Russell. She won two Golden Globes for her performance, in the categories of Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer. In 1984, she was nominated for a Tony for her singing and dancing in the Broadway musical, My One and Only. During the '90s, Twiggy's name was being thrown around the modeling industry when the waif look made a comeback. Models such as Kate Moss and Amber Valletta gained notice for what was being touted as the Twiggy look for the '90s, or less flatteringly, the heroin-chic image. In perhaps the ultimate tribute to the "Face of '66," Marilyn Manson's former bassist is named Twiggy Ramirez (partly) in her honor. Twiggy Biography Leslie Hornby was born on September 19, 1949, in Neasden, a working-class suburb of London. The youngest of three girls, each born seven years apart, Lesley became interested in fashion and learned to sew at an early age so that she could make herself clothes that would keep her on the cutting edge of fashion trends. In 1965, 15-year-old Leslie met Nigel Davies, a man 10 years her senior. Nigel and his brother Tony worked in a hair salon, and it was apparently Tony who gave Leslie her nickname. Due to her ultra-thin frame, he first referred to her as "Sticks," then "Twigs," and finally settled on the moniker that would stick with her for life, "Twiggy." what's in a name? Davies first considered going into the garment business with Twiggy. However, a certain boyish, "elfin" haircut helped launch Twiggy's career as a fashion model. Nigel changed his name to Justin de Villeneuve and became Twiggy's manager, as well as her romantic interest. Within weeks of her debut as a model, the Daily Express declared her the "Face of '66," after a writer from the paper saw her picture hanging in Leonard's hair salon in Mayfair. And with that, the supermodel phenomenon was born. By 1966, Twiggy's line of clothing had been launched and became a sensation in Europe, and especially the UK. She had yet to visit America, even though Twiggy had been receiving lots of press in the U.S. When she finally landed at New York's Kennedy Airport in March 1967, she was greeted by a huge reception of adoring fans. thin frame, wide appeal The reception in New York would be just the beginning of "Twiggymania" in America. During her travels throughout the country, she was mobbed by screaming fans, paparazzi, and curious onlookers alike. Following her appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, she apparently escaped through the garbage shoot in order to evade the mob waiting outside, hoping to catch a glimpse of the world's most famous model. Twiggy was Britain's top moneymaker for 1967. In addition to modeling and her clothing line, she was earning money through her King's Road Boutique, an agency for singers, a film processing shop, and her own brand of knitting machines. Hairstyling salons were churning out Twiggy look-alikes, and by 1968, additional items bearing her name included Twiggy stockings, dolls, lunchboxes, coloring books, and even a board game. She also recorded a couple of singles, including "Beautiful Dreams," which topped the Japanese singles charts, and wrote a book entitled Twiggy: How I Probably Just Came Along on a White Rabbit at the Right Time and Met the Smile on the Face of the Tiger. At the age of 19, Miss Hornby decided to take a break, and went into virtual retirement for the next few years. success on the big screen Twiggy and Justin were engaged in '68, but the relationship ended around the time she decided to forget about modeling and set her sights on acting instead. In 1971, Twiggy reemerged to star in The Boy Friend, a musical comedy set in the 1920s. When director Ken Russell initially contacted the novice actress about the role, Twiggy's reply was "...I can't act, I can't sing and I can't dance." Audiences and critics thought otherwise, as the film was a hit, and the former model was awarded with two Golden Globes in '72, for Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer. Her next film, the thriller W, was released in 1974. The film didn't do nearly as well as The Boy Friend, but she did receive positive reviews for her stage debut in Cinderella in London's West End the same year. In 1975, Twiggy published her autobiography. She was also signed by Mercury Records, who released her self-titled debut album in 1976. The single "Here I Go Again" managed to creep into the UK top 20, stalling at number 17 that August. Her follow-up album, Please Get My Name Right (1977), failed to produce any hits. In June of 1977, Twiggy married American actor Michael Witney, whom she had met on the set of W three years earlier. Their daughter, Carly, was born in 1978. A few largely forgotten film roles followed, including There Goes the Bride (1980), a British comedy co-starring husband Witney; a cameo as the "chic lady" in The Blues Brothers (1980); and a 1981 TV production of Pygmalion. Tragedy struck in 1983, when Witney suffered a heart attack and died. Twiggy returned to the stage in May of that year, appearing on Broadway in the musical comedy My One and Only. The show was a hit, running for almost two years. Twiggy received rave reviews, as well as a Tony nomination. She returned to film, co-starring in The Doctor and the Devils (1985) alongside soon-to-be James Bond, Timothy Dalton. In 1986, Twiggy appeared in the comedy Club Paradise, with Robin Williams and Peter O'Toole. In 1988, Twiggy married British actor Leigh Lawson and moved to England. The couple appeared together in Madame Sousatzka, starring screen legend Shirley MacLaine. In the British television mini-series Young Charlie Chaplin (1989), Twiggy portrayed Charlie's mother, Hannah Chaplin. a woman of many faces In 1991, Twiggy landed a role on the short-lived CBS sitcom, Princesses. Around the same time, she launched yet another career as a British-TV interviewer with Twiggy's People. In 1993, she returned to the big screen in the John Carpenter horror flick Body Bags, and she also made a brief return to modeling, coinciding with the revival of the waif look. Twiggy's second autobiography, Twiggy In Black And White, was published in 1997, the same year she starred in a London revival of Blithe Spirit. She has since appeared off Broadway in the musicals Noel & Gertie (1998) and If Love Were All (1999), for which she received glowing reviews from The New York Times. She returned to the catwalk for Milan fashion week in September 2002, and currently stars in Mrs. Warren's Profession, which is touring the UK throughout 2003. Show comments	Twiggy
‘Hit and Miss’ was the theme tune to which TV pop show?	Twiggy dead 2017 : The Face Of '66 killed by celebrity death hoax - Mediamass MediaMass See more news , pictures and video . Hot news Twiggy, Time's ‘Person of the Year’ 2017? News of model Twiggy ’s death spread quickly earlier this week causing concern among fans across the world. However the January 2017 report has now been confirmed as a complete hoax and just the latest in a string of fake celebrity death reports. Thankfully, the Face Of '66 is alive and well. UPDATE 04/01/2017 : This story seems to be false. (read more) Twiggy death hoax spreads on Facebook Rumors of the model’s alleged demise gained traction on Monday after a ‘R.I.P. Twiggy’ Facebook page attracted nearly one million of ‘likes’. Those who read the ‘About’ page were given a believable account of the British model’s passing: “At about 11 a.m. ET on Monday (January 02, 2017), our beloved model Twiggy passed away. Twiggy was born on September 18, 1949 in London. She will be missed but not forgotten. Please show your sympathy and condolences by commenting on and liking this page.” Hundreds of fans immediately started writing their messages of condolence on the Facebook page, expressing their sadness that the talented 67-year-old model, actress and singer was dead. And as usual, Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax. Where as some trusting fans believed the post, others were immediately skeptical of the report, perhaps learning their lesson from the huge amount of fake death reports emerging about celebrities over recent months. Some pointed out that the news had not been carried on any major British network, indicating that it was a fake report, as the death of a model of Twiggy's stature would be major news across networks. A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that a large majority (87%) of respondents think those Twiggy death rumors are not funny anymore. Twiggy Death Hoax Dismissed Since Model Is ‘Alive And Well’ On Tuesday (January 03) the model's reps officially confirmed that Twiggy is not dead. “She joins the long list of celebrities who have been victimized by this hoax. She's still alive and well, stop believing what you see on the Internet,” they said. Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless, distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved model. Others say this shows her extreme popularity across the globe. © 2017 MediaMass All rights reserved. Do not reproduce (even with permission). Twiggy: Recent News	i don't know
Which German canal links the North Sea with the Baltic?	Kiel Canal \| canal, Germany \| Britannica.com Kiel Canal Alternative Titles: Eider Canal, Kaiser-Wilhelm Canal, Nord-Ostsee Canal, Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, North Sea–Baltic Sea Canal Related Topics Palatine Chapel Kiel Canal, German Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, English North Sea–Baltic Sea Canal, waterway in northern Germany , extending eastward for 98 km (61 miles) from Brunsbüttelkoog (on the North Sea , at the mouth of the Elbe River ) to Holtenau (at Kiel Harbour on the Baltic Sea ). The canal has been enlarged twice and is today 160 metres (526 feet) wide and 11 metres (37 feet) deep and is spanned by seven high-level bridges that have about 43 metres (140 feet) of clearance for ships beneath them. The locks are 45 metres (146 feet) wide by 327 metres (1,072 feet) long. The canal constitutes the safest, most convenient, shortest, and cheapest shipping route between the two seas. The Kiel Canal, which runs from the mouth of the Elbe River to the Baltic Sea, at Kiel, Germany. A.G.E. FotoStock The canal, built between 1887 and 1895, initially served German military needs by eliminating the necessity for ships to travel northward around the Danish peninsula. It was enlarged between 1907 and 1914 to accommodate large naval ships. Prior to World War I the canal (then known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm Canal) was owned by the German government. The Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) laid down regulations that, in effect, internationalized the canal, while leaving it under German administration. Traffic on the canal was subject only to general police, shipping, sanitary, and customs regulations. These provisions were repudiated by Adolf Hitler in 1936. Since World War II the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles guaranteeing freedom of navigation have again been practiced. The canal remains an important route for Baltic shipping.	Kiel Canal
Which TV cop was quite easily persuaded out of retirement by Superintendent Innocent?	Eat local: traversing the Kiel Canal (connecting the North Sea to the Baltic Sea), Germany \| Where in the world is Riccardo? Where in the world is Riccardo? Exploring and photographing by sea Search Eat local: traversing the Kiel Canal (connecting the North Sea to the Baltic Sea), Germany Posted on by richardcedwards The freshwater Kiel Canal saves considerable time going from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea (not sailing through the rough waters off the Jutland Peninsula) across northern Germany (from near Hamburg to Kiel) Originally constructed between 1887 and 1895 and named in honor of Kaiser Wilheim, the Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal), which links the North Sea at Brunsbuttel (near Hamburg) with the Baltic Sea at Kiel-Holtenau, is the world’s busiest artificial waterway. Its initial purpose was to facilitate movement of the German fleet. Although the canal is just a distance of about 62 miles (100 kilometers) in length, it saves roughly 250 nautical miles (460 kilometers) for ships and small or vessels moving between the two bodies of water. Entrance is gained at a lock at either end, with small boats and ships often sharing passage. Expanded to a depth of 36 feet (11 meters) and a depth of 328 feet (100 meters), the canal accommodates fairly large vessels, although megaships and tankers must take the longer route around the Jutland Peninsula. A hotel and homes along the side of the Kiel Canal, Germany A railroad bridge, one of several crossings of the canal (the automobile-truck bridges are free), Kiel Canal, Germany Trivia about the Kiel Canal: It took 9,000 workers eight years to dig the Kiel Canal. Though originally named the Kaiser-Wilhelm Canal, Germans used to refer to it as the Nord-Ostsee Kanal. During 2015, 88 ships passed through the Kiel Canal every day – a total of 32,091 vessels for the year. Though there are two locks in the canal (at either end), these were designed mainly to protect the structure against movements of the tides. Close-up of the railroad bridge crossing the Kiel Canal, Germany An appetizer of homemade crab cakes, asparagus, mache and tomatoes for a dinner party in our apartment on the ship for friends while transiting the Kiel Canal, Germany The entrée, prepared by our co-hosts, of filet mignon with wild mushrooms and a Cabernet Sauvignon sauce with Dauphinoise potatoes & haricot verts for a dinner party in our apartment on the ship for friends while transiting the Kiel Canal, Germany The dessert was a chocolate-caramel tarte based on a Parisian family recipe from our friend, Paule, for a dinner party in our apartment on the ship for friends while transiting the Kiel Canal, Germany	i don't know
Cassegranian, Gregorian and Schmidt are all types of what?	Georgius Panayiotou became famous under what name both George - MBA - 217 View Full Document Georgius Panayiotou became famous under what name (both) George Michael 85 Capers are pickled flower seeds of what plant Nasturtium 86 In 1925 at Windsor Bookies went on strike - against what Betting Tax 87 What is a doucet A Stags Testicle 88 What is the worlds largest sand island northeast of Brisbane Fraser island 89 FT (London) Dow Jones (USA) what is Japans Share Index called Nikkei 90 Who was the leader of the wolf pack in The Jungle Book Akala 91 What's the difference between sleeping gorillas and men Gorillas don’t snore 92 Nobody Does it Better was sung in which Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me 93 Halcyon is the poetic name for which bird Kingfisher 94 Who had a hit with Sylvia's Mother Dr Hook 95 Who composed the music for the opera The Tales of Hoffman Jacques Offenbach 96 In the Bible from whom did David steal his wife Bathsheba The Hittite warrior Uriah 97 The Cassegranian, Gregorian and Schmidt are types of what Telescopes 98 Shakespeare - Antony, Romeo, Othello - what in common Suicide 99 What instrument is sometimes called the clown of the orchestra Bassoon 100 What world capital city is heated by volcanic springs Reykjavik (Iceland) Page 33 This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 18 Ans 10000_questions 36	Telescope
Relative density is the density of a substance relative to what?	No Questions Quiz 16 Answers - No Questions Quiz 1 Answers No Questions Quiz 1 Answers Similar ^ No Questions Quiz 16 Answers 1 What member of the weasel family is over 1 meter or 3 feet long Badger 2 Capability Brown was a famous Landscape Gardener 1st name Lancelot 3 Boccaccios collection of ten stories are known as what Decameron 4 What do fennel leaves taste of Aniseed 5 What country is the home of the Ashanti people Ghana 6 12 is the atomic number of which metal Magnesium 7 What was Beethoven's only opera Fidelio 8 In which of Aristophanes plays do the women refuse sex Lysistrata 9 Which Australian writer won the Nobel prize in 1973 Patrick White 10 What is a hypocaust Roman Heating System 11 What 18th century German soldier told very tall tales of himself Baron Munchhausen 12 Which country imports the most champagne Great Britain 13 Thomas Keneally wrote which book (Oscar winning film) Schindler's Ark 14 What is the name of the metal discs set in a tambourines rim Jingles 15 Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Handel, Liszt, Ravel what in common Bachelors 16 What were China 14 Raduga 14 Himwari 3 Orbiting satellites 17 What is a Flemish Giant Rabbit 18 Somerset Maugham, A J Cronin, Richard Gorden - in common Not Writers - Doctors 19 What does Stet mean to a printer Let the Original stand 20 In Paris what are FD Roosevelt Stalingrad Louis Blanc Metro Stations 21 English writer - Died Typhoid - Drank Paris water - Prove safe Arnold Bennett 1931 22 What food item in French literally means twice cooked Biscuit 23 What religions sacred writings are divided into the Tripitaka Buddhism 24 Herodotus the Greek is known as the father of what History 25 The old French Royal family - Boy Scouts share what symbol Fleur-de-lis 26 We have used the Latin phrase ad hoc - what literally mean For this special purpose 27 Which dancer died in 1927 strangled by scarf on car wheel Isadora Duncan 28 What do astronomers call the red sky before sunrise Aurora 29 A beast of prey sometimes called a glutton - what is it Wolverine 30 French novelist - nearly 100 books all La Comedie Humaine Honor'e de Balzac 31 What is the correct name for food permitted under Moslem laws Hal-al 32 What country is known to its inhabitants as Suomen Tasavalta Finland 33 What French blue cheese (similar to stilton) is made ewes milk Roquefort 34 A Suffragan has what job Bishop - no parish - helps other 35 Segmental, Primitive, Doucine, Elliptical are types of what Arch (in construction) 36 Who got Judas job as the twelfth apostle Matthias 37 Which famous horse race was won Urban sea, Carnegie, Lammtarra Prix de l'arc de Triomphe 38 Elvis Stojko was an ice skating word champion - what country Canada 39 What animals make up the Suidae family Pigs 40 What is the word (derived from Malay) for unhusked rice Paddy 41 Joel Chandler Harris wrote which series of stories Uncle Remus 42 We have heard of the Renaissance - what's it literally mean Rebirth 43 In film making what does a Blimp do Covers camera - reduce noise 44 Where would you find a Walloon South Belgium - Native Flemish 45 What do we call what the Japanese call Oshugatsu New Year 46 Tete-beche is a familiar term in which hobby Stamp Collecting 47 Good King Wenceslas was the King of which country Bohemia (Germany) 48 Sir Jack Cohen founded what Tescos - supermarkets 49 What does rabbi literally mean My Master 50 What port lies at the mouth of the Swan river Freemantle (Perth) ^ No Questions Quiz 16 Answers 51 Who starred in the film Sixth Sense Bruce Willis 52 KLM is the national airline of which country Holland 53 Name the most famous English artist who painted mostly horses George Stubbs 54 Who were Curier Ellis and Acton Bell Bronte sisters - pen names 55 What is the official title of the ambassador of the Pope Nuncio 56 Chaconne, Rigadoon, Passepied are all types of what Old style dances 57 What British birds lay only one egg during the nesting season Fulmar or Guillemot 58 Who would use a Jigger, Buzz, Flagging iron, Round shaver, Adze Cooper - making barrels 59 What pop group had a "Message in a Bottle" Police 60 If an Italian was having Pranzo what would they be having Lunch 61 What currency consists of 100 Groschen Austrian Schilling 62 In Greek mythology who created man The demigod Promethus 63 Hibernia was the Roman name for which country Ireland 64 Mincing Lane in London is traditionally home of what trade Tea 65 What sport is played at Smiths Lawn Polo 66 What are fallows, lutinos and opalines Budgerigars 67 In Paris there are two islands - Ile de la Cite and what Ile St-Louise 68 Mapother IV is the real surname of what film star Tom Cruise 69 Jean-Christopher Denner invented what musical instrument Clarinet 70 Mendavoy and Martinez are characters in which TV show NYPD Blue 71 Fredrick Bulsara was the lead singer of what pop group Queen - Freddie Mercury 72 The Titanic has a sister ship - name it The Olympic 73 What was sharkskin once used as Sandpaper 74 What does an otologist study The ear and its diseases 75 What is the essential ingredient in a Mornay sauce Cheese 76 Sardines are the young of which fish Pilchard 77 Who wrote Oedipus Rex Sophocles 78 The Camorra was the forerunner of what organisation in the USA The Mafia 79 What is a Havana Brown A Small Rabbit 80 What did Simon of Cyrene do in The Bible Carry Christ's cross 81 In what sport is a stimpmeter used Golf - measure greens pace 82 Gene Hackman sheriff Big Whiskey - got Oscar - What film Unforgiven 83 What countries flag red circle on green background Singapore 84 Georgius Panayiotou became famous under what name (both) George Michael 85 Capers are pickled flower seeds of what plant Nasturtium 86 In 1925 at Windsor Bookies went on strike - against what Betting Tax 87 What is a doucet A Stags Testicle 88 What is the worlds largest sand island northeast of Brisbane Fraser island 89 FT (London) Dow Jones (USA) what is Japans Share Index called Nikkei 90 Who was the leader of the wolf pack in The Jungle Book Akala 91 What's the difference between sleeping gorillas and men Gorillas don’t snore 92 Nobody Does it Better was sung in which Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me 93 Halcyon is the poetic name for which bird Kingfisher 94 Who had a hit with Sylvia's Mother Dr Hook 95 Who composed the music for the opera The Tales of Hoffman Jacques Offenbach 96 In the Bible from whom did David steal his wife Bathsheba The Hittite warrior Uriah 97 The Cassegranian, Gregorian and Schmidt are types of what Telescopes 98 Shakespeare - Antony, Romeo, Othello - what in common Suicide 99 What instrument is sometimes called the clown of the orchestra Bassoon 100 What world capital city is heated by volcanic springs Reykjavik (Iceland)	i don't know
What was the nickname of the American gangster and bank robber Charles Floyd?	1000+ images about Gangsters_Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd on Pinterest \| Pretty boy floyd, Robin hoods and Days in Forward Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd - Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd, shot and killed by FBI agents a year after the Kansas City Massacre; the Bureau insisted that he was one of the killers, but Floyd denied being one of the killers with his dying breath. See More	Pretty Boy
Which king of Corinth is a byword for fruitless toil?	Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd \| Carnegie Public Library Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd Robin Hood of the Cookson Hills You can see the whole story of Pretty Boy Floyd by visiting our pages about his life and death. Here you will find some of the myths and legends that abound about this 1930's gangster from Oklahoma who became "public enemy # 1" and met his demise here in the East Liverpool, Ohio area. Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd was born out of the trials of being a poor farmer in the times of the Great Depression. He was raised in a small farming community of Akins, Oklahoma, close to the Cookson Hills which later would become his refuge from the arm of the law. The people throughout the area were losing their farms to the banks. The banks wanted the land for the expansion of farming and its profits. Small farms were unprofitable. The people had done everything that they could to keep their homes even holding off the bank's tractors with shot guns, daring then to take what was rightfully theirs. Into this story comes Charles Floyd, poor, out of work, with a young family. He would take odd jobs but that did not help. Many of the younger generation would not go hungry. They became armed bandits. Floyd was one of such people. He would rob the banks that were robbing them and whilst he was in the banks taking their money he would destroy or steal the mortgages to the local farms. With no record of a mortgage how could the banks take the land? He would also use his ill gotten money by buying food and distributing it to the members of the community. In return they protected him, became his communication system, fed him and welcomed him to their homes when he "dropped by". Of all the bandits who hung-out in the Cookson Hills, some of whom were Ford Bradshaw, Troy Love, Aussie Elliott and Ed Newt Clanton, Charles "Pretty-Boy" Floyd's name is the best known. He was never called "Pretty-Boy" by any who knew him well, most called him "Chock". In 1931 and 1932 he robbed so many banks in Oklahoma that the bank insurance rates doubled. He even robbed two banks in one day at Paden and Castle, Oklahoma on December 12, 1931. He used a submachine gun and a bullet proof vest. Most of the time he worked alone but occasionally had one companion or fellow thief. He rarely concealed his identity and often introduced himself to his victims. Often it was said that when he left the scene of a robbery he would make the bank officials ride on the running boards of his car so that he was protected. During his crimes however he did manage to get 10 notches on his lucky piece which always carried with him. He was so well thought of by the community that he could walk around in public unmolested and even went to church in Earlsboro. The newspapers called him the "Robin Hood of the Cookson Hills". He was pleased with this nickname and once stated that, " I have robbed no-one but moneyed men" "Pretty-Boy" Charles Floyd always hated the nickname "Pretty-Boy". The Kansas City Massacre: Was Floyd there or not? "Dear Sirs, I----Charles Floyd---- want it made known that I did not participate in the massacre of officers at Kansas City. Charles Floyd" Captain Higgins received this message on a plain business postcard in the mail. It was post marked, Springfield, Missouri. The debate still rages about whether or not Floyd took part in what was the event that would make him "Public Enemy # 1". In his book "The Bad Ones" (1968) Lew Louderback writes about this major event that would change Floyd's reputation. Floyd was wanted for a possible murder in Oklahoma (it is thought that he killed John Mills, the man who was tried and then acquitted of the murder of Floyd's father.) so he set out for "Tom's Town" (Kansas City) where he quickly disappeared into the criminal underworld. He moved around the country his reputation growing as a violent criminal even though it is thought that some of the events that are attributed to him were not of his doing. In 1933 Frank Nash, a veteran bank robber, had been arrested in Hot Springs, Arkansas by FBI agents and was being transported via train through Kansas City back to Leavenworth, from where he had escaped three years earlier. Word was fast spreading through the "underworld" of what was happening. Verne Miller decided that he would try to facilitate his escape before Nash reached his destination. Floyd and Adam "Eddie" Richetti were also traveling toward Kansas City with two hostages in the back of their car, Sherriff Killingsworth and Walter Griffith. Upon arriving in the city they stopped and Floyd confered with some people. Upon returning to the car he told Richetti to get their guns and change cars. He told the hostages to drive to Lee's Summit, eat dinner and then head home. The next day, June 7, the train, the Missouri Pacific Flyer, was to arrive at Union Station at 7:15 am. Later a Lottie West was to describe the events that would take place. She arrived for work and found a man sitting at her chair in her booth at the station. She described him as "round-faced, rather fleshy, weighing about two hundred pounds." He yielded the chair to her and was later seen loitering at the entrance as if he was waiting for someone. Outside a car carrying Special Agents Raymond Caffrey and R.E. Vetterli arrived. They would be taking Frank Nash to Leavenworth. There was also an armored police car with two city detectives, W.J. "Red" Grooms and Frank Hermanson. Around 7:20 am the police and Nash were spotted coming up the stairs from the platform wearing a white shirt and his hands cuffed in front of him. She said, "That must be Pretty-Boy Floyd." The man who had been waiting around darted across the station ahead of the group of police. Outside the station they headed for the green Chevrolet driven by the FBI agents. Three men came by on the running boards of a car, each with a Thompson submachine gun. They opened fire on the men. If this had been an attempt to rescue Nash it was a dismal failure as he was killed along with many of the police involved. Some have wondered whether it was not an attempt at rescue but more likely retribution in pay-back for events that had transpired throughout Nash's colorful criminal career. Agent Lackey was seriously injured, Vetterli was shot in the arm, Caffrey, Grooms, Hermanson, Chief Reed and Nash were dead and Agent Frank Smith escaped unharmed. It was called the "Kansas City Massacre" and the unidentified gunmen the "MadDog Killers of KC." Into the investigation Sheriff Thomas B. Bash of Jackson County interjected his theory that Floyd and Richetti were involved because they had arrived in Kansas City the night before and their hostages had seen them talking with two other men and they had driven off with them. Kansas City Captain of Detectives, Thomas J. Higgins, scoffed at the idea. He had been tracking Floyd for 4 years and felt that he knew him fairly well and that this was definitely not Floyd's style. Bash would not be deterred and during his investigation he interviewed Lottie West and showed her photograph's. She identified Floyd as the man who was sitting in her chair and whom she had seen across the street operating a machine gun. By morning every newspaper in the country was running a headline that Floyd was part of the Massacre. However much he protested Floyd was never able to shake the suspicions and accusations of his part in the event. Many historians now believe that he was not involved although he may have been in Kansas City at the time. Blackie Audett even named the killers as Verne Miller, Maurice Denning and Solly Weisman. He stated." I knowed better, (that it wasn't Floyd and Richetti) because I seen with my own eyes who was in that car. Both of them that was in it got clean away." At another time he said, "Me and Mary McElroy watched the whole thing from less than fifty yards away." Being the right-hand man of Johnny Lazia, the man he says recruited the men for the job, he had advanced notice and was on hand to watch. Blackie also states that the mob hunted down and killed the men involved because they "botched" the job. Floyd and Richetti were left alone and able to live peacefully amongst them for at least a year after the event. Solly Weisman was built like Floyd and could have been confused with him. Floyd and Richetti parted ways for a while but were later spotted in Wellsville, Ohio. Richetti was shot but not killed and Floyd was killed a few days later in the area of the Beaver Creek near Sprucevale. (But that's another story). Early Life: Charles Arthur Floyd, soon to be called "Chock" Floyd, was born on February 3, 1904 in Georgia, one of seven children, but moved to a small farming community in Oklahoma, which he was to call home. His parents had a small farm, they were dirt-poor. His father spent most of his time trying to stay one step ahead of foreclosure. Droughts, plagues and dust storms brought farm production down to a crawl. In an attempt to help keep themselves fed, the family became involved in the bootlegging business. In 1921 he married 16 year old Ruby Hargrove, they eventually had a son, Jack Dempsey Floyd. Money was scarce. Looking for a better life he left his home and traveled north looking for harvest work. Many nights were spent in hobo camps. Charles was ready to work but there just wasn't any available. Eventually he gave up looking and brought his first gun. It wasn't long after that, at the age of 18, he pulled his first crime. He held up a post office for $350 in pennies. This was "easy money". He was arrested on suspicion of the crime but his father gave him an alibi. He took the train to St. Louis where he robbed a Kroger store of approximately $16,000. The money kept them for a few weeks but after spending it on expensive clothes and big meals they were broke again. He was arrested because local police found it suspicious that he had new clothes and a new Ford. When they searched his house they found some of the money still in it's wrapper. He was sentenced to 5 years in the Jefferson City Penitentiary. During his incarceration his wife gave birth to their son, Jackie, and divorced him. He was released after 3 years and vowed never to be locked up again. Later life and criminal history: On a visit to his parents farm he discovered that his father had been shot to death in a family feud with J. Mills. The accused was acquitted of the crime. Charles took his father's rifle went into the hills and J. Mills was never seen again. In the mid 1920's Floyd lived and operated in the East Liverpool, Ohio area as a hired gun for the bootleggers and rum-runners along the Midland, PA and Steubenville, OH stretch of the Ohio River. He became most notorious after he left the East Liverpool area. He headed west and found refuge in "Tom's Town" ( now Kansas City ), a town run by Tom Pendegast. Hired guns, murderer's and successful gangsters hung out here. It was here that he learned to use a machine gun and acquired the nickname "Pretty Boy". It was a name given him by a madam, Beulah Baird Ash, in a brothel and he hated it. However, it stuck and made him into a colorful criminal. Floyd is reputed to have maintained relationships with both Ruby and Beulah throughout the rest of his life even posing as their husbands under assumed names. During the next 12 years he robbed as many as 30 banks, killing 10 men. During his crime sprees in Oklahoma the bank insurance rates doubled. He filed a notch in his pocket-watch for everyone he killed. His first bank robbery is reported to have been the Farmers and Merchants bank in Sylvania, Ohio. Floyd was arrested at his Akron, Ohio hideout for this crime. He was tried and convicted but escaped by jumping out of the train window near Kenton, Ohio while on his way to the Ohio Penitentiary. The first person he killed was a police officer, Ralph Castner, who stopped him from robbing a Bowling Green, Ohio bank on April 16, 1931. At this time Floyd was accompanied by William (Willis) Miller, known as "Billy the Killer", Beulah and her sister Rose. A clerk in a store recognized them when they were purchasing dresses for the women. The clerk alerted the police who arrived as the group were walking down the street. As they ordered the group to stop, Floyd and Miller opened fire. Castner was killed, Chief Carl Galliher dropped to the ground, killing Miller and injuring Beulah, 21. Rose Baird, 23 was captured but Floyd escaped in a car. On June 17, 1933 Floyd and an associate, Adam Richetti were reported as the culprits behind the " Union Station Massacre " in Kansas City where 5 men including FBI agent, Raymond Caffrey were gunned down in an attempt to free Frank "Gentleman" Nash a notorious underworld figure. Floyd maintained to his death that he was never involved in this crime. During the next 17 months Floyd and Richetti were hunted by every law enforcement officer in the country. After the capture and death of John Dillinger, Floyd was named as Public Enemy No.1 with a $23,000 dollar dead or alive reward on his head. Floyd's reign of terror brought him back to the East Liverpool area. Folk Stories and Quotes about his life: Jack Floyd, although he saw his father infrequently, said in an article for the San Francisco Examiner June 20, 1982, "He was a fun guy to be around. He was like a regular father. He always had some puppies or other presents for me. What I knew about him didn't keep me from loving him." He was a folk hero to the people of Oklahoma who perceived him as a "Sagebrush Robin Hood" or the "Robin Hood of the Cookson Hills", stealing from the rich banks to help the poor eat by buying them groceries and tearing up their mortgages during the robberies. He has been written into legend through song, in Woody Guthrie's "Pretty Boy" Floyd. He was never part of a gang. He worked with a few trusted accomplices. Boldly entering banks in broad daylight and never wearing a mask. He was a gentleman even in his crimes, always well groomed, immaculately dressed and courteous to his victims. Final Days: On October 19, 1934 he was spotted after three men dressed as hunters and carrying shotguns robbed the Tiltonsville Peoples Bank. Both Adam Richetti and "Pretty Boy" Floyd were positively identified as two of the men involved. Police and FBI were put on alert throughout Ohio for the suspects. The following day a shoot-out between two criminals and the Wellsville, Ohio Police ended in the capture of Richetti. Floyd escaped, kidnapping a Wellsville florist and stealing his car. On October 22, 1934 things would finally come to a fatal end for "Pretty Boy" Floyd. The local police were called out, including Chief McDermott and patrolman Chester Smith. Firearms were issued, but Smith refused a weapon, instead, he kept his 32-20 Winchester Rifle. He told everyone that if they found Floyd he would be running. They checked all the back-roads in the area that Floyd had been reported. Finally they came to the Conkle farm on Sprucevale Rd. Floyd had knocked on the Conkle farm door posing as a lost hunter and had asked for a ride to the bus line. Ellen Conkle took pity on him and welcomed him into her home, feeding him a meal for which he paid $1. After eating, Mrs. Conkle volunteered her brother, Stewart Dyke, to drive Floyd to the bus station. The Dyke's and Floyd were getting into the car when two police cars were spotted speeding along the narrow dirt road. Floyd jumped from the car to hide behind a corn crib. As the police approached the farm they spotted a man behind the corn crib. Chester Smith recognized the face. Floyd started to flee. After being told to halt and not doing so Smith fired a shot from his rifle hitting Floyd in the arm. Floyd dropped his gun, grabbed his right forearm where he had been hit, but still jumped up and continued to run, darting for cover in the wooded area nearby. After another call to halt which also went unheeded Floyd was shot again, in his back right shoulder. The federal agents and local police all started firing at this time. Floyd fell to the ground, his gun by his side. Smith checked the body, he was not yet dead, and noticed that Floyd had another weapon in his belt. He had two Colt .45 automatics but never fire a single shot. Patrolmen Smith, Roth and Montgomery carried Floyd to the shade of an apple tree. "He was alive when we carried him to the apple tree. But he died then within minutes." Smith said. A call was placed to J. Edgar Hoover. Smith recalls, "Floyd was dead before Purvis returned (about 4:25 p.m.). We put Floyd's body in the back seat of the local police car, propping him up between me and Curly. That's how we hauled him to East Liverpool and turned him over to the Sturgis Funeral Home." Floyd had $120 in his pockets. There is much speculation about the actual events of the fateful day. One report states that Agent Purvis of the FBI ordered Floyd shot whilst he was sitting under the apple tree because he refused to answer when asked if he was involved in the Kansas City Massacre. Smith's daughter said that Smith took the days events in a matter-of-fact way, coming home late for supper and just stating that he didn't have time to eat because he had just shot "Pretty Boy" Floyd. He washed up, changed and went back to work. At the Funeral Home: Although Floyd's mother did not want her son's body viewed by the public, by the time Chief McDermott had received her wire there were thousands of people wanting to view the notorious criminal. He would be later shipped back to Oklahoma but in the mean time over 10,000 people passed by the body from 8:30 p.m. and 11:15 p.m., about 50 per minute. The mob had stormed the Funeral home and in the space of three hours, the porch railing had been torn off, shrubbery trampled and the lawn completely ruined. Final resting place: At 11:30 a.m. on Tuesday October 23, 1934 Charles Arthur " Pretty Boy " Floyd's body left East Liverpool in a baggage car. One year before at the Akins Cemetery in Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Floyd had told his mother, "Right here is where you can put me. I expect to go down soon with lead in me. Maybe the sooner the better. Bury me deep. " 20,000 people attended his funeral. His head stone has been desecrated by souvenir hunters and was stolen in 1985. A new headstone now marks his grave. Marker Erected: A marker along Sprucevale Road between East Liverpool and Rogers, Ohio has been erected in the location of the Conkle farm to mark for all time the place where America's Public Enemy No.1 was shot. This marker, erected in 1993 by the East Liverpool Historical Society and the Ohio Historical Society was stolen in August, 1995 and recovered about two weeks later in a wooded lot on Bank Street, East Liverpool. It was later re-erected on the same site. Resources: Most of the material for this page are from existing old papers and microfilm on record at the Carnegie Public Library of East Liverpool and from Records and Photographs in the possession of the Dawson Funeral Home. Michael Wallis has also written a very good in depth book called "Pretty Boy" if you would like more reading.	i don't know
According to De Gaulle France had 246 what?	Charles de Gaulle - Wikiquote Charles de Gaulle Jump to: navigation , search Men can have friends, statesmen cannot. Charles-André-Joseph-Marie de Gaulle ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970 ), in France commonly referred to as le général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. During World War II, he reached the rank of Brigade General and then became the leader of the Forces Françaises Libres ("FFL" — the "Free French Forces") . Between 1944 and 1946, following the liberation of France from German occupation, he was head of the French provisional government. Called to form a government in 1958, he inspired a new constitution and was the Fifth Republic 's first president, serving from 1958 to 1969. This article needs cleanup. Please review Wikiquote:Templates to determine how to edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Contents All my life I have had a certain idea of France. Toute ma vie, je me suis fait une certaine idée de la France. Opening sentence of his Mémoires de guerre. I have understood you! Je vous ai compris ! Said before the population of Algiers after they had called upon him to take power, June 4, 1958. Long live free Quebec! Vive le Québec libre! Said in 1967 on the balcony of Montréal City Hall. It caused a diplomatic uproar with Canada and inflamed the Quebec sovereignty movement. France has no friends, only interests. Clementine Churchill: "General, you must not hate your friends more than you hate your enemies" De Gaulle (in English): "France has no friends, only interests." (De Gaulle did not speak specifically of France, but of all nation-states, including Britain. This remark was in line with his saying "Men can have friends, statesmen cannot",*Les hommes peuvent avoir des amis, pas les hommes d'Etat., in Interview, December 9, 1967). Yes, it is Europe , from the Atlantic to the Urals, it is Europe, it is the whole of Europe, that will decide the fate of the world. Oui, c'est l'Europe, depuis l'Atlantique jusqu'à l'Oural, c'est toute l'Europe, qui décidera du destin du monde. 23 November 1959, Strasbourg. The phrase shown in bold is the most often quoted excerpt. De Gaulle was expressing his vision of Europe's future. Now she is like everyone else. Maintenant, elle est comme les autres. Spoken at the funeral of his daughter Anne, who had Down Syndrome, February 1948 France cannot be France without greatness. Early life[ edit ] When we were children, we often played war. We had a fine collection of lead soldiers. My brothers would take different countries: Xavier had Italy; Pierre, Germany. Or they would swap around. Well, I, gentlemen, always had France. Reminscing during an ocean voyage to Tahiti, quoted in The Atlantic, November 1960 World War II[ edit ] France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war. La France a perdu une bataille, mais la France n'a pas perdu la guerre. Poster À tous les Français (To All Frenchmen), August 1940. À tous les Français was designed and displayed in London to accompany the Appel du 18 juin (Appeal of 18 June) following defeat at the Battle of France. The pair are considered to be the founding texts of the Résistance. At the root of our civilization, there is the freedom of each person of thought, of belief, of opinion, of work, of leisure. A la base de notre civilisation, il y a la liberté de chacun dans sa pensée, ses croyances, ses opinions, son travail, ses loisirs. Speech, November 25 1941. Let us be firm, pure and faithful; at the end of our sorrow, there is the greatest glory of the world, that of the men who did not give in. Soyons fermes, purs et fidèles ; au bout de nos peines, il y a la plus grande gloire du monde, celle des hommes qui n'ont pas cédé. Speech, July 14 1943. "Do you know that you have caused us more trouble than all the rest of our European allies?" "I do not doubt it. France is a great power." Conversation with Anthony Eden , recounted in de Gaulle's Mémoires de guerre. Quoted in The Atlantic, November 1960. It is unnecessary, for the Republic has never ceased to exist. I was the Republic. Reply in August 1944 to a statement of regret that the windows of the Hotel de Ville in Paris were not opened for the crowd outside cheering the reestablishment of the Republic. Quoted in The Atlantic, November 1960. Fifth Republic and other post-WW2[ edit ] I am retiring. I have a mission, and it is coming to an end … France may still one day need an image that is pure. She must be left this image. If Joan of Arc had married, she would no longer have been Joan of Arc. Said to Pierre Bertaux in 1944, as recounted in The Atlantic, November 1960 Supported General Douglas MacArthur during his row with President Harry Truman by saying MacArthur was: "A foreign military leader whose daring was feared by those who profited by it." De Gaulle said that MacArthur's critics should "pay deserved tribute to the legendary service of a great soldier". from William Manchester's "American Caesar". I am a man who belongs to no-one and who belongs to everyone. Je suis un homme qui n'appartient à personne et qui appartient à tout le monde. Press conference, May 19 1958 Why do you think that at 67 I would start a career as a dictator ? Pourquoi voulez-vous qu'à 67 ans je commence une carrière de dictateur ? Press conference, May 19 1958 (De Gaulle was changing the constitution to make government more efficient, after decades of impotent parliamentary regime, and he mocked journalists who claimed he was establishing a dictatorship). Politics, when it is an art and a service, not an exploitation, is about acting for an ideal through realities. La politique, quand elle est un art et un service, non point une exploitation, c'est une action pour un idéal à travers des réalités. Press conference, June 30 1955 No policy is worth anything outside of reality. Il n'y a pas de politique qui vaille en dehors des réalités. Televised speech, June 14 1960 How can you govern a country which has two hundred and forty-six varieties of cheese? Comment voulez-vous gouverner un pays qui a deux cent quarante-six variétés de fromage? Les Mots du Général, Ernest Mignon, 1962 I am not ill. But do not worry, one day, I will certainly die. Je ne vais pas mal. Mais rassurez-vous, un jour, je ne manquerai pas de mourir. Press conference, February 1965, denying rumours that he secretly had a terminal disease Of course one can jump up and down yelling Europe ! Europe ! Europe ! But it amounts to nothing and it means nothing. Bien entendu, on peut sauter sur sa chaise comme un cabri en disant l’Europe ! l’Europe ! l’Europe ! mais cela n’aboutit à rien et cela ne signifie rien. Interview on a presidential campaign, December 1965 INA archive of the video (De Gaulle meant that he wanted to build a European Union on realities, i.e. the existing nation-states with their respective interests – not on slogans and abstractions) Long live Montreal, Long live Quebec! Long live Free Quebec! Vive Montreal; Vive le Québec! Vive le Québec libre! From a balcony at Montreal City Hall, with particular emphasis on the word 'libre'. The phrase, a slogan used by Quebecers who favoured Quebec sovereignty, and de Gaulle's use of it, was seen by them as lending his tacit support to the movement. The speech sparked a diplomatic incident with Canada's government, and was condemned by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, saying that "Canadians do not need to be liberated." Men can have friends, statesmen cannot. Les hommes peuvent avoir des amis, pas les hommes d'Etat. Interview, December 9 1967. Background Information[ edit ] General de Gaulle was the de facto leader of the Free French Forces which had escaped to London in World War II. Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain , a hero of world War I , had signed an armistice (agreement to end fighting) with the invading forces of Nazi Germany, and led the Nazi-collaborating government of Vichy France in the south. The Nazis had occupied the north of France. De Gaulle was opposed to surrender and had left France on June 15 , 1940 after Pétain made clear he wanted to do so. Three days later, de Gaulle obtained special permission from Winston Churchill to broadcast a speech via BBC Radio over France, despite the British Cabinet's efforts to block the broadcast. In the speech, de Gaulle reminded the French people that the British Empire and the United States of America would support them in an effort to retake their land from the Nazis . On June 18 , 1940, at 19:00, de Gaulle's voice was broadcast nationwide. Speech of June 18[ edit ] "The leaders who, for many years, were at the head of French armies, have formed a government. This government, alleging our armies to be undone, agreed with the enemy to stop fighting. Of course, we were subdued by the mechanical, ground and air forces of the enemy. Infinitely more than their number, it was the tanks, the airplanes, the tactics of the Germans which made us retreat. It was the tanks, the airplanes, the tactics of the Germans that surprised our leaders to the point to bring them there where they are today. "But has the last word been said? Must hope disappear? Is defeat final? No! "Believe me, I speak to you with full knowledge of the facts and tell you that nothing is lost for France. The same means that overcame us can bring us to a day of victory. For France is not alone! She is not alone! She is not alone! She has a vast Empire behind her. She can align with the British Empire that holds the sea and continues the fight. She can, like England, use without limit the immense industry of United States. "This war is not limited to the unfortunate territory of our country. This war is not finished by the battle of France. This war is a world-wide war. All the faults, all the delays, all the suffering, do not prevent there to be, in the world, all the necessary means to one day crush our enemies. Vanquished today by mechanical force, we will be able to overcome in the future by a superior mechanical force. "The destiny of the world is here. I, General de Gaulle, currently in London, invite the officers and the French soldiers who are located in British territory or who would come there, with their weapons or without their weapons, I invite the engineers and the special workers of armament industries who are located in British territory or who would come there, to put themselves in contact with me. "Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished. Tomorrow, as today, I will speak on Radio London." Jews remain what they have been at all times: an elite people, self-confident and domineering. Attributed to a news conference (27 November 1967) the earliest occurrence of this statement yet located is in The Cross and the Flag, Vol. 27, (1968) by the Christian Nationalist Crusade	Cheese
In a James Bond film what was Operation Grand Slam intended to rob?	Charles de Gaulle \| The House Mouse The House Mouse Heads to Paris for French Cheese Disney’s Pixar Ratatouille That’s right! The House Mouse is heading to Paris to taste the delectable fromage of France (and see the sights, of course.) I’ve packed my copy of “ The Whole Fromage ” by Kathe Lison and my list of suggested cheese shops, courtesy of Susan Sturman, Director Anglophone Programs for Academie Opus Caseus (the cheese industry’s unique hands-on center for professional development), I almost feel ready to go. Charles de Gaulle is famously rumored to have said “How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?”, yet according to The Cheese Times , there are upwards of 629 different cheese types in France. There is no way this little mouse will be able to nibble through even a fraction of those fromages in just a few days. While I love a good Banon, Brie and Camembert, I think it would be wise to seek out the cheeses which are unavailable to us Americans; especially some raw milk selections. Stay tuned for photos from Paris and feel free to send along any suggestions of French cheese for The Mouse to seek out! Au Revoir for now and Restez au Fromage!	i don't know
Scoop, Muck, Roley and Lofty are whose vehicles?	Bob The Builder Dizzy \| eBay Bob The Builder Dizzy Bob the Builder Push Along Vehicles. Scoop - Lift and lower scoops bucket - comes with cement bag accessories. Muck - Muck's bucket lifts and lowers - comes with rocks accessories. BOB THE BUILDER. Th... Condition: Buy it now Free P&P A great collection of vehicles to make role play with Bob toys fun. Travis incl Trailer (One of his front wheels is wobbly - but works fine). He is also not a friction toy. Jackaroo - Very Rare. Buy it now + £0.00 P&P For sale I have Dizzy & Roley Bob. Roley is in like new condition, only signs of wear & tear is his the grill that has a small scuff mark. I have included a free small Bob, I am unsure if he is a ge...	Bob the Builder
What is produced by the larva of ‘bombyx mori’?	Bob The Builder Cartoon Show construction Vehicles Dizzy Travis Scoop Muck Lofty \| eBay Bob The Builder Cartoon Show construction Vehicles Dizzy Travis Scoop Muck Lofty Buy It Now +C $11.65 shipping Brand New with Free Shipping! C $18.63 Buy It Now Shipping not specified Buy It Now Free shipping Brand New with Free Shipping! C $13.44 Buy It Now Free shipping eBay determines this price through a machine-learned model of the product's sale prices within the last 90 days. Top Rated Plus Sellers with highest buyer ratings Returns, money back Sellers with highest buyer ratings Returns, money back Please enter a minimum and/or maximum price before continuing. C $ Copyright © 1995-2017 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. User Agreement , Privacy , Cookies and AdChoice Amounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than Canadian dollars and are approximate conversions to Canadian dollars based upon Bloomberg's conversion rates. For more recent exchange rates, please use the Universal Currency Converter This page was last updated: 19-Jan 17:41. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. See each listing for international shipping options and costs.	i don't know
The macaroni is a breed of which bird?	macaroni penguin \| bird \| Britannica.com Macaroni penguin 1-12-2016 Alternative Title: Eudyptes chrysolophus Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), species of crested penguin (genus Eudyptes, order Sphenisciformes) characterized by a large reddish orange bill, a black face and chin, and a long crest of yellow-orange feathers that contrast with the black feathers on the head. The species is found on the Antarctic Peninsula , on a number of Antarctic and subantarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans , and on the islands near the coasts of Chile and Argentina. Macaroni penguins are often confused with royal penguins (E. schlegeli), and some ornithologists argue that both groups should be classified as a single species. The common name of ... (100 of 788 words) Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) fighting. © Serge Ouachee	Penguin
Whose life is the subject of the Hadith?	Macaroni penguin \| TravelWild Expeditions Macaroni penguin Introduction to Macaroni Penguins The most numerous of all the world’s penguins, the macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) was named for the flamboyant plumage of its golden-orange forehead crest. Mid-18th century British explorers were reminded of an outlandish clothing fashion trend of their day called "maccaroni." "Macaroni" was also incorporated into the famous American Revolutionary War tune, "Yankee Doodle"—who "stuck a feather in his hat and called it macaroni." The phrase was co-opted from a British military tune used to mock the disheveled, disorganized and "naïve" "Yankees" with whom the British served in the French and Indian War. Macaroni penguin Researchers estimate that upwards of 11 million breeding pairs of macaroni penguins populate the Southern Ocean. While the breeding numbers of the species are still relatively high, researchers have noticed an alarming decline in the population, possibly due to climate change and its effect on penguin food supplies. Identifying Macaroni Penguins—Physical Characteristics Macaroni penguins are one of the largest crested penguins (the closely-related royal penguin is slightly larger) with an average length of 28 inches (70cm) and an average weight of 12 pounds (5.5kg). Their weight fluctuates greatly due to fasting while breeding and molting. The male is slightly larger than the female. Like most penguins they are a predominantly black and white bird; the head and upperparts are black and the underparts are white. The bill is bulbous and orange-brown, the eyes red, and a patch of pinkish bare skin extends from the base of the bill to the eye. The legs and feet are pink. Both males and females sport their signature golden-orange crests, which extend from the forehead and sweep backward above each eye. Juvenile plumage is duller, the bill is dark and the crest is usually not developed. In the field they can be confused with rockhopper and royal penguins, although the home range of royal penguins rarely overlaps the range of macaronis. Distribution and Migration of Macaroni Penguins Macaroni penguins are seen on TravelWild cruises on the sub–Antarctic Islands and, occasionally, on the northwestern Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent islands. The largest breeding populations are found on the islands of South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard and McDonald. When not breeding or molting the penguins are pelagic, living on the open ocean and migrating long distances in the winter (April–September). At sea they are sometimes seen off the southern coasts of Chile and Argentina. A 2009 study found that macaroni penguins from Kerguelen travelled over 6,000 miles (10,000km) in the central Indian Ocean. During the non-breeding/molting season, it is rare to see a macaroni penguin on land. Macaroni Penguin Habitat Macaroni penguins at Royal Bay, South Georgia Macaroni penguins breed among rocky slopes and outcrops, along beaches, and among dense grassy tussocks in very noisy colonies. On some sub-Antarctic islands their nest sites can be on steep, high mountains below towering glaciers. These sites are often easily spotted—the areas have been denuded by penguins pulling grass out of the tussock, as well as by the effects of over-fertilization from the nitrogen in their droppings. When not breeding or molting they live on the open ocean. Macaroni Penguin Diet Macaroni penguins feed mainly on krill, but will occasionally eat other small crustaceans, fish and squid. Prey is captured by diving to depths of 50–200 feet. Dives rarely exceed two minutes in duration. Macaroni Penguin Behavior Macaroni penguins often swim with a porpoising action, travelling just below the water surface and periodically leaping into the air to take short breaths without slowing. Their speed averages six miles per hour (10km/h). “Porpoising” helps them avoid predation by fur seals, leopard seals and killer whales. On land their main predator is the skua which snatches unguarded penguin eggs and chicks from nests. Kelp gulls and giant petrels are also a threat. Like most penguins they have an elaborate set of calls, bows and displays to keep their pair bond secure and to aid in locating, identifying and feeding their chicks. On land during the breeding season, macaronis devote much time to preening to remove dirt and parasites and to maintain the waterproof condition of their plumage. Mutual preening also helps to reinforce the pair bond. Macaroni Penguin Breeding and Mating During October macaroni penguins go ashore following a winter at sea. They assemble in huge colonies, first to locate or to choose mates, then to incubate eggs and rear their chicks. Females begin breeding around age five while males start later, around age six. Studies have shown three-quarters of these penguins will keep the same mate and often return to the same nest site. Nests are scraped out of mud or gravel on rocky coasts and low cliffs and lined with a few small stones. On South Georgia some birds nest on flattened tussock grass. Two eggs are laid in early November. The first one is small and rarely hatches or, if it does, the chick is rarely raised to maturity. Macaroni penguins nesting Incubation duties are divided into three shifts. During the first shift of 12 days, both parents incubate the egg, then the male goes to sea leaving the female to do the second shift alone. Upon the male’s return for the third shift, the female goes to sea and does not return until the chicks have hatched—sometimes a chick may have to wait for up to a week after hatching to receive its first meal. Hatching occurs after 35 (+/-) days of incubation. The male broods the chick while the female forages, returning and regurgitating food daily, for approximately 25 days. The time spent foraging increases as the chick grows larger and demands more food. Macaroni penguins rarely hunt farther than 25 miles away from the nest site during chick rearing. Parents locate their chick using the nest and vocalizations as identifiers. At the end of 25 days, the chick has developed a thick fluffy coat of feathers called the mesoptile plumage. These special feathers keep it warm enough to allow both parents to be away foraging for food. The chicks gather in large crèches for protection from predators and cold weather. Their feathers are only effective when dry, so the chick is unable to forage. Rain can be a threat, as can excessive heat in the crèches. At 11 weeks of age, chicks develop their waterproof plumage and they fledge to sea. They still lack the crests of the adults but have a scattering of small yellow feathers; the crest develops fully by 3–4 years of age, a year or two before breeding. After the chicks fledge, adults spend around three weeks at sea replenishing their supply of fat in preparation for their annual molt. It is critical that the bird have adequate fat reserves prior to molting, as they do not feed during the 25-day molt and will temporarily lose many of their insulating feathers. Molting is necessary to replace worn feathers in order to maintain plumage that is waterproof and insulating. While molting, the penguins are relatively sedentary and remain ashore without eating. In April, the adults leave the breeding/molting site and head to sea. Macaroni Penguin Social Behavior Macaroni penguins tend toward monogamy and pair bonds are long lasting. Each year the pair reunites at the same nest location, recognizing each other by their calls. The birds are very vocal and showy during mating displays, communicating by complex ritual behaviors, such as head and flipper waving, trumpeting, bowing, gesturing and preening. Pairs often perform the “ecstatic display” during which a penguin bows forward, making loud throbbing sounds, and then extends its head and neck upward until the neck and beak are vertical. The bird then waves its head from side to side while braying loudly. Macaroni penguins are thought to live between 8 and 15 years.	i don't know
Britain’s oldest tabloid newspaper closed down in 1971 – what was it called?	UK National Newspapers \| Magforum Sunday Herald Launch UK national newspapers This page covers UK national newspapers that are published from London (though often printed at satellite sites around Britain, and often regionalised) and are widely distributed in the UK countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Although all these papers have moved from Fleet Street in the City of London, the name is still often used to refer to the press. Only DC Thomson , the local newspaper and magazine publisher, still has a presence in Fleet St. This ditty is one way of defining the press and its readership: Times readers run the country, Telegraph readers think they run the country, Guardian readers wish they ran the country, Mirror readers would run the country if the Times readers didn't run it already, Mail readers don't know who runs the country, Express readers don't care who runs the country, and Sun readers don't give a damn who runs the country as long as her measurements exceed 38-24-36. This was quoted as an analysis by MPs of the readerships of UK newspapers in a Guardian diary piece in the early 1980s. There have been many variants of it (including 'FT readers pay to run the country', 'Mail readers know who should be running the country' and 'Mirror readers will run the country once the revolution comes'), but all tend to agree about Sun readers (though many in cruder terms for the last line: 'as long as she's got big tits'). A variant was quoted in the TV series Yes, Prime Minister in 1987. This page includes London's Evening Standard and City AM, a free London financial daily. The UK market for newspapers is unusual in the number of titles that are nationally distributed. It is also one of the leading markets in terms of digital innovation: the Telegraph was the first national newspaper to launch a website; the Daily Mail has one of the world's most popular websites; and 2016 saw the Independent and its Sunday sister title take the plunge to go online only, while the New Day - a national daily cut-price paper, a 'cheapsheet', launched. British newspapers are analysed in the following sections: Trinity Mirror Britain's national newspapers National newspapers in 2005 could be grouped into 10 dailies (11 from March 2016 with the closure of the Independent but launches of i and New Day) and 12 Sundays (in 2016, 9 with the closures of News of the World, The Business and Independent on Sunday). Within these two categories, they split into: popular red top/tabloids; midmarket; and quality products. The term 'tabloid' is often used to describe the smaller-sized, downmarket, popular or red-top dailies (Sun, Daily Mirror). However, the term was coined as 'tabloid journalism' by the Daily Mail's founder to describe a 'condensed journalism' as opposed to the verbose, rambling reports of papers such as the Times (until then, tabloid had referred to a small medicinal tablet). Most UK newspapers are now tabloid-sized. The Independent and then The Times adopted the format in 2004 (though they called it 'compact'). The Guardian switched to the 'Berliner' format (a taller tabloid shape used by Le Monde) in September 2005. This left only the Financial Times (which is printed in about 25 sites around the world) and the Daily Telegraph as broadsheets. UK national newspapers in 2005 Back to top Title Express Newspapers Ltd (Northern & Shell) 854,480 Express Newspapers Ltd (Northern & Shell) 948,375 UK Sunday newspapers Back to top News of the World (closed 2011) popular tabloid Guardian Newspapers Ltd (Scott Trust) 444,509 Independent on Sunday (online only 2016) quality broadsheet Sport Newspapers Ltd 151,892 Trinity Mirror also publishes popular tabloid daily Daily Record and popular tabloid Sunday Mail in Scotland * Most of the FT's circulation is outside the UK: 128,216 is the UK sales figure Newspaper groups and their titles Back to top Newspaper groups Sun, Times, Sunday Times, News of the World 35% Mirror, Sunday Mirror, People, Daily Record 25% Express, Express on Sunday, Star 14% Daily Mail and General Trust Mail, Mail on Sunday Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, The Business 7% Guardian Media Group (Scott Trust) Guardian, Observer Associated Newspapers Ltd (Daily Mail) Back to top Owns the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday, London freesheets Metro and London Lite, Ireland on Sunday and the free classified advertising weekly Loot (since October 2001). It also runs the Harmsworth Quays print plant in London's Docklands. The company was established in 1905 and is a subsidiary of the Daily Mail and General Trust plc . In February 1999, the trust became the ninth media group to hold a place in the London stock market's list of top 100. Sold control of Evening Standard to Russian billionaire Alexander Lebedev in January 2009 during freesheet war with News International. Daily Mail Founded in 1896 as a popular half-penny broadsheet with the new class of literate working woman in mind by Irish-born Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe). He had made his first fortune with Answers magazine founded in 1888. The coining of the word 'tabloid' has been credited to him. Reached a million sales in 1900. Middle-market, right-leaning. Saturday edition includes Weekend features and TV listings magazine. Tabloid format dates to 1971 when Associated merged the broadsheet Mail with the Daily Sketch under new editor David English. Popular with women. Continued growing in 1980s under the editorship of (Sir David) English. His successor Paul Dacre has seen it overtake the Express and the Mirror. Website is very popular outside UK with content much m ore based on celebrities. London Lite (closed) Closed in November 2009 after sale of 75% of Evening Standard and its subsequent move to a free revenue model, and Free evening tabloid paper for London launched on 30 August 2006 to protect Associated's Evening Standard and Metro titles against News International's launch, The London Paper. Shared Thisislondon website with the Standard. About 400,000 copies a day were being given away in 2009. Mail on Sunday Sister to Daily Mail since 1982. Launched with Bernard Shrimsley as editor but David English refused to allow daily's contributors to write for it. Several months later English was knighted, ousted Shrimsley and brought in his writers - an event known on the paper as 'The Knight of the Long Knives'. Comes with You, a womens magazine; Night & Day, for features and arts; and Financial Mail on Sunday. The Night & Day supplement was relaunched in 2007 at a cost of £8m to attract more male readers - an unusual move given that both the daily and Sunday papers have traditionally focused on women. Metro Free morning colour tabloid launched with 40 pages in March 1999 in London, adopting a popular Continental model. It was designed to be read in 20 minutes. Reports put the initial run at 100,000 with dispensers at 72 stations (forecast to rise to 300,000 from 2000). By the end of 2006, versions were available in 12 cities around Britain. 7Days is a free, English language daily published Sunday to Friday in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. DMGT owns a 60% stake in Catchpole Communications, which produces the title. Some 75,000 copies are distributed. Northcliffe Newspapers Group Ltd Sold its regional newspaper business, to Local World , a large regional newspaper publisher, in 2012. Northcliffe was a top five regional group with 20 daily titles, 27 paid-for weeklies, 62 freesheets and 24 regional web portals, usually with names like www.thisissouthwales.co.uk. Also had Hungarian newspaper interests. The Observer The world's oldest Sunday paper: founded in 1791 by W.S. Bourne. Switch to Berliner format as part of a relaunch on 8 January 2006. A Liberal, quality broadsheet. Controlled by the Guardian Media Group since 1993. Before then, often criticised for supporting the interests of its owner company Lonhro and chairman Tiny Rowland, particularly in his battles with Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed (who relaunched Punch in early 1996). Published free monthly themed supplements as well as its main magazine: Sport, Music, O Fashion, Woman but several closd in 2010-11. The Observer shares the Guardian's offices in King's Cross. In 2009, there were reports that the Guardian was considering turning the paper into a weekly magazine of the same name. Regional newspapers (sold 2010) Sold Manchester Evening News and Surrey Advertiser (Guildford) and rest of portfolio of 32 paid-for and free titles to to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8m in February 2010. Other activities Sold Money Observer financial magazine to Moneywise in 2008. In March 2007, sold 49.9% stake in Trader Media Group to private equity group Apax for about £674m. Based around regionalised editions of Auto Trader magazine (seen as a cash cow for the group). Emap business magazines (since 2008); 41.9% stake in Delicious publisher Seven Publishing ; and 29.5% stake n The Word publisher Development Hell . Has a history of dabbling in magazines. Launched a UK version of Wired in 1995, though this closed after a couple of years. Radio interests. Owns Trafford Park Printers; educational web materials developer Learnthings . Independent Print Ltd When The Independent was launched in 1986, it was controlled by a consortium of backers and so was 'independent' of any proprietor. However, poor sales as a result of lack of investment and cutting staff saw it fall into the hands of the Mirror Group and later the Irish newspaper group controlled by Tony O'Reilly. Owns papers in Australasia, Ireland and South Africa. In March 2010, London Evening Standard owners Alexander and Evgeny Lebedev paid a nominal £1 for the loss-making Independent and Independent on Sunday (in fact, Independent News & Media (INM) paid the Lebedevs $9.25 million to take over the titles). The Independent Announced it would be an online-only paper from March 2016. Launched by former Daily Telegraph journalist Andreas Whittam-Smith on October 7 1986 after the Times was seen to drop its politically-independent line to support Margaret Thatcher and lose its position as Britain's paper of record. Known as the 'Indie'. Only quality daily launch in the UK in the 20th century, made possible by the advent of desktop publishing. Boosted sales in September 2003 through adopting 'compact' format, initially alongside broadsheet. By spring 2004, dropped broadsheet version. Move soon followed by The Times. Launched MediaWeekly supplement in 2004, challenging Guardian on Mondays. Original offices were in London's City Road overlooking Bunhill Fields cemetery (burial place of many famous 17th and 18th century writers), hence the title of Bunhill's Notes in Sunday business pages. The 'Weasel' column in the Saturday magazine comes from the nursery rhyme: 'Up and down the City Road, In and out the Eagle, That's the way the money goes, Pop goes the weasel'. A pub called the Eagle still stands on City Road and 'popping the weasel' means pawning an iron, a popular practice with poor tailors in the area. i (the essential daily briefing from the Independent) Sold to Johnston Press in February 2016. The 20p i newspaper was launched in October 2000 by the Independent for readers who wanted a concise, better quality daily than the free papers but did not want to pay the price. In May 2011, a 30p Saturday edition was launched. By 2011, the i was selling 221,715 copies a day. It was run by Stefano Hatfield, formerly at News International. In the 23 January 2011 issue, Hatfield introduced a new Monday cartoonist, Ben Jennings, who had won the 2011 political cartoon of the year award for a Gadaffi cartoon in the Guardian in August , though still at university. Hatfield also added a daily Codeword to the puzzle page, saying 'This is something readers have asked for since i launched - particularly many of you transferring to us from a rival paper that contains one.' (The Daily Mail carried such a puzzle on its centre spread coffee break page.) News International (Sun, Times) Part of the international News Corp group controlled by Rupert Murdoch. Focus of scandal in 2010 over phone hacking at the News of the World, which was closed as a result, and led to the Leveson inquiry into the ethical standards of the press , both papers and magazines. Has big stake in BSkyB satellite television and ITV (used, controversially in 2006 to block a merger between ITV and Virgin), and controls book publisher HarperCollins. Moved most UK interests under one roof in offices next door to the Shard by London Bridge station, joining the Financial Times south of the Thames. Extensive media interests in the US and Australia. Murdoch changed from being an Australian to take up US citizenship so he could control the Fox TV network. Murdoch's family has succeeded in retaining control of News Corp, and in the 1990s concentrated on television assets in the US and UK. In 2004, Murdoch announced that the group would switch its emphasis online, buying Intermix Media, for about $580m in 2005 - which gave it control of social networking website MySpace.com. Having arrived in the UK from Australia to beat Robert Maxwell in buying the News of the World in 1968, Murdoch bought the Sun from IPC. He relaunched this in November 1969 with a 'sex and sensation' formula - personified by topless Page 3 girls. He then bought the Times and Sunday Times and broke the Fleet Street unions by moving to Wapping in 1986. The London Paper (closed) The London Paper was an evening freesheet launched on 4 September 2006 against Associated 's Standard. It was given away outside Underground and rail stations. Set up as a low-cost operation under editor Stefano Hatfield, who had launched the Metro freesheet in New York and edited advertising trade weekly Campaign in the UK - he went on to head up the Independent's 20p sister paper i. The paper had a free distribution of about 500,000 copies in July 2009. As a result, Associated sold the loss-making Standard. However, the Murdoch paper fell victim to the recession and announced in August 2009 that the final issue of the London Paper was likely to be on Friday 18 September The Sun (became a seven-day paper in February 2012) Right-leaning popular tabloid. Best-selling of the 'red-top' dailies, having overtaken the Mirror in 1978, with a formula of sensational stories and topless Page 3 girls created by Larry Lamb. At its jingoistic height in the Thatcher era with controversial headlines such as 'Gotcha' for the sinking of the Argentinian battleship General Belgrano in the Falklands war. Often credited with swinging public opinion against the Labour leader Neil Kinnock, leading to a third term as prime minister for Margaret Thatcher. Editor Kelvin Mackenzie (1981 to 1994) was the most successful tabloid editor of his generation, but lost his way by taking on the Queen in a copyright row after breaking an embargo to publish her Christmas speech. Sun readers sided with the Queen in a telephone poll. Mackenzie was out six months later. Launched free internet provision in April 1999 at Currantbun.com. Later renamed Bun.com, then Page3.com. After the closing of the News of the World in 2011, a Sunday edition was launched on 26 February 2012. This retained the NoW's Fabulous magazine. In January 2015, the Sun dropped its Page 3 topless pin-up models, which had run for 44 years and made household names of models ssuch ass Samantha Fox, after facing pressure from anti-sexism campaigners. The Times Website runs paywall. Nickname 'The Thunderer', because, some say, of the sound of the presses as they started up. However, Bernard Falk in his autobiography He laughed in Fleet Street (Hutchinson, 1933) says it was because 'a leading article from the pen of Captain Sterling opened one morning with the words, "We thundered forth the other day an article..."'. Launched on 1 January 1785 by John Walter I as the Daily Universal Register. Renamed on 1 January 1788. Established its reputation for honesty under John Walter II from 1803, who installed steam printing in 1814, and possibly the greatest editor of the century, John Barnes (1817-41). By 1823 it was 'the greatest engine of temporary opinion in the world…' and the paper of record for Britain, then the most powerful country in the world following the defeat of Napoleon, despite the loss of the Americas. US president Abraham Lincoln said it was 'the most powerful thing in the world except, perhaps, the Mississippi river'. Carried classified advertising on its front page until 1966 and on the back page until 1982. On Friday 13, 1981 it became a sister paper to the Sun, as part of Rupert Murdoch's News International. In 1986, Murdoch broke the print unions by moving to 'Fortress' Wapping, though the damage done to the paper's quality and reputation opened the door for the Independent. Led fierce price war from 1993 when it cut the cover price from 45p to 30p (and 10p on Monday). This raised sales at the expense of the Independent, Telegraph and Express. News of the World (closed 2011) Sunday paper to the Sun. Founded in 1843. Bought by Murdoch in 1969; in doing so created intense rivalry with Robert Maxwell. The largest-selling paper in Britain at 4.5 million copies each Sunday (though down from 8.5 million in 1950). Closed as a result of the Milly Dowler phone-hacking scandal in July 2011, though its colour magazine, Fabulous, was transferred to the Saturday Sun and then the Sunday edition launched on 26 February 2012. The scandal led to the Leveson inquiry into the ethical standards of the press , both papers and magazines, at which editors of all the nationals were questioned, as well as those at Now, Hello! and OK! The Sunday Times (1882) Best-selling of the Sunday, quality broadsheets. Launched colour supplement in 1962. Bought from the Thomson Group with other Times papers in 1981. In recent decades, at its height in the pre-Murdoch days under the editorship (1967-81) of Harry Evans who nurtured investigative journalism under the Insight banner and championed design. See his books: Good Times, Bad Times (3rd ed, 1994, Phoenix, London); and his five-part series on newspaper journalism, Pictures on a Page, Newsman's English, Newspaper Design, Text Typography and Newspaper Headlines. Design article 'News that's fit to print' described the influence of the Sunday Times and Observer in changing the role of the sub-editor and designer on newspapers. Commercially successful in 1980s and 1990s under Andrew Neil , who introduced the concept of the 'supermarket' newspaper with a section aimed at all kinds of readers. Neil is regularly lampooned in Private Eye . The Sunday Times was greatly embarrassed when it was taken in by the fake Hitler Diaries in 1983. Today [closed] In November 1995, Today was closed by News Corporation. The tabloid was launched by local newspaper group owner Eddy Shah in March 1986 as the UK's first colour national paper. He sold it to Lonrho, the trading group that also owned the Observer, before it was bought by Rupert Murdoch in July 1987. The closure was seen as a blow to the then-opposition Labour party, led by Tony Blair, because it was the only tabloid with a left-of-centre political stance. The cost of a price war instigated by the Times, pressure on printing capacity from that paper's rising circulation, a rise in newsprint costs - up by half in a year - and the paper's falling circulation (at 573,680) were cited as factors in the closure decision. Mohamed Fayed, owner of Harrods who a year later relaunched Punch , said he wanted to take over the paper but talks failed. Times supplements In October 2005, News International sold its weekly specialist tabloids Times Educational Supplement (TES), Times Higher Educational Supplement (THS), Nursery World and other newspapers, magazines, websites and exhibitions to Exponent, a private equity group, for almost £235m. These had been seen as cash cows. The group retained the Times Literary Supplement (TLS), which began as a supplement to The Times in 1902 and became a separate publication in 1914. All the supplements have moved away from a tabloid newspaper format to a magazine structure. Website Times Money launched but closed. News International Magazines Set up in 2005 with a brief to capitalise on the growing weeklies market. NI already had two monthly spin-offs from the Sunday Times: Travel (a contract title by River since 1993) and Inside Out (closed in early 2007). Women's weekly Love It! launched in February 2006. Reported to be researching weekly news magazine . Took licence for Sky magazine - the UK's biggest circulation title for BSkyB's 8m subscribers - from John Brown in December 2006 (Murdoch has always been fond of keeping money within the group). The Express Founded in 1900 by C. Arthur Pearson who had worked on George Newnes’ Tit-Bits before going on to establish Pearson’s Weekly (1890) and Pearson's Magazine (1896). Middle-market, right-leaning tabloid. Owned by Lord Beaverbrook from 1916 to 1964. Steady decline since with many short-term editors, lack of investment and then cost-cutting and focus on celebrities and cheap, populist journalism under Desmond. The original art deco Fleet Street office was known in the 1950s as the Black Glasshouse but later christened the Black Lubyanka by Private Eye. The newsroom was used in the film The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961) with the recently retired real editor, Arthur Christiansen, playing fictional editor Jeff Jefferson Daily Star 'Red-top' tabloid launched in 1978. The first new national for 75 years, it tried to take on the Sun with colour centre spreads of topless 'Star Birds'. Sister to the Express. Lack of investment meant failure as mass-market title. Now a niche paper aimed at 'lads' with frivolous, sports-based approach Express on Sunday Similar editorial strategy and sales as the daily Daily Star Sunday September 2002 launch Other activities Lads' portal Megastar spun off from Daily Star but later closed. Clutch of magazines at Northern & Shell, including gossip weekly OK! Financial Times Launched in 1888, the world's leading financial daily. First chairman was Horatio Bottomley, who went on to become an MP and launch John Bull but was jailed for selling fake war bonds in 1922. About 70% of sales outside the UK. Has daily editions for UK, Europe, US and Asia printed at about 25 sites. Printed on pink paper since 1893.Lex column once advised readers not to support the FT's owners Pearson in its plan to buy British Aluminium, since when the column has not covered Pearson. Website has pioneered a paid-for model with limited free access. History of the FT . One of the first daily newspapers to exploit the potential of the Saturday paper. FT Weekend includes the monthly How To Spend It , which is a tabloid-sized glossy, and weekly FT Magazine. Business publishing Has conference division. Magazine publishing division has 14 titles, including Investors Chronicle and The Banker. In September 2005, How to be Better Off , a quarterly magazine, with BBC Worldwide. FT Business profile Other sites The Economist was half owned by Pearson, but the company sold it to the other shareholders at the time of the FT sale; Chinese.FT.com ; sold interest in FT Deutschland to Gruner and Jahr in 2007, shortly after selling stake in French business paper Les Echos . FT Deutschland closed in November 2013. Edinburgh-based daily sold to Johnston Press in 2005 Scotland on Sunday Sunday sister to Scotsman sold to Johnston Press in 2005 The Business (folded into The Spectator) Launched in April 1996 by Tom Rubython as The Sunday Business. Went into receivership a year later. Bought by Barclay brothers and relaunched in February 1998. In July 2006, announced intention to relaunch title in October as a weekly business magazine coming out on Thursdays. Running of the title to be combined with The Spectator and arts and antiques magazine Apollo. However, closed in early 2008 (in favour of launching a business magazine off the back of The Spectator). The European Weekly colour broadsheet launched by infamous Robert Maxwell. Bought by Barclays in 1992 after his death. In July 1997 plans were set out to transform The European into an upmarket magazine but it closed in 1998. European case study The Daily Telegraph Britain's best-selling quality paper with strong news and sports coverage. Right-wing (nickname: the Torygraph). Sister paper the Sunday Telegraph. Failed to hold on to a million sales a day, after long price-cutting campaign by the Times. Had overtaken the Times soon after its launch in 1855 (originally as The Daily Telegraph and Courier) when the price was cut to a penny. The re-introduction of the word 'The' in the paper's title was the subject of a front-page news item when Max Hastings took over as editor. The first of the UK broadsheets to mount a significant web presence (although the Guardian's Online section on a Thursday had long used electronic bulletin boards and e-mail). Also has special interest 'satellite' sites. In 2006, an internal reorganisation saw many redundancies and the launch of a digital newsroom. The Spectator Right-wing political weekly magazine carrying quality writing. Established 1828. Claims to be the oldest continuously-published magazine in the English language. Bought by Conrad Black in 1988. Glorious history of publishing some of Britain's most famous writers since the Victorian era. String of recent famous editors includes: Anthony Howard (-1979); Alexander Chancellor (1979-84); Charles Moore (1984-90); Dominic Lawson (1990-95), son of Nigel Lawson, the former Conservative Chancellor under Margaret Thatcher; Frank Johnson (1995-2000); Boris Johnson (2000-06); Matthew d'Ancona (2007-). See: To Convey Intelligence: The Spectator 1928-98 by Simon Courtauld, Profile, 1999. Other Telegraph sites Several attempts to create brands based around newspaper readership faltered and these have been rebranded as part of the paper: Juiced student magazine; Internet for Schools; The Planet for travel; Connected brand based on Tuesday's science and technology pages no longer used; Global Network for ex-pats based on weekly overseas version of the paper; Telegraph Appointments Plus. Books Online now run by Splashweb. Other launches sold or closed down: UK Max search engine; luxury goods portal Best of British sold to Whittards in June 2000. Handbag.com sold to National Magazine Company (now Hearst Magazines UK). Had been launched with Boots in October 1999 targeting women with a free ISP. Boots claimed 90% of all UK women went through its doors each week and the Electronic Telegraph reached a million online. Other Trinity Mirror plc (Mirror) Claims to be the biggest UK newspaper publisher with 250 titles. Formed from takeover of Mirror Group by Trinity regional group in 1999. Announced £150m web strategy in 2000 to create offshoots of ic24 internet service provider. Earlier, Mirror Group had been bought from Reed International by the infamous Robert Maxwell in 1986. Sold after his death in 1991 to a group headed by David Montgomery with, for the first four months, Lord Hollick as chairman. Group strategy fell apart in early 1999 with acrimonious departure of chief executive David Montgomery (nick-named Rommel: 'because Monty was on our side') in dispute with chairman Victor Blank. Sold off 18% share in Scottish Media Group to Granada as part of restructuring in March 1999. Then bought by Trinity. National newspapers divided into MGN Ltd and Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd. Some 240 regional newspapers run as 10 operating businesses account for almost a quarter of the regional market. The Mirror Popular, Labour Party-supporting 'red-top' tabloid founded in 1903 by Irish-born Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe). He had made his first fortune with Answers magazine founded in 1888. The largest-selling paper from the 1930s until the 1970s, when it was overtaken by Rupert Murdoch's Sun. In the 1980s, a circulation battle with the Sun saw Robert Maxwell introduce a £1 million bingo prize - and put himself on the cover promoting it. First mass market daily to use colour regularly (1988), though smaller circulation Today had colour and the Mirror's Scottish sister, the Daily Record earlier. New Day In February 2016, Trinity announced the launch of a national 'cheapsheet' weekday paper: ' The New Day , which will run to 40 pages every day, will be printed on high quality news print and be visually striking. It will be available for free from over 40,000 retailers on its first day, Monday 29 February, and then will trial at 25p for two weeks before retailing at 50p after that.' It would compete with the 40p i, bought that same month by regional group Johnston Press. Racing Post and Sporting Life Sporting Life founded in 1859, but merged with Racing Post in May 1998 by Mirror Group. Trinity Mirror sold Racing Post for £170m to Irish private equity group FL Partners in October 2007. The Post had been launched by Sheikh Mohamed in 1986, but sold to the Mirror in December 1997. Plans to re-launch the Life as a daily sporting paper, along a Continental model, dropped in March 1999. However, the name lives on as a website and betting venture as part of BSkyB. Sporting Life was commonly known as the Queen Mother's favourite newspaper. Jamie Reid in a commentary on its closure (Guardian, 5/3/99, p23) said: 'Whenever a British film in the Forties and Fifties wanted to signify that some George Cole or Terry Thomas character was a touch wide, they would show them smoking a Players Navy Cut and reading the Sporting Life'. According to research quoted by Roy Greenslade (Guardian Media, 8/3/99, p4), a daily sporting paper might achieve of 220,000 copies a day (plus or minus 40,000). This was based on a cover price of 40p with a weekday pagination of 48 and 80 pages on a Sunday. However, the marketing bill would have been £10 million in the first year and Mirror group was in poor financial shape following the departure of chief executive David Montgomery a month before and a bidding war which had broken out for the group between regional newspaper groups Trinity and Regional Independent Media. (Scotland) sister to the Daily Record. Regional newspapers Mirror Group Regional Newspapers, a top five regional company with 44 papers, including Midland Independent Newspapers acquired in 1997 (Birmingham Post and Evening Mail) and Northern Ireland's number two title, the News Letter. Racing Post and Sporting Life Sporting Life founded in 1859, but merged with Racing Post in May 1998 by Mirror Group. Trinity Mirror sold Racing Post for £170m to Irish private equity group FL Partners in October 2007. The Post had been launched by Sheikh Mohamed in 1986, but sold to the Mirror in December 1997. Plans to re-launch the Life as a daily sporting paper, along a Continental model, dropped in March 1999. However, the name lives on as a website and betting venture as part of BSkyB. Sporting Life was commonly known as the Queen Mother's favourite newspaper. Jamie Reid in a commentary on its closure (Guardian, 5/3/99, p23) said: 'Whenever a British film in the Forties and Fifties wanted to signify that some George Cole or Terry Thomas character was a touch wide, they would show them smoking a Players Navy Cut and reading the Sporting Life'. According to research quoted by Roy Greenslade (Guardian Media, 8/3/99, p4), a daily sporting paper might achieve of 220,000 copies a day (plus or minus 40,000). This was based on a cover price of 40p with a weekday pagination of 48 and 80 pages on a Sunday. However, the marketing bill would have been £10 million in the first year and Mirror group was in poor financial shape following the departure of chief executive David Montgomery a month before and a bidding war which had broken out for the group between regional newspaper groups Trinity and Regional Independent Media. Other Launched web portal in March 1999 as ic24 (later bought by PlusNet ) with offshoots in 2000: icShowbiz; icChoice; icSport and icTravel. Also 14 regional sites. Sports sites Soccerbase (now part of Racing Post) and Cricketbase. Sells its archive of pictures and cartoons such as Andy Capp at Mirrorpix . In 1998, launched internet paper dot.com, distributed free with Wharf, a local paper for Canary Wharf, where the papers are based in London's Docklands. Live TV cable channel sold off in 1999 and some papers in Northern Ireland. In July 2006, sold trade magazines and exhibition business Inside Communications to private equity-backed Ocean Media for £41.5m	Daily Sketch
Which is the only Dickens novel to have a female narrator?	UK National Newspapers \| Magforum Sunday Herald Launch UK national newspapers This page covers UK national newspapers that are published from London (though often printed at satellite sites around Britain, and often regionalised) and are widely distributed in the UK countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Although all these papers have moved from Fleet Street in the City of London, the name is still often used to refer to the press. Only DC Thomson , the local newspaper and magazine publisher, still has a presence in Fleet St. This ditty is one way of defining the press and its readership: Times readers run the country, Telegraph readers think they run the country, Guardian readers wish they ran the country, Mirror readers would run the country if the Times readers didn't run it already, Mail readers don't know who runs the country, Express readers don't care who runs the country, and Sun readers don't give a damn who runs the country as long as her measurements exceed 38-24-36. This was quoted as an analysis by MPs of the readerships of UK newspapers in a Guardian diary piece in the early 1980s. There have been many variants of it (including 'FT readers pay to run the country', 'Mail readers know who should be running the country' and 'Mirror readers will run the country once the revolution comes'), but all tend to agree about Sun readers (though many in cruder terms for the last line: 'as long as she's got big tits'). A variant was quoted in the TV series Yes, Prime Minister in 1987. This page includes London's Evening Standard and City AM, a free London financial daily. The UK market for newspapers is unusual in the number of titles that are nationally distributed. It is also one of the leading markets in terms of digital innovation: the Telegraph was the first national newspaper to launch a website; the Daily Mail has one of the world's most popular websites; and 2016 saw the Independent and its Sunday sister title take the plunge to go online only, while the New Day - a national daily cut-price paper, a 'cheapsheet', launched. British newspapers are analysed in the following sections: Trinity Mirror Britain's national newspapers National newspapers in 2005 could be grouped into 10 dailies (11 from March 2016 with the closure of the Independent but launches of i and New Day) and 12 Sundays (in 2016, 9 with the closures of News of the World, The Business and Independent on Sunday). Within these two categories, they split into: popular red top/tabloids; midmarket; and quality products. The term 'tabloid' is often used to describe the smaller-sized, downmarket, popular or red-top dailies (Sun, Daily Mirror). However, the term was coined as 'tabloid journalism' by the Daily Mail's founder to describe a 'condensed journalism' as opposed to the verbose, rambling reports of papers such as the Times (until then, tabloid had referred to a small medicinal tablet). Most UK newspapers are now tabloid-sized. The Independent and then The Times adopted the format in 2004 (though they called it 'compact'). The Guardian switched to the 'Berliner' format (a taller tabloid shape used by Le Monde) in September 2005. This left only the Financial Times (which is printed in about 25 sites around the world) and the Daily Telegraph as broadsheets. UK national newspapers in 2005 Back to top Title Express Newspapers Ltd (Northern & Shell) 854,480 Express Newspapers Ltd (Northern & Shell) 948,375 UK Sunday newspapers Back to top News of the World (closed 2011) popular tabloid Guardian Newspapers Ltd (Scott Trust) 444,509 Independent on Sunday (online only 2016) quality broadsheet Sport Newspapers Ltd 151,892 Trinity Mirror also publishes popular tabloid daily Daily Record and popular tabloid Sunday Mail in Scotland * Most of the FT's circulation is outside the UK: 128,216 is the UK sales figure Newspaper groups and their titles Back to top Newspaper groups Sun, Times, Sunday Times, News of the World 35% Mirror, Sunday Mirror, People, Daily Record 25% Express, Express on Sunday, Star 14% Daily Mail and General Trust Mail, Mail on Sunday Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, The Business 7% Guardian Media Group (Scott Trust) Guardian, Observer Associated Newspapers Ltd (Daily Mail) Back to top Owns the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday, London freesheets Metro and London Lite, Ireland on Sunday and the free classified advertising weekly Loot (since October 2001). It also runs the Harmsworth Quays print plant in London's Docklands. The company was established in 1905 and is a subsidiary of the Daily Mail and General Trust plc . In February 1999, the trust became the ninth media group to hold a place in the London stock market's list of top 100. Sold control of Evening Standard to Russian billionaire Alexander Lebedev in January 2009 during freesheet war with News International. Daily Mail Founded in 1896 as a popular half-penny broadsheet with the new class of literate working woman in mind by Irish-born Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe). He had made his first fortune with Answers magazine founded in 1888. The coining of the word 'tabloid' has been credited to him. Reached a million sales in 1900. Middle-market, right-leaning. Saturday edition includes Weekend features and TV listings magazine. Tabloid format dates to 1971 when Associated merged the broadsheet Mail with the Daily Sketch under new editor David English. Popular with women. Continued growing in 1980s under the editorship of (Sir David) English. His successor Paul Dacre has seen it overtake the Express and the Mirror. Website is very popular outside UK with content much m ore based on celebrities. London Lite (closed) Closed in November 2009 after sale of 75% of Evening Standard and its subsequent move to a free revenue model, and Free evening tabloid paper for London launched on 30 August 2006 to protect Associated's Evening Standard and Metro titles against News International's launch, The London Paper. Shared Thisislondon website with the Standard. About 400,000 copies a day were being given away in 2009. Mail on Sunday Sister to Daily Mail since 1982. Launched with Bernard Shrimsley as editor but David English refused to allow daily's contributors to write for it. Several months later English was knighted, ousted Shrimsley and brought in his writers - an event known on the paper as 'The Knight of the Long Knives'. Comes with You, a womens magazine; Night & Day, for features and arts; and Financial Mail on Sunday. The Night & Day supplement was relaunched in 2007 at a cost of £8m to attract more male readers - an unusual move given that both the daily and Sunday papers have traditionally focused on women. Metro Free morning colour tabloid launched with 40 pages in March 1999 in London, adopting a popular Continental model. It was designed to be read in 20 minutes. Reports put the initial run at 100,000 with dispensers at 72 stations (forecast to rise to 300,000 from 2000). By the end of 2006, versions were available in 12 cities around Britain. 7Days is a free, English language daily published Sunday to Friday in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. DMGT owns a 60% stake in Catchpole Communications, which produces the title. Some 75,000 copies are distributed. Northcliffe Newspapers Group Ltd Sold its regional newspaper business, to Local World , a large regional newspaper publisher, in 2012. Northcliffe was a top five regional group with 20 daily titles, 27 paid-for weeklies, 62 freesheets and 24 regional web portals, usually with names like www.thisissouthwales.co.uk. Also had Hungarian newspaper interests. The Observer The world's oldest Sunday paper: founded in 1791 by W.S. Bourne. Switch to Berliner format as part of a relaunch on 8 January 2006. A Liberal, quality broadsheet. Controlled by the Guardian Media Group since 1993. Before then, often criticised for supporting the interests of its owner company Lonhro and chairman Tiny Rowland, particularly in his battles with Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed (who relaunched Punch in early 1996). Published free monthly themed supplements as well as its main magazine: Sport, Music, O Fashion, Woman but several closd in 2010-11. The Observer shares the Guardian's offices in King's Cross. In 2009, there were reports that the Guardian was considering turning the paper into a weekly magazine of the same name. Regional newspapers (sold 2010) Sold Manchester Evening News and Surrey Advertiser (Guildford) and rest of portfolio of 32 paid-for and free titles to to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8m in February 2010. Other activities Sold Money Observer financial magazine to Moneywise in 2008. In March 2007, sold 49.9% stake in Trader Media Group to private equity group Apax for about £674m. Based around regionalised editions of Auto Trader magazine (seen as a cash cow for the group). Emap business magazines (since 2008); 41.9% stake in Delicious publisher Seven Publishing ; and 29.5% stake n The Word publisher Development Hell . Has a history of dabbling in magazines. Launched a UK version of Wired in 1995, though this closed after a couple of years. Radio interests. Owns Trafford Park Printers; educational web materials developer Learnthings . Independent Print Ltd When The Independent was launched in 1986, it was controlled by a consortium of backers and so was 'independent' of any proprietor. However, poor sales as a result of lack of investment and cutting staff saw it fall into the hands of the Mirror Group and later the Irish newspaper group controlled by Tony O'Reilly. Owns papers in Australasia, Ireland and South Africa. In March 2010, London Evening Standard owners Alexander and Evgeny Lebedev paid a nominal £1 for the loss-making Independent and Independent on Sunday (in fact, Independent News & Media (INM) paid the Lebedevs $9.25 million to take over the titles). The Independent Announced it would be an online-only paper from March 2016. Launched by former Daily Telegraph journalist Andreas Whittam-Smith on October 7 1986 after the Times was seen to drop its politically-independent line to support Margaret Thatcher and lose its position as Britain's paper of record. Known as the 'Indie'. Only quality daily launch in the UK in the 20th century, made possible by the advent of desktop publishing. Boosted sales in September 2003 through adopting 'compact' format, initially alongside broadsheet. By spring 2004, dropped broadsheet version. Move soon followed by The Times. Launched MediaWeekly supplement in 2004, challenging Guardian on Mondays. Original offices were in London's City Road overlooking Bunhill Fields cemetery (burial place of many famous 17th and 18th century writers), hence the title of Bunhill's Notes in Sunday business pages. The 'Weasel' column in the Saturday magazine comes from the nursery rhyme: 'Up and down the City Road, In and out the Eagle, That's the way the money goes, Pop goes the weasel'. A pub called the Eagle still stands on City Road and 'popping the weasel' means pawning an iron, a popular practice with poor tailors in the area. i (the essential daily briefing from the Independent) Sold to Johnston Press in February 2016. The 20p i newspaper was launched in October 2000 by the Independent for readers who wanted a concise, better quality daily than the free papers but did not want to pay the price. In May 2011, a 30p Saturday edition was launched. By 2011, the i was selling 221,715 copies a day. It was run by Stefano Hatfield, formerly at News International. In the 23 January 2011 issue, Hatfield introduced a new Monday cartoonist, Ben Jennings, who had won the 2011 political cartoon of the year award for a Gadaffi cartoon in the Guardian in August , though still at university. Hatfield also added a daily Codeword to the puzzle page, saying 'This is something readers have asked for since i launched - particularly many of you transferring to us from a rival paper that contains one.' (The Daily Mail carried such a puzzle on its centre spread coffee break page.) News International (Sun, Times) Part of the international News Corp group controlled by Rupert Murdoch. Focus of scandal in 2010 over phone hacking at the News of the World, which was closed as a result, and led to the Leveson inquiry into the ethical standards of the press , both papers and magazines. Has big stake in BSkyB satellite television and ITV (used, controversially in 2006 to block a merger between ITV and Virgin), and controls book publisher HarperCollins. Moved most UK interests under one roof in offices next door to the Shard by London Bridge station, joining the Financial Times south of the Thames. Extensive media interests in the US and Australia. Murdoch changed from being an Australian to take up US citizenship so he could control the Fox TV network. Murdoch's family has succeeded in retaining control of News Corp, and in the 1990s concentrated on television assets in the US and UK. In 2004, Murdoch announced that the group would switch its emphasis online, buying Intermix Media, for about $580m in 2005 - which gave it control of social networking website MySpace.com. Having arrived in the UK from Australia to beat Robert Maxwell in buying the News of the World in 1968, Murdoch bought the Sun from IPC. He relaunched this in November 1969 with a 'sex and sensation' formula - personified by topless Page 3 girls. He then bought the Times and Sunday Times and broke the Fleet Street unions by moving to Wapping in 1986. The London Paper (closed) The London Paper was an evening freesheet launched on 4 September 2006 against Associated 's Standard. It was given away outside Underground and rail stations. Set up as a low-cost operation under editor Stefano Hatfield, who had launched the Metro freesheet in New York and edited advertising trade weekly Campaign in the UK - he went on to head up the Independent's 20p sister paper i. The paper had a free distribution of about 500,000 copies in July 2009. As a result, Associated sold the loss-making Standard. However, the Murdoch paper fell victim to the recession and announced in August 2009 that the final issue of the London Paper was likely to be on Friday 18 September The Sun (became a seven-day paper in February 2012) Right-leaning popular tabloid. Best-selling of the 'red-top' dailies, having overtaken the Mirror in 1978, with a formula of sensational stories and topless Page 3 girls created by Larry Lamb. At its jingoistic height in the Thatcher era with controversial headlines such as 'Gotcha' for the sinking of the Argentinian battleship General Belgrano in the Falklands war. Often credited with swinging public opinion against the Labour leader Neil Kinnock, leading to a third term as prime minister for Margaret Thatcher. Editor Kelvin Mackenzie (1981 to 1994) was the most successful tabloid editor of his generation, but lost his way by taking on the Queen in a copyright row after breaking an embargo to publish her Christmas speech. Sun readers sided with the Queen in a telephone poll. Mackenzie was out six months later. Launched free internet provision in April 1999 at Currantbun.com. Later renamed Bun.com, then Page3.com. After the closing of the News of the World in 2011, a Sunday edition was launched on 26 February 2012. This retained the NoW's Fabulous magazine. In January 2015, the Sun dropped its Page 3 topless pin-up models, which had run for 44 years and made household names of models ssuch ass Samantha Fox, after facing pressure from anti-sexism campaigners. The Times Website runs paywall. Nickname 'The Thunderer', because, some say, of the sound of the presses as they started up. However, Bernard Falk in his autobiography He laughed in Fleet Street (Hutchinson, 1933) says it was because 'a leading article from the pen of Captain Sterling opened one morning with the words, "We thundered forth the other day an article..."'. Launched on 1 January 1785 by John Walter I as the Daily Universal Register. Renamed on 1 January 1788. Established its reputation for honesty under John Walter II from 1803, who installed steam printing in 1814, and possibly the greatest editor of the century, John Barnes (1817-41). By 1823 it was 'the greatest engine of temporary opinion in the world…' and the paper of record for Britain, then the most powerful country in the world following the defeat of Napoleon, despite the loss of the Americas. US president Abraham Lincoln said it was 'the most powerful thing in the world except, perhaps, the Mississippi river'. Carried classified advertising on its front page until 1966 and on the back page until 1982. On Friday 13, 1981 it became a sister paper to the Sun, as part of Rupert Murdoch's News International. In 1986, Murdoch broke the print unions by moving to 'Fortress' Wapping, though the damage done to the paper's quality and reputation opened the door for the Independent. Led fierce price war from 1993 when it cut the cover price from 45p to 30p (and 10p on Monday). This raised sales at the expense of the Independent, Telegraph and Express. News of the World (closed 2011) Sunday paper to the Sun. Founded in 1843. Bought by Murdoch in 1969; in doing so created intense rivalry with Robert Maxwell. The largest-selling paper in Britain at 4.5 million copies each Sunday (though down from 8.5 million in 1950). Closed as a result of the Milly Dowler phone-hacking scandal in July 2011, though its colour magazine, Fabulous, was transferred to the Saturday Sun and then the Sunday edition launched on 26 February 2012. The scandal led to the Leveson inquiry into the ethical standards of the press , both papers and magazines, at which editors of all the nationals were questioned, as well as those at Now, Hello! and OK! The Sunday Times (1882) Best-selling of the Sunday, quality broadsheets. Launched colour supplement in 1962. Bought from the Thomson Group with other Times papers in 1981. In recent decades, at its height in the pre-Murdoch days under the editorship (1967-81) of Harry Evans who nurtured investigative journalism under the Insight banner and championed design. See his books: Good Times, Bad Times (3rd ed, 1994, Phoenix, London); and his five-part series on newspaper journalism, Pictures on a Page, Newsman's English, Newspaper Design, Text Typography and Newspaper Headlines. Design article 'News that's fit to print' described the influence of the Sunday Times and Observer in changing the role of the sub-editor and designer on newspapers. Commercially successful in 1980s and 1990s under Andrew Neil , who introduced the concept of the 'supermarket' newspaper with a section aimed at all kinds of readers. Neil is regularly lampooned in Private Eye . The Sunday Times was greatly embarrassed when it was taken in by the fake Hitler Diaries in 1983. Today [closed] In November 1995, Today was closed by News Corporation. The tabloid was launched by local newspaper group owner Eddy Shah in March 1986 as the UK's first colour national paper. He sold it to Lonrho, the trading group that also owned the Observer, before it was bought by Rupert Murdoch in July 1987. The closure was seen as a blow to the then-opposition Labour party, led by Tony Blair, because it was the only tabloid with a left-of-centre political stance. The cost of a price war instigated by the Times, pressure on printing capacity from that paper's rising circulation, a rise in newsprint costs - up by half in a year - and the paper's falling circulation (at 573,680) were cited as factors in the closure decision. Mohamed Fayed, owner of Harrods who a year later relaunched Punch , said he wanted to take over the paper but talks failed. Times supplements In October 2005, News International sold its weekly specialist tabloids Times Educational Supplement (TES), Times Higher Educational Supplement (THS), Nursery World and other newspapers, magazines, websites and exhibitions to Exponent, a private equity group, for almost £235m. These had been seen as cash cows. The group retained the Times Literary Supplement (TLS), which began as a supplement to The Times in 1902 and became a separate publication in 1914. All the supplements have moved away from a tabloid newspaper format to a magazine structure. Website Times Money launched but closed. News International Magazines Set up in 2005 with a brief to capitalise on the growing weeklies market. NI already had two monthly spin-offs from the Sunday Times: Travel (a contract title by River since 1993) and Inside Out (closed in early 2007). Women's weekly Love It! launched in February 2006. Reported to be researching weekly news magazine . Took licence for Sky magazine - the UK's biggest circulation title for BSkyB's 8m subscribers - from John Brown in December 2006 (Murdoch has always been fond of keeping money within the group). The Express Founded in 1900 by C. Arthur Pearson who had worked on George Newnes’ Tit-Bits before going on to establish Pearson’s Weekly (1890) and Pearson's Magazine (1896). Middle-market, right-leaning tabloid. Owned by Lord Beaverbrook from 1916 to 1964. Steady decline since with many short-term editors, lack of investment and then cost-cutting and focus on celebrities and cheap, populist journalism under Desmond. The original art deco Fleet Street office was known in the 1950s as the Black Glasshouse but later christened the Black Lubyanka by Private Eye. The newsroom was used in the film The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961) with the recently retired real editor, Arthur Christiansen, playing fictional editor Jeff Jefferson Daily Star 'Red-top' tabloid launched in 1978. The first new national for 75 years, it tried to take on the Sun with colour centre spreads of topless 'Star Birds'. Sister to the Express. Lack of investment meant failure as mass-market title. Now a niche paper aimed at 'lads' with frivolous, sports-based approach Express on Sunday Similar editorial strategy and sales as the daily Daily Star Sunday September 2002 launch Other activities Lads' portal Megastar spun off from Daily Star but later closed. Clutch of magazines at Northern & Shell, including gossip weekly OK! Financial Times Launched in 1888, the world's leading financial daily. First chairman was Horatio Bottomley, who went on to become an MP and launch John Bull but was jailed for selling fake war bonds in 1922. About 70% of sales outside the UK. Has daily editions for UK, Europe, US and Asia printed at about 25 sites. Printed on pink paper since 1893.Lex column once advised readers not to support the FT's owners Pearson in its plan to buy British Aluminium, since when the column has not covered Pearson. Website has pioneered a paid-for model with limited free access. History of the FT . One of the first daily newspapers to exploit the potential of the Saturday paper. FT Weekend includes the monthly How To Spend It , which is a tabloid-sized glossy, and weekly FT Magazine. Business publishing Has conference division. Magazine publishing division has 14 titles, including Investors Chronicle and The Banker. In September 2005, How to be Better Off , a quarterly magazine, with BBC Worldwide. FT Business profile Other sites The Economist was half owned by Pearson, but the company sold it to the other shareholders at the time of the FT sale; Chinese.FT.com ; sold interest in FT Deutschland to Gruner and Jahr in 2007, shortly after selling stake in French business paper Les Echos . FT Deutschland closed in November 2013. Edinburgh-based daily sold to Johnston Press in 2005 Scotland on Sunday Sunday sister to Scotsman sold to Johnston Press in 2005 The Business (folded into The Spectator) Launched in April 1996 by Tom Rubython as The Sunday Business. Went into receivership a year later. Bought by Barclay brothers and relaunched in February 1998. In July 2006, announced intention to relaunch title in October as a weekly business magazine coming out on Thursdays. Running of the title to be combined with The Spectator and arts and antiques magazine Apollo. However, closed in early 2008 (in favour of launching a business magazine off the back of The Spectator). The European Weekly colour broadsheet launched by infamous Robert Maxwell. Bought by Barclays in 1992 after his death. In July 1997 plans were set out to transform The European into an upmarket magazine but it closed in 1998. European case study The Daily Telegraph Britain's best-selling quality paper with strong news and sports coverage. Right-wing (nickname: the Torygraph). Sister paper the Sunday Telegraph. Failed to hold on to a million sales a day, after long price-cutting campaign by the Times. Had overtaken the Times soon after its launch in 1855 (originally as The Daily Telegraph and Courier) when the price was cut to a penny. The re-introduction of the word 'The' in the paper's title was the subject of a front-page news item when Max Hastings took over as editor. The first of the UK broadsheets to mount a significant web presence (although the Guardian's Online section on a Thursday had long used electronic bulletin boards and e-mail). Also has special interest 'satellite' sites. In 2006, an internal reorganisation saw many redundancies and the launch of a digital newsroom. The Spectator Right-wing political weekly magazine carrying quality writing. Established 1828. Claims to be the oldest continuously-published magazine in the English language. Bought by Conrad Black in 1988. Glorious history of publishing some of Britain's most famous writers since the Victorian era. String of recent famous editors includes: Anthony Howard (-1979); Alexander Chancellor (1979-84); Charles Moore (1984-90); Dominic Lawson (1990-95), son of Nigel Lawson, the former Conservative Chancellor under Margaret Thatcher; Frank Johnson (1995-2000); Boris Johnson (2000-06); Matthew d'Ancona (2007-). See: To Convey Intelligence: The Spectator 1928-98 by Simon Courtauld, Profile, 1999. Other Telegraph sites Several attempts to create brands based around newspaper readership faltered and these have been rebranded as part of the paper: Juiced student magazine; Internet for Schools; The Planet for travel; Connected brand based on Tuesday's science and technology pages no longer used; Global Network for ex-pats based on weekly overseas version of the paper; Telegraph Appointments Plus. Books Online now run by Splashweb. Other launches sold or closed down: UK Max search engine; luxury goods portal Best of British sold to Whittards in June 2000. Handbag.com sold to National Magazine Company (now Hearst Magazines UK). Had been launched with Boots in October 1999 targeting women with a free ISP. Boots claimed 90% of all UK women went through its doors each week and the Electronic Telegraph reached a million online. Other Trinity Mirror plc (Mirror) Claims to be the biggest UK newspaper publisher with 250 titles. Formed from takeover of Mirror Group by Trinity regional group in 1999. Announced £150m web strategy in 2000 to create offshoots of ic24 internet service provider. Earlier, Mirror Group had been bought from Reed International by the infamous Robert Maxwell in 1986. Sold after his death in 1991 to a group headed by David Montgomery with, for the first four months, Lord Hollick as chairman. Group strategy fell apart in early 1999 with acrimonious departure of chief executive David Montgomery (nick-named Rommel: 'because Monty was on our side') in dispute with chairman Victor Blank. Sold off 18% share in Scottish Media Group to Granada as part of restructuring in March 1999. Then bought by Trinity. National newspapers divided into MGN Ltd and Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd. Some 240 regional newspapers run as 10 operating businesses account for almost a quarter of the regional market. The Mirror Popular, Labour Party-supporting 'red-top' tabloid founded in 1903 by Irish-born Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe). He had made his first fortune with Answers magazine founded in 1888. The largest-selling paper from the 1930s until the 1970s, when it was overtaken by Rupert Murdoch's Sun. In the 1980s, a circulation battle with the Sun saw Robert Maxwell introduce a £1 million bingo prize - and put himself on the cover promoting it. First mass market daily to use colour regularly (1988), though smaller circulation Today had colour and the Mirror's Scottish sister, the Daily Record earlier. New Day In February 2016, Trinity announced the launch of a national 'cheapsheet' weekday paper: ' The New Day , which will run to 40 pages every day, will be printed on high quality news print and be visually striking. It will be available for free from over 40,000 retailers on its first day, Monday 29 February, and then will trial at 25p for two weeks before retailing at 50p after that.' It would compete with the 40p i, bought that same month by regional group Johnston Press. Racing Post and Sporting Life Sporting Life founded in 1859, but merged with Racing Post in May 1998 by Mirror Group. Trinity Mirror sold Racing Post for £170m to Irish private equity group FL Partners in October 2007. The Post had been launched by Sheikh Mohamed in 1986, but sold to the Mirror in December 1997. Plans to re-launch the Life as a daily sporting paper, along a Continental model, dropped in March 1999. However, the name lives on as a website and betting venture as part of BSkyB. Sporting Life was commonly known as the Queen Mother's favourite newspaper. Jamie Reid in a commentary on its closure (Guardian, 5/3/99, p23) said: 'Whenever a British film in the Forties and Fifties wanted to signify that some George Cole or Terry Thomas character was a touch wide, they would show them smoking a Players Navy Cut and reading the Sporting Life'. According to research quoted by Roy Greenslade (Guardian Media, 8/3/99, p4), a daily sporting paper might achieve of 220,000 copies a day (plus or minus 40,000). This was based on a cover price of 40p with a weekday pagination of 48 and 80 pages on a Sunday. However, the marketing bill would have been £10 million in the first year and Mirror group was in poor financial shape following the departure of chief executive David Montgomery a month before and a bidding war which had broken out for the group between regional newspaper groups Trinity and Regional Independent Media. (Scotland) sister to the Daily Record. Regional newspapers Mirror Group Regional Newspapers, a top five regional company with 44 papers, including Midland Independent Newspapers acquired in 1997 (Birmingham Post and Evening Mail) and Northern Ireland's number two title, the News Letter. Racing Post and Sporting Life Sporting Life founded in 1859, but merged with Racing Post in May 1998 by Mirror Group. Trinity Mirror sold Racing Post for £170m to Irish private equity group FL Partners in October 2007. The Post had been launched by Sheikh Mohamed in 1986, but sold to the Mirror in December 1997. Plans to re-launch the Life as a daily sporting paper, along a Continental model, dropped in March 1999. However, the name lives on as a website and betting venture as part of BSkyB. Sporting Life was commonly known as the Queen Mother's favourite newspaper. Jamie Reid in a commentary on its closure (Guardian, 5/3/99, p23) said: 'Whenever a British film in the Forties and Fifties wanted to signify that some George Cole or Terry Thomas character was a touch wide, they would show them smoking a Players Navy Cut and reading the Sporting Life'. According to research quoted by Roy Greenslade (Guardian Media, 8/3/99, p4), a daily sporting paper might achieve of 220,000 copies a day (plus or minus 40,000). This was based on a cover price of 40p with a weekday pagination of 48 and 80 pages on a Sunday. However, the marketing bill would have been £10 million in the first year and Mirror group was in poor financial shape following the departure of chief executive David Montgomery a month before and a bidding war which had broken out for the group between regional newspaper groups Trinity and Regional Independent Media. Other Launched web portal in March 1999 as ic24 (later bought by PlusNet ) with offshoots in 2000: icShowbiz; icChoice; icSport and icTravel. Also 14 regional sites. Sports sites Soccerbase (now part of Racing Post) and Cricketbase. Sells its archive of pictures and cartoons such as Andy Capp at Mirrorpix . In 1998, launched internet paper dot.com, distributed free with Wharf, a local paper for Canary Wharf, where the papers are based in London's Docklands. Live TV cable channel sold off in 1999 and some papers in Northern Ireland. In July 2006, sold trade magazines and exhibition business Inside Communications to private equity-backed Ocean Media for £41.5m	i don't know
What is The Devil’s Appendix in Cwm Idwal, Snowdonia?	Cwm Idwal Cwm Idwal OS Grid ref:- SH655619 Llyn Idwal and Tryfan The spectacular hanging valley of Cwm Idwal, surrounded by the high peaks of Y Garn (3,107 feet / 947 metres) and Glyder Fawr (3,278 feet / 999 metres), lies in the Glyderau mountain range and is a classic example of a landscape which was dramatically sculptured by ice thousands of years ago. Llyn Idwal, measuring 800 metres long by 300 metres wide, is surrounded by towering high crags, screes, glacial moraines and wind shattered rocks, is named after Idwal, the son of one of the ancient Princes of Wales, Owain, Prince of Gwyneddd, legend relates Idwal was murdered by being drowned in the lake. Tradition further states that no bird flies over the lake, as a result of Idwal's terrible fate. The Cliffs of Cloqwen y Geifr The dark and brooding cliffs of Cloqwen y Geifr ( the Cliff of the Goat) form a dramatic backdrop to the lake. The plume of steam that rises from a crack in the towering rocks above, once viewed as having sinister origins, bestows another name on the area- Devil's Kitchen. The steam, however is actually the result of moist air coming into contact with the rock face, which forces it upwards, causing it to cool and condense, forming swirling clouds. Devil's Kitchen is known in Welsh as Twll Du, meaning black hole. Cwm Idwal is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), the cwm was also the first nature Reserve in Wales, being designated as such in 1954. Its fascinating geological features drew the famous nineteenth century naturalist Charles Darwin to the area. The area around the lake has much interesting geology and botany and is popular for walking, climbing and, in the winter months, ice climbing. The Idwal slabs and the cliffs around the head of Cwm Idwal are a particularly popular for rock climbing. Two further hanging valleys, Cwm Clyd, to the west and Cwm Cneifon, on the eastern side open into Cwm Idwal. Cwm Idwal is one of the best areas to see plants which were once very common during the cold glacial periods.The Cwm is the most southerly place in the British Isles where Arctic plants such as moss campion and some alpine saxifrages, including tufted saxifrage (Saxifraga cespitosa) and Saxifraga nivalis are found to grow in the cracks and crevices. The fascinating insectivorous butterwort catches insects in its leaves. The Snowdon lily (Lloydia Serotina), a protected species, also inhabits the area, a plant which can only be found in Britain, on Mount Snowdon and the surrounding area, it appears that the Snowdon Lily, known in Welsh as brwynddail y mynydd, has never had a wider British distribution. It is the only member of the genus Lloydia to survive outside central and eastern Asia. The purple veined, white flowers bloom from June onwards. The Snowdonia hawkweed, (Hieracium snowdoniense) is only known to occur in Cwm Idwal. Parts of ancient birch trees may be found buried in peat, even though there are no birches grow nearby today, itself suggestive that the Welsh uplands were formerly far more wooded than they are today. Snowdon Lily image copyright Chris Dixon The Route to Cwm Idwal Distance - around 2.5 km A highly panoramic short walk in the Glyderau range, which involves little ascending. Commencing at the car park at Ogwen Cottage off the A5 by Lyn Ogwen, keep to the left passing the Information Centre and follow the path which leads upwards along the course of the waterfall, continuing on to pass through an iron gate. Continue to follow along the clear stone path, passing a further picturesque waterfall via a wooden bridge. * Follow along the path, which provides panoramic views of Tryfan, Llyn Ogwen and Pen yr Ole Wen, passing the waterfalls at the outflow of Llyn Idwal on the right, until arriving at Cwm Idwal. Proceed along the track to the left or right to circumnavigate the lake. Retrace your steps to return to Llyn Ogwen.	Waterfall
What is the largest firth in Scotland?	Devil's Appendix - Waterfall - Page 1 \| RouteYou Devil's Appendix Location address: United Kingdom, Gwynedd, Llandygai Number of texts: 2 Made by Dromos \| Reference Mick Knapton Made by Dromos \| Reference Wikipedia The Devil’s Appendix is the tallest single-drop waterfall in Wales and one of the tallest in the United Kingdom. It is formed where a small stream falls for approximately 93 metres to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal. Made by wikipedia.org \| Reference File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) \| © CC 3.0 Made by wikipedia.org \| Reference Wikipedia.org \| © CC 3.0 The Devil’s Appendix is the tallest single-drop waterfall in Wales and one of the tallest in the United Kingdom. It is a plunge style waterfall located on the Clogwyn y Geifr cliffs beside the Devil’s Kitchen in Cwm Idwal, Snowdonia, Wales.	i don't know
What is the common name of the small flowering tree ‘syringa’?	Lilac Trees and Bushes \| Syringa for Sale Online \| Ornamental Trees Ltd Department Info Lilac trees make wonderful ornamental features. Their delectably fragrant flowers come in a range of colours, not just lilac! You can choose from pink, purple, yellow or white conical shaped flowers that burst into life in spring. Perfect for a sensory garden, these smaller ornamental trees are ideal when there is not a lot of space. Trees make the most out of your vertical space so even small gardens can have that wow factor! Lilac trees peaked in their appeal in the early 20th century, but have been cultivated in the UK since the 16th century. The French horticulturalists, the Lemoine family, bred over 200 cultivars - including our own Madame Lemoine variety. Is a lilac a shrub or a tree? Well, it's makes a bush shape so many people would regard that as a shrub but it also ages into a gnarled small tree reaching about 20ft in 10-20 years. So, it's both really. They are ideal for the back of borders to bring good height to the scheme and wonderful partnered with others flowering at the same time - Laburnum, Hawthorn, or Ceanothus would be our favourites. Or you can remove the lower branches to creat a single stem tree, or carefully select just a few well-placed stems to grow on to create a beautifully balanced multi stemmed shrub. The History of Syringa Trees The name Syringa is Latin for 'a tube'. This is thought to be in reference to the broad pith found in some species that the Ancient Greeks used to hollow out to make reed pipes or flutes. Vulgaris is the Latin for 'common'. The colour lilac gained its name from the shade of purple on many of the Syringa species, in particular, Syringa vulgaris. The term French Lilac refers to the modern double flower cultivars made famous by prolific breeder Victor Lemoine. Cultural and Common Uses of the Lilac Tree The wood from Syringa trees can be used for engraving and making musical instruments. Lilac trees are commonly used as a symbol of love. In Greece, Cyprus and Lebanon, Syringa trees represent Easter as the Lilac trees flower around that time. It is the state flower of New Hampshire. Many Lilac festivals are held throughout America. The longest running being in Rochester, New York since 1898. It is held at Highland Park and boasts the largest amount of Lilac tree varieties in one place, most having been developed there. Pruning Advice for Lilac Trees Syringa Trees flower on old wood so the timing of pruning is important. Established plants need very little attention, but to encourage flowers on lower branches, you should cut out some of the tallest stems just after flowering (in mid-summer). As with all shrubs, dead or damages or diseased stems should be removed. On young plants, prune to create an open framework, removing crossing stems or shorten any whippy long stems. Old, neglected, overgrown Lilac trees can withstand very hard pruning to restore them although it does mean that there will be no or little flowering for a couple of years. Prune all stems (yes, all!) to about one foot from ground level when the plant is fully dormant in mid-winter but take care not to prune below the graft point and then thin out new stems in the following dormant season leaving two or three shoots per stem. Ornamental Trees are proud to offer a gorgeous range of Lilac Trees for sale, some with heart shaped foliage, perfect for gardens or a group planting scheme. For further information on caring for your Lilac tree, see our Help & Advice section. Sort by	Syringa vulgaris
Which poisonous plant has a name meaning ‘beautiful woman’ in Italian?	Growing the Common Lilac in the Home Garden By Vanessa Richins Myers Updated April 23, 2016. Lilacs have been long revered for the heady scent produced by their abundant clusters of flowers. In the 1500s, the shrub was brought from the Persian Empire to Europe. Settlers brought them to North America. New Hampshire even made it their state flower . I didn't meet the lilac until I moved to Utah. While there are a host of magical plants that love the hot temperatures of Southern California, the common lilac is not one of them. There are a few varieties that can take the heat, but most kinds need more chill hours than the warmer zones can provide. Latin Name: The proper name for the common lilac is Syringa vulgaris. It is a member of the Olive (Oleaceae) family. Other familiar members include olives (Olea europaea), ash trees (Fraxinus), jasmine shrubs and vines, forsythia and privets. Common Names: This shrub may be found as common lilac, French lilac or just lilac. Preferred USDA Hardiness Zones: The lilac will flourish in Zones 3-7. It originally comes from the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. continue reading below our video Decor Secrets Home Stagers Don't Want You to Know Size & Shape: Common lilacs will be anywhere from 8-20' tall and 6-12' wide, depending on what variety you have planted. As outlined below, pruning can help keep it to a more desirable height. The shape can be irregular, oval or round. Exposure: Plant your common lilac in an area where there is full sun . The shrub will grow in some shade, but will likely fail to produce many (if at all) of the prized blooms. Foliage/Flowers/Fruit: The leaves are 2-5" long and come in either a cordate or oval shape. They can be blue-green or dark green. The star attraction of this shrub is its floral display. Highly fragrant flowers are clustered together in a form called a panicle. There are a wide variety of color options available. These days you can find lilacs that have blooms that are purple, pink, blue, white, variegated, picotee and yellow. Once the flowers have been pollinated, they produce brown capsule fruits. Design Tips For Common Lilac: We had lilacs at the water conservation demonstration garden where I worked. These can be a wonderful addition to your xeriscape. You should not plant lilacs near ash trees, as they serve as a host for ash yellows. This disease is caused by Candidatus fraxinii and will cause the tree to be deprived of nutrients and water. In lilacs, it forms a witches' broom , which can be aesthetically unpleasant. Affected branches can be trimmed away from the shrub. There are hundreds of lilac varieties available. Check out: 'Andenken an Ludwig Spaeth' - purple 'Belle de Nancy' - double pink 'Krasavitsa Moskvy' - pale pink 'Miss Ellen Willmott' - double white 'Mme. Lemoine' - double white 'Sensation' - purple and white picotee 'Wedgwood Blue' - blue 'Yankee Doodle' - purple Growing Tips For Common Lilac: If your soil is acidic, you'll need to make it more alkaline, as this is what lilacs need. They also need to have soil that will drain properly, lest they have wet feet . Test your soil before you add any fertilizer. Unless your results show a need for a certain nutrient, you probably won't need to fertilize your lilac some years as extra nitrogen can be harmful. Lilacs produce suckers , which can be good news or bad news depending on your location and desire. Just nip away any suckers that you don't want to keep it under control. Maintenance/Pruning: Pruning is a must for lilacs if you expect to be able to comfortably reach and enjoy the blossoms. You will want to prune your lilacs just after the flowers are spent so you won't ruin next year's blooming potential. As Marie Iannotti, our Gardening Guide, mentions in her piece on how to prune lilacs , these plants fall under the general guideline of only pruning 1/3 of the shrub each season. Pests & Diseases of Common Lilac Lilacs can possibly fall prey to many different pests and diseases, though they are usually not too badly affected. They include: Pests	i don't know
In desert regions what is a ‘haboob’?	Phoenix Dust Storm a "100-Year Event" Phoenix Dust Storm a "100-Year Event" By By Heather Buchman, Meteorologist July 11, 2011, 3:04:46 AM EDT The photos and video that have come pouring out from the dust storm that hit Phoenix, Ariz., Tuesday have been simply awe-striking. "Very large and historic" are the words the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Phoenix has used to describe this dust storm that brought widespread reports of near zero visibility and wind gusts greater than 50 mph. The dust storm was estimated to reach a peak height of at least 5,000 to 6,000 (about a mile) with an aerial coverage on the leading edge stretching nearly 100 miles, according to the National Weather Service. The storm traveled at least 150 miles, much farther than the average 25 to 50 miles that dust storms typically travel. Ken Waters, Warning Coordination Meteorologist for the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Phoenix, said that the cluster of thunderstorms that spawned the Phoenix storm actually created multiple dust storms, one of which traveled all the way west across Arizona and into Southern California (about 200 miles). "Waters added that people who have lived in Arizona their whole lives have said they have never seen anything like this. A '100-year dust storm' is what Waters is calling it." A path of dust and debris was left throughout the Phoenix area. Roughly 10,000 customers lost power. The Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport had to close for almost an hour late Tuesday with delays spilling over into Wednesday. The leftover dust is creating health concerns for people with asthma and other respiratory conditions. These dust storms are common in the southwestern U.S. during the summer, which is the region's monsoon season . During the monsoon, an overall shift in winds across the Southwest draw in tropical moisture, resulting in a significant increase in thunderstorm activity and rainfall. Thunderstorms that develop can produce strong downdrafts, or "downbursts", which are powerful winds that blast downward and outward from the thunderstorms. When this happens, dry, loose sand on the desert floors can get kicked up, creating a wall of dust that travels outward, spanning a much larger area than the thunderstorm itself. Dust storms that develop in this way are also called haboobs. They can happen in desert regions across the world. Because it has been so dry across the Southwest this spring and early summer, it didn't take much wind to kick up a great deal of dust. "Rain with these summer thunderstorms is typically spotty enough that there is usually somewhere on the desert floor that the ground is dry enough for the thunderstorm to kick up dust before the rain moves in," explained AccuWeather.com Senior Meteorologist Jim Andrews. "The dust typically covers a much greater area than the rain," Andrews added, "and the thunderstorm may never get to the places where the dust is." The Phoenix area only received up to several hundredths of an inch of rain when the thunderstorms moved through late Tuesday afternoon and evening. The thunderstorms first erupted over southeastern Arizona, causing flash flooding in Tucson before rolling westward across Arizona and into upper deserts of California. Andrews pointed out that severe but localized flash flooding broke out in some of the deserts of California and southwestern Arizona, especially along the lower Colorado Valley. While the rain has caused flash flooding problems in the short run, it is much-needed with large portion of the Southwest in a moderate to exceptional drought. More rain will be needed on a regular basis to help improve the drought situation and lessen the wildfire risk that has been plaguing the region. Accuweather's Jesse Ferrell has more information and 3-D radar on his blog.	Dust storm
Okta is a unit measurement of what?	What's a Haboob? - Farmers' Almanac Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Add to Google+ Share on Pinterest Subscribe by Email Print This Post Think about dust. It sounds benign, a nuisance for meticulous housekeepers, perhaps, but essentially harmless. Now think about a towering cloud of dust several miles high enveloping the world around you. The dust swallows up buildings, cars, people … everything for miles in every direction. It’s impossible to see a thing and hard to breathe. Dust gets in your eyes, your nose, your mouth, into the grill of your car. It sticks to your skin and leaves a gritty film on every surface. This is a haboob, a large, severe dust storm that happens in arid regions. The name comes from the Arabic word for “blasting.” Haboobs are fairly common on the Arabian Peninsula, which is mostly desert. Even though this type of storm takes its name from a region half a world away, North America is no stranger to haboobs. Dangerous dust storms are a part of life in many parts of the United States, especially in the dry, dusty Southwest. Even areas that aren’t usually prone to dust storms can get them during periods of intense drought. This happened often during the “Dust Bowl” era of the 1930s, when dust storms became so frequent and intense that homes and farms became partially buried under piles of dirt. Haboobs are caused when a high-pressure storm system moves through an area. Intense storms pull air up from beneath them and push air out in either direction. When this happens in a wet region, it’s just like any other wind, albeit an intense one. When it happens in an arid region, though, the wind stirs up countless tiny dust particles, agitating them into a moving wall of dirt. Winds in a haboob can travel faster than 60 miles per hour. Though haboobs can be sudden and unpredictable, the National Weather Service does issue haboob warnings in areas where they are common. Visibility inside of a hoboob can be zero, making them especially dangerous for unsuspecting drivers. If you ever find yourself inside a haboob while driving, the best thing to do is to pull over and wait it out. If you are outside during a haboob, try to find shelter. Getting dust in your eyes and lungs can be dangerous. Jaime McLeod is a longtime journalist who has written for a wide variety of newspapers, magazines, and websites, including MTV.com. She enjoys the outdoors, growing and eating organic food, and is interested in all aspects of natural wellness. Articles you might also like... 1 comment 1 Laurie { 07.04.14 at 7:58 am } I was expecting more of “What to do if your caught in one” to be more informative. But thanks for the description Leave a Comment	i don't know
Wind speed is measured in which unit?	Windspeed Limited (Vector Instruments) - Celebrating 40 years of Quality High-Precision Anemometer, Windvane and Weather Sensor Manufacture Wind Speed Measurement Units and Conversion Factors 1 metre per second (m/s, ms-1) = 2.237 miles per hour (mph) 1 metre per second (m/s, ms-1) = 1 metre per second (m/s, ms-1) = 3.60 kilometres per hour (kph) 1 Knot (Kts)* 0.515 metres per second (m/s, ms-1) 1 Knot (Kts)* 1.152 miles per hour (mph) 1 Knot (Kts)* 1.85 kilometres per hour (kph) 1 mile per hour (mph) = 0.447 metres per second (m/s, ms-1) 1 mile per hour (mph) = 1 mile per hour (mph) =	Knot
What was the name of the robot played by Ian Holm in Alien?	Wind Measurement, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Wind Speed And Direction, Anemometer Wind Measurement Instrument: Anemometer Wind is the natural motion of the air roughly parallel to the Earth's surface. It is caused by the unequal heating and cooling of the Earth and atmosphere by the sun, which produces differences in air pressure. As the atmosphere shifts air masses to equalize these differences wind is developed, tending to flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Additional factors also come into play that can influence the wind speed and direction, such as Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect), the condensation of water vapor, the formation of clouds, friction over land and water, and others. Wind occurs at all scales. Global winds (trade winds), upper level winds (jet streams), synoptic winds (resulting from the pressure differences of surface air masses), local (mesoscale) winds (such as gust fronts), and winds that develop because of geographical features (like sea breezes). Winds also occur on a much smaller scale, for example dust devils or tornadoes. Wind observations are taken at a fixed location using two parameters: wind speed and wind direction. Referenced with respect to true North, the direction that the wind is flowing from is measured in degrees. It also described by the compass points it's flowing from (N, NE, NNE, etc.). Wind speed is a measurement of the speed of movement of the air, and is typically reported in miles per hour (mph) or kilometers per hour (kph). Reports for maritime and aeronautical operations may use those or knots (nautical miles per hour). Wind speed and direction is of general interest to most of us but for certain disciplines, including meteorology, aircraft and maritime operations, construction, civil engineering, and outdoor sports and recreation, wind information is of critical importance. Of course the high winds associated with severe thunderstorms and hurricanes are of critical importance to us all, as they can cause tremendous damage and loss of life. Wind speed and wind direction can be measured with a variety of tools. The most common, included with complete home weather stations, is the anemometer , which typically consists of a rotating vane to measure direction and a shaft with cups attached that spins with the wind to measure its speed. The Beaufort scale can also be used to assess wind speed, and it's commonly used in marine forecasts and weather observations. Most every airfield has a windsock, which provides pilots with information on wind direction and approximate wind speed. Similarly, wind vanes are used to indicate wind direction. And tornadoes are classified in six categories using the Fujita scale, which is based upon the resulting damage. All content on the WeatherShack Education Center is Copyright 2002-2017 WeatherShack.com. This material may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed without the express prior written permission of WeatherShack.com. For permission, please contact [email protected] . Why Shop with WeatherShack.com?	i don't know
The character Katniss Everdeen is a protagonist in which series of films?	Katniss Everdeen \| Fictional Characters Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Katniss Everdeen is a fictional character and the protagonist of The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins. Her name comes from an edible plant called katniss. Academy Award-winning actress Jennifer Lawrence portrayed Katniss in the films The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. She will reprise her role in the final installment of the franchise, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2. Katniss and her family come from District 12, a coal-mining district that is the poorest and least populated district in the dystopian fictional autocratic nation of Panem. In the course of the first book, The Hunger Games, Katniss volunteers to replace her sister, Primrose "Prim" Everdeen, after she is chosen to compete in the Hunger Games, a televised fight to the death. Katniss, following an alliance with Rue, a young tribute from District 11 who reminded Katniss of Prim but died in the arena, joins up with fellow District 12 tribute Peeta Mellark. The pair compete in the Games together. Katniss uses her knowledge of hunting and archery to survive, and the two become the victors after defying the Capitol's attempt to force one to kill the other. Throughout the next two novels, Catching Fire and Mockingjay, Katniss becomes a galvanizing symbol of rebellion against the oppressive Capitol.	The Hunger Games
Born 1801, who led the Mormons into Utah and co-founded Salt Lake City?	Katniss Everdeen \| The Hunger Games Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Katniss Everdeen is the main protagonist of the series. She is a tribute who volunteered for the 74th annual Hunger Games and chosen for the 75th. She is also The Mockingjay for the Rebellion . She is portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence . BACKGROUND: Katniss and her family live in the futuristic nation of Panem, located on the continent once known as North America, which was destroyed in a global catastrophe. Panem is run by an all-powerful city called the Capitol, located in the Rocky Mountains, which is surrounded by 12 districts, each having a specific purpose in supplying something to the Capitol. The story starts in District 12, Katniss's home, the coal-mining district. District 12 is the poorest of the districts, and Katniss lives with her mother and sister in the poorest part of town, known as the Seam. Katniss's father, a coal miner, was killed in a mine explosion when Katniss was 11. After his death, Katniss's mother went into a deep depression and was unable to take care of her children. On the brink of starvation a few weeks before her twelfth birthday Katniss wandered into the richer part of town, hoping to steal some scraps from the garbage bins of rich merchants. The baker's son, Peeta, whom she did not know, took a beating from his mother for intentionally burning two loaves of bread, knowing that he would be told to throw them out. He was told to give the two loaves of bread to the pig, but instead gave them to Katniss. Katniss took them home to her family, who had not eaten in days. The bread gave them hope and kept them motivated, leaving Katniss feeling resentfully indebted to Peeta. A few days after the incident with the bread, Katniss decided to go into the woods surrounding her district to hunt illegally and gather plants to eat, which was how her father had gotten most of the family's food before he died. There, she met a boy named Gale Hawthorne. Together, they provide for both their families and develop a strong friendship. Katniss's mother slowly surfaces from her depression and is able to return to her job as an apothecary, and Katniss makes an effort to forgive her. However, despite her mending relationship with her mother, strong friendship with Gale, and the increasingly strong affections she gains for Peeta, Katniss remains adamant that Prim, her younger sister, is "the only person she's certain she loves". PERSONALITY: Katniss is an independent strong survivalist, lethal, but good at thinking outside the box. Katniss's past hardships (her father's death, mother's depression, and near starvation) have made her a survivor, and she will endure hardship and hard work to preserve her own life and the life of her family. She states herself that nice people are the most dangerous because they get inside of her and that they could hurt her badly when she least expected it. She has shown she will protect those she loves, no matter the cost to herself, as shown when she volunteers for the Games to save her little sister Prim, when she shields Gale to keep him from being whipped, even when it means a lash for herself, and when she stoically decides during her second Games to die to save Peeta. Because the majority of her time before the Games was spent keeping herself and her family alive, she does not understand many social cues and is often ignorant of other people's emotions, such as when she doesn't recognize Gale's hints at his growing affection for her, or when she fails to realize that she and Madge Undersee are actually close friends. She has no experience with romance or love other than that of her family, and doesn't believe she wants it. She never actually understands that Peeta was telling the truth when he declared his love for her in the pre-game interview until after the games itself. She also has large trust issues, and does not trust anyone. She plans never to be married nor have children that would grow up subject to the Reaping. She quickly adapts to the "kill or be killed" philosophy of the games and coldly considers how she will kill her fellow competitors during the first Games, at one point rationalizing that she is already a killer due to her hunting experience, though she is briefly disturbed after her first direct kill, Marvel. By the end of the first Games, she is prepared to shoot Cato, and attempts to do so only to be interrupted by Peeta being attacked by the muttations. Despite her cold-bloodedness, she is nonetheless extremely relieved at not having to kill her allies Rue and Peeta. As the series progresses, however, she becomes increasingly cold-blooded, to the point where she objectively discusses how to kill everyone (but Peeta) involved in her second Hunger Games in Catching Fire (though she ultimately has to kill only one combatant), and by the third novel is depicted killing an unarmed female civilian during a mission, with apparent remorse. In Catching Fire, Katniss struggles to understand Panem political issues as she has had very little education or experience of politics. She also gradually realizes that there are more important things than survival and decides she is willing to die for Peeta and the rebellion. SKILLS: Katniss is a highly skilled archer, hunter, and trapper, having learned these from her father and Gale, honed to keep her family from starving. She uses her archery and her daring to score an 11 (out of a possible 12) during the pre-games judging. She has been well educated on edible, medicinal, and poisonous plant life of District 12. Additionally, she has a singing voice that is so beautiful birds stay quiet to listen, also from her father, although she has been reluctant to sing since his death (she claims that it's because music is useless for practical survival, but she suspects it's actually because music reminds her too much of him). Katniss is a skilled tree-climber, which has benefited her in hunting and the Games. She is usually very logical except for times when her emotions get in the way. Peeta mentions that she has an effect on people around her, the image she projects, and he admires her for it.	i don't know
Francis Walsingham was the spymaster for which monarch?	Francis Walsingham: Elizabethan Spymaster - British Heritage Travel Manage Subscription You are at: Home » Elizabeth I »Francis Walsingham: Elizabethan Spymaster Francis Walsingham's two great hates were Spain and Mary, Queen of Scots. Spain as a threat to his country and Mary as a threat to his Queen. Francis Walsingham: Elizabethan Spymaster Elizabeth I , Francis Walsingham , Mary Queen of Scots , Military Leaders Throughout Elizabeth I’s reign England was in constant danger both from external and internal threats. Spain and France looked north and regarded the country as heretical and a potential enemy to their expanding empires. At home, the supporters of Mary Tudor, the late Queen, looked to another Mary, the Queen of Scots, as a Catholic heir to replace the Protestant Elizabeth. In times of crisis a government needs good, accurate and reliable intelligence. That came from one man, Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s spymaster. Walsingham was the only son of William Walsingham of Footscray in Kent, by his wife Joyce, Daughter of Sir Edmund Denny, William died the year following Francis’ birth and his mother married Sir John Carey, a distant relation by marriage of Anne Boleyn’s family. Francis went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1548, but left two years later having failed to take his degree. From 1550 to 1552 he traveled abroad and succeeded in becoming fluent in both French and Italian. Soon after he returned to England, Mary Tudor ascended throne and Francis found himself on the wrong side of the religious tracks. Fearing arrest for his outspoken Protestant views, he decided it prudent to return abroad. His mother’s family were strong Protestants and most of his tutors at Cambridge were of the same denomination, so he was a natural target for Mary and an equally natural supporter of her sister, Elizabeth. He is even thought to have been involved in a minor way in the anti-Catholic plots of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne. Over the next nine years he traveled extensively in Italy and central Europe, studying law and politics. The methods he learned at the various Italian Courts served him well in the years to come. By 1560, with Elizabeth as Queen, he was back in England and in 1562 was returned as Member of Parliament for Lyme Regis. That same year he married a widow, Ann Carteill but she died two years later, leaving him without children. In 1566 he married the widow of Sir Richard Worsley and by her he had a daughter, Frances. She later married Sir Philip Sydney and, after his death, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. At the age of 36, Francis came to the attention of Elizabeth’s first minister, William Cecil, who offered him a position at Court. He took charge of the small network of secret agent Cecil had established and so started 22 years of loyal, unswerving service to the Queen. Elizabeth nicknamed him her ‘Moor’ because of his swarthy complexion and habitual black clothing. She was occasionally his guest at his home in Surrey and although they did not always agree on policy, she trusted him implicitly. In 1570 Cecil sent him as ambassador to Paris where he was involved with the negotiations for several treaties. He was in the city when the Hugenots were murdered in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew on 24th August 1572, which reinforced his hatred of foreign Catholic regimes. He was recalled from Paris in 1573 and appointed Secretary of State, a post he held until his death. The modern-day equivalent would be Foreign Secretary and head of MI5 and 6. He was the Elizabethan ‘M.’ Walsingham’s two great hates were Spain and Mary, Queen of Scots; Spain as a threat to his country and Mary as a threat to his Queen. He was convinced that England could only be safe with the complete defeat of Spain and the removal of Mary. To this end he expanded the network of spies to more than 50 agents, many of them paid out of his own pocket. He soon had agents in the courts of France, Spain, the Low Countries, Germany, the United Provinces, and even Turkey. He was like a black spider at the center of a great web. Elizabeth was reluctant to move against her cousin, but Walsingham had no such qualms. Late in 1585 a trainee priest named Gilbert Gifford was intercepted coming from France through the port of Rye. He was taken to Walsingham who learned that Gifford was to act as messenger between Mary and her supporters on the Continent. Walsingham turned Gifford and persuaded him to work for the Government. He was to tell Mary that a system for smuggling letters and papers between her and Europe had been set up. In fact, the spymaster himself constructed this route so that all correspondence passed through his hands before it crossed the Channel. Walsingham’s secretary, Thomas Phelipps, was an expert code breaker so all Mary’s communications were monitored. In May 1586 Mary sent two letters, one to the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, giving her support to an invasion of England. The other was to a supporter, Charles Paget, asking him to remind Phillip of Spain of the urgency for invasion. Both passed through Walsingham’s hands. The following month Sir Anthony Babington and a Catholic priest, John Ballard, were heard discussing the proposed Spanish invasion and the plot to murder Elizabeth. All this evidence still did not implicate Mary directly in a plot against Elizabeth. On 17th July Walsingham received what he had been waiting for–a letter, in reply to one from Babington, written by Mary and giving her approval to the plot to murder the Queen. Walsingham moved quickly. Ballard and Babington were arrested and placed in the Tower of London. Others implicated in the plot were rapidly placed under lock and key. On 13th September the conspirators were tried and condemned and a week later Babington, Ballard, and five others were dragged on hurdles to St. Giles Field, Holborn, where, in front of a large crowd, they were hanged, drawn, and quartered. Despite Walsingham’s proof, Elizabeth was still reluctant to take action against Mary. In October both Houses of Parliament demanded Mary’s head but Elizabeth would not sign. She even pleaded that some way be found to deal with Mary without the need for execution. Both Cecil, by now Lord Burghley, and Walsingham were determined that this should not happen. Together, with the support of the Council of State, they brought constant pressure on the Queen until she eventually signed the warrant on 1st February 1587. Her intention seems to have been to hold the signed warrant as a threat against Mary, but Walsingham would have none of it. At 8 o’clock on the morning of Wednesday, 8th February 1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle. On Walsingham’s orders the body was stripped of all clothing–which was burned so that no relic survived–and encased in lead. When told of the execution, Elizabeth was furious. Both Walsingham and Cecil were in extreme danger from their monarch’s temper. She refused to see them and, for a while, Cecil dared not go to Court. Walsingham, meanwhile, was hard at work preparing for the inevitable invasion by Spain; an invasion that through the skill of English seamen and the luck of the weather, never came. Cecil acknowledged the debt England owed this worker behind the scenes when he said, ‘you have fought more with your pen than many here in our English navy with their enemies.’ Elizabeth was notoriously sparing with honours for her public servants. Only one, William Cecil, received a peerage. Francis Walsingham was knighted in 1577 and he received the honourary appointments of Chancellor of the Order of the Garter and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. When he died on 6th April 1590, the news was carried to Philip II of Spain via a letter from one of his agents in England. The agent wrote: ‘Secretary Walsingham has just expired, at which there is much sorrow.’ Philip commented in the margin of the letter, ‘There, yes. But it is good news here.’	Elizabeth I of England
Which musical instrument has a name that translates as ‘jumping flea’?	Edison, New Jersey About Francis Hi, my name is Francis Walsingham. I lived from 1532- April 6, 1590. I attended two institutions of higher learning. Under Queen Elizabeth of England I held the position of Secretary of State. I also held the position of Spymaster. I am remembered best in ym role as the 'Spymaster' during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. I am seen as one the earilest pepople to use modern intelligence in order to achieve domestic security. I was also involved in gathering information from Spanish military operations. I was heavily in favour of English involvement in affairs across Europe. I was sucessful in stopping many plots against Queen Elizabeth. I was able to secure the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. Through my work, I was able to bring England and Scotland closer together. England emerged as a martime power under my influence. I was also able to bring Protestant thinging into the world economy. I was the construct behind English foreign policy during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Favorite Quotes "I too can command the wind sir" by Queen Elizabeth. "The forecast for tomorrow, a sprinkle of geninous with a chance of doom" by Stewie Griffen. "The names Bond, James Bond" by 007 James Bond. "I'll be back" by Arnold S. Favorites	i don't know
Which George Bernard Shaw play centres around the Salvation Army?	Book review -- By George Bernard Shaw MAJOR BARBARA February 2012 SPECIAL NOTE ON SPOILERS: This play was written in 1905 and set in 1906. I read Major Barbara in order to think it through and enter into some sort of dialogue with Shaw�s ideas. Thus these comments are not written as a review of something one has not yet seen or read. The comments below will assume that one has read the play and basically knows the text. If you have come across these notes and are not in that situation I would encourage you not to read further notes until you have first read the play itself. Set in 1906, we meet the Undershaft family, British upper class. The father, Undershaft, is the owner of England�s major munitions factory. He has been for years separated from his wife, Lady Britomart and doesn�t at all know his three, now grown, children, Stephen, Barbara and Sarah. Both the girls are involved with men they seem to plan to marry. Sarah is attached to Lomax, a lightweight but cheery fellow and Barbara is going to marry Cusins, seemingly a teacher of Greek. The play, while set in the events within the Undershaft family, is really about the meaning of human existence, and the nature of individual action and morality. The driving force of the argument is Undershaft and his argument that his munitions work is the right path of human endeavor and that he is actually the humanitarian of the bunch. However, the play is named �Major Barbara� which suggests that Shaw, at least, seemed to think the dilemma of his daughter, Barbara, is more at the center of the play. She is �Major� as a title in the Salvation Army where she tries to help the poor and needy by both feeding them and saving their souls. The play is a debate on which of these two main views of human existence is to be preferred � a sort of Barbara-inspired religious view of human charity and seeking salvation, versus a much more radical individualist view that human beings themselves have to adapt to the reality of the human species, which means creating one�s own values and having the courage to live them out, facing, even, the view that human beings may not be very encouraging or humanistic, loving creatures � a view espoused by Barbara�s father. I would argue that neither of these views is Shaw�s view. Rather, he uses both Barbara and Undershaft as dramatic persona to represent positions. Shaw�s own view is closer to Undershaft, but not in the dramatically excessive manner. Lady Britomart, a sophisticated rich woman, is much more a common figure of a rather obnoxious rich upper-class women of the time. She controls her house, space and children. Her son, Stephen, age 25, is �correct� and under mom. Sarah is to marry Charles Lomax but both of them are rather lightweight characters without much to contribute to the essence of the play. However �Major Barbara� and her fianc�, Adolphus Cusins are more important voices. The basic setting of the play � not its argument � is that Lady Britomart has summoned Undershaft to the manor home to ask for more money to help support the three �children,� now of age to marry, but her generous income allowance will not support the children in separate homes with families. Their father has not seen them in many years and doesn�t even quite remember how many of them there are. On Undershaft�s side, he isn�t unwilling to give more support money to the family, but he will not take Stephen into his munitions business since a centuries long family tradition has the owner of the munitions plant to adopt a foundling to become the next own of the factory. He himself was such a foundling. In the meeting of father and children, there is an almost immediate attraction between Major Barbara and her father. Yet they appear so different. She is dedicated to the work of the Salvation Army, especially the feeding and care of the poor in order to lead them toward salvation. Undershaft believes each individual has a single proper goal in life � to have money enough to live as one wishes and to have power enough to protect that life. Actually Stephen sort of sums up the morality of most in his family including his sister Barbara: Stephen: �People may differ about matters of opinion, or even about religion; but how can they differ about right and wrong? Right is right; and wrong is wrong; and if a man cannot distinguish them properly, he is either a fool or a rascal: that�s all.� Undershaft finds that view na�ve and totally in error: �. . . there is only one true morality for every man; but every man has not the same true morality.� He also sums up his aims in life: ��Money and gunpowder.� In another place he says: � . . . you must first acquire money enough for a decent life, and power enough to be your own master.� In another place he says: �. . . money and gunpowder. Freedom and power.� Undershaft first contributes to destroying Major Barbara�s belief that the Salvation Army�s �conversion� of sinners is an important work. As she takes her father to a visit to their works, the management is having a major problem with money. They come into this family group with the �good news� that a local man has stepped in to solve their financial problems with a huge gift, but it is conditioned on them raising an equal amount of money from other donors. While Barbara has already denounced her father�s work with munitions, the would-be donor has a business that is even more horrific to her � he brews alcoholic drinks, the primary reason so many of her people are ruined and come to the Army in the first place. And on top of this her father immediately offers the second half the money, which DELIGHTS the leaders of the Salvation Army, but so disgusts Barbara that she breaks off all contact with the religion. The next visit is to the munitions� plant and it turns out to be a virtual utopian village. It is clean, neat, the workers are well-paid, and there are lovely schools, an art museum, health care, very decent wages and quite loyal and loving employees. Even Barbara cannot help being deeply impressed with the utopia her father�s money has created, despite its source, the creation of weapons of mass destruction. The genius in Shaw�s writing of the play is that while he sincerely critiques the religious views of Major Barbara, he is not personally embracing the quite radical views of Undershaft. Note one can�t consistently hold A below, and at the same time embrace B as some universal principle. It can, according to A, only be his own particular view. A. �. . . there is only one true morality for every man; but every man has not the same true morality.� B. He also sums up his aims in life: ��Money and gunpowder.� In another place he says: � . . . you must first acquire money enough for a decent life, and power enough to be your own master.� G.K. Chesterton, in his 1909 �View of Major Barbara� also attacks Shaw�s view of God, claiming that the God he defines would �not be God to any who understand the concept of God.� However, he has a second argument claiming that Shaw�s notion that increased wealth and ease would create a much better world is mistaken. For Shaw, Chestertains maintains, �The evil is not ignorance or decadence or sin or pessimism; the evil is poverty.� Chesterton replies: �Major Barbara (the play) is not only apart from his faith but against his faith.� That�s the point I was making above. Shaw�s industrialist is quite the humanitarian in his utopian village and �his� people live decent material lives. But that�s not the radical individualism of morality which Undershaft also argues. Another author who has written on �Major Barbara� shares much of this view. Barbara Bellow Watson in �Sainthood for Millionaires� Modern Drama, Vol. II Dec. 1968. Pp. 227-244, claims that Shaw has Undershaft utter his defense of his utopian village as an ironic attack on capitalism�s benefits, and she notes a similarity to Jonathan Swift�s �A Modest Proposal.� � . . . an irony disguised to show that we may not accept the least of capitalism�s benefits without accepting the last of its depredations� � She claims the real aim to Shaw is to embrace � . . . Shaw�s secular religion of Creative Evolution, which is clearly related to his socialism.� A radical individualism. Note the important difference between the capitalist Utopia itself (which is not generalizable) and the potential universality of Shaw�s view of each person�s embracing his or her own morality. The latter is reminiscent of Plato�s view that �The unexamined life is not worth living.� But Shaw�s view goes further and comes fairly close to later 20th century Existentialism. The Existentialist is less interested, as Existentialist, in replacing capitalism or surviving than in choosing his or her own authenticity. Undershaft seems to need both the utopia of his capitalist village and claiming the universality of the need of the individual to choose his or her own personal morality. The play is a delight to read. It is witty, funny, troublesome, aggravating, but always thoughtful and challenging. I think it�s not only worth reading, but worth seriously engaging as a dialogue on morality.	Major Barbara
Who was voted King of Hollywood in 1937 by a New York Daily News poll?	Movie Review - - George Bernard Shaw's 'Major Barbara,' at the Astor, Seen as a Triumph -- 'Lady From Louisiana' Presented at Loew's Criterion - NYTimes.com Movie Review May 15, 1941 George Bernard Shaw's 'Major Barbara,' at the Astor, Seen as a Triumph -- 'Lady From Louisiana' Presented at Loew's Criterion By BOSLEY CROWTHER Published: May 15, 1941 Produced in a war-wracked England against odds which only the stiffest courage could lick, Gabriel Pascal's delightful picture-version of Bernard Shaw's "Major Barbara" has finally arrived in this country, and opened yesterday at the Astor Theatre. To call it a manifest triumph would be arrant stinginess with words. For this is something more than just a brilliant and adult translation of a stimulating play, something more than a captivating compound of ironic humor and pity. This is a lasting memorial to the devotion of artists working under fire, a permanent proof for posterity that it takes more than bombs to squelch the English wit. It is as wry and impudent a satire of conventional morals and social creeds as though it had been made in a time of easy and carefree peace. It is, in short, a more triumphant picture than any the British have yet sent across. To be sure, the major part of "Major Barbara" is more than thirty-five years old—that is, the play which Mr. Shaw presented to the London stage in 1905. Long ago it was acted on Broadway—in 1915 and again in 1928. And the still abundant Shavian idolaters know it like the backs of their hands. Yet for all its comparative antiquity, for all our long acquaintance with its theme, it still has the cogent vitality of an essay struck off only yesterday. It comes to grips with a problem—the problem of the human soul versus poverty—which is quite as perplexing today as it was back in 1905. And it is this major part of "Major Barbara" which Mr. Pascal has fully and faithfully brought to the screen. As a matter of fact, this screen version probably does better by the play than was ever done by it on the stage, even with Mr. Shaw cracking the whip. For, according to most—of the recorders, it was static and wordy on the stage, inclining to sag in those stretches where the author shook most weight out of his pen. By some careful and thoroughly respectful editing, by moving his cameras artfully about and by badgering Mr. Shaw into writing two or three new connecting sequences, Mr. Pascal has given the film that terseness and illusion of motion which films must have. In the process he has pointed the wit which crackles in Mr. Shaw's lines and has made more apparent the conflict which is joined rather loosely in the play. If, by a possible chance, it should not prove too popular all around, the reason will probably be that Mr. Shaw's wit is still too nimble and his reasoning too bold and abstruse. It takes a powerful lot of listening to follow his logistic line, and the intellect is addressed much more vigorously than are the romantic sentiments. In the previous Shaw film, "Pygmalion," which Mr. Pascal also produced, an essentially personal complication was impishly satirized. In this one the issue is much broader and cuts across more vital social lines. Major Barbara, the earnest young daughter of the cannon-maker, Andrew Undershaft, is a morally righteous creature who is zealous about saving souls, and through her work in the Salvation Army she feels her efforts properly spent. And the drama—or what there is of it—in the picture is obliquely derived through Barbara's disillusion with the Army when she finds it will take money from her dad; and then from her final persuasion that poverty is the greatest crime of all, that money properly administered is essential to the softening of the soul. It is in this exquisite social paradox that Mr. Shaw's agile wit finds much fun, and also a share of poignant feeling for the idealistic girl who must be shown. He is, of course, at his best when putting words into the mouth of Undershaft, the sardonic philosopher, or poking around among the riff-raff of a London East End shelter. It is definitely Mr. Shaw's film. But Mr. Pascal, who has directed, and his completely superlative cast have brought it to vibrant life. Wendy Hiller plays Major Barbara with all the starry-eyed exaltation, all the heartbreak and eventual relief of a girl who endures a real soul-shattering trial. Robert Morley is deliciously satanic, profoundly suave and tender, too, as the devil's disciple, Undershaft. Rex Harrison plays Adolphus Cusins, Barbara's professorial fiancé, with buoyant good-humor, and Robert Newton pretty near wins the acting prize with his trenchant performance of Bill Walker, an East End bully whose soul is too tough for salvation. Other fine performances are given by Donald Calthrop as a wretched down-and-outer, Emlyn Williams as an unctuous dead-beat, Marie Ault as a shrill and wrinkled toss-pot and Torin Thatcher as a fighting soul-saver. And, likewise, a word must be spoken for the acting of Mr. Shaw himself. In a highly amusing and deeply affecting introduction which the bearded author speaks for his film, he irrevocably presents himself as a warm, genial, altogether winning exponent of the human race. Perhaps the old fellow has a temper; perhaps he is as cantankerous as he used to try to be. But thanks to this little preface—and to the greater joy we have found in his works—G. B. S. can rest assured that his triumph is complete. MAJOR BARBARA, scenario and dialogue by George Bernard Shaw; from the play by George Bernard Shaw; produced and directed in England by Gabriel Pascal and released through United Artists. At the Astor. Major Barbara Undershaft . . . . . Wendy Hiller Adolphus Cusins . . . . . Rex Harrison	i don't know
What do Americans call what we call a ‘hen party’?	In England, Bachelorette Parties of a Different Stripe - The New York Times The New York Times Weddings \|For British Brides-to-Be, Hen Dos (and Don’ts) Search Continue reading the main story MY friends still talk about a bachelorette party in Lake George, N.Y., that featured an exotic dancer dressed as a police officer who bore an uncanny resemblance to Patrick Swayze — with an extra 100 or so pounds. It was, they agreed, sort of the standard for American bachelorette parties: a cringe-inducing mix of flash and trash with just enough of the latter to ensure that no pictures would ever be posted on Facebook. But in England, where I once lived, the bachelorette party known as the hen do (the “hen” being the bride, and “do,” a Britishism for a shindig) is an entirely different creature, something I fervently wish American brides would import. In some English circles, the hen do is a weekend-long ritual of love and admiration for the bride given by her friends, who with conspiratorial help from with her fiancé, use traditional games with a dash of British quirk to create an experience that can be as emotional as the wedding itself. Continue reading the main story And you don’t have to burn the photos. At least, not usually. In September, just before 7 a.m. on a Friday, 16 London women plus one jet-lagged Yank (me), hauled a bewildered bride-to-be across St. Pancras International train station in London to the Eurostar rail terminal to catch a cross-channel train that took us to a frayed chateau we had rented in Normandy. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Not that the bride, Catherine Lynch, knew any of this. That morning, Ms. Lynch, 32, an always-poised television executive, had been spirited, yawning and with no makeup, from her apartment in the wee hours. As is the traditional in a hen do, she had been told nothing of where the party was to be held. In her hand was a suitcase that had been packed with her weekend’s wardrobe in secret by her younger sister, Tina. I was to discover that every detail of a hen do is like that perfectly packed suitcase: a statement of deep sororal love for the bride. A hen do like that one is something like a bat mitzvah for young women, a coming-of-age party spent surrounded by the women who were instrumental in getting them to this seminal point in their lives. Camilla Morton, a British fashion journalist and author of “How to Walk in High Heels: a Girl’s Guide to Everything” (and for whom I once was an intern), said that the hen do evolved from the customary conclave of a bride and her maids, who would gather a short time before the wedding to go over the final details. From that, “came about the image of the clucking hen party, when girls come together and cluck about the upcoming nuptials, dress, handsome groom and so on,” she said. The centerpiece of nearly every hen do is a game called “Mister and Missus.” The bride’s friends interview her fiancé, asking him about her dislikes and likes and how he feels about her, and then compare his answers to hers. My friends raised the ante with a video version. The questions can be as mundane as “What’s her favorite book?” and “What is the thing you regret most?” (as well as some embarrassing ones thrown in for good measure). After each question is asked, the video is paused while the bride must predict his answer. Inside the weathered chateau, we all got teary as the image of Ms. Lynch’s fiancé, projected on a wall, answered the question, “At what moment did you realize you were in love with her?” At another hen do I attended, my friend Holly Murray composed a quiz in which every answer incorporated all or part of the bride’s name, Orla Thomas. For example: Name an important counselor to Henry VIII who was later imprisoned and beheaded, in 1535, over his refusal to sign the Act of Supremacy of 1534? (It’s Sir Thomas More, but try coming up with that after a few glasses of prosecco.) Photo Credit Tom BLoom At my first American bachelorette party a few years ago, we went to Lucky Cheng’s, a drag cabaret in the East Village. At each table were other brides, most in skimpy bridal costumes complete with mock veils, throwing back shots and getting into bawdy mock arguments with the drag queens, who trafficked in insult humor. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Between innuendo-laden dance routines and the nonstop put-downs the drag queens hurled, the message of the typically tawdry bachelorette party seemed at once crass and old fashioned: your youth is over, drink up while you’re still free. When the hen do as we now know it originated is rather murky, but the parties became more popular in the 1960s, as women sought an experience of their own to rival the male pre-wedding ritual, the bachelor party. Hen dos like the one in Normandy are a more recent evolution, and to be sure, the drink-till-you drop, hyper-sexualized pre-wedding party exists in England, too. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy On a weekend trip to Brighton, a midnight stroll in that coastal resort brought me face to face with dozens of young women in the same kind of scanty outfits I had seen in the United States, with big beauty-pageant-type sashes denoting “bride” across nearly exposed chests. As the night waxed on, women crumpled in various states of disrepair, or else teetered, held up by friends after a night of binge drinking. Indeed, English newspapers routinely print editorials railing against that vein of hen do, and the male equivalent (a stag do), many of which take place in Amsterdam, the revels often fueled by drugs as well as alcohol. Ms. Morton called those dos “something that only a packet of Advil and memory loss will heal.” She attributed the current trend of the tamer, bride-centric love fest to “the Downton effect,” or “too many years reading Jane Austen.” Carol Murray, the mother of my friend Holly Murray, wrote in an e-mail that when she got married in 1980, “it was just your close girlfriends going out for supper the week before the wedding.” She said she preferred that approach. “I find all the hysteria they seem to involve rather trying,” she said. But, she added, “times do change.” Yes, even the calmer, weekend-away hen do can be taken to excessive heights. “Bridesmaids feel the pressure to make sure the party that they throw is the best ever,” said Kim Taylor Bennett, who helped organize Ms. Lynch’s party. “It’s like a running joke, how many times can you make the bride cry. It’s got to be the most memorable.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story Before her wedding to Jamie Hince, the model Kate Moss was reported to have taken her friends to a music festival on the Isle of Wight, arriving in two pink stretch Hummers. Kate Middleton is rumored to have had a pop-music-themed hen, meticulously arranged by her sister, Pippa. Still, in England, brides who do not care for excessive drinking while watching half-naked male dancers do not feel as if they have missed out on a rite of passage. After dinner on our first night in Normandy, we retired to an anteroom, which Ms. Lynch’s seven bridesmaids had covertly decorated. Photographs of her and her friends from every year of her life covered the walls. We cranked up the music and danced — with no porky Patrick Swayze look-alikes in sight — sending off our friend into marriage as our younger selves watched, beaming from the photographs all around the room. “Everything is about making the bride feel like the most loved, amazing, brilliant person in the world,” Holly Murray wrote in an e-mail on the difference between the hen do and the bachelorette party. “It’s about putting a lot of effort in so that every moment feels special and by design.” “Can someone else get married please?” she added. “I want to go to another one.” A version of this article appears in print on December 2, 2012, on Page ST20 of the New York edition with the headline: For British Brides-to-Be, Hen Dos (and Don’ts). Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Bachelorette party
Which palace is the London home of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge?	Hen Party Games \| Unique Hen Do Game Ideas Read below for more unique hen party games! Celebrity Heads This isn’t a hen specific game but works really well as an icebreaker. For those of you who haven’t played this, it’s a very simple game. All you need is some post its and pens. If you are a little miss crafty, you can put your own creative touch on the game tools! How it works Everyone sits around in a circle and writes down a celebrity name on a post it without anyone seeing. They then place it on the forehead of the person next to you. Everyone else does this so that all guests have a celebrity name on their forehead that they can’t see. The game then works around the circle with each person asking a question about their celebrity. They can only be given a yes or no answer. You keep going around until everyone has guessed who their celebrity is. For a fun hen party twist, maybe use celebrity brides or one half of a famous couple. Memory Lane This is the perfect icebreaker for a hen party group who know the bride from different parts of her life, and don’t necessary know each other that well. There are various ways this game can be played. It’s also nice for the bride to be as it’s one of the personal games. How it works 1. Before the hen party, ask all the guests to think of a memory or when they first met the bride and write it on a piece of paper. 2. At the hen party, put all the memories into a hat and get the bride to pull them out one by one. 3. She will read the memory out and guess which of her friends it is. This also lets the other girls know how the other guests first met the bride to be. Even some who are friends with the other guests might be surprised. Let the guests know to be as funny, sentimental or embarrassing as they like! If you have any variations of this game you’d like to share, please let us know! Sweetheart Icebreakers A cute and tasty twist on breaking the ice for guests who don’t know everyone Get the mingling and party started with conversation cookies, a cute and unique addition to a hen party. Especially good when guests don’t really know each other. Decorate some cookies with words using icing. You can theme the conversations however you like. From what’s hot on the Daily Mail gossip to wedding buzzwords to cities…. if you want to make it a focus on the bride to be, write down little things or words about her on the cookies and get people talking. It’s just a way to warm peoples tongues. A sugar kick always works! Don’t want to do cookies? Try cupcakes. If you don’t have time to decorate, play like the celebrity heads game. The Wine Tasting Game A non traditional party game which is perfect for a sophisticated hen party. Everyone votes for their favourite wine without seeing the label. What you need Bottle of wine (ask each guest to bring a bottle) Bags to keep the label covered. Wineglasses How it works Guests will taste each bottle of wine and vote for their favourite wine. The bottle with the most votes, wins! The person who brought the wine will then reveal how much the wine cost. Charades This is a classic game and a good fall back for any party in need of a boost. The hen party spin on it is picking girlie charades themes – chick flicks and hot celebrities etc should be on the list . You can also add some more fun by adding people in her life from the groom, to her mother, inlaws, to ex-boyfriends to herself. Another option is changing the original charades format and getting the girls to work in pairs and to act out famous scenes from different chick flicks. Think the jumping routine in Dirty Dancing and the top of the world from Titanic. Be inspired by Legally Blonde, The Notebook, Clueless, How to lose a guy in 10 days, Mean Girls, Crazy Stupid Love, When Harry Met Sally, Breakfast at Tiffanys, Sleepless in Seattle, Pretty Woman, Bridesmaids and whatever girlie cheese you can think of! The Present Game Everyone brings a gift for the bride to be that reminds them of their friendship! You can line these up, put them in a bag or even hide them and send the bride to fine them. She then has to guess who brought the gift for her. Gifts can be anything, small, a poem, something handmade. A nice touch will be to photo her with each gift and the giver as you go along. If you send her searching for the gifts, remember to take photos of this too .Photos photos photos!! Add some forfeits if she gets it wrong for the hen party twist. Another variation of this is the Panty Game. This is similar but all guests bring the bride to be a pair of knickers! She then has to guess who gave them to her. The Present Game is a big hen party hit. It’s thoughtful and also can act as an icebreaker! Pass the Parcel Relive your childhood fun by adapting this game or your hen party! The Prep For those of you who were not lucky enough to have played this party game, you simply wrap up one small gift. You then wrap the wrapped gift up with more paper and include another gift in that layer. You keep adding more layers and wrapping more gifts until you have everything included. The Gifts Our favourite way of doing this is getting the guests to bring a gift that reminds them of a memory with the bride to be. If you don’t want to go down this route, you can get small gifts for the game yourself. We’re thinking a candle, nail polish, shower caps, compact mirrors and whatever useful treats you can think of. Massage oils and other naughty touches will be fun too but will depend on the 50 shades factor. To Play You’ll need some music playing with everyone around in a circle. Stop the music at intervals and the person holding the parcel gets to open it. If you decide to play our favourite way, the bride to be then has to guess who brought that gift and why they would have chosen that gift. This is a really nice way of sharing stories and memories with all the girls. The Special Touches Fix it so that the bride gets the last gift which is specifically for her. Have the wrapping paper as something the bride loves – a colour, animal etc Pick some songs that are personal to the bride to be. Guess the Lingerie Every guest brings a piece of lingerie (knickers / panties) for the bride to be. The bride to be must guess who brought her the lingerie. What you need Hangers Lingerie (provided by the guests who will need to be told beforehand- knickers, bras, slips, toys) Pen and paper for the bride to be How it works Each item is hung up on a hanger. Keep the bride to be busy so she doesn’t see who brought what. The bride to be will look at each piece and guess who brought it for her. She can call out her guesses to see how she’s doing. If you want to involve alcohol, she can take a drink for every wrong guess!! This is also a good game to play at a lingerie shower! Banned Word Game This is really fun whether you stay in or head out. It is not specifically a hen party game but again, it works really well. Pick a few words that people are not allowed say for a period of time i.e. the grooms name, ‘wedding’, ‘party’, ‘myself’ etc. Don’t pick more than four words. Then if anyone says those words, they have to do a forfeit which is decided by the hen planner or the group before they start the game. You could also play this by giving everyone a peg, ring or bracelet. When someone catches them saying a banned word, they have to give their item to that person. The person with the most pegs, rings or bracelets at the end of the game wins. Now, for the naughty games! The Marshmallow Challenge Buy a few bags of marshmallows. Each girl has to fill their mouths with marshmallows and try to say a chosen work (i.e. Ejaculation) without biting into the marshmallows…. try it! The Biscuit Challenge Each girl gets a few biscuits or crackers and has to bite the shape of a willy into them. Difficult!! Balloon Humping	i don't know
What sitcom title character is the TV alter ego of Adil Ray?	Citizen Khan: Behind the scenes as Adil Ray prepares for tour - BBC News BBC News Media playback is unsupported on your device Citizen Khan: Behind the scenes as Adil Ray prepares for tour 13 April 2016 Last updated at 11:25 BST The self-appointed fictional community leader Citizen Khan is leaving the streets of Sparkhill and going on a national tour. The comedy character's creator, Adil Ray, has been filmed undergoing his make-up transformation into his bumbling alter ego. The actor and writer, from Birmingham, has been doing warm-up gigs in preparation for the tour, Citizen Khan: They All Know Me!, which starts on 25 April in Bradford.	Citizen Khan
What was the title of the latest David Attenborough offering on BBC1?	Citizen Khan: Behind the scenes as Adil Ray prepares for tour - BBC News BBC News Media playback is unsupported on your device Citizen Khan: Behind the scenes as Adil Ray prepares for tour 13 April 2016 Last updated at 11:25 BST The self-appointed fictional community leader Citizen Khan is leaving the streets of Sparkhill and going on a national tour. The comedy character's creator, Adil Ray, has been filmed undergoing his make-up transformation into his bumbling alter ego. The actor and writer, from Birmingham, has been doing warm-up gigs in preparation for the tour, Citizen Khan: They All Know Me!, which starts on 25 April in Bradford.	i don't know
Which hero of legend lived at Joyous Guard?	Untitled Document Castle Joyous Guard, Bamburgh Castle ? Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland is reputed to be Lancelot's fortress Joyous Guard. The castle Joyous Guard appears in the Vulgate Cycle (1215), where it is said to be in Northumberland. Sir Thomas Malory (1470) more specifically states that "some men say it was Alnwick, and some men say it was Bamborough". Bamburgh Castle today is an enormous fortress, on a rock separated from the sea by dunes and grasses. Bamburgh Castle certainly existed as early as 547, a time that would allow an King Arthur connection. Before being called Bamburgh Castle, it had been called Din Guayrdi, one that quite easily suggests "Guard." However Malory's placing of Joyous Guard at Bamburgh Castle is not really substantiated. One of the other many claimants for the title of Castle Joyeuse Garde is Elven in the Morbihan region of Brittany. This is doubtful as the oldest part of that castle dates from the tenth century. This castle is also famous as the prison of the future king of England Henry VII. The castle in the King Arthur legend was originally known as Dolorous Guard and was owned by a wicked despot. Lancelot single-handedly took the castle and removed the wicked tenant. However, in order to free the castle from a spell, Lancelot had to stay there for forty consecutive nights. Many adventures kept him away and his new subjects were not freed from the spell. Eventually Lancelot ,gained entrance via the castle chapel to a cave beneath the castle where he defeated a huge monster and gained the keys to unlock the enchantment. The gravestones that surrounded the castle magically disappeared and Lancelot to rename the place as Joyous Guard. Sir Lancelot was continued to be an intermittent resident. Visitors included Sir Tristram and his lover, Isolde who lived here having had to flee the court of Isolde's husband, King Mark of Cornwall. However when Sir Tristram went off to take part in the Grail Quest, King Mark's armies took the castle and with it Isolde. When Lancelot rescued his Queen Guinevere from being burnt at the stake, he took her back to Joyous Guard for safety. Later King Arthur besieged Joyous Guard and forced Sir Lancelot to flee to France. Apparently the castle's name then changed back to Dolorous Guard. After his death in France, Lancelot's body was returned to Joyous Guard for burial.	Lancelot
Who bought Necker Island in 1979?	Water mythology Water mythology Created by S.M. Enzler MSc An assemblage of myths and legends on water and water creatures Creatures People Locations Gods Literature Old stories can be divided into history, myths and legends. History describes events we know actually happened, whereas myths and legends, though often repeated by generation after generation, were never actually proven beyond a shadow of a doubt. The difference between legends and myths is that legends, or saga, tell the stories of heroes and their heroic actions, whereas myths tell the stories of creatures, divine beings and gods and how they came to be. In this sense, myths are more like fairytales told to young children. Water plays an important role in many legends and myths. There are mythological water beings and gods, stories of heroes that have something to do with water, and even stories of isles and continents lost below the surface. This page contains a selection of the most commonly known legends and myths with regard to water. In the final section we recommend some literature for those who are interested. 1. Creatures Ashrays Scottish mythology tells us Ashrays, or Water Lovers, are completely translucent water creatures that are often mistaken for sea ghosts. They can be both male and female and can be found only under water. Being completely nocturnal, one would never come across such creatures during the day. When captured and exposed to sunlight ashrays supposedly melt and only a puddle of water remains. Bäckahästen Bäckahästen means brook horse; this was the name of a mythological horse in Scandinavian folklore. She would appear near rivers in foggy weather, and whoever decided to ride on her back was unable to get off again. The horse would than jump into the river, drowning the rider. Celtic folklore describes shape-shifting horses called kelpies, and it is thought Bäckahästen may be a kelpie. Blue men of the Minch These supernatural sea creatures were said to live in underwater caves in the Minch, a straight between Lewis, Long Island and the Shiant Islands near Scotland. The Blue Men looked like humans with blue skins. They where infamous for swimming alongside passing ships, and attempting to wreck them by conjuring storms and by luring sailors into the water. If a captain wanted to save his ship he had to finish their rhymes and solve their riddles, and always make sure he got the last word. The Blue men were actually hierarchical, as they were always ruled over by a chieftain. This led to the assumption they are somehow related to mermen. Some think the Blue Men may be Fallen Angels. Bunyip Bunyip literally means devil, or spirit. It is a mythological creature from Aboriginal Australia that was said to lurk in swamps, creeks, riverbeds and waterholes. Aborigines thought they could hear their cries at night. They believed Bunyip took humans as a food source when their stock was disturbed, preferably women, and they tended to blame the Bunyip for disease spread in the river area. Bunyip supposedly had flippers, a horse-like tail and walrus-like tusks. It is now said that Bunyip are a figment of Aborigine imagination, because the cries they heard actually belonged to possums, or koalas. The cries of women supposedly being captured may actually have been sounds of a barking owl. Ceto A daughter of Gaia and Pontus, Ceto was a hideous sea monster in Greek mythology. She was considered the personification of the dangers of the sea. Her husband was Phorcys, and their children were called the Phorcydes. These include the Hesperides (nymphs), the Graeae (archaic water goddesses), the gorgons (female monsters with sharp fangs and hair of venomous snakes, such as Medusa), sea monster Scylla, and other water nymphs and sea monsters. Ceto eventually became the name for any sea monster. Charon and the hellhound Charon was a mythological old ferryman that ferried the dead into the Underworld , crossing the river Acheron (river of woe). He only took the soles of those buried properly with a coin in their mouths. The river was guarded by a hellhound that allowed no soles ever to leave the realm of the dead. In Greek mythology this was a three-headed dog by the name of Cerberus. In Norse mythology, this was a blood-drenched hellhound with four eyes by the name of Garm. Chessie A story is told about the Chesapeake Bay area between Virginia and Maryland being home to a sea monster, often referred to as Chessie. Some sightings were reported of a serpent-like creature with flippers and scales. No pictures have been taken so far, whereas there are some pictures supposedly of Nessie , the sea monster said to inhabit Scotland’s Loch Ness lake. Dragon Kings Dragon Kings were believed by the Chinese to consist of four separate dragons, each of which ruled over one of the four seas in the north, east, south and west. These Dragon Kings could shape-shift to human form, and lived in crystal palaces guarded by shrimps and crabs. Fosse grim According to Scandinavian mythology, Fosse grim was a water spirit that played enchanted songs on the violin, luring women and children to drown in lakes and streams. However, in some stories he is depicted as a harmless creature, simply entertaining men, women and children with his songs. According to myth Fosse grim even agreed to live with a human that fell in love with him, but he supposedly left after some time because he could not live away from a water source too long. Grindylows These water demons were first mentioned in British folktales in the county of Yorkshire. Parents told their children stories of grindylows to prevent them from getting in the cold water in the area. Grindylows supposedly had long fingers that would drag children into the deep. Jengu These were water spirits in mythology of the Sawa, an ethnic group in Cameroon. They supposedly resembled merpeople, but were thought to be gap-toothed and had long, woolly hair. The Sawa believed these spirits could act as an intermediate between the living and the spiritual world. Jengu were also thought to cure disease, and played an important role in some tribal rites, for example when a child entered adulthood. In West, Central and Southern Africa some other tribes believe in the Mami Wata, a water spirit thought to resemble the Jengu. Kappas Kappas are presumably intelligent water spirits in Japanese mythology. They are monkey-like creatures with saucer-shaped heads, long noses, and a yellowish-green skin. Kappas are said to lure children to the water and pull them under, feeding on their blood. Their main weakness is that their heads are filled with water, and when this is spilled they lose their powers. Kraken The Kraken is a legendary sea monster often mentioned in pirate myths. It was said to dwell off the coasts of Norway and Iceland. People thought the monster to be some sort of giant squid, living in the deep of the ocean and surfacing from time to time to attack ships. Some claim that islands that were seen from time to time and subsequently vanished may actually have been Kraken sightings. It is stated that some traits of the Kraken resemble undersea volcanic activity in the Scandinavian region, including bubbles and currents. Lady of the Lake The Lady of the Lake is the name of a mythological aquatic spirit in several different legends, including the famous legend of King Arthur. She was said to have raised Sir Lancelot of the Lake, given Excalibur to King Arthur, and brought the King to Avalon after his death. Evidently, Viviane was Lady of the Lake in the beginning of King Arthur’s life, and Nimue later succeeded her. As Lancelot was raised he received a ring from The Lady that would protect him from all magic. Nessie Nessie is a mysterious creature claimed to inhabit the Loch ness lake near Inverness, Scotland. The creature is often thought of as female, because of the female tone in its nickname. There are many reports of sightings and some people have even taken pictures they claim to be the monster, but none has been marked conclusive evidence so far. The creature is now thought to be a plesiosaur (a carnivorous aquatic animal from the dinosaur era). Many palaeontologists are against the theory, and claim that the water is to cold for a cold-blooded dinosaur to live in, and that the loch simply does not have enough food to preserve it. Additionally, the dinosaur would have to surface often to breathe, and therefore it would have been seen more often. Some palaeontologists claim it is impossible for an animal that went extinct millions of years ago to live in a lake that dates only 10,000 years back. But many people still believe, stating that animals can adapt to different conditions through time. Leviathan In biblical mythology Leviathan was a sea monster from ancient Canaan, associated with Satan. The monster was usually portrayed as a twining sea serpent, which was applied as a symbol for chaos. Other religions generally portrayed Leviathan as a whale demon with seven heads, and he was believed to be king of lies, or king of fish. In Modern Hebrew, Leviathan simply means whale. Loreley According to German myth the rock Loreley over the Rhine by St. Goar inhabited a beautiful virgin named Loreley. The river by the rock was very narrow, and hence it was a dangerous place for ships to sale. Myth tells us Loreley endangered shippers by singing, because they would look up and subsequently sale their ships onto the rocks. After the death of a nobleman’s son, soldiers were sent to take Loreley. She saw them and called upon the river to aid her. Consequently, the rocks flooded and Loreley was carried away overseas, never to be seen again. Melusine Melusine was a feminine spirit of freshwater in sacred springs and rivers in European mythology. She is usually depicted as a kind of mermaid , and may even have wings in some pictures. One story tells us she was born to the fay Pressyne and a common man, and taken to the isle of Avalon when she was little to grow up there. When she heard of her human father betraying her mother, she sought revenge on him. Her mother heard of this and cursed her to look like a serpent from the waste down. She supposedly got scaled arms and fins for hands, and could never change back to her old form. Merpeople Many a myth represented merpeople as creatures having the head and upper body of a human, and a fishtail instead of legs. Female merpeople are known as mermaids, and male merpeople are known as mermen. They usually had great beauty and charm, and thereby lured sailor men to their deaths. Some stories include mermaids altering their form to resemble humans. In the old Disney movie ‘The Little Mermaid’, Ariel assumes human form to gain the love of human prince Eric. Nereids In Greek mythology Nereids were the nymphs of the sea. They were daughters of Nereus the sea god, and his wife Doris . Unlike sirens, Nereids were depicted friendly folk, always helping sailors through rough storms. They mainly lived in the Mediterranean Sea. Examples include Thetis and Amphrite ( see 4 ). Panlong Dragons played an important role in Chinese mythology. They were often bound to the elements. Panlong were the water dragons, believed to inhabit the waters of the entire Orient (the Near, Middle and Far East). Rusalka Rusalka were female ghosts in Slavic mythology. They were thought to be souls of young women died in or near lakes that had usually been murdered. They were not violent, but mainly haunted lakes until their death was avenged. Some explained the Rusalka as women that died prematurely due to suicide or murder having to do with their loved ones had to live out their designated time on earth as a spirit. Other stated that water ghosts are unclean dead, such as unbaptized babies, and people that died from suicides. Selkies In Scottish mythology selkies were sea lions that could shed their skin and take human form. They were thought to live on the shores of Orkney and Shetland. When a female selkie shed her skin and a human captured it, she was forced to become his wife. If she were to ever find her skin again, she would return to sea, leaving her husband to pine and die. In Ireland these mythical creatures are called Roane. Sirens In Greek mythology Sirens were sea nymphs that lived on the island Sirenum scopuli, and were daughters of Ceto the sea monster and Phorcys the sea god. They drew sailors to the rocks by their enchanted singing, causing their ships to sink. It is uncertain how many sirens there would be, as different tales vary their number between two and five. Some claim the sirens where playmates of young Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter. As Persephone was abducted by Hades to become his queen of the Underworld, Demeter cursed the sirens to become monsters of lore. Sirens were often depicted as women with the legs and wings of birds, playing a great variety of musical instruments. However, they may also be depicted as half human, half fish (see picture). Consequently siren is often applied as a synonym for mermaid, because many believe sirens and mermaids are similar creatures. In German mythology, sirens were known as Nixes, and in Welsh and Breton mythology as Morgans. Tahoratakarar In Polynesian mythology, a woman named Takua was once abducted by two evil spirits, and they stole the baby inside her. Than the sea rose, and the two spirits dissolved in a cloud. The boy, called Tahoratakarar, was raised by the sea itself. Other sea spirits built him a big boat that was tied to the Underworld . It sailed by night and stopped if someone died at sea, collecting his or her soul. The boat was known in myth as the Boat of Souls, or the Boat of the Dead. The myth resembles that of Charon in Greek mythology. Titans The Titans were twelve divine beings that ruled the earth in Greek mythology. They were associated with the primal concepts drawn from their names, such as ocean, moon and memory. Oceanus and Thetys, children of Uranus and Gaia, were the Titans that ruled over the sea. Oceanus was said to have the upper body of a man with a long beard and horns, and the lower body of a serpent. He ruled over the oceans. His sister Thetys ruled over the rivers, including the Nile and the Menderes. They married each other and had over 3000 children, known as the Oceanids. After the Olympians, the younger siblings of the Titans, eventually overthrew them, Poseidon (Neptune) and his unwilling queen Amphitrite ruled over the waters. Uncegila Uncegila was a mighty water snake in Native American (Lakota) mythology. She polluted rivers and subsequently flooded the land with salt water so nothing could grow. According to myth twins that hit the only fragile spot on her body eventually killed her. As the sun scorched her flesh it dried up the soils, and it is said this led to the development of the Nebraska and Dakota Badlands; a large desert area in the USA. Vodianoi These were water spirits in Slavic mythology that supposedly lived in underwater palaces made from sunken ships. They were depicted old men with long green beards, covered in hairs, scales and slime. It was said the Vodianoi were offended by the boldness of humans, and would therefore cause swimmers to drown. They took the drowned down to their underwater dwellings to serve as slaves, with the exception of millers and fishermen, whom they might befriend. Vodianoi were often married to Rusalka and like Rusalka, they may have been the spirits of unclean dead. Some thought they were able to transform into fish. Water nymphs (Naiads) Nymphs are female nature entities that are bound to a particular location or land form. Naiads are water nymphs, and inhabit fountains, wells, springs, brooks, rivers, marshes, ponds and lagoons. The essence of a naiad was bound to the water body she inhabited. If a spring dried, the naiad within it died. In some stories naiads are depicted as dangerous creatures, because they could take men underwater when fascinated by their beauty, and these men were never to be seen again. Naiads were known by their jealous nature. A naiad that was once cheated by her husband is said to have blinded him in revenge. In Greek mythology naiads were friendly creatures that helped sailors fight perilous storms. They also had the power of foresight, and were said to make prophecies. The following species of naiad are distinguished: Crinaeae, which live in fountains Limnades, which live in lakes Pagaeae, which live in springs Potameides, which live in rivers Eleiomomae, which live in marshes Water sprites Water sprites were human females with skins the colour of the sea. They could breathe both water and air, and could therefore live in water and on land. They were thought to be harmless, if only people left them alone. Achilles In Greek legend Achilles was a hero of the Trojan War. He appeared to be invincible, and no man seemed to be able to defeat him. Legend tells us this was because his mother, sea nymph Thetis, had tried to make him immortal after birth by dipping him the River Styx . She only forgot to wet the heel by which she held him, which became his vulnerable spot. In the Trojan War Achilles killed Hector, and eventually Hector's younger brother Paris sought revenge upon him. As the fights continued, Paris killed Achilles by shooting an arrow through his heel. Beowulf Beowulf was a hero in an old Anglo-Saxon poem. He defeated two monsters living in a lake in an underwater cave. The monster Grendel had been torturing the people in Danish mead-hall Heorot for many years, and he had taken many a brave soldier for his dinner. When Beowulf and his army came, the people of Heorot could not believe they were capable of taking on the monster, but wanted to give them a chance nevertheless. Beowulf and his army waited for the monster in the hall, long after the residents had gone to sleep. As Grendel came it seemed at first Beowulf's men would get the worst of it, because their swords did not have any effect upon the giant monster's thick skin. Than Beowulf grabbed Grendel's arm and would not let go. A long struggle followed, and eventually Beowulf managed to tear off the arm. Grendel returned to his mother, and bled to death. Next, Beowulf went to the underwater cave to kill the mother as well. He managed to do so with a sword present in the cave that had once belonged to Grendel. As his man stared into the water and saw blood flooding upwards, they thought their great leader had perished. But Beowulf swam up, greeted his men, and returned to Heorot a hero. Deucalion In Greek mythology, Deucalion was the son of Prometheus, the Greek Titan of fire. Zeus was angry of the Greek people for their holistic beliefs, and he ended the Bronze Age with a Great Flood . The sea rose and washed everything clean, but Deucalion’s father had forewarned him of the flood. He built and provisioned an arc and consequently he and his wife Pyrrha were the sole survivors. As the flood ended they built an altar for Zeus and he changed rocks into children. The men were called Deucalions, and the women were called Pyrrhas. Daedalus and Icarus One Greek legend tells us the story of Daedalus and his son Icarus being locked up in the labyrinth of the Minotaur by king Minos. Daedalus had one day helped the queen to get together with a white bull she had fallen in love with, and thus the Minotaur was born. A fierce creature, the Minotaur needed to be fed with at least fourteen Athens every nine years, so Daedalus and Icarus spend their time waiting until the Minotaur would find them, and eat them. One day Daedalus had formulated an escape plan; he decided to fabricate massive wings from the wings of birds his son shot from time to time. He tied together the bird wings with wax. Eventually, the massive wings were ready and the two set out to escape. Daedalus warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, because the wax would melt and the wings would no longer work. However, Icarus was so stunned by the whole thing working so well he totally forgot his father’s warning. He flew too close to the sun, the wax melted and his wings fell apart. Unable to help him, Daedalus watched helplessly as his only son fell down with amazing speed and landed in the sea. The blow as he hit the water was probably so fierce he died instantly. Lawrence In German mythology, Sir Lawrence was a very good-looking knight. One day water nymph Ondine came across him as he was on a quest, and she fell in love with him. As she pledged her love to him they were married. But as soon as a water nymph pledges herself to a human and bares his child, she will loose eternal life. After Ondine bore Lawrence a son, she began to age. Her changing appearance made Lawrence loose interest in his wife, and he soon started to see other women. One day, Ondine caught her husband with another woman in the stables, and she cursed him in revenge. He was to breathe as long as he was wake, but if he ever fell asleep he would die because his breathing would stop. Lelawala In Native American legend, Lelawala was a beautiful maiden that was married off by her father to a king. However, she despised the king, and longed to be with her true love He-No. He was the god of thunder and lurked in a cave beneath the Horseshoe Falls, a part of the Niagara Falls by the Great Lakes of the United States. She decided she wanted to find He-No at all cost, and as she paddled a canoe onto the Niagara River she was swept off the Falls. Fortunately He-No had been watching and caught Lelawala while she fell. It is said they stayed together after that and their spirits still live in the caves beneath Niagara Falls to this day. Manu In Hindu mythology, Manu was a man that survived a great flood. One day as he washed his hands in the river, a fish swam into his hands and begged him to save his life. It was Matsya, an avatar (the bodily manifestation of a god). Manu put the fish in a jar, and as it grew bigger he subsequently placed in a tank, a river and than the ocean. Then, the fish warned him that soon a great flood would destroy all life. Manu built a boat and was towed onto a mountaintop by Matsya, thereby surviving the flood. Menelaus Menelaus was husband to Helena of Troy, before Paris came and took her away because he loved her. On his journey back from the Trojan War, he encountered Eudothea, daughter to the sea god Proteus. She confides in him and tells him that by capturing her father he could force him to reveal which of the gods Menelaus had offended, and how to satisfy them before returning home. Proteus usually slept on the beach among the whales, and there Menelaus captured him. Proteus, a shape-shifter in nature, turned into a lion, a snake, a pig, a tree, and some other things. However, Menelaus mentioned to hold him down and Proteus told him how to satisfy the gods. He also informed Menelaus that his brother Agamemnon was murdered, and that Odysseus stranded on the isle of Calypso on his way home from the Trojan War. Noah In the bible, Noah and his family are mentioned as the sole human survivors of the Great Flood. Noah was of the tenth generation after Adam, and all peoples of the world would descend from his sons Shem, Ham and Japheth. According to Legend Noah was told by God to build an Arc to save himself and his family from the flood that would destroy all mankind. He brought two of every kind of animal with him in the Arc, one male and one female. After one hundred and fifty days the water receded, and the Arc washed onto the mountains of Ararat. Noah built an altar there, and afterwards continued his life. It is said he lived to become 900 years old, and therewith was the last of the ancient peoples that were immensely long-lived. The story has many versions and in the flood myths of different Ancient Near-East countries, the flood survivor is given different names. Examples are Atrahasis, Ziusudra, and Utnapishtim in Sumerian mythology. The man in the Sumerian myth is saved from the flood by a warning of groundwater god Enki ( see 4 ). This god was usually depicted covered with fish scales, with two streams of water originating from his shoulders, one being the Tigris, and the other the Euphrates. Another example of a different version of the legend of the Great Flood is that of Manu in Hindu mythology. Orpheus Orpheus was a man that fell deeply in love with river nymph ( naiad ) Eurydice. They lived a happy life together, and Orpheus sang many a song about Eurydice's beauty. One day however, Eurydice was bitten by a snake while walking the fields, and she died instantly without being able to say goodbye to Orpheus. Orpheus, saddened by the loss of his loved one, decided to journey to the Underworld to try and get her back. He met up with Hades and Persephone, and sang to convince them of his love for the naiad. They were deeply moved, and told him he could take Eurydice back to the surface. However, he was to walk many paces ahead of her, and if he were to look back she would have to stay in the Underworld without him, forever. After some time Orpheus no longer heard Eurydice's paces behind him, and he started to doubt whether she kept up with him as he hastily tried to leave the Underworld. Eventually, he looked around at her. There she was, but he only looked into her eyes for a brief moment before she vanished into the Underworld forever. Orpheus attempted to find her again, but Hades would no longer allow him access. He returned to the surface alone, a broken man, and sang songs of Eurydice's beauty until the day he died. Perseus As Perseus, a hero of Greek mythology, passed the cliffs of Ethiopia, he noticed a beautiful woman tied to the rocks. She appeared to be the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, and she was to be offered to a sea monster that was sent to the country by a sea god her mother had aggravated. Perseus felt sorry for Andromeda and used his sickle to kill the monster. Together, Perseus and Andromeda returned to Andromeda's home. Her parents were very happy to see her again alive, and decided to approve of a marriage between their daughter and Perseus. Tristan and Isolde Tristan was a knight in the court of King Marc of Wales. One day he was summoned to bring the princess of England, Isolde, to king Marc's court. The king of England had promised her to the king to be his wife. While on their way to Whales, a fortunate accident caused both Tristan and Isolde to drink the love potion aboard their ship that was meant for Isolde and king Marc. They fell in love with each other, and started meeting in secret after Isolde's wedding to the king. However, they were caught by a dwarf and king Marc was warned. To save Isolde's honour, Tristan dressed as a pilgrim, and as Isolde passed she asked the pilgrim to carry her across the river. After the pilgrim had done so, she swore to king Marc that none but him and this pilgrim had ever held her in his arms. King Marc, unaware of the fact that the pilgrim was actually Tristan in disguise, believed her and reinstated her as his wife. 3. Locations Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea, according to legend, was named after king Aegeus of Greece. An oracle predicted that some day Aegeus’s son would be the death of him. Nevertheless, the king entered a secret marriage, and Theseus was born. The boy however was not raised in Athens, and was allowed to go there only after he was able to lift a rock under which a sword and sandals were hidden. Theseus became a great adventurer during his travels, and even managed to defeat the half-man, half-bull Minotaur in the labyrinth of king Minos. As he finally sailed back to Athens, he forgot to replace his black sails with white ones, and consequently his father was under the impression Theseus was dead. In an act of desperation Aegeus proved the oracle right as he threw himself off a cliff into the sea. This sea was named the Aegean Sea, after king Aegeus. Atlantis The Greek philosopher Plato first mentioned Atlantis as an island that once existed. He stated this island was a naval power that had conquered parts of Western Europe and Africa. Some 9,000 years before Plato’s time a natural disaster caused Atlantis to sink into the sea. It is thought to have been located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and America. Throughout the centuries the theory of Atlantis was mostly rejected, and often parodied. During the Middle Ages the theory was forgotten, but it was rediscovered in modern times. Some philosophers think that Atlantis existed, and its peoples were highly culturally developed. They were even named predecessors of the modern Aryan race by some. It was thought they possessed aircraft and ships powered by some form of energy crystal. Modern theory sometimes states that some modern Islands are parts of Atlantis that rose from the ocean. Avalon Avalon was a magical island that is said to have existed off the coast of Britain, and supposedly vanquished after some time. It was famous for its beautiful apples. Avalon is part of many stories and legends. It is said to be the island where Jesus and Joseph of Arimathea visited Britain, and consequently it is placed near Glastonbury and the church present there. Arthurian legend states the Lady of the Lake lived in Avalon. It is said that this is the island where they buried King Arthur after the fight with his son Mordred cost him his life. Another supposedly sunken island near the coast of Britain, called Lyonesse, is often associated with Avalon. It is said to be the birthplace of the legendary Tristan, from the legend of Tristan and Isolde . Bermuda In the Atlantic Ocean a triangle-shaped area between Bermuda, Puerto Rico and Fort Lauderdale, Florida is known as the Bermuda Triangle. The area is nearly a million square miles wide, and extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea. A series of mysterious disappearances of ships and planes has surrounded this location with insinuation and myth. People claim that in this area the laws of physics are violated, and it was even suggested there is extraterrestrial activity there. Sceptics state that the disappearances where not that many, and most happened earlier before the proper equipment to track every lost ship or plane down was even invented, including the radar and satellite. They also claim the number of disappearances is relatively insignificant compared to the number of ships and planes that do pass through the area safely. The current within the Triangle is associated with heavy weather, which would be a logical cause for any of the disappearances. Some state that the triangle has opposite magnetism, which interferes with GPS equipment and causes ships and planes to crash in reefs. Another possible explanation includes methane hydrate bubbles as a cause of rapid sinking of ships in the Triangle by water density alterations. An example of a flight that supposedly disappeared in this area was Flight 19 of a naval air force squadron. It was reported that the weather was calm that day, and circumstances surrounding the disappearance where suspicious. However, it was later reported that the plane actually met heavy weather, and that the naval leader of the aircraft sounded disoriented on the radio. This last claim led to suggestions that the flight may not actually have been anywhere near the Bermuda Triangle. This might be the actual reason the plane was never recovered. However, for the disappearance of some other flights, notably the Star Tiger and the Star Ariel, no such explanation was possible and it still remains unclear why the wrecks of these planes were never recovered. It was however certain the planes flew near Bermuda at the time of their last radio transmission. Today, most agree that approximately 170 ships and planes have gone missing without a trace in the Bermuda Triangle area. Other areas that are surrounded by myth because of the many shipwrecks and disappearances include the Marysburgh Vortex in lake Ontario, and the Formosa Triangle near Taiwan. Formosa A five million square kilometre region in the Pacific Ocean where ships frequently disappear under mysterious conditions, the Formosa Triangle is believed to have many similarities to the Bermuda Triangle. It is located between Taiwan, Wake Island and the Gilbert Islands on the west coast of the United States. Fortunate Isles The Fortunate Isles, or the Isles of the Blessed, were thought to be locations where heroes of Greek mythology entered a divine paradise. The islands were supposedly located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the Canary Islands. It is stated that Macaronesia may be what is left of these islands today. Lemuria Lemuria is a hypothetical lost continent that was located either in the Indian or Pacific Ocean. Its existence has been thoroughly researched, because many Darwinian scientists believed it to contain the missing link fossil records on the origin of the human species. At present scientists have rendered the existence of Lemuria unlikely by researching plate tectonics. However, occult writers and some ancient peoples have accepted its existence as a valid theory. They believe the continent existed long ago, and sank beneath the ocean because of geological changes. Helena Blavatsky claimed in her book in the 1880’s that the human population on Lemuria turned to black magic, causing the continent to sink and the gods to create a new race on Atlantis. Mu Mu was a continent once located in the Pacific Ocean that is believed to have sunk into the depths of the sea. Monsieur A. Le Plongeon derived the idea of Mu as a continent from ancient Mayan writings. Modern plate tectonics rules out the existence of a lost continent, because there is no evidence of aluminium-silicon alloys (SiAl) on the ocean floor, which would mark continental masses. Some people now believe Mu and Lemuria are actually the same continent. Underworld The Underworld is a mythological realm of the god or goddess of the dead, where the spirits of the deceased stay. It is known in many different languages under different names, such as Naraka (India), Helheim (Scandinavia and Germany) and Uca Pucha (Incas). The Underworld was separated from the worlds of the living by five rivers, namely Acheron (river of woe), Cocytus (river of lamentation), Phlehethon (river of fire), Lethe (river of forgetfulness), and Styx (river of hate). The latter was famous because Zeus forced gods to drink the entire river Styx if they had forsaken an oath. The water was said to be so foul that the god in question would lose his or her voice for nine years. Additionally, Achilles was dipped in the River Styx by his mother to make him immortal. Ys Myth tells us in Brittany a city called Ys once existed, which was built by a Briton king for his daughter Dahut. The city was built below sea level, and was protected by a dam to which only one man had the keys. But one day supposedly Dahut tricked the man into giving her the keys, and she opened the door in the dam to let her lover in. Consequently Ys was flooded and disappeared below sea level. Not all stories blame the flooding on Dahut. According to some gods destroyed the dam to punish the city. Ys was said to be so beautiful that the city of Lutèce was renamed Paris, which means similar to Ys. 4. Gods In the old days, any tribe had its own religion, and different religions described many gods. Here is are some examples of these divinities. Keep in mind that some may overlap. Abzu - water lord in Sumerian mythology that threatens to take back the creation of men by a universal flood, but is imprisoned beneath the earth by Enki (Mesopotamia) Alignak – god of tides in Inuit mythology (Siberia, Greenland and Alaska) Arnemetia – water goddess in British mythology Asopus - river god in Greek mythology, and father to river nymph Aegina Atl – god of water in Aztec mythology (Central Mexico) Atlaua – god of fishermen in Aztec mythology Boann – goddess of the River Boyne in Irish mythology Chalchiuhtlatonal – god of water in Aztec mythology Doris – goddess of the Mediterranean Sea, wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids in Greek mythology Duberdicus – god of water in Lusitanian mythology (Portugal) Dylan Eil Ton – sea god in Welsh mythology (pre-Christian Britons) Enki - god of the freshwater ocean of groundwater under the earth in Sumerian mythology (also referred to as Ea) Hydros – god of freshwater in Greek mythology Manannán mac Lir – sea and weather god in Irish mythology Neptune / Poseidon – god of the sea in Roman and Greek mythology Nereus – god of the Mediterranean Sea, shape-shifter, fortune-teller, and son of Gaia and Pontus in Greek mythology Nethuns – god of wells in Etruscan mythology (Italy) Ninhursag - goddess of the waters and consort of Enki in Sumerian mythology Pontus – pre-Olympian sea god in Greek mythology, and son of Gaia (earth) and Aether (air) Proteus – early sea god in Greek mythology, he may be either a son of Poseidon, or of Oceanus and a Naiad Rodon – god of the sea in Illyrian mythology (Balkans) Saraswati – goddess of knowledge in Hinduism, originally a river goddess (the Saraswati River was named after her) Tootega – goddess that walked on water in Inuit mythology Trition - god of the sea and messenger of the deep in Greek mythology, son of Poseidon and Amphrite, and though to be a merman Untunktahe – water god with great magical powers in Native America (Lakota) mythology Varun - god of rain and the celestial ocean (above heaven and below the Underworld ) in Hinduism Yah - god of the waters in Canaanite mythology (Canaan) Yami - goddess of rivers, sister to the Hindu god of death and daughter of the Sun god If you are interested in reading about any of the creatures, heroes, gods or locations mentioned above, try the following books where some make an appearance (sometimes briefly), or any other books on mythology of a country or peoples. Bacon, Francis – The New Atlantis Blavatsky, Helena – The Secret Doctrine, the Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy (Lemuria) Berlitz, Charles – The Bermuda Triangle Churchward, James – The Lost Continent Mu Homerus – the Illiad and the Odyssey (Greek gods and creatures) Kusche, L.D. – The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved Lang, Andrew – The Brown Fairy Book (Bunyip) Miéville, China – The Scar (Grindylows) Rowling, J.K – Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire (Grindylows) For more information, you may also visit the online Encyclopedia Mythica , Encyclopaedia Britannica , and Wikipedia . pictures from Mardi Byrd www.elfwood.com	i don't know
Maimiti was which seaman’s Tahitian wife?	Mauatua Maimiti (c.1768 - 1841) - Genealogy Mauatua Maimiti "Miamiti", "Isabella", "Mainmast", "/Isobella/", "Mainmast (?)", "Maimiti (?)", "Isabella (?)" Birthdate: in Pitcairn Island, French Polynesia Immediate Family: Half sister of George Adams Managed by: Circa 1768 - Tahiti, French Polynesia Death: Sep 19 1841 - Pitcairn Island, French Polynesia Husband: Sep 19 1841 - Pitcairn Island Husband: Dec 19 1841 - Pitcairn Island Husband: Circa 1768 - Tahiti, French Polynesia Death: Sep 19 1841 - Pitcairn Island, French Polynesia Husband: Sep 19 1841 - Pitcairn Island, British Overseas Territory Husband: Sep 19 1841 - Pitcairn Island, British Overseas Territory Husband: stepdaughter About Mauatua (aka Miamiti, Mainmast and Isabella) Mauatua is referred to as Miamiti, Mainmast and Isabella in various references to the early days of Pitcairn Island. Rosalind Young, in her book, writes: In the year 1841 Christian's widow died. Her name, given by the Englishmen, was Isabella, but as Christian himself had dubbed her "Mainmast," this latter name was the one by which she was exclusively called, only it was abbreviated to "Mai'mas'. In "The Visit of the Tuscan" it mentions: The eldest, Isabella, is the widow of the notorious Fletcher Christian, and the mother of the first-born on the island. Her hair is very white, and she bears, generally, an appearance of extreme age, but her mental and bodily powers are yet active. She appeared to have some knowledge of Capt. Cook, and relates, with the tenacious retrospect of age, many minute particulars connected with the visits of that great navigator to Tahiti. 'Miamiti' was assigned during the journey from Tahiti to Pitcairn Island where she got quite sea sick. The name means 'sea sick' in Tahitian. MAUATUA (Maimiti, “Mainmast,” Isabella) Christian’s consort. We do not know when Mauatua was born, but she claimed to remember Cook’s first arrival in Tahiti (1769), so she must have been at least twenty-three or twenty-four when the Bounty arrived in 1788. There is no evidence that Christian had a serious attachment to her before the mutiny (in fact, it is unlikely), but she did follow him both to Tubuai and later to Pitcairn. When the loyalists and half of the mutineers had gone ashore on Tahiti on September 22, 1789, Christian left the island the same night. The reason was that Mauatua had found out about a plot among the Tahitians to overpower the nine mutineers and take over the ship (the plot may even have been incited by one or more loyalists, although Morrison does not mention anything about it). If she had not learned about the scheme, or had not told Christian, the Bounty story could have had a very different ending and Pitcairn might not be inhabited today. Mauatua bore Christian two sons, Thursday October and Charles, before he was murdered on Massacre Day, September 20, 1793, and one daughter, Mary Anne, born after his death. When Christian died, Mauatua became Edward Young’s consort (actually she shared him with Toofaiti) and bore him three children: Edward, Polly, and Dorothea. Mauatua survived the disastrous attempt to migrate to Tahiti in 1831, but saw her first-born child, Thursday October, succumb to the diseases then rampant there to which the Pitcairners had no immunity. She herself died on Pitcairn ten years later – September 19, 1841 – of an epidemic brought by a visiting ship. Of the original settlers on the island, she was survived only by Teraura. In her later years, she was known affectionately as “Maimas,” and abbreviation of Mainmast. Mauatua is referred to as Miamiti, Mainmast and Isabella in various references to the early days of Pitcairn Island. Rosalind Young, in her book, writes: In the year 1841 Christian's widow died. Her name, given by the Englishmen, was Isabella, but as Christian himself had dubbed her "Mainmast," this latter name was the one by which she was exclusively called, only it was abbreviated to "Mai'mas'. In "The Visit of the Tuscan" it mentions: The eldest, Isabella, is the widow of the notorious Fletcher Christian, and the mother of the first-born on the island. Her hair is very white, and she bears, generally, an appearance of extreme age, but her mental and bodily powers are yet active. She appeared to have some knowledge of Capt. Cook, and relates, with the tenacious retrospect of age, many minute particulars connected with the visits of that great navigator to Tahiti. 'Miamiti' was assigned during the journey from Tahiti to Pitcairn Island where she got quite sea sick. The name means 'sea sick' in Tahitian.	Fletcher Christian
The Minoan civilisation was based on which island?	Fletcher Christian (1764 - 1793) - Find A Grave Memorial Death: Sep. 20, 1793, Pitcairn Islands Mutineer. Master's Mate and Acting Lieutenant on the HMS Bounty. His ancestors came from the Isle of Man and it appears that rebellion ran in the family. Christian's great-great-grandfather, the Manxman Illiam Dhone, led an uprising against the English on the island and was executed in 1663. He was also related to the poet William Wordsworth and both men were born in Cockermouth, Cumberland. His father was a gentleman farmer who died when Christian was three, plunging the family into financial straits. Christian's mother saw to it that he and his older brother received good educations, but in 1780 they lost their ancestral farm at Moorland Close and had to go live with relatives. Christian's decision to join the Royal Navy at age 17 was probably motivated by monetary concerns; he enlisted as a common seaman, which was unusual (not to mention demeaning) for someone with a gentleman's background. In a strange coincidence, the Lieutenant on Christian's first ship, the HMS Cambridge, was William Bligh, though the two had very little contact. Returning home in 1782, he fell in love with a young heiress named Isabella Curwen. She liked the tall, handsome and muscular Christian but chose to marry one of his cousins instead. The heartbroken young seaman returned to the Navy. In April 1783 Christian was on the HMS Eurydice as Midshipman on a voyage to India; during that time he was promoted to Acting Lieutenant, showing that he was a naturally skilled officer. Through family connections Christian then joined the crew of the merchant ship Britannia in 1785; the Commander was William Bligh. They sailed together twice to the West Indies and on the second trip Bligh promoted Christian to Second Mate. In 1787 Bligh was commissioned by Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, for a voyage to the South Seas; its purpose was to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies in order to grow cheap food for slaves. The ship Bligh was given was a former merchant vessel, the Bethia, refitted and renamed the HMS Bounty by Banks. Bligh chose Christian as Master's Mate---and the rest is history....Christian's motives for eventually taking the Bounty have intrigued people for over 200 years and have invited endless speculation about his character. The romantic view (effectively pushed by Hollywood) portrays him as a champion of the underdog rebelling against tyranny, while many historians (especially those partial to the British Navy) have dismissed Christian as a selfish neurotic who couldn't hack naval discipline, or even as a bloodthirsty pirate. The known facts are less clear cut. As an officer he was uniformly praised as extremely able, fair-minded, and compassionate towards the crew, never so much as cursing at a sailor; not a man aboard the Bounty, loyalist or mutineer, ever had a bad word to say about him. Even Bligh seemed to have liked Christian and promoted him to Acting Lieutenant (third-in-command of that small crew) not long after setting sail. But beneath this ideal officer was a deeply conflicted man, wracked with self-doubt and prone to profuse bouts of nervous sweating. The mildest criticism would depress him for days. The ship's senior officers accused Bligh of giving Christian preferential treatment---meaning that he wasn't verbally abused by the Commander as much as his colleagues---but Christian himself felt unfairly singled out for grief. The Bounty's stay in Tahiti (1788-89) was the turning point. Although there was much work to be done gathering the breadfruit plants and reconditioning the vessel, life on the island was a comparative paradise. After nearly six months of swimming, feasting, and polygamous sex with the natives, many of the crew were reluctant to face the difficult voyage home under an increasingly hot-tempered Bligh. (Three of the men attempted to desert and Bligh had them flogged). Christian certainly felt this way; he'd fallen in love with a Tahitian woman named Maimiti, calling her "Isabella" after his unrequited flame back in England. When the Bounty finally embarked for the West Indies in April 1789, the mood of the crew was incendiary. Even so, the mutiny that occurred three weeks later, on April 28, was an improvised, spur-of-the-moment fluke. On the night of April 27 Christian told some of the younger officers that he intended to jump ship aboard a raft and head back for Tahiti. According to one story, Midshipman Ned Young persuaded Christian to drop this scheme and commandeer the ship instead; but this is based more on Young's later ruthless behavior than any real evidence. The seed was probably planted---inadvertently---by another young Midshipman, George Stewart. Attempting to convince Christian that his steadfast presence was vital to the morale of the crew, Stewart warned him, "The men are ready for anything". Christian was left to chew on this remark during his early morning watch. Around 7:00 AM on April 28, Carpenter's Mate Charles Norman spotted a shark following the Bounty and requested a musket to shoot it. This gave Christian a perfect excuse to gain access to the ship's arms chest, the key to which was kept by Armorer Joseph Coleman. Motive, willing accomplices, and now opportunity---the elements all fell into place. While seaman Matthew Quintal was sent to pass the word, Christian and seaman John Adams went to Coleman for the key; once the arms chest was opened, Christian and Adams seized Coleman and the hastily gathered mutineers rushed in to arm themselves. Within moments a group led by Christian had stormed into Bligh's cabin (he had just woken up and was half naked) and arrested him. The mutiny lasted about an hour; despite the chaos, Christian saw to it that no one was killed or seriously injured. For a time there was indecision over what to do next. Christian only wanted to get rid of the four most hated men aboard: Bligh, Midshipmen Thomas Hayward and John Hallett, and the Ship's Clerk John Samuel; but more than half the crew remained loyal to Bligh, so 18 of them were put into the Bounty's launch with the deposed Commander and set adrift. (The remaining seven loyalists were kept against their will, mainly because there was no room for them in the launch). For the next nine months the Bounty was almost continuously at sea, with Christian growing hardened and desperate in his behavior. They sailed first to Tahiti; then to the island of Tubai; then back to Tahiti. In September 1789 Christian realized that his only chance to remain free was to settle on whatever uncharted South Seas island he could find. Of the 22 Bounty men on Tahiti, only eight (all mutineers) agreed to go along, taking with them 12 Tahitian women and six Tahitian men. (Christian was accompanied by Maimiti, now his wife, and she would bear him three children). On January 15, 1790, the Bounty arrived at Pitcairn Island, a 1.3-mile hunk of volcanic rock isolated in the South Pacific. First sighted by westerners in 1767, it was named for its discoverer, Robert Pitcairn. Although it was charted, Christian was delighted to learn that Pitcairn's position on the nautical maps had been mistakenly placed 188 miles west of its actual location, making it difficult to find---and an excellent refuge. After determining that the island had sufficient natural resources for survival, the mutineers burned and sank the Bounty on January 23. (The event is commemorated on Pitcairn as "Bounty Day"). If Christian had hoped to build a peaceful, thriving community with everyone pitching in for the common good, he was soon disabused of that notion. The mutineers fell prey to a "Lord of the Flies" mentality and there was constant squabbling over duties, land, provisions, and especially over the women. Mutineer Ned Young, aided by Adams, exploited each situation to his advantage and became de facto ruler of Pitcairn; Christian grew increasingly depressed, and island tradition has it that he would often retreat into a nearby cave to brood. (The cave, naturally, is now named for him). The biggest dilemma was the growing hostility of the Tahitian men. Kidnapped into virtual slavery by Christian, they were abused by some of the white men and had to share three women between them. The tension reached breaking point in 1793 with the accidental death of mutineer John Williams' consort. Williams demanded a replacement and was given one of the natives' women, sparking a killing spree that came to be known on the island as "Massacre Day". Early on September 20, 1793, the Tahitians, armed with stolen muskets and clubs, began slaughtering the mutineers at their homes. Five Bounty men were killed; Christian was the second to go, shot at least twice and finished off with a club and a rock. He may have eluded British justice, but he could not escape Darwin's law of survival of the fittest. He was probably buried close to where he fell. Today there are many of his descendants living on Pitcairn, on Norfolk Island, and throughout the Pacific....After two centuries Fletcher Christian remains a vivid figure in popular culture. Almost from the beginning there were those who refused to believe he actually died, at least not in the grisly manner recorded by history. Shortly before his death in 1831, Bounty survivor Peter Heywood swore that he saw a man who looked exactly like Christian on a Plymouth street in 1808. This gave rise to the legend that Christian somehow returned undetected to England---a legend bolstered by mutineer John Adams. The mutineers had scuttled the Bounty but not its sloop, which they kept for fishing expeditions and, if needed, a quick getaway from the island. When British sailors visited Pitcairn in 1814, they noticed that the sloop was nowhere to be seen. The enigmatic Adams would not explain its disappearance, and he refused to show his visitors where Christian was buried. There are probably sensible explanations for both. Moored along Pitcairn's rocky coastline---the island has no beach or natural harbor---the sloop was probably dashed to pieces in a storm. As for the gravesite, Adams may not have wanted anyone to see how carelessly Christian had been buried, his resting place unmarked and grown over with tropical foliage. (Guilt may have played a role as well, since there is evidence that Ned Young, with Adams' knowledge, helped provoke the events which led to Christian's murder). And it is hard to dismiss the testimony of Maimiti, who described her husband's death in great detail. But the idea of Christian truly beating the law and returning home to live happily ever after is too tantalizing for some to relinquish. It adds to the enduring mystery and attraction of the world's most famous mutineer. (bio by: Bobb Edwards)	i don't know
What is Europe’s smallest game bird?	The RSPB: Browse bird families: Partridges, quails and pheasants Browse bird families Image: Chris Gomersall Small, medium and large-sized gamebirds, from the tiny quail to the long-tailed, large-bodied pheasants, all with short, curved bills, small heads, rounded bodies and short legs. Most are social birds, often found in family groups, but in the pheasants the males have little to do with the family. Most are resident, but quails are long-distance migrants, spending the winter in Africa. There are many more species of quails and pheasants in Asia and North America.	Quail
Who was the last Norman king of England?	Small Game Hunting - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation Skip to main navigation Small Game Hunting "Small game" includes upland and migratory game birds , small game mammals (e.g., squirrel, rabbit), furbearers (e.g., fox, coyote), and reptiles and amphibians. Game species may be taken only during their open seasons. Hunters taking wildlife on licensed shooting preserves must comply with regulations governing those shooting preserves. To enhance the small game hunting experience, the Department has several programs to either keep accurate counts of takes or raise and release species to increase hunting opportunity. Among the programs in place are required reporting of turkey take, Pheasant Release Program and Grouse and Woodcock Hunting Log . To learn more about these and specifics of the hunting regulations, follow the links on this page or contact DEC for a copy of the NYS Hunting and Trapping Regulations Guide for the current year. Learn about DEC's Young Forest Initiative , which will dramatically increase young forest habitat for popular game species like American Woodcock and Ruffed Grouse on Wildlife Management Areas. Protected Wildlife In New York State, nearly all species of wildlife are protected. Most species, including endangered species, songbirds, hawks and owls are fully protected and may not be taken. The few unprotected species include porcupine, red squirrel, woodchuck, English sparrow, starling, rock pigeon, and monk parakeet. Unprotected species may be taken at any time without limit. A hunting license is required to hunt unprotected wildlife with a bow, crossbow, or firearm. General Small Game Regulations You may not use a rifle or handgun to hunt pheasant or migratory game birds. You may not take a turkey with a rifle, or with a handgun firing a bullet. You may hunt turkey with a shotgun or handgun only when using shot no larger than #2 and no smaller than #8. Air guns may be used to hunt squirrels, rabbits, hares, ruffed grouse, and furbearers that may be hunted (e.g., raccoons and coyotes) and unprotected species. Air guns may not be used to hunt waterfowl, pheasant, wild turkey, or big game. A bow or crossbow may be used to hunt small game. See Crossbow Hunting for additional information. Reptiles and Amphibians Frogs - "Frogs" are defined as eastern spadefoot toad, eastern American toad, Fowler's toad, northern cricket frog, northern gray treefrog, northern spring peeper, western chorus frog, bullfrog, green frog, mink frog, wood frog, northern leopard frog, southern leopard frog, and pickerel frog. A fishing or hunting license is required to take frogs with a spear, club, hook, or by hand. A hunting license is required to take frogs with a gun, bow, or crossbow. Open Season is June 15 through September 30. Open in all wildlife management units except that: (1) leopard frogs shall not be taken in wildlife management units 1A, 1C, or 2A; and (2) northern cricket frogs and eastern spadefoot toads shall not be taken in any area of the state. There is no size limit, daily bag limit, or season bag limit. Hunting hours are any time of the day or night, except that no person shall use a gun to take frogs when hunting at night (sunset to sunrise). Turtles - The only turtle species for which there is an open hunting season are the snapping turtle and the diamondback terrapin. You may not harvest, take, or possess any other turtle species at any time. Snapping Turtle: A hunting license is required to take snapping turtles. The only legal implement for taking snapping turtles is a firearm, bow, or crossbow. Open season for snapping turtles is July 15 through September 30 and the season is open statewide. Hunting hours are any time of the day or night. The snapping turtle's upper shell (carapace) must measure 12 inches or longer in length. The bag limit for snapping turtles is 5/day or 30/season. Diamondback Terrapin: A valid diamondback terrapin license is required to take diamondback terrapin. Follow the directions on the Application and License web page to submit your form. Open Season for diamondback terrapin is August 1 through April 30 and the open area is all of Long Island, New York City, and the lower Hudson River north to the Tappan Zee Bridge. Hunting Hours are any time of the day or night. The diamondback terrapin's upper shell (carapace) must measure at least 4 inches, but may not be greater than 7 inches in length. There is no daily or season bag limit for diamondback terrapin. Diamondback terrapin may only be taken using dip nets, hand capture, seine nets, and traps. The traps must be capable of capturing diamondback terrapin alive, and the trap must be marked with a tag bearing the name and address of the licensee and must be checked daily. Possession of a diamondback terrapin on the waters or shores of New York State during the closed season is prohibited. Diamondback terrapin legally taken during the open season may be sold throughout the year only if they were killed and processed for consumption prior to May 5. Snakes, Lizards, and Salamanders - You may not harvest, take, or possess any native snakes, lizards, or salamanders at any time. Falconry Seasons Falconry is the sport of hunting small game species with trained raptors. A person must possess a valid Falconry License and a hunting license to hunt with raptors. A licensed falconer may take small game species from October 1 through March 31 in any area of the state open to hunting these species EXCEPT: Waterfowl may also be taken during a specific period outside the firearms hunting season but within the Federal waterfowl season framework (see details in the Waterfowl Hunting Guide ). Common crow may only be taken during the open firearms season. Note: A licensed falconer may take both male and female pheasants anywhere in the State when hunting under a Falconry License. For more information on Falconry contact the DEC Special Licenses Unit, 625 Broadway, Albany, NY 12233-4752 or call (518) 402-8985. Wildlife Taken Outside the State Legally imported game may be possessed and transported at any time. Game birds and animals (except migratory game birds) legally taken outside the State may be imported in any manner, except by parcel post, in the number which may be legally exported from the place of taking as follows: During their respective open seasons in this State by the taker without license or permit. During the closed season in this State, provided the taker first obtains an importation license from a DEC regional office. See Furbearer Hunting section for details. Possession & Release of Game Birds It is illegal to possess or release migratory game birds and upland game birds without the proper license(s) from DEC. Furthermore, permission of the landowner/land manager must be obtained prior to the release of birds to the wild. "Migratory Game Birds" include waterfowl (ducks, geese, brant, swans), shorebirds (woodcock, snipe, plover, surfbirds, sandpipers, tattlers, curlews), corvids (jays, crows, magpies), and rails, coots, mud hens and gallinules. "Upland Game birds" include wild turkeys, grouse, pheasant, Hungarian or European gray-legged partridge, and quail. Captive-reared wild turkeys, swans, and Canada geese may not be released at any time. Pigeons are not considered game birds and may not be released at any time. Cooperators who obtain pheasants from DEC through the "Day-Old Chick" and "Young Pheasant Release" programs are covered by the terms of their agreement with the Department. These birds must be released on lands open to hunting by the public. Before you take possession of any game birds, please contact DEC's Special Licenses Unit, 625 Broadway, Albany, NY 12233-4752 or call (518) 402-8985. Use of Hunting Dogs Dogs may be used to hunt small game, except: You may not use dogs to hunt wild turkey in the spring. In the Northern Zone, if you are hunting with a dog, or accompanied by a dog, you may not possess a rifle larger than .22 caliber rim-fire or possess a shotgun loaded with slug, ball or buckshot unless you are coyote hunting with a dog. Crossbows may not be used while hunting with a dog for any small game (except for coyotes) in the Northern Zone. Training - You may train dogs on raccoon, fox, coyote, and bobcat from July 1 through April 15. You may train dogs on other small game only from August 15 through April 15. You may train dogs at any time on lands you own, lease, or have written permission to use, if you are not training on wildgame. You may only use blank ammunition when training dogs, except during an open season. Control - Hunting dogs should remain under control of the hunter or trainer, especially on lands inhabited by deer. Do not shoot at dogs; report stray dogs to a local Environmental Conservation Officer or your local animal control officer. More about Small Game Hunting: Small Game Seasons - Maps showing the areas open for small game and furbearer hunting and season dates and bag limits for taking rabbits, grouse, turkey, squirrel, frogs, pheasant, varying hare, and bob white quail. Pheasant Hunting Information - About New York's pheasants and pheasant hunting, with links to release sites Ruffed Grouse Hunting Information - Information about hunting for ruffed grouse in New York, with links to ruffed grouse hunter log.	i don't know
Which Russian city was formerly called Tsaritsyn and Stalingrad?	The City of Stalingrad. Volgograd, formerly Stalingrad. Volgograd, formerly Stalingrad, originated with the foundation in 1589 of Tsaritsyn at the confluence of the Tsaritsa and Volga Rivers. The fortress Sary Su (a local Tatar language name meaning: Yellow Water/River), was established to defend the unstable southern border of Tsarist Russia. It soon became the nucleus of a trading settlement. It was captured twice by Cossack rebels, under Stepan Razin in the rebellion of 1670 and Yemelyan Pugachev in 1774. Tsaritsyn became an important river port and commercial center in the 19th century. The original name of the city, Tsaritsyn, was first recorded by English explorer Barry in 1579, though he did not refer to the city, but to the island on the Volga. The origin of the name is usually traced back to the Turkic "Sary-Su" (yellow water) or "Sary-Sin" (Yellow Island). The date of the founding of the city is considered to be July 2, 1589, when the fortress Tsaritsyn was first named in a royal charter. The fortress was located slightly above the confluence of the Volga River Queen on the right bank. Before Tsaritsyn, in the mouth of the river, there was a settlement of the Queen of the Golden Horde. In 1607, the fortress was in revolt against the king's troops but was suppressed six months later. In 1608, the city had its first stone church, St. John the Baptist. At the beginning of the 17th century, the garrison consisted of 350-400 people. In 1670 the fortress was taken by troops of Stepan Razin, who left after a month. In 1708, the fortress was held by insurgent Cossacks Kondrati Bulavin. In 1717, Bulavin was sacked by the Crimean Tatars and Kuban. Later, in 1774, the city unsuccessfully stormed Yemelyan Pugachev. In 1691, Tsaritsyn established customs. In 1708, Tsaritsyn was assigned to the Kazan Governorate; in 1719, to Astrakhan Governorate; According to the census in 1720, the city's population was 408 people. In 1773, the city became the provincial and district town. From 1779 it belonged to the Saratov Viceroyalty. In 1780, the city was under the Saratov Governorate (later as a province). The population expanded rapidly during the 19th century, increasing from fewer than 3,000 people in 1807 to about 84,000 in 1900. The first railroad came to the town in 1862. The first theatre opened in 1872, the first cinema in 1907. In 1913, Tsaritsin's first tram line was built, and the city's first electric lights were installed in the city center. During the Russian Civil War Tsaritsyn was under Soviet control starting from November 1917. In 1918, Tsaritsyn was besieged by White troops under Ataman Krasnov. Three assaults by White troops were repulsed. However, in June 1919 Tsaritsyn was captured by White forces of General Denikin, which left the city in January 1920. This was known as the Battle for Tsaritsyn. The city was renamed Stalingrad after Joseph Stalin on April 10, 1925. This was officially to recognize the city's and Stalin's role in its defense against the Whites in 1918-1920. In 1931, in the city including the German settlement-colony Sarepta (founded in 1765), subsequently became the largest area of the city — Krasnoarmeysky. The first institute was opened in 1930, a year later was opened and the Pedagogical Institute. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river, and as a result was attacked by Axis forces during World War II. In 1942, the city became the site of one of the pivotal battles of the war. The Battle of Stalingrad saw perhaps the greatest casualty figures of any battle in warfare (estimates are between 1,250,000 and 1,798,619). The battle began on August 19, 1942, and on Augsut 23, the city suffered heavy aerial bombardment that reduced most of it to rubble. By September, the fighting reached the city center. The fighting was of unprecedented intensity; the central railway station of the city changed hands thirteen times, and the famous Mamayev Kurgan (one of the heights of the city) was captured and recaptured eight times. By the winter of 1942–43, the German forces controlled 90% of the city, and had cornered the Soviets into two narrow pockets. On November 19, Soviet forces launched a massive counterattack. This led to the eventual encirclement of the German Sixth Army. On January 31, 1943 its commander, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered, and on February 2, with the elimination of straggling German troops, the Battle of Stalingrad was over. This heavily industrialized port, rail junction and regional capital has been built from scratch since 1945. Now today Volgograd is the administrative and economic center of the Lower Volga Region and is also the major transport center of this area. The Volga-Don Canal connects the Volga and the Don rivers and so makes Volgograd a port of five seas: the Caspian, the Black, the Azov, the Baltic and the White. The city was renamed Volgograd in 1961. Partly taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd	Volgograd
A Russian rouble is divided into 100 …..what?	A tale of twin cities: how Coventry and Stalingrad invented the concept \| Cities \| The Guardian Cities A tale of twin cities: how Coventry and Stalingrad invented the concept Two years after Coventry was flattened in the second world war, sympathy with the plight of Stalingrad led women’s groups to reach out to the Russian city – a ‘bond of friendship’ which survived the frostiest parts of the cold war The morning after an air raid on Coventry in the 1940s. Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images Cities is supported by Friday 4 March 2016 02.30 EST Last modified on Tuesday 8 March 2016 05.29 EST Share on Messenger Close Under the ring road, just north of Coventry’s city centre, there are a series of murals. Faded and streaked with water damage and pigeon droppings they show hands shaking across the ocean in what would once have been bright, cheerful colours. On a grimy concrete pillar you can still just about read the explanation for their existence on a scratched and faded plaque. This is Volgograd Place, named in 1972 when Mikhail Zolotaryov, the deputy mayor of the city formerly known as Stalingrad, one of Coventry’s many twin cities, came here on a mission of peace and reconciliation. Volgograd Place is still described on a Russian website as “a pleasant green space with seats and fountains”. You can’t help feel that any Russian visitors would be so appalled by its state that the twin relationship would be ruined forever. If anything, it could serve as a bleak memorial to the concept of twin towns . Most of Coventry’s 26 twins don’t even have the dubious honour of a broken patch of concrete under a flyover. Across Europe the relationships have fallen into a state of disrepair, with some towns even breaking off official twin contacts. One was Doncaster, where in 2009, “ Britain’s most gloriously un-PC super mayor ” Peter Davies, ditched the town’s agreements with five towns in China, France, Germany, Poland and the US, saving he claimed, £4,000 a year. Pinterest Volgograd Place, Coventry. Photograph: Trevor Baker Perhaps more seriously, there have been moves to ditch twinning arrangements as a sign of disapproval with unpleasant political regimes. Milan broke things off with St Petersburg in 2012 after the city introduced homophobic Russian legislation against the “propaganda of homosexuality” among minors. Other cities, such as Los Angeles, debated taking the same action. Across Europe there are still around 40,000 twin arrangements but even when less controversial, they’re often seen as irrelevant at best, or at worst an expensive perk for local politicians. As Peter Davies put it after his cuts: “The idea that cultural links have been lost is nonsensical. Only about a dozen people ever benefited from these trips. I can see that it arose out of altruistic motives after the war, but it just became about junkets.” Yet, is it possible that when done right, twinning is more influential, and much more beneficial, than many people realise? Coventry’s association with the idea began the morning after the worst night in its history, 14 November 1940. After 12 hours of bombing by the Luftwaffe, with 554 people dead and three quarters of the city centre’s housing destroyed, the Provost, or senior priest, Richard Howard, wrote “Father Forgive” in chalk on the scorched back wall of the ruined cathedral . “At the time it was like, ‘You must be joking mate’,” says local composer and arts manager Derek Nisbet, who’s been closely involved with Coventry’s twinning movement. That Christmas, Howard went further and declared on the radio that, after the war, he would work with those who’d been enemies, “to build a kinder, more Christ-child-like world.” This led directly to the twinning with German towns that had been devastated by allied bombing, Kiel (in 1947) and Dresden (1956). But even before that Coventry already had the world’s first twin city: Stalingrad . In 1942 Stalingrad was facing annihilation in the worst battle of the second world war. In Coventry , a large left-wing movement was agitating for Britain to provide more help to the Soviet Union. Margaret Smith, the granddaughter of then mayor Emily Smith, remembers that her grandmother used to receive petitions from communists calling for a “second front” to be opened. As if Churchill and his generals would have taken advice from a female Labour mayor in the West Midlands. Pinterest War-torn Stalingrad, 1942. Photograph: Rex/Shutterstock The town itself, however, made remarkable efforts to send aid. On one occasion 830 people paid six pence each to sign a tablecloth which was sent to the city with the message: “Little help is better than big sympathy.” “It seems like a group of women in Coventry looked at a map and saw that Stalingrad was a place that was similar in size to Coventry and that also made tractors,” says Nisbet, “so it became this exchange of goodwill.” Despite being involved in Britain’s own struggle for survival, the people of Coventry raised £4,516 for mobile x-ray units for the Red Army – around £203,000 in today’s prices. Even children were involved. “I was about nine,” says Smith, “and me and my friend had a stall selling things for Stalingrad. I remember my friend’s father wasn’t happy about it because he was conservative, but he still gave us a great big onion to sell.” In response, 36,000 women in Stalingrad signed an album that was sent to Coventry. Then in 1944 an official “bond of friendship” was created between the two cities, even though by that time, only an estimated 9,796 citizens survived in Stalingrad’s rubble. Most people felt that the point of twinning was to try and create relationships The bond, Coventry’s town clerk hoped, “would find its manifestation in such matters as the mutual exchange of visits … the establishment of pen friendships … and the exchange of literature and information”. Over 60 years later this series of almost painfully humble suggestions is exactly what most imagine when they think of twinning. It’s sometimes forgotten that it was a very English response to genocide and mass destruction. Remarkably, the bond between Coventry and Stalingrad – renamed Volgograd in 1961 – endured throughout the coldest moments of the Cold War. Even in 1981, when Leonid Brezhnev was boosting Soviet military spending and Thatcher was steering the UK to the right, a Coventry mayor went out to Volgograd and planted a tree in Memorial Park. This, perhaps surprisingly, doesn’t seem to have aroused the same kind of concerns about the Soviet Union’s human rights record that we might see today. Most people felt that the point of twinning was to try to create relationships in order to make it harder to create the hate and division necessary for war. Crucially, the link between Coventry and Stalingrad was never supposed to be about politicians, it was supported by ordinary people, mostly women. Pinterest The issue of how to create links between communities and individuals without endorsing political regimes remains problematic. Even so, there are those who still think that twinning agreements can make a difference to life in our cities. This could be even more true in the case of countries that don’t agree on a political level. In 2014, to celebrate the original bond of friendship, Volgograd Children’s Orchestra visited Coventry and performed a piece of music, Twin Song, written by Nisbet. It could have been disastrous timing, as relations between Russia and the west were at the lowest they’d been since the cold war. The orchestra travelled soon after Russia annexed Crimea. “I was a little bit worried about hearing some questions from people about politics. But luckily there was nothing like that,” says orchestra leader Yuri Ilynov. “We only heard nice things about the orchestra.” People from Coventry have been similarly impressed by the kindness shown to them in Volgograd, whatever the political climate. “Our hosts were very hospitable,” says Brian Winstanley of Coventry’s Rotary Club, who visited in 2014. “We never got into political matters, or if we did it was just a wry smile and, ‘the time to make money was 10 or 15 years ago’.” One line in Twin Song was inspired by a visit that Nisbet and his co-writer Peter Cann made to a primary school. A 10-year-old boy made the point that “it’s better to be twins, than to be cold to each other”. Although Nisbet has some sympathy with those who suggest breaking off agreements that no longer serve their purpose, his idea is that twinning should go back to its radical roots. If Coventry managed to twin with a Soviet city in 1944 and with a German city in 1947, is there a case for reinventing the idea for the modern world? “Let’s find new twins that are more challenging,” he says. “When we were growing up we thought of Russia as this mysterious, anonymous threat. I didn’t know any Russians. But the kids here who’ve met Russians and seen that they’re the same as them have overcome that. At one point Russia was the ‘other’ and if we think about who is the ‘other’ now,” he pauses and half-seriously suggests, “maybe we should be twinning with somewhere in Syria.” He’s not the first one to suggest going for the more challenging twin. Dundee twinned with the West Bank city of Nablus in 1980 , while in 2011 a Conservative councillor proposed twinning Royston in Hertfordshire with Benghazi in Libya . The benefits of twinning can go both ways. According to Coventry’s lord mayor Michael Hammon, Chinese investment in a new taxi factory outside the city was “more or less a direct consequence,” of contacts made through the twin relationship with Jinan in eastern China. It would inject new life and purpose if all wealthy twin towns took on a poorer town and did something to try and help Jerry Dammers But what effect did twinning have on Coventry’s people? Those who lived there in the 1970s and early 80s might scoff at the idea that it helped it become, as it says on the road signs, a “ city of peace and reconciliation ”. According to professor of sociology Nirmal Puwar, who grew up in the city: “Racism was rife. There were a number of serious attacks, and the racist skinhead movement was feared on an everyday basis.” Yet, it was also the place where record label 2 Tone’s mixed race groups formed a bridge between reggae, punk and skinhead culture, inspiring people around the world. Is it fanciful to imagine a connection between the idealism of Coventry’s post-war generation and the post-punk idealism of the early 80s? Jerry Dammers , founder of The Specials and of 2 Tone, is dismissive of the idea that their battle against racism had anything to do with twinning. “It’s far fetched to compare it with bringing Germany into the mainstream after the war,” he says. “But I guess 2 Tone was trying to fight racism and change minds at the same time.” However, there is one interesting link between the two eras. After the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944, a junior British officer was reading the Bible in a casualty bay, having lost part of his foot to a landmine. Beside him was a Luftwaffe pilot. Pinterest “I, too, read the Bible,” the pilot told him, as he later recounted in his autobiography, “and I have found some comfort in it since my wife and two sons were killed in an RAF raid on Hamburg.” After the war the officer joined the church and, in the late 60s and early 70s, he was a canon at Coventry Cathedral. Passionate about reconciliation, he even travelled to Dresden to help with the planning of a new cathedral to replace the one destroyed by the RAF. His name was Horace Dammers , Jerry Dammers’ dad. The musician, who now leads Jerry Dammers’ Spatial AKA Orchestra, wasn’t aware of the city’s history as a pioneer of twinning, but he’s enthusiastic about his home town’s claim to fame. “That’s a fantastic part of the city’s legacy,” he says. “I think Coventry should publicise that and support the movement’s continuation. It would inject new life and purpose if all wealthy twin towns took on a poorer town, maybe in the third world, and did something to try and help it and learn from it.” Learning from one another was supposed to be what twinning was all about. Nisbet’s colleague, cultural planner Carol Brown, believes that we suffer from the delusion that, in an age of easy travel, we know the rest of the world much better than we really do. She is an unabashed Russophile and her trips to Volgograd have convinced her that the twinning arrangement between the two cities is vital in our fraught times. Sarajevo love story: how a chance photo revealed the joy and pain of Bosnia's war Read more “We don’t understand Russia at all,” she says. “Over 20 million people died there in the second world war but people aren’t aware of the suffering. It makes me angry when people make assumptions about things that they’ve read in the papers when they don’t know any of the history.” She groans when I mention Volgograd Place. “It’s so embarrassing,” she says. “I’m always ashamed to take people from Volgograd there. It’s disgusting. When it was first built it had water features and landscaping. It’s such a shame.” Still, if the relationship between Coventry and Volgograd has survived the second world war, the cold war and now the stand-off between the west and Putin, it should be able to survive a bit of neglected concrete under a flyover. The continuing cultural exchanges between the two cities are a symbol that, whatever’s going on at a political level, ordinary people can still communicate, help and inspire each other, just as they did in 1944. And, at the time of writing, there are signs of restoration work about to begin at Volgograd Place. Perhaps, at last, Coventry’s long international friendship will get the landmark it deserves. Follow Guardian Cities on Twitter and Facebook and join the discussion	i don't know
Which English footballer has won the FA Cup seven times?	Ashley Cole is Mr FA Cup: Chelsea defender won trophy seven times \| Daily Mail Online comments It was apt that Ashley Cole was given the captain’s armband for the first time in Chelsea’s 5-1 third-round FA Cup win over Southampton on Saturday. No other player has flourished in the competition quite like Cole. Love him or hate him, he is undoubtedly Mr FA Cup. The England left back has won the competition a record seven times: three times with Arsenal and four times as a Chelsea player. No other player in the modern era even comes close. Only three clubs – Manchester United, Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur – have won it more times than Cole. Mr FA Cup: Cole captained Chelsea for the first time on Saturday Ashley Cole FA Cup by numbers 42 appearances (40 starts) 8 finals (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012) 7 winners’ medals (2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012) 104 FA Cup goals scored by Arsenal and Chelsea when Cole is in the team; 26 conceded. The quality and consistency of his performances are without parallel, yet it always seemed to be someone else, particularly with the goal-scoring power of Didier Drogba in recent years, who steals the headlines. Cole says little and just carries on doing what he does best; what he has been doing on the left side of defence with unerring consistency since he made his FA Cup debut in a 1-0 win for Arsenal at Carlisle on January 6 2001. Since Sylvain Wiltord scored that goal at Brunton Park, Cole has played 41 more games in the grand old competition and experienced only two defeats. That’s right: just two. The first came when Liverpool beat Arsenal 2-1 in the 2001 final at the Millennium Stadium and, nearly a decade later, the second occurred when Everton knocked out Chelsea on penalties in a fourth-round replay at Stamford Bridge. No 1: Cole joins the celebrations after Arsenal beat Chelsea 2-0 at the Millennium Stadium No 2: The left back leads a conga dance after Southampton are seen off 1-0 No 3: It's another champagne moment for Arsenal as Man United are beaten on penalties There have only been four draws among that impressive tally and not many squeaky 1-0 wins, either. In those 42 FA Cup outings for Arsenal and Chelsea, Cole’s teams have scored 104 goals and conceded only 26. The man himself, however, has yet to score in open play, but he credits his penalty in Arsenal’s 2005 Cup final win over Manchester United as his ‘best memory’. ‘It was in front of the Man United fans so that was pretty scary because they were giving me a lot of stick,’ he once said. ‘When it means more it motivates me a bit more.’ No 4: Cole wins his first FA Cup with Chelsea after United are beaten 1-0 at Wembley No 5: This time it's Everton who are beaten as Cole gets a hold on the cup once more Perhaps that is the key to Cole’s FA Cup success. You are unlikely to hear a player with a particularly divisive reputation reminiscing about sitting at home watching the 1990 FA Cup final, but the performances of England’s most-capped left back suggest he really seems to get the essence of this competition. He may consider the Cup’s organisers to be a ‘bunch of t****’, but the 32-year-old thrives on the knock-out nature of the tournament, year-in, year-out. Cup games still do seem to mean more to Cole. There are plenty of highlights Cole could have picked, after all, particularly during the last four seasons in which Chelsea have lifted the FA Cup three times. The last of those triumphs, against Liverpool at Wembley last May, finally saw Cole lift the famous trophy by beating the Merseyside club, 11 years after he first tasted defeat. It provided a nice symmetry to his FA Cup odyssey but, with Chelsea already safely through to the fourth round and a trip to Southend or Brentford in store, Cole could yet add one more trophy to his quite remarkable haul. No 6: Chelsea make it back-to-back FA Cups in 2010 as Portsmouth are beaten No 7: Cole celebrates at the final whistle last May after Chelsea beat Liverpool 2-1	Ashley Cole
Which band leader called his bands ‘The Herd’?	Ashley Cole is Mr FA Cup: Chelsea defender won trophy seven times \| Daily Mail Online comments It was apt that Ashley Cole was given the captain’s armband for the first time in Chelsea’s 5-1 third-round FA Cup win over Southampton on Saturday. No other player has flourished in the competition quite like Cole. Love him or hate him, he is undoubtedly Mr FA Cup. The England left back has won the competition a record seven times: three times with Arsenal and four times as a Chelsea player. No other player in the modern era even comes close. Only three clubs – Manchester United, Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur – have won it more times than Cole. Mr FA Cup: Cole captained Chelsea for the first time on Saturday Ashley Cole FA Cup by numbers 42 appearances (40 starts) 8 finals (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012) 7 winners’ medals (2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012) 104 FA Cup goals scored by Arsenal and Chelsea when Cole is in the team; 26 conceded. The quality and consistency of his performances are without parallel, yet it always seemed to be someone else, particularly with the goal-scoring power of Didier Drogba in recent years, who steals the headlines. Cole says little and just carries on doing what he does best; what he has been doing on the left side of defence with unerring consistency since he made his FA Cup debut in a 1-0 win for Arsenal at Carlisle on January 6 2001. Since Sylvain Wiltord scored that goal at Brunton Park, Cole has played 41 more games in the grand old competition and experienced only two defeats. That’s right: just two. The first came when Liverpool beat Arsenal 2-1 in the 2001 final at the Millennium Stadium and, nearly a decade later, the second occurred when Everton knocked out Chelsea on penalties in a fourth-round replay at Stamford Bridge. No 1: Cole joins the celebrations after Arsenal beat Chelsea 2-0 at the Millennium Stadium No 2: The left back leads a conga dance after Southampton are seen off 1-0 No 3: It's another champagne moment for Arsenal as Man United are beaten on penalties There have only been four draws among that impressive tally and not many squeaky 1-0 wins, either. In those 42 FA Cup outings for Arsenal and Chelsea, Cole’s teams have scored 104 goals and conceded only 26. The man himself, however, has yet to score in open play, but he credits his penalty in Arsenal’s 2005 Cup final win over Manchester United as his ‘best memory’. ‘It was in front of the Man United fans so that was pretty scary because they were giving me a lot of stick,’ he once said. ‘When it means more it motivates me a bit more.’ No 4: Cole wins his first FA Cup with Chelsea after United are beaten 1-0 at Wembley No 5: This time it's Everton who are beaten as Cole gets a hold on the cup once more Perhaps that is the key to Cole’s FA Cup success. You are unlikely to hear a player with a particularly divisive reputation reminiscing about sitting at home watching the 1990 FA Cup final, but the performances of England’s most-capped left back suggest he really seems to get the essence of this competition. He may consider the Cup’s organisers to be a ‘bunch of t****’, but the 32-year-old thrives on the knock-out nature of the tournament, year-in, year-out. Cup games still do seem to mean more to Cole. There are plenty of highlights Cole could have picked, after all, particularly during the last four seasons in which Chelsea have lifted the FA Cup three times. The last of those triumphs, against Liverpool at Wembley last May, finally saw Cole lift the famous trophy by beating the Merseyside club, 11 years after he first tasted defeat. It provided a nice symmetry to his FA Cup odyssey but, with Chelsea already safely through to the fourth round and a trip to Southend or Brentford in store, Cole could yet add one more trophy to his quite remarkable haul. No 6: Chelsea make it back-to-back FA Cups in 2010 as Portsmouth are beaten No 7: Cole celebrates at the final whistle last May after Chelsea beat Liverpool 2-1	i don't know
Whose band was famous for recording ‘One O’Clock Jump’ and ‘April in Paris’?	Count Basie - One Oclock Jump - Amazon.com Music One Oclock Jump Audio CD, Import, December 19, 2006 — Customers Who Viewed This Item Also Viewed Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Next Special Offers and Product Promotions Get a $75.00 statement credit after first Amazon.com purchase made with new Discover itÂ® card within 3 months. Terms and conditions apply. See offer for details. Apply now. Editorial Reviews Born in New Jersey in 1904, William Count Basie received tuition from Fats Waller and went on to replace Waller in Katie Crippen s troupe. He formed his own band in 1935, having further served his apprenticeship playing in film theatres showing the then silent movies and with a succession of bands. He made his recording debut two years later for Decca, having already been established as a celebrity thanks to a series of broadcasts on radio. Indeed, such was his stature at this time he was ranked alongside Duke Ellington, and for a time Basie s star shone considerably brighter it was he who would break the colour bar at the Astoria Waldorf hotel, securing a four month engagement. As well as fronting his own band, Count Basie provided the musical accompaniment to a variety of big name solo artists, including Frank Sinatra, Fred Astaire, Bing Crosby and Tony Bennett	Count Basie
What is the name of the central female character in “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang”?	Count Basie: "One O'Clock Jump" Count Basie: "One O'Clock Jump" Sign in to view read count Part II in a series exploring the history of the Swing Era's greatest songs. In the summer of 1937 Charlie Parker headed to the Ozark Mountains with a stack of Count Basie records and spent hours woodshedding, learning the solos of Lester Young note for note. Although Parker developed his own style out of this exercise, Young's playing had a profound influence on his initial approach. But Parker wasn't the only one; there were plenty of artists who devoted time to copying the floating, melodic style of the tenor player. Many of these artists learned to play like Young from the early Basie records, including "One O'Clock Jump". The Rhythm Section The Basie bandstand was littered with talented musicians besides Young. Herschel Evans was a star tenor player in the Texas style, and Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" Edison blew some hot trumpet. But Basie's music was always intended for dancing, and thus it made sense that he would have the best rhythm section around. Basie said, "I am sure that the rhythm section is right as it is. It's the one section that has given us no trouble at any time. And when I speak of the rhythm, I mean bass, drums and guitar. You can count me out." Jo Jones, Walter Page, and Freddie Green (known as "The All-American Rhythm Section") all but invented the notion of swing through their innovations. Jones moved the pulse from the base drum to the cymbals and perfected the use of the high hat, giving the rhythm a sizzling drive. Page was the first to popularize the four-to-the-bar method of playing bass that became the standard for all big bands. And Freddie Green was the world's best rhythm guitarist, often more felt than heard, never taking a solo yet always emphasizing the beat. Basie, for his part, soloed with a sparse piano style inspired by stride pianists like James P. Johnson, filled with long, rhythmic pauses that made every note count. Freddie Green said, "The Count don't do much, but he does it better than anyone else." The Basie sound was built from this foundation up. Kansas City and Beyond The Basie band had its roots in the Kansas City sound, a riff-heavy blending of blues with big band orchestration. In 1936 they broadcast regularly from the Reno Club there, where they caught the attention of John Hammond, who began writing about the Basie band in Downbeat. This led to a contract with Decca, where Basie recorded a series of popular big band records, such as "Swingin' the Blues", Jumpin' at the Woodside", and the song that would eventually become his theme, "One O'Clock Jump." The standard practice at the time was to offer a musician $750 for twenty-four sides over three years; thus Basie never saw any royalties from any of these recordings. The success of the Basie band led to gigs in Chicago, followed by several engagements in New York, including a fiery battle with Chick Webb's orchestra at the Savoy Ballroom. Basie beat the popular drummer at his own game, adding to his reputation. The Record "One O'Clock Jump" is a fairly simple tune, based on a 12-bar blues that builds in rhythmic intensity. It is constructed from a series of three riffs, carried first by the saxophones, then by the trumpets, then finally the trombones, followed by a series of solos. It was such a popular tune and so easy to adopt that several bandleaders, including Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington, quickly added it to their repertoire. By 1940 it had been recorded a dozen times. As was customary at the time, Basie was given credit for composing the tune, although several people had a hand in its creation. The famous riff which concludes the piece was nicked from a recording by Fats Waller entitled "Six or Seven Times", and arranger Eddie Durham certainly had a hand in the tight, swinging orchestration. "One O'Clock Jump" proved to be so popular that it became the last song of the night at the Reno Club before it was even recorded, and Basie used it as his closing song for over fifty years. Originally the tune was called "Blue Ball", but a nervous radio broadcaster felt that he couldn't say the title on the air. The tune was thus dubbed "One O'Clock Jump" after the late hour that it was traditionally played. The Tenor Battles Although Buck Clayton plays a spirited solo, "One O'Clock Jump" was really a showcase for the fierce tenor battles between Herschel Evans and Lester Young that became a band mainstay. The two couldn't have been more different; Evans was a tough, fiery soloist in the style of Coleman Hawkins, whereas Young favored an airy approach in the upper register. But Basie found that if he pitted the two against each other, it brought out the best in both of them. Basie intentionally fanned the flames, fixing it so that people really thought that there was a feud between the two and acting as the instigator. Basie said, "I used to tell Herschel that Lester had said something about his solo, and then tell Lester that Herschel has said something like, 'You know, that cat really thinks he really got me on that last go round.' And it was on. They would both be raring to go." But despite rumors and appearances (they were placed at opposite ends of the bandstand) the two respected each other and were close friends. The two traded the opening salvo; Evans traditionally got the first solo on "One O'Clock Jump" and Young followed. The tenor battles became a long-standing Basie tradition; a later edition of the band featured Paul Quinichette and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis duking it out. Coda Like all great bands, this edition of the Basie band eventually ended as the members went their separate ways. Evans died of a heart condition at the age of 39, never quite reaching his potential as a soloist (some claim that they could hear an echo of Evans' style in Young's later playing.) Young left the Basie band for a time to front his own group, but came back in the early forties. He was drafted in 1944 and found the war to be a nightmarish experience that took a toll on his physical health. He began drinking, and many claim that his haunted, post-war playing was a mere shadow of his earlier achievements. One reviewer called him "weary, but still trying." Basie for his part worked with small groups in the fifties for a brief time before forming a second big band featuring the ferocious arrangements of Neal Hefti (the two versions of the band are commonly referred to as "Old Testament" and "New Testament"). This version of the band resurrected Basie in popularity, recording classic albums like April in Paris and The Atomic Mr. Basie. Young got one last crack at "One O'Clock Jump" with the Basie band at a Newport Jazz Festival appearance. Although ill health had ravaged the tenor player, he still turns in a commanding performance on the band's signature tune, along with other Basie alumni. Long afterward Basie was still ending concerts with "One O'Clock Jump" and the various member of the band never grew tired of it, finding new ways to rework the basic 12-bar blues to fit the times. To this day "One O'Clock Jump" is one of the best examples of the Kansas City style of big band playing. Sources:	i don't know
Which type of geographical feature can be block, chute, plunge, funnel, horsetail or fan?	waterfall - National Geographic Society waterfall Victoria Falls is on the Zambezi River, between Zimbabwe and Zambia. Photograph by W. Robert Moore Daredevils Because waterfalls are so dramatic and dangerous, thrill-seekers like to perform stunts or events on or around them. People cross waterfalls on tightropes, in canoes, and even in barrels, which provide more protection. Many of these stunts, such as jet-skiing over Niagara Falls, do not go off as planned, and many daredevils have plunged to their deaths. Only two people are known to have survived a plunge from Niagara Falls without any protection. Those two men sustained serious injuries. A waterfall is a river or other body of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below. Waterfalls are also called cascade s. The process of erosion , the wearing away of earth, plays an important part in the formation of waterfalls. Waterfalls themselves also contribute to erosion. Often, waterfalls form as streams flow from soft rock to hard rock. This happens both laterally (as a stream flows across the earth) and vertically (as the stream drops in a waterfall). In both cases, the soft rock erodes, leaving a hard ledge over which the stream falls. A fall line is the imaginary line along which parallel rivers plunge as they flow from uplands to lowlands. Many waterfalls in an area help geologist s and hydrologist s determine a region's fall line and underlying rock structure. As a stream flows, it carries sediment . The sediment can be microscopic silt , pebbles, or even boulders. Sediment can erode stream beds made of soft rock, such as sandstone or limestone. Eventually, the stream's channel cuts so deep into the stream bed that only a harder rock, such as granite, remains. Waterfalls develop as these granite formations form cliffs and ledges. A stream's velocity increases as it nears a waterfall, increasing the amount of erosion taking place. The movement of water at the top of a waterfall can erode rocks to be very flat and smooth. Rushing water and sediment topple over the waterfall, eroding the plunge pool at the base. The crashing flow of the water may also create powerful whirlpool s that erode the rock of the plunge pool beneath them. The resulting erosion at the base of a waterfall can be very dramatic, and cause the waterfall to "recede." The area behind the waterfall is worn away, creating a hollow, cave-like structure called a "rock shelter." Eventually, the rocky ledge (called the outcropping ) may tumble down, sending boulders into the stream bed and plunge pool below. This causes the waterfall to "recede" many meters upstream. The waterfall erosion process starts again, breaking down the boulders of the former outcropping. Erosion is just one process that can form waterfalls. A waterfall may form across a fault , or crack in the Earth’s surface. An earthquake , landslide , glacier , or volcano may also disrupt stream beds and help create waterfalls. Classifying Waterfalls There is not a standard way to classify waterfalls. Some scientists classify waterfalls based on the average volume of water in the waterfall. A Class 10 waterfall using this scale is Inga Falls, Democratic Republic of Congo, where the Congo River twists in a series of rapids . The estimated volume of water discharged from Inga Falls is 25,768 cubic meters per second (910,000 cubic feet per second). Another popular way of classifying waterfalls is by width. One of the widest waterfalls is Khone Phapheng Falls, Laos. At the Khone Phapheng Falls, the Mekong River flows through a succession of relatively shallow rapids. The width of the Khone Phapheng Falls is about 10,783 meters (35,376 feet). Waterfalls are also classified by height. Angel Falls, the world’s tallest waterfall, plummet s 979 meters (3,212 feet) into a remote canyon in a rain forest in Venezuela. The water, from the Gauja River, often does not reach the bottom. The fall is so long, and so steep, that air pressure is stronger often than the water pressure of the falls. The water is turned to mist before it reaches the small tributary below. Types of Waterfalls One of the most popular, if least scientific, ways to classify waterfalls is by type. A waterfall's type is simply the way the descends. Most waterfalls fit more than one category. A block waterfall descends from a wide stream. Niagara Falls, in the U.S. and Canada, is a block waterfall on the Niagara River. A cascade is a waterfall that descends over a series of rock steps. Monkey Falls, in the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in Tamil Nadu, India, is a gently sloping cascade. The waterfall is safe enough for children to play in the water. A cataract is a powerful, even dangerous, waterfall. Among the widest and wildest of cataracts are the thundering waters of the Iguazu River on the border between Brazil and Argentina. A chute is a waterfall in which the stream passage is very narrow, forcing water through at unusually high pressure. Three Chute Falls is named for the three "chutes" through which the Tenaya Creek falls in Yosemite National Park, California. Fan waterfalls are named for their shape. Water spreads out horizontally as it descends. Virgin Falls is a striking fan waterfall on Tofino Creek, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Frozen waterfalls are just what they sound like. For at least part of the year, the waterfall freezes. Mountaineer s often climb frozen waterfalls as a challenging test of their skill. The Fang is a single pillar of ice in Vail, Colorado that vertically plunges more than 30 meters (100 feet). Horsetail waterfalls maintain contact with the hard rock that underlies them. Reichenbach Falls, a fall on the Reichenbach Stream in Switzerland, is a horsetail waterfall where legendary detective Sherlock Holmes allegedly fell to his doom. Multi-step waterfalls are a series of connected waterfalls, each with their own plunge pool. The breathtaking "falling lakes" of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, are a series of multi-step waterfalls. Plunge waterfalls, unlike horsetail falls, lose contact with the hard rock. The tallest waterfall in Japan, Hannoki Falls, is a plunge waterfall that stands 497 meters (1,640 feet). Hannoki Falls is seasonally fed by snowmelt from the Tateyama Mountains. Punchbowl waterfalls are characterized by wide pools at their base. Wailua Falls is a punchbowl waterfall on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Although the plunge pool is tranquil and popular for swimming, the area around Wailua Falls itself is dangerous. The water flowing over segmented waterfalls separate as distinct streams. Huge outcroppings of hard rock separate the streams of Nigretta Falls, a segmented waterfall in Victoria, Australia, before they meet in a large plunge pool. Case Study: Niagara Falls The Niagara River has two falls, one in the U.S. state of New York and one in the province of Ontario, Canada. Each waterfall is less than 60 meters (200 feet) tall, but together they are more than a kilometer (.62 miles) wide. Niagara and many other falls with large volumes of water are used to generate hydroelectric power . A tremendous volume of water flows over Niagara Falls, as much as 5,525 cubic meters (195,000 cubic feet) per second. Power stations upstream from the falls convert hydroelectric energy into electricity for residential and commercial use. The U.S. and Canadian governments manage the Niagara River so carefully that it is possible for either country to "turn off" the falls. This is done at night, so as not to disturb the tourism industry, and the falls are never actually turned off, just slowed down. Water is divert ed to canal s and reservoir s, and the decreased flow allows engineer s to check for erosion and other damage on the falls. U.S. and Canadian authorities also work together to ensure Niagara Falls doesn’t freeze in the winter, which would threaten power production. Because waterfalls are barriers to navigation , canals are sometimes built to get around them. Niagara Falls prevents passage between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on the Niagara River. In the 19th century, the Welland Canal was built to make passage between the two Great Lakes possible. force pressed on an object by air or atmosphere. base bottom layer of a structure. canal deepest part of a shallow body of water, often a passageway for ships. classify to identify or arrange by specific type or characteristic. commercial having to do with the buying and selling of goods and services. decrease to direct away from a familiar path. earthquake Noun the sudden shaking of Earth's crust caused by the release of energy along fault lines or from volcanic activity. electricity set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. elevation engineer Noun person who plans the building of things, such as structures (construction engineer) or substances (chemical engineer). erosion a crack in the Earth's crust where there has been movement. geologist person who studies the physical formations of the Earth. glacier Great Lakes Noun largest freshwater bodies in the world, located in the United States and Canada. Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior make up the Great Lakes. hydroelectric energy usable energy generated by moving water converted to electricity. hydrologist person who studies the distribution, circulation, and properties of water. landslide layer of rock visible above the surface of the Earth. parallel equal distance apart, and never meeting. pebble relatively deep pool of water beneath a waterfall. rain forest to go backward or withdraw. reservoir the industry (including food, hotels, and entertainment) of traveling for pleasure. tranquil measurement of the rate and direction of change in the position of an object. volcano Noun an opening in the Earth's crust, through which lava, ash, and gases erupt, and also the cone built by eruptions.	Waterfall
Which stage musical is based on two characters taken from the Wonderful Wizard of Oz?	Darrick’s Domicile » Me » Old News » All of it All of it All news that's ever been posted. Web Site Announcement Occurred January 01, 1999 ( Permalink ) Yes, there were news items from before this. But they were deleted because I...didn't save them. Oh well. Babelizer Occurred January 08, 1999 ( Permalink ) This is the strangest program to come from me in a long, long time. It takes a seed file, an input file and a magic number. Next, Babelizer reads the lines from the input file, and then randomly writes lines to an output file! Babelizer is based upon a similar program found in Foucault's Pendulum, but you can read about the program and download it here. Gaussian-Elimination Matrix Solver Occurred January 28, 1999 ( Permalink ) The Gaussian Matrix Solver uses a modified version of Gauss's method to solve systems of linear equations. Really, it's not a very complex program (compared to JPeriod99 or WebServ), but it is a major time saver! If you ever wanted an easy way out of Chapter 8... Scribble Pad Occurred February 01, 1999 ( Permalink ) Next up: Scribble Pad! My next program will be even more ambitious than my current efforts. Eventually (if lazy me ever gets around to doing this...) I will create a whiteboard / chat collaboration program that will let people run discussions over the internet using Java's RMI technology. Needless to say, this isn't even on the drawing board, and, given that I'm a second-semester junior, this program probably won't see the light of day for a while! So no, this isn't a product; it isn't even vaporware yet. Hex Calculator Occurred February 01, 1999 ( Permalink ) A simple hexadecimal calculator (broken) . It does the usual stuff that any calculator does, plus it converts between hex, decimal and binary! It also has bitwise operators (shift, and, or, xor, etc). It also has a memory function. Built in Swiss-army knife, just as seen on TV. Ok, I'm kidding. Seventeen Occurred February 10, 1999 ( Permalink ) I am seventeen. Hoo-ray. JPeriod '99 Updates Occurred February 11, 1999 ( Permalink ) For those of you with 32-bit Windows, you can now use a native program to invoke JPeriod99 --but only if you're running it as an application. I also added a big, funny-looking splash screen graphic and a progress bar to show you how far the program's loaded. Access the new Periodic Table here. Proxy Server Occurred February 18, 1999 ( Permalink ) Over February break, I wrote a pseudo-proxy server in Java. It fetches pages from one server and sends them to a client. You can look at the program itself here. No demonstrations are running, because as it turns out, the proxy'd sites have become free... (and now, post-boom, they're not free anymore! (2003-11-30)) jSearch Enhancements Occurred February 21, 1999 ( Permalink ) This month, I added the Caltech Library and the Britannica dictionary to the list of search engines. I also rewrote jSearch so that it can be easily embedded in any page on the web while also remaining up-to-date. For a faster jSearch, go (link deleted). Internet Utilities Occurred March 16, 1999 ( Permalink ) This is my latest release of Internet Utilities . It also happens to be the first release. Right now it will only do DNS lookup, send HTTP requests to servers (it also shows you the headers!) and scan IP addresses for web servers. Read here. BackTalk Occurred March 16, 1999 ( Permalink ) My network has a firewall. Sure, it prevents attacks on computers inside the firewall, and I appreciate that. But, what if you want to send print jobs to run when you're away? You can't...from outside. However BackTalk does this. Install it on a computer (you'll need a task scheduler of some sort to automatically run this program) and it will read a job script over HTTP, and then execute commands you specify. Read about BackTalk Script Parser . The best part about this program is that it leaves the firewall intact! You must have access to an inside computer for it to work at all...you also must have a server somewhere to serve HTTP pages. Web Server Occurred April 01, 1999 ( Permalink ) With this new version, we've packed all the secret stuff into a Virtual File System embedded within the server itself. No more port 49152 monkey business! I also implemented a thread cache, optimized the server to make it quite a bit faster. Maybe it's running (link deleted) or, better yet, (link deleted) to see the new kubiak.menloschool.org (an internal Menlo thing, you realize... ). IPPrint and ADD Occurred April 12, 1999 ( Permalink ) After thibs' power supply blew out and kept us in the dark for a week, I have new utilities posted! ipprint sends files to a specified IP address and port-- useful for printing to any recent-model HP LaserJets. "add" is NOT a calculator --it is a miniature web server used to defeat advertisements on the Internet. Simply reroute the offending ad agencies' servers to 127.0.0.1 in the HOSTS file, start the server (in the background, I hope) and away go the ads! Read about Internet Printer or Advertisement Defeater . File Listings! Occurred May 16, 1999 ( Permalink ) I added a cool new file listing script to my web site! Now you can get full directory information from the browser--try it here (broken) . (Apparently, this was considered newsworthy in 1999...) Random Sentence Generation Occurred May 20, 1999 ( Permalink ) Check out my (ahem) adaptation of Woodley's Random Sentence Generator here . Italy Trip Occurred May 25, 1999 ( Permalink ) Hey! I'm going to Italy this summer with the local Menlo classics teachers and a bunch of my friends! I'm really looking forward to this trip--we leave Monday, June 14th and come back Tuesday, July 6th. Factor in a day to recover from jet lag, and I'll be up and running sometime around Thursday, July 8th. There are 15 days, 10 hours, 24 minutes, 55 seconds until we leave! Page Fixes Occurred May 25, 1999 ( Permalink ) New site enhancements! I have finally fixed the bugs that cause problems in Netscape 3.x! Furthermore, I modified this site so that you can access the menus without having to have layers (for Netscape 3.x users); instead of upgrading to Netscape 4.x, all you have to do is just click on a menu title and you get a page with the menu's content on it. Finals are Over! Occurred May 28, 1999 ( Permalink ) YAY!!! FINALS ARE OVER!!! Not My Graduation Occurred June 04, 1999 ( Permalink ) No more Spanish! At last final brain shutdown comes! Alas, the seniors are gone. The last of them graduated at 11:07 this morning, the fourth day of June of 1999. Now I step up to the bat, becoming a senior, and get to think about the road ahead, stress about college applications and other stuff. But wait! We have to choose our history and English classes again! Ugh. Oh, well. Farewell to seniors. Well, all is not lost yet--a few are going to Italy with me, and a bunch of us are going to the beach(?) next week. Old Music on 78RPM Records Occurred June 09, 1999 ( Permalink ) I finally finished converting my old 78rpm LPs onto tape. Old scratchy things; here's a list of songs. Silicon Valley Teens are Programming Occurred July 18, 1999 ( Permalink ) A month ago, Martha Mendoza, a reporter for the Associated Press, interviewed me about how my spending my summer working for a computer company, rather than loafing on the beach or flipping burgers at an In-N-Out. Read the article . Prototype Web Site Occurred August 17, 1999 ( Permalink ) View my prototype web site here (link removed). I've fixed all the problems with resizing Netscape windows, improved Netscape 3 useability, and introduced CSS to take care of all the display parameters...although the HTML 3 presentation tags (FONT, B, I, etc.) remain. Also note the new jSearch. (The menu links don't work, for the most part, because I don't have the upload bandwidth to do a full publish (maybe 8/25/99?) kubiak.menloschool.org Occurred September 29, 1999 ( Permalink ) Announcing the arrival of yet another Linux box on campus! Two, actually. The first one is LinuxPPC (offsite) running on a 7600/120 (that's a 604, for all those interested). With a paltry 48MB of RAM and ~600MB of free disk space, it's nothing compared to the other box...except that this computer doesn't get hard reset! <smirk> To get at this computer via AppleShare, open the Chooser and select "ThibsFloppy" in "High School Faculty". If you want shell access, connect to "172.20.9.226" (INSIDE Menlo, thank you very much) and log in as user "kubiak" password "kubiak". Please don't do anything strange to the box or security might actually get enforced (i.e. no more shell access for guests!) Yes, the box is inside the firewall. No SSH tunnels and no sending xterms please. If you want further instructions as to using this machine, AND you're inside Menlo, click here (link deleted). Otherwise, you can view the same (well, almost the same) page here (link deleted) on thibs. manatee.menloschool.org Occurred October 01, 1999 ( Permalink ) Later... Woodley (offsite) assimilated an iMac in the Writing Center with LinuxPPC. It's a 333MHz iMac with 64MB of RAM and a 3.3GB hard disk. Woodley politely asks people to log in on the console as user "macos" (no password) to get to MacOS rather than pushing the power button. No SSH tunnels and no sending xterms please. The machine is at IP address 172.20.9.99, incidentally. That's INSIDE the firewall. Bug Fixes, Future Plans Occurred October 08, 1999 ( Permalink ) The Internet Printer and the BackTalk Script Parser have been updated to reflect Menlo's recent printer changes. I've fixed a few bugs in JPeriod ; development of the XML-ized reconfigurable version continues. Eventually, I hope to make it so that users can add more information to the atom database and then add custom property viewers to the program WITHOUT a recompilation of the program. Web Site Improvements Occurred October 08, 1999 ( Permalink ) Fixed some bugs, stuff that accidentally didn't get updated, added a few links. Reconfigured Apache to send custom-formatted error pages (i.e. error pages with headers and footers) and also to give directory listings that are consistent with the site's overall look and feel. Menlo also updated its main web site today; give it a look (link deleted). Don't expect a whole lot of new content between now and...Thanksgiving; I am very busy with college apps. Yes! We Have No Bananas! Occurred October 12, 1999 ( Permalink ) For all of you that remember that strange song that Kubiak was always ranting and raving about while we were reading The Great Gatsby, I posted the lyrics to (most) of the verses in that song, as well as a MIDI version and some history of the song and its vaudeville beginnings. Read about it here . I'm also going to Boston this weekend (and Matthew and Alice and Tyler and Lesley will be there too...) Search Engines Occurred January 01, 2000 ( Permalink ) Made it so that you can bang the Enter key in the "Phrase" field and invoke the search. (1/14/2000) Added the Free Online Dictionary of Computing to jSearch! (1/14/2000) Added the Internet Movie Database (offsite) to jSearch! (1/1/19100 <smirk>) Biotech Project Proposal Occurred January 14, 2000 ( Permalink ) This is a web presentation of my project proposal for my Biotech class. Next semester, I will be optimizing a PCR reaction to detect polymorphisms in the Milton gene of Drosophila. Hopefully, we'll be able to find a correlation between these genes (which control the operation and construction of the fly's eye) and human chromosomes. Read more . The History of Waffles Occurred January 16, 2000 ( Permalink ) Some rabid Slashdot (offsite) reader posted this thing in response to a poll about waffles. Very, very strange. Very nerdy, too. Disks == waffles? I guess... Read more . Midsummer Update Occurred July 31, 2000 ( Permalink ) Whoa...here it is, the last day of July...first batch of friends are leaving for college in 20 days. I'm not leaving until September 26th...but don't expect me to be on thibs a whole lot after that. UCSD has a notoriously slow ResNet (thank you, Napster/iMesh/scour!) mod_ssl up to 2.6.5...OpenSSH up to 2.1.1p4...mods perl & random are gone...Poll 0.71... A Java ntalk client is in the works and slowly getting developed on weekends. So far I can send request to the talk daemon and establish (very badly piped) communications...if the callee uses telnet. But this is a 0.0000001 quality nonrelease. Oh...wrote a simple PHP photo album for thibs. Off to College Occurred September 12, 2000 ( Permalink ) Moo! I leave for college on Friday morning. Last bits of apache work: Zope 2.2.1, Squishdot 0.7.1, mod_ssl 2.6.6, OpenSSH 2.2.0p1. Arrived at College Occurred September 24, 2000 ( Permalink ) I've arrived! I spent quite a bit of Welcome Week rearranging my entire schedule, alas, but now I'm virtually a sophomore! Anyway, I'm finally getting settled in, visited the beach, and am ever so slowly making new friends. I miss all the old ones! Anyway, those of you who are interested can examine my class schedule (offsite) . [Note: This schedule has been updated to reflect WI02. --D] Arrived at College Occurred December 02, 2001 ( Permalink ) No, you're not seeing double; it's just that this site has been dead for a year now. This is shameful, since I arrived at college last September as one might expect--but nothing's been updated to reflect this. A BogoMIPS calculator has been written. At Last...A New Site! Occurred December 18, 2001 ( Permalink ) At long last, this site has undergone the facelift that it's been needing for quite some time. The menus, although quite cool, were a major maintenance liability, and they don't work in all browsers. Plus, they were JavaScript; hence search engines could not index this site. So now we have XHTML 1.1/CSS2 compliant pages that are generated on the fly by PHP. Old Photos of Douglass Hall Occurred December 19, 2001 ( Permalink ) While rummaging through my hard disk on the computer at home today, I made quite a discovery--an archive of old photographs of Douglass Hall, taken some time in late 1997 before the renovation began. You can see these photos on the Douglass page of the photo album. Also read the last update . JavaYZ Migrated to DD Occurred December 29, 2001 ( Permalink ) Well! At last, the Java YZ page has been merged into the Domicile. The old jyz.sourceforge.net site has been replaced with a redirector. Also, the interactive site map applet has been sucked over from the main thibs page and modified to display a map of all the pages in the Domicile. Fifth Season of UCSDementia Occurred February 09, 2002 ( Permalink ) Work on the next episode of Dementia is under way! See more of Mr. Rambler and the five new cast members on Wednesday of fifth week. Read more . (27 Jan 2002). New clips have been posted for all to see. They are the final cuts of what was there earlier. (1 Feb 2002). Final cuts of Darrick's pieces (Grape Expectorations, What They Said/What They Meant) will be posted after the show. (5 Feb 2002). Show aired! Final cuts of Darrick's two sketches have been posted. (6 Feb 2002). More clips are posted--random pieces from 5.0, Geisel exploding, and the opening credits. No More Teenager-dom Occurred February 10, 2002 ( Permalink ) Gosh, I'm no longer in the 'teenager' category... First and Second Web Sites Posted! Occurred February 17, 2002 ( Permalink ) While combing through father's computer over Winter Vacation, I happened to chance upon an archive of my very first website. After stewing over it for a month, I have decided to post it for all to see. Not that there's a whole lot to see, and it's not very good. But keep in mind that it was 1996 and that I was in junior high then--do not look for heavy polishing. View this Exhibit . I've also decided to place the old archive of the DDD site (this site's predecessor) in the Exhibits section, in case you miss the old menus and the old look. Actually, that site is not very different from this one, aside from some slight reordering and the facelift. View this Exhibit . What's Cooking Updated Occurred February 25, 2002 ( Permalink ) I've modified the What's Cooking (page deleted) page to indicate what I'm really up to--it hasn't been a whole lot. It also might be cool to dabble in mathematical constructions and twelve-tone music...if I had the time. Dementia VI Occurred March 10, 2002 ( Permalink ) Writing and production has begun for Dementia VI! It appears that some sort of nature documentary was already filmed at the tail end of season 5, although details about the other sketches are, well, sketchy. Also, based on rumors flying about, certain members of the Dementia crew are working on some sort of big project to be released at the end of the season. More details as they come in. Virtual Train Sets Occurred March 12, 2002 ( Permalink ) The race is on! Woodley put out a train set for YZ-Windows, and now Darrick will have to follow suit! More details forthcoming...for now, look here for screenshots! More Dementia V Clips Occurred March 17, 2002 ( Permalink ) <snort> Train sets...hah! Darrick has far too much to do--final exams, reading the Aeneid for no purpose other than self-amusement and curiosity (seriously, even though nobody seems to believe it). Mandelbaum's translation, for those of you who dabble in that sort of thing. Oh yeah, I also posted more clips from Dementia V . Spring Quarter Occurred April 01, 2002 ( Permalink ) A new quarter is upon me! As usual, I've posted my daily schedule (offsite) for everybody to gawk at. It's unfortunate about CSE 141L-- evidently the department is not going to let me in off the waiting list, even after giving me the runaround several times. Morons. Oh well, I suppose I ought to ease up on the workload anyway. Dementia VI Dead Occurred April 11, 2002 ( Permalink ) Now dead. Look for a Documentia by Clay. New Photo Gallery Occurred April 15, 2002 ( Permalink ) Yo! I installed a new photo album management system to play with. Go look at it here . Random Sentence Generator Occurred April 22, 2002 ( Permalink ) At long last, Darrick has finally posted the first generation random sentence generator on his web site! It's a silly thing; turn on Java for full effect, and then click here for some mind-blowing...words. Disk Benchmarking Tool Occurred June 20, 2002 ( Permalink ) I've written a tool to measure disk throughput versus location on disk. Having gotten several friends to use it on their own machines, I've collected some sample graphs (broken) . Very interesting parabolic and linear patterns...hmm.... Moved to San Diego Occurred August 30, 2002 ( Permalink ) Moved down to San Diego, into Costa Verde. Whee, what fun, and a month before school starts, too! :-) RoadRunner fast (for now, anyway; let's hope it stays that way.) On Deck Occurred September 01, 2002 ( Permalink ) CSE 120 (Operating Systems), CSE 141L (Microprocessor Design), CSE 131A (Compiler Construction, Part I), and CSE 111 (Object Oriented Design). This will be interesting. But at least I get four day weekends. Lazy, Hazy Days of Summer Occurred September 03, 2002 ( Permalink ) As the summer begins to shimmer its last rays over the horizon, I find myself staying surprisingly busy, despite this being the summer of not much to do. At the moment, I am re-reading some old favorites (Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum (offsite) ). Moreover, I've been beefing up on some new things, such as file systems and, more interestingly, information retrieval systems. It'll be interesting to see what sort of strange ideas pour out of my head, and, more importantly, will I actually do anything with those ideas? Virtual train sets sounded cool, but alas were of somewhat dubious practical value, and thus they seem to have fallen by the wayside. Also hosted the Summer's End party, where Sam showed us how to cook teriyaki salmon and we (sort of) celebrated roommate Clay's (offsite) birthday and Labor Day. Tanner visited, and all was fun! :-) Measuring Disk Seek Times Occurred September 06, 2002 ( Permalink ) Announcing a seek-time analogue of bogodisk; I ingeniously named it bogoseek. See the program (broken) or see the graphs (broken) . Fall 2002 Schedule Posted Occurred September 22, 2002 ( Permalink ) Enough said. Look here (offsite) . Oh yeah: Sam created a multilingual (offsite) version of the Random Sentence Generator; now it supports English, Japanese, "romanji", and Hebrew. So here's what I did tonight: Occurred November 17, 2002 ( Permalink ) Burned hand on stove. Swore a lot. Banged head against various silly memcpy bugs and other heap-corruption nonsense. Gosh I hate C++. Programming an operating system (Nachos) is hard work. It's fun, but draining. Hopefully I'll never have to do this again in my life. (Just watch, I'll probably end up at some company doing OS kernel work...) Final Exams and a HOSE Occurred December 13, 2002 ( Permalink ) Now that that's over, I've finally gotten around to writing down at least a few ideas about a hierarchal metadata-rich object storage system for computers. Read more here . New Quarter, New Year Occurred January 05, 2003 ( Permalink ) For this (WI03) quarter: CSE 127/131B/101, ECON 4. I'm also tutoring CSE 80. An actual schedule will be posted in a day or two, via the schedule link (offsite) . This quarter will be interesting... Spring at Last! Occurred April 13, 2003 ( Permalink ) Hooray. I survived winter quarter. Now for another quarter, and possibly even a job, too. We'll see about that. I'm happy. Also became of age a couple of months ago. Funny how I've grown up quite a lot in the space of three months. Lots of networking last quarter ;-). Also kinda amusing that technically, this is a blog, but I rarely feed it anything. Oh well--those who know me best probably don't need to read a blog anyways to know what I'm up to. I'm in the graphics class this quarter, so maybe you'll see some screenshots of various renderings posted here. I Work at Sun Occurred May 05, 2003 ( Permalink ) Started work at Sun Microsystems (offsite) today. I'm working in the Enterprise Server group, writing ...something... involving giant computers. Wooo! Helicopter Flythru Done! Occurred May 09, 2003 ( Permalink ) More later. Juicy screenshots. Yummy! Nothing Interesting to Write Here Occurred July 15, 2003 ( Permalink ) Bored. Does this web site make any impact if it gets updated and there's no-one to read it? Including the webmaster himself? I could complain about my life, but that would bore me, so I won't. Maybe I'll just go take a nap instead. Site Slimming Occurred August 26, 2003 ( Permalink ) I've rearranged the site layout a bit. Gone is the new photo album. I never finished integrating it, and I never removed the old one, so it stays. UCSDementia is now officially off the air, so it's been moved to the exhibits page. Italy '99 Trip Photos Posted! Occurred August 26, 2003 ( Permalink ) After years and years of procrastinating, I've finally gotten around to digitizing the photos that I took while touring Italy in 1999 with some friends from school. This online album, unfortunately, lacks the souveneirs that the paper version of the album contains and a few photos that should be kept away from public display. Anyway, enter the Italy album . Last Year of School has Begun! Occurred September 25, 2003 ( Permalink ) My fourth and final year of UCSD has begun. Journal updates will probably become slow again. Suffice it to say, work, school, and investigatiosn of my post-graduation life have begun, and I have very litle time left over. San Francisco Trip Photos Posted Occurred October 03, 2003 ( Permalink ) Last August, my faraway friends Adam and Christina flew out to California. They once went to elementary school with me, but they both moved away years ago, making this meeting quite a coincidence. We went around to San Francisco and spent the day roaming around the city and the Bay; take a look at Christina's Photos or Adam's Photos (offsite) . jGrid Officially Posted Occurred October 06, 2003 ( Permalink ) During last summer, I have been working on jGrid , which is a grid management package for the Java platform. It takes a set of jobs, in the form of Java command objects, distributes them for processing on a grid of Java2-enabled computers, and sends the results back to the original client. The result: instant massively parallel computing in java! XML Conversion in Progress Occurred October 07, 2003 ( Permalink ) As you've probably noticed, this page looks drastically different from what you've been used to seeing. This is my XML/XSL experiment; what I'm trying to do is to write a web site entirely in XML and XSL. The original content is written in XML and transformed into these dandy (X)HTML pages that you see here. Furthermore, I've finally decided to drop support for the slop that is Netscape 4's rendering engine. XHTML tags have almost no presentation information; all the formatting details are in the CSS style sheets. Better yet, I've set up the stylesheets so that the window chrome goes away when you print the page. Cool, huh? Unfortunately, it will be quite some time until the entire site is converted over to this new format. Life's Going Too Fast... Occurred October 24, 2003 ( Permalink ) Today I found out that I have to file for graduation before 28 November if I want to graduate in March. That's right, a month from now, for something that isn't even certain. That puts things into perspective for me...do I really want to rush everything through now? What if I suddenly decide to take another quarter for fun stuff? Maybe I should just do that anyway. My minor declaration needs to be filed _before_ I apply for graduation too. And the CS degree check won't come through for at least 4-5 more days. Ugh. Mid-Term Update Occurred November 08, 2003 ( Permalink ) Went to see a pretty good play with Brian this evening. Also found out what chardonnay tastes like. In other news, my degree check came through without any surprises, so IF I manage to pass CSE166, then I'll be done with CS in December! Now, the big problem is that I have no idea if I can pass the class. In other news, I'm still looking for a research project for the rest of the school year and a real job after that. Mandelbrot on a Grid Occurred November 09, 2003 ( Permalink ) jGrid is now up to v0.53! Premiering with this release is a distributed Mandelbrot set plotting program! Take a look at my poorly-colored image here . Like the other example programs, the Mandelbrot plotter splits the process of drawing the fractal into a bunch of smaller chunks (256x256, currently) and sends those jobs out for processing. When the jobs come back, the results are stitched together into the final image. See jGrid , the lightweight grid package that makes this all possible. Social Planning Amid Continuing Site Work Occurred November 20, 2003 ( Permalink ) Everybody--I will be back home for Thanksgiving the evening of the Nov. 26 through the 30th. The 27th and 29th are already taken. Anybody want to go to Ti Couz or something? Also, I will be home for Christmas Dec 21 - Jan 3, except the evening of the 27th. Please feel free to suggest outings as desired. In other news, the Me section has been completely converted to the new format. Darrick Succumbs to LiveJournal! Occurred November 24, 2003 ( Permalink ) As strange as it seems, I have obtained a free subscription to LiveJournal. This moment of weakness was fostered by the desire to slap comments onto Maddy (offsite) and Clay (offsite) 's journals as something other than Anonymous Coward. In any case, I now have one of my own, which is rather pointless since I've had one here since October '98. So now the question becomes--should I cross-post entries, or abandon one of them? (We all know I'll ultimately abandon both due to time constraints, but I can dream.) See journal (offsite) . Thanksgiving! Occurred November 30, 2003 ( Permalink ) Ah, Thanksgiving! The first glut of real food since Labor Day. The food was filling, although I probably shouldn't have played football with my cousins; now I'm sore all over. Downtown San Francisco is aglow with lights on all the buildings, and the air is cold enough to make it feel like it's really wintertime again. I'm looking forward to finishing my classes (two homeworks and four finals to go!) so I can jet back here, and do all the Christmasy things I always do around the holidays. Almost Done! Occurred December 09, 2003 ( Permalink ) Two more days until I'm done with CS. Assuming I pass all my classes this quarter. Wow. Never thought I'd actually reach the end of college as I know it...all that's left for the next two quarters is (hopefully) some research classes and other fun random classes that I've been waiting to take for the past four years. And maybe I'll finally catch up on the (two-year-long) list of books that I've been meaning to read. Well...maybe not. In any case, I still have two more finals to finish...bye. Finished with CS! Occurred December 11, 2003 ( Permalink ) I'M FREE!! I'VE FINISHED THE LAST OF MY CS FINALS! THERE ARE NO MORE MAJOR CLASSES TO TAKE! WOOO! I might mention that I have to _pass_ those classes, and in any case I still have a minor to finish. But I'm DONE! Muahahahahahaaa! All Classes Passed Occurred December 23, 2003 ( Permalink ) Grades are out. I passed. I'm certifiably done. Hoo-ray! Now if only my mother wasn't dying. Kudos Occurred December 24, 2003 ( Permalink ) There are some people I'd like to thank, and in no particular order--dad and grandma for keeping this household and mom together, Yvonne for keeping my mother together, the Wilkins for having their silly Christmas tree...the Trainas (and the other neighbors) for their support, Steph and Greg for spending a Saturday with me in San Francisco (or the other way 'round) keeping my mind off this awful situation, Woodley for helping me to change a tire (and providing an escape valve when I needed to get out a bit), Melissa for carrying a tire, Uncle Charles and Aunt Vicki for visiting today, Uncle Larry & family for visiting earlier, cousin Nicole for letting me know what's going on back home, and the folks of El Camino Hospital, Manor Care, and Odyssey Hospice for their support. I've probably omitted scores of other people; this is not deliberate; I'm just tired. These peoples' efforts will not be forgotten. Mother's Dying :( Occurred December 24, 2003 ( Permalink ) Most of you who are close to me probably already know this, but I felt the need at last to post something on my public web site. Why, I don't know for sure, but it felt good to post something. Anyway, my mother has been fighting breast cancer since August of 1999. Despite a brief remission in 2001, the cancer recurred in 2002, and in mid-2003 we discovered that it had spread to other parts of her body. Unfortunately, one of those parts happened to be her liver. We tried chemotherapy, and for a while it worked...until her liver started to fail. It seems that she had both the fast and slow moving varieties of cancer, and the fast-growing kind took over in the liver. So that brings us to today--she's too weak for anything like a liver transplant, so that effectively rules out any treatment at all. With no liver (and no immune system, either), she will not last very much longer. Merry Christmas Occurred December 25, 2003 ( Permalink ) Merry Christmas, everybody! I've converted the photo albums to use the new build infrastructure and put them up on the main web site. That means that I'm two sections away from being done with the site conversion! Perhaps I'll even get this whole job done in a short amount of time...and I love listening to the christmas morning music on ClassicFM (offsite) . Endgame. Occurred December 26, 2003 ( Permalink ) Mom passed away in her sleep last night. O, fortuna! Occurred January 01, 2004 ( Permalink ) We buried my mother yesterday. Hopefully, 2004 will suck less. Tau Beta Pi Occurred January 21, 2004 ( Permalink ) I have been selected for inclusion into the aforenamed organization (offsite) . Hoo-ray! How's Life? Occurred January 22, 2004 ( Permalink ) Ok, I think it's high time that I contributed another story. Following my mother's passing, I have made a few decisions about the remainder of my time at UCSD: I am going to throttle back on my workload. Way back. I am finally going to learn how to prepare food. I will write a virtual network, just to see how it is done. I will learn about investing. I will get a job at a technology company. Preferably in the SF Bay Area. I shall have a social life! And with a variety of people! Why have I done such a thing, you ask? A lot of it has to do with reflections that I made during Winter Break--I did have an enormous amount of free time to think about such things. I spent the first two weeks of the year in a stupor; now it is time to get on with my own life as the acuteness of the pain fades. Thus, I must move forward. There is something that stands out prominently in my mind. We were talking to the minister who was to preside over the funeral service. He asked us what had brought my mother some hope in the past few months. Dad replied that mom had been looking forward to retirement, for which she was due in just a few years. More than forty years of work, and she never got to relax for more than a few weeks at a time. She was fortunate to have worked in several places with quite a few people who she liked--there was an impressively long line of former co-workers who showed up to the funeral. This has made me realize firstly that I need to devise structure for my life in which I can balance work with enough play time to keep me in high spirits. Secondly, I must not allow work to become a place that I find bothersome. (Luckily, I like working for Sun.) Third, I need to identify college friends who will likely be friends for life, and work on strengthening those relationships before school ends and we all go our separate ways. SurfNet Design Specs Occurred February 10, 2004 ( Permalink ) I'm working on a network simulator for a senior project. Read more about it here . Spring! Occurred March 19, 2004 ( Permalink ) Winter quarter is over at last. Tomorrow I embark for the Bay Area for the very last spring break that I'll ever have; this is the turning point wherein my range of options for the future will be determined. This break is already jam-packed, as my cousin is leaving for Florida on Wednesday. Plus I need to go see friends and family and various Sun people. No sleep for me! Next quarter, I have one class, a senior project (SurfNet), work, and a lot of time to goof off. Yes, I designed next quarter to be that way... I also will need to make a decision about where to go after graduation. As much as I hate to leave my friends behind in San Diego, I'm 90% sure that I will be moving away after graduation. I _do_ have a lead on a job that might bring me back here on occasion, so all is not lost. As for the quarter that just ended, I had three economics classes. I think two of them went moderately well, but I worry about the third. As long as I pass it, I'm ok. The professor knows me, so perhaps he'll be lenient. Also, some friends and I have been teaching ourselves how to cook dinner. We're at the point where we can have dinner nearly every week, though with only twelve weeks left to graduation (== fourteen weeks or so left), I don't know if the pace is going to pick up next quarter. I hope it does, though we'll see how the timing works out. After all, it is the last chance I may have to enjoy those two friends for a while. Last Quarter at UCSD Occurred March 29, 2004 ( Permalink ) Once more unto the breach...today marks the beginning of Spring quarter. I have finished a major in Computer Science and a minor in Management Science. What's left? I still need to acquire a job, and finish SurfNet, which is now a senior project. Tentatively, I'm enrolled in Econ 172B (???) and CSE160 (Parallel Programming with MPI) and will be on campus Tuesday and Thursday. I have normal work days on Monday and Wednesday, and a half day on Friday. I think this quarter is going to be fun! It had better be... BorkOS Occurred March 30, 2004 ( Permalink ) Announcing BorkOS ! BorkOS is a joint effort by Darrick, Woodley, Steven, et. al. to write a general-purpose operating system for personal computers. At the moment, we only support a very narrow range of hardware configurations (Bondi Blue iMacs and possibly the B&W G3) but we are rapidly adding soft parts to the source tree (networking and a filesystem were added last week!) Chinese Virility Drink Occurred April 01, 2004 ( Permalink ) So I was at Grandma's house over spring break, and as I usually do when I visit her, I go rummaging through her basement to see if I can find anything interesting. In her basement, I found four dark jugs with very intricate white patterns printed on the outside. They were quite bizarre patterns too--snakes, various detailed claws, and bird parts. I thought to myself "Hey, I should move this under the light so I can get a better look at these prints!" Hence, I picked up the jar and tried to move it. It was _heavy_! It was around this time that I realized that I wasn't staring at an obsidian jar with white animal skeletons printed on it--I was looking at a transparent glass jar with animal skeletons inside it! Ack! Later, I went upstairs to talk to grandma about these jars. She nodded and then remarked that those jars had been there since at least the early 1960s. In fact, she added, that those jars could be made into a very strong drink to help out with one's mind and one's physical strength. Puzzling--how could old dried bones in a jar do that? Perhaps it was meant to be boild as some sort of tea? Unfortunately, I was wrong. There was a key ingredient that was supposed to have been in the jar. This ingredient gives this stuff its strength. What was it? LOTS AND LOTS of ALCOHOL. :D Bad Day at Work Occurred April 02, 2004 ( Permalink ) The project that I was working on at work has been cancelled. Big layoffs are likely to be coming in a month or so. All the job requisitions have been frozen for now; I'm pretty certain that they would not even be able to offer me a permanent position for some time. Fortunately, I think my position is pretty well covered at the moment, but I need to consider what to do about this situation for a few more days. Defection to IBM Occurred April 12, 2004 ( Permalink ) I have taken a position as a Linux kernel developer at the IBM Linux Technology Center in Beaverton, OR. Therefore, I shall be moving away from San Diego at the end of June, 2004. Now What? Occurred April 26, 2004 ( Permalink ) As the world now knows, Sun is laying off 3,300 people, merging the three server divisions, and has cancelled the UltraSPARC V and all related projects. All this turmoil going on inside the high-end server division means that my chances of landing a job there are nil--not that anybody really wants to be around in the face of pending layoffs. But my co-workers might not be so bad off--most of them will get moved to the next project. I won't. Secondly, the layoffs mean that the people I was talking to inside the Solaris group can't make any offers. So that's a rather large part of why I took the IBM job. It's a good job in a less-expensive region. Who could ask for anything more? (Well, it would be nice not to have to leave my friends behind...) The reduction in workload has given me a lot more free time to work on SurfNet. I've finished the internals of the data-link layer simulator, and am wrapping up the final bits of a "RPC syscall" interface so that external programs can call into the simulator. A rough API spec can be found here (offsite) . Soon I will begin designing the network layer; we will be implementing a subset of IP for simplicity's sake. I also hope to begin offering snapshots for download, on the (somewhat small) chance that people care to take a look. Enough hand-waving for now. Thibs is Dead(?) Occurred April 29, 2004 ( Permalink ) Thibs, which used to host this site, has been pulled off the network for reasons that I don't care to talk about. Nasty Menlo political stuff. Anyway, this means that all mail sent to thibs will bounce, and (for now) this site has been migrated elsewhere. So perhaps thibs will come back soon, but I don't care--I think I'm going to cut my losses and run email/web content elsewhere. One Year at Sun Occurred April 30, 2004 ( Permalink ) Today marks the end of my first year working at Sun. To celebrate this occasion, I also lead a seminar in which I compared and contrasted Linux to Solaris in terms of system use and administration. Amazing: The seminar is the crowning achievement of a year of work, and nowhere close to how I had expected to mark the event. Done with School Occurred May 04, 2004 ( Permalink ) I went around to the Muir, CS, and Econ advising departments yesterday. I ran a degree check, showed it to the advisors at all three, and they all said that I'm clear to get a diploma. That means I'm done, and I (technically) don't even have to pass my classes to get it. Not that I'd do that... Oregon, Part II Occurred May 18, 2004 ( Permalink ) Last weekend, I ventured up to Portland for a second time, to look for an apartment to rent. Imagine my surprise at finding that (a) it's about half the price up there, and (b) the people there are really friendly! Aside from the usual anxiety from leaving friends behind, I think I'm going to enjoy starting anew in a different place. SurfNet Continues Occurred May 20, 2004 ( Permalink ) I am still going pedal-to-the-metal with SurfNet. I have to build a save/ restore function, and enough IP networking to get UDP sockets working by the end of the quarter. Wheee...I'm wondering if that's really going to happen. I Don't Work For Sun Occurred June 08, 2004 ( Permalink ) As of today, I no longer work at Sun. I arranged to have my last day today, so that all the paperwork would be in before the layoffs hit. In other news, my apartment rental application in Oregon has been approved, so next year I'll be living in a nice two-bedroom apartment next to a creek in Beaverton. Finally, finals and SurfNet are due tomorrow. Eep! I Don't Go to School Occurred June 10, 2004 ( Permalink ) As of _today_, I don't have any more academic commitments to meet at UCSD. My last econ final went...ok. The SurfNet final project presentation was Wednesday afternoon. The professors seemed to be quite satisfied with what I delivered. It will be interesting to see what happens next year when they use SurfNet as the project codebase! Lasagna with Steph Occurred June 17, 2004 ( Permalink ) Today, I took Steph's easy (meat and cheese) lasagna recipe, added various vegetables to the mix, reduced the amount of ground beef, and baked it. That was some of the best lasagna I've ever had! All cheesy and meaty and the vegetables were cooked just right, so they were still tender and not mushy. Domicile Moves Again Occurred June 19, 2004 ( Permalink ) So now Darrick's Domicile lives on another computer. I figured I should move it from the machine that it was living on to a more permanent location. Thanks to Woodley for hosting this machine for us as a replacement for thibs. Maybe thibs will come back; maybe it won't. (Who really cares at this point?) Anyway, I think everything should be working as it was back on thibs...though I still have a fair amount of stuff to upload. So perhaps some of the stuff under the Projects directory won't work. Heckle me if it's broke. I Don't Have RoadRunner Occurred June 22, 2004 ( Permalink ) Another short update: RoadRunner is being turned off today. Therefore, I shall have only sporadic email access until some time around July 1st, when I get squared away in Oregon. I will check email once a day (or so) from campus, if I can. In any case, the worst news is that I'm about to lose my 124-day uptime on frog (the firewall). Sadly, moving requires loss of uptime. Drat. Well, Google can cache this entry and the record will live on forever. I Don't Have Furniture Occurred June 25, 2004 ( Permalink ) Bright and early this morning, the movers arrived, packed up all my stuff (not the computer; I made sure to stuff it back in its original box with copious amounts of padding). By 11am they were done loading and took off. Now I don't have any furniture (except my roommates' ;)). This will probably be my final entry from San Diego. 127 Days Uptime Occurred June 25, 2004 ( Permalink ) The movers are coming to take my things to Oregon. THis means that my firewall machine will have to be taken offline. After 127 days of continous uptime, it is time to say farewell to Linux 2.6.3. When I get there, I'll have a shiny new 2.6.7 built for it! It's Over: Farewell San Diego Occurred June 28, 2004 ( Permalink ) This morning, I shoved the last of my stuff into my suitcase, went to breakfast with Stephanie at the Broken Yolk Cafe in PB, said good-bye to her, and flew away to Portland, Oregon. I AM IN OREGON Occurred July 01, 2004 ( Permalink ) I have arrived in the Silicon Forest! Linux hippies and open source rockers abound all over the place. I've picked up a fairly nice place next to a murky pond full of ducks; strangely enough, furniture stores lurk nearby. I shall be taking delivery of various new furnishings in the next two weeks. Perhaps my San Diego junk will arrive tomorrow. In any case, I shall fly back to the Bay Area soon. Oh: I need a cell phone. Departure for Oregon (Again) Occurred July 02, 2004 ( Permalink ) I will be departing (with car!) back to Oregon on the 18th of July. Furniture Delivery; Early Return to CA Occurred July 02, 2004 ( Permalink ) My San Diego stuff (computers, etc) arrived today. I _think_ most of it is intact. We'll see if the computers still work, though...in any case, I shall return to the Bay Area on Sunday evening, possibly in time for fireworks. Digital Camera Occurred July 16, 2004 ( Permalink ) Just got an Olympus C765 in time to go on a quick road trip up to Oregon. Hopefully I'll have a bunch of photographs to post after that. Arrived in Oregon Occurred July 20, 2004 ( Permalink ) Arrived safe and sound in Oregon. Road trip photos to be posted shortly. July Photographs Posted Occurred July 23, 2004 ( Permalink ) I've uploaded and organized the photos that I took in July... here . Wonder Woman: The Laptop Occurred July 26, 2004 ( Permalink ) Today was my first day on the job at the Linux Technology Center in Beaverton, Oregon. Upon arriving at work, I was given two empty computers and told that these would be my electronic companions...and that they needed software, as they were wiped clean prior to my arrival. Well, I thought, this shouldn't be too difficult; I've installed Linux on plenty of computers...let's see what they gave me. One machine is an IBM NetVista P3-866. I hadn't realized that P3s came in that particular denomination. Oh well. The bigger problem was that the onboard video has wonderful lines going across it in X. So the solution: Find another video card. And now I get a screenful of garbage upon exiting X. In text mode, no less. The best part: a giant 21" CRT. Yay! Now if only the video card had enough RAM to drive it...:P The second machine? A ThinkPad with a Wonder Woman sticker on it! This machine didn't give me nearly as much trouble...until FC1 ate the grub config. If all the company tools weren't on our custom FC1 CDs, I'd blow it away and install Debian. Oh well. Wonder woman shall simply have to make due with this indignity until I figure out how to host those tools elsewhere. Steph is Here! Occurred July 28, 2004 ( Permalink ) Tonight we went to Andina (offsite) in the (upscale) Pearl district of downtown Portland, courtesy of Steph's uncle Gary. The food was good and tasty, and the drinks were exotic. End result: we were both sloshed. Good times had by all. Wandering in a Field Occurred July 29, 2004 ( Permalink ) Steph and I went for a walk. We quickly discovered that Walker Road goes out in the country...and the sidewalk ends. This forced us to trample through a field and some high weeds to get back to sidewalkland. Fun, except for those who wear sandals. I think she went to see museums and gardens around Portland today. I had work. :P Mt. Hood Hike Occurred July 31, 2004 ( Permalink ) This weekend, Steph and I drove up to Timberline Lodge on Mt. Hood. This lodge is about 6,000 feet above sea level, at the treeline. We took off on the Timberline trail, which circled the timberline, and saw amazing things: snow, streams, trees, big bugs, and Swedes. There were a lot of short gnarled trees, and a few BIG PATCHES OF SNOW! So we played around in the snow a bit. Tossed some snowballs around, and threw handfuls of snow at each other. It was fun! And really cold! I didn't bother to bring mittens (heck, I don't _have_ mittens!) and my hands froze. My camera captured Steph aiming a snowball at me. :P Continuing down the trail, we encountered a big crevasse with a creek in it, and an even bigger crevasse with snow in it. We decided that we'd gone far enough, and turned back towards the parking lot. By the time we got back, it was nearly 6pm and we were quite exhausted. Oh well. We sat in the parking lot watching the sun set...only it didn't set, because it was the middle of summer and the sun doesn't go down until 8:30pm. Eventually we figured it was a good idea to go home, so we piled back in the car and drove up 35 to the town of Hood River in the Columbia River Gorge. There, we found unnavigable streets and a cafe with ok food and some really really delightful cake! We shared a big slice of chocolate cake and loved every bite of it. Later, we drove down the mountain and stomped around Multnomah Falls in the dark. Then we drove home. Photos are posted here . Occurred August 01, 2004 ( Permalink ) Mmm... dinner at Brian's grandparents' house. Cooked by their German friends the Ziglands(?). Pictures . Oregon Sunset Occurred August 03, 2004 ( Permalink ) I took photos of the Oregon sunset . Cannon Beach Occurred August 07, 2004 ( Permalink ) Since yesterday was the last full day that Steph and Brian were going to be in town, we decided to head out to the beach on Friday afternoon. We drove westward on 26, stopped at "Oregon's Largest Tree" and turned left onto south 101. We stopped in Cannon Beach, which had a bunch of touristy shops: restaurants and kite stores. We went out to the beach and tried to head towards a really big rock out in the ocean. Unfortunately, the winds came up very strongly and we decided (after Steph threw a frisbee at me and it blew up and behind her 100 feet) to turn back. Then we decided to get a kite. We got ten feet out of the door and it started pouring on us. Yuck! We fled back to the car...until we realized that Steph and I were pretty much soaked. We had dinner in soggy clothes. The food was passable, but not the best fish and chips I've ever had. Afterwards we hopped back into my car, cranked the heat all the way and sat there for a good 15 minutes. By then, the rain had stopped and it was still windy, so we took the kite out. The kite flying was slow at first, as we struggled to figure out how to control the thing whilst in the air. I discovered that it was easier to steer the kite if we reined in about half the strings. After a few minutes of flying the kite, I slowly (re)learned the basics of kite control. We all took turns flying the kite--even Steph, who didn't want to at first. The sun went down, so we drove home. They left this morning. Pictures here . MiPL, Portland, Sunsets Occurred August 14, 2004 ( Permalink ) Last Tuesday, I went on a walking tour of northwest Portland with a group known as Meet in Portland (offsite) . We went to see various buildings, and I took some pictures to go with it. The A810* photos are from that event. Today, I went downtown again with someone I met through craigslist. We went to the Portland Farmers' Market (offsite) at Portland State University. We went to the Chinese gardens, only to have my camera battery die, so that's about where the pictures stop. We had dinner at a little Italian cafe downtown and rode the MAX out to the middle of nowhere because it was air conditioned. Later, I decided to make a run for it and snapped three photos of a gorgeous sunset. Those photos are prefixed with A814. Last Thursday Occurred August 26, 2004 ( Permalink ) I finally built up the courage to visit the east side of Portland. Seems like it's a hopping place full of lovely old 1930s houses with porches and narrow driveways. There seem to be a lot of neat little cafes and bars and movie houses and clubs and art galleries and things out that way. Anyway, this is the story of my trip out there. Today I went to the Kennedy School (MiPL event) to hear a jazz band. "Kennedy School" isn't actually a school anymore--it's a tavern/hotel/performance venue run by the McMenamin brothers, who started buying old buildings and turning them into places to socialize. They have the whole building decorated as if it was still a 1920s era school, complete with the all the trimmings and furnishings, and quite a lot of memorabilia and minor exhibits touting the building's history. A nifty place, and certainly not what I was expecting. The first time I heard "Kennedy School", I thought we were going to hear some high school jazz band. Anyhow, the plan was to go there and listen to jazz music. That's not quite what happened--I ended up drinking beer and chatting with several women I met in the outdoor cafe. Most of the people who went to this event actually _live_ on the east side, so it's easy for them to get to places like this. I spent a good long time talking to various people, trying to get a taste of what the east side is like. I also ran into Christi, who I met on the MAX and who introduced me to MiPL. Christi and I decided to check out Last Thursday (offsite) . This event has its origins in First Thursday, where a bunch of people go roam around art galleries in NW Portland and drink themselves silly. Of course, the Pearl is expensive and all the artwork is too. Seeing this, the NE people decided to have a massive block party on the last Thursday of each month. So they do. Artists go there to sell their wares, people go there to have exotic food in cafes, and I wandered around looking at cool lamps. So I think I like East Portland. Wish I had moved there. Will try to move there next year. It's a way to live really close to downtown, yet be far enough away so that I can get to know my neighbors and have a lot of fun. Sailing the Willamette Occurred August 28, 2004 ( Permalink ) Brian's grandfather invited me to go sailing up the Willamette river today. Apparently a friend of his is visiting, and so they decided that the weather was good enough to warrant a sailing trip. So we went out to Multnomah Channel to a marina, where Grandpa Vernon keeps his 30-foot sailboat moored. Some photos . We eased our way down the channel on motor power until we got into the wider river. After cutting the engines, we unfurled the sails and began tacking downstream towards the Columbia River. It's actually quite a lot of fun, once you get over the rockiness of the sailboat (and figure out the lingo that they use.) Pulling lines can be tricky though, as you don't really have time to head to the bow to untangle things. It's actually felt similar to the kite flying of a few weeks past--slowly I became acclimated to the art of handling wires. Upon reaching the Columbia, we looked eastward for a spectacular sight of Mt. Hood. Like the sight of Mt. Rainier from downtown Seattle, Hood looked as if it was floating upon the clouds. Anyway, we continued our downstream tacking until we reached a big red ship from China. At that point, Grandpa Vernon announced that it was time to head back, so we came about and reached for the wind. Going downstream, we saw quite a lot of interesting sights--jet skis, a big Mississippi paddle-boat that was really making good time, a granary with a big wheat cloud over it, and a lot of barges. By this time, we were on motor power, as it was time to start putting things away and wrapping up the sails. We docked the boat, covered it up, and I went home. Volleyball at Laurelhurst Park Occurred August 31, 2004 ( Permalink ) Today I drove all the way out to Laurelhurst Park in Southeast after work just to play volleyball. Really, that's a silly justification, as SE is far away and I suck at volleyball. But what I got instead was yet another short trip out to unknown places; the Laurelhurst district is full of quaint old 1930s/1940s era houses, complete with porches, actual gables coming out of the rooftops, narrow driveways for rinky-dink cars and (presumably) hardwood floors. I spoke with Joe, who lives in the area, and he said that it is a nifty (and inexpensive) area to live in if you like old buildings. [Update] Some people wanted to know how I was at volleyball. Better than I was in high school, and occasionally able to pull of a good spike or two. I could improve quite a bit with just a wee bit of practice and training. Maybe that's a good idea. Just need to flesh out these control problems and I'm good to play again. First Thursday Occurred September 02, 2004 ( Permalink ) A week ago, you got a story about Last Thursday. Naturally, I had to go see First Thursday (offsite) in the Pearl district. This expedition was quite a bit different--the art galleries I saw were much more formal, they had glasses of wine for sale, and actual mounting pedestals for the artwork. There was a huge wall of glass flowers, a 10' piece of wood for $100k, some blurry-looking things, and all the usual stuff you'd expect. I also found a furniture store connected to the art gallery. They're entirely run by volunteers, and I started talking to one of the ladies there about woodworking. Strange, as I'm only an armchair woodworker. :P Anyway, she showed me several pieces, including a computer cabinet made entirely of wood that had been pulled off of old ships and old buildings. I must say, it's a better way to recycle wood than to turn it into particleboard... Next came the student exhibition at the Portland Northwest College of Art. Two pieces stand out in my mind--one was a man attached to a wireframe horse, tethered to a hook in the floor. He was walking around and around in a circle, with the rattling horse chassis dragging behind him. Very amusing... The other piece that piqued my fancy was a large rectangularly crystalline structure suspended from the ceiling. Various letters were glued to parts of the structure, though they did not seem to spell out any words. It was very confusing-looking, and interesting to stare at. Wish I had the kind of concentration and dedication to build a metallic crystal... Afterwards, the group I was with retired to Ringers Pub for drinks and dinner; several people competed to build towers out of food menus. Much fun! Sailing II Occurred September 04, 2004 ( Permalink ) Went sailing again. Not much wind until we went back to the marina. Boo. But--I forgot to note in last week's post that we saw a sea otter in the marina. He he he. Didn't think I'd see one there. Lasagna Without Steph Occurred September 05, 2004 ( Permalink ) I made a giant lasagna ! Thanks to Steph for the base recipie and myself for adding vegetables. I remembered the recipie that I used 3 months ago for Steph's Easy Lasagna, only this time I added steamed zucchini and carrots, powdered garlic, onions, Cartini(?) mushrooms, and ricotta cheese. Good, except for the part where I burned the cheese crispy. Pittock Mansion Occurred September 05, 2004 ( Permalink ) Sunday, I met the MiPL group at Upper Macleay Park for a quick hike up to Pittock Mansion (offsite) . For those who don't know, Henry Pittock was the local news magnate in Portland (the Oregonian, in fact) during the latter half of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th. In 1909, he decided (at the old age of 76!) that he needed to build himself a great mansion atop a hill overlooking Portland. These photos are the result. Pittock Mansion is a great huge house built out of cinder blocks. From the pictures, you can see that there are wood panels covering the house's internals. Each room has a distinctly different style and quite a few lovely pieces. I was especially impressed with the intricate woodworking in the library and dining room, the fact that they _had_ a paneled elevator, the huge walk-in refridgerator (before WWI!) and the pipe contraptions upstairs that were called "showers". That and the hardwood floors. The observant reader by now has undoubtedly noticed my affinity for old buildings with hard wood floors. Afterwards, we sat on the lawn eating lunch. Eventually I got bored and went down the hill and walked around the trails in Forest Park for the afternoon. Unfortunately I was out of flash and couldnt' take any photos. But I have plenty of photos of greenery and will undoubtedly take many more. In any case, I followed the trail so far I wound up in downtown! So I went home. Photos Reorganized Occurred September 05, 2004 ( Permalink ) Author's note: The Portland photos have been broken out by where they were taken. Also, I recovered the photos I took of being downtown with Greg . And, there are more pictures of the Wall of Boxes . Columbia River Gorge Occurred September 06, 2004 ( Permalink ) To continue my never-ending Labor Day weekend, I half-organized an outing to the Columbia River Gorge today. Back on Wednesday, I went to a presentation by a guy who wrote a book called "100 Classic Hikes in Oregon" and had drinks with some of the other people who went afterwards. We decided that it might be a fun idea to form a small hiking group and go somewhere. After a few days of trading emails, we settled on a Monday hike to see Horsetail Falls, Oneonta Gorge and Multnomah Falls along the Columbia River. See photos . We met in the parking lot of the Gateway TC MAX station way out on the east side. Three people showed up--myself, Lara, and Dave. As it turns out, Dave is an ecologist/biologist who studies waterways--nearly perfect for what we had set out to do. We piled into Dave's pickup and headed eastward on I-84. The first place we went was the Horsetail Falls trailhead. The falls are actually at river level right along the street, and the trail snakes behind the waterfall. It was a fairly steep hike at first, as we rapidly ascended the gorge face until we were well above the initial waterfall. There, we found yet another waterfall in front of a big crack in the rock. Dave said that this was caused by backsplash eons ago when the waterfall was aligned more vertically. From there, we continued to ascend, and I took pictures of the Gorge area. Wonderful pictures. The next interesting geological feature that the trail brought us to was Oneonta Gorge. As it turns out, you can't really see the associated waterfall from anywhere except river level, and even then only if you wade up the (icy cold) stream a half mile. So we stood above the gorge and looked into the crack. I took more photos of the surrounding area. From Oneonta Gorge, we took a sharp left and headed inland to Triple Falls. We spent a while watching the river (Dave was looking at water flies on rocks) and getting thirsty--so we headed further inland. I took some pictures of various fungi, mushrooms and spiky plants that we encountered along the trail. But, it didn't seem that there would be anything else interesting along the trail for quite a ways, so we headed back down to the highway and drove to Multnomah Falls. For those who have seen the pictures from the expedition to Mt. Hood with Steph, it's pretty obvious that my photos of Multnomah Falls are terrible because we got there well after sundown. Not this time. We arrived smack in the middle of the afternoon, when the place was swarming with tourists. Despite them, I managed to get some good pictures of the falls. Steph: You might be interested in these photos. But we weren't yet finished. Continuing westward on the Historic Columbia River Highway, we drove far up the mountain to a big observatory named Vista House. From there you could see miles up and down the Columbia Gorge and deep into Washington State. Unfortunately, it was a somewhat hazy day and so I couldn't see all the way to Mt. Hood or to downtown Portland. No matter; I captured the spectacular vistas on my camera. By that time, we wanted some food and drink. Dave brought us to the Tippy Canoe, which seems to be a bit of a redneck bar out in Troutdale. Maybe it was just because there were a lot of bikers and bartenders out there for some reason. In any case, we had delicious burgers and some ice cold drinks. Very good. By this time we were tired, so we ate the food, listened to the overloud live music, and went home. What a day.	i don't know
What is the most likely total to result from a throw of a pair of dice?	Statistics of Dice Throw Statistics of Dice Throw The probababilities of different numbers obtained by the throw of two dice offer a good introduction to the ideas of probability . For the throw of a single die, all outcomes are equally probable. But in the throw of two dice, the different possibilities for the total of the two dice are not equally probable because there are more ways to get some numbers than others. There are six ways to get a total of 7, but only one way to get 2, so the "odds" of getting a 7 are six times those for getting "snake eyes". This simple example raises the idea of distinguishable states. For example, throwing a 3 is twice as likely as throwing a 2 because there are two distinguishable ways to get a 3. The probability of getting a given value for the total on the dice may be calculated by taking the total number of ways that value can be produced and dividing it by the total number of distinguishable outcomes. So the probability of a 7 on the dice is 1/6 because it can be produced in 6 ways out of a total of 36 possible outcomes. Go Back Of Dice and the Binomial Distribution The throw of a die or the picking of a card out of a deck are perhaps the most visible examples of the statistics of random events. Most of the conceptual tasks in probability for these kind of events can be handled with the binomial distribution . The binomial distribution can serve as a kind of "multi-tool" for common statistical questions. Given one throw of a die, what is the probability of throwing a 2? What is the probability of throwing two 2's in a row? What is the probability that in six throws of the die you will not throw any twos? What is the probability that you will throw at least one 2 in six throws? What is the average number of 2's that you would throw with a total of six throws of the die? The average number for a given outcome is the number of trials times the probability for that outcome. So the average is = np = 6(1/6) =1. What is the probability that you will throw exactly one 2 in six throws?	seven
Lydia the Tattooed Lady was a theme tune of which comedian?	Dice Probabilities - Rolling 2 Six-Sided Dice 12 - 2.78% As you can see, 7 is the most common roll with 2 six-sided dice . It's six times more likely that you'll roll a 7 than a 2 or a 12 -- a huge difference. And it's twice as likely that you'll roll a 7 than a 4 or a 10. However, it's only 1.2 times more likely that you'll roll a 7 than a 6 or an 8. Another way of looking at these numbers is that, over time, you will roll one 4 or 10 for every two 7s rolled. You'll see six 7s for every 2 or 12. Of course, dice have a bad habit of defying expectations. Don't rely on probabilities to work out precisely according to a chart like this -- you'll often find yourself on the losing end of a game if you do.	i don't know
Which book by Eric Carle was inspired by a hole punch?	The Very Hungry Caterpillar: Board Book Bestseller! The Very Hungry Caterpillar Children's book review by Steve Barancik Ages 0-3 A best selling board book...now in many forms Look at the text, and you'll think Eric Carle wrote a very simple books. But then you look at the numbers... 225 words an extensive product line of V.H.C. products 368,000 people per month Google very hungry caterpillar Then you realize Eric Carle tapped into something major. Inspired by a hole puncher Carle starts with a tiny egg on a leaf in the light of the moon. Come morning, out pops a caterpillar. A very hungry caterpillar. On day one of his life, he eats through an apple. (That's where the hole punch comes in. We see an apple with a hole in it, then turn the page and see the caterpillar crawling out.) Day two, he eats through two pears. Day three, he eats through three plums. Etc. (The days of the week are actually named, so this is a book that teaches basic counting and the days of the week as well.) On Saturday, our little green friend apparently finds himself in a convenience store. He manages to eat his way through a pickle, an ice cream cone, a sausage, a pie, and assorted other processed delicacies. On Sunday, he eats through a leaf to settle his stomach. Then he builds a cocoon. When he pops out, he's a beautiful...well, I don't want to give anything away. ;-) The point is that this book has now captivated tens of millions of lap-sitters and shows no signs of slowing down. Just to keep himself interested as he meets the demand of edition after edition, Mr. Carle has redone his trademark painted tissue paper collages at least two times since the original. These days you can find Very Hungry Caterpillar in	The Very Hungry Caterpillar
A deemster is a legal official in which part of the British Isles?	The Official Eric Carle Web Site - Eric Carle Bibliography Reviews 1, 2, 3 to the Zoo, 1968 Fun and learning add up to a perfect 10 in this eloquent but wordless counting book. Bright pictures tell the story: each car on the train has one more zoo animal than the one before it, and all arrive happily at the zoo in a dramatic foldout finale. The Very Hungry Caterpillar, 1969 This all-time favorite not only follows the very hungry caterpillar as it grows from egg to cocoon to beautiful butterfly, but also teaches the days of the week, counting, good nutrition and more. Striking pictures and cleverly die-cut pages offer interactive fun. Pancakes, Pancakes!, 1970 Jack wants some pancakes, but first he must gather eggs from the chickens, wheat from the farmer, flour from the miller, milk from the cow, etc. His mother shows him how to cook and flip them, and hungry Jack knows what to do with them next. The Tiny Seed, 1970 Poetic but simple text and lovely collage pictures dramatize the life cycle of all plants, as one tiny seed grows into an enormous sunflower, which then produces more seeds in its turn. by Eleanor B. Hardy, 1970 (out of print) Native American stories, with woodcut illustrations. The Boastful Fisherman by William Knowlton, 1970 (out of print) An old Hawaiian tale of boastful fishermen who learn their lesson as they try to prove their fishing prowess. Colorful linoleum block print illustrations. by Aileen Fisher, 1971 (out of print) Gentle nature poems with woodcut illustrations, on acetate and art paper. by George Mendoza, 1971 (out of print) Full color collages illustrate an amusing fantasy. Do You Want to Be My Friend?, 1971 In few words but expressive pictures, a little mouse looks for a friend - and happily finds one just in time to save himself from a predator who has been hiding there all the time - unseen, but in plain sight! A simple story on the universal theme of friendship. Rooster’s Off to See the World, 1972 Rooster and the colorful animals that join him on his journey to see the world, provide an enjoyable introduction to the meaning of numbers and sets. The Very Long Tail (Folding Book), 1972 (out of print) The Very Long Train (Folding Book), 1972 (out of print) These two wordless books (now collectors’ items) are printed on heavy stock, accordion-folded, and come in their own plastic cases. “Read” or looked at in sequence, each tells a story in bright collage pictures. These innovative books can also stand alone, toy like, to form a decorated wall or play area for a child of pre-reading age. The Secret Birthday Message, 1972 A message in code starts Tim off on an exciting treasure hunt through a dark cave, an underground tunnel, and other strange places until he finds a happy surprise. Die-cut pages demonstrate in a “hands on” way the meanings of place-words like up, below, through, etc. Walter the Baker, 1972 By order of the Duke, Walter the Baker must invent a tasty roll through which the rising sun can shine three times. A lively and colorful retelling of the legend of the invention of the pretzel. Do Bears Have Mothers Too? by Aileen Fisher, 1973 (out of print) Striking, poster-like pictures of a variety of animal mothers with their offspring - cubs, kittens, cygnets, and other charmers - are accompanied by verses by a beloved nature-poet. Have You Seen My Cat?, 1973 A boy’s beloved pet cat has disappeared and he sets out to find it. In his search he meets many different kinds of cats, both wild and domesticated, before he finally discovers his own cat, who has a happy surprise for him. (Can you guess what it is?) I See a Song, 1973 As a violinist, shown in black and white, starts to play, colorful semi-abstract images emerge from his music, transmuting magically from one to the next until the end, when the violinist, himself transformed into a many-colored figure, bows and leaves. Wordless, this beautiful book encourages children to develop their own visual and musical imagination and creativity. My Very First Book of Numbers My Very First Book of Colors My Very First Book of Shapes My Very First Book of Words, 1974 A collection of split-page books in which children can match various familiar objects with numbers, colors, shapes, and words. A gamelike approach to learning, for very young children. Why Noah Chose the Dove written by Isaac Bashevis Singer, 1974 Master story-teller and master illustrator combine their brilliant talents to produce a fresh and lively version of this favorite Old Testament tale of the animals as they vie with one another for a place of honor on Noah’s Ark. For all ages. All About Arthur, 1974 (out of print) An Amusing And Articulate Alphabet-ical story for all ages, in well-chosen words and Zany pictures. The Hole in the Dike written by Norma Green, 1975 The classic tale of the brave little Dutch boy who kept his finger in a leak in the dike all night long, preventing the damage from spreading, and so saved his town from a devastating flood. Inspiring story of a courageous small boy. The Mixed-Up Chameleon, 1975 Hilarious pictures show what happens when a bored chameleon wishes it could be more like other animals, but is finally convinced it would rather just be itself. An imagination-stretcher for children. Watch Out! A Giant!, 1978 Die-cut pages add to the excitement as two children outwit a scary giant. Seven Stories by Hans Christian Andersen, 1978 (out of print) A companion to Eric Carle’s Storybook (above), this features seven favorite stories retold and illustrated by Eric Carle. Twelve Tales from Aesop, 1980 (out of print) Familiar classic fables retold and illustrated by Eric Carle. The Honeybee and the Robber, 1981 A brave little honeybee saves the day when a big hungry bear attacks the beehive. Ingenious pop-ups and other movable images bring this funny and informative story to vivid life. Otter Nonsense by Norton Juster, 1982 (out of print) Very amusing, cartoon-like line drawings illustrate excruciatingly clever puns by noted author Norton Juster. Fun for all ages. Let’s Paint A Rainbow What’s For Lunch?, 1982 This delightful series incorporates movable parts, cutout shapes, and sturdy board pages that have been designed to encourage counting, adding, color naming, object identification, beginning reading, and manual dexterity. written by Hans Baumann, 1983 new title: Thank You, Brother Bear, 1995 An original tale,which skillfully combines elements of both North European and Native American traditions, tells of a little boy, Chip, who must make a long and dangerous journey to get the medicine that will cure his sick sister. Because he is both brave and kind, he is helped by the animals he meets along the way. The Very Busy Spider, 1984 With the use of raised printing, this innovative book adds the sense of touch to vision and hearing as ways to understand and enjoy the strikingly designed illustrations and the memorable story. Various farm animals try to divert a busy little spider from spinning her web, but she persists and produces a thing of both beauty and usefulness. Enjoyed by all audiences, this book’s tactile element makes it especially interesting to the visually-impaired. My Very First Book of Sounds My Very First Book of Food My Very First Book of Tools My Very First Book of Touch My Very First Book of Motion My Very First Book of Growth My Very First Book of Homes My Very First Book of Heads, 1986, (all out of print) A group of small-format books with bold, simple images and words, designed, as the titles indicate, for the very young child who is just learning to identify, name, and classify familiar objects. All in a Day collected by Mitsumasa Anno, 1986 Eric Carle, in collaboration with nine other internationally-acclaimed artists, reveals events in a day in the lives of children in various countries all over the world, showing time, climate, environmental and social differences but emphasizing the commonality of humankind everywhere. Thought-provoking as well as entertaining. A House for Hermit Crab, 1987 An underwater fantasy based on the true habits of hermit crabs and the flora and fauna of their marine environment, this book offers young readers an interesting first introduction to marine biology as well as an appealing story of Hermit Crab’s search for a house he can really call his home, as he grows throughout one year’s cycle. Animals Animals compiled by Laura Whipple, 1989 A generously illustrated collection of poems by a variety of authors, describing the peculiarities and charms of pets as well as both wild and domestic animals. Eric Carle is noted for his depiction of animals and this colorful anthology contains some of his finest works. The Very Quiet Cricket, 1990 The surprise ending of this enormously popular book features a chip that perfectly reproduces the real sound of a cricket’s song. In the story, a young cricket longs to make a sound by rubbing his wings together as many other crickets do. How he finally gets his wish is a romantic tale as well as a first look at natural history for the very young. Dragons Dragons compiled by Laura Whipple, 1991 Fearsome dragons and other fantastic legend creatures abound in this collection of poems, both modern and classic, all gloriously illustrated in full color, that will expand the world of a reader’s imagination. Draw Me a Star, 1992 The artist’s drawing of a star begins the creation of an entire universe around him as each successive pictured object requests that he draw more. Based on Eric Carle’s recollection of his grandmother’s way of drawing a star (directions included), this seemingly simple story also provides insights into an artist’s private world of creativity. An inspiring book. Today Is Monday, 1993 Based on the well-known children’s song, funny, full-color pictures show the foods featured for each day of the week. In a thoughtful new ending to the familiar text, all the world’s children are invited on Sunday to come and eat it up. Eric Carle: Picture Writer, 1993 This video contains an inspiring interview with Eric Carle; a hands-on demonstration of tissue paper painting followed by the making of collage illustration. Eric Carle no longer makes school visits, and although this video may not capture the excitement of actually meeting the author/illustrator, it provides insight into his creative process. Produced by Searchlight Films, Director: Rawn Fulton My Apron, 1994 A little boy longs to help his uncle, a mason, plaster the chimney. He feels very grown-up when he gets a work-apron of his own and the chance to do his own small share in real “grown-up” work. A touching story with a valuable message, illustrated in a striking technique using a strong black outline over bright color. A usable, child-size work-apron is included with the book for the reader who can’t wait to get started on his or her own work project. The Very Lonely Firefly, 1995 Young readers empathize with the lonely firefly who makes many errors as he looks for the group where he will really “belong.” In his search for compatible companions, he meets many other night creatures, but none is quite right—until the happy surprise at the very end when the illustration of a swarm of friendly fireflies literally shines and twinkles a welcome in the night. Heartwarming. Little Cloud, 1996 Every child loves to see fanciful shapes in the clouds. But what are clouds really for? Here a little cloud slips away from its parent clouds and turns itself into a series of wonderful forms - a sheep, an airplane, a hat, a clown - before rejoining the other clouds as they perform their real function: making rain. The Art of Eric Carle, 1996 This handsomly-designed volume explores many facets of Eric Carle’s life and work. It includes an autobiography, illustrated with many photographs, telling of his early years in the United States, describing the roots of his inspiration, his art education in Germany, his career as a commercial artist on his return to the land of his birth, and his almost accidental discovery of his real vocation—creating beautiful picturebooks for young children. Essays and critical appreciations of his works, and color photographs showing how the artist creates his unique collage illustrations add to the interest and usefulness of this book. Fine reproductions of many of his best illustrations and a complete list of his books are included. From Head to Toe, 1997 “I can do it!” is the confidence-building message of this book. As young children copy the antics of Eric Carle’s animals, they’ll learn such important skills as careful listening, focusing attention, and following instructions. Just as alphabet books introduce letters and simple words, From Head to Toe introduces the basic body parts and simple body movements - the ABC’s of dancing, gymnastics, and other sports activities. Flora and Tiger: 19 very short stories from my life, 1997 Every so often, children who have grown up enjoying Eric Carle’s books ask him whether he has written “older” books. Inspired by his questioners, Eric Carle has written this delightful collection of short stories. The events in these stories take place from his earliest childhood to the present. All of the stories are true. But they are set down, not in the order in which they happened, but as they occurred to the author. They come from various places and times of his life and have three things in common: animals or insects, friends or relatives, and Eric Carle. Hello, Red Fox, 1998 Mama Frog gets a big surprise when the guests arrive for Little Frog’s birthday party: Red Fox looks green to her! Orange Cat looks blue! With the active help of the reader, Little Frog shows Mama Frog how to see the animals in their more familiar colors. In this book, Eric Carle invites readers to discover complementary colors while enjoying the amusing story of Little Frog and his colorful friends. You Can Make a Collage: A Very Simple How-to Book, 1998 Many people ask Eric Carle how he makes his pictures. Klutz Press and Eric Carle got together to answer that question in this simple how-to book, featuring 72 full-color printed tissue papers painted by Eric Carle with instructions and inspirations and even a bit of encouragement for those in a bit of need. The Very Clumsy Click Beetle, 1999 HEAR the beetle CLICK as it flips through the pages of this book and learns how to land on its feet! Small readers will recognize and empathize with the clumsy little beetle’s eagerness to learn what the older beetle can already do so well. They will understand, too, its frustration when at first it fails. And they will surely rejoice in its eventual spectacular triumph. Does A Kangaroo Have A Mother, Too?, 2000 Meet the little joey, whose kangaroo mother carries him in her pouch. See the cygnet riding on the back of the mother swan. Eric Carle’s colorful collages of animal babies with their caring and affectionate mothers offer small readers visual delight as well as comforting reassurance. Dream Snow, 2000 It’s Christmas Eve, and an old farmer settles down for nap, wondering how Christmas can come when it hasn't snowed yet. The farmer falls asleep and in his dream, he imagines snowflakes covering him and his animals. He awakens to discover it really has snowed. A surprise at the end of the book makes this a truly magical Christmas. “Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,” said the Sloth, 2002 Slowly, slowly, slowly... that’s how the sloth lives. He hangs upside-down from the branch of a tree, night and day, in the sun and in the rain, while the other animals of the rain forest rush past him. “Why are you so slow? Why are you so quiet? Why are you so lazy?” the others ask the sloth. And, after a long, long time, the sloth finally tells them!. Where Are You Going? To See My Friend!, 2003 A dog, a cat, a rooster, a goat, a rabbit, and finally a child join together on a journey to see their friends in this unique bilingual collaboration that unites cultures and languages. Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? written by Bill Martin Jr, 2003 Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is told from the point of view of endangered creatures, and one dreaming child; each page a tribute to wild animals and their freedom. Mister Seahorse, 2004 Mister Seahorse and fellow fish fathers who care for their soon-to-be-hatched offspring, share their stories while acetate pages reveal camouflaged creatures who bear witness to the conversation between fathers with fins. 10 Little Rubber Ducks, 2005 10 Little Rubber Ducks fall overboard and land on shores all around the world. Inspired by the true story of these ducks at sea, Eric Carle has imagined their voyage in the wide open waters and the creatures they meet who live in and around the ocean. Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?, 2007 Join Baby Bear as he sets out to look for his beloved Mama Bear, meeting a diverse cast of North American animals along the way. Readers of all ages will enjoy the rich, colorful illustrations and heartfelt story of this last collaboration in a series that has helped millions learn to read.	i don't know
Which island group was once known as The Sandwich Islands?	Hawaii - Cook named them Sandwich Islands HAWAII · THE HISTORY I Cook named them Sandwich Islands Until the 5th or 6th centuries the Hawaiian archipelago was a no mans land - an uninhabited paradise. The first settlers came across the ocean from the Marquesas Islands, a group of islands in the south east almost at the equator. They came in big canoes, 100ft long, with twin hulls, whose sails were made of the fibre of coconuts. They brought the first domestic animals with them - pigs and chickens. Other Polynesians followed in the 13th or 14th centuries. They came form Tahiti. A feudal system with powerful chiefs, (the later kings), priests and ministers developed who ruled the four bigger islands. In 1778 the English Captain Cook discovered the islands. He called them Sandwich Islands after his superior, Sandwich, the first Lord of the Admiralty. (An Earl of the family of the Sandwichs, John Montagu, invented the buttered toast which has been called sandwich to the present day.( The Hawaiian islands, however, show only a remote connection with sandwiches) Anyway in some nautical charts you can still find the Hawaiian islands as "Sandwich Islands" The relationship between Cooks sailors and the natives was very friendly in the beginning. They exchanged coins, muskets and nails for drinking water and meat. The sailors had no problem to get into contact with the female population. They were fascinated by their beauty whereas the Polynesians were attracted by the utensils made of metal they saw on the two strange ships. Unfortunately they pinched some of them. Cook was really upset about this and he had the Hawaiian chief, Kalaniopuu, arrested. As a reaction to this the indigenous people stabbed him to death. In spite of all this the islands became an important base for international shipping routes.	Hawaii
Which large British mammal has the Latin name Cervus elaphus?	Hawaii Vacations, Travel Guide & Information \| Hawaii.com Please enter your email below for the verification email and follow the instructions to activate your account. Email Please email [email protected] for further assistance. A confirmation email has been sent to you with a link to activate the account. Please click on the link inside the email to log in to your account for the first time. Please enter your email address to reset your password. Email An email regarding your password change has been sent to your email address. Follow the instructions to reset your password. Become a Hawaii.com member and ENTER FOR YOUR CHANCE TO WIN. It's FREE! Simply register with your social network below. Or register with your email address. Email *	i don't know
Who was the hostess of The Golden Shot between 1969 and 1975?	The Golden Shot (1967) Cast and Crew, Trivia, Quotes, Photos, News and Videos - FamousFix + Add Profile Photo The Golden Shot is a British television game show produced by ATV for ITV between 1 July 1967 and 13 April 1975, based on the German TV show Der goldene Schuss. It is most commonly associated with host Bob Monkhouse , though, three other presenters also hosted the show during its lifetime. Hostess Anne Aston (who appeared to struggle with mental arithmetic) was on hand to read out the scores achieved by the contestants, and each month a "Maid of the Month", usually a glamour model of the era, would demonstrate the prizes and announce the contestants. When Bob Monkhouse returned to present the show in 1974, he was joined by co-hostess (to Anne Aston) Wei Wei Wong, an ex-member of Dougie Squires' Second Generation dance troupe. This was notable as one of the earliest regular appearances by an Oriental woman on British TV. Wikipedia Contents From this profile you will find 20 lists , and key facts about The Golden Shot! Related Lists	Anne Aston
Which actor appeared as Fancy Smith in Z-cars?	Where are they now - Anne Aston. - Free Online Library Where are they now - Anne Aston. <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Where+are+they+now+-+Anne+Aston.-a060747631</a> Citations: MLA style: "Where are they now - Anne Aston.." The Free Library. 1998 Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd 19 Jan. 2017 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Where+are+they+now+-+Anne+Aston.-a060747631 Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Where are they now - Anne Aston.." Retrieved Jan 19 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Where+are+they+now+-+Anne+Aston.-a060747631 APA style: Where are they now - Anne Aston.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 19 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Where+are+they+now+-+Anne+Aston.-a060747631 "I'M SITTING by the pool, reading a book, drinking an iced coffee and thinking about going shopping later," replied Anne Aston when The Sunday Mercury posed the question: Where are you now? West Bromwich-born Anne was the glamour girl from the Golden Shot - the dizzy blonde with the apparent inability to add up. She can be credited with bringing sex appeal to game shows and was the first woman to achieve fame from being "the hostess with the mostest". Anne's celebrity career began after being picked from 100 girls to add up the scores for Bob Monkhouse on a new series of ATV's The Golden Shot in January 1969. But a few things had to be changed before she appeared before the cameras. Her trademark blonde hair was really brown and dyed gold for the show, and actors' union Equity forced her to pick a new surname to avoid confusion with an actress of the same name. So Anne Lloyd became Anne Aston, and the rest is television history. Golden girl Anne was originally signed up on a six-week contract, which was renewed twice. Then, at the end of the first year, all the girls on the show were told contracts weren't being renewed. Anne, now 48, said: "Three days later I got a call saying there had been a mistake and I was asked to come back." She stayed there until 1976 and used her fame as the launchpad to a stage career. Her theatrical debut was in There's a Girl in My Soup in 1973, and she starred in a host of other productions including Carry on Laughing, where she took over from Barbara Windsor, in 1976, and Peter Pan at the Birmingham Hippodrome in 1979. She also appeared on screen in Up the Chastity Belt with Frankie Howerd in 1971, and hosted a variety of television programmes including Going a Bundle in 1975 and All Kinds of Everything in 1982. Though famous for her apparent inability to add up, Anne proved to have an astute business brain, launching her own fashion line, Golden Made, in 1974 and moving into the property market with her husband/manager Eddie Trevett in the 1980s. Now semi-retired, she still does the occasional guest appearance on television, most recently on Last Chance Lottery, The Clive James Show and Light Lunch. "I was still working up until about five years ago, but I was travelling around 40,000 miles a year and I was tired of spending birthdays and Christmases away from my home and family," she said. Anne left West Bromwich in the 1970s but regularly returns to visit her family and to cheer on the Baggies. "I still get recognised if I am dressed up," she said. "I love it. People are really sweet. They always think I must be older than I look when they realise how long ago it was that the show finished." COPYRIGHT 1998 Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 1998 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Article Details	i don't know
What is the Latin name for the common buzzard?	Common buzzard (Buteo buteo) Common buzzard Buteo buteo (Carolus Linnaeus, 1758) The common buzzard (Buteo buteo) is a medium-to-large bird of prey, whose range covers most of Europe and extends into Asia. It is usually resident year-round, except in the coldest parts of its range, and in the case of one subspecies. Description The common buzzard measures between 40 and 58 cm in length with a 109 - 136 cm wingspan and a body mass of 427 - 1364 g, making it a medium-sized raptor. This broad-winged raptor has a wide variety of plumages, and in Europe can be confused with the similar rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) and the only distantly related European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), which mimics the common buzzard's plumage for a degree of protection from northern goshawks. The plumage can vary in Britain from almost pure white to black, but is usually shades of brown, with a pale 'necklace' of feathers. Systematics The common buzzard was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Falco buteo. Buzzard subspecies fall into two groups. The western Buteo group is mainly resident or short-distance migrants. They are: Buteo buteo buteo: most of Europe B. b. rothschildi: Azores B. b. harterti: Madeira, doubtfully distinct from nominate buteo The eastern vulpinus group includes B. b. vulpinus (steppe buzzard): Eurasia: migrant breeder B. b. burmanicus (Himalayan buzzard): Himalayas and western China B. b. japonicus: Japan: resident B. b. toyoshimai: Izu Islands and Bonin Islands B. b. oshiroi: Daito Islands Birdlife elevates japonicus to species status. Two resident forms on islands close to Africa are often assigned to the first group, but appear to be distinct species, more closely related to the African long-legged buzzard, based on biogeography and preliminary mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data: Buteo bannermani (Cape Verde buzzard): Cape Verde Islands Buteo socotraensis (Socotra buzzard) of Socotra Behaviour The common buzzard breeds in woodlands, usually on the fringes, but favours hunting over open land. It eats mainly small mammals, and will come to carrion. A great opportunist, it adapts well to a varied diet of pheasant, rabbit, other small mammals to medium mammals, snakes and lizards, and can often be seen walking over recently ploughed fields looking for worms and insects. Buzzards do not normally form flocks, but several may be seen together on migration or in good habitat. The Victorian writer on Dartmoor, William Crossing, noted he had on occasions seen flocks of 15 or more at some places. Though a rare occurrence, as many as 20 buzzards can be spotted in one field area, approximately 30 m apart, so cannot be classed as a flock in the general sense, consisting of birds without a mate or territory. They are fiercely territorial, and, though rare, fights do break out if one strays onto another pair's territory, but dominant displays of aggression will normally see off the interloper. Pairs mate for life. To attract a mate (or impress his existing mate) the male performs a ritual aerial display before the beginning of spring. This spectacular display is known as 'the roller coaster'. He will rise high up in the sky, to turn and plummet downward, in a spiral, twisting and turning as he comes down. He then rises immediately upward to repeat the exercise. The call is a plaintive peea-ay, similar to a cat's meow. Status In parts of its range it is increasing in numbers. In Ireland it became extinct about 1910, but began to slowly recolonise the country in the 1950s, and is now a common and familiar sight over much of Ireland. Steppe buzzard The steppe buzzard, B. (b.) vulpinus breeds from east Europe eastward to the Far East, excluding Japan. It is a long-distance migrant, excepting some north Himalayan birds, and winters in Africa, India and southeastern Asia. In the open country favoured on the wintering grounds, steppe buzzards are often seen perched on roadside telephone poles. The steppe buzzard is some times split off as a separate species, B. vulpinus. Compared to the nominate form, it is slightly smaller (45 – 50 cm long), longer winged and longer tailed. There are two colour morphs: the rufous form which gives this subspecies its scientific name (vulpes is Latin for "fox"), and a dark grey form. The tail of vulpinus is paler than the nominate form, and often quite rufous, recalling North American red-tailed hawk. The upper wings have pale primary patches, and the primary flight feathers are also paler when viewed from below. Adults have a black trailing edge to the wings, and both morphs often have plain underparts, lacking the breast band frequently seen in B. b. buteo. Forest buzzard The forest buzzard, B. (b.) trizonatus, is another form sometimes upgraded to a full species, though most recent authorities have placed it as a subspecies of another species, the mountain buzzard, B. oreophilus. This is a resident breeding species in woodlands in southern and eastern South Africa. It is very similar to the abundant summer migrant steppe buzzard, but the adult can be distinguished with a good view by its whiter underparts and unbarred flanks. The juvenile differs from the same-age steppe buzzard by its white front and tear-shaped flank streaks. The forest buzzard, as its name implies, inhabits evergreen woodlands, including introduced eucalyptus and pines, whereas the steppe buzzard prefers more open habitats. However, habitat alone is not a good indicator for these forms. This article uses material from the Wikipedia released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0 . Please see license details for photos in photo by-lines. Videos of Common buzzard Common buzzard (juvenile) attacks adult Red Kite and common buzzard ‹ › (Signora Cecilia Picchi, 1903) - Corsica and Sardinia Buteo buteo burmanicus (Allan Octavian Hume, 1875) - Himalayas and western China Common name(s): (Carolus Linnaeus, 1758) - Most of Europe Buteo buteo harterti (Henry Kirke Swann, 1919) - Madeira, doubtfully distinct from nominate buteo Buteo buteo insularum (Curt Ehrenreich Flöricke, 1903) - Canary Islands Buteo buteo japonicus (Carolus Linnaeus, 1758) - Japan: resident Buteo buteo menetriesi (Modest Nikolajevitsh Bogdanov, 1879) - Caucasus Buteo buteo oshiroi (Nagamichi Kuroda, 1971) - Daito Islands Buteo buteo rothschildi (Henry Kirke Swann, 1919) - Azores Buteo buteo toyoshimai (Tadashi Suzuki & Yuka Kato, 2005) - Izu Islands and Bonin Islands Buteo buteo vulpinus (Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger, 1833) - Eurasia: migrant breeder Common name(s):	Common buzzard
Who was the original base guitarist of the Kinks?	Birding Buddies: Common Buzzard General The Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) is a medium to large bird of prey, whose range covers most of Europe and extends into Asia. It is usually resident all year, except in the coldest parts of its range, and in the case of one subspecies. Description The Common Buzzard measures between in length with a wingspan and a body mass of , making it a medium-sized raptor. This broad-winged raptor has a wide variety of plumages, and in Europe can be confused with the similar Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus) and the only distantly related European Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), which mimics the Common Buzzard's plumage for a degree of protection from Northern Goshawks . The plumage can vary in Britain from almost pure white to black, but is usually shades of brown, with a pale 'necklace' of feathers. Systematics The Common Buzzard was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Falco buteo. Buzzard subspecies fall into two groups. The western Buteo group is mainly resident or short-distance migrants. They are: * Buteo buteo buteo: most of Europe * B. b. rothschildi: Azores * B. b. insularum: Canary Islands * B. b. arrigonii: Corsica and Sardinia * B. b. menetriesi: Caucasus * B. b. harterti: Madeira, doubtfully distinct from nominate Buteo The eastern vulpinus group includes * B. b. vulpinus (Steppe Buzzard): Eurasia: migrant breeder * B. b. burmanicus (Himalayan Buzzard): Himalayas and western China * B. b. japonicus: Japan: resident * B. b. toyoshimai: Izu Islands and Bonin Islands * B. b. oshiroi: Daito Islands Two resident forms on islands close to Africa are often assigned to the first group, but appear to be distinct species, more closely related to the African Long-legged Buzzard, based on biogeography and preliminary mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data (Clouet & Wink 2000): * Buteo bannermani (Cape Verde Buzzard): Cape Verde Islands * Buteo socotraensis (Socotra Buzzard) of Socotra Behaviour The Common Buzzard breeds in woodlands, usually on the fringes, but favours hunting over open land. It eats mainly small mammals, and will come to carrion. A great opportunist, it adapts well to a varied diet of pheasant, rabbit, other small mammals to medium mammals, snakes and lizards, and can often be seen walking over recently ploughed fields looking for worms and insects. The birds have incredible strength and are therefore able to pick up food of all weights. Buzzards do not normally form flocks, but several may be seen together on migration or in good habitat. The Victorian writer on Dartmoor, William Crossing, noted he had on occasions seen flocks of 15 or more at some places. Though a rare occurrence, as many as 20 buzzards can be spotted in one field area, approximately 30 metres apart, so cannot be classed as a flock in the general sense, consisting of birds without a mate or territory. They are fiercely territorial, and, though rare, fights do break out if one strays onto another pair's territory, but dominant displays of aggression will normally see off the interloper. Pairs mate for life. To attract a mate (or impress his existing mate) the male performs a ritual aerial display before the beginning of spring. This spectacular display is known as 'the roller coaster'. He will rise high up in the sky, to turn and plummet downward, in a spiral, twisting and turning as he comes down. He then rises immediately upward to repeat the exercise. The call is a plaintive peea-ay, similar to a cat's meow. Steppe Buzzard The Steppe Buzzard, B. (b.) vulpinus breeds from east Europe eastward to the Far East, excluding Japan. It is a long-distance migrant, excepting some north Himalayan birds, and winters in Africa, India and southeastern Asia. In the open country favoured on the wintering grounds, steppe buzzards are often seen perched on roadside telephone poles. Steppe Buzzard is some times split as a separate species, B. vulpinus. Compared to the nominate form, it is slightly smaller (4550 cm long), longer winged and longer tailed. There are two colour morphs: the rufous form which gives this subspecies its scientific name (vulpes is Latin for "fox"), and a dark grey form. The tail of vulpinus is paler than the nominate form, and often quite rufous, recalling North American Red-tailed Hawk. The upper wings have pale primary patches, and the primary flight feathers are also paler when viewed from below. Adults have a black trailing edge to the wings, and both morphs often have plain underparts, lacking the breast band frequently seen in B. b. buteo. Forest Buzzard The Forest Buzzard, B. (b.) trizonatus, is another form sometimes upgraded to a full species, though most recent authorities have placed it as a subspecies of another species, the Mountain Buzzard, B. oreophilus. This is a resident breeding species in woodlands in southern and eastern South Africa. It is very similar to the abundant summer migrant Steppe Buzzard, but the adult can be distinguished with a good view by its whiter underparts and unbarred flanks. The juvenile differs from the same-age steppe buzzard by its white front and tear-shaped flank streaks. The Forest Buzzard, as its name implies, inhabits evergreen woodlands, including introduced eucalyptus and pines, whereas the steppe buzzard prefers more open habitats. However, habitat alone is not a good indicator for these forms.	i don't know
Bob Hope is a character in which British TV soap opera?	Robert 'Bob' Hope (Character) Robert 'Bob' Hope (Character) from "Emmerdale" (1972) The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff. Overview Biography: Robert Reginald "Bob" Hope is a fictional character from the British soap opera Emmerdale... See more » Alternate Names: Scott Windsor : Where is she? Jamie Hope : She? Narrow it down a bit. Robert 'Bob' Hope : He's looking for Dawn, he's got it into his head she's done something stupid to his car. Scott Windsor : I haven't got anything in my head. Jamie Hope : Yeah, I can second that.	Emmerdale
Which is the most highly populated state in India?	Emmerdale \| Emmerdale Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia This article is about the series. For the fictional street and main setting of the soap, see Emmerdale (village) . Emmerdale title caption. Emmerdale, known as Emmerdale Farm until 1989 , is a popular and critically acclaimed long-running British soap opera that has been broadcast on ITV since 1972 . It is set in the fictional village of Emmerdale (known as Beckindale until 1994) in the Yorkshire Dales, England and was created by Kevin Laffan with a former series producer, Steve November , serving as Executive Producer from January 2009, succeeding Keith Richardson , who had overseen the soap for 24 years. The series is produced by ITV Studios in Yorkshire and broadcast on the ITV network and was first broadcast on 16 October 1972. It was originally conceived and broadcast as a daytime programme in an afternoon slot, becoming an early evening programme in 1978 in most ITV regions, but excluding London and Anglia, both of which followed in the mid-1980s. Until Christmas 1988, Emmerdale took seasonal breaks; since then it has been broadcast year-round. Emmerdale is shown every weekday at 7pm with an extra Thursday episode being aired at 8pm (beginning 23 July 2009). Episodes are first broadcast on ITV1. Every episode lasts around 30 minutes (including commercials); without adverts the total time of footage averages to around 22 minutes per episode. Repeat episodes and the omnibus of the show can be seen on ITV2 . Contents Edit The basic premise of Emmerdale Farm was very similar to the BBC radio soap opera The Archers – focusing on a family, a farm and characters in a nearby village. The farmyard filming techniques of Emmerdale Farm were originally modelled on the revolutionary soap-opera The Riordans, made by RTÉ, Ireland's broadcaster, from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1970s. The Riordans broke new ground for soap operas by being filmed largely out of doors (on a farm owned in the storyline by Tom and Mary Riordan) rather than the usual practice of British and American soap operas, of shooting almost completely in studios (where 'outdoor' scenes were sometimes filmed indoors). The Riordans pioneered farmyard location shooting with real farm animals and actors driving tractors. In the 1960s and 1970s, outdoor filming of television programmes using OBUs (Outdoor Broadcast Units) was in its infancy due to the far higher costs involved and the reliance on things like the weather that were out of the control of the programme makers. The success of The Riordans showed that a soap opera could be filmed largely out of doors. Yorkshire Television sent people to The Riordans set in County Meath, Ireland to see the making of the programme at first hand. Businesses Take A Vow - co-owned by Leyla Harding and Megan Sharma . Run by Leyla Harding. Series backstory Edit The Miffield estate was the biggest employer in the village of Beckindale – situated 39 miles (63 km) from Bradford and Template:Convert from Leeds. Lord Miffield gave the lease of Emmerdale Farm on the edge of the village to the Sugden family in the 1850s out of gratitude after Josh Sugden sacrificed his life for the Earl's son in the Crimean War. Josh's grandson Joseph married Margaret Oldroyd and they had a son Jacob in January 1916. In the 1930s, the young Jacob Sugden supposedly purchased Emmerdale Farm for his family. In 1945 he married Annie Pearson – daughter of farm labourer Sam Pearson . Margaret Sugden died in 1963 and Joseph Sugden died in 1964. Jacob Sugden had run the farm into the ground as he had drunk away most of the profits, leaving it in a sorry state. It was badly maintained and the future of the farm looked bleak at the time of Jacob's death on 10 October 1972. Jacob left a wife Annie and three grown children, two sons, Jack (the eldest) and Joe (the youngest of the three) and daughter Peggy . These characters would form the basis of the series Emmerdale Farm. Series overview Edit Initially the show focused on the farm and the Sugden family who lived on and ran it. As time went on, the show's focus moved to the nearby village of Beckindale. To reflect this change, the show's title was changed on 14 November 1989 to Emmerdale. Coinciding with the show's 1989 title change was the introduction of the Tate family. These changes, and the introduction of more exciting storylines and dramatic episodes such as Pat Sugden's 1986 car crash and the 1988 Crossgill fire, gradually began to improve the soap's popularity and were overseen by the new executive producer, Keith Richardson , who was in charge of the programme for 24 years, during which time he oversaw its transformation from a minor, daytime, rural drama, into one of the UK's most major soaps. [1] On 30 December 1993 Emmerdale attracted its highest ever audience of over 18 million when a plane crashed into the village, killing four villagers. Until this storyline, Emmerdale was largely ignored by press and viewers alike, except for a loyal fan-base, in the face of the better-known soaps in Coronation Street and EastEnders The plane crash drastically improved the show's popularity, enticing new viewers and has consequently kept the show as one of the most watched soap operas on British television. Emmerdale continued to have dramatic storylines for the rest of the 90s, and new long-term characters, such as the Dingle family, were introduced. The Tates emerged as the soap's leading family in the 1990s, overshadowing the Sugdens. After their arrival, the Tate family remained in Home Farm for 16 years, albeit with the size of the family decreasing over time as members left or were killed off, with the last, Zoe, leaving in 2005. The early 2000s had seen exciting episodes such as the storm (a storyline that occurred 10 years after the plane crash one and was of a similar kind, although not as major) and the introduction of several new characters, namely Cain and Charity Dingle, who both later left before returning to the soap in 2009. 2009 was an important year for Emmerdale as it was the introduction of Gavin Blythe as series producer, Keith Richardson and fellow long-serving production team member, Timothy J. Fee retiring from the soap and the programme's longest-serving character, Jack Sugden, dying off-screen due to the actor who had played him since 1980, Clive Hornby dying the previous year. The episode of Jack's funeral was dedicated to Hornby and mirrored the first episode in 1972, with Sheila Mercier and Karl Davies reprising their roles for it. In the same year, Blyth introduced the new Barton and Sharma families, as well as other new characters and axed existing ones, as well as coming up with new storyline ideas and providing a direction for the show, in the same manner as previous series producers who typically serve terms of a few years, including Steve Frost who was in charge from 2001–2004 and returned as executive producer when Richardson left. Blyth's time as an Emmerdale producer, however, was cut short when he died, aged just 41, from cancer only a matter of weeks after it had been diagnosed, in November 2010. At the start of 2010, after about a year in Emmerdale, the Wylde family's story peaked and the family members began to be written out of the show, beginning with Mark whilst Masie and Will were to remain another year, being the final Wyldes to go. The drama continued for the family throughout the year however, especially for Nathan and Natasha. Another big storyline for 2010 was Aaron Livesy's tortured emotional coming out story and subsequent relationship with the new character of Jackson Walsh, who now lives in the village with his mother (played by Pauline Quirke). However, tragedy struck in the summer when Jackson's vehicle collided with a train, following a row he had with Aaron. This accident left him paralysed from the neck down. In spring 2010, Declan Macey arrived in the village as a wealthy business-man friend of the Sharmas and bought into Home Farm. Later on, he was joined by members of his family and by the end of 2010, the Macey family were established as the new rich Home Farm family, replacing the departing Wyldes who in turn had taken over ownership of Home Farm from the Kings who occupied the house from Zoe Tate's departure, until they got into financial difficulties at the end of 2008. The Maceys are set to herald a new era in the soap and were introduced by Gavin Blyth before he died. Pauline Quirke's run in the show as Hazel Rhodes was extended for at least a further 12 months from December 2010 by the executive producer. Two long serving characters, Viv Hope (played by Deena Payne ) and Terry Woods (played by Billy Hartman ) were killed off in January 2011, when a fire started by DS Henshall ripped through the village of Emmerdale. There were some complaints, including from Payne herself, that not enough attention was focused, in the two dramatic fire episodes, on the exit of the characters. Viv's demise paved the way for her stepdaughter, Kelly Windsor, to return. There are also several new characters set to arrive in the coming months. In October 2015 it was annouced that the show will get rebooted by DHX Media and ITV Studios in 2016 The following three sections highlight the major disasters, exits, and other episodes with high viewing figures. Edit Emmerdale is extremely well known for the number of disasters it has featured over the years. The most notable disasters are listed below. 1973 - Sharon Crossthwaite is raped and strangled to death by Jim Latimer. Jack Sugden discovers the awful truth after arriving home to find Jim trying to strangle Penny Golightly, after which Jim reluctantly confesses to the murder of Sharon. 1973 - Jack Sugden 's lodger Ian 'Trash' McIntyre commits suicide by throwing himself out of a first floor window at The Old Mill and falling to the ground, breaking his neck. 1976: Matt Skilbeck's twin children, Sam and Sally, and his aunt Beattie Dowton are killed in an accident at a level crossing. 1977 - A fire breaks out at Emmerdale Farm and the Beckindale Volunteer Fire Service in manfully fighting the blaze. During the fire fighting, one of the members of the team is burned. 1978 - An explosion at a mine traps vicar's son Clive Hinton and his two friends Ian and Rod. Clive and Rod are found unconscious and Ian escapes with cuts and bruises. 1978 - Teenagers Steve Hawker and Pip Coulter commit armed robbery at The Woolpack and leave Amos Brearly and Henry Wilks locked in the cellar. The two teenagers then head for Emmerdale Farm where they hold Sam Pearson at gunpoint. To avoid further threats, Annie Sugden provides the two with a getaway car. 1981 - Bible-bashing farmer Enoch Tolly is killed in a tractor accident. 1985 - Jackie Merrick is knocked off his motorbike by Alan Turner 's land rover and spends 5 months in hospital with broken bones. 1986 – Pat Sugden died when she crashed her car down a hill after swerving to avoid a flock of sheep. 1988 – Phil Pearce carelessly leaves discarded rags at Crossgill Farm, which catch fire whilst Annie Sugden is trapped inside. 1989 - Crooked quarryman Dennis Rigg is crushed to death by Joe Sugden 's prize bull whilst threatening the Sugdens with eviction. 1989 - Jackie Merrick accidentally shoots himself whilst out hunting a fox for a £10 bet. 1990 - Kate Sugden accidentally knocks down and kills Pete Whiteley whilst driving home from Hotten. 2011 – Fire started by Nick Henshall rips through the village killing Terry Woods and Viv Hope . Memorable exits Edit Emmerdale is famous for its hugely dramatic exit storylines. These characters have made some of the most famous, memorable exits from Emmerdale, Kim Tate – Kim and her husband Steve Marchant stole a horse, intent on selling it as they had cashflow problems. As they were driving away from the scene, Steve ran over Kathy Glover . While in hospital, Kim convinced Kathy that Steve had not stopped his vehicle when he had hit her, in order to make her husband seem to be the villain – even though she helped to plan the theft of the horse. On the day of trial in January 1999 with the lawyers questioning Kathy's validity as a witness for Steve's hit-and-run crime, Kathy questioned how true Kim's words had been. For this and numerous other crooked tricks, the police were soon on her trail. She confronted Chris Tate to get money as a means of escape and knocked him out savagely with a paperweight when he would not comply. She left with her son James in a helicopter never to be seen again. The pilot asked her if she was Kim Marchant and with her final words on the soap she replied, "No, it's Kim Tate ". Sarah Sugden – Sarah was married to Jack Sugden but had been having an affair with their lodger Richie Carter . Having fallen in love with Richie, Sarah told Jack that their marriage was over and that she was in love with Richie. Jack kicked Sarah out of the farm on which they lived and told her she was never going to see her three children Robert, Andy and Victoria again. Jack was also in serious debt and Andy overheard him saying that it would be good if something caught fire so they could claim on the insurance. After hearing this, Andy went out with a lighter and box of matches and set the barn on fire but was unaware that his adopted mother Sarah was inside with Richie ending their relationship. Richie got out alive but Sarah was trapped inside the barn when it exploded and was killed. Tricia Dingle – After discovering that her husband Marlon Dingle had a drunken one night stand with his cousin Charity Tate whilst she had been in India, Tricia left Marlon and intended to leave Emmerdale. She was planning to leave on New Year's Eve 2003, the same night as the Emmerdale storm. Upon leaving, Diane Sugden gave Tricia a letter that Marlon had asked her to give to Tricia, it was a list of 101 reasons why Marlon loved her. After spending hours in the phone box, sheltering from the horrific weather, trying to get a taxi sent to the village, she decided to give Marlon another chance and returned to the Woolpack to see him. Upon reaching the Woolpack, lightning struck a tree making Tricia trip and a second bolt struck the roof of the Woolpack, making it collapse onto a helpless Tricia. She was found under the rubble by Diane and Marlon and taken to hospital in a helicopter. She was put on a life support machine until Marlon finally decided to let her go after realising that there was no hope of her recovering. She died on 8 January 2004. Charity Tate – After Sadie King tricked Tom King into believing Charity was having an affair with Cain Dingle , Tom called off his and Charity's wedding. Despite discovering the lie, Tom was unable to convince Charity that they should reconcile. Charity wanted revenge for what Sadie had done, which she got by sleeping with Jimmy King . She made him realise what Sadie was like and filmed them together. She got him to confess that Sadie set her up. She went to visit Tom, taking the tape with her and played it to him and his family. Sadie went for Charity so Charity punched her and said an emotional goodbye to her daughter Debbie Dingle and left, despite an emotional plea from Tom. Charity returned in 2009 with a son, Noah. Zoe Tate – Zoe was standing trial for the attempted murder of Scott Windsor but was found not guilty after it transpired that Scott had threatened witness Paddy Kirk . After Sadie King blackmailed her into selling her Home Farm, she took revenge by blowing up the house. In her final scene, she waited in a car in front of the house, waiting for the explosion, then drove off and out of the soap. Cain Dingle and Sadie King – The couple kidnapped Tom King , with Sadie pretending to have been double-crossed by Cain. The story took a number of twists and turns with Cain's car going over into a quarry, although it was later discovered to be empty and Cain shooting Sadie, although it was later discovered that this was faked too. As they prepared to escape by plane, Cain betrayed Sadie leaving her at the airfield and flew off over the village. . Steph Forsythe – Steph pleaded guilty to the murder of her brother Terence Turner . This was to make amends for causing the death of Shelly Williams . She was sentenced to life imprisonment, although it was in fact, her husband Adam Forsythe who had killed Terence. Tom King – Tom was murdered by his son Carl on his wedding night to Rosemary Sinclair . After a confrontation between father and son, Tom lost his balance and fell through a first floor window to his death on the driveway of Home Farm in front of his horrified wedding guests. His death sparked a long running investigation into catching his killer. Matthew King - After a disastrous wedding day to Anna De Souza , Matthew drove a van straight towards his brother Carl King but swerved when Carl jumped out of the way meaning that Anna was in the firring line, Matthew hit a brick wall and went through the windscreen. He died minutes afterwards, just outside of the entrance to Home Farm , while Carl, his other brother Jimmy King and Katie Sugden watched on as Anna cradled his dead body in her arms. The next day the Kings were thrown out of Home Farm. This resulted in Mark Wylde becoming the new owner of Home Farm along with all of their other properties in the village. Mark Wylde – After a year in the show, the secrets and lies of Mark were finally exposed. His first wife, Faye Lamb , whom he never officially divorced had his only legitimate child, Ryan . In turn Ryan was unknowingly starting a relationship with his half sister, Maisie, Mark's daughter from his second wife Natasha . Because of Mark's bigamy, Natasha's subsequent marriage with Mark was void and Natasha's three children, Maisie, Nathan and Will were all legally illegitimate. During the episode which was broadcast on 14 January 2010, Mark considers suicide in the woods of Home Farm. However he is relieved of the shotgun by Natasha. Mark's subsequent words push Natasha over the edge and she appears to shoot Mark with the shotgun. The shooting was memorably accompanied by Gabriel Fauré 's In Paradisum from his Requiem taken from New College Choir 's album Agnus Dei. [2] Viv Hope - When DC Nick Henshall started a fire on the row of cottages in Emmerdale, the shop and cafe went up in flames. Viv was killed in the explosion that wrecked the shop. Terry Woods - Terry was also killed in the explosion that wrecked the shop and cafe whilst trying to save Viv Hope who also perished. Viewing Figures Edit The show is one of the most watched programmes on British television. An average Emmerdale episode generally attracts 8.5million viewers and it presently lies third in popularity behind the other two major soaps Coronation Street and EastEnders. However, notable episodes and storylines have seen the viewing figures soar: On 30 December 1993 Emmerdale attracted its highest ever audience of 18 million when a plane crashed into the village killing four villagers. The aftermath of the plane crash on 5 January 1994 attracted 16 million viewers. The storyline brought Emmerdale into the public eye and consequently kept the show as one of the most watched soaps on British television File:Emmerdale Strom 2.jpg On 22 September 2006, 8.57 million viewers watched the exit of Cain Dingle after more than six years in the soap. On Christmas Day 2006, over 7.69 million viewers watched as Tom King was murdered on his wedding day to Rosemary Sinclair . On Thursday 14 January 2010, Emmerdale hit their highest ratings since March 2006. 9.96 million viewers watched during the much-awaited Murder of Mark Wylde when he was shot by Natasha Wylde after a week-long online "Whodunnit?". Numerous other hour long episodes that have clashed with rival soap EastEnders have won in the battle for viewing figures. Over the past few years the village soap has gone head to head with BBC's EastEnders on numerous occasions and has emerged on top many times, establishing itself as a serious contender for the second most popular British soap opera. Some notable examples include: 18 May 2004, when Jack Sugden was shot by his adopted son Andy Sugden . Emmerdale attracted 8.27 million viewers, whilst EastEnders received 7.32 million viewers. 21 September 2004, when Diane Blackstock and Jack Sugden got married. Emmerdale attracted 8.72 million viewers, whilst EastEnders received 6.83 million viewers. 4 January 2005, when Sadie King sabotaged the wedding of Tom King and Charity Dingle . Emmerdale attracted 9.89 million viewers, whilst EastEnders received 7.53 million viewers. 1 March 2005, when Charity Dingle left the soap after five years. Emmerdale was watched by 10.08 million viewers, whilst EastEnders was watched by 7.21 million viewers. 17 March 2005, when Shelly Williams fell overboard from the Isle of Arran ferry off the west coast of Scotland during a confrontation with Steph Stokes . Emmerdale was watched by 9.39 million viewers, whilst EastEnders was watched by 6.96 million viewers. 22 September 2005, when long standing popular character Zoe Tate left the soap after 16 years and made a dramatic exit which saw her blow up Home Farm, which she been conned into selling to the King family . Emmerdale was watched by 8.58 million viewers, whilst EastEnders was watched by 6.76 million viewers for the funeral of Den Watts. 13 July 2006, The Kings River house collapse. Emmerdale won in the ratings battle, attracting 6.90 million viewers, whilst EastEnders was watched by 4.11 million viewers, its lowest ever. File:Kings River Explosion.jpg 21 September 2006, when Cain Dingle kidnapped Tom and Sadie King. Emmerdale won in the ratings battle, attracting 8.57 million viewers, whilst EastEnders had 4.77 million viewers. 1 February 2007, when Billy Hopwood with Victoria Sugden crashed his truck into a lake. Emmerdale won here too, surprisingly since the EastEnders episode involved an important storyline involving two of its most high profile characters, Martin and Sonia Fowler, leaving. Emmerdale attracted 8.15 million viewers with EastEnders gaining 6.70 million viewers. 17 May 2007, when the Who Killed Tom King? plot came to a close when the murderer was revealed. Emmerdale gained 8.92 million viewers, which peaked to 9.1 million when Tom's son Carl confessed to the murder between 19:00 and 20:00. EastEnders had 4.29 million between 19.30 and 20:00. 16 October 2007, when Annie's Cottage was blown up by Victoria Sugden . Emmerdale was watched by 8.12 million viewers, whilst EastEnders was watched by 6.59 million viewers. 27 January 2009, when Debbie Dingle was arrested for the murder of Shane Doyle . Emmerdale attracted 7.39 million viewers, whilst EastEnders attracted 6.36 million viewers. 7 January 2010, when Sally Spode tried to kiss Ashley Thomas Emmerdale topped the 9 million mark and got 9.47 million viewers. 22 July 2010, when Charlie mysteriously disappeared Emmerdale topped the 7 million mark and got 7.39 million viewers. 6 September 2010, Emmerdale rose 700k week-on-week, as 7.54 million viewers tuned in for David's wild accusations about Leyla. 6 October 2010, Emmerdale have a massive audience of 7.94 million viewers, this was the big Train Crash stunt which involved Jackson Walsh and Aaron Livesy , and left Jackson critically injured. 28 and 29 October 2010, Emmerdale over 7 million viewers to watch the culmination of the Ryan Lamb's murder trial, despite his innocence. The following night (30 October 2010) an audience of nearly 8 million tuned in for Natasha Wylde 's dramatic confession to the crime after her daughter Maisie pushed for the truth from kidnapped Nathan. Filming locations File:Emmerdale village by John Turner.jpg Location shooting originally occurred in the village of Arncliffe in Littondale, one of the less frequented valleys of the Yorkshire Dales. In exterior shots the village's hotel, The Falcon was used to represent the fictional Woolpack Inn. Eventually the location of the shooting location became publicly known, which is perhaps what prompted the move to the village of Esholt in 1976, where it stayed for the next 22 years. This location also became a tourist attraction and the village pub (previously 'the Commercial Hotel') has retained the adopted name of The Woolpack Inn . The original Emmerdale Farm buildings are near the village of Leathley. Creskeld Hall (Home Farm) is one of the few original filming locations used in the entire run of the series and has been involved in many storylines. Since 1998 a purpose-built set on the Harewood estate in Leeds has been used (building on the Harewood estate started in 1996). The first scenes shot in the purpose-built set on the Harewood Estate were broadcast on 17 February 1998 from the front of the Woolpack (although some scenes were shot there from 1997). The Harewood set is a replica of Esholt with a few minor alterations. The houses in the new village at Harewood are timber framed structures covered in stone cladding. The village is built on green belt land so all the buildings are classed as "temporary structures" and must be demolished within ten years unless new planning permission is given. There is no plan to demolish the set and new planning has now been drawn up. The new village included a church and a churchyard full of gravestones some of them for the characters who have died in the serial. The site incorporates a 1500 ft grass airstrip, and a Cessna 172 is hangared in the farm at the entrance. The aircraft, in an open barn, is visible from Eccup Lane. Butlers Farm is really Brookland Farm, a working farm located in the nearby village of Eccup. Brookland Farm is where all the external farmyard and building shots are filmed with the internal house shots being filmed in the studio. Much location footage is carried out in other areas of the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire such as the fictional market town of Hotten which is actually shot in Otley, a market town on the outskirts of Leeds. The Benton Park School in the Rawdon area of the city and the primary school in Farnley were also used as shooting locations. Indoor scenes are mostly filmed at Yorkshire Television's 'Emmerdale Production Centre' on Kirkstall Road, Leeds (located next to the main Yorkshire Television's Leeds Studios ). As of 28 March 2011, new studio facilities (which are HD capable) in the ITV Studios building on Kirkstall Road are being used for most of the interior scenes, the old facility on Burley Road will be vacated and offered for sale in due course. Scheduling Edit When Emmerdale was first broadcast in 1972, it was twice a week in an afternoon slot. It later moved to a 19:00 slot and the number of episodes has steadily increased, with there now being six half-hour episodes each week. Emmerdale is filmed roughly between 4–6 weeks before it is first broadcast on ITV1 . Broadcast schedule history Edit VisionTV started showing Emmerdale on 20 September 2010, immediately after Eastenders at 9:30 p.m. Eastern time. Episodes are broadcast approximately five months after airing in the UK. Emmerdale had formerly been shown on CBC Television , but that ended many years ago. When shown on CBC Television, Canadian episodes were four years behind the UK story. Ireland Edit Emmerdale reaches viewers in the Republic of Ireland via both the widely available UTV from Northern Ireland and the TV3 Television Network in the Republic of Ireland. UTV and TV3 screen Emmerdale simultaneously in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Emmerdale was broadcast as a Daytime soap on RTÉ One from 1972 to 2001 before moving to TV3, RTÉ were a number of months behind – since for many years they choose to broadcast five days a week rather than ITV's three days a week and RTÉ took a break during the summer months, however as the series began a five night week RTÉ got further and further behind ITVs broadcasts. The gap between RTÉ One's last episode and TV3's first episode was about three months. Sweden Edit Emmerdale has been shown in Sweden since the 1970s – originally on TV2 and since 1994 on commercial channel TV4. Under the title Hem till gården ("Home to the Farm"), the programme is broadcast twice a day (as of May 2008, previously only once a day) on Monday to Friday 11:55–12:55. The episodes currently being screened (April 2011) date from February 2009. Older episodes (from October 2006 in April 2011) are shown on TV4 Guld . Finland Edit The programme is shown in Finland on commercial channel MTV3, where it goes out at 18:00 to 18:30, and 18:30 to 19:00 Mondays to Fridays with a repeat of each episode at 11:00 and 11:25 on the following weekday. The episodes currently being screened (May 2011) date from November 2008. New Zealand Emmerdale is shown in New Zealand on TV One from Monday to Friday at 12:30 to 13:30. As at January 2011, TV One episodes are from October 2008. Australia Edit Emmerdale was shown in Australia for the first time in July 2006 when subscription television channel UKTV began airing the 2006 series from episode 4288. In 2006 UKTV were showing episodes 4 months behind UK transmission, but as UKTV only airs 5 episodes a week instead of 6 (as broadcast in UK) they are now over 9 months behind. As at September 2010, UKTV episodes are from December 2009. Emmerdale is also broadcast on 7Two weekdays at 10:30, airing episodes from 2003. Romania On 2 February 2007 it was announced that Emmerdale would be broadcast on the Romania] free-to-air channel Pro TV. The station has bought 50 episodes of the soap dating back to 2000. Elsewhere Edit Satellite channel Granada TV is currently showing the programme in the Middle East, Cyprus, and Malta Members of the British Forces and their families can watch Emmerdale on BFBS TV1, which is also available free-to-air in the Falkland Islands Opening, End of Part Stingers and Closing Credits Edit 1972-1974 (OVER THE DALES) The original titles were on film and featured a slow panning shot of the Yorkshire dales, before slowly zooming in on Beckindale village/Arncliffe and then a shot moving from a sunset through some tress to the farmhouse. The title caption zoomed out to the camera as the camera focused on Beckindale. Kevin Laffin's name appeared on the farmhouse shot.The end of part stinger just played over the final moments of a particular scene. A much shorter version of the opening theme was used as the stinger music. The closing credits were on captions and the film underneath was the view from a helicopter of the Dales passing by Arncliffe. The theme, written by Tony Hatch , was performed on the cor anglais with piano and strings accompaniment. 1974-1975 (OVER THE DALES MARK 2) The opening titles changed for the 1974 episodes to an aerial panning shot of Arncliffe and a different view of the farmhouse and the font was changed to a bold yellow one. The end of part screen was black with Emmerdale Farm in the new font. The end credits remained the same but with the different font. 1975-1989 (FARMHOUSE IN SUNSET) The farmhouse in sunset credits lasted the longest and were introduced in 1975, and continued to be used until November 1989 when the programme's title was shortened to Emmerdale. This title sequence brought a new look to the programme. The producer had decided to go away from the helicopter view of Beckindale. This time shots included views with the sunset in the background and shots of animals in the sunset. Somthing that hadnt changed was the farmhouse shot. This time though a new shot of the Farmhouse as the sun hides behind the house. Also the music was given a slight revamp. But this is hardly noticable. The end of part screen was black with Emmerdale Farm in yellow lettering. 1989-1991 (BECKINDALE LIFE) This was replaced with a montage of images, shot around Esholt, of various activities such as someone hang-gliding, a Land Rover fording a stream, an oil tanker going over a bridge and someone out horse-riding at Home Farm, the credits rolled over a static shot of the farmhouse. For the end of parts only the music changed. The end of part screen was black with Emmerdale End of Part One over the top. 1991-1992 (BECKINDALE LIFE) Their was no difference in the opening titles apart from the title. The font was given a tweak. 1992-1993 (BECKINDALE LIFE MARK 2) In September 1992 when the theme tune was changed. The opening credits used from September 1992 until December 1993 were similar but used superimposed images. The closing credits rolled over a static shot of some Yorkshire scenery. Initially, the credits were displayed on separate slides but, after several weeks, reverted to the all scrolling format used from 1989. The end of part captions were the same as the previous end of part stingers. 1993-1994 (BECKINDALE LIFE MARK 3) The opening titles changed again from the plane crash episode in December 1993. This sequence comprised shots from the 1989 introduced titles, 1992 introduced titles and some newly filmed shots. Unlike the previous titles, this new sequence did not feature superimposed images. It remained in use until November 1994 when another similar new sequence was introduced. From January 1994, the credits rolled over a static shot of Esholt/Emmerdale. This credit sequence is notable since the original "Emmerdale Farm" music was used for the closing credits, while the newer version remained in use for the opening and break bumpers. The exception to this was during the plane crash when the credits rolled over the destruction of the village and a slow piano theme was used. The end of part stinger's image was a shot of Emmerdale village 1994-1998 (EMMERDALE LIFE) When the opening titles were updated again in November 1994 the new theme tune was used exclusively. Possibly being one of the most recognised opening titles this sequence introduced us to new shots of activitys. The font was given a more bolder look so it stood out more. The end of part stingers changed slighty with the font being updated. The end credits were also updated, Instead of the theme just fading in a short piano motif took us into the new side by side closing credits. 1998-2005 (FAMILIES) In December 1998, the opening titles were replaced by another montage, this time of helicopter shots of the Yorkshire moors and farming areas. Superimposed were short scenes of actors (which were not members of the cast) performing the various emotions seen in a soap. The closing credits rolled over a continuous shot of Emmerdale, filmed from a helicopter flying away from the village. At the same time, in 1998, a new version of the theme tune was introduced. A grand orchestral theme was introduced over the titles, credits and break bumpers. From November 2004, a different version of the theme, played mainly on the piano, was used for the break bumpers only. 2005-2011 (OVER THE DALES) In September 2005, the opening titles were replaced with another helicopter montage, this time marginally slower and without the actors. The closing credits were generic ITV Network style credits over a continuous shot of the village, again from a helicopter, but filmed from a different angle. In 2009, the original theme played over the end credits of Jack Sugden's funeral episode. 2011- (A JAZZY BREEZE) The new titles have been given a complete revamp going away from the helicopter shots that had been in use since 1998. This time the sequence mirrors the 1989-1998 titles. Now features include: a Range Rover driving through the woods, a woman stroking a man's leg with her foot: a couple running upstairs in Home Farm, The Dingles Living room; then finally finishing on a new CGI image which ends with the new logo fading on to the screen. The title music has been completely jazzed up but still has the homely feeling in it. The break bumpers have also had the music changed more akon to the Christmas 2006 break bumpers. A new array of logos have been made for use in the break bumpers and the continues in half an hour bumper. The new titles made a mixture of reviews, some not liking the new look and some saying they will get used to it. The same thing happened when EastEnders, Coronation Street and Hollyoaks updated their titles. Theme tunes Edit The original theme tune created by Tony Hatch was the longest ever to be used. For a number of episode in 1972 a longer version was used to open episodes but from 1973 a shorter version was used. In 1975 when the opening titles changed the piano motif was removed. In 1989 when the word "farm" was dropped from the titles, the Emmerdale theme tune underwent a slight tweak. These changes were carried over until 1992. 1992-1998 Edit When the series was revamped in 1992 the theme tune was updated. A more upbeat piano version was made and used for the opening and closing credits. When the titles changed again 1993 the original theme was used for the closing credits again. But when the titles changed in 1994 the new theme tune was used until the big change in 1998. Also in 1995 the piano motif returned to the end credits. 1998-2011 Edit When the series was revamped for a second time the theme tune was re-recorded for a more orchestral sound. This was to coincide with the move from Esholt to Harewood. It was given a slight tweak in 2003. The end of part music was more akin to the 1972-1989 end of part music. 2011- Edit The theme tune was re-recorded to give a contemporary fresh look to the show. This version differs the most from the previous theme tunes as it wasn't recorded using live instruments. Instead a modern synthesiser was used to create the sounds needed. Series producers	i don't know
Which large plateau occupies most of the land area of Southern India?	Geography of India Geography of India SOS Children works throughout India. For more information see SOS Children in India Geography of India 3,287,263 km² (1,269,219.3 sq mi) 90.44% land Largest lake Chilka Lake The geography of India is diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, rainforests, hills, and plateaus. India comprises most of the Indian subcontinent situated on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate. Having a coastline of over 7,000 kilometres (4,350 mi), most of India lies on a peninsula in Southern Asia that protrudes into the Ocean ">Indian Ocean. India is bounded in the southwest by the Arabian Sea and in the east and southeast by the Bay of Bengal . The fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain occupies most of northern, central, and eastern India, while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India. To the west of the country is the Thar Desert, which consists of a mix of rocky and sandy desert. India's east and northeastern border consists of the high Himalayan range. The highest point in India is disputed owing to a territorial dispute with Pakistan ; according to India's claim, the highest point (located in the disputed Kashmir region ) is K2, at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft). The highest point in undisputed Indian territory is Kangchenjunga, at 8,598 m (28,209 ft). Climate ranges from equatorial in the far south, to Alpine in the upper reaches of the Himalayas. India is bordered by Pakistan to the northwest, China , Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the east and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka , the Maldives and Indonesia are island nations to the south of India. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.Politically, India is divided into 28 states, and seven federally administered union territories. The political divisions generally follow linguistic and ethnic boundaries rather than geographic transitions. Location and extent Kanyakumari is the southernmost point in mainland India. India lies to the north of the equator between 8°4' and 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude. It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total land area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi). India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,993 km (1,860 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi). India is bounded to the southwest by the Arabian Sea, to the southeast by the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean to the south. To the north, northeast, and northwest are the Himalayas. Cape Comorin constitutes the southern tip of the mainland Indian peninsula, which narrows before ending in the Indian Ocean . The southernmost part of India is Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal . The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline. Political geography India is divided into 28 states (which are further subdivided into districts), seven union territories. States have their own elected government, while union territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government. Administrative divisions of India, including 28 states and 7 union territories. States: Mountains in Ladakh. A highway through mountainous landscape in Ladakh. A great arc of mountains, composed of the Himalaya , Hindu Kush, and Patkai ranges, define the Indian subcontinent. These mountains were formed by the ongoing tectonic collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate which started some 50 million years ago. These mountain ranges are home to some of the world's tallest mountains and act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds. They also facilitate the monsoons winds drive climate in India. Rivers that originate in these mountains provide water to the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains. These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the earth 's great ecozones; the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia, and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone that includes the Indian subcontinent extending into Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Historically, these ranges have also served as barriers to invaders. India has nine major mountain ranges having peaks of over 1,000 m (3,281 ft). The Himalayas are the only mountain ranges to have snow-capped peaks. These ranges are: Aravalli Range Karakoram Kunlun The Himalaya mountain range is the world's highest mountain range. They form India's northeastern border, separating it from the rest of Asia. The Himalayas are also one of the world's youngest mountain ranges, and extend almost uninterrupted for a distance of 2,500 m (8,202 ft), covering an area of 500,000 km² (193,051 sq mi). The Himalayas extend from the state of Jammu and Kashmir in the west to the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the east. These states along with Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region. Some of the Himalayan peaks range over 7,000 m (22,966 ft) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m (19,685 ft) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m (9,843 ft) in Kashmir. Kangchenjunga, which lies on the Sikkim – Nepal border, is the highest point in the area administered by India. Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year. The Shiwalik, or lower Himalaya, consists of smaller hills towards the Indian side. Most of the rock formations are young and highly unstable, with landslides being a regular phenomenon during the rainy season. Many of India's hill stations are located on this range. The climate varies from subtropical in the foothills to alpine at the higher elevations of these mountain ranges. The mountains on India's eastern border with Myanmar are called as the Patkai or the Purvanchal. They were created by the same tectonic processes that resulted in the formation of the Himalaya. The features of the Patkai ranges are conical peaks, steep slopes and deep valleys. The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas. There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai: The Patkai-Bum, the Garo– Khasi– Jaintia, and the Lushai hills. The Garo–Khasi range is in the state of Meghalaya. Mawsynram,a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills, has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world, receiving the highest annual rainfall. The Vindhyas in central India The Vindhya range runs across most of central India, covering a distance of 1,050 km (652 mi). The average elevation of these hills is 3,000 m (9,843 ft). They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains. It geographically separates northern India from southern India. The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat, near its border with the state of Madhya Pradesh, and the range runs east and north almost meeting the Ganges River at Mirzapur. The Satpura Range is a range of hills in central India. It begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast, then runs east across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and ends in the state of Chhattisgarh. It extends for a distance of 900 km (559 mi) with many of its peaks rising above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). It is triangular in shape, with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers. It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range, which lies to the north, and these two east-west ranges divide the Indo-Gangetic plain of northern India from the Deccan Plateau lying in the south. The Narmada runs in the depression between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges, and drains the northern slope of the Satpura range, running west towards the Arabian Sea. The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India, running from northeast to southwest across Rajasthan in western India, extending approximately 500 km (311 mi). The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana, ending near Delhi . The highest peak is Mount Abu, rising to 1,722 m (5,650 ft), lying near the southwestern extremity of the range, close to the border with Gujarat. The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient folded mountain system that was once snow-capped. The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali-Delhi orogen. The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton , the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range, and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast. Map of the hilly regions in India. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India's Deccan Plateau, and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The range starts south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat–Maharashtra border, and runs approximately 1,600 km (994 mi) across the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, almost to the southern tip of the Indian peninsula. The average elevation is around 1,000 m (3,281 ft). The Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills at 2,695 m (8,842 ft)in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats. The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. These mountain ranges extend from West Bengal in the north, through Orissa and Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south. They run parallel to the Bay of Bengal . Though not as tall as the Western Ghats, though some of its peaks are over 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in height. The Eastern Ghats meet with the Western Ghats meet at the Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu. Indo-Gangetic plain Extent of the Indo-Gangetic plain across South Asia. The Indo-Gangetic plains are large floodplains of the Indus and the Ganga - Brahmaputra river systems. They run parallel to the Himalaya mountains, from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east, draining the states of Punjab, Haryana, parts of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km² (270,000 mile²) and vary in width through their length by several hundred kilometres. Major rivers that form a part of this system are the Ganga ( Ganges ) and Indus River along with their tributaries; Beas, Yamuna, Gomti, Ravi, Chambal, Sutlej and Chenab. The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions: The Bhabar belt- This is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by the river streams. As the porosity of this belt is very high, the streams flow underground. The bhabar is generally narrow about 7-15 km wide. The Terai belt- This belt lies next to the Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium. The underground streams reappear in this region. The region is excessively moist and thickly forested. It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife. The Bangar belt- It consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains. In the Gangetic plains, it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits. The Khadar belt- It lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt. It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain. The Indo-Gangetic belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat and mostly treeless, making it conducive for irrigation through canals . The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world's most intensely farmed areas. Crops grown on the Indo-Gangetic Plain are primarily rice and wheat , grown in rotation. Other crops include maize , sugarcane and cotton . Also known as the Great Plains, the Indo-Gangetic plains rank among the world's most densely populated areas. The Desert Jaisalmer in Rajasthan is situated in the heart of the Thar Desert. The region is arid and dusty. The Thar Desert (also known as the Great Indian Desert) is a hot desert that forms a significant portion of western India. Spread over four states in India — Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat it covers an area of 208,110 km² (80,350 mile²). The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert. Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan, covering 61% of its geographic area. Most of the desert is rocky, with a small part of the extreme west of the desert being sandy. The origin of the Thar Desert is uncertain. Some geologists consider it to be 4,000 to 10,000 years old, whereas others state that aridity began in this region much earlier. The area is characterised by extreme temperatures of above 45 ° C (113 ° F) in summer to below freezing in winters. Rainfall is precarious and erratic, ranging from below 120 mm (4.72 inches) in the extreme west to 375 mm (14.75 inches) eastward. The lack of rainfall is mainly due to the unique position of the desert with respect to the Aravalli range. The desert lies in the rain shadow area of the Bay of Bengal arm of the southwest monsoon. The parallel nature of the range to the Arabian Sea arm also means that the desert does not receive much rainfall. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy-loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary according to the topographical features. The low-lying loams are heavier and may have a hard pan of clay, calcium carbonate or gypsum . Because of the low population density, the effect of the population on the environment is relatively less compared to the rest of India. Highlands The Central Highlands are composed of three main plateaus—the Malwa Plateau in the west, the Deccan Plateau in the south, (covering most of the Indian peninsula), and the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand towards the east. Satellite image of the Deccan region of southern India The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau, bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km² (735,000 mile²). It is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft). The name Deccan comes from the Sanskrit word dakshina, which means "the south". The plateau slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri and the Narmada. This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats. Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest. Climate ranges from hot summers to mild winters. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Orissa, Bihar, and Chhattisgarh. The total area of Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately 65,000 km² (25,000 mile²). The Chota Nagpur Plateau is made up of three smaller plateaus, the Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and Kodarma plateaus. The Ranchi plateau is the largest of the plateaus, with an average elevation of 700 m (2,300 ft). Much of the plateau is forested, covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests. The plateau is famous for its vast reserves of ores and coal . Besides the Great Indian peninsula, the Kathiawar Peninsula in Gujarat is another large peninsula of India. East coast The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north. Deltas of many of India's rivers form a major portion of these plains. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri and Krishna rivers drain these plains. The region receives both the Northeast and Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 mm (40 in) and 3,000 mm (120 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 to 130 km (62 to 80 miles). The plains are divided into six regions: The Mahanadi delta; the southern Andhra Pradesh plain; the Krishna Godavari deltas; the Kanyakumari coast; Coromandel Coast and sandy coastal. West coast A view of India's west coast at Goa, near the border with Maharashtra. The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The strip begins in Gujarat in the north and extends across the states of Maharashtra, Goa , Karnataka and Kerala . The plains are narrow, and range from 50 to 100 km (30 to 60 miles) in width. Small rivers and numerous backwaters inundate the region. The rivers, which originate in the Western Ghats, are fast flowing and are mostly perennial. The fast flowing nature of the rivers results in the formation of estuaries rather than deltas. Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi and Zuari. The coast is divided into three regions. The northern region of Maharashtra and Goa is known as the Konkan Coast, the central region of Karnataka is known as the Kanara Coast and the southern coastline of Kerala is known as the Malabar Coast. Vegetation in this region is mostly deciduous. The Malabar Coast has its own unique ecoregion known as the Malabar Coast moist forests. Islands India has two major offshore island possessions: the Lakshadweep islands and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Both these island groups are administered by the Union government of India as Union Territories. The Lakshadweep islands lie 200 to 300 km (124 to 186 miles) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea. It consists of twelve coral atolls, three coral reefs, and five banks. Ten of these islands are inhabited. The Andaman & Nicobar Islands are located between 6o and 14o North latitude and 92o and 94o East longitude. The Andaman and Nicobar islands consist of 572 isles which lie in the Bay of Bengal, near the Myanmar coast. It is located 1255 km (780 miles) from Kolkata (Calcutta) and 193 km (120 miles) from Cape Negrais in Myanmar. The territory consists of two island groups, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. The Andaman islands consist of 204 islands having a total length of 352 km (220 miles). The Nicobar Islands, which lie south of the Andamans, consist of twenty-two islands with a total area of 1,841 km² (710 mile²). The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m (2,140 ft). Indira Point, India's southernmost land point is situated in the Nicobar islands, and lies just 189 km (117 miles) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. Significant islands just off the Indian coast include Diu, a former Portuguese enclave; Majuli, Asia's largest freshwater island; Salcette Island, India's most populous island, on which Mumbai (Bombay) city is located; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour; and Sriharikota barrier island in Andhra Pradesh. Rivers The Narmada River in central India. All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds. They are: The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a continuous flow throughout the year. The other two networks are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season. Twelve of India's rivers are classified as major, with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km² (976,000 mile²). The Teesta River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra in northern West Bengal. Himalayan rivers or the northern rivers that flow westward into Pakistan are the Indus , Beas, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Jhelum. The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana system has the largest catchment area of 1,100,000 km² (424,700 mile²). The river Ganga originates at the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand. It flows in a south easterly direction, draining into Bangladesh . The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the Western Himalayas and join the Ganga river in the plains. The Brahmaputra, another tributary of the Ganga originates in Tibet and enters India in the far eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. It then proceeds westwards, unifying with the Ganga in Bangladesh. The Chambal, another tributary of the Ganga originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada (also called Nerbudda) and Tapti (also spelled Tapi) rivers which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow. The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers. Major rivers in the Deccan include the Mahanadi River through the Mahanadi River Delta, Godavari River, Krishna River, and Kaveri River (also spelled Cauvery), all draining into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20% of India's total outflow. Bodies of water Map of lake Chilka with nearby settlement of Puri. Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Mannar. Straits include the Palk Strait which separates India from Sri Lanka and the Ten Degree Channel, separating the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands and the Eight Degree Channel separating the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from Minicoy Island towards the south. Important capes include the Cape Comorin, the southern tip of mainland India, Indira Point, the southernmost location of India, Rama's Bridge and Point Calimere. Arabian Sea is to the west of India. Bay of Bengal is to the eastern side of India while India Ocean is to the South of India. Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India and are located in; the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep and Gulf of Kutch. Important lakes include Chilka Lake, the country's largest saltwater lake in Orissa; Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh; Loktak Lake in Manipur, Dal Lake in Kashmir, Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, and the Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala. Wetlands Wetlands are lands transitional between aquatic and territorial system where water table is usually near the water surface and land is covered by shallow water. They also act as a buffer against the devastating effect of hurricanes and cyclones, thereby stabilizing the shoreline. It also helps in keeping a check on sea and soil erosion . India's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid; from ones in the Ladakh region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir to the ones in the wet and humid climate of peninsula India. Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to India's river networks. In 1987, National Wetland Conservation Programme was initiated by the government for wetland conservation. Under this programme, the Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation. Mangrove forests occur all along the Indian coastline, in sheltered estuaries, creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mudflats. The mangrove area covers a total of 4 461 km² (1,722 mile²) which comprises 7% of the world's total mangrove cover. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands; the Sundarbans; Gulf of Kutch; deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna; and parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala have large mangrove covers. Most of the identified wetlands adjoin or are parts of sanctuaries, national parks and are thus protected. The Sundarbans Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh and India The Sundarbans delta is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and is spread across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India . The Bangladeshi and Indian portions of the jungle are listed in the UNESCO world heritage list separately as the Sundarbans and Sundarbans National Park respectively, though they are parts of the same forest. The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna. The most famous among these is the Bengal Tiger, but numerous species of birds , spotted deer, crocodiles and snakes also inhabit it. It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area. Rann of Kutch The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in the Gujarat state of India, which borders the Sindh region of Pakistan. The name Rann comes from the Hindi word ran meaning "salt marsh." It occupies a total area of 27 900 km² (10,800 mile²). The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea. Geologic forces, most likely by earthquakes , resulted in the damming up of the region, turning it into a large saltwater lagoon. This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh. During the monsoons, the area turns into a shallow marsh, often flooding to knee-depth. After the monsoons, the region turns dry and becomes parched. Soil Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories namely, alluvial soil, black soil, red soil, laterite soil, forest soil, arid & desert soil, saline & alkaline soil, and finally peaty & organic soil. Of the above eight varieties, the first 4 constitute nearly 80% of total land surface. Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India. It is derived from deposition of silt carried by numerous rivers. Alluvial soils are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric. These are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to Assam valley. Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. These contain high percentage of clay and are thus moisture retentive. Because of these properties they are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton, linseed etc. Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content and are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka plateau, and Andhra plateau. The central highlands from Aravallis to Chota Nagpur plateau also have significant tracts of red soil. These are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall. Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil. These are generally found in Western ghats, Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states which receive very heavy rainfall. Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus. These soils are used for tea and coffee plantations. Climate The climate of India is comprised of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalisations difficult. Based on the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. The nation has four seasons: winter (January–February), summer (March–May), a monsoon (rainy) season (June–September), and a post-monsoon period (October–December). India's unique geography and geology strongly influence its climate; this is particularly true of the Himalayas in the north and the Thar Desert in the northwest. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot. Although the Tropic of Cancer —the boundary between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the whole country is considered to be tropical. Temperature averages in India; units are in degree Celsius. Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India. Temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during the day. The coastal regions exceed 30 °C (86 °F) coupled with high levels of humidity. In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 °C (113 °F). Summer is followed by the southwest monsoon rains that provide most of India with its rainfall. The rain-bearing clouds are attracted to the low-pressure system created by the Thar Desert. The official date for the arrival of the monsoon is 1 June, when the monsoon crosses the Kerala coast. The southwest monsoon splits into two arms, the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm. The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June. It then progresses eastwards, crossing Delhi by June 29. The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. By early July, most of India receives rain from the monsoons. The monsoons start retreating by August from northern India and by October from Kerala. This short period after the retreat is known as the retreat of the monsoons and is characterised by still weather. By November, winter starts setting in the northern areas. Winters start in November in northern India and late December in southern India. Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights. Further north the temperature is cooler. Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing. Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season. The highest temperature recorded in India was 50.6 °C (123.08 °F) in Alwar in 1955. The lowest was −45 °C (−49 °F) in Kashmir. Recent claims of temperatures touching 55 °C (131 °F) in Orissa have been met with some scepticism by the Indian Meteorological Department, largely on the method of recording of such data. Geology Geological regions of India India has a varied geology spanning the entire spectrum of the geological time period. India's geological features are classified based on their era of formation. The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states. A small part of this period is spread over western and central India. The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan. Geologists believe that the Deccan Traps were the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity. The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture. The Carboniferous system, Permian System, Triassic and Jurassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas. The Jurassic system is also seen in Rajasthan. Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, parts of Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt. The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Gondowana system is also seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras. The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam. Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and in Assam. The Pleistocene system is found over central India. It is rich in minerals such as lignite, iron ore, manganese , and aluminium . The Andaman and Nicobar Island groups are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes. The Himalayas are a result of the convergence and deformation of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plates. Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year. Natural disasters Disaster-prone regions in India. Natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat In the Lower Himalaya, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in labile rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occur in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim. Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops. Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady owing to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines, including the Bengal famine of 1770, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the Bengal famine of 1943, in which over five million died from starvation and famine-related illnesses. According to earthquake hazard zoning of India, tectonic plates beneath the earth's surface are responsible for yearly earthquakes along the Himalayan belt and in northeast India. This region is classified as a Zone V, indicating that it is a very high-risk area. Parts of western India, around the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra, are classified as a Zone IV region (high risk). Other areas have a moderate to low risk chance of an earthquake occurring. Tropical cyclones , which are severe storms spun off from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, storm surges, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November. Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 kilometres per hour (39 mph) form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which have sustained gusts greater than 117 km/h (73 mph). On average, a major ( Category 3 or higher) cyclone develops every other year. In terms of damage and loss of life, Cyclone 05B, a supercyclone that struck Orissa on 29 October 1999 , was the worst in more than a quarter century. A tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake struck the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and India's east coast resulting in the deaths of an estimated 10,000. Until then India was thought to have negligible activity related to tsunamis, though there is historical anecdotal evidence of its occurrence in the past. India has one active volcano : the Barren Island volcano which last erupted in May 2005. There is also a dormant volcano called the Narcondum and a mud volcano at Baratang. All these volcanoes lie in the Andaman Islands. International agreements India is a party to several International agreements related to environment and climate, the most prominent among them are: Treaties and Agreements	Deccan Plateau
Which member of the cast of Dad’s Army was born in Hayfield in 1915?	Geography \| IndianGuideBook - Travels and Tourism in India Poor Best The geography of India describes the physical features of India which is entirely contained on the Indian Plate, a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland. About 90 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period, the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm/yr. (6 in/yr). About 50 to 55 million years ago, in the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic Era, the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km (1,243 to 1,864 mi). The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total land area of 3,287,263 sq. km. (1,269,219 sq mi). India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,993 km (1,860 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi). The Ganges is the longest river originating in India and forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Ganges-Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern, central and eastern India, while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India. Along its western frontier is the Thar Desert, which is the seventh-largest desert in the world. Physiographic Regions: India is divided into seven physiographic regions. The northern mountains including the Himalayas, which includes the Kuen Lun and the Karakoram ranges and the northeast mountain ranges. Indo-Gangetic plains	i don't know
Give the French phrase in general use which means a blind alley.	Which French Phrases and Sayings are used in English - the meaning and origin of this phrase High quality, especially of cooking. Cordon sanitaire A political or medical buffer zone. Coup d'état An abrupt overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means, for example, by force, or by occupation of government structures during the leader's absence. Coup de grâce Originally a blow by which one condemned or mortally wounded is 'put out of his misery'. Figuratively, a finishing stroke, one that settles or puts an end to something. Crème brûlée 'Burnt cream' - baked custard with a carmelized crust Crème caramel A flan. A custard dessert with a layer or caramel on top. Crème de la crème The best of the best. Literally the cream of the cream. Cri de coeur 'Cry of the heart' - a heartfelt cry of anguish. Cul-de-sac A thoroughfare that is closed at one end - a blind alley. Also, figuratively, a venture leading to no successful outcome. Déjà vu Obligatory or expected, especially with reference to fashion. Double entendre A word or phrase that has a double meaning - one of which is often vulgar or sexual in nature. A staple form of British toilet humour - Carry On films would be virtually silent without it; for example, see 'gone for a P' in wee-wee . Du jour 'Of the day' - as in 'soup du jour' ('soup of the day'). Éminence grise A powerful adviser or decision-maker who operates secretly or unofficially. Literally 'grey eminence'. Enfant terrible Literally, a "terrible child". It is sometimes used to describe unruly children. More commonly, it is used in relation to adults who cause trouble by unorthodox or ill-considered speech or behaviour - especially those who have habitually done this from an early age. En masse In a group; all together. En passant	Cul-de-sac
Give the French phrase in everyday use thatmeans 'Spirit of Comradeship'	blind - English-French Dictionary WordReference.com English French blind adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." (sightless) aveugle adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine) (politiquement correct) non voyant loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" He has been blind since birth. Il est aveugle de naissance. Il est non-voyant depuis la naissance. the blind nplplural noun: Noun always used in plural form--for example, "jeans," "scissors." uncountable (blind people) les aveugles nmplnom masculin pluriel: s'utilise avec l'article défini "les". nmpl = nom pluriel au masculin, nfpl = nom pluriel au féminin (politiquement correct) les non-voyants nmplnom masculin pluriel: s'utilise avec l'article défini "les". nmpl = nom pluriel au masculin, nfpl = nom pluriel au féminin There is discrimination against the blind in the job market. Il y a une discrimination contre les aveugles sur le marché du travail. Il y a une discrimination contre les non-voyants sur le marché du travail. blind nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (window shade) store nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". He lowered the blind to block out the sunlight. Il baissa le store pour se protéger de la lumière du soleil. blind [sb] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (make sightless) aveugler ⇒ , éblouir ⇒ vtrverbe transitif: verbe qui s'utilise avec un complément d'objet direct (COD). Ex : "J'écris une lettre". "Elle a retrouvé son chat". The sunlight blinded him when he walked out the door. Le soleil l'a aveuglé (or: ébloui) quand il a passé la porte. blind [sb] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." figurative (dazzle) (figuré) éblouir ⇒ vtrverbe transitif: verbe qui s'utilise avec un complément d'objet direct (COD). Ex : "J'écris une lettre". "Elle a retrouvé son chat". The crowd was blinded by the brilliance of the display. La foule était éblouie par la brillance de l'affichage. English French blind adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." figurative (without visibility) sans visibilité loc advlocution adverbiale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adverbe. Toujours invariable ! Ex : "avec souplesse" (angle) mort adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine) This is a blind turn; you can't see what's around the corner. Il y a un virage sans visibilité : on ne peut pas voir ce qu'il y a derrière. blind adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." figurative (closed at one end) (tuyau) aveugle adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine) Plumbers sometimes work with blind pipes, which have an opening at only one end. Les plombiers utilisent souvent des tuyaux aveugles, qui ne sont ouverts que d'un côté. blind adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." figurative (email: to hidden recipient) (e-mail) avec destinataires en copie cachée loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" avec destinataires en copie invisible loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" A blind email is one in which someone is copied in using "BCC". Un e-mail avec destinataires en copie cachée signifie que quelqu'un est mis en copie via « Cci ». blind to [sth] adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." figurative (oblivious to [sth]) (figuré) aveugle adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine) "There's none so blind as those who will not see", as the saying goes. Comme le dit l'expression : « Il n'est pire aveugle que celui qui ne veut pas voir ». blind, blindly advadverb: Describes a verb, adjective, adverb, or clause--for example, "come quickly," "very rare," "happening now," "fall down." (without sight) (sans visibilité) à l'aveuglette advadverbe: modifie un adjectif ou un verbe. Est toujours invariable ! Ex : "Elle est très grande." "Je marche lentement." sans repère advadverbe: modifie un adjectif ou un verbe. Est toujours invariable ! Ex : "Elle est très grande." "Je marche lentement." He walked blind through the fog. Il marchait à l'aveuglette dans le brouillard. Il marchait sans repère dans le brouillard. blind advadverb: Describes a verb, adjective, adverb, or clause--for example, "come quickly," "very rare," "happening now," "fall down." figurative (until insensible) (excès) jusqu'à en tomber loc advlocution adverbiale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adverbe. Toujours invariable ! Ex : "avec souplesse" Many college students drink themselves blind on a regular basis. Beaucoup d'étudiants boivent régulièrement de l'alcool jusqu'à en tomber. blind nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (hunting: hiding place) (chasse) cachette nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". The hunter patiently waited for deer, hidden in his blind. Le chasseur attendit patiemment le cerf, à l'affût dans sa cachette. blind nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (something misleading) subterfuge, leurre nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". diversion nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". (figuré) façade nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". He was smiling, but I knew it was only a blind and that he was actually furious. Il souriait, mais j'étais bien conscient qu'il ne s'agissait là que d'un subterfuge (or: leurre) et qu'en réalité, il était furieux. Il souriait mais il savait que ce n'était qu'une façade et qu'il était furieux en fait. blind alley nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (street: no exit) cul-de-sac nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". voie sans issue nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". impasse nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". I had turned into a blind alley and had to put the car in reverse. Je me suis engagé dans un cul-de-sac et j'ai dû reculer. blind alley nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. figurative (no progress) (figuré) impasse nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". This man's ideas are taking us into a blind alley. Les idées de cet homme nous mène dans une impasse. blind ambition nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. figurative (drive to succeed) ambition aveugle, ambition démesurée nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". blind as a bat, as blind as a bat adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." informal (sightless, unable to see) (familier) myope comme une taupe loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" blind bake [sth], blind-bake [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (pastry: cook before filling) (croûte à tarte) cuire à blanc loc vlocution verbale: groupe de mots fonctionnant comme un verbe. Ex : "faire référence à" blind bake, blind-bake viintransitive verb: Verb not taking a direct object--for example, "She jokes." "He has arrived." (pastry: cook before filling) (croûte à tarte) cuire à blanc loc vlocution verbale: groupe de mots fonctionnant comme un verbe. Ex : "faire référence à" blind chance pur hasard nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind conformity (imiter un précurseur) suivisme nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind copy (correspondence copy ) copie cachée nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". blind corner nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (bend: impossible to see round) virage sans visibilité nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind date nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (date with unknown person) rendez-vous à l'aveugle nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". (par extension) rendez-vous arrangé nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". (anglicisme) blind date nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". Davina is going out on a blind date this evening. Davina va à un rendez-vous arrangé ce soir. blind drunk adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." figurative, informal (intoxicated) ivre mort loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" (familier) complètement bourré, complètement pété loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" blind experiment nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (test or trial in which information is withheld) étude avec répartition aléatoire à double insu nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". (Can) étude randomisée en double aveugle nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". blind faith nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (unquestioning devotion to belief without evidence) confiance aveugle nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". You should try not to take things on blind faith. ⓘCette phrase n'est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Tu ne devrais pas te lancer dans cette entreprise avec la confiance aveugle qui t'est coutumière. blind flange (pipes) (Technologie) bride pleine nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". blind guess nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (uneducated estimate) (environ) au jugé, à première vue loc advlocution adverbiale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adverbe. Toujours invariable ! Ex : "avec souplesse" (familier) à vue de nez loc advlocution adverbiale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adverbe. Toujours invariable ! Ex : "avec souplesse" (familier) a priori advadverbe: modifie un adjectif ou un verbe. Est toujours invariable ! Ex : "Elle est très grande." "Je marche lentement." I'll take a blind guess and say she is about forty years old. Au jugé, je dirais qu'elle a environ 40 ans. À vue de nez, je dirais qu'elle a environ quarante ans. A priori, je dirais qu'elle a une quarantaine d'années. blind hole (golf) (Golf) trou caché nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind Justice blind man nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (male: cannot see) aveugle nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". I knew he was a blind man because he had a guide dog. non-voyant nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind man's buff, blind man's bluff nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (blindfolded tag game) colin-maillard nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind pig (Sport) (Sport) porte-arrière nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". blind rage nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (extreme anger) rage folle nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". The man lunged at his enemies in a blind rage. ⓘCette phrase n'est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Il est entré dans une rage folle en voyant qu'on avait rayé sa voiture toute neuve ! blind side nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (side one is looking away from) angle mort nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind spot nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (unseen area in field of vision) angle mort nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". (Médecine) scotome nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind spot nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (area of road a motorist cannot see) (Automobile) angle mort nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". When I changed lanes I did not see the car in my blind spot. Quand j'ai changé de voie, je n'ai pas vu la voiture dans l'angle mort. blind spots blind trust (finance) (Finance) fiducie sans droit de regard nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". (Finance) fonds fiduciaire sans droit de regard nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". blind typing nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (touch-typing without looking at keyboard) taper sans regarder le clavier ⇒ viverbe intransitif: verbe qui s'utilise sans complément d'objet direct (COD). Ex : "Il est parti." "Elle a ri." blind wall nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (architecture: solid wall with no opening) (Architecture) mur aveugle nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". colour-blind (qui confond les couleurs) daltonien, daltonienne adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine) daltonien, daltonienne nm, nf double-blind adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." (denoting type of trial) (test, expérience) à double aveugle loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" (Can) à double insu loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" drink yourself blind v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." informal, figurative (drink alcohol to excess) (familier) se prendre une cuite loc vlocution verbale: groupe de mots fonctionnant comme un verbe. Ex : "faire référence à" go blind viintransitive verb: Verb not taking a direct object--for example, "She jokes." "He has arrived." (lose one's sight) devenir aveugle loc vlocution verbale: groupe de mots fonctionnant comme un verbe. Ex : "faire référence à" Marie est devenue aveugle à vingt-quatre ans. perdre la vue loc vlocution verbale: groupe de mots fonctionnant comme un verbe. Ex : "faire référence à" Marie a perdu la vue à la suite d'un accident. half blind, half-blind adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." (partially sighted) à moitié aveugle loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" partiellement aveugle loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" Note: A hyphen is used when the adjective comes before the noun it modifies. (familier : ivre) beurré, bourré adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine) (familier) à moitié pété loc adjlocution adjectivale: groupe de mots qui servent d'adjectif. Se place normalement après le nom et reste identique au plurielEx : "ballon de football, des ballons de football" roller blind store enrouleur nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". the blind the blind leading the blind pas plus l'un que l'autre Three Blind Mice nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (nursery rhyme) - Note: Comptine anglaise. turn a blind eye v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." figurative (pretend not to see [sth]) (figuré) fermer les yeux loc vlocution verbale: groupe de mots fonctionnant comme un verbe. Ex : "faire référence à" I knew exactly what she was up to but decided to turn a blind eye. ⓘCette phrase n'est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Tu fermes toujours les yeux sur ses écarts, comment comptes-tu éduquer ce chenapan ? turn a blind eye on [sth], turn a blind eye to [sth] v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." figurative (pretend not to see) (figuré) fermer les yeux sur loc v + prép The corrupt inspector agreed to turn a blind eye to the safety violations. Venetian blind nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. often pl (window covering) store vénitien nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon". jalousie nfnom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". Avec un nom féminin, l'adjectif s'accorde. En général, on ajoute un "e" à l'adjectif. Par exemple, on dira "une petite fille". She lowered the Venetian blinds to keep the sunlight out of the room.	i don't know
Which city is served by O'Hare airport?	O'Hare Intl. Hotels: Find O'Hare Intl. Hotel Deals & Reviews on Orbitz Map Exploring the Chicago O’Hare Airport The Chicago O’Hare airport is the second-busiest airport in the country and serviced more than 65 million passengers in 2011. What began as Orchard Field, an aircraft assembly plant, in 1945, has grown to become the fourth-busiest airport in the world, behind notables such as Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, the Beijing airport, and London’s Heathrow Airport. O’Hare is so vast that Chicago designated it as an official community area sometime in the 1980s, even though no city residents actually live there. O’Hare airport is located in Chicago’s northwest section, just 18 miles northwest of the city’s famed Magnificent Mile. In addition to the typical boutiques, newsstands, and gift stores, more than 65 restaurants offer everything from fast food to unique local cuisine at O'Hare. Travelers have access to WiFi service as well as workspaces with power stations in order to keep everyone connected. Although the airport only has one hotel on site, a variety of hotels are located within a few miles of the airport's borders in nearby Rosemont, Bensenville, and Elk Grove Village. The airport is part of Chicago’s Airport Public Art Program and plays host to a variety of special events, performances, and art displays throughout the year. Whether you’re visiting the Chicago area or are just on an extended layover, the Chicago O’Hare airport will make you feel as though you’re in a city within a city. Orbitz.com is your home for some of the most affordable rates on flights, rental cars, and hotels at Chicago O’Hare Airport. Cities near O'Hare Intl.	Chicago
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What term do stamp collectors give to the printers colour markings in the margin of a block of stamps?	GREAT BRITISH STAMP COLLECTING Great British Embossed Stamps Issued 1847-1854 Only 3 values were issued in the Embossed series and were all imperforate. They had a very short life span. The most notably thing with these stamps is that they were printed one at a time. This resulted in most stamps touching the design of the next stamp, if not overlapping it. In many cases, when you see a row or block of these stamps, the alignment is terrible. This is the reason that these stamps are catalogued so highly. The price is based on a stamp with clear margins and these are scarce. There are many collectors who have been duped into paying way over the odds for these stamps, simply because they have no understanding of what the catalogue price is based on. Because the stamps were of an Octagonal design with a white border, many were cut to shape, thus removing this border and these are worth only a fraction of the value of cut square stamps. Care should be taken when buying the 6d value. As the die for this stamp was later used in producing the pre paid embossed envelopes. Many envelopes were cut and the stamp sold as being the Embossed 6d value. These have very little value when sold by their true identity. Great British Surface Printed Stamps Issued 1855-1900 As the Embossed issues were so unsatisfactory, it was decided to produce stamps using the Surface Printed method. The contract for the production of these stamps with values of 2d and above was given to Thomas De La Rue. The Line Engraved issues below 2d continued to be printed by Perkins, Bacon and Co. until 1880. After 1880 De La Rue printed all GB stamps until the latter part of Edward 7th reign. In this printing process, the technique is basically the reverse of Line Engraved whereby the recessed parts of the plate transfer varying amounts or no ink to the paper depending on how deep the recess is cut. The Surface Printed issues of Victoria are wonderful. During this time, many different values and Colours were produced. Many of the stamps can be collected with different plate numbers. The only sad thing for collectors is that so few used stamps escaped the dreaded obliterator. Most of the lower values are therefore heavily used, as all stamps were supposed to be literally obliterated and the cancels in use for most of this period were the Bar type which did the job rather well. This is why during this period, stamps sold as fine used are nothing like as fine as later issues when the CDS (Circular Date Stamp) came into use more. Some did escape, some, when two or more stamps were applied to the envelope and the postal clerk either couldn't be bothered or forgot to cancel each stamp separately. Sometimes you will see pairs, strips or blocks with only one cancel and these are sold at a premium and are described as Contrary to regulations. The most common source of Very Fine Used stamps (CDS) from this period though is from Telegraph receipts or Post Office in hose accounting. Most of the high value stamps of Victoria (2/6 and above) were used in this way. Very few high values, particularly the ï¿½5 Orange (SG 133/137), were ever stuck on envelopes and postally used. Some values, notably the 1 shilling Green value (SG 115/17) plates 5, 6 and 7 are far more common with lovely CDS postmarks than they are with bar cancels. This is because a great many were used on telegraph forms in the Stock Exchange. In 1898 some of these forms came into the stamp market and it was discovered that some of the stamps were skillful forgeries. They had gone undetected for 20+ years and the person responsible was never discovered. This would have been a very lucrative venture at the time. As the clerk who did it, would have been able to pocket 1 shilling every time he applied one of the fakes instead of the real stamp. In 1883/4 the Lilac and Green issues were introduced. The green values were not good news for collectors of used stamps, as the ink is fugitive and can easily wash out in water when soaking off paper. This fugitive green ink was used for some later issues as well and fine coloured used copies are difficult to find. The final series of stamps of Queen Victoria's reign are without doubt the best in my opinion. The Jubilee issues are the first GB stamps where two colours were applied to some values. They are quite simply beautiful! They are known as the Jubilee issue simply because they started to appear in the same year as her 50th anniversary of the accession to the throne in 1887. They were not produced to celebrate this fact, so cannot be regarded as the first commemorative issue. 2 major errors on stamps occurred in the reign of Victoria, there are others, but these 2 stand out. The first is the OP-PC error instead of CP-PC on 1ï¿½d Reds plate 1 (SG 51/52). Issued in October 1870 and continued for 4 years, it was not discovered by anyone until 1894. Amazing, as the error occurs on every sheet of Plate 1. The second is LH-FL instead of LH-HL on the 2ï¿½d Rosy Mauve (SG 140). Great British Edward 7 Stamps - Issued 1902 to 1913 At first Printed by De La Rue, then Harrison and Sons and finally Somerset House. The reign of Edward 7 is notable for collectors in the wonderful diversity of the shades available to collectors. Whilst on the face of it, only 19 stamps were issued during his reign, the fact that three different printers were used, two distinct papers used, two different sizes of perforations and the wonderful variation of shades makes this area another that can form the sole basis of someone's Specialised Stamp Collection. Again as with the Jubilee issues, some stamps are bicolour. As De La Rue had a contract to print stamps until 1909, they printed all GB postage stamps until 1910. The first stamps they produced were on what is termed as Ordinary paper. In 1905 Chalk Surfaced Paper started to be used for some values. In 1909 the printing contract was up for renewal. The Inland Revenue wanted De La Rue to lower the cost of the contract. Basically, it was getting cheaper to produce stamps and The Revenue wanted a larger cut of the cake. Sorry, but I have to say it. Some things never change!! De La Rue refused and lost the contract. Harrison and Sons took over the contract on January 1st 1911. Whilst King Edward had died in May 1910, his stamps were still being used, as the New King George 5th stamps would not be ready for some time. Harrison therefore took over the printing of the single colour stamps of Edward 7th. They couldn't do the bicoloured ones as they did not have the machinery to do so. Therefore Somerset House produced these. Edward 7th stamps continued to be printed up until as late as 1913. How to tell which stamp is from which printer. In some cases, it is easy once you know how. Firstly, if the stamp is perforated 15x14 then it must be Harrison. If it is Chalky paper, then apart from the 6d value, it must be De La Rue. It does then get harder and needs experience in determining the shades. There are a few general guides that are very useful for this. An example is the Purples used by both De La Rue and Somerset House for the 1ï¿½d, 6d, 9d, 10d and 2/6 values. Most of the Somerset House printings of these values have the purple showing as much Redder than De La Rue printings. To see what I mean, have a look at my Specialised Colour Guide for Edward 7th stamps Generally stamps printed by De La Rue were of a better quality, certainly over Harrison's efforts. The reign of King Edward VII is also known for the recognized start of Stamp Booklets. Great British Official Stamps - Issued 1882 to 1904 Official Stamps is not really the correct term for these stamps. They should really be called Government Departmental Stamps, as they were produced solely for the use of certain Government Departments. The first Official stamp was produced in 1840 and is known as the VR Black. It was prepared, but never issued. However, as is the case with most prepared Stamps, a few managed to find their way out onto the market. The first issued Officials were in 1882 and were for the Inland Revenue. Before this time all Departments used ordinary Stamps for all their mail. More Government Departments followed, each bearing the name of the department overprinted on the stamp. Only overprinted Stamps are listed By Stanley Gibbons, though other departments did have their own Official stamps perfined, The Board of Trade being one such example. The only general stamps issued were the Government Parcel Stamps as these could be used by any department. Most of the Mint Official stamps were never meant to fall into the hands of Collectors, but as with most stamps, some did. Indeed, two people went to prison for the supply and receipt of Official stamps. Official stamps were withdrawn in 1904. A main point to consider for collectors of these stamps is that they have been forged on a massive scale. Some are very good, even for an expert to detect; others are crude to say the least. Many inexperienced collectors have been duped into parting with their money for what is in essence a load of junk. So be careful, if a rare official stamp is offered to you for a fraction of its value, then it is probably a fake. Unfortunately, places such as Ebay are a haven for sellers who knowingly sell fake overprints. Just type 'Ebay fake overprints' into Google and you'll see what I mean. So Be Careful!! Great British George 5 Stamps - Issued 1911 to 1936 The Reign of King George 5th is really the gem for specialised stamp collectors. There are a huge array of shades (see my links on each Specialised George 5 section for their Specialised Colour Guides), watermark variations and errors for specialist collectors. For me though, the Reign contains the most beautiful stamps ever issued - Seahorses. The first George 5th stamps were not ready for issue until June 1911, over a year since his accession and then only the ï¿½d and 1d values. It would take yet another year before any of the other values were ready. Hence the reason why some values of Edward 7th continued to be produced until 1913. The first stamps were the Mackennal (Downey Heads). For what is in essence a set of three stamps (by this I mean clear and easily seen differences), the variations available in shades, errors and watermarks is amazing. The second series issued were the Royal Cypher. These are the jewel in the crown when it comes to shades for specialists. The range of shades is fantastic. (Please go to my George 5 specialised royal cyphers image page to see what I mean). My listing is per Gibbons specialised Volume 2 and this list can be expanded on beyond that and is by many collectors. A lot of the shade variations were due to a lack of ink during the war period. Block Cypher was next, mostly the same designs and values as the royal cypher set, but with a different watermark. Again there are some nice shade variations available. The Photogravure series completes the low value definitive issues. Then we have the high values, better known as the Seahorses. Primarily two designs printed by 3 different printers, each with their own characteristics, again with some wonderful shade variations. As I stated earlier, these stamps to me are the most beautiful ever issued. The design is just fantastic. Maybe I yearn for Empire and was born too late, but they just ooze a time when Britannia truly did rule the waves! The most significant thing about George 5th reign as far as stamp collecting is concerned, is that it contained the first Great British Commemorative issue, The 1924 Wembley Exhibition. This was followed a little over a year later by the 1925 set and a further two commemorative sets were issued later. Only 4 sets in 11 years, now there's a thought! It also saw the introduction of the first Postage Due stamps. Please see section below for more details on these. One final thing about George 5th that must be mentioned is that he was an avid stamp collector. This was to such an extent that it really is down to his enthusiasm that the Royal Philatelic Collection of Great Britain and the Commonwealth is without doubt by far the best collection of its kind in the world. Great British Postage Due Stamps - Issued 1914 to 1994 Up until the introduction of the Postage Due Stamps a handstamp was applied to the envelope to indicate a fee payable by the receiver. This was needed in cases where the item had insufficient postage paid or in many cases, none at all. In 1914 a set of Postage Due stamps were issued and these were then applied to the cover or package to indicate the amount of payment required. A later Postage Due set was issued with a new higher value, but with Block Cypher watermark replacing the Royal Cypher one. Every Reign since King George V has had at least one set of Postage Due stamps issued, the last issue being in 1994, when it was decided to revert back to a To Pay Handstamp. Large used blocks can be found of most values, these were used to indicate various forms of duty that needed to be paid, for example import duty. Great British Edward 8 Stamps - Issued 1936 The shortest Reign for British Stamp issues. Amazingly there are more Postage Due Stamps than there are Postage Stamps in this Reign, even if you include the Inverted Watermarks as well. Only the four most commonly used stamps were produced. The stamps themselves are to say the least very bland, almost as though no one could be bothered to make any effort compared to what had gone before. Maybe the King wanted a return to the simplistic look of the early Line Engraved stamps. If so, then they failed miserably in my opinion. Great British George 6 Stamps - Issued 1937 to 1951 A least a little more effort went into the designs for George 6th compared to his brother Edward 8th. All the definitive values over 4d lasted in their original designs throughout his reign. The lower values however had two changes, firstly during the War, when the original colours were used, but in a lighter shade so as to save on ink and then again in 1950/51 when the colours were changed. The tradition of producing beautiful high value stamps continued with both the Arms High Value Set and the later 1951 set. Following on the success of the George 5th Commemorative issues, the Post Office issued the first Coronation GB Commemorative stamp. Actually, we have only had one more ever issued. This stamp was immensely popular selling over 388 million copies, hence the reason why it is so cheap to buy today. 1940 celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Postage stamp and to commemorate this Royal Mail issued a set of stamps depicting both Victoria and George 6th. There were several commemorative sets issued over a short period in the latter part of his reign. As it turned out, this was only a small taste of the things to come. Great British Commemorative Stamps - Issued 1924 to Date Great British Commemorative Stamps are as the name implies issued to commemorate something. The first set was issued in 1924 for the Wembley Exhibition and issues have continued every since, firstly, very occasionally (4 issues over an 11 year period) to more modern times, where 10+ is the norm for each year. Commemorative sets contain from between one and 10 stamps showing various images related to the chosen theme. Unlike definitive issues that can have a varied issued life span depending on the need for a particular value, commemorative sets are only available for one year after their initial issue, or until the available stock runs out. After one year's availability Royal Mail removes any unsold stock. In 1978 Royal Mail issued its first Miniature Sheet in support of raising funds for the 1980 London International Stamp Exhibition. Two further sheets were issued in 1979 and 1980 for the same purpose. 1988, 1989 and 1990 saw three more sheets issued in support of Stamp World London 90. A wait of nine years followed before the next sheet, only this time, not issued in support of anything other than Royal Mails coffers. 2005 saw the height of Miniature Sheet Issues with no fewer than nine. As with most series of something, some Commemorative issues are wonderful, whilst others are in my opinion junk. Some issues have had a great deal of effort put into the design and printing and can be called miniature works of art and are informative as well, whilst others, look as if someone really couldn't be bothered. Quite a few of the stamps in the various Millennium Series received a lot of criticism for this. My favourite issue of all time has to be the 1985 Trains Set of five stamps. Not only because they beautiful work's of art from paintings done by Terence Cuneo, but because Cuneo always drew a Mouse somewhere in his Pictures. You will need very good eyesight to spot them on the stamps, but if you look carefully at the set of PHQ cards, then you should be able to find them. Most Commemorative Stamps are also available in Presentation Packs and I have done a separate description for these else ware on this page. Likewise for First Day Covers, PHQ cards, Traffic Light Gutter Pairs and Smilers Sheets. Royal Mail do seem to be slowly bringing about the death of the Commemorative issues, as very few Post Offices stock them at all in any format. This would be a great shame for GB collectors, particularly those who only collect the modern era. I'm afraid that I personally find it very difficult to get existed about a new value and coloured Machin stamp! Great British Smilers Sheets Issued 2000 to Date I remember walking towards the Royal Mail stand at Earls Court 2000 chatting to another British Stamp dealer. I wanted to buy a few bits from Royal Mail for stock. We got to one of the counters and he asked for 200 of the Stamp Show 2000 sheets. Not knowing what he was talking about and not wanting to seem like an idiot, I just opened my mouth and said "I'll take 100 as well". I don't know what my face looked like when they were plonked on the counter in front of me, but I remember thinking 'What the hell have I bought this rubbish for, no one is going to want these, they're too big' and to cap it all, they cost me more than face value! Boy, was I wrong! A classic case of a dealer not having a clue. Actually, I wasn't the only one. Ask any GB dealer and if they are honest, they will all tell you, we didn't think they would ever take off. That all changed the moment Royal Mail produced the Smilers Album, then everyone seemed to want them. As can now be seen, the fact that virtually no dealer thought they were going to go anywhere, meant that after the initial issue, very few people brought any of the early sheets in quantity. So the subsequent issues became hot property and started to rise in price fast and I do mean fast. The 2001 Christmas issue is without any doubt the fastest price rising issue ever. Not even back in the daft heydays of the late 70's and early 80's did anything rise at such a mind boggling rate for a new issue as this pair did. The 2001 Christmas Pair is just a wonderful story. Everyone who had a Royal Mail account for everything issued was sent the 2000 Christmas Smilers Sheets, A few dealers got some, a lot of these went onto First Day covers, mostly split, as they were too big for one cover. They were then put away. 2001 comes along and though and behold Royal mail have the same sheets again, issued as 2001 Christmas Smilers Sheets. Reaction of most people, " I don't want these, I've already got them" So they either sent them back or just didn't bother to order any. Big mistake! Take a look at the images below, would you have spotted the difference and kept them. Did you? If you did, well done, you made a brilliant Investment. You roughly made a 10,000% profit in 6 years. This is unique in modern general issued British stamps. Actually I can't think of any other period it happened either. Unless you know different! LS2 & 3 2000 Christmas LS2a & 3a 2001 Christmas Most People think that there is only one difference on each sheet. Actually there are two. The 2001 issued pair has the word Smilers added to the top left corner of each sheet and the inscription is Consignia PLC 2001 as opposed to Post Office 2000 for the 2000 issue. I did one Stampex Show, I can't remember which one now, but by the end of the show, I was selling both these items for twice as much as I was at the start. It wasn't profiteering, I'd sold everything that I had and was paying whatever anyone was asking in order to get more in again. One thing that no dealer ever did predict though is the amazing rise in price of the Christmas 2001 pair. Ever time they went up a bit more, we all thought that's got to be it, ï¿½75, ï¿½150, ï¿½350, ï¿½750 the prices just kept rising and the demand was still there and still is today. In my blurb about Investment, I mention a Crystal Ball. Now that's when I wanted one. I first started selling the 2001 Christmas sheets for ï¿½35.00, if I had just held on to all of them. Obviously as with all things, once everyone realised that these Smilers sheets were good, subsequent issues were not as scarce, dealers started to get reasonable stocks in, but it did take a time, as can be seen by the prices of most of the earlier issues. Errors on Great British Stamps 1840 to Date Errors or mistakes have occurred on stamps since the beginning. However, major ones on very early material are very rarely seen. Most Line Engraved errors for example tend to be blank areas of print, or in the case of the perforated issues: misperfs. Surface Printed has quite a few Inverted Watermarks. By major I mean something that is very visual and can easily be seen. There are only two major errors listed for Queen Victoria issues in the Concise Catalogue. The first is the OP-PC error instead of CP-PC on 1ï¿½d Reds plate 1 (SG 51/52). Issued in October 1870 and continued for 4 years, it was not discovered by anyone until 1894. Amazing, as the error occurs on every sheet of Plate 1. The second is LH-FL instead of LH-HL on the 2ï¿½d Rosy Mauve (SG 140). There are quite a few errors on the Kings issues, but very few of those stand out and hit you in the face. The typical type of errors that are listed in the Concise catalogue for stamps in King George VI reign for example are the Lakes of India and Asia on the 1949 UPU 2ï¿½d value, Hardly stunning! For this, you really have to wait until Queen Elizabeth II came to the throne and there at last in 1961 is the first truly missing colour. The Post Office Savings Bank 2ï¿½d Missing Black is not only the first missing colour listed in the Concise catalogue, but it's one of the best. Queen Elizabeth II is the period most collectors of errors cover. The variety of errors in Elizabeth is amazing and some are very inexpensive when you consider the figures involved. Missing Colours for example that are all listed in the catalogue, start at about ï¿½45.00. Maybe 5 million stamps were produced of one value and out of that five million; only 200 or so exist with the error, that's not a bad price. Obviously the fewer there are known to exist the higher the value. Misperfs are another very inexpensive type of error to collect. Even the most spectacular misperf will only cost ï¿½100 -150 and they are many that will cost only a few pounds. Missing Phosphors is another very popular area, though these are not visual, they are listed in the Concise catalogue. Channel Islands and Isle of Man Stamps - Issued 1969 to Date Guernsey and Jersey were given Postal Administration Independance in 1969 and were followed by the Isle of Man in 1973. In 1983 Guernsey started to issue stamps for use on Alderney as well. Guernsey and Jersey did Occupation War Time Issues and details of these can be found in the regional section of this site. Since their Postal administration Independance they have become a very popular collecting area, mainly for issuing superb topical and thematic stamps. They have not been confined to regulations in the same way that Royal Mail have or probably more to the point, in the way that jobs worth's in Royal Mail insist on sticking to the rules no matter how daft. A classic example is Fine Used stamps. If you want a Fine Used Commemorative set of British stamps, they rules say that you can't just take them into a Post Office and have them postmarked. Nor can you order Fine Used stamps from the Bureau. You basically have to have someone post them to you with all the dangers entailed trying to get a nice postmark. The Channel Islands and Isle of Man are not so daft. You can order Fine Used CTO (Cancelled to Order) and that's what you get. Same for First Day Covers, you can order back issues of any cover as long as it is in stock or the stamps are still on sale. Not so, our Royal Mail. Missed the day of issue, tough! Most of the topics that have been produced on the Islands stamps are very popular, Flowers, Birds, Planes and Ships to name a few and most issues are very colourful. The Isle of Man also cottoned on to the popularity of The Lord of The Rings trilogy of Films and was the first to have a set issued for Harry Potter, 3 years before our own Royal Mail thought of jumping on the gravy train. Great British Presentation Packs and Year Books Issued 1960 to Date Yes, it does say from 1960 and not 1964 as many people think. This is because the first Post Office items of this nature were actually the 1960 Wildings and Regional Packs that are now termed as Forerunner Packs. They along with 2 other slightly later packs were in the form of a sealed Envelope with a clear window. Two versions of each exist, one priced in GBP and the other in US$ for the American market. The high value packs are very scarce and command very high prices, far more than the Forth Road Bridge Pack of 1964. The first pack in the format we know today of a set of stamps with an information card about the stamps, printer and designer in a plastic sleeve (originally these were cellophane, which as many people know, over the years of time have usually degraded to such an extent that the sleeve has shrunk and buckled the pack) was the 1964 Ordinary issue of Shakespeare. The format now is larger, but the general idea hasn't changed in over 40 years. The Forth Road Bridge pack issued in the same year is generally regarded the pinnacle of everyone's Commemorative Presentation Pack collection. Why is this? Simple really, it is the scarcest. If you look at the quantities issued of the early packs, you will see that the first Shakespeare pack was very popular selling in excess of 108,000. Next was Geographical selling fewer than 30,000, next Botanical at just over 16,000 and then we have the FRB pack coming in at 11,450. Now bear in mind that this was a boom time in stamp collecting, not because of a rise in value, but basically because nearly every kid and a great many adults in the country collected stamps. So, 11,450 is a tiny sales figure. I can only assume that the dwindling sales figures are down to a lot of people deciding that these packs were just a gimmick and didn't want to pay the extra for them or maybe the Post Office just decided to issue less and once stocks had sold out, that was it. Who knows? Do you? Anyway after this, figures rose and fell over the next couple of years of about 25,000 to 40,000, then regularly increasing until hitting sales in excess of 100,000 per issue in 1969. If you look at my price listings for Commemorative Packs, you will see a few gaps from 1965 to 1975 (in 1977 there was no 9p in the Silver Jubilee pack either). This isn't just because I haven't got them in stock, but because for some reason the Post Office didn't issue packs for these issues. In the late 70's someone cottoned on to these missed packs and produced them as what have become known as Eastbourne Packs. In 1967 the first Definitive Pack as we know it, was issued. Royal Mail only produces a pack where new stamps are issued. It does not recognize a new printer, paper or gum type as being a new issue, so these are never found in packs. Regional Packs followed a few years later and then a Postage Due Pack joined the fray. In 1968 and 1969 the Post Office issued German Packs with unsurprisingly, the Text in German, more had German insert cards enclosed. Other languages followed over the next few years. Since then, there have been various Privately Produced Packs. In 1967 the first Year Pack was issued. They contain all the basic commemorative issues for the year. 1984 saw the issue of the first Year Book and speaking personally, I think this was one of royal mails better ideas. They are lovely books (you can find them in Leather Bound and other format editions, those most are scarce) with a wealth of information and pictures to accompany the stamps. Most of the issues, barring the early ones, due to scarcity and the later issues due to the value of the stamps contained are also very inexpensive for what they are. Over more recent years a few packs that have been issued have shown an amazing increase in value compared to the pretty stagnant value of most packs issued. Notably and the most famous is probably the Welsh Diana Pack of 1998. Millions of people and I do mean millions, went and brought some stamp related souvenir of Princess Diana when she died. A lot brought the presentation pack, but few realized until too late, that there were actually two versions, English and a Welsh one. Most people got the English one, but very few the Welsh, hence it's meteoric rise in price at the time. Another notable pack is the high value Definitive Pack Number 13 issued in 1987. As this pack contained the same ï¿½1, ï¿½2 and ï¿½5 stamps that had previously been issued in pack number 91 in 1977, it isn't surprising to think that most people just thought this was a con in order to get more money out of the collector (which of course it was) and so didn't bother with it. Hence the reason this pack now sells for well in excess of One Hundred Pounds. So, one tip to end this section, if Royal Mail bring out anything new or something that has been re-issued in a new format, buy it, a lot of the time, these are the things that have shown the biggest increase in value. Great British First day Covers (FDC) Issued 1840 to Date The first postage stamp FDC was the Penny Black issued on the 6th of May 1840 and is obviously worth a considerable amount of money. Issued is not really the correct term for early First day Covers, as the Covers were not really done by design but by accident in nearly all cases. In a lot of the earlier issues (mostly Queen Victoria) the exact date is unclear so the earliest used date known prevails. Unless you have very deep pockets and can find this material, I wouldn't bother unless you really want to. Since then a large percentage of the stamps of GB have had a known First Day of Issue date (FDI). Condition is a very important part of FDC collecting. The cover below on the left is of a poor quality as far as collecting goes. It is poorly hand addressed and the stamps have not been applied straight. it is of such a poor quality that I wouldn't sell it as a cover but would cut it up for the fine used stamps. The one on the right has much more going for it. It is very pleasing to look at. Some people like the personal look of covers such as the one on the left, which is fine, but don't expect much of a return on your money. All FDC's after 1965, except the very rare ones, should in my opinion, always be either typed, printed, label addressed or unaddressed, unless the price is such that it becomes a real bargain. Before 1970 the general rule would be the higher the catalogue value or the earlier the cover, the more acceptable hand written becomes. Pre 66 hand written FDC's should be about 50% of the typed addressed price. The majority of pre 48 FDC's are hand addressed and are very collectable and are the norm. Typed or unaddressed of this period generally command a premium. Slit or opened tops do lower the value (particularly poorly opened) but this is very much a personal decision as the appearance from the front is seldom affected. All covers should have the full set of stamps, except rare ones, where sometimes due to price or availability the only option is to get a one stamped cover as a space filler. Make sure all the stamps are postmarked and have not been missed or applied at a later date. The most common FDC is the one produced by Royal Mail (Post Office as was) for each new issue. Their first cover was for the 1964 Shakespeare issue and barring a few early gaps has been available for every Commemorative issue since. They do not issue different covers for each Definitive issue, preferring to use the same design over a period to cover all releases that they consider to be "new issues". For this reason there are a great many Definitive based issues that the Royal Mail do not list, but a lot of collectors strive to obtain. There have been a lot of different cover producers over the years, from some individuals to small firms producing very small quantities to large stamp dealers or organizations producing thousands. Some are produced randomly, while others form a series (an example being the save the children fund which ran through the early 70's). A lot of collectors just collect one producers cover along with the different postmarks available, while others find it a very reasonably cheap way of obtaining all the different Special Handstamps that are available. The description above is a very brief introduction to Great British First day covers. I now only sell what can be termed as basic covers. I used to sell what are termed as Specialised First Day Covers, before the stamps section of my business got too large for me to cope with everything. If you are interested to read more on this subject, then there is an excellent article about this on another website site run by a mate of mine. I know it's excellent, I wrote it about 7 years ago! This page will remain in the background for when you wan to return.	Traffic light
In 'Treasure Island' what was the name of the captain of the Hispaniola?	Jersey Post Philately Philatelic Glossary If some of the terms that we use throughout the website don't make sense to you, you will find them here, in our glossary. With our list of terms you will be able to understand exactly what it is you will be buying. Adhesive A stamp affixed to envelopes by means of gum on the reverse. Some stamps are printed directly onto postcards, envelopes or wrappers. See Postal Stationery. Aerogrammes Lightweight postal stationery, otherwise known as Air Letter Sheets, used for the economical transmission of letters by air. Airmail Stamp A stamp produced specifically for use on airmail letters/parcels although usually valid for postage on any mail. Block of Stamps Any multiple of unsevered stamps, other than a complete pane or sheet, which contains at least two parallel rows of stamps in any direction. Booklet Many post offices sell stamps in small books, either over the counter or from vending machines, or both. Booklets may contain definitive, commemorative or self-adhesive stamps. Booklet Pane A small "page" of stamps in a stamp booklet. The panes are sometimes made up of mixed-value stamps, popular with some collectors. Some panes contain a mix of stamps and non-postally valid labels advertising postal services or products. Cachet A printed, embossed or (usually) handstruck inscription or device impressed on a postal packet to denote the special circumstances in which it has been posted (usually an exhibition). The cachet may be official and applied by the Post Office or one of its overseas agents. Cancellations A mark applied to a stamp to prevent its re-use. Usually referred to as a Postmark. Charity Stamp A stamp sold at a premium over its face value, the premium supporting a worthwhile cause. Cinderella Stamps A term used to denote all manner of stamps and labels produced by official and private postal services, which are not mainstream postage stamps as listed in the main catalogues. Coil Stamps Stamps prepared in rolls or coils to be dispensed by shops or vending machines. Commemorative Stamps Stamps designed to commemorate current or historic events and personalities and nowadays on sale for only a limited period. A Jersey Post commemorative issue is generally withdrawn after two years after its issue. Composite Stamps Stamps in which the design is spread over two or more stamps. Cylinder Blocks Printed marks appear on the stamp margin (selvedge). Blocks of stamps with the marks printed on the selvedge are popular with collectors. Datestamps Implements for applying a date to postal matter. The term is also loosely used to denote the postmarks made by these instruments. Stamps affixed to envelopes may bear a postal cancellation but CTO (cancelled to order) items, ie mint or unaffixed stamps, will receive a Philatelic Bureau cancellation. Definitives The stamps in general use, often of small size and featuring a monarch or other national symbol. Usually on sale for at least five years. Embossed A method using a stamp to create texture. Europa Stamps Uniform designs of the Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications Authorities were used by the member countries until 1974, when it was decided that stamps should be issued in a common theme; the interpretation of which was left to individual countries. Guernsey's first Europa design was produced in 1976. These stamps incorporate the Europa logo of CEPT. Error A mistake in the design of a stamp, such as an incorrect spelling or inscription, or a mistake in the printing that results, perhaps, in a stamp with a missing colour or without perforations. Face Value The postal value expressed on a stamp, not to be confused with the value to a collector, based on stamp catalogue valuation. First Day Cover A cover bearing new stamps cancelled on the day of issue, normally with a special "First Day" postmark. Greetings Stamp A stamp specially designed for use on greetings mail, such as birthday cards, Valentine's Day mail, Get Well cards, etc. Some countries call them "Love Stamps". Gutter The gutter is the blank space, usually of stamp format, between the panes of a sheet of stamps. A gutter pair consists of two stamps separated by a stamp-sized piece of the gutter. Handstamp Strictly speaking, the implement used to apply a postmark by hand, but often used loosely to signify the postmark itself. Historically, some overprints were applied by means of handstamps. Imprint The name of the printer (or designer) in the margin of the stamp. Sometimes the imprint appears in the sheet margin instead of on each stamp. Inscription Any printed information on a stamp, usually giving the reason for issue. Kiloware Used stamps on paper collected and sold by weight. Offset Lithography The most common form of commercial printing. Its basic principle is that oil and water do not mix. A litho-printing plate has non-image areas that absorb water. During printing the plate is kept wet so that the ink, which is inherently greasy, is rejected by the wet areas and adheres to the image areas. Margin The paper bordering the stamps on a sheet, as well as the blank paper bordering the printed image on the stamps themselves. Miniature Sheet A small sheet containing one or more stamps with inscribed or decorated border. The full, intact sheet is valid for postal use, as are the stamps removed from it. Non Value Indicator Stamps Stamps bearing a symbol to show the class of postage they are valid for but without a specified face value. They sometimes remain valid for full postage after postal rates have increased. Obsolete Stamps no longer on regular sale at post offices, but usually still valid for postal use. Overprint An inscription printed on a stamp after manufacture, often to commemorate an event or anniversary or a stamp exhibition. Photogravure Otherwise known as photographic lithography, photogravure is a photographic image produced from an engraving plate. The process is not commonly used by small companies due to the costs involved, but it produces prints that have the subtlety of a photograph and the art quality of a lithograph. Pictorial Postmarks Handstruck marks and machine impressions which include a pictorial element. Usually a First Day Cancellation or sponsored handstamp. Plate Number A numeral, occasionally with a letter suffix, usually inscribed on the sheet margins to denote the plate from which stamps were printed - for example 1A. Postage Due Labels Labels, sometimes loosely described as stamps but without postal validity in themselves, employed by many postal authorities to denote the charge to be raised from the addressee for unpaid or underpaid correspondence. Postal History A term used to describe covers of the pre-stamp era, ie before 1840. Also used for post-1840 covers of particular interest - unusual postmarks, scarce postal rates, etc. A somewhat misleading term. Postal Stationery Postcards, envelopes, wrappers, etc, on which the postage stamp has been directly printed. Should be kept intact. Where the stamps have been removed they are known as "cut outs". Postmark A mark, applied by hand or machine, to cancel the stamp and thus prevent re-use. Also a general term for any postal markings applied to mail. Presentation Pack A folder containing a set of stamps with relevant background information. Prestige Booklet A stamp booklet that contains special panes of stamps with illustrations and descriptive text. Proofs An impression made during the production of stamps. For use only by printers and postal administrations, these are not available to collectors. Reprints Stamps printed from the original plates as a result of a particular issue selling out. Self-Adhesive Stamp printed on specially gummed paper that will adhere directly to envelope without moistening. The stamps are thus sold attached to backing paper, which can be peeled, from the self-adhesive paper for attachment to mail. Such stamps are normally produced in booklets or rolls. Selvedge The imprinted edge of a sheet of stamps. Se-Tenant Pairs, strips, or blocks of stamps of different values or designs printed together. Such se-tenant stamps should not normally be split by collectors. Souvenir Sheet A small sheet containing one of each stamp in a given issue sold alongside the set of individual stamps. They are also available in FDC and in Presentation Packs. Sponsored Handstamp A handstamp paid for by a private individual or organisation to mark a specific event. The handstamp remains the property of the post office. Thematics A popular form of collecting stamps on a particular theme or topic, such as Animals, Sport or Works of Art, rather than those of specified countries. Traffic Lights Term used by collectors to denote the check dots or colour dabs (to use printers' jargon) printed in the sheet margins of stamps printed by modern offset litho or photogravure methods. They assist in checking that all the colours have printed correctly. Blocks of stamps from the corner of the sheet, including the "traffic lights", are collected as a matched pair with the block showing the cylinder numbers. Variety Normally a fairly small printing flaw which renders a stamp different from most in a sheet of stamps. Of minor interest to the beginner, but of significance to advanced collectors. Yearbooks A hard backed book, containing all the stamps from a year's issues, with photographs and information on each topic. Navigation	i don't know
Name the man killed in 1967 whilst attempting to exceed 300 m.p.h. on water	Donald Malcolm Campbell - Land Speed Racing History Donald Malcolm Campbell (March 23, 1921 - January 4, 1967) Donald Malcolm Campbell Donald Campbell Coniston Nov 1958 Father and Son - Malcolm Donald and Donald Malcolm Campbell Donald Campbell with Bluebird CN 7 at Lake Eyre with Mr Woppit Mascot, 1963 Donald Campbell and Bluebird CN7 at Lake Eyre, South Australia in 1964 PA News photo 17/7/64 Donald Campbell at the wheel, "Bluebird" flashes through the measured mile on its way to a new world land speed mark on the salt flats at Lake Eyre, South Australia. On two runs over the measured mile Campbell attained 403.1 miles an hour, compared with John Cobb's 1947 record 394.196 mph. Date	Donald Campbell
Which city is served by Dulles airport?	Donald Malcolm Campbell - Land Speed Racing History Donald Malcolm Campbell (March 23, 1921 - January 4, 1967) Donald Malcolm Campbell Donald Campbell Coniston Nov 1958 Father and Son - Malcolm Donald and Donald Malcolm Campbell Donald Campbell with Bluebird CN 7 at Lake Eyre with Mr Woppit Mascot, 1963 Donald Campbell and Bluebird CN7 at Lake Eyre, South Australia in 1964 PA News photo 17/7/64 Donald Campbell at the wheel, "Bluebird" flashes through the measured mile on its way to a new world land speed mark on the salt flats at Lake Eyre, South Australia. On two runs over the measured mile Campbell attained 403.1 miles an hour, compared with John Cobb's 1947 record 394.196 mph. Date	i don't know
With which musical instrument is jazz musician Sydney Bechet associated?	Sidney Bechet - News, Photos, Videos, Bio. Free music downloads at MP3.com http://ad.doubleclick.net/N8264/adj/aw-mp3/artist/overview;ar=sidneybechet;ar=fatswaller;ar=bennygoodman;ar=artieshaw;ar=bixbeiderbecke;ar=lionelhampton;ar=teddywilson;ar=dukeellington;ar=harryjames;ar=jimmielunceford;ar=colemanhawkins;tag=jazz;tag=swing;tag=neworleans;tag=saxophone;tag=dixieland;tag=clarinet;tag=neworleansjazz;tag=classicjazz;tag=sopranosax;tag=american;loc=top;tile=1;dcopt=ist;sz=728x90,970x66,970x250,880x150; Sidney Bechet Read More... He was one of the first important soloists in jazz (beating cornetist and trumpeter Louis Armstrong to the recording studio by several months and later playing duets with Armstrong), and was perhaps the first notable jazz saxophonist. Forceful delivery, well-constructed improvisations, and a distinctive, wide vibrato characterized Bechet's playing. Bechet's erratic temperament hampered his career, however, and not until the late 1940s did he earn wide acclaim. Bechet was born in New Orleans on 14th May 1897. From a young age he was able quickly to master any musical instrument he encountered. Some New Orleanians remembered him as a cornet hot-shot in his youth. At first, though, he decided on the clarinet as his main instrument, and Bechet remained one of jazz's greatest clarinetists for decades. He is, however, perhaps best remembered as the master of the soprano saxophone. Bechet was the first notable jazz saxophonist of any sort, his playing characterised by forceful delivery, well conceived, improvised ideas, and a distinctive wide vibrato. Bechet had experience playing in travelling shows even before he left New Orleans at the age of twenty. Never long content in one place, he alternated between Chicago, New York, and Europe as his base of operations until finally he settled in France in 1950. He married Elisabeth Ziegler in Antibes, France in 1951. Bechet successfully composed in jazz, pop, and extended concert work forms. His recordings have often been reissued. Some of the highlights include 1924 sides with Louis Armstrong in "Clarence Williams Blue Five", the 1932, 1940, and 1941 New Orleans Feetwarmers sides, a 1938 Tommy Ladnier Orchestra session ("Weary Blues", "Really the Blues"), and various versions of his own composition, "Petite Fleur". In 1941, as an early experiment in overdubbing at RCA Studios, he recorded on six different instruments: the clarinet, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, piano, bass, and drums. This recording can be heard under the title "Sheik of Araby". Shortly before his death in Paris, Bechet dictated his autobiography, Treat It Gentle. He died on 14th May 1959 - his sixty-second birthday. Legacy and honors Bechet successfully composed in jazz, pop-tune, and extended concert work forms. He knew how to read music but chose not to, due to his highly developed inner ear; he developed his own fingering system and never played section parts in a big band or swing-style combo. His recordings have often been reissued. Sidney Bechet's primary instruments were the clarinet and the soprano sax. His playing style is intense and passionate, and had a wide vibrato. He was also known to be very proficient with his instruments and a master at improvisation (both individual and collective). Bechet liked to have his sound dominate in a performance, and trumpeters found it very difficult to play alongside him. Bechet's song Si tu vois ma mère was prominently featured in the Woody Allen film Midnight in Paris (2011). Some of the highlights of his career include 1923 sides with Louis Armstrong in the Clarence Williams Blue Five; the 1932, 1940, 1941 New Orleans Feetwarmers sides; a 1938 Tommy Ladnier Orchestra session ("Weary Blues", "Really the Blues"); a hit 1939 recording of "Summertime"; and various versions of his own composition, "Petite Fleur". In 1939, Bechet co-led a group with pianist Willie "The Lion" Smith that recorded several early versions of what was later called Latin jazz, adapting traditional méringue, rhumba and Haitian songs to the jazz idiom. On July 28, 1940, Sidney Bechet made a guest appearance on NBC Radio's The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street show, playing two of his show pieces ("Shake It and Break It" and "St. Louis Blues") with Henry Levine's Dixieland band. Levine invited Bechet into the RCA Victor recording studio (on 24th Street in New York City), where Bechet lent his soprano sax to Levine's traditional arrangement of "Muskrat Ramble." On April 18, 1941, as an early experiment in overdubbing at Victor, Bechet recorded a version of the pop song "The Sheik of Araby", playing six different instruments: clarinet, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, piano, bass, and drums. A hitherto unissued master of this recording was included in the 1965 LP Bechet of New Orleans, issued by RCA Victor as LPV-510. On the liner notes, George Hoeffer quotes Bechet as follows: "I started by playing The Sheik on piano, and played the drums while listening to the piano. I meant to play all the rhythm instruments, but got all mixed up and grabbed my soprano, then the bass, then the tenor saxophone, and finally finished up with the clarinet." In 1944, 1946, and 1953 he recorded and performed in concert with the Chicago jazz pianist and vibraphonist Max Miller, private recordings that are part of the Max Miller archive and have never been released. These concerts and recordings are covered completely in John Chilton's authoritative book on Bechet. Bechet was an important influence on the alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges, who studied with him as a teenager. In 1919, Ernest Ansermet, a Swiss classical conductor, wrote a tribute to Bechet, one of the earliest (if not the first) to a jazz musician from the classical field of music, linking Bechet's music with that of Bach. In 1968, Bechet was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame. The New York Times music writer Robert Palmer wrote of Bechet: "by combining the 'cry' of the blues players and the finesse of the Creoles into his 'own way,' Sidney Bechet created a style which moved the emotions even as it dazzled the mind." "Bechet to me was the very epitome of jazz ... everything he played in his whole life was completely original. I honestly think he was the most unique man to ever be in this music." — Duke Ellington. The British poet Philip Larkin wrote an ode to Bechet in The Whitsun Weddings. In popular culture Sugar Blue, the renowned blues harmonica player, took his name from the Bechet recording "Sugar Blues", saying: "I needed a nickname ... all the good ones were taken! You know 'Muddy Waters', 'Blind Lemon', 'Sonny Boy' ... until one night a friend and I were leaving a concert — a Doc Watson concert — when somebody threw out of the window a box full of old 78s: I picked one up and it said "Sugar Blues" by Sidney Bechet ... That's it! I thought it was perfect ... so here I am". Bechet is said to have inspired the character of the saxophonist "Pablo" in the novel Steppenwolf. Hermann Hesse likely learned about jazz by listening to his playing in Europe in the 1920s.[citation needed] In the novel Replay by Ken Grimwood, Bechet is featured performing at an underground Paris jazz club in the novel. This appearance is anachronistic as the scene takes place in 1963; Bechet died in 1959. In music Bob Dorough, who played with Bechet, recorded a tribute song, called "Something for Sydney," on his Right On My Way Home album. Van Morrison mentions Bechet in his song "See Me Through Part II (Just A Closer Walk With Thee)". The French chanteuse Patricia Kaas recorded the song, "L'Enterrement de Sidney Bechet" ("The Funeral of Sidney Bechet"), on her 1990 album Scène de vie. Raquel Bitton pays tribute to Sydney Bechet in her CD Paris Blues, singing "Petite Fleur" (2006). Radiohead used his single "Egyptian Fantasy" as the exit song for their 2012 tour. In film/TV In the 1997 documentary Wild Man Blues, Woody Allen, the director and clarinetist, repeatedly referred to Bechet. He named one of his children adopted with his wife Soon-Yi Previn after Bechet. Bechet is portrayed by Jeffrey Wright in two episodes of the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. In the 2009 Disney animated feature The Princess and the Frog, Bechet is mentioned by Louis, the trumpet playing alligator, during the musical number "When We're Human." Read more on Last.fm . User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply. Top Songs	Soprano saxophone
How many miles are there in a league?	Sidney Bechet \| Biography, Albums, Streaming Links \| AllMusic Sidney Bechet Biography by Scott Yanow A major figure in early jazz, outstanding clarinettist, only soprano saxophonist of consequence for decades, made melodically rich and emotional music.	i don't know
In a code the word LOOK is written ORRN. In the same code how would the word STOP be written?	207152563 the brown book vol 2 by I Am - issuu issuu &'(! ")#+! "##$! ,+-.()/01!2,1,!+0&-#+! .#1,3(!4! Compiled By: A frika Bambaataa, M alika Saphire A nd K ing M ar k L uv 5#+&(+&/! Infinity Lesson One: Basic Moorish Study .................................................................................... 1! Infinity Lesson Two: Prophecies and Hadiths of NDA ............................................................... 16! Infinity Lesson Three: Moorish Science Adept Questionary....................................................... 42! Infinity Lesson Four: Islamism World's First Creed Elihu's Lesson 5 (1973) ............................ 45! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ)LYH 6ZLIW$QJ(/V(OLKXÂśV/HVVRQ .............................................................. 47! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ6L[ (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ QG(GLWLRQ ................................................... 53! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ6HYHQ (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/esson #240 ..................................................................... 55! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ(LJKW (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ ...................................................................... 57! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ1LQH (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ ....................................................................... 60! Infinity Lesson Ten: 101 Koran Questionary............................................................................... 63! Infinity Lesson Eleven: A look at Moorish Muslims Their Architecture and Influences in Indian Country ......................................................................................................................................... 69! Infinity Lesson Twelve: A message to all members of Sultanates of Murakush ........................ 81! Infinity Lesson Thirteen: An Indigenous Peoples History 101.................................................... 82! Infinity Lesson Fourteen: Black Native American History ......................................................... 84! Infinity Lesson Fifteen: What was you called before 1492? ....................................................... 89! Infinity Lesson Sixteen: Benjamin Banna Ka ............................................................................ 103! Infinity Lesson Seventeen: The Zodiac Constitution ................................................................. 132! Infinity Lesson Eighteen: A Look at the Term Resident ........................................................... 139! Infinity Lesson Nineteen: Basics of Drafting a Suite ................................................................ 143! i -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!#+(8!"0/-5!3##)-/'!/&,97! "If I could just get you all thinking again, you would save yourselves." -Noble Drew Ali . . T hese archaeological finds, are of the ancient natural people in South West Amexem / Central Africa / South America. These lands are all anciently, Old Central Amexem, or anthropologically referred to as 'Old Mex' (Olmec). World Historians and Anthropologists are aware that the land masses (the continents) were all connected. What is known as Africa today, in the east is ancient Tamari. What is known as North, Central, and South America were modernly called Africa. . 31. What is the modern name for the Moabites? Moroccans 32. Where is the Moroccan Empire? Northwest A mexem 33. What is the modern name for Amexem? A frica (Above from the '101 Questions for Moorish Americans' by Noble Drew Ali) . Some E uropean Social E ngineers (and reconstructors of history) have exercised their Demointent to distort history and disclaim many of these ancient artifacts; denying their relationships to the Original Ancient Meso-Americans. Attempts have been made to misrepresent these stone heads and other artifacts, scripts, and instruments as being unrelated to the true forebearers ± being the (now mis-named) natural people, branded as negroes, blacks, and coloreds, etc. These artifacts do not relate to an alleged µRWKHU SHRSOH¶- and stand on their own evidentiary merit. Truth needs no apology. A few misled Asiatics amongst our own continue to support the separation tactics initiated by Europeans, and propagate teachings that separate their brother Moors of Old Amexem (Old Mex / Olmecs) from the peoples known as Asiatics/Africans today. The Mayans, the Incas, and the Aztecs of Ancient Central Amexem / Africa / America are anthropologically known as the Nauhautian (mixed) Moors. They too, are descendants from Ancient Moabites / Africans / Asiatics. . O ther compromised divisionists seek to create divisions amongst their own people. Nevertheless, true world History, and knowledge of pre-Columbian historical evidence consistently proves their claims to be void of validity or truth. Sincere and studious research counters and shows contradictions in their Eurocentric claims, and counter to their failures to acknowledge the Ancient Asiatic / Africans / Moabite / Canaanite Progenitors. These same disclaimers admit, on the other hand, that the so-called Canaanites / Africans are the Mothers and Fathers of Civilization. Note the Clear Contradiction! .. . 1 . A ncient Cosmology T emple Ruins at Palenque These ruins (and others) at Piedras Negras, Yaxchilan, Tikal, etc., and the Ancient People and builders of these Complexes, long predate the later Mayans known today. . . Moors in A merica . The word Moor comes from the Latin word M aures and the Greek adjective M auros, meaning dar k or black (denoting skin color) Circa 46BC. See: The Oxford English Dictionary (New York, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. `846.) The term Moor is also used as a transitive verb (to moor a ship). See: :HEVWHU¶V1HZ:RUOG'LFWLRQDU\ (Third College Edition, 1988), p.881. !" The word Admiral comes from the Arabic word Ameri, meaning commander (Moorish navigator). See: The Rudder and Sextant (Second Revision March 1st 1989), p.6. The root A mir is A mer, meaning A merican! See: :HEVWHU¶V New World Dictionary (Third College Edition, 1988), p.44. The word A merican means a native of America; originally applied to the aboriginals, or copper-colored race, found here by the Europeans; but not applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America. See: 1RDK:HEVWHU¶V2ULJLQDO 1828 ed., of American Dictionary of the English Language. The term American, etymologically is; Commander Loves Riches. Amir Commander (Arabic word), Amor. Love (French word), Rica: Rich (Spanish word) !" C irca 480 A.D., The Monastic Brotherhood (C atholic Moors from Morocco) landed on present day Connecticut (North A merica), near the coast of Long Island Sound. The inscription found on granite outcrops in Cockaponset Forest, C N., and the inscription on H aj M inmoun Rock located in Figuig toward the east of Morocco, confirms the voyage. See: Moroccan daily Newspaper (Le Matin D Sahara Et Du Magred, September 16, 1995). For more info contact The Permanent Mission for Morocco in New York. New York. C irca 700-800 A.D., Several Muslim Schools in North America; Valley of Fire (Nevada), Mesa Verde (Colorado), Mimbres Valley (New Mexico) and Tipper Canoe (Indiana). North African Arabic and Old Kufic Arabic scripts are engraved on rocks, test, diagram, charts including writing, reading, arithmetic, religion, history, geography, mathematics, astronomy and sea navigation. For more info, contact: D r. Bar ry Fell, at H arvard University. C irca 1492 A.D., On Monday October 21, 1492, Christopher Columbus admits in his papers, while sailing near Cuba, he saw a mosque on top of a beautiful mountain. The ruins of mosques and minerats with inscriptions of Quranic verses have been found in C uba, Mexico, 2 T exas and Nevada. The dress of the Indian 0RRULVK ZRPDQ ORQJ YHLOVÂ´ WKH PHQ Âł%UHHGFORWKHVSDLQWHG in the style of Moorish GUDSHULHVÂ´LQG renada and T rinidadÂŤ See: Precolumbian Musli ms in the Americas by Dr. Yousef Mroueh . The descendants of these North American Moors are the present day I roquois, A lgonquin, A nasazi, Hohokam, O lmec, A pache, A rawak, A rikana, C havin, C herokee, C ree, H upa, Hopi, M ak kah, Mohawak, Naca, Zulu, ZuniÂŤ These words also, derive from Arabic and Islamic root origins. See: Precolumbian Musli ms in the America by Dr. Yousef Mroueh. . The word I N D I A N is I N D I A like the I N K it means, Black Pigment. See: :HEVWHUÂśV1HZ:RUOG'LFWLRQDU\ 7KLUG&ROOHJH(GLWLRQ 1988), p.686 .. The status of the descendants of the Moorish Inhabitants of Spain and Portugal on American soil is FREE WHITE PERSONS (natural men and women). This status does not apply to the Caucasian Race, Aryan Race, or Indo-European Races under the Naturalization Act (Amended by Act. July 14, 1879), I Stat.103,c.3 See: %ODFNÂśV/DZ'LFWLRQDU\ (Fourth Ed. P. 797) !" C irca 711 A.D., The Moors that ruled Moslem Spain and Portugal for centuries were black or dark skinned people. See: Golden Age of the Moors, Edited by Ivan Van Serti ma, pgqe 337. . C irca 1503Â˛1517 A.D., An estimated 3,000 Aborigina-American (Moors) were captured from the eastern seaboard of Terra Nova (North America) some of their names are Ali, Melchor, Miguel, Manne, Juan, Pedro, Antonio and Juan-Amarco. A record of that account can be found in the Slave Books of Seville, Valencia, Catalina Spain. They were classified as Negro (Negro means Dead) and Black (dirty and evil). See: African and Native American by Jack D. Forbes, page 24. . C irca 1676 A.D., The Europeans that arrived in New England (North America) described the Aboriginal-Americans (Moors) to be BLACK AS GYPSIES (E-GYPTIANS). . C irca 1763 A.D., On October 7, 1763, King George R., of Great Britain's, Treaty with the Indigenous People (Indians) regarding land acquisitions and demarcation lines in America. The FOUR Colonies distinct and separate governments are called Quebec, East Florida, West Florida and Grenada. 3 See: Washitaw de Duglahmoundyah E mpire, Newspaper, December 1998, F ront Page. . C irca 1774 A.D., The five pointed green star in the center of a field of red is the Moorish flag was the alleged cherry tree that General George Washington, chopped down. See: Moorish Civic Relations Concepts, Volume 14, Page 37. . C irca 1774 A.D., On October 20, 1774, British-American subjects of the British Empire form the First United Stated of America perpetual Constitutions in the Thirteen &RORQLHVFDOOHGÂł7KH $UWLFOHVRI$VVRFLDWLRQÂ´Â´UHFRJQL]HG Moors as Moors not Negroes or Black-A-Moors. See: Journals of the Continental Congress, 75Â˛78. . C irca 1774 A.D., Noah Webster and his associates branded the Moors Black-a-Moor, Moor was dropped and replaced with the customary term Nigger, Negroe, Colored or black. The use of the word Nigger or Negroe represents the spiritually dead people and not the Nigritian People. Black-A-Moor, n. [For black Moor] A black man or woman, esp. an African negro; any very dark-complexion person. See: New Century Dictionary of the English Language 1927. !" C irca 1775 A.D., The first President of the Untied States of America under the Articles of Confederation was John Hanson, alleged Black-A-Moor, a Maryland Shanwnee Native American patriot who fought in the American Revolution. See: Nuwabic Moors Newspaper, August 7, 1991. . A Moorish-Mason by the name of Ben Bey Emmanuel Mu Ali a/k/a Benjamin Bannaker, was the architect who designed the streets of Washington, D.C., with Masonic codes and astrological glyphs. See: Americas Oldest Secret the Talisman, U.S. Mysterious Street Lines of Washington, D.C. by the Signature of the Invisible Brotherhood. The autobiography of Benjamin Bannaker. . . C irca 1787 A.D., Assisted by England, Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands, France, Germany, Finland and Sweden the United States of America ended their war with the Moors (Moroccan Empire) and signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Emperor Mohammed III (Moorish-Mason). The aforementioned treaty is the longest unbroken treaty in the history of the United States. See: U.S. Moroccan Relations, by Robert G. Neuman, Former U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1973--1976). . 4 . C irca 1789 A.D., On December 1, 1789. The Ninth President of the United States George Washington apologizes to his Masonic Brother Emperor Mohammed III, for not sending the regular advices (tribute: a payment by one ruler or nation to another as acknowledgment of submission or price of protection, excessive tax). Also, President Washington asked the Emperor to recognize their newly formed government. The Moroccan Empire (Moors) were the first nation to recognize the thirteen colonies as a sovereign nation. Allegedly the Emperor agreed to their recognition because 25 Moors were members of the first Continental Congress. See: The Writing of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Source 1745²1799, Editor John C. F itzpatrick, Volume 30, pages 474²476. . C irca 1790 A.D., On Wednesday, January 20, 1790, A petition was presented to the House of Representatives from the Sundry (numerous) Free Moors, Subjects to the Prince under the Emperor of Morocco in Alliance with the United States of America. The Sundry Free Moors Act states that all Free Moors may be tried under the same Laws as the Citizens of (South Carolina) and N O T under the Negro Act. See: South Carolina Department of Archives and History: S C House of Representatives Journal, 1789²90, p. xxii, 353² 364, 373²374: In Re. Sundry F ree Moors. . C irca 1857 A.D., The DRED SCOTT Case from the United States Supreme Court; holds that Africans [Moors] imported [captured in an undeclared war of enslavement]. Into this country [Territory of the United States and Several States] and SOLD as [perpetual} Slaves, were not included nor LQWHQGHG WR EH LQFOXGHG XQGHU WKH ZRUG ³&LWL]HQ´ LQ Whe Constitution, whether emancipated or not, and remained without rights or privileges except such as those which the government might grant them. See: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (How.) 393, 15L Ed., 691, Blacks Law Dictionary 6th, Edition, Page 495. . The reason why Moors/Africans, cannot be U.S. Citizens because the Moroccan Empire has a business arrangement with the British Empire [European Corporate Contract Citizens Caucasian Men]. The United States is a foreignEuropean corporation conducting trade and commerce in foreign lands. See: ,Q5H0HUULDQ¶V Estate, 36 N.Y. 479, Affir med in U.S. v. Perkins 163 U.S. 625. . The Hidden History of the Moorish People with the United States of America is recorded on the back of a Federal Reserve Note. There are two seals on the back of the $1.00, Federal Reserve Note (U.S. Currency) on the left side is the Great Seal of the Moorish Empire and on the right is the Seal of the United States. There are over THIRTY THREE (33) passwords on the $1.00 (Note). The INDIGENOUS SOVEREIGN PEOPLE (Moors) were snaked (betrayed) by some of the European Colonial State Citizens who enslaved the Moors and branded them nigger, negroe, black, colored, afro, hispanic, west indian, etc., In order to conceal their true identify. 5 See: Annointed News Journal, June 1998, Page 23. America is the code word for Africa d Morocco is in Africa. See: AmeRI C A decoded is AfRI C A and MoRoCo decoded is aMeRiCa. . C irca 1913 A.D., Knowledge of our Moorish Heritage would have been lost if it was not for the Moorish-M ason, our illustrious Brother Noble D rew A li, who founded the Moorish Science Temple, in Newark, New Jersey (1913). For the unconscious de-nationalized Moors i.e., negroes, blacks and coloreds, Moorish represents our Nationality. Science represents our Ancestors Spiritual Arts maintained in Esoteric Free Masonry, and the Temple represents our Body the dwelling place of the Creator of the Universe. Also, Noble Drew Ali, is responsible for the Moorish flag flying once again on American (Moroccan) soil in 1913. The State of Morocco was not allowed to fly the Moorish flag until 1956 A.D., after their independence from France. !" N O T E : N A T I O N A L I T Y M UST N O T B E C O M B I N E D W I T H F R E E-M ASO N R Y. . Circa 1933 A.D., The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recognize the Moors domiciling in America and their Moorish Titles: El, Bey, Ali, AL, Dey, ect. See: House Resolution No. 75 Legislative Journal (Philadelphia) May 4, 1973, page 5759. Prior to C irca 46 B C., the Ancient Moors were referred to by their National names like Washitaw, Almoravides, Almohades, Moabites, Canaanites, Yisraelites, HWFÂŤ See: Circle Seven Holy Koran. The copper colour American Hebrews (Yisraelites) kept the Passover called the Green-Corn Dance. See: History of the American Indians by Ja mes Adair (1775) page 80, 101. The Ancient Ones or Mound/Pyramid Builders of North America (over 150 unearthed some Egyptian styled are up and down the Mississippi River) according to the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology was built by copper-hued skin (Asiatics/Moors). See: U.S. Bureau of Ethnology. 12th Annual Report, 1980Â˛ 1891. The Aboriginal Americans or Mound Builders of North America built ceremonial mounds that date as far back as 5,400 years ago. The oldest mound in North America to date is found in Watson brake Louisiana, 32 km South-West of Monroe. See: Âł-DSDQ7LPHV1HZVSDSHUÂ´6HSWHPEHU 1997, reported by Joe W. S anders. C irca 500 B. C., The above photo is a stone head of copper colored Aboriginal Americans, from the Hopewell Mounds in Ohio, North America. Photo Source: Journal of the Moorish Paradigm by Hakim Bey. 6 C irca 1848 A.D., On June 6, 1848, a Supreme Court Decision read by Theo H. McCaleb (Judge) Declared that the United States DOES NOT own the land of The Ancient Ones (Uaxashaktun) Mound Builders of North America (more than 1,000, 000 square miles of land) Also, the Court declared the lawful land owners are the heirs of Henry Turner (WashitawMoors/Muurs). See: Case No. 191, U.S. Supreme Court, United States vs. Heirs of Henry Turner . C irca 1993 A.D., The present day Empress Her Highness Verdiacee Tiara Washitaw Bey, she is the living heir of the Ancient Ones (Empire of Washitaw de Dugdahmoundyah); they are recognized by the United Nations as the oldest people in the world. Excerpts from: Âł$UH<RXin Denial of <RXU$QFHVWU\"Â´and Âł6WLOOin Denial of Your $QFHVWU\"Â´ By R. V. Bey . It is no longer a question as to whether those who have been branded negroes, coloreds, blacks, etc., are descendants of Moors. Upon reading the Bull Inter C aetera, DQGWKHÂł1RUWK $PHULFDQ([SORUDWLRQÂ´ IURP &ROXPELDÂśV(QF\FORSHGLD RQHFDQILJXUHRXWZK\WKLVWUXWK has been suppressed from the natural Peoples of the Earth. Upon further review, one can also clearly see that our struggle is within the principles of Law, and not within the farce called racism. Yes, the symptoms of racism and slavery are there, however it has no nickel in the dime in regards to the solution, and the earthly salvation of you or your children. . If we stand, we stand as O N E . If we stand, we stand on the rules of engagement laid out by our ancestors to preserve our posterity. These same rules are embodied spiritually in most written National and International documents, which upon pondering, we find they were written as a ÂľPHVVDJHÂśto us, to assist in our awakening. Such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1959, and the 'HFODUDWLRQ RI WKH 5LJKWV RI WKH &KLOG ,WÂśV DOPRVW DV LI the International community was reaching out again, since it DSSHDUHGZHGLGQÂśWZDNHXSLQ maybe we would wake up in 1959, if they addressed concerns involving human law through the FKLOGUHQ 7KDW GLGQÂśW H[DFWO\ ZRUN HLWKHU DW WKDW time. Besides, Drew Ali came in 1913, and made wonderful strides regarding Nationality and birthrights, jurisdiction and Law. However, if we don't claim our Status as Natural People, we will remain consciously, yet unconscioulsy, fictitious chattel property, and claimed as such through the 14th, 15th amendment Negro Acts, which is the point and purpose of creating them, to claim a people who don't make claims themselves, as property with privileges, but not with rights. There is a difference between a 'privilege' and a 'right'. If you don't claim yourself and your children, they are devoured! Mothers, if you are in proper person status, your children are in that sames status by default, because the condition of the child is based upon the condition of the MOTHER. . It seems our biggest culprits are ourselves. It is good then, that Drew's work is, as he stated, for ÂłWKH\RXQJDQG \HWXQERUQÂ´, as they are the ones who will assist to preserve mother earth, and uplift fallen humanity. It is not that the solution regarding Law, Writs, or written documents, is not availed WRXV7KHSUREOHPLVZHGRQÂśWXWLOL]HWKH written information, and we GRQÂśWHQIRUFHLW0DLQO\EHFDXVH ZHGRQÂśWVWXG\WKHPPRVWKDYHQÂśWHYHQUHDGWKHP<HWWKH\ 7 were left for us, they pertain to us, and they do preserve our RIGHTS OF BIRTH. Hopefully information provided on this site, which is only a portion of the information now readily available worldwide, will help us to move in unison toward meeting the ends of the struggle we so proudly say we are LQ\HWZHGRQÂśWVHHPWREHDEOHWRFODLPRUUHFRJQize the resolve. . W e already have the biggest weapon there is Â˛ T he T R U T H . ,I LW GLGQÂśW VHHP WR PDWWHU before, it matters NOW. For those of you who say nay, you are probably the very ones who claim you are spiritual, and say you have the spirit of the ancestors with you, and probably go through the rituals pointing out the truth that we manifest our own realities. If this is you, you must recognize your own contradiction. You may also want to take into consideration the population we have, and the population of our people across the globe, who are waiting for us (the Mothers and )DWKHUVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQ WRÂłZDNH-XSÂ´DQGJHWWKLVKRXVH (earth) in order. As far as concerns about bloodshed, if we pay close attention, we recognize there is already much degradation and bloodshed, across the entire planet. So GRQÂśWZRUU\WKDWWKHUHmay be bloodshed -- there already is. . W e cannot continue to be ar rogant, self righteous, while all along are acquiescing and blindly " believe " Law is not meant for us; when in fact we are the Law. We either authored, or authorized the information that others are crookedly, dishonestly using to suppress us. That is what makes it such a travesty. . You may ask then, How are they doing that? It is simple; they are making false claims, and putting it in writing, (which is a spell, as in spelling). They are making false claims that we GRQÂśWUHEXW0D\EHLWLVEHFDXVHZHWKLQNZHFDQ WVSHOO The irony to that is, if we continue to let our children be erroneously educated, and purposely dumbed down, ZH FDQÂśW KDYH PXFK expectation to change their ability to spell Â˛ can we? The fact that we have been mis-educated is unfortunately no excuse, even if we want to use it as an excuse, because Âł,JQRUDQFHRIWKH L aw is no excuse " -- a statement which is very real. It is a sad scenario, and a lack of our willingness to take responsibility, when we recognize we taught the world math, how to spell, to read, and, we taught Law, we taught the 7 Liberal Arts. Yet, we don't know that Law is eloquently reserved for us, expressed, implied, verbal and written, as in the " Book of L aw " . . M any of us use ignorance of the law as an excuse and add insult to the injury when we say /DZLVWKHÂłVR-FDOOHGÂ´ ZKLWHPDQÂśV/DZ,WLVQRW:KDWKHLVH[HUFLVLQJXSRQXVLV "color-oflaw", a semblance of that which is real. Thus, it doesn't matter what he is doing, what matters is what we are doing for us, and consequently for the World. Besides, all along the so-called ÂłZKLWH-PDQÂ´LVWDNLQJDYHUEDODQGZULWWHQ Oath to the principles of Law our ancestors left to preserve our Rights, and the perpetual Rights of our progeny. They are universal principles, which apply to all natural people. If anyone takes the Oath, and then steps outside of it, the Divine Constitutional Principles, then he has absolutely no JURISDICTION over you. And there is remedy (See Title 'RQÂśWWKLQNKHGRHVQÂśWNQRZWKDW:KDWKHGRHVNQRZ is, he can continue to take the Oath, and break the Law, EUHDN WKH 2DWK EHFDXVH ZH GRQÂśW NQRZ WKH difference. Without him taking the Oath, he has no authority of L aw, although he portends to. Suddenly, or rather hopefully, if not already known, the issue of jurisdiction becomes a very real issue -- doesn't it? 8 . W e ought to be ashamed to allow anyone to make a mockery over that which our ancestors preserved for us. This is why we must unite, and we will, but it appears not until we have had a great deal more pain. To ask one to ÂľVWXG\ZHOOÂśis an overstatement at this point. By studying a little, we can find answers. The information exist, however it is cloaked, meaning you must seek and you shall find, and you must have 'keys', key words, key phrases--knowledge. (My people suffer for a lack of knowledge, as stated in the scriptures by Yeshuah (Jesus). Bits of information act as keys upon which you can study, research and unveil the truth, even in an attempt to disprove it, one finds they affirm it to be so. We all know that truth is the light that shines and sets us free. At the very least, a knowledgeable and conscious people certainly cannot be enslaved by lies, unless willfully. So we speak to those who really want to be free, and at the very least want their children to be free. If that is not the desire and intent, then they need not talk about, complain, or say they are in a struggle to fix the abuses and mis-uses bestowed upon us all, as they continue to identify the problem and the solution incorrectly. If we know the root causes, then we can exercise the cure. Correction cannot come about without accurate knowledge of the problem. If this describes you, it is necessary for you to know you are not in "the struggle". You are however steeped in emotions and how you "feel" about it, thus you may be struggling to come to terms with the truth. You are spinning your wheels, being led to think you have made some victory, but have not, as is evidenced by the condition we are in, which by the way has gotten worse, as evidenced by the condition of your life, and the life of those around you, even those who " thought they had it all together " . Save those who do. . W e are the Mothers and F athers of C ivilization across the planet, we are World History. I will prove this with a few easy questions in the test that follows at the end of this Article. The answers prove we have been written out of history, yet only because the ones who have taught us, and, who we allow to continue to teach us and our children, have decided by the stroke of the pen, to write us out of that which they put before us to learn from. This happened after they burned the books, reconstructed the history, and would punish us if we were caught reading; thus we did know how to read. . Âł7KH3HQLV0LJKWLHUthan WKH6ZRUGÂ´Â˛ another profound statement. Veiled behind it, is the sword, which is translated into the written word, and the spell-ing is caste. . E xcerpt from: " Are You in Denial Of Your Ancestry?Â´ . L et's look at information that came from an encyclopedia regarding World H istory, regarding Moors. T his information is in reference to C harlemagne NQRZQDVÂł&KDUOHV the +DPPHUÂ´ and A lphonso the 1st thru 6th. T here were actually 12 generations of $OSKRQVRÂśV,KDYHRQO\UHVHDUFKHGKHUHZLWKRU generations of them fighting Moors to gain power and rule over the land, and the people. Notice the dates are as far back as ÂśV ÂśV ,Q IDFW E\ GRLQJ WKH PDWK wherein the Moors C ivilized Spain in 832, and reigned IRURYHU\HDUVLWEULQJV\RXWRÂśVRUVRDQGWR &KULVWRSKHU&ROXPEXVÂś YR\DJHQHDULQJWKHÂśV 9 LET THE STUDIES BEGIN! . . C harles MartelÂ˛ (mar tel) [O.FR. = Charles the H ammer], 688? Â˛741, Frankish ruler, natural son of Pepin of Heristal and grandfather of Charlamagne. After the death of his father (714) he became mayor of the palace in Austrasia and Neustria, having previously crushed all opposition. He extended his rule to Burgundy, Aquitaine, and Provence. Having subjugated many of the German tribes across the Rhine, he encouraged the activities of St. Boniface and other missionaries among them. Charles Martel halted the Moslem invasion of Europe by his victory over the Moors of Spain in the battle of Tours or Poitiers (732), one of the decisive EDWWOHV RI WKH ZRUOGÂśV KLVWRU\. Although he never assumed the title of king, he divided the Frankish lands, like a king, between his sons Pepin the Short and Carloman. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH If this is one of the most important battles in WORLD HISTORY, Why KDYHQÂśWZHOHDUQHGRILWLQVFKRROV"$Q\SHUVRQSDUWLFXODUO\ Scholars, clearly know about this battle with the Moors, they don't mention it, nor do they come back from their studies and call us Moors, as we rightfully and historically are by heritage. . Moors: nomadic people of the northern shores of Africa, the original inhabitants of Mauretania. They mixed with successive conquerors and are now a dar k-skinned race chiefly of Berber and Arab blood. In the 8th cent. They were converted to Islam and became Moslems. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH this indicates that Arabs and Berbers are Moors and Moors are associated with the creed of Islam and Moslems. Islam is a way of life, not a religion. I Self Law Am Master. 711Â˛Under Tarik they crossed into Spain in 711 and without difficulty overran the crumbling Visigothic kingdom of Roderick. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH: indicates these same dark-skinned (melanated) people are in fact the Moors of Spain. The Visigoths are Christian Crusaders. 732Â˛ They spread beyond the Pyrenees into France where they were turned back at Tours by Charles Martel (732). $XWKRUÂśV1RWH 2QFHDJDLQWKHÂł%DWWOHRI7RXUVÂ´is mentioned, the most decisive world battle fought between the Moors and the Christian Crusaders. 756Â˛ In 756 Abdur-Rahman I, established the Omayyad dynasty at Cordoba. The emirate became under Adur-r-Rahman III the Caliphate of Cordoba. The court there grew in wealth, splendor, and culture. The regent Al Mansur in the late 10th cent. waged bitter warfare with the C hristians of N. Spain, where, from the beginning, the Mohammedan conquest had met with its only opposition. The cities of the south, Toledo, Cordoba, and Seville, speedily became centers of the new culture and were famed for their universities and architectural treasures. (See Moslem Art and Architecture) $XWKRUÂśV1RWH: indicates: 1. The Moors taught high civilization principles and established the well-known best universities ie. Cordoba and 2. Christians (Christiandom, then a political term, 10 later turned to a religious order), were and still are, the only opposition of Moors. With the exception of brief periods, there was, however, no strong central government; the power was split up among dissenting local leaders and factions. $XWKRU¶V 1RWH indicates the Moors fought with each other for ruling power. .1031² The caliphate fell in 1031, and the Almoravides in 1086 took over Mohammedan Spain, which was throughout the whole period closely connected in rule with Morocco. $XWKRU¶V1RWH indicates an Empire was in place and Moors continued to fight with each other. Almoravides are Moors. 1174² Almoravid control slowly declined and by 1174 was supplanted by the Almohades. These successive waves of invasion had brought into Spain thousands of skilled artisans and industrious farmers who contributed largely to the intermittent prosperity of the country. They were killed or expelled in large numbers (to the great loss of Spain) in the Christian reconquest, which began with the recovery of Toledo (1085) by Alfonso VI, king of Leon and Castile. $XWKRU¶V1RWH indicates the fall of the Moors. Almoravides and Almorahades are both Moors who fought each other for political control. A lmoravides² A lmoravids, Berber Moslem dynasty that ruled Morocco and Moslem Spain in the 11th and 12 th century. Its real founder was Abdullah Ibn Yasin, who by force of arms converted some Saharan tribes to his own reformed religion and then advanced on Morocco. After his death (1059), Yusuf Ibn Tashuffin and his brother Abu Bakr came to power. Marrakesh was founded in 1062 and was the center of a powerful empire. Yusuf was called by the Moors in Spain to help stem Christian reconquest. Ysuuf entered Andalusia and defeated (1086) Alfonso VI of Castile. Later he subdued the local Moslem rulers and governed Moslem Spain with N. Morocco (Abu Bakr had S. Morocco). The Almoravides were rough and puritanical, contemptuous of the luxurious Moslem culture in Spain Their rule was never entirely stable and in the 12th cent. Was attacked by the Almohades, who finally (by 1174) won both Morocco and Moslem Spain. . A lmohades² Berber Moslem dynasty that ruled Morocco and Spain in the 12th and 13th cent. It had its origins in the puritanical sect founded by Mohammed Ibn Tumart, who (c.1120), stirred up the tribes of the Atlas to purify Islam and oust the Almoravides. His successors, AbuL-Mumin, Yusuf II, and Yakub I, succeeded in conquering Morocco and Moslem Spain, and by 1174 the Almohades had completely displaced the Almoravides. With time the Almohades lost some of their fierce purifying seal; Yakub had a rich court and was the patron of Averroes. Yakub defeated (1195) Alfonso VII of Castile in the battle of Alarcos, but in 1212 the Almohade army was defeated and Almohade power in Spain was destroyed by the victory of the Spanish and Portuguese at Navas de Tolosa. In Morocco they also lost power, there to the Merenide dynasty who took Marrakesh in 1269. $XWKRU¶V1RWH The above shows that Moors fought against Moors. Both the Almoravides and the Almohades are described as being of Berber Moslem dynasties. The definition of Moor is those who are Berber and Arab with an Islamic and Moslem creed. Take note read the lines of all the other political names of the for anyone to say they don't know who Moors are would be 11 an out an out untruth. Lots of information has been burned, yet with that, one can still find reference to Moors being in the most decisive world battle, as well as many other historiacl events, which by the way, still go on today. Moors are sleep, ye tthey exist in body on the planet. The purpose was that they would forget who they are, and fail to recognzie they are the aboriginal, indigneous inhabitant of this earth, the amothers and fatehrs of civilziation on this planet, and forget what that means, what to do to preserve themselves and their progeny. . . Alphonso Led The Reconquest Now OHWÂśV ORRNDWZKRÂł$OSKRQVRÂ´DQGKLVSHRSOHZHUH\RX will find this most interesting. The first define will show that the Moors were in strife as a result of fighting. Alphono's family spent at least 6 generations conquering the Moors. The lands, castles, estates, etc., of which hey conquered were obviously the Moors. This also led to the Magna Charta Codes of 1200, and the reason we have Landlords. This is why no one ever owns their property. (unless they have an Allodial Title) Moors are the Title holders. The Titles are El, Bey, Dey, Al, and Ali. Translated as the 5 civilized so-called Indian tribes during the battles on the Western Frontier, here in North America. . A lfonso I (Alfoso the Catholic), 693?-757, Spanish king of Austurias (739-57). He was the sonin-law of Pelayo. Strife among the Moors facilitated his conquest in parts of Galicia, Leon, DQG6DQWDQGHU$IWHUKLVIDWKHUÂśVGHDWK his mother, Countess Theressa, ruled the county of Portugal with the help of Fernadno Perez, until in 1128 young Alfonso, allying himself with discontented nobles, took power and drove her into Leon with the still-faithful Perez (Alfonso did not in spite of the popular legend, put her in chains at Guimarais) Beginning a little more than a quasi independent guerrilla chief, Alfonso spent his life in almost ceaseless fighting against the kings of Leon and Castile and against the Moors to increase his prestige and his ter ritories. In 1139 he defeated the Moors in the battle of Ourique (fought not at Ourique but at some undetermined place). . A lfonso I I (Alfonso the Chaste), 759?-842, Spanish king of Austurias (739-842), grandson of Alfonso I. He continued the struggle against the Moors and established his residence at Oviedo, which his father, Fruela I, had founded. His alliance with Charlemagne and Emperor Louis I met opposition among his nobles. Alfonso II built the first church on the site of Santiago De Compostel. His reign was spent in struggles with the Church and his brothers and sisters. His measures against the Church holdings and the bishops led to this excommunication (1210). Though he was himself most unwar-like, Portugeuese soldiers took part in the battle of Navas de Tolosa and pushed conquest against the Moors. . A lfonso I I I (Alfonso the Great) 838?- 910?. Spanish king of Austurias (866-909), The kingdom was consolidated in his reign, though after his forced abdication it was divided among his sons. . A lfonso V (Alfonso the Noble), 994?-1027, Spanish king of Asturias and Leon (999-1027). While he was still a minor, the Moors under Al-Mansur were defeated. Alfonso gave Leon its 12 fuero {charter} and was killed in the siege of Viseu. Alfonso V I, 1030-1109, Spanish king of Leon (1065- 1109) and Castile (1072-1109). He inherited Leon from his father Ferdinand I. Defeated by his brother, Sancho II of Castile, he fled to the court of Al-Mamum, Moorish ruler of 7ROHGR$IWHU6DQFKRÂśVDVVDVVLQDWLRQ KHVXFFHHGHG to the throne of Castile and took Galicia from his brother Garcia (1073), thus becoming the most powerful Christian ruler in Spain. He raided Moslem territory and penetrated as far as Tarifa. After the conquest of strategic Toledo (1085), he took many other cities and reached the line of the Tagus. Aroused by his advance Abbad III (see Abbadides) and his Moslem allies called to their aid the Almoravide Yusuf Ibn Tashuffin, who defeated Alfonso in 1086 and again in 1108, when $OIRQVRÂśV RQO\ VRQ ZDV NLOOHG LQ EDWWOH $OIRQVRÂśV UHLJQ gave a tremendous impulse to the reconquest of Spain and was also notable for the exploits of the Cid. His court at Toledo became the center of cultural relations between Moslem and Christian Spain, while French influence also grew strong through his many French followers. At this time the Cluniac reform was introduced into Spain. Alfonso was succeeded by his daughter Urraca. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH The references to the Alfonso I thru Alphonso VI shows that they spent lifetimes fighting the Moors for the purposes of converting them and taking over their land and resources. It also shows that even though Moors may have fought each other, they would often come together to fight the Christian Crusaders when called to each others aid. 1212Â˛ The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Moslems. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH continued fall of the Moors, noted here as Moslems fighting Christians. 1236Â˛Cordoba fell to Ferdinand II of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH indicates that Granada was the last Moorish stronghold. And after it fell the Treaty of Granada gave Columbus the authority to travel West to this North American continent and conquer the Paradise, the Algonquian Civilizations here in the Americas, North, South and Central. This is when 0RRUV E\ QDPH ZHUH FDOOHG Âł%ODFNVÂ´ KHQFH WKH QDPHV %ODFN 1HJUR Colored have been made part of history and the connection to the name Moor was ended, and the descendants took on the slave brands, just as they did in Spain, prior to coming here when they conquered and called them Morescos or Moriscos and then called them Spaniards. 1487Â˛ Milaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors had accepted Christianity; these, called Mudejares, were now joined by new converts, the Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain, but were kept under close surveillance. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH: Moors were forced to convert to Christianity, edicts were put out by Queen Isabella of which one was that they were not to wear Moorish Garb, etc. Moors were and still 13 are known in Spain as the Moriscos, those who converted to Christianity out of force, the mighty melanated dark-skinned people who fellÂ˛the great Fall of Humanity. 1568Â˛ They were persecuted by Philip II, revolted in 1568, and in the Inquisition were virtually exterminated. In 1609 the remaining Moriscos were expelled. Thus the glory of the Moorish civilization in Spain trailed out. Its contributions to Western Europe and especially to Spain were well-nigh incalculableÂ˛ in art and architecture medicine and science and learning. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH As you can see again, the Moriscos were the Moors. This above paragraph indicates the persecution and extermination of the Moors in the eastern hemisphere (holocaust). Many status quo scholars have written this as a complete extermination when in fact it was not. This is intentional for the scholars to write this to make the descendants think they are in fact not descendants, to make them think there are no more Moors, and that is exactly what has occurred. The descendants are still today, lost for their identity. This holocaust they are speaking of happened in the eastern part of the globe. However, Moors were in all corners of the earth and the descendants have not been virtually exterminated. They have been fruitful and have multiplied. This is why studying is so important. The Moors that they labeled indians when they came here did not just vanish off the earth. Some survive today, intact with full melanation in their skin. Some were murdered over the years, other were amalgamated into fair skin, and amalgamation is how they will return as they are aboriginal and indigenous to this land. They are you! King Alfred Plan Â˛Â´6LOHQW:HDSRQV For a 4XLHW:DUÂ´ In reference to the extermination or holocaust, it is important to know that this is not without possibility today. I would think that when the people of this land realize how they are still enslaved, they may, because of their emotionalism, resort to the usual gatherings of marches and protest, a typical signature of revolt for change. I however, urge that they do not turn to these emotional activities that are absent of fact and not founded in proper civics, as there is a plan IRUFRQWURORIVXFKDFWLYLWLHV7KDWSODQLVFDOOHGWKHÂł.LQJ $OIUHG3ODQÂł5H[Â´,WKDV been in effect for a long time, GRFXPHQWHG LQ DQG LV FRLQHG WKH Âł6LOHQW :HDSRQV IRU D 4XLHW:DUÂ´7KHKRmeland Security Act is an extension of that plan. Do not resort to marching in the streets against these inequities. Do resort to nationalizing yourself and your country. Much like Castro did when he nationalized Cuba. This is why the American demos/democracy GRQÂśWOLNH Castro. They are more than aware that you are bound to this continent by heritage. The King Alfred Plan is a presidential executive order #11490, that began its written instructions approximately 1947. . The following are excerpts from that plan: . Memo: National Security Council: ...The Minority has adopted an almost military posture to gain its objective, which are not clear to most Americans. It is expected, therefore, that, when those objectives are denied the Minority, racial war must be considered inevitable. When that Emergency comes we must expect the total involvement of all 22 million members of the 14 Minority, men, women and children, for once this project is launched, its goal its to terminate, once and for all, the Minority threat to the whole of the American society, and, indeed, the Free World.² Chairman, National Security Council . Preliminary Memo: Department of Interior.... Under King Alfred, the nation has been divided into 10 Regions (see accompanying map) In case of Emergency, Minority members will be evacuated from the cities by federalized national guard units, local and state police and, if necessary by units of the regular Armed Forces, using public and military transportation, and detained in nearby military installations until a further course of action has been decided. . Preliminary Memo: Department of Defense: «7KHUH ZLOO EH PDQ\ cities where the Minority will be able to put into the street a superior number of people with a desperate and dangerous will. He will be a formidable enemy, for he is bound to the Continent by heritage and knows that political asylum will not be available to him in other countries. The greatest concentration of the Minority is in the Deep South, the Eastern seaboard, the Great Lakes region and the West Coast. . F O R T H OSE W H O H A V E A L W A YS T H O U G H T T H E R E W AS A C O NSPI R A C Y A G A I NST M I N O R I T I ES ²Y O U A R E SO C O R R E C T. . T he operative question to ask is: A re You a M inority? People who are not a M inority, GRQ¶W WKLQN with M inority minds, and upon discovering that M inority is a legal terminology for those who cannot think for themselves or handle their own affairs, they ZRXOGQ¶WDOORZWKHLUULJKWVDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQ¶V rights to be abridged. . Nobody likes ignorance²not even you. I urge that you do not confuse religious creeds and belief or solace systems, cultural philosophies or blind faith, with Nationality which is bloodline, pedigree, consanguine issues. The names negro, colored, black, indian, latino, white, indicate people who are ignorant of their true historical, lawful, contributions to society and it indicates persons who are property of the European slaveholders, a compromised people, subordinate to European psychology² a bureaucratic slave. . It is certainly time, now, to reconsider your social and political position! . Here is the undertone of what is happening today: T R U T H A N D F A C TS A R E C O L L I D I N G W I T H B E L I E FS A N D F A LSE H O O DS. H O N O R Y O U R M O T H E RS A N D F A T H E RS! 15 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&#8!:)#:'(5-(/!0+9!'09-&'/!#6!+90! T he Moorish A mericans A re a T rue Nation of People x I forgive you of everything that you did before I came; now you are responsible for your deeds now. Moors are not held accountable for the oaths taken and deeds done while they were in a coma and without knowledge of self. But now T he Holy Prophet has come, returning to them their free National Name and Old Time Religion, they are as responsible as all other true Citizens. x The Holy Prophet Noble D rew A li told the Moors, Âł,EURXJKW\RXHYHU\WKLQJLWWDNHV WRVDYHDQDWLRQQRZWDNHLWDQGVDYH\RXUVHOIÂ´Look at the saving powers owned by all other nations of the Earth, e.g. Free National Name, Flag, Emblem, Constitution, /DQG )DPLO\ +HULWDJH HWF 1RZ ORRN DPRQJVW Ă„HYHU\WKLQJŕŻ† H e brought us and find yours like other nations have; Now take the things that are yours and save yourselves. x %\ \RX EHLQJ ERUQ KHUH GRHVQŕŻ†W PDNH \RX D FLWL]HQ. Negroes, Blacks and Colored People are names given to slaves during the time of slavery. Those born under the powers RI WKH WK DQG WK $PHQGPHQWV DUH QRW WUXH &LWL]HQV EXW DUH GHFODUHG Âł3HUVRQVÂ´ (Commercial property) under the assumable jurisdiction of U. S. Congress. The word Âł3HUVRQVÂ´DVXVHGLQWKHVH$PHQGPHQWVGRQRWOHJDOO\WUDQVODWHLQWR0HQDQG:RPHQ x Moors, be yourself. To be your self is to be Moorish American, a true nation of People, bearing your one free national name. x Moors, study yourself. The Moorish must study self to know self and know self in order to be yourself. x A beggar nation cannot attain to its highest degree of spirituality. A prosperous nation must be economically sound. x Imitate I, T he Prophet. Moorish L eaders, live a life of love, so that you will be loved as I the Prophet is loved. x T his is the uniting of Asia. Âł7KLVÂ´ UHIHUV WR 7KH 0RRULVK 'LYLQH DQG 1DWLRQDO Movement in North America. x In the year 2,000 the Moors will come into their own. x O ne day, when seven bridges cross in the sky, there will be Red F ezzes and T urbans for as far as the eyes can see. In 1924 when T he Prophet stated this prophecy there were no bridges crossing in America. Today, the Los Angeles freeways and expressways form seven bridges of highways overlapping each other above ground. 16 x I had to go around my elbow to get to my thumb to get what I wanted established in this government. He wanted to establish T he Divine and National Movement in North A merica to save His People from the wrath (NBC) of Allah. And The Holy Prophet had to go through the fire (the United States assumable laws of jurisdiction) in order to prepare a table before us in the presence of our enemy. x T he only way out of the fire is through the fire. The only way out of slavery is through the very laws that enslaved you. x A Moorish leader is not to get up to speak under the influence of liquor, or any harmful motive that will seek to break up the families of men. x I come to set you free from that state of mental slavery that I found you in. The Moors were enslaved by reducing their mentality to that of Negroes, Blacks and Colored People. As a man thinketh, so is he. x You are from M issouri. I have got to show you. By 1928 the Moors have endured such a mental beat-down here in the west until they did not believe they are a nation of people so Drew Ali went to the Pan-American Conference in Havana, Cuba and declared them as a clean and pure Nation before the United States and other National and Tribal Delegates in attendance. x Moors, you sleep too much. W ake up and see the seven bridges crossing in the sky. C an you see you are a People? x W ake up Moors and GRQÂśW go to sleep any more. The Moors have been so Dumb-down until they have become mentally complacent with a Slave psychic. x W e need to have warehouses because one day the E uropeans are going to let you down. x T he times that have been, ZRQÂśW be no more. x If I were you, I would get ready before you are made to do so. If you are ready, stay ready; if you are not ready, get ready. x Some of you Moors are going to throw away your name, just for a morsel of bread. 17 A bout A merica and the E uropeans x Before the E uropean came here, the bananas were large, and the grapes were fourin-hand. It took two men with hand-sticks to car ry one bunch of grapes. x T he Moors were living up and down the M ississippi River before the E uropean man came here (To Northwest Amexem [Africa], later to be named America. x T he E uropeans went to the Moroccan government, and asked for permission to come over here (to Northwest A mexem) to develop this land. T hey were given a 50 year mandate to do so. T hen the E uropeans went to an old Sheik and asked him to give them some people to help them to develop this land. T he Sheik told them to: Âł7DNHWKRVH0RRUVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHQRWJRLQJWRGRDQ\WKLQJÂ´ It was the officials e.g. Sheiks, Caliphs, and Sultans of the various governments of the Moorish Empire (All Kingdoms, Countries, tribes and Nations of Northwestern and Southwestern shores of Africa) who permitted the Arab Slavers to capture and sell Moorish Nationals to the Europeans. x T he E uropean is going to have to pay our people off for the wor k that they did in slavery, and pay off in compounded interest. x O ne day, the E uropeans are going to lock the food up in warehouses, put soldiers around them to guard them, and you will go anywhere he says to get something to eat. x O ne day you will go to the store, and there will be soldiers there with guns with bayonets on them, and they will not let you enter. T hey will order you to move on. x O ne day the E uropean is going to let you down. You are going to have to put up a 90 day supply of food to last you until your brothers come to your rescue from the E ast. x The Holy Prophet WROGWKH0RRUVÂłC hildren, you are at home, and the E uropean is PLOHVIURPKRPHDQGKHLVJRLQJWRKDYHWRWDNHVRPHZDWHUÂ´ (The Moorish are indigenous to America, by inheritance and birthrights. Our Forefathers civilized this continent 10,000 years before the Europeans discovered millions of us already using it. When the Moorish reclaim this land the European must return to Europe, the land our Ancient Ones set aside for them. x O ne day, you are going to smell the E uropeans before you see them, in boxcars, going back to E urope. x T he E uropean will not be able to remove all the wealth from the land. A fter he goes back to E urope, mountains of gold will be revealed to the Moors. 18 x W hen the E uropeans go back to E urope, the climate will go back to what it used to be. x I like good peas and beans. I am going to save 8% of the E uropeans, because they are good farmers. x If the E uropean be just, they would have an Asiatic V ice-President, and if they had an Asiatic President, they would have a E uropean V ice-President. x I am going to stop the E uropean from thinking, and start you (The Moors) to thinking for your own good. x O ne day your biggest trouble ZRQÂśW be getting with E uropean women, it will be fighting them off. x G et a good E uropean education and I can use you. Education is for Citizens to enhance their prosperity. Training is for property. x T he Holy Prophet while speaking would jump up in the air and laugh and say, Âł5RPH \HDUVDJR\RXJRWPHEXW,JRW\RXWRGD\Â´ x I am going to leave the E uropean here, just long enough to teach you how to run a government. Today, the Moorish have been trained and well educated into every aspect of National, State and Municipal Governments. Moors need only to be themselves in order to form a more perfect government and be recognized by the nations of the Earth. x W atch the newspapers and listen to the ratio, I am going to make the E uropean tell the truth. x 7KH(XURSHDQDVNVWKH+RO\3URSKHWÂł:LOOZHEHVDYHGWKLVWLPH"Â´ T he only way you (E uropean) can be saved this last time will be through the help of the Moors. x T he E uropeans were not going to give up until H e looked death in the face. x C hildren, when you get on top, treat the E uropean nice. x T he E uropean is our fellow man. x T hey (The Europeans) will seek peace, but none shall be found. The warlike nature of Europeans seeks peace through war but peace cannot be found by those means. 19 x I am going to stop the E uropeans from thinking. If two or three of them get together on something, they will go back, and tear it up. x If you want E uropean G rand Sheiks, I can give them to you. The Holy Prophet got tired of the Moors always running to the Europeans and accepting their verifications over H is lessons of freedom and salvation. x In 1929 there was a European man, his wife and daughter outside the meeting of the 2nd Annual National Convention that asked Bro. Kirkman-%H\Âł:KHUHLVWKDWOLWWOHPDQWKDW XVHGWREHDURXQG"Â´%UR&.LUNPDQ-Bey let them know that He was no longer with us. These Europeans started crying. They were looking for the Holy Prophet. That man was able to save his money during the bank crash, because he obeyed the Holy Prophet, and took his money out of the bank. x I have got the Romans in the palm of my hand. x O ne day, the United States will not be able to do any business, unless they do it through the Asiatic. x I am going to make the E uropean enforce my law. The duty of a Prophet is to save nations from the wrath of Allah. The Holy Prophet brought the Moorish their Nationality and their Divine Creed so they can be law abiding. And He is going to make the Europeans enforce these National and Divine laws. Holy Instructions to the Moorish x L et all old business stay as it is, and all new business, do it in your free national name. x L et your good deeds out number your bad deeds, and when you pass away, you ZRQÂśW have anything to wor ry about. x M y good Moors are going to live. x W e, the Moors, have the blood of every nation flowing through our veins, thereby EULQJLQJDERXWDFURVVVSLULWÂ´ x T he Italians have our blood (The blood of the Moors) mixed in their veins, that is why they are so mean. 20 x I GLGQÂśW WHOO DQ\RQH ZKHUH , ZDV ERUQ RU ZKR P\ SDUHQWV ZHUH EHFDXVH , GLGQŕŻ†W want people to make a shrine out of the place or make over my parents like was done with Joseph and M ary. x W e (The Moors) are a hard-head, stiff-neck, mean set of people that have never done anything except at the point of a sword. x You tore up everything that was brought to you, but I brought you something that you FDQÂśW tear up. It will tear you up. 7KH0RRULVK$PHULFDQVKDYHWRUQXSWKHÂł2QH 7HPSOHÂ´LQWRKXQGUHGVRIFRQIXVHGVHFWVWKHVDOYDWLRQRIWKHLUQGDQGUGJHQHUDWLRQV and their rightful place in the affairs of men but they could not tear up their free national name or their Divine and National Movement. x T he same truth that will draw you will drive you. x I brought you something that you can shout about. x C hildren, you are just plain rich. x L et all old business stay as it is, and all new business, do it in your free national name. x It will take you 50 years to find out what I brought you, and if you are not careful, 50 years after I am gone, you ZRQÂśW know that I have been here. x C hildren, one day, you are going to love me. x T he biggest fool is the educated fool. Property can only be trained and never educated. 7KHVODYHPHQWDOLW\PLVQRPHUHGDVĂ„1HJURHV%ODFNVDQG&RORUHG3HRSOHŕŻ†LVWKDWRIDQ educated fool. x Moors should learn Spanish as a second language. x 'RQÂśWHYHQFDUU\DSRFNHWNQLIH During the 3URSKHWÂśV time, Moors still under mental slavery were arming themselves with small hand-carry weapons but no free national principles. x If it were not for that little piece of red flannel, we would not get into so much WURXEOHÂ´$0RRUÂśs tongue is what gets him in so much trouble. He talks more than he thinks. x 7KHRQO\WKLQJWKDWKXUWVDGXFNLVKLVELOOÂ´Talking too much. 21 x A good Moorish leader must study his Holy K oran and Divine Constitution and Bylaws. These holy and divine laws are for the guidance and protection of a pure nation of people. A good Moorish Leader realizes finite mind cannot comprehend those things infinite so they must study in order to lead a right. x T he Holy Prophet SRLQWHG +LV ILQJHU DQG VDLG ÂłM y sheep know the sound of my voice; a stranger will not follow. x I have come just before the fire. W hen the fire comes I will be your water and if you do not get behind me you will not make it through. x ,DPJRLQJWROHWWKHILUHWRXFKVRPHRI\RXROG0RRUVŕŻ†VKLUW-tails. x I am going to let the fire scorch some of my good Moors. x 2QHGD\\RXDUHJRLQJWRORRNIRUWKHJRRG0RRUVDQG\RXZRQŕŻ†WEHDEOHWRILQG them. x Stay out of the alley with your turbans and fezzes on. During those days many Moorish would put on their headdress of freedom (turbans and fezzes) on their heads but had Negro thought-patterns in their heads. They would frequent bars, dives and alleyways as though they had brimmed hats and caps on their heads. x C ar ry your fez to the temple. To keep the public from knowing of their doings unbecoming of a Free Person, The Holy Prophet called out this executive order. It is to stand until the Moorish know how to act like a redeemed People. x T he only thing that would surprise me is if a Moor would do right. D rew A liÂśs W arnings and Prophecies x For the various lynchings and murders that were committed in the South; the South is going to have to pay off, and pay off in blood. x If you have people in the South, get them out, because that is where destruction is going to start. x 7KHWLPHVWKDWKDYHEHHQZRQÂśWEHQRPRUH x E very word that I speak is spirit and you (Moors) had better heed. x Look around, and where you see people; one day, wild animals will be roaming down the streets. 22 x W hen the fire comes, I will be the water. x W hat are all these Moors doing here? T here are only going to be a handful saved. I can count them on my fingers, and have fingers left over. x I have airplanes, zeppelins, and apparatus. I am going to take my good Moors up in DQDSSDUDWXVRQDQLQFOLQHXQWLOLWÂśVDOORYHUZLWK x 'RQÂśWHQGDQJHU\RXUOLIHZLWKDIRRO x O ne day, they are going to tear down all the churches and take the bells and melt them down, and make bullets to fight with. x O ne day, every wheel of industry is going to stop, and when they start up again, it will be in the Asiatics favor. x W hen destruction comes, I am going to leave enough fine buildings, so that my good Moors will be able to enjoy them. x O ne day, some of you old Moors are going to be so hungry that you are going to bite into your own flesh, and blood will skeet out, and you are going to get angry with \RXUVHOIEHFDXVH\RXGLGQÂśWSXWXSHQRXJKIRRG x T he Moors were once a sea-faring people and fed the world, the time is going to come, when we will go back and feed the world again. x I placed a ball on Babylon, and it is rolling down, and anyone that gets in the way, is going to be ground to powder. x I am going to repeat myself. x T hings are going back to the horse and buggy days. x I have detectives everywhere. x :KHQ,UDLVHP\IORRGJDWHLWÂśVJRLQJWRWDNHVHFUHWDULHVWRZULWHGRZQWKHQDPHV When the time is ripe, about the year 2000, the eyes of the Moors will open and see what T he Holy Prophet has brought to them. x I am due in the E ast right now. I am going to have to go and straighten out the E ast, and then I will end up in the W est. T his (T he W est) will be the easiest. You will be able to lie down and sleep, and wake up in peace. T his will be, just a breakfast figh t. By the time you eat breakfast, it will all be over with. 23 x I was given a high name over there (In Mecca) but you cannot use it over here. Be good Moors and I will hand it down to you. H e DUULYHG LQ $UDELD DV DQ Âł$QJHOÂ´ (Moslem) from Egypt. There (In the Holy City of Mecca) He, Timothy Drew, was given the Holy Attribute through the Head of the Holy City, Sultan Abdul Aziz Ibu Suad, a GLUHFWGHVFHQGDQWRI+DJDUZKRQDPHGKLP ÂłE l H aj j Sharif A bdul A liÂ´ x O ne day, blood is going to flow in the streets up to a KRUVHÂśV brow. x O ne day, bombs are going to fall so that they ZRQÂśW miss a spot as wide as my shoe. You are going to need a basement to hide in. x I have the world in a jug, and the stopper in my hand. I have the Asiatic, and I have the E uropean. I have the silver and I have the gold. x O ne day, people are going to be so hungry that the only way that you will be able to turn them away, will be at the point of a gun. x I have mended the broken wires, and have connected them with the higher powers. x +RZ PDQ\ RI \RX FDQ GR VRPHWKLQJ"Â´ (Work magic). Some of the Moors stood up. The Prophet pointed His finger at them and said, Âł,DPJRLQJWRNLOO\RXDOOÂ´(When a 3URSKHWVSHDNVWKDWLVDPHVVDJHIURP$OODK7KH+RO\3URSKHW0RKDPPHGVDLGÂł7KH sorcerer ZLOOQRWHQWHU3DUDGLVHÂ´ x T here are going to be new Moors that are going to come in with their eyes wide open, seeing and knowing, that are going to take you old Moors, seat you in the back, and car ry out my law. x I can throw out a spirit that would make the Moors want to fight, and then throw out another spirit that would bring them back to peace. x T he climate is going to change. T he cold weather will be in the South, and the warm weather will be in the North. x I brought you your nationality, your religion, and title to your vast estate. W hat do you want me to do; kill you? x I am going to burn up sin, both root and branch. x Money will be burnt in the streets, and we ZRQÂśW be able to buy much; and when I put my spirit in the streets, you ZRQÂśW be able to sell your car for 25 cents. x A llah alone guides the destiny of this Divine and National Movement. 24 x T he Moors once ruled the world; now get ready to rule it again. But this time LWÂśV going to be done under Love, T ruth, Peace, F reedom and Justice. x O ne day, all of the property is going back to the government. x I would like to save half of the people, but I am going to try to save a fourth of the people. T here is just going to be a handful saved. I can count them on my fingers, and have fingers left over. x Before the E nd of T ime, I am going to lower down the evil spirits, and let them incarnate. x If someone assaults you, flee from him. If you cannot flee from him, turn around, and drop the world on him. x W e are going to be taxed to death. (See: 3URSKHWÂśV Warnings Today) x If you are not careful, your own brothers will try to put you in slavery. Some Moorish Brothers attempted this immediately after T he Holy Prophet left His body. 2IILFLDOVEHJLQE\PL[LQJ0HPEHUVKLSUHJLVWUDWLRQVZLWKĂ„1DWLRQDOL]DWLRQ&HUHPRQLHVŕŻ† Note: Noble D rew A li QHYHUÂł1DWLRQDOL]HGÂ´DQ\ PDQZRPDQRUFKLOG7KHVHUHF\FOHG Western Masonic Rituals alone mislead the public to think Moorish American was not a Nationality but a membership in a religious cult and the Moorish Science Temple itself was assumed to be their Religion. This self-enslavement practice set off mass confusion and division within the ranks of the Moors that would last over seven decades. x A t the end of time, those that will be in the apparatus will be able to look down on earth, see people that you know, fleeing for their life. x You are going to be saved but in a conflict that cannot be told in words. x I could tell you some things that would turn your brain to water. x I am going to save you all, if I have got to kill you all. x If I cannot teach you here, I will teach you on the soul-plane. x I have come, and taken away all the excuses. x If you GRQÂśW leave here right with me this time, you ZRQÂśW make it back here in human form. x A tlantis is going to arise again. 25 A bout Moorish Men and Women x O ne day, women are going to be chasing men like a hound running a rabbit. x T he Holy Prophet told the Moors to try to live close together. x T he Moors are the off-springs of K ings and Q ueens. x T he third and fourth generation will see the good of my wor k. x O ne day, there are going to be so few people, that when you see an old Moor, you will run up to him, and kiss him all on top of his head. x T here will be so few men, that a child will go to the store, and return home, and tell KLVPRWKHUÂł0RWKHU,VDZD PDQÂ´ x I have got two wives. O ne day, you will be able to have two, or as many as you can afford. x O ne day, you are going to look out into the streets, and the streets are going to be filled with men with turbans and fezzes, and the highways are going to be blocked. x T he Moors are a dangerous people. I am not going to wake you all up at once. If I do, I ZRQÂśW be able to do anything with you myself. x W hen you get mar ried, go before your G rand Sheik, and let him perform the ceremony. Some of the Moors did not obey T he Holy 3URSKHWÂśV order, so H e told the Moors, go downtown, and buy your wives (Get a Marriage License) from the (XURSHDQVÂ´Moors did not comprehend their free national status brought by T he Holy Prophet. They simply did not believe in the capacity of their own People. Noble Drew A li knew every nation has their marriage laws and customs for their citizens. A free national Being does not need sanctioning from a former slave master or another JRYHUQPHQWWRPDUU\2QO\WK$PHQGPHQW3HUVRQVVHHNĂ„'RZQWRZQ2.VŕŻ†IRUWKHPWR jump-da-broom. x Money does not make the man, and clothes do not make the man. It is character and free national standards that make the man. Ă„1DWLRQŕŻ†LVWKHURRWZRUGLQĂ„QDWLRQDOŕŻ†DQG Ă„QDWLRQDOLW\ŕŻ†. To be a man with power, he must have free National Standards and principles. These kinds of power only exist within the constitution of his; own free national government. x If you try to tell what a man is by looking at him, you are burnt up from the start. 26 x If your brother wants something, give it to him so that he ZRQ¶t sin. x O ne day, there are going to be so many women, a man is going to have to run for his life. 7RGD\ WKHUH DUH QHDUO\ HOHYHQ PLOOLRQ ³6LQJOH 0RPV´ DPRQJ WKH 0RRULVK people in the Corporate United States. x C hildren, sow good seeds. x If you have a wife, and she does not belong to the T emple, instead of giving her one apple, give her two. The duty of a husband is to educate his wife upon the straightway to Allah. Allah is love. The apple is symbolic of educational contributions. The Holy Prophet is saying love her twice as much by educating her with truth, peace, freedom and justice. x 'RQ¶W put the E uropean on your brother. x If your B rother does something wrong to you, GRQ¶W FDOOKLPDÄQLJJHUெ&DOOKLPD dirty Moor. x Use kind words towards your wife. x C ats are evil spirits, and if you knew what a black cat was, you would not want one around. x 'RQ¶W keep dogs in your house, because if you inhale one of its hairs, it could cut your throat. x I am not going to wake up all the Asiatics at once, because they may tear up something. x If my own mother is not right, I am not going to let her get by. x Pray that you GRQ¶W have to make your flight in the winter time. x If you put your hand to the gospel plow, and turn loose, it would be better, if you never took Holt. x You can walk down the street by yourself now, but one day, you ZRQ¶W be able to do that. x O ne day, you will see a $20.00 bill in the street, and would not bend over to pick it up. 27 x 7KH0RRUVŕŻ†ZDWFKGRJLVQRWDGRJEXWDQHOHSKDQW x I have come for the children, and the unborn generations. x T he only one that wor ks all the time is a coolie. x %URWKHUVGRQŕŻ†W mar k your fez, it shows you are free. Be the (plain) T ruth like me, your Prophet. The fez is the infinite Headdress of the African God-Man. Neither he nor it can be limited, enslaved or bound. Marking the fez makes it finite, territorial and binding. x Sisters wrap your turbans in the colors of the rainbow. Turbans can be any color found in the rainbow. Sisters should not wear black turbans because she is a Giver of life. x Moors look your best. E xperiences GXULQJWKH3URSKHWÂśV/LIHRQ E arth x W hen I was born, it turned black dar k in the day-time. T he people put their hoes down, and came out of the fields. x The Holy Prophet Noble D rew A li showed some Moors one night, a spot in Chicago, Illinois, where a Moabite Queen ruled from. Her name was Queen Netha, and she waged war against five Pharaohs. At that spot, the Holy Prophet dug down into the ground, and dug up a metal bar with foreign writing on it. x If you have a dream and you forget what you dreamed, to remember it, place your forehead face down on your pillow, and you will remember it. x If you dream of me, it is like seeing me for true, because the devil cannot steal my appearance. x At a meeting where the Holy Prophet was present, He saw 10 Arabians, 5 Turks, 2 Chinese and 1 Japanese join the Moorish Science Temple of America. The Secretary asked the Holy Prophet, ÂłProphet, these people have their nationality, what should I put RQ WKHLU 1DWLRQDOLW\ &DUG"Â´ ÂłT he Moors were the first people, and all other people WKDWXVHRXUQDPHZHUHDGRSWHGLQWRRXUWULEHÂ´Give all members a Tribal Name of the Moorish to let them know they have rejoined the Founders of the Human Family. The MST of A do not have the power to issue nationality or change man from the descendant nature of his Forefathers but here everyone must proclaim their free national name as we are teaching our people their nationality. 28 x , JRW KHUH MXVWLQ WLPHÂ´ 7KH 3URSKHW said the Europeans were looking for Him with airplanes and with dread-naughts. When the Holy Prophet returned to The United States +HZDVDVNHGÂł:KHUHDUHWKRVHERRNVWKDW\RXKDYH"Â´7KH Holy Prophet just smiled, but He told the Moors that He had the book in His head. When the Holy Prophet dictated the Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America to the printer, He did it from memory. The printer was amazed. x T ake a good look at me, so that you will know me when you see me. W hen you see PHGRQÂśWVSHDNWRPHXQOHVV,VSHDNWR\RXILUVW x Some dirty Moors paid hit men to kill the Holy Prophet. When the hit men went to the temple, where the Holy Prophet was teaching, they opened the door and found the temple building full of soldiers. The hit men went back to the people that hired them and tROG WKHP Âł'RQÂśW \RX SD\ XV WR GR DQ\WKLQJ WR DQ\ RI WKRVH 0RRULVK $PHULFDQVÂ´ (During the life of the Holy Prophet, there were many members of the National Guard, both officers and enlisted men that were members of the Moorish Science Temple of America in Chicago, Illinois. x T he Holy Prophet gave a party for the Moors. The Prophet had everything fixed up nicely. H e even had pool tables for their enjoyment. The Moors were happy and the Holy Prophet said, Âł, DP KDSS\ ZKHQ P\ 0RRUV DUH KDSS\Â´ But some unconscious Asiatics tried to break up the party. When they tried, some of the Moors, who were members of the National Guard, went to the Armory, and came back to the party with army tanks, trucks and guns. When the Asiatics saw this, they took off with such fright that some of them ran into buildings, and knocked themselves out. The word got out, Âł'RQÂśW PHVV ZLWK Prophet Noble D rew A li, because He is connected with the government. x T he Holy Prophet told the Moors before the bank crash in 1929, Âł,f you have money in WKHEDQNJHWLWRXWÂ´Âł3XW\RXUPRQH\LQWKHSRVWRIILFHÂ´Those that obeyed the Holy Prophet saved their money. Those that did not lost their money. x W ake up you sleepy headed Moors. I am going to take you up above the sun, moon and VWDUVDURXQGWKHWKURQHRIWKH0LJKW\$OODKÂ´7KH+RO\3URSKHWtook the Moors XS DERYH WKH EOXH HWKHUV DURXQG WKH WKURQH RI $OODK $Q HOGHU EURWKHU VWDWHG Âł0RRUV \RXU3URSKHWLVWUXO\D3URSKHWÂ´ x I have fixed everything; I have stopped up every rat hole. x Members in the temple sat and watched as a dirty Moor, full of rage, went after the Holy Prophet a knife. The Moors just looked and would not protect their Leader. After DYRLGLQJWKHDVVDLODQWŕŻ†VDJJUHVVLRQV T he Holy Prophet turned, faced him suddenly and as quick as a thought, H e cast out the spirit of anger from the Moor. The would-be assassin became meek as a lamb and apologized for his wrong doing. T he Prophet said 29 ÂłI know you did not know and I forgive you sonÂ´$IWHUWKHHYHQWWKH Holy Prophet told the Moors, Âł,KDYHJRWDJRRGPLQGWROHDYH\RXÂ´ Then the Moors got down on their knees, and begged the Holy Prophet not to leave them. About that time a man suddenly appeared between the members and T he Holy prophet. He was dressed in Turkish Garb and by the mysterious way he came he had to be an Angel. He never looked at D rew A li EXW WROG WKH 0RRUV Âł,I \RX KDUP D KDLU RI +LV KHDG ZH ZLOO FRPH DQG GHVWUR\\RXDOOÂ´7KH0RRUVKDYH\HWWROHDUQKRZWRSURWHFWWKHLU+RO\SURSKHWRQ(DUWK as He is in Heaven. x I took the cover off all the secret organizations. This statement alone proves D rew A li was not a Freemason (See: $XWKRUÂśV Commentary). x In two weeks, I am going down South. W hen I get down there, the K u K lux K lan is going to stop me. A t first, it is going to look like they are against me. T hen they are going to lead me to where I am going. x &KLOGUHQLI\RXZDQWWRFRPHXSWRVHHPH\RXFDQÂ´Simply be yourself, the Logos Circle Seven and meditate beyond the Blue Ether Plane. There Man, Spirit Man, can visit the Prophets of all times and climes. T he Holy Prophet in U. S. C ities and O ther Countries x C hicago, Illinois is going to be our new Mecca. x C hicago is doomed and Detroit must go down for what they have done to I, your Prophet. During His Divine Ministry, the Holy Prophet was unduly arrested in both Detroit, Michigan and Chicago, Illinois. x O ne day, grass is going to grow up in Detroit. One day the famous industries will leave Detroit and grass would reclaim those sites. x T he Holy Prophet asked the Moors in Detroit, Michigan, Âł+RZZRXOG\RXOLNHWRKDYH \RXU RZQ 0D\RU DQG &KLHI RI 3ROLFH"Â´ 7KH 0RRUV VDLG Âł<HVÂ´ 7KH 0RRUV ZHUH blessed to have an Asiatic Mayor and Chief of Police in that same city. x T here is going to be an earthquake that will split the United States in two. x If my Principles of Love, T ruth, Peace, F reedom and Justice are car ried out, the United States will be the richest and most prosperous country on the earth. If not, the worst is yet to come. x W hen the Moors ruled Spain, we had street lights in Seville, Spain 400 years before they had them anywhere else in E urope. 30 x W hile I am talking to you Moors, my spirit is over in India with them, and those old sisters are jumping this high, (as high as He was holding His hand) because of my coming to them. x Money will be burnt in the streets, and we ZRQÂśW be able to buy much; and when I put my spirit in the streets, you ZRQÂśW be able to sell your car for 25 cents. x A ll nations will turn against the United States one day. x O ne day, the United States will not be able to do any business, unless they do it through the Asiatics. x Moors that were in the Temple during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet Noble D rew A li said that when the Holy Prophet came to town, you would have to go to the temple early to get a seat, and you could not get a seat in the front row, because the foreign Moslems would be sitting in the front row to see and hear the Holy Prophet. x C hicago is going to be your new Mecca. x T he Holy Prophet and Bro. Kirkman-Bey had gone to school together. T he Holy Prophet asked C. Kirkman-%H\Âł&DQ\RXVSHDNKLJKHUPDQ"Â´Bro. C. Kirkman-Bey UHSOLHGÂł<HVEXW,DPDOLWWOHUXVW\Â´ T he Holy Prophet reached into a trunk, pulled out a book, and dusted it off with a feather duster, and handed it to Bro. Kirkman-Bey, and he read from it. T he Holy Prophet was satisfied, and told him that He had to go down to Cuba, and He wanted him to go with Him. Bro. Kirkman-Bey told the Prophet that he had a wife and children. T he Holy Prophet let him know that they would be provided for. T he Holy Prophet took Bro. C. Kirkman-Bey to the Pan American Conference in Cuba in 1928. x In 1928 T he Holy Prophet and Bro. Kirkman-Bey went to Havana, Cuba for the Pan American Conference. The Holy Prophet and His Cabinet of Moorish Officials attended the Conference to represent, for the first time, the Moorish Americans as a clean and pure Nation of People. It should be noted H e and the Moorish Vanguard did not go to this Conference of Nations as members of a religious organization (MST of A). There was an Indian Chief representing the American Indians. The nations of North, South, Central America and some Atlantic Islands were present. Secretary of State Hughes of the United States represented the United States at this conference. Bro. C. Kirkman-Bey, who spoke 92 different languages, was the interpreter for the Holy Prophet at this conference. Bro. Isaac Cook-Bey said that when the Holy Prophet and Bro. C. Kirkman-%H\ŕŻ†VVKLp was tied up at the dock, the Cuban army was standing on the dock, and Bro. Kirkman-Bey announced the presence of E l H aj j Sharif A bdul Ali and said something to them in Spanish which caused the army to stand at attention. It was then he and the Holy Prophet came down the ramp of the ship. Kirkman Bey addressed the conference in both Spanish and Arabic, and when the Secretary of State of the United States heard Bro. Kirkman-Bey 31 VSHDN KH VDLG Ă„7KDWŕŻ†V D GDQJHURXV PDQŕŻ† 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG ORVW LWV 6RYHUHLgn Power in 1871 and subsequent 50-year Mandate for this land had expired in 1921. At this conference, the mandate for this land was returned to the Moorish, original indigenous owners of the land, through Prophet Noble D rew A li. The Prophet reportedly showed the mandate to His officials in the Adept Chamber. T he Prophet L ineages of Noble D rew A li x I remember when I was on the soul-plane. I remember when I was Noah. Noah was a carpenter and he built the A r k. W hen the flood came, men swam out to the A r k, DQGNQRFNHGRQWKHGRRUDQGVDLGÂł1RDK1RDKOHWXVLQÂ´DQG,WROGWKHPÂł7KH GRRULVORFNHGDQGDQDQJHOFDPHDQGWRRNWKHNH\DZD\Â´ x People left the G arden of E den, and died by the thousands, but it was the Moors that were able to traverse the desert, and go into other parts of the world to inhabit. x T hose that were with me 2,000 years ago are with me today, and those that were against me 2,000 years ago, are against me today. D rew Ali often told the Moors when He appeared on Earth as Yehoshua (Yehoshua). x C hildren, your hair is not kinky. It is wooly like your B rother Jesus. x Âł-XVWDV-RKQZDVWR-HVXVLQWKRVH days, M arcus G arvey is to me today. You should have taken heed to every word he said. I am just getting back from pulling my brother (Marcus M. Garvey) from WKH OLRQÂśV den (U. S. P. in Atlanta) DQGKHKDVJRQHRQÂ´ x W hat you do not know can build another world. x W hen the wild beast roamed the earth in large numbers, and you could hear the large birds flapping their wings at a long distance, it was the Moors that took the sword and went out and splayed the beast so that civilization could come in. 32 x Âł%HIRUHRQHMRWRUWLWOHRIP\ZRUGIDLOVWRFRPHWRSDVVKHDYHQDQGHDUWKZLOOSDVV DZD\Â´ x One of 'UHZ $OLÂśs Divine Ministers told of a time when he had set up a meeting of Christian preachers to council with the Holy Prophet to see whether these preachers would follow the Holy Prophet. The Preachers and Pastors were assembled and the Divine Minister was addressing them before the Holy Prophet came to the meeting. One RI WKH SUHDFKHUV VDLG ÂłLI +H Noble D rew Ali) could do what Moses could, I would IROORZ+LPÂ´ T he Holy Prophet was not present in the room when this statement was made, and the meeting place was on the third floor of the building that they were in. When the Prophet DUULYHGDWWKHPHHWLQJ+HWROGWKHSUHDFKHUÂłI can do what Moses did, but if I came walking into the meeting with a lion on a chain, you would jump out of the window and kill yourself.Â´ x Asiatic Preachers and M asons will be the last to come home. T hey will fight me tooth and claw but cannot win. x I was Mohammed. Mohammed defeated the Roman E mpire. W hen I conquered Rome, we went in with the sword. You could hear the swords swinging. I cut the head of Rome off; pulled down the flags; sent letters to the other E uropean JRYHUQPHQWV DQG DVNHG WKHP ZDV , ULJKW 7KH\ VDLG Âł<HV 0RKDPPHG \RX DUH ULJKW -XVW OHW XV KDYH D SODFH WR OLYHÂ´ 7KH +RO\ 3URSKHW VDLGÂł,ZHQW LQWR 5RPH with 72,000 men. W hen I ran out of men, I reached down, and picked up a hand full of sand, I threw it up in the air, and when it came down, there were soldiers seated on camels. x I am the fifth and last Prophet, and I am five times more powerful than I was before. We, as a people, were buried five times deeper in sinful ways than any nation enslaved before us. The Holy Prophet was ordained by the great God to be five times greater and more powerful than the Prophets before. Mohammed was the seal of the Prophets to bring the tenants of Islam. Yet, every major Prophet is the last Prophet to be raised from amongst those of his especial nation to be redeemed. Some Asiatic Muslims KDYH LQWHUSUHWHG WKLV Âł6($/ RI 7KH 3URSKHWVÂ´ LQWR WKH 0RRULVK EHLQJ XQZRUWK\ RI $OODKÂśV /RYH and Mercy. After enduring the worst system of Chattel Slavery ever imposed upon a people and sanctioned by the religions of the Earth. Having been denationalized and stripped of Divine Creed some think the Moorish to remain the rejected corner stone of the Human family. The Moorish have earned the divine right and is most deserving of a Holy Prophet. No Messenger would be apt enough to save us. Surely Allah knows what men know not. x I can do what Yehoshua did, but you (T he Moors) are not in the condition that those people were in. x If I tell you that I am going to do a thing, I have done it already. 33 Religion x <RXU )RUHIDWKHUV DUH WKH )RXQGHUV RI WKH VWUDLJKW DQG QDUURZ WKH ZRUOGŕŻ†V ILUVW religious creed and salvation. To this day it is called Islam. x Islam is that O ld T ime Religion. x Before the end of time, every knee will bow to Islam. x 'RQÂśW wor ry about how you are going to be saved. It will be done in a conflict that cannot be told in words. x A llah alone is perfect. x Some of my best Moors are still in the church. x Moslems are not made, they are born. A Moslem is made with the Will of Allah who made them. A Moslem is with or without a garb of flesh. x A nytime a Moslem goes into a church for any reason; it ceases to be church, and it is a temple. x 'RQÂśW throw away your Bibles, because I am going to use them to condemn the government. x Woe upon the man that calls himself a Jew. x O ne day, there is going to be a holy war. x You (Moors) GRQÂśW recognize Islam because it is yours. x Your religion is Islamism, something you live every day. T he Moorish Science T emple x T he Holy Prophet warned Âł:KHQ\RXPLVVWKHUHDGLQJRIP\ODZV\RXKDYHPLVVHG P\SDUWRIWKHPHHWLQJÂ´ x 7KH067RI$ŕŻ†VPHPEHUVKLSLVJRLQJWRGZLQGOHGRZQWRDKDQGIXOEXWNHHSWKH GRRUVRSHQDQG,ZLOOGULYHWKH$VLDWLFVLQ:KHQ,GULYHWKH$VLDWLFVLQLWŕŻ†VJRLQJ to take 10 secretaries, just to write the names down. 34 x O ne day, men are going to be running so fast that their coat-tails will be standing straight out. You will be able to shoot dice on their coat-tails. T hey are going to be running to get into the T emple. T he last ones to make it into the T emple will be the preachers, and the E uropeans are going to be beating them over the head, driving them in. x Woe upon the one that scatters my flock. x During the First Annual National Convention in 1928, one of the Grand Governors of a State failed to appear at the Convention. The Prophet sent a telegram to the Grand Governor informing him, that if he did not attend the Convention, the Holy Prophet was JRLQJWRKDYHWKHÂł-0HQÂ´ 8QLWHG6WDWHVRYHUQPHQW$JHQWV DUUHVWKLP x Your Nationality Card is going to change on you in your pocket. The Moorish will get a greater understanding of their One Free National Name as time goes on. They will realize membership and national status, though similar in structure, are worlds apart. x ,I\RXKDYHPRQH\DQGGRQŕŻ†WJLYHLWWRPHWo uplift our people I am going to get it anyway. x 'RQŕŻ†WOHWDQ\RIWKRVHIRUHLJQ0RVOHPVJHWXSLQ\RXUURVWUXPThese Moslems, who once enslaved their African Mothers and Fathers while holding the Great Quran behind their backs, are not strong enough to free the Moorish or lead them to paradise. x An elder Moor said he was walking down the street in Chicago, Illinois, and an Arabian came out of a store, and asked him to come into the store. He went with him. The Arabian pointed to a picture of Noble D rew A li DQGDVNHGKLPÂł'R\RXNQRZZKRWKLV LV"Â´7KHHOGHU0RRUVWDWHGÂł7KDWLVP\ Prophet.Â´ T he Holy Prophet said, Âł$OOULJKW VRQÂ´ The store was full of Arabians, and the elder Moor said that all of them had Identification Cards for membership in the Moorish Science Temple of America. x <RXFDQOHDGDKRUVHWRZDWHUEXW\RXFDQŕŻ†WPDNHKLPGULQN,DPJRLQJWROHDG some of you Moors all the way up to salvation, and you are going to turn around and go the other way. x At the First Convention in 1928, Prophet Noble D rew A li said, Âł7KHJDUPHQWWKDW, have on represents power and if you obey my voice, you will have power with me. I DPJRLQJWRIUHH\RXWKRXJKLWŕŻ†VKDUGEHFDXVHRI\RXUPL[WXUHZKLFKEULQJVDERXW many different spirits. W hen you fail to hear my voice, you are lost. It is against the law to stand up in any audience intoxicated. T he leader is not to stay out all night, giving earnings away to someone else. You who are heads of T emples, it is easy for you to destroy the influence of the T emple QRZODFHXS\RXUVKRHVDQGJHWULJKWÂ´ Âł<RXVWRSILJXULQJRXW\RXUZD\KRZ\RXUVDOYDWLRQVKDOOFRPHMXVWIROORZPH<RX 35 can say one thing Moors, you have made a start for the kingdom. If you want VXFFHVV \RX PXVW IROORZ WKH 3URSKHWÂ´ Âł+XVEDQGV WDNH care of your wives, and IDPLOLHV:LYHVNHHS\RXUKRPHVDQGFKLOGUHQFOHDQÂ´Âł,KDYHGRQHPRUHWKDQ\RX think. I want you to help me by your good deeds of living at home, and abroad. It is through your good, not with your lips, trying to be the front seat in everything, always standing in my face. Moors, be careful of your steps, leaders of T emples must be careful how they walk. T hey must be an example. I am not asleep; it will take you Moors a long time to find out what I did today. W hen you all go home, dRQŕŻ†W VWDUW QR VWXII IRU , ZLOO EH ULJKW WKHUH OLVWHQLQJ DW \RXÂ´ Âł7KLV LV QR VRFLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ LWLVD GLYLQHDQG QDWLRQDO PRYHPHQW %\\RX EHLQJERUQ KHUH GRQŕŻ†W make you a citizen (one must proclaim his nationality before his Government to be recognized as a citizen). Look what I have on, now this was handed to me by the JRYHUQPHQW ,W UHSUHVHQWV WKH UR\DO SULQFHÂ´ (T he Holy Prophet wore a mantle of power.) Âł,KDYHPHQGHGWKHEURNHQZLUHVDQGKDYHFRQQHFWHGWKHPZLWKWKHKLJKHU SRZHUVÂ´ x T he Holy Prophet was at a meeting speaking at the temple in Detroit, Michigan. An Asiatic got up while T he Prophet ZDV VSHDNLQJ DQG VDLG Âł,I WKDW PDQ LV D SURSKHW , ZRXOGEHZLOOLQJWRJLYHXSP\OLIHÂ´7KLVDQJHUHGVRPHRIWKH0RRUVWKDWKHDUGLW6RPH of the Moors started moving up on this man with their hands in their pockets, and they were going to cut him to death, but the Holy Prophet held up His hand, and said, Âł&KLOGUHQ GLG \RX KHDU WKDW ,W LV WRR EDGÂ´ After the Holy Prophet spoke those words, this Asiatic fell back into his seat, and slumped down. When the Moors carried him out of the building, he was dead. x T he G rand Sheik of a T emple should go to the Temple, hang the C harter on the wall, say the Moorish-A merican prayer, when it is time for the meeting to open, and if no one comes to the meeting after he sits and waits for one and a half hours, then take the C harter down off the wall and go home. x T here is but one A llah, one Prophet of the T emple, and one Moorish Science T emple of A merica. As there is but one Allah, there is just one Prophet of the temple and he came to save one Moorish American Nation. x W hen you take care of T emple business go in numbers of two, three, five and seven. x 0RRULVK /HDGHUV GRQÂśW EXUGHQ P\ 0RRUV Moorish Leaders are to lead Moors to uprightness, freedom and independence. Anything short of truth is a burden. x :KHQFKLOGUHQVWDUWFU\LQJLQDPHHWLQJWDNHWKHPRXWRIWKHPHHWLQJÂ´ x Do not bring children to an adept meeting or in the building wher e an A dept meeting is taking place. 36 x ,I\RXJRWR$GHSW0HHWLQJGRQÂśWWHOODQ\RQHZKRGRHVQRWJRZKDWKDSSHQHGDWWKH meeting. x T ry to have your temples in buildings, where the meetings are on the second floor. Your services can be better secured and held without inter ruptions of trafficking peoples. T he Holy Prophet Speaks O n H ealth x T he Holy Prophet Noble D rew Ali used to heal people, and people came to Him for counsel. An elder Moor said that when he was in Baltimore, Maryland the Holy Prophet was healing people. The elder Moor went to the head of the stairs, and told the people, Âł7KHProphet is tired. He has been healing people all day long. Go home. x T his food here is, just E uropean poison. x People are going to be dying like hogs with the FKROHUDDQGWKHGRFWRUVZRQŕŻ†WNQRZ what is wrong with them. T he only thing that is going to save them is my remedies. x ,I\RXVWHDOP\PRQH\LWÂśVJRLQJWREXUQXSLQ\RXUSRFNHW x 0\UHPHGLHVZLOOFXUH\RXRIDQ\WKLQJWKDW\RXZHUHQÂśWERUQZLWK x O ne day, some of you Moors are going to be walking around with skippers (those DUHPDJJRWV IDOOLQJRXWRI\RXSUD\LQJWRGLHDQGZRQÂśWEHDEOHWRGLH x Boil your drinking water. This warning was given in 1924. Today, the water pockets and air of the earth has been contaminated by the European Rulers. Drinking water is as The Holy Prophet prophesied. x 7KHUHLVJRLQJWREHIDPLQHLQWKHODQGÂ´Today in The United States and other parts of Africa there is a man-made A.I.D.S. Epidemic claiming millions of lives annually. This DQGRWKHUGLVHDVHVZHUHXQKHDUGRIDQGXQIRUHVHHQGXULQJWKHSURSKHWÂśVWLPH x %R\VZK\GRQÂśW\RXEHOLNH,\RXU3URSKHW",GRQÂśWGULQNDQG,GRQÂśWVPRNHEut if \RX GR GRQÂśW VWRS LW DOO DW RQFH ,I \RX GR \RX PD\ KXUW VRPHWKLQJ During the 3URSKHWÂśV WLPH PDQ\ 0RRUV IUHVK RXW RI VODYHU\ KDG EHFDPH DGGLFWHG WR SRLVRQRXV smoking and drinking. There is a corrected mental process to follow when breaking away from these physical addictions or one may cause harm to self and others. Nonetheless, RQHPXVWÂł6WRSÂ´LQRUGHUWRLPLWDWHWKH Holy ProphetÂśVKHDOWK\DQGKROLVWLFZD\RIOLIH x 'RQÂśWGULQNDQGFRPHWRWKHWHPSOHDQGVLWGRZQQH[WWRSHRSOHZLWKOLTXRURQ your breath. 37 x If you have to drink, go into your room. Harness your weakness to yourself and conquer it to gain strength. x You say that you want some pure meat to eat; no one is going to kill a camel for you to eat over here. x An elder sister went to the Holy Prophet because she had been sick. T he Holy Prophet listened to her and said, Âł6LVWHU \RX DUH JRLQJ WR JHW ZHOO , ZDQW \RX WR JR WR WKH 7HPSOHLI\RXKDYHJRWWRFUDZOÂ´ 3URSKHWÂśV:DUQLQJV7RGD\ Âł:H$UHRLQJ7R%H7D[HG7R'HDWKÂ´ Today, the DYHUDJHKDUGZRUNLQJ$PHULFDQKDVEHFRPHVRDFFXVWRPHGWRSD\LQJÂł7D[HVÂ´XQWLO WKH\ FRLQHGWKH SKUDVH Âł7KH RQO\ WKLQJVFHUWDLQ LQOLIH LV GHDWK DQGWD[HVÂ´ <HWOHVV WKDQ <HDUV $JR :KHQ 1REOH 'UHZ $OL ZDUQHG ÂłW e are going to be taxed to deathÂ´ 1RQH RI These Accepted ex post facto Taxes Existed: Accounts Receivable Tax Building Permit Tax CDL License Tax Cigarette Tax Corporate Income Tax Dog License Tax Federal Income Tax Federal Unemployment Tax (FUTA) Fishing License Tax Food License Tax Fuel Permit Tax Gasoline Tax (42 cents per gallon) Hunting License Tax Inheritance Tax Interest Expense Inventory Tax Liquor Tax Luxury Taxes Marriage License Tax Medicare Tax Property Tax Real Estate Tax Service Charge Taxes Social Security Tax Road usage Taxes Sales Tax Recreational Vehicle Tax School Tax State Income Tax State Unemployment Tax (SUTA) Telephone Federal Excise Tax Telephone State and Local Tax Telephone Usage Charge Tax Utility Taxes Vehicle License Registration Tax Vehicle Sales Tax Watercraft Registration Tax Well Permit Tax Workers Compensation Tax Telephone Federal Universal Service Fee Tax Telephone Federal, State and Local Surcharge Taxes Telephone Minimum Usage Surcharge Tax Telephone Recurring and Non-Recurring Charges Tax 38 1863 marked the first time the United States filed bankruptcy resulting from a total national debt of $2,682,593,027.00. This introduced the 1863 Taxation on Income to finance the Civil War but actually began an unlimited range of unlawfuOGLUHFWWD[HVDQGWKHQRZIDPRXVÂł,56 )2506Â´ ,URQLFDOO\ 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG QR QDWLRQDO GHEW SULRU WR WKLV HYHQW 7KLV National Debt also vented the re-institutionalization of Slavery under the 14th Amendment and FLWL]HQŕŻ†V Ă„6WUDZPDQŕŻ† %\ WKH UNITED STATES HAD lost her Sovereignty and had returned to its colonial Corporate Status. Today, for what was once the most prosperous nation in the world but have over taxed its citizens, has now turned every nation against it ... just as prophesied by Noble Drew Ali. Still do not believe he is a Prophet? Continue to watch his prophesies. PR O O F W ho O ur Prophet Is Not and W hat He Did Not Say (A B rief A ddendum by the A uthor) Like most Readers of the day, the author was not physically manifested during the actual life time of T he Holy Prophet. Yet, any Kemetian Adept, Theologian or Historian of the Human Family would clearly surmise that most of the public opinions of D rew Ali derived from those who saw no need to protect the sanctity and Divinity of his Prophethood. He was an Angel of Allah to say the least. He came in due time. But His Holiness has been obscured due to standard doubts of His People. There have been slanderous remarks, loose talk and unsubstantiated western Islamic philosophies about the authenticity of Noble D rew A liŕŻ†s ordination to the station of Prophet. This Author is compelled to add this commentary to the above Moorish Hadiths of Noble D rew A li. Some of thHÂł2UDO6WDWHPHQWVÂ´VSRNHQGRZQE\VRPHRIWKH(OGHU Moors, have been omitted as unsubstantiated social hearsay because their comments did not balance with the sacred preparations, status or duties required in the linage of Minor and Major Prophets in the Holy Likeness of D rew A li. The following three subjects are examples which have lead to much of this confusion: W hat Did T he Holy Prophet Not Say A bout: 325. ,WZDVUHSRUWHGÂł$6LVWHUÂ´VDLGWKDWÂłVRPHRQHÂ´LQ&OHYHODQG2KLRVDLG Âł7KH3URSKHW condones the eating of pork. This great Islamic dietary injustice do not balance with T he Holy Prophet ZKRKDGHDUQHGWKHQDPHRIÂłF aithfulÂ´ EHLQJGHFODUHGDÂłMoslemÂ´ DQGJLYHQWKH ,VODPLFDWWULEXWHRIÂłE l H aj j Sharif A bdul A liÂ´XSRQFRPSOHWLRQRIKLV+DMMLQ7KH+RO\&LW\ of Mecca in 1912. Why does my Prophet have to be the only one, in all the history of SURSKHWGRPWRPDNHVZLQHNRVKHUHQRXJKWRHDW"":RXOGD0RVOHP/HDGHUHYHUVD\Âł0RRUVLW LVDOULJKWWRHDWSRUN"Â´1R+HGLd not say that. It does not balance. THINK MOORS! THINK! FREEMASONRY: Noble D rew A li was not a Mason. During H is life time T he Holy Prophet named all H is stations and not once did He say H e was a Mason. Examine his life: He was born Timothy Drew on January 8th, 1886 and left the United States at the age of sixteen. A man must be at least 21 years of age to join any Masonic Lodge. Drew was too young to be made a Mason before He left these shores. He spent the next ten years in Egypt learning the same duties of a Prophet as Abraham, Solomon, Yehoshua and Mohammed before him. Upon passing all the 39 tests and completing his Adept education, Timothy Drew made his pilgrimage to Mecca where H e received further authorization to teach old Islam in the West. By the time he returned to America, at the age of 27, H e ZDVDIXOO\FRQVFLRXVÂłMoslemÂ´ 2QHZKR is the Will of Allah). H e was then too wise to become a Freemason and too high with infinite wisdom to lower his will to the human knowledge of a Most Worshipful Master. Not only that but He had to become a Moslem BEFORE being accepted into the Holy City of Mecca. Had he not been divinely prepared to make the required Hajj, he may have made it in the gate but certainly would have not come out without carrying his body in a bag and head in a sack! Besides, what, pray tell, could any Negro-Colored-Christianized Mason possibly teach a Free National Man? Why would He submit to a mankind when He is an Angel of the Most High God? Again, no balance. THINK MOORS! THINK! Âł, $P $ &,7,=(1 2) 7+( 86$Â´ 'UHZ $OL QHYHU GHFODUHG KLV SHRSOH LQWR WKLV KRD[ RI ZHVWHUQFLWL]HQU\)LUVWDQGIRUHPRVWD86Ă„&LWL]HQŕŻ†RUĂ„3HUVRQŕŻ†LVSURSHUW\DQGVXEMHFWWRWKH jurisdiction of Corporate USA. The Moorish Americans cannot be a Sovereign, free, independent nation of people while under the yoke and laws of the very people who 2236,(6 DFFLGHQWDOO\HQVODYHGWKHPIRU\HDUV0RUHGLUHFWO\WKH\FDQQRWEHÂł$&LWL]HQ RI 7KH 86$Â´ 6HFRQGO\ WUXH IUHHGRP LV 6RYHUHLJQ DQG LQ WKH PHPRU\ RI QDWLRQDO consciousness. and not in the power of the captors. T he Holy Prophet VDLGÂłH is nationality is Moorish A merican and our nationality is Moorish A mericans.Â´ H e often referred our nationality as our one free national name$PDQŕŻ†VQDWLRQDOLW\LVKLVWUXHLGHQWLW\Dnd proper VWDWXV1DWLRQDOLW\LVWKURXJKWKHGHVFHQGDQWQDWXUHRIRQHŕŻ†VIRUHIDWKHUVDQGKDVQRWKLQJWRGR with his religious affiliation. You are either born Moorish American or to one of the other nationalities in the Human Family. Now, exactly what part RIÂł0RRULVK$PHULFDQÂ´GR\RXUHDG Ă„8QLWHG6WDWHV&LWL]HQV"ŕŻ†+HDOVRVDLG ÂłJust because you were born here do not make you a citizenÂ´ 'R \RX KHDU 86$ LQ DQ\ RWKHU IUHH QDWLRQDO QDPH H J Âł&KLQHVHÂ´ ÂłHUPDQÂ´ RU ÂłKDQDLDQ"Â´:K\ZRXOGRXUProphet be the first of the prophets to return his People back into the iron hand oppression of former slave masters where he had found them? In fact it was the Congressional ratification of assumable jurisdiction held in the 14th & 15th Amendments which re-enslaved the freed Moors that prompted Allah to raise H im from amongst us. If making 14th Amendment Citizens of the Moorish Americans was in order, Drew Ali would have never ZDUQHGKLV3HRSOHÂł7KHUH is no redemption in these A mendments for my peopleÂ´)XUWKHU there would have been no need for 40 million Moors praying for the coming of Noble D rew Ali had they been freed by being made true citizens of the USA. Besides, when did Drew Ali ever work for the United States Department of Immigrations with the authority to issue USA Citizenship Papers? Why would He teach the Moorish to be themselves only to return them back into the ironhanded oppression, Jim-Crowism, Segregations and racism they suffered before he came? And would that have saved his people and fulfilled his duty as a Prophet? Hell, if this was in any ways true, Drew Ali could have stayed beyond the blue ethers because his coming would not have made a difference. There again is just no balance. This is why He said ÂłIf I could just get you Moors to thinking, you would save your selves.Â´ 40 41 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&')((8!3##)-/'!/5-(+5(!09(:&!;,(/&-#+0)7! From: (OLKXÂśV/HVVRQ Q . W hat is the Science of the Moorish People? A. The Science of the Moorish People is a Power that exerts itself for the individual at the will of its user. Q . W hen is the Power active? A. When the Moor is fully conscious of himself. Q . W hat do knowledge of H istory and the Reliance upon A llah do for a Moor? A. The knowledge of History and the Reliance upon Allah supply a Moor with strength that he may act in the cause of Justice. Q . W hat is this called? A. This is called functioning on all points. Q . How many degrees does each point represent? A. Each point represents 72 degrees and is functioning with maximum efficiency. Q . W hy do we Moors Love the E arth? A. We love the Earth because it is our home. It is our home as long as our bodies remain in its present form. We know the futility of trying to escape our environment. Q . W hat is our Science? A. Our Science is a living Manifestation. Q . Name some of the fields throughout the world that have been influenced by the Moors. A. To name a few we have: Navigation, Medicine, Agriculture, Philosophy, Mathematics, Textiles and Architecture. 42 Q . A re Food, Shelter and C lothing the main jewels in Moorish life? A. No, these are the last of twelve. Q . W hat are the T welve C rown Jewels of L ife? A. Knowledge, Wisdom, Understanding, Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom, Justice, Equality, Food, Shelter and Clothing. Q . W hat did Prophet Noble D rew A li say concerning the W est? $Âł7KH:HVWPXVWEHPDGHWRSD\WKHLUGHEWWRWKH0RRUVÂ´ 4:KDWDUHWKHLQKHUHQWIDFWRUVLQD0RRUÂśV1DWXUH" $/RYHRI$OODK6HOIDQGIHOORZPDQDQGDOORI$OODKÂśVFUHDWXUHV Trustworthiness and fidelity in all affairs. Peace always first and foremost, Freedom and expression in all constituted and righteous acts, Equality to promote the Noble qualities of mankind. Q . W hat is the symbol of Islam? A. The Olive Tree. Q. W hat is the E mblem of Islam? A. The Crescent Moon and Star. Q . W hat is the G rand National Seal of the Moorish People? A. The Logos Circle Seven. The Circle is the perfect symbol, Seven is the Perfect number and Allah is the perfect word. Our National Seal is a single expression of how the Moorish are recognized. Q . W hat is the Scripture of Islam? A. The Holy Koran and all books that contain Truth for the guidance of man. Q . W hat is the Moorish National? A. The Morning Star. The Star of Solomon: the African God Man. Q . W hat does the Morning Star Symbolize? 43 $,WV\PEROL]HVÂł7KHUHDWRGLQ0DQÂ´DVDERYHVREHORZ DQGÂł7KH6SLULWRIDQDWLRQERWK LQPRUDOUHFWLWXGHDQGSK\VLFDODFKLHYHPHQWÂ´ Q . W hen did this banner come into O rbit? A. The Banner sprang into Orbit after the Circumnavigation of Africa by the Moors; (Over 100 thousand years ago). Q . W hat type of Star is the Morning Star? A. The Morning Star is a Five pointed (open) Star. Q . W hat does the singleness of the Star Represent? A. It represents the oneness of Hue-Man-ity, which precludes the Grand idea of Monotheism. Q . W hat are the points of the Star called? A. Pentagrams! Q . W hat are the Pentagrams? A. They are an expression of the Science that breeds into the thought of Ancient Moors Mind. Q . W hat do these Pentagrams describe? $7KH\GHVFULEH0DQÂśVHYHU\SKDVHRIOLIHLQDVLQJOHH[SUHVVLRQ)RUWKLVFDXVHWKHLQILQLWH line of the circle also transcribes the never-ending openness of our pentagram. Q . W hen did the Moorish F lag change from pure white to Red? A. When it reached the rate of atmosphere. 44 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!6#,)8!-/103-/3!#)19</!6-)/&!5)((9!(1-',</!1(//#+! %!=>?@AB! 45 This Diagram Expresses The World's First Creed, Man's Only True Pathway To Return To +LPVHOI $V RG &DOOHG Âł,VODPLVPÂ´ E\ 7KH /DVW 3URSKHW 7R 6LW ,Q 7KH (DVWHUQ &KDLU 2I Ancient Kemet,, Prior To its Transliterations From Africa Into The Four Major Nations 'HSLFWHG+HUH%HFDPH0DQÂśV2QO\%HDFRQ/LJKW7KH2QO\7UXH6WUDLJKWZD\7R7KHUHDW God Is Through The Divine Self. The Highest Principle Of 0DÂśDW &RPPDQGVÂł:LOO6HUYH1R god Outside Of The Self. All Other God-Roads And High Ideals Of Man Only Subject The Worshipper To Manifestations Of Slavery. ,VODPLVP 0DUNV 7KH 2ULJLQ 2I Âł8QLYHUVDO +DUPRQ\ $QG 3HDFH )RU /LIHÂ´ ,W ,V $ 7KRXJKW $FWLYLW\&RPPRQO\&DOOHGÂľ+HDYHQÂśÂľ3DUDGLVHÂś2UÂľ,VODPÂś3HDFH,V7KH7KRXJKW-Activity And Breaths The Only Natural Breath Of Life For Man. Islamism Is The Active Name Of The World's Very First Religious Creed And Has Been Returned To The New Moorish American Nation In The Form Of God-In-Man. More In-'HSWK 6WXGLHV :LOO 5HYHDO ,VODPLVP $V Âľ7KH $QFLHQW.HPHWLDQ0\VWHU\6\VWHPÂ´2UÂł6($8721127+, 0DQ.QRZ7K\6HOI ,W:DV )RUPHG$V7KH:RUOGÂśV)LUVW5HOLJLRXV&UHHG)RU7KH6DOYDWLRQ2I0DQNLQG2Q(DUWK,W+DV %HHQ5HWXUQHG)URP7KH$QFLHQW)RUHIDWKHUV2I7RGD\ÂśV0RRULVK$PHULFDQV7KURXJK7KHLU Avatar, El Hajj Sharif Abdul Ali. This Is Their True Way Of Life And Predates The Great Earthquake (Often Misnomer $V Âł7KH )ORRGÂ´ $QG 7KH 'LYLQH &LYLOL]DWLRQ 2I $WODQWLV $QG /DPXULD Âł7KLV 2OG 7LPH 5HOLJLRQÂ´ ,V 7KH 2QH &UHHG 2I $PH[HP +DV %HHQ 0DVWHUHG ,QWR The Above Quadrant Of Sacred Schools. Islamism Is Revealed ÂłIn the Creation And Fall Of ManÂ´ %\'UHZ$OL$QG,V0RUH&RPPRQO\3RUWUD\HG,Q7KH3DUDEOHV2IÂł,VVD$QG,VKDÂ´2U Âľ$GDP $QG (YHÂś $OO 2WKHU 5HOLJLRQV ([LVWLQJ ,Q 7KH :RUOG 7RGD\ $UH %XW 3RUWLRQV DQG Variations From The Bountiful Table Of Islamism. Peacefully Submitted, )URPÂł(OLKXÂśV/HVVRQÂ´ (Lewisburg Moorish Preparation Center 1973) Dr. Elihu N Pleasant-Bey, Swift Angel #1 46 ,1),1,7</(6621),9( 6:,)7$1(/6(/,+86/(6621! (Revised 1977 Âą 2010) W hat Is A n A ngE l? Have you ever ask yourself why nearly all Africans, born in the modern Americas, have physiological tribulations equating themselves as Gods, Angels and Prophets? Instead it is considered normal for most of them to serve various European-made gods, symbols and other graven images found outside of themselves. Of all the Kemetian metaphysical titles, words, and SKUDVHV GHVFULELQJ D XQLW\ RI GLYLQLW\ DQG PDWWHU WKH Âł$QJHOÂ´ UDQNV KLJK DPRQJ WKRVH PRVW misunderstood and misused. Like the words God, Prophet, Messenger, Sheik and Adept the VWDWLRQ RI DQ Ă„$QJHOŕŻ† LV XVXDOO\ WUDQVODWHG WKURXJK FDJHG WKRXJKW SDWWHUQV RI WKH ZHVW 7KLV limited comprehension was forced into a new profundity in the Black Age of the West African Moors during their era of U. S. Constitutional Slavery (from 1779 to 1865) coupled with their militarily diagnosed subsequent 145 years of Post Traumatic Mental Slavery. The European miseducation of subjugated Asiatics, joined with the built-in etymological weakness in their bastard language, created a comfort zone of doubt, ignorance and self-hatred. It was not until the advent of Prophet Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew, January 8, 1886 in the state of NC, when the truth was finally revealed about these noble African titles. 47 0DQÂśV)LUVW8VHRI:LQgs The Ancient Lamurians and then Kemetians were the first Gods in human flesh. The heart or center of all God-Men is the consciousness of the Self and The Great God. These first Men used the wings of various fowl deities to depict or symbolize their own transmutations between divinity and matter. They would often draw wings on various manifests to still their rate of thought and power of flight transmission. The ancients, being more God than flesh, would often delve into the constitution of other thinking things, humans, birds and beast. This gave rise to the graphs, statues and monuments as part human and part animal e.g. The Sphinx HWF'XULQJWKHUHLJQRI&RQVWDQWLQHŕŻ†V,VWDQEXO &RQVWDQWLQRSOH FDPHWKHILUVW(XURSHDQWRXVH wings to portray their deceased men as still having greater government powers to control fear in the hoi poloi. These wings often symbolized men in a heaven beyond the sky after death on earth. In more modern days Europeans used wings on paleskinned infants to illustrate lovers, good deeds and gifts. To this day most superstitious pagans have set aside economic-based holidays of these celebrations ranging from flying Cupids, Tooth Fairies to a Fat Guy with Keyhole Powers and Eight Flying Reindeers. The people of China apply wings to serpents and dragons while many Native Americans attach bird feathers to headdress, spears and horses. All these uses of the wings illustrates a manifest moving too fast for the carnal eye to comprehend or the mind can believe. Rarely are these European beliefs attributed to their gross misconceptions of ancient Kemetic teachings demonstrating all life is thought activity from The Great God in and among us. But then again it is in the nature of the paleskin race, the only people without a center and no alter fires, to not identify the essence of all life is in realms unseen. T he Divine O rigin of A ngels 38 - W hat is an A ngE l? A n A ngE l is a thought of A llah manifested in human flesh. Of all the 99 Divine Attributes of the Great God, He is the force that C reates (El) and to Govern (Bey) that which has been created are the most encompassing of them all. Most of the +RO\FUHDWLRQVRI$OODKHLWKHUEHJLQRUHQGZLWKÂł(OÂ´ SURQRXQFHGOLNHWKHOHWWHUÂł/Â´QRWÂłHHOÂ´ e.g. MichaEL, NathaniEL, SamuEL, El Salvador, El Cid, GabriEL and our topic-matter AngEL. 7KHÂł(OÂ´DORQHDWWDFKHVWKHQDPHWRWKH&UHDWRULQVRPHIRUPRUDQRWKHU)RUH[DPSOHÂł$QJ(O means GodÂśV 0HVVHQJHU DQG WKH QDPH Âł1DWKDQLHOŕŻ† PHDQV ÂłRGÂśV LIWÂ´ HWF 7KLV LV ZK\ WKH most popular Tribal Names among tKH0RRULVK3HRSOHVDUHÂł(OÂ´DQGÂł%H\Â´ 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ forms of Angels yet they all come from the same celestial source. Rain, Sun, Death, Love, Truth and Justice, Cherubim and Seraphim are among the many angels about us every day but are seldom associated with our divinity. All true Angels come as thoughts from the Great God. Like all thoughts of Allah, Angels are not measured by time but by infinite reason. Like all true Creations Angels also think and have a will. However the common bound uniting all Angels is they are duty-bound and their wills are never strong enough to go against the ordinances of the universal Creator, Allah. 48 Pay attention; All ANGELS (In human flesh) are ME SS ENGERS only. Angels are not Administrators, managers nor officials. They do not make decisions about anything, any place nor any being. Angels do not make determinations from where their holy instructions derive. They are never biased, prejudice or judgmental. The interest of an Angel is only in the direction of the message they are sent to carry. The best way to compare the qualities of an Angel is to study the divine constitution of rain. Rain is a stage of water which carries within it life giving properties (H2O) the essence of healing, growth and nutrition. Yet when the condition commands for the rain to fall, it falls. Rain does not question the command to go down nor does it determine where it is to descend; whether it falls upon the forest, sea or desert. Rain does not make decisions because it is an $QJHODQGLWVPHVVDJHLVWR³IDOO´ The foundations of angels were initiated in Egypt (Kemet). The ancient Kemetians of Africa held steadfast to the universal blueprint of Cycle Ages which illustrates the creation, fall and rise of perfected man as God. But Spirit-Man, as a perfect seed from the heart of Allah, was EXW RQH RI WKH VHYHQ WKRXJKWV RI 7KH UHDW RG ZKLFK FDUQDO PDQ FROOHFWLYHO\ FDOOV Ä7KH (ORKLPெ1RZDOOFUHDWXUHVWKLQNDQGHYHU\FUHDWXUHDUHSRVVHVsed of a will and in its measure, has the power to choose. And in their native planes all creatures are supplied with nourishment from the ethers of their especial plane. The power of the will rest well within the consciousness of God and Man as one. This is why, although man was among the five creatures that fell, (with protoplast and earth and plant and beast), he could never die while in the grave of carnal evolution. While in human form the will of man gained strength in carnal desires and he lost sight of himself as God. In science, every Spirit-Man is an angel but he must learn how to master his will to live as God again. This is why an Angel is a thought of Allah manifested in human flesh. Noble D rew A li Is an A ngE l 40 - W hat is our Prophet to us? He is an A ngE l of A llah sent to bring us the everlasting gospel of Allah. Holy Prophets are the most prayed for of all saviors during the history of every nation while it was suffering slavery. Yet rarely are any of the Major or Minor Prophets expected by the wretched, accepted by the nationals they are born into or lifted up before the nations of the earth. The Holy Illustrious Prophet, Noble Drew Ali is the last major Prophet in these days yet even he is not an exception to this doubtful and sinful illusion of mankind. Few of his native brothers and sisters understand Drew Ali is an AngEl of Allah. He was ordained by the Great God Allah, in due time, to redeem his people from their sinful ways of being Negroes, Blacks, Colored People etc. He brought the everlasting gospel (Unchanging Truth) of their Nationality and Divine Creed. The question arise: But where did Noble Drew Ali, named Timothy Drew in the State of North Carolina on January 8, 1886, as a young 16 year old Negro boy arrive unescorted in Kemet to get these Saving Powers? 49 39 Âą W hat are A ngE Ls used for? To car ry messages to the four corners of the world, to all nations. 41ÂąW hat is the everlasting gospel? It is a saving power that comes from A llah through our ancient F athers by H is Prophet. Noble Drew Ali received his ordination from the Great God of his ancient forefathers. A prophet was prophesied to be born under the western skies at the change of the era from the cycle age of Pisces into the age of Aquarius. Although born among his people and disguised as a Negro boy, He received his education to be a Prophet while in the Ancient Kemetian Adept Schools, known today as Egypt. True history will reveal his education in Kemet conforms to the synchronicity of every prophet before Drew Ali e.g. Adam, Noah, Abraham, Lot, Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus and Mohammed. Every Prophet sent between Adam and the great Ali each either went to Kemet to receive their Title of Prophet or an Angel of Allah (Kemetian Adept Master) was sent to bring the education of Prophetdom to that especial Being; e.g. It took The AngEl (Gabriel) 23 years to teach the Everlasting Gospel to Mohammed Ibin Abdullah before He was able to transliterate Islamism from Kemetian (Aramic) into His Native Arabic. Upon completion of his African Studies, taught by this Angel of Allah, it was then that Prophet 0RKDPPHG VWDWHG Âł, KDYH SHUIHFWHG 7UDQVOLWHUDWHG IRU \RX WKLV GD\ \RXU UHOLJLRQ 6DYLQJ 3RZHU DQGLWLVFDOOHG,VODPÂ´$IWHU\HDUVLQSDVVLQJWKHUHTXLUHGWHVWVRI6HOI0DVWHU\ in .HPHWLDQ 6WXGLHV 7LPRWK\ 'UHZ QRZ Âł6KDULI $EGXO $OLÂ´ OHIW (J\SW DQG VRMRXUQHG LQWR WKH Holy City of Mecca in Saudi Arabia where naturally he was recognized as the Western born awaited Kemetian Adept Prophet. Ali received the highest support and allegiances from his kindred, a direct descendant of Hagar, Sultan Abdul Aziz Ibu Suad. 60 Âą W ho is guarding the holy city of Mecca today to keep the unbelievers away? A ngE Ls. 61 Âą W hat is the modern name for those A ngE Ls? Asiatics 62 Âą W hat is the shade of their skin? O live. The 6XOWDQÂśV allegiances with Egypt, Morocco Great Britain and the United States lead to JLYLQJ6KDULI$EGXO$OLWKHWLWOHRIÂł(O+DMMÂ´IRUFRPSOHWLQJWKHVDPHMRXUQH\DVWKHLU3URSKHW 0RKDPPHG$VÂł1REOH'UHZ$OLÂ´WKH/DVW3URSKHWZRXOGODWHUWHOOKLV0RRUVDERXWKLV Âł+LJK 1DPH Â´ÂłI was given a high name over there (In Mecca) but you cannot use it over here. Be good Moors and I will hand it down to you.Â´,Q WKHQHZO\UHFRJQL]HG3URSKHW(O Hajj Sharif Abdul Ali, was thereby endorsed by the head of the Islamic World, Sultan Saud, as an Angel of Allah sent to carry the messages of Truth to the United States and all Nations. Prior to this event the teachings of Islam and the Great Quran of Mohammed had been forbidden upon the shores of the USA. 63ÂąA re the Moorish A mericans any relations to those A ngels? Yes, we all have the same F athers and Mothers. 50 W hat Is A Swift A ngel? All Swift Angels (SA¶s) are descendants of the ancient Moabites and are Messengers of The Great God Allah through His Holy Prophet, Noble Drew Ali. These Moorish American Men and Women are dedicated Citizens of Moorish America. Swift AngELs are well educated in the sciences of perpetual life and the mysteries of death. Upon assignment from their government their wills become the chief distributors for any of their Principles (love, truth, peace, freedom or justice). Swift Angels are the return of the Chief Protectors of ³,VODPLVPெWKH :RUOG¶V First Religious Creed. Security is what gives value to all manifests. All Swift AngELs give their nation divine value because the peace of society depends upon justice through their faithfulness. In the semblance of the Angels of rain and $OODK¶V Angels of death, Swift Angels too just deliver the message they are assigned to fulfill. They are the same thoughts of Allah as Ninjas are to the Nation of Japan. Swift Angels are thoughts of Allah manifested in the flesh yet they are more God than flesh because their thoughts are raised to infinite wisdom. These Angels see all things from the power of their holy instructions. They obey the commands and ordinances of Allah, the Prophets and the government in which they live. Yet Angels do not alter the voice or silence of their command. The Actions of a Swift Angel are soundless, timeless and in accord with the harmonies of life. All SA¶s are not necessarily Divine Ministers or Sheiks. It must be remembered; Noble Drew Ali introduced these internationally recognized stations and titles to the sleepy MSTA Membership fresh out of slavery. It would take three to four generations later before they could see the good of this great work. His members were to LQVSLUHWREHFRPLQJ³EHWWHU&LWL]HQV´RIWKHLU RZQ JRYHUQPHQWLQZKLFKWKH\FDQOLYHLQRUGHU for these national Titles to become realized. Divine Ministers are Missionaries, Builders and $GPLQLVWUDWRUV IRU WKHLU 0RRULVK $PHULFDQ 1DWLRQDO RYHUQPHQW 0$1* $V IRU ³6KHLNV´ worldwide, for over five millenniums all Sheiks are ambassadors, Attaches, diplomats and National Representatives of their especial nation, country or Kingdom. No one can become a official Sheik as a mere member of a religious/civic Non-Governmental Organization. Organizations are a never nation. But one nation can own millions of organizations. When The Holy Prophet introduced these fortunes of a Nation to the Moorish, as Members, it was for their education and practice in what to do when they become greater. In essence, not being recognized as a Nation means the station of Sheik will not be honored by the nations of the earth. As for Swift Angels their wills are dedicated solely to the obedience of their Government. The qualifications of a SA are to be ready to submit their will into the deific Will and be a Chief Protector of the MANG through the Last Prophet, Noble Drew Ali. T he Sacred G enealogy of Swift A ngE Ls (O ur H istory in the W estern H emisphere) Drew Ali became the first Swift Angel because of the brief amount of time (10 years) it took to master the self and become a Kemetian Adept Master with no prior education in any land. Ali was ordained by the Great God of His ancient Forefathers and later prepared by the Sacred Brotherhood of Kemetian Adepts to be five times greater than the five Prophets before him. His new era message marks the end of PDQ¶V finite duration called time and fulfilling to 51 the fruition PDQÂśV Circled Seven. The last message charts the final leg of perfection in every PDQÂśV journey of the race and must be delivered to all men in every nation on earth. He later anointed Divine Minister Rufus German Bey of Baltimore as his Swift Angel. The Prophet SODFHG D UHG IH] XSRQ KLV KHDG DQG WROG HUPDQ %H\ Âł1RZ \RX DUH IUHH 'RQÂśW forget the 3URSKHWÂśV 3UD\HUDQGWHOOP\0RRUVWKHWUXWKÂ´\HDUVODWHULQ-XQHRI 'U5HUPDQ Bey anointed Divine Minister NathaniEL Pleasant-Bey as Swift AngEl #1. This sacred genealogy which began in Kemet lasted about another 35 years (2009-2010). In these modern days the Grand Anointing to a Band of Swift Angels enlightened the western skies. Dr. Elihu N Pleasant-Bey, Grand National Chairman, Swift AngEl #1, through this sacred family tree alone has the power to anoint Swift Angels. This empowerment can and will be handed to other Moorish in due time. Meanwhile as a matter of National Security, the totality of these new names and numbers can only be known by the Executive Rulers and Grand Body of the 0$16$ŕŻ†VDUH DOZD\VVHWDWWKHUHDG\IRUWKH\GRQRWVHOHFWWKHWLPHRIGHSOR\PHQWDVD matter of defense of the Gospel. 68 Âą W hat people represent the H igher Self? T he A ngE Ls who protect the Holy C ity of Mecca. Swift AngELs are the Chief Protectors of Moorish America, their divine citizenry and Theocratic Government. Love Divine, D r. E lihu N Pleasant-Bey, Swift A ngE l #1 52 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/-C8!(/,+86$'(37/(6621 1'(',7,21 ! CHAPTER XXVI HOLY INSTRUCTIONS OF UNITY = [You-&-I-Tie] ( U N I TY is: A ll are in harmony of the one, agreement, unison, unanimity and oneness. T hese holy instructions of U N I T Y are the perpetual teachings and sole premeditated bonds between M an and H is C reator. Right U N I T Y is when the W ill of M an and the W ill of the G reat God are one. U N I T Y is witnessing the living oneness of the universal harmonies of life. U N I T Y is eternal oneness of what the L ife of M an is truly spent to build.) 1. The gifts (Plural meaning many / Rewards, Endowments, Presents, Contributions: Aids without debt, obligation or expected return) of the understanding (Knowledge, Comprehension, Insight, Perception, Conception) are the treasures (Resources, riches, assets, stored wealth) of Allah (Love, Universal Harmonies, Spirit, Husband Man, The Great God) and He appointed [F rom the H eart of A llah let man learn wisdom] (Covenant, agreed, fixed, prearranged, allotted) to everyone (Spirit with soul, souls made manifest, Thinking Things with Wills) his portion (share, quantity, lot, quota), in what measure (amount, degree) seemeth (give the impression, appear, look as if) good (moral, worthy, satisfactory) unto H imself (Human knowledge, carnal self). 2. Hath He endowed (gifted, provided) thee (your soul) with wisdom (understanding, insight, prudence, judgment, perception)? Hath H e (The Great God, Higher Self, Consciousness) enlightened thy mind (actions of the soul, thoughts) with the knowledge (information, facts, data, education, experience) of truth (that which is immutable, unchallengeable, absolute, and indisputable)? Communicate Converse, exchange words, correspond, interconnect) it to the ignorant, (the uninformed, unaware) for their instruction; communicate it to the wise, for thine own improvement (self cultivation, practice). 3. True wisdom is less presuming than folly (foolishness, ignorance, silliness). The wise man doubteth often, and changeth his mind; the fool is obstinate (stubborn, determined, adamant), and doubteth not; he knoweth all things, but his own ignorance. 4. The pride of emptiness is an abomination (disgrace, hateful, atrocity); and to talk much, is the foolishness of folly; nevertheless, it is the part of wisdom to hear with patience their impertinence, and to pity their absurdity (meaninglessness, illogicality, ridiculousness). 5. Yet be not puffed up in thine own conceit, neither boast of superior understanding; the clearest human knowledge (carnal nature, Beliefs, perhaps, maybe) is but blindness and folly. 53 6. The wise man feeleth his imperfections, (Human nature, body of desires, weakness, insufficiencies) and is humbled; he laboreth in vain for his own approbation (approval, admiration, esteem) but the fool peepeth in the shadow stream of his own mind, and is pleased with the pebbles (ego, self-image, human frailties, mundane nature, carnal character, ordinary and what the thoughtless thinks), which he seeth at the bottom; he bringeth them up and showeth them as pearls and with the applause of his brethren delighteth himself (Self-Inflated ego). 7. He boasteth of attainments (achievements, realizations, accomplishments; There are no attainments in being NBC or Nationless) in things that are of no worth; but where it is a shame to be ignorant, there he hath no understanding. 8. Even in the path of wisdom (all other nations of the Human Family), he toileth after folly (remaining in Organizations, NGOs, Chattels of Citizens); and shame and disappointment are the reward of his labor. 9. But the wise man cultivates his mind with knowledge; the improvement of the arts is his delight, and their utility to the public crowneth with honor. 10.Nevertheless, the attainment of virtue he accounteth as the highest learning; and the science of happiness 7KHVRXOÂśVUHVHDUFKDQGH[DPLQDWLRQRIFRQWHQWPHQWVDWLVIDFWLRQ and peace) is the study of his life. )URPWKH3URIHVVRU (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ W hen man speaks of uniting with his brothers he must first speak from the gifts of the understanding where the resur rection of H e and A llah resides as a fact. O nly when M an knows this sacred covenant in U N I T Y can he be the A ngE l of oneness which he has been created to bring. U N I T Y must come from the heart of man to the heart of Allah. O nly then will it be attainable. T he Holy bond of Unity is the final victory over the self. T hy Soil Is thine O wn, L et It Not W ant C ultivation. 54 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/(.(+ (/,+86$'(37/(6621! C H APT E R X X X H O L Y I NST R U C T I O N F R O M T H E PR O P H E T T he (M aster, O neness, Foremost, a definite) Social (communal, public, group, collective, common, societal, community) Duties (responsibilities, task, sense of obligation, job, due, what one must do) 1. When thou considereth (Think, Contemplate, deem, reflect on) thy wants (requests, wishes, desires), when thou beholdeth (observe, watch consider, view, regard) thy imperfections (lacking, inadequate, insuffiencies, limitations, flaws, faults, unsatisfactory, weaknesses), acknowledge his goodness UHFRJQL]H $OODKÂśV LQWHJULW\ FRQFHGH$OODKÂśVNLQGQHVVDGPLW$OODKÂśVULJKWHRXVQHVVVDOXWH$OODKÂśVGHFHQF\ O (Now wisdom Speaking from the heart of Allah) son of humanity (product of humankind, people, civilization, charity), who honored thee with humanity, endowed thee with speech (language, words, communication, talking, native tongue, discourse, vocalizations), and placed thee in society (citizens, culture, social order, humanity, people, the public) to receive and confer (bestow, grant, give, award) reciprocal helps (equal assistance, the same aid, joint facilitation, shared support) and mutual obligations (joint commitments, communal responsibilities, reciprocated duties), x protection from injuries (Parental security from harm, community Mufti from wrongs), x thy enjoyments of the comforts (protected rest, secured relief, safe wellbeing, ease0 x and the pleasures of life; happy development, joys of progress, contentment of growing) A ll these thou oweth to the assistance of others and couldst not enjoy but in the bands of society. 2. It is thy duty, therefore, to be a friend (companion, ally, supporter, helper to humanity) to mankind, as it is thy interest (concern, important, consequential, advantage, benefit, gain, profit, rewarding) that man should be friendly to thee. 3. As the rose breatheth sweetness from its own nature, so the heart of a benevolent man produceth good wor ks. (AOOPHQDQGZRPHQZKRÂśV:LOOKDVMRLQHGZLWKWKHGHLILF Will, are conscious of their perfected state as Gods and by divine Holy Nature are Creators of goodness, peace and happiness). 4. H e (Perfected Man) enjoyeth the ease and tranquility of his own breast, and rejoiceth in the happiness and prosperity of his neighbor (Those who, like himself as God manifested LQKXPDQIRUPDUHDOVRVWULYLQJWRZRUNRXWWKHLUOLIHÂśVVXP 55 5. H e openeth not his ear unto slander (Carnal man too often make the mistake of reacting to the noises listened to by the human ear rather that counteracting, deciphering or measuring with discretion what the Inner {Spiritual} Ear has heard. Now the God-Man has two ears. (1) The human, earthly or Outer Ear which, like antennas, can only listen to whatever frequency has been blown into them by the winds; yet has no power of discretions. And (2) The Inner Ear or Spiritual Ear always functions with prudence, responsibility and freedom. The equilibrium of the Inner Ear is balanced by its performing, processing, judging, measuring and understanding. In science when these IXQFWLRQVDUHH[HUFLVHGDWPD[LPXPHIILFLHQF\DUHFDOOHG³+HDULQJ´:KHQWKHFRQVFLRXV hears they first perceives, heeds, examines and gathers the sounds into comprehensive mode of growth, unfoldment and understanding before allowing The Inner Ear to open. The Inner Ear feeds from the breast of Love Divine into the heart of man. When we truly hear our ear is open to righteousness. This is why the Holy prophet instructs the Moors to ³2SHQHWK127WKHLU,QQHU(DUXQWRVODQGHURURWKHUWKLQJVWKDWKDUPVEHFDXVHLWLVLQ conflict to man divine unfoldment), the faults and the failings of men give a pain to his heart. 6. His desire is to do good, and he researcheth out the occasions thereof; in removing the oppression of another, he relieveth himself. 7. From the largeness of his mind, he comprehendeth in his wishes the happiness of all men; and from the generosity of his heart, he endeavoreth to promote it. Noble D rew A li on C amel /E ast to W est; B ringing Us E verything F irst C reated 01-06-2011 in Honor of N D A 125th Birthday ! By Dr. Elihu N Pleasant-Bey, GNC, Swift Angel #1 56 ,1),1,7</(6621(,+7 (/,+86$'(37/(6621! CHAPTER XXVIII H O L Y (From the Infinite) I NST R U C T I O NS F R O M T H E PR O P H E T (Angel of Allah) M AST E R 7KHVFLHQFHRIÂł0$67(5Â´FRPHVLQWKUHHGHJUHHVRI$XWKRULW\ 1) T he Spirit, The Great God Allah 2) Plane of Soul: Prophets, Angels and Adepts 3) Plane of carnal manifest: Highly skilled, Owner, Original Model, Guide, Head, Leader or Administrator AND SE R V A N T (Faithful, Moslem, Citizen, Public or Civil attendant, Government Server, obedient, a devotee, The spirit of a Servant is made equal as that of a Master in the service of Allah) T here is a harmony in every purpose and this purpose is fully realized when the force IURPD0$67(5ÂśV:LOOLVXQLWHGE\WKHSRZHUVIURPWKH:LOORID6(59$17 1. Repine (complain, fretful, dissatisfied, find fault, criticize, nitpick) not, O (Spirit, Godman) man (thought of Allah, planted in a soil of soul, now in a body of desires), at the state of servitude (being ruled, dominated or restricted); it is the appointment of A llah (choice, planned, prior arrangement, employment, promotion), and hath many advantages (Being worthy, hired, trusted, crafty; it removeth thee from cares and solicitudes in life (Concerns, Responsibilities, attentiveness, protectorate). 2. The honor (integrity, credit, admiration, reputation, nobility, pride, distinction) of a servant is his fidelity (loyalty, faithfulness, reliability, trustworthiness, dependability, commitment, conformity); his highest virtues (Honesty, assets, value, worth, benefit, uprightness) are submission and obedience (compliance and agreement, assent and respect, surrender and duty). 3. Be patient (tolerant, enduring, serene, uncomplaining), therefore, under the reproofs (reprimands, admonitions, criticisms, accusations) of thy master; and when he rebuketh (censure, give a talking to, a scolding) thee, answer not again. The silence of thy resignation (acceptance, acknowledgement and acquiescence without defiance) shall not be forgotten. 4. Be studious of his interests (serious of his pursuits, reflective of his importance, intellectual involving his affairs, diligent about his business and meticulous about his concerns; be diligent in his affairs (industrious in his relationships, conscientious in his dealings, attentive in his associations, thorough in his interactions and painstaking in his 57 employments), and faithful to the trust (true to the faith, accurate to the reliance, authentic to the dependence and exact to the expectations), which he reposeth (assigned with trust, reclined in tranquility, rest assured) in thee. 5. T hy time and thy labor belong unto him (Remember you have been appointed, by Allah, to be a servant at this time and in this life span; your time and work must be DSSOLFDEOHLQWKH0DVWHU¶VKRQRU Defraud him not thereof (Do not deceive, cheat, con, trick or take advantage of, swindle), for he payeth thee for them. 6. And thou who art a master, be just to thy servant if thou expecteth from him fidelity; and reasonable in thy commands if thou expecteth ready obedience. 7. T he spirit of a man is in him; severity and rigour may create fear, but can never command love. 8. M ix kindness with reproof, and reason with authority (Purpose with power, Cause with ability, Explanation with mandate); so shall thy admonitions take place in his heart, and his duty (responsibility, obligation, function) shall become his pleasure. 9. He shall serve thee faithfully from the motive of gratitude (methods of thanks, ways of appreciation); he shall obey thee cheerfully from the principle of love (The Great God within); and fail thou not, in return, to give his diligence and fidelity their proper reward. Dear Students: This chapter, as are the especial chapters XX through XLVIII, is The Holy 3URSKHW¶V'LUHFW,QVWUXFWLRQVWRKLVSHRSOHIRUWKHFKDUDFWHUEXLOGLQJWRWKHRvernment upon which their clean and pure nation can live. The Moorish Peoples must raise their thoughts from human knowledge to infinite wisdom. During the time of slavery and from the pains of forced domestication the Moorish have learned to repine against authority. The traumatized and finite mind of a slave cannot comprehend the infinite warnings, holy instructions and Divine Constitution from The Great God Allah through His Prophet. A slave is one who is forced to obey the dictates of the slave master. Slaves do not have the freedom of choice. The subjugated, through all the laboring of his life, will never attain to the position to become a slave master. But through the divinity of our government a Servant can become the Master, Children can become parents and a wife can take care of the duties of a KXVEDQG¶VKRXVHKROG The mind of a slave and the mind of a servant are as unlike as prison and freedom. Dear Students go beneath the surface of HOLY INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE PROPHET: MASTER AND SERVANT and you will see why we have a T heocratic form of Government. Notice the divine and natural harmony in constitutions of: Master and Servant, Husband and Wife, Parent and Children, Government and Citizens. The love of a Servant is truly shown through the freedom they enjoy within the peaceful service to their just government. 58 The Moorish Americans are ordained to be a Master (sovereign) Nation; It is an appointment of Allah. Now they must submit and recognize themselves as servants (Moslems) of The Great God before they can take their place in the affairs of men and lead the nations of the earth to peace! T hru: D r. E lihu N Pleasant-Bey, Instructor 59 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!+-+(8!(/,+86$'(37/(6621 ! CHAPTER XXIX M agistrate (A Judge in a Lower Misdemeanor Court; Child Support, Pretrial Hearings, Minor law Officer, Judiciary with limited powers: Governors, Mayors, Councilmen, Justice of the Peace, County or State Representatives, Congressmen, Senators) A nd Subject (A vassal placed under authority or law, Citizens, Hoi Poloi, Under the Jurisdiction or control of a ruler or law, a legal resident governed by law, obligated to obey ordinances) 1. O thou, the favorite of H eaven (An infinite state of mind, Thoughts from the Higher Self MHK, 12:8-9), whom the sons of men (free National Beings), thy equals (those who $OODKPDGHWRZRUNRXWWKHLUOLIHÂśVVXP KDYHDJUHHGWRUDLVHWRsovereign power (Free and Self sustaining) and set (accepted, elected, acknowledged, fixed, appointed, arranged, agreed to) as a ruler (Divine Ministers, Sheiks, Chairman, Mufti et al) over themselves; consider the ends and importance of their trust (faith, confidence, depend on, rely, responsibility, care), far more than the dignity and height of thy station (position, status, post, place, rank). 2. Thou art clothed in purple (royalty, majestic, crowned, nobility), and seated on a throne (Chair, office of power; the crown of majesty investeth thy temples (Where things are made of thought, shrine, sanctuary), the scepter of power is placed in thy hand (actions of the soul, the mind); but not for thyself were these ensigns given; not meant for thine own, but the good of thy kingdom (Moorish America, Government, family, community). 3. The glory of a king is the welfare of his people (the happiness, wellbeing, interest, good, and security of his nation); his power and dominion rest on the hearts of his subjects. 4. The mind of a great prince is exalted with the grandeur (greatness, dignity, stateliness) of his situation; he evolveth (develop, grow, produce, advance) high things, and searcheth for business (trade, commerce, industry, partnership, agreements, interest) worthy of his power. 5. He calleth together the wise men (Prophets, Ministers and Magistrates) of his kingdom; he consulteth among them with freedom (autonomy, liberty, sovereignty, without 60 restrictions, self sustaining, openness), and heareth the opinions (views, judgments, beliefs, attitudes) of them all. 6. He looketh among his people with discernment (sensitivity, judgments, awareness); he discovereth the abilities (skills, capability, talents, gifts, powers, faculty) of men, and employeth them according to their merits (qualities, virtues, accomplishments). 7. His magistrates are just, his ministers are wise, and the favorite of his bosom deceiveth him not. 8. He smileth on the arts, and they flourish; the sciences improve beneath the culture (refinements, national tradition, inherit background, cultivation) of his hand. 9. With the learned and ingenious he delighteth himself; he kindleth in their breasts emulation; and the glory of his kingdom is exalted by their labors (the worth of the Moorish American Government is realized by the love and initiatives from the Citizens). 10. T he spirit of the merchant who extendeth his commerce, the skill of the farmer who enricheth his lands, the ingenuity of the artists, the improvements of the scholar; all these he honoreth with his favor, or rewardeth with his bounty. 11. H e planteth new colonies, he buildeth strong ships, he openeth rivers for convenience, he formeth harbors for safety, his people abound in riches, and the strength of his kingdom increaseth. (T hese, [10-11] are just a few bricks necessary in building a clean and pure nation) 12.He frameth his statutes with equity and wisdom; his subjects enjoy the fruits of their labor in security; and their happiness consists of the observance of the law. 13.He foundeth his judgments on the principle of mercy, but in the punishment of offenders, he is strict and impartial (This is the course of justice and maintains the peace in a society). 14.His ears are open to the complaints of his subjects; he restraineth the hands of their oppressors (the protections held within the sovereignty of a free National Constitution and its government), and he delivereth them from their tyranny. 15.His people, therefore, look up to him as a father, with reverence and love; they consider him as the guardian of all they enjoy. 16.Their affection unto him begetteth in his breast a love of the public; the security of their happiness is the object of his care. 61 17. No murmurs against him (hatred, slander, spiteful remarks, deformation of character, planting negative seeds in weak minds, creating doubtful thoughts, Satan going to and fro) arise in their hearts; the machinations (plans, set-up, devising of secret, cunning of schemes to do harm) of his enemies endanger not the state. 18. H is subjects are faithful, and firm in his cause; they stand in his defense, as a wall of brass; the army of a tyrant flieth before them, as chaff before the wind. 19. Security and peace bless the dwelling of his people; and glory and strength encircle his throne forever. 62 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&(+8!>D>!$#)0+!;,(/&-#+0)7!! Moorish American Prayer ALLAH the father of the Universe, the Father of Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice. ALLAH is my Protector, my Guide, and my Salvation by night and by day, through His Holy Prophet, Drew Ali. (Amen). Koran Questions for Moorish Children 1. Who made you? ALLAH 2. Who is ALLAH? ALLAH is the Father of the Universe. 3. Can we see Him? No. 4. Where is the nearest place we can meet Him? In the heart. 5. Who is Noble Drew Ali? He is ALLAH's Prophet. 6. What is a Prophet? A Prophet is a Thought of ALLAH manifested in the flesh. 7. What is the duty of a Prophet? To save nations from the wrath of ALLAH. 8. Who is the founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America? Noble Drew Ali. 9. What year was the Moorish Science Temple of America founded? 1913 A.D. 10.Where? Newark, New Jersey. 11.Where was Noble Drew Ali born? In the State of North Carolina, 1886. 12.What is his nationality? Moorish-American. 13.What is your nationality? Moorish-American. 14.Why are we Moorish-Americans? We are Moorish-Americans because we are descendants of Moroccans and born in America. 15.For what purpose was the Moorish Science Temple of America Founded? For the uplifting of fallen humanity. 16.How did the Prophet begin to uplift the Moorish American? By teaching them to be themselves. 63 17.What is our religion? Islamism 18.Is that a new, or is that the old time religion? Old time religion. 19.What kind of a flag is the Moorish? It is a red flag with a five pointed green star in the center. 20.What do the five points represent? Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice. 21.How old is our flag? It is over 50,000 years old. 22.Which is our Holy Day? Friday. 23.Why? Because Friday is the day on which man was formed in flesh, and it was on a Friday when He departed out of flesh. 24.Who was Jesus? He was a Prophet of Allah. 25.Where was he born? In Bethlehem, of Judah, in the House of David. 26.Who were His Father and Mother? Joseph and Mary. 27.Will you give in brief the line (genealogy) through which Jesus came? Some of the Great Fathers through which Jesus came are: Abraham, Boaz by Ruth, Jesse, King David, Solomon, Hezekiah and Joseph by Mary. 28.Why did ALLAH send Jesus to this earth? To save the Israelites from the iron-hand oppression of the pale-skin nations of Europe, who were governing a portion of Palestine at that time 29.How long has that been? About two thousand years ago. 30.What was the nationality of Ruth? Ruth was a Moabitess. 31.What is the modern name for Moabites? Moroccans. 32.Where is the Moroccan Empire? Northwest Amexem. 33.What is the modern name for Amexem? Africa. 34.What is the title given to our ruler in Morocco? Sultan. 35.Where do we get the name Jesus? From the East. 64 36.What does the name Jesus mean? Jesus means Justice. 37.Did the Angel give to the Child that was called Jesus a Holy name? Yes, but it cannot be used by those who are slaves to sin. 38.What is an Angel? An angel is a thought of ALLAH manifested in human flesh. 39.What are Angels used for? To carry messages to the four corners of the world, to all nations. 40.What is our Prophet to us? He is an angel of ALLAH who was sent to bring us the Everlasting Gospel of ALLAH. 41.What is the Everlasting Gospel? It is a Saving Power that comes from ALLAH through our Ancient Fathers, by His Prophet. 42.What is the Covenant of the Great GOD-ALLAH? Honor thy Father and thy Mother, that thy days may be long upon the Earth land which the Lord thy GOD-ALLAH hath given thee. 43.At what age did Jesus begin to preach? At age twelve. 44.Where did he teach? India, Africa and Europe. 45.How long did he teach? Eighteen years. 46.What did Jesus say that would make you free? TRUTH. 47.What is TRUTH? TRUTH is Aught. 48.What is Aught? Aught is ALLAH. 49.Can TRUTH change? TRUTH cannot change, or pass away. 50.What other name do we give to TRUTH? HOLY BREATH. 51.What have you to say about HOLY BREATH? All we can say is it is Great. It is good. It was, it is, and evermore to be. AMEN. 52.At what place on earth was the physical part of MAN formed? In the Garden of Eden. 53.Where is the Garden of Eden? In the land of Canaan, in the City of Mecca. 54.What is the modern name for the Garden of Eden? MECCA. 65 55.What is the name of the first physical man? His name cannot be used, only by Executive Rulers of the A.C. of the M.S.T. of A. 56.What are the words of A.C. of the M.S.T. of A.? Adept Chamber of the Moorish Science Temple of America (3rd Heaven). 57.Who were Adam and Eve? They are the mothers and fathers of the human family. Asiatics and Moslems. 58.Where did they go? They went into Asia. 59.What is the modern name given to the children? Asiatics. 60.Who is guarding the Holy City of MECCA today to keep unbelievers away? Angels. 61.What is the modern name for these Angels? Asiatics. 62.What is the shade of their skin? Olive. 63.Are the Moorish Americans any relation to those Angels? Yes, we all have the same father and mother. 64.Give five names that are given to the descendants of Adam and Eve: Lucifer, Satan, Devil, Dragon and Beast. 65.What is the Devil sometimes called? The Lower-self. 66.How many selves are there? Two. 67.Name them: Higher-self and Lower-self. 68.What people represent the Higher-self? The Angels who protect the Holy City of MECCA. 69.What people represent the Lower-self? Those who were cast out of the Holy City, and those who accept their teachings. 70.What is the Higher-self? The Higher-self is the Mother of virtues and the harmonies of life, and breeds Justice, Mercy, Love and Right. 71.Can the Higher-self pass away? No. 72.Why? Because it is ALLAH in MAN. 66 73.What does the Lower-self breed? Hatred, Slander, Lewdness, Murders, Theft, and everything that harms. 74.What did the Higher-self say to the Lower-self at one time when He met Satan? "Where are you going Satan?" 75.What was the answer that the Lower-self gave to the Higher-self? "I am going to and fro the earth seeking whom I may devour." 76.Has he finished his task of devouring? Yes. 77.When was His time declared out? When He nailed Jesus to the cross. 78.What were the last words Jesus uttered? It is finished. 79.What did He have reference to? He had reference to the end of Satan. 80.Did Jesus say that He would return to conquer Him? Yes. 81.What is the first name of the person into whom Jesus was first reincarnated? Prophet MOHAMMED, the Conqueror. 82.Was Satan to be bound then? Satan was bound in part. 83.When was the head of Satan taken off? 1453 (Byzantine). 84.By whom? By Mohammed. 85.Name some of the marks that were put upon the MOORS of Northwest, by the European nations in 1774? Negro, Black, Colored and Ethiopian. 86.Negro, a name given to a river in West Africa by MOORS, because it contained black water. 87.What is meant by the word Black? Black according to science means death. 88.What does the word colored mean? Colored means anything that has been painted, stained, varnished or dyed. 89.What does Ethiopian mean? Ethiopia means something divided. 90.Can a man be a Negro, Black, Colored or Ethiopian? No. 91.Why? Because man is made in the Image and after the likeness of God, ALLAH. 67 92.What title does Satan give Himself? God. 93.Will you define the word White? White means Purity, Purity means God, and God means the Ruler of the Land. 94.To whom do we refer at times, as being the GREAT GOD? ALLAH. 95.Is the Devil made in the Image and Likeness of ALLAH? No, he is the shadow of our lower-selves and will pass away. 96.Who made the Devil? Elohim. 97.Who is Elohim? Elohim is the Seven Creative Spirits that created everything that ever was, is, and evermore to be. 98.What is Elohim sometimes called? The SEVEN EYES of ALLAH. 99.How many days are in the Circle? Seven days. 100. How many days are in a creation? Seven days. 101. According to Science, how many days are in a year? Seven days. 68 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!(1(.(+8!0!1##$!0&!3##)-/'!3,/1-3/!&'(-)! 0)5'-&(5&,)(!0+9!-+61,(+5(/!-+!-+9-0+!5#,+&)7! The feigned moral indignity expressed by the ilk of highly paid, well placed public 3URYRFDWHXUV ÂŤQHHGFRPPHQWDWRUVRYHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIDPRVTXHDWWKH URXQG=HUR VLWH WHQGV WR FRQIRXQG UHVHDUFKHUV OLNH PH 0RVTXHVÂś DW OHDVW WR P\ PLQG DUH D JUDQG testament to the ultimate in Moorish/Muslim Architecture. Beyond that, it is an apt reminder of the great body of Muslim-Moorish influences once pre-existing in the Hemispheric Aboriginal Indian Country of the places we now know to be the Americas. I must admit to wondering what had gotten the Catholic Majesties in such a twisted bunch that it created an absolute blind rage and hatred of the Saracens that they would dare to chase them into the realm of unknown lands (and apparently past the sheer edge of the square world-a belief in vogue in their era) in order to vanquish them forever? :KDWÂśVPRUHWKH&DWKROLF0DMHVWLHVZLWKWKHEOHVVLQJRIKLV3DSDO+LJKQHVVDQGWKH+RO\6HH VHDOHG WKH IDWH RI WKH 6DUDFHQV DQG WKHLU GHVFHQGDQWV WR D FRQGLWLRQ RI ÂłDXWKRUL]HG 3HUSHWXDO 6ODYHU\Â´ IRUHYHU ZLWK D YRZ WR YDQTXLVK WKHLU Âł.LQJGRPV 'uchies, counties, principalities HWFHWF ZKHUHYHUWKH\H[LVWÂ´DQGSURPSWO\VHWWKHLUVLJKWVRQWKHWDNHRYHURIWKH$PHULFDV So it is the Pope and the Catholic Majesties themselves that gives us our first clue of the location of the extended KingdomVRIWKH6DUDFHQVDVWKH\GHVFHQGHGXSRQWKH$PHULFDÂśVZLWK their Armada bearing Men of the Cloth, Sacristy Conversion Kits and Expedition of Heavilyarmed Conquistadors at the ready to kill all Saracens resistant to forceful conversion to Christianity. 7KH'XP'LYHUVDVJUDQWHG+HUQDQGR'H6RWRDQGRWKHUVÂł$SRVWROLF$XWKRULW\Â´>RQEHKDOIRI WKH .LQJV RI 6SDLQ DQG 3RUWXJDO@ Âł:H JUDQW \RX E\ WKHVH SUHVHQW GRFXPHQWV ZLWK RXU Apostolic Authority, full and free permission to invade, search out, capture and subjugate the Saracens and pagans and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as ZHOO DV WKHLU NLQJGRPV GXFKLHV FRXQWLHV SULQFLSDOLWLHV DQG RWKHU SURSHUW\ ^ÂŤ` $QG WR UHGXFHWKHLUSHUVRQVLQWRSHUSHWXDOVODYHU\Â´). Note: AposWROLFPHDQVUHODWLQJWRWKH3RSHÂŤWKHUHIRUHVWDWLQJ3DSDO$XWKRULW\ Anyway, Hernando de Soto (and others) did come here into the interior Indian Country of the extended kingdom of Saracens and left numerous descriptions of his travails and very surprising narratives describing Indian settlements with Moorish Architecture, use of Moorish Mats, Moorish Darts, and Moorish Cloaks. He also wrote extensively about Indian Chiefs wearing Âł$OPDL]DUVÂ´ OLNH Âł0RRUV Â´ $ ODWHU 7UDLO RI 7HDUV GHVFULSWLRQ RI %ODFN ,QGLans recalled the Âł1HJUR ,QGLDQVÂ´ RQ KRUVHEDFN ZHDULQJ Âł$OPDL]DUVÂ´ 0RRULVK :UDSV JLYLQJ WKHP DQ Âł$UDE 'HSRUWPHQWÂ´ 69 ,QÂł&DUROLQDÂ´ZHIRXQGHYLGHQFHRIQXPHURXV,QGLDQ6HWWOHPHQWVUHSXUSRVHGLQWR3ODQWDWLRQV WKHQDPHRIRQHZDVÂł6DUD]LQVÂ´ Âł6DUD]HQVÂł 7he aboriginal name of the Indian Settlement was 6DUDFHQV DWWKHSRLQWRIFRQWDFWZLWKWKH/RUGÂśV3URSULHWRUV (YHQLIWKHSODFHZDVQDPHGE\ Whites as claimed by Euro-His-Story, it is telling in either case that the Black Indian inhabitants (prior to ColRQLDO6HWWOHPHQW ZHUHGHFUHHGÂł6DUDFHQVÂ´)XUWKHUUHPRYLQJGRXEW(WKQRORJLVWV UHIHUUHGWRWKH$ERULJLQHVDVÂł,VKPDHOLWHVÂ´ 6HDIDULQJ0RRULVKÂł0DULQHUVÂ´RI$ERULJLQDO,QGLDQ&RXQWU\ Seafaring ancient Moroccans, Tunisians, Algerians, Turks and Canary Islanders were Marine travelers to the Americas. Their ventures actually started hundreds of years earlier by Moorish, Carthaginian and Phoenician Ancestors. U.S. Ethnologist and First Director of the Smithsonian Institution, J.W. Powell documented in KLVHDUO\V5HSRUWDQXQXVXDOILQGLQ4XHHQ:HHWDPRRUÂśV5KRGH,VODQG3URYLQFHD%XULDO 0RXQG FRQWDLQLQJ ZKDW KH GHVFULEHG DV DQ DQFLHQW Âł1DWLYH LQ &DUWKDJLQLDQ $UPRUÂ´ $ YHU\ detailed description of both the Native and the Armor was filed in the report, which included ÂłOHDWKHUVWUDSVÂ´FRQVLVWHQWZLWKÂłPDURQTXLQHULHÂ´ RUOHDWKHUZDUH Due to the complex early Maritime claims upon the waterways, the 18th Century found Americans already functioning under working International Treaties with Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia, and Tripoli. George Washington and President Thomas Jefferson maintained the Barbary States Treaties (Maritime Treaties) with the same Moorish countries. The status of the Treaties was reported in each Presidential State of the Union Address until 1830, which coincidently overlaps with the removal of the Indians from their Native Settlements to areas west of the Mississippi (along with their Black Tribal Citizens and Free Persons of Color-whom DV ZH DUH UHPLQGHG ZHUH QHLWKHU FRQVLGHUHG 6ODYHV QRU VXEMHFW WR 86 RU 6WDWH RU Âł1HJUR /DZVÂ´ DVFRQILUPHGE\WKH6RXWK&DUROLQD/HJLVODWXUHLQ +RZHYHUWKHIRUFHG,QGLDQ removals (along with their Ethnic Black Tribal Citizens and Free Persons of Color) resulted in cutoff communications between Maritime Nations and citizens situated in Sovereign Colonies and Black Indian Settlements. H istoric Moorish/M uslim Influences in the A boriginal Indian Country 7KHQDPHÂł0RRUVÂ´KDVDOZD\V referred to several historic and modern populations of Berbers, Black Africans and Africans of Arab descent from Northern Africa, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger, who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty, some of whom came to conquer and occupy the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years. At that time they were Muslims (or followers of Islam), although earlier people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal. 70 A lmoravid Dynasty The Almoravids were a Berber Muslim Dynasty that ruled Morocco and Muslim Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. They may have originated in what is now Mauritania. Their founder was Abd Allah ibn Yasin, who by military force converted a number of Saharan tribes to his own reformed religion and then advance on Morocco. After his death c. 1059, Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his brother Abu Bakr came to power. Marrakech was founded (c. 1062) and was the center of a power empire. Called by the Moors in Spain to help stem Christian reconquest, Yusef entered Andalusia and defeated (c.1086) Alfonso VI of Castile. He later subdued the local Muslim rulers and governed Muslim Spain and N. Morocco (Abu Baker ruled over S Morocco). The dynasty also pushed south, destroying the ancient state of Ghana. In the 12th century they were attacked by the Almohads, who finally (by 1174) won both Morocco and Muslim Spain. 7KH0RRUVÂśUXOHVWUHWFKHGDWWLPHVDVIDUDVPRGHUQ-day Mauretania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Parts of Mauretania covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in classical literature as the Mauri. The term Mauri, or variations, was later used by European traders and explorers of the 16th to 18th centuries to designate ethnic Berber and Arab groups speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect. In modern Iberia, the term is applied to people of Moroccan ethnicity. The root of the word appears as; mouro, moro, moir, mor and maur. The root has taken on a YDULHW\ RI PHDQLQJV LQFOXGLQJ Âł0RUHQRÂ´ IURP /DWLQ ,W FDQ DOVR PHDQ Âł%ODFN 3HUVRQÂ´ RU Âł0XODWWRÂ´ 0RRU FDPH WR KDYH D EURDGHU PHDQLQJ DSSOLHG WR ERWK 0RURV DQG 0RULVcos of UDQDGD(DUO\HWKQRORJLVWVFDOOHG,VODPLF%ODFNVLQWKH$PHULFDVÂł0RKDPPHGDQVÂ´XDQFKHV from the Canary Islands were descended from Berbers and Anthropologists confirm finding ancient markings from inhabitants in the Canary Islands bearing the letters (Z)(A)(N)(A)(T)(A), DGLUHFWUHIHUHQFHWR%HUEHUVRI0RRULVK2ULJLQ:KDWÂśVPRUH&RORQLHVRIWKHVH&DQDULDQVZHUH also found among the tribes of pre-FRORQLDO DQG &RORQLDO HUD Âł&DUROLQDÂ´LQ ZKDWLVQRZWKH Americas. Saracens Saracens, refers to Muslim/Moors. In fact the name figures prominently in the ancient Biblical story of Isaac and Ishmael, the sons of Abraham. The children of Abraham and his Jewish wife Sarah are descended from Isaac. Further, the children of Abraham and Hagar, the Egyptian 6ODYHDUHGHVFHQGHGIURP,VKPDHODQGDUHHPSW\RIRUÂłZLWKRXWÂ´DJHQHWLF'1$FRQWULEXWLRQ from Sarah (Genesis 16, 21:1Âą21) 7KHUHIRUHWKH0XVOLPGHVFHQGDQWVRI,VKPDHODUHWKRVHHPSW\RI6DUDRUÂłZLWKRXW6DUDÂ´ ERUQ ÂłRXWVLGHRI6DUDÂ´ DQGZHUH UHIHUUHG WRDV Âł6DUDFHQVÂł6RPHWH[WUHIHUWRWKHPDV+DJDUHQHV Despite Egyptian ancestry this population are considered to be Arabs. 71 ,W VHHPV WKDW VLQFH WKH\ ZHUH ERUQ RI D Âł6ODYHÂ´ WKHLU HQHPLHV GHFLGHG WKDW GHVFHQGDQWV RI ,VKPDHO VKRXOG EH ÂłSHUSHWXDO 6ODYHVÂ´ WKroughout every generation and wherever they lived (even after removing to faraway lands), although they were Blessed by God to be a mighty Nation, children of the desert, proficient with a bow. Remembering A n A boriginal Moorish-Indian Q ueen The next story centers upon the ancient settlement of a Black Indian Queen killed by beheading in 1674 as a preemptive act of aggression and example to others by the militarized settlers of Natick, Massachusetts in the opening salvo of King Philips War. Although Queen :HHWDPRRUÂśV ancient Burial Mounds were in existence at contact, the great Mound treasure was not discovered until later. Her story appears out of sequence due to its strategic geographical situation as an Atlantic settlement of Indian-Moors. Moors Dominate T he A tlantic -+DVVDQLPLVFR 4XHHQ:HHWDPRRUÂśV6HWWOHPHQW 4XHHQ :HHWDPRRUÂśV &RXQWU\ ZDV $TXHWQHFN WKH $ERULJLQDO QDPH RI 5KRGH ,VODQG She was ruler of Atlantic Coastal Black Indian Tribes and a kinsmen of Massasoit and King Phillip of the NarraganseWW DQG :DPSDQRDJ 1DWLRQV 7KH 4XHHQ ZDVÂł6TXDZ 6DFKHP RI Pocasset at Fall River (extent territory to Massachusetts). Weetamoor was also related to 7XVSDTXLQNQRZQDVÂłWKH%ODFN6DFKHPÂłRU%ODFN&KLHI These were the Indian groups that welcomed the first Pilgrims in the Americas upon the word RI7LVTXDQWXPRUÂł6TXDQWRÂ´ H assani-Morisco: Moroccan M uslim/Moors- :HHWDPRRUÂśV3HRSOH :HHWDPRRUÂśV 7ULEDO 7RZQ FDOOHG +DVVDQLPLVFR ZDV D FRPSRXQG ZRUG ZKLFK VHHPV WR KDYH contained two important elements specific to Morocco; the first being a similarity to the name GHULYHG IURP WKH VSRNHQ ODQJXDJH RI 0RURFFR NQRZQ DV Âł+DVVDQL\\DÂ´ 7KH VHFRQG HOHPHQW EHLQJ WKH ZRUG Âł0RULVFRÂ´ WKH QDPH JLYHQ WR ,QGLJHQRXV 0RRUV LQ DQFLHQW WLPHV FRQYHUWHG forcefully by the Spanish to Christianity. Alternate names are: Hasanya and Hassani. The Classification is Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South and Arabic. The alternate Hassani, plus Morisco would produce Hassanimorisco, literally meaning Hassani speaking Moroccan Muslim/Moors. In short, they were a special group of Saracens escaping conversion and established Colonies in the Aboriginal Indian Country. 4XHHQ :HHWDPRRUÂśV FKRVHQ &RORQ\ QDPH JLYHV JUHDW FOXHV DV WR WKH HUD RI WKHLU HVFDSH DQG settlement (11th or 12th century). They were Subjects of the Kings of Morocco. Further their tribal families would also settle Carolina and the interior. 72 Moors of C arolina Besides Hassanimisco, large Moorish Native communities are known to have existed in Delaware. A city known as Cheswold, Delaware was composed of Moorish Natives with known connections to the Lenni-Lenape and Nanticoke Nations of Delmarva. Extensive Moorish Colonies, Indian-Moor Communities and Creole Settlements among many other Tribal Nations existed in North and South Carolina (including Turks, Guanches and other ÂłDOOLHVÂ´ FDSWXUHG E\ PDQ\ ,QGLDQ &HQVXV 5HSRUWV 7UHDWLHV DQG KLVWRULFDO GRFXPHQWV (particularly among the Nations of the 5 Civilized Tribes). These nearly indescribable persons were subsequently categorized as ÂłIUHH SHUVRQV RI FRORUÂ´ ÂłIUHH EODFNVÂ´ Âł0XODWWRVÂ´ DQG Âł1HJURÂ´DPRQJWKH7ULEHV Moors As G uides In T he A boriginal Indian Country H ernando De Soto in A ncient C arolina Hernando de Soto made several very curious remarks during his travels. He lamented in one discussion about his Moors being the ancestors of the Indians. The other observation being that DIWHUWKHORVVRI0RRUVIURPKLV([SHGLWLRQ'H6RWRÂśVWHDPVHHPVWRKDYHEHFRPHYXOQHUDEOH unstable and directionally confused. Hernando De Soto also UHFRUGHG QXPHURXV LWHPV LQ DQFLHQW Âł&DUROLQDÂ´ DQG $ODEDPD EHDULQJ Moorish influences, such as those documented in their original narratives, confirmed by a 6FKRODUO\ UHFRXQWLQJ LQ Âł'H6RWR &KURQLFOHV 7KH ([SHGLWLRQ RI +HUQDQGR GH 6RWR WR 1RUWK America in 1539-1543 by Lawrence A. Clayton, Vernon James Knight, Jr., and Edward C. Moore, Editors, Pages 304- ;9,, Âł7KH $UP\ /HDYH &RIDFKLTXL ,Q 7ZR 'LYLVLRQVÂ´ Âł%HVLGHVWKHVHNLQGVRIDUURZKHDGVPDGHRIFRSSHUVXFKDVWKRVHWKH\SXWRQGDUWVLQ6SDLQ there were others with harpoons, also made of copper, and in the form of small chisels, lances, DQG0RRULVKGDUWVZKLFKORRNHGDVLIWKH\KDGEHHQPDGHLQ&DVWLOODÂ´ De Soto remarked upon his Expedition leaving three African Ancestored People with the Aboriginal Indians between Guaxule, Chiaha, and Xuala; 2 were Negroes and the third was a 0RRUIURP%DUEDU\ÂłD%HUEHUÂł>0RRU)URP%DUEDU\3DJH;;@ $IRXUWKSHUVRQOHIWZLWKWKH7ULEHDW &RRVD&UHHN1DWLRQ ZDVDÂł1HJURQDPHG5REOHVÂ´ Indian -Moor Colonies A ncient C arolina Moorish/M uslim Settlements 1526-L ucas V ĂĄsquez de A yllĂłn E xpedition In 1526 an expedition led by Lucas VĂĄsquez de AyllĂłn founded San Miguel de Guadalupe on the coast at Winyah Bay. San Miguel de Guadalupe is modern day Georgetown County, South 73 Carolina. The Santee River (stream) flows through here. The North and South Confluence of the River can also be found in this county. /XFDV 9iVTXH] GH $\OOyQÂśV 6SDQLVK-0RRU FRORQ\ LV UHIHUHQFHG DV D ÂłIDLOHGÂ´ FRORQ\ LQ European History recounts because it did not result in an American Pilgrim Colony. Rather, de $\OOyQÂśV&RORQ\HYROYHGDVDQLQWHJUDWHG1DWLYH$PHULFDQ-Moor Colony. +LVWRU\ ,WLVQRWHG WKDW LQWKHV WKH&KLFRUD PHW 6SDQLVK H[SORUHU $OO\yQQHDU 3DZOH\ÂśV Island. Tribal members were spread out in Clarendon, Florence, Georgetown, Horry, Marion and Williamsburg counties. In 1743, the Colonial Government forced nearly all the remaining Indians to move to the Catawba Community. Tribal Leaders met at Cherawtown. In light of the ColRQLDORYHUQPHQWÂśVDWWHPSWWRFRQFHQWUDWHDUHD1DWLYHVLQWRRQHYLFLQLW\DQ DPDOJDPDWLRQ/XFDV9iVTXH]GH$\OOyQÂśV6SDQLVK-Moors, the Winyuh, Pee Dee, Waccamaw, Santee, Chicora and Catawba was therefore created. U.S. G eological Survey Records San Miguel De GuadelupĂŠ (historical)-ID# 1232466 Class-Populated Place, CountyGeorgetown, State-SC, Latitude-331941N, Longitude-0791539W, Map-Georgetown South. Winyah Bay Entrance-ID#1251481, Class-Channel, County-Georgetown, State- SC, Latitude331154N, Longitude-0790856W, Map-Santee Point. Citation: Quattlebaum, Paul. The Land Called Chicora. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1956. P. 126. 1566-Pedro MenĂŠndez de A vilĂŠs E xpedition In 1566, another Spaniard under Pedro MenĂŠndez de AvilĂŠs, founded a settlement in South Carolina comprised of some 800+ Spaniards and their families, including Spanish Moors. He QDPHG WKH VHWWOHPHQW Âł6DQWD (OHQDÂ´ 0HQHQGH] GH $LYOHVÂś QHSKHZ QRWHG WR KDYH EHHQ D Âł0DQGLQJRÂ´VHWWOHG6W$XJXVWLQH)ORULGD M uslim/Moorish Influences In C arolina South Carolina Historical Society Records in the Carologue, Spring 1993 Edition carried a story HQWLWOHG Âł0XVOLP 6ODYHV $EGXFWHG 0RRUV $IULFDQ -HZV 0LVQDPHG 7XUNV DQG DQ $VLDWLF Greek Lady. Some Examples of Non-European Diversity in South Carolina Prior to 1861 by -DPHV:+DJ\7KH6RXWK&DUROLQD+LVWRULFDO6RFLHW\DOVRNHSWGRFXPHQWDWLRQRQWKHÂł)UHH 0RRUVÂ´RI6RXWK&DUROLQDZKLFKZDVUHFRUGHGLQWKH-RXUQDORIWKH6RXWK&DUROLQD+RXVHRI Representatives. 74 O fficial Documentation Confirming Inhabitation of F ree Moors in C arolina (Extract from the Journal of the House of Representatives, 1789-1790) Âł6RXWK &DUROLQD KDG VLJQLILFDQW HWKQLF GLYHUVLW\ GXULQJ FRORQLDO WLPHV ,W ZDV KRPH WR )UHH Moors and Turks. While fighting in Defense of their country, the Moors were captured with their wives by a King of Africa. They were claimed by a Captain Clark who was to deliver them to an Ambassador of Morrocco, then living in England, to return them to their own country. ,QVWHDGKHEURXJKWWKHPWR$PHULFDZKHUHKHVROGWKHPLQWRVODYHU\Â´ Âł7KH\ SHWLWLRQHG WKH 6RXWK &DUROLQD /HJLVODWXUH DQG WKH SHWLWLRQ VWDWHG That as free born subjects of a Prince now in Alliance with these United States; that they may not be considered as subject to a Law of this State (now in force) called the negro law. They were freed by the South Carolina Legislature; Report That they have Considered the same and are of opinion that no Law of this State can in its Construction or Operation apply to them, and that persons who were Subjects of the Emperor of Morocco being Free in this State are not triable by the Law for the better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and other Slaves. Âł5HVROYHGWKDWWKLV+RXVHGRDJUHHZLWKWKH5HSRUW7KH\ZHUHIUHHSHUVRQVRIFRORUÂ´ [From The State Records of South Carolina Journals of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1789-1790 MICHAEL E. STEVENS, Editor CHRISTINE M. ALLEN, Assistant Editor Published for the South Carolina Department of Archives and History by the University of South Carolina Press Columbia, SC]. South Carolina Historical Society. O phir of Solomon: Intriguing L andmar ks-Indian Settlements A nd Repurposed Plantations in C arolina Ophir Plantation-/RFDWHDORQJWKH6DQWHH6W-RKQÂśV3DULVK%HUNHOH\&RXQW\ LQSUHVHQWGD\ Pinopolis). Earliest documented date of existence, 1685. A house was erected on the site in 1810. The site currently lies submerged under Lake Moultrie. Plantation lands were originally located near present-day Pinopolis. Ophir is yet another casualty of the Santee Cooper Hydroelectric and Navigation Project. This project displaced many families and communities, including historic homes, Indian Mounds, Burial Places, Cemeteries and Archaeological opportunities were lost as the area was flooded. Despite the fact that Thomas Porcher maintained Native American Slaves here from the point of initial contact, along with the presence and predominance of Indian Burial Mounds, the Ophir Graveyard was classified as Âł%ODFNÂł O phir Plantation-331740N 0800528W Chicora Map. O phir C anal (historical) Berkeley Chicora unknown 33.294ÂşN 80.091ÂşW 75 Note: Only 3 instances of use of the word appears in the Aboriginal Indian Country. All were associated purely with Indian Nations (2 Cherokee Settlements in North and South Carolina, as well of 1 Northern California Indian Settlements. O phir Indian Mounds (Indian) O phir Plantation Cemetery (Black) O phir Plantation{Citation: Ophir Plantation; Manuscripts Department Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill SOUTHERN HISTORICAL COLLECTION #M-823 STONEY AND PORCHER FAMILY PAPERS Inventory Abstract: Records, 1799-1862, of a Charleston District, S.C., plantation}. Negro Bay 1234351 Swamp Berkeley SC 331742N 0801321W Cross Feature ID: 1234351 Name: Negro Bay Class: Swamp Citation: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1:62,500-scale topographic maps; various edition dates. Represents new or changed names from published editions. Map name and year of publication follow (if known): Chicora/1921 Entry Date: 01-May-1993 Elevation(ft/m): 92/28 Black Tom Bay 1246906 Swamp Berkeley SC 330854N 0800537W Moncks Corner Note: The name Monck comes from, George Monck, the Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670) one RIWKHRULJLQDO/RUGÂľV3URSULHWRU Moorfield Plantation-Location-Chicora, Berkeley, SC Moorfield Swamp-Location, Chicora, Berkeley, SC. USGS Location: Moorfield Swamp (historical) 1234340 Swamp Berkeley SC 331846N 0800639W Chicora. Moorfield Plantation Cemetery (Black). Black M ingo Swamp QDPHVWUDQVODWHVWRÂł%ODFN.LQJ6ZDPSÂłRU%ODFN&KLHI6ZDPS Indian field (Plantation Cemetery identified as Black). Indian F ield Methodist C ampground: National Register of Historic Places #73001707, added 1973. Also known as Indian Fields. About 4 mi. NE of St. George on SC 73. Period of Significance-1825- ,QGLDQ)LHOG&HPHWHU\&ODVVLILHGDVÂł%ODFNÂ´ Pooshee Plantation-Location, Chicora, St. Johns Berkeley Parish, Berkeley County (submerged under Lake Moultrie). Plantation lands were originally located near present-day Bonneau. Plantation houses built in 1716, 1804 and a western wing added in 1852. Origin of Name: Native American. Earliest documented date of existence 1705. Land grant to Pierre de St. Julien de Malacare. Number of acres, 4000. Primary crop, Santee long cotton. 76 Pooshee Plantation (historical) 1234600 Locale Berkeley SC 331901N 0800049W Chicora 75 - 01-MAY- +DVVHSDUDWH&HPHWHULHVRQ&ODVVLIHGÂł:KLWHÂ´DQGWKHRWKHU Âł%ODFNÂ´1DWLYH Americans classed as Black. San M iguel De G uadelupĂŠ (historical)-ID# 1232466, Populated Place, Georgetown, SC, 331941N, 0791539W, Georgetown South. O ld Santee Plantation-/RFDWLRQ6DQWHH5LYHU6W6WHSKHQÂśV3DULVK%HUNHOH\&RXQW\ C ur riboo Plantation-Location, Berkeley County. Peru Plantation-Location, St. Stephens Parish, Berkeley County. Portions on Black River, Georgetown County. USGS: O ld Peru-ID#1234356, Populated Place, Berkeley, SC, 332514N 0795912W, Saint Stephen. Sarazen Plantation-Location, Cooper River, Berkeley County (Submerged under Lake Moultrie). Other Names: Sarizins. House built in 1826. Egypt Plantation-Location, St. James Santee Parish, Berkeley County. Cote Bas Plantation-/RFDWLRQ &RRSHU 5LYHU 0RQFNV &RUQHU 6W -RKQÂśV %HUNHOH\ &RXQW\ (located off Bushy Park Road between the Back River and the Cooper River.) Mexico Plantation-/RFDWLRQ 6DQWHH 5LYHU 6W -RKQÂśV %HUNHOH\ DQG 6W 6WHSKHQÂśV 3DULVK Berkeley County (bordering the old Santee Canal). Primary crop, Sea island cotton. USGS: Mexico-ID#1231539, Populated Place, York, SC, 345617N 0810017W Rock Hill West. Mexico Cemetery-ID#1224463, Cemetery, Berkeley, SC, 332643N, 0800636W, Pineville. C hachan Plantation-Location, Western branch of the Cooper River, Old Cordesville, Berkeley County ( off SC 44 Doctor Evans Road) on Chachan Road. Other Names: North Chacham. Earliest documented dated of existence, 1760. House built 1760. Primary crop, Rice. C hachan Plantation Cemetery SC Berkeley cemetery 331003N 0795750W Cordesville Note: linguistically similar to the name of an ancient Peruvian Chimu Settlement, at Chanchan. Salkehatchie River 1250734 Stream Hampton SC 324731N 0805247W Cummings. Combahee River: Named for the Combahee Indians who formerly lived on this stream. Description: Heads at the junction of the Salkehatchie River and Little Salkehatchie Rivers, flows SE to the Coosaw River 17.7 km (11 mi) northeast of Beaufort. Citation Note: 7KH&RPEDKHH5LYHUZDVDOVRFDOOHGÂł7KH-RUGDQ5LYHUÂ´ 77 Citation: Jordan River, Combiheh River,Combeheh River ; Salley, Alexander S., Jr., editor. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708. New York, New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1911. Citation: Salkehatchie River; U.S. Board on Geographic Names decisions, either decisions referenced H ilton Documents Moorish A rchitecture In E arly C arolina Hilton, in the 1700s described enormous structures typical of Moorish Architecture left in Carolina. Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina. Moorish/M uslim Mexico, Pacific States and the A merican Southwest Further west, when the Padres began bringing Black Mexican Aboriginals to settle the Missions they brought with them Indios, Coyotes, Mulatos, Black Mexicans and Moriscos with names OLNH $PH]TXLWD PHDQLQJ Âł7R 0RVTXHÂ´ WR VHWWOH WKH &DOLIRUQLD 0LVVLRQV IUom Baja, San Diego, San Luis Rey near Oceanside, San Juan Capistrano, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, San Luis Obispo, Santa Margarita, San Miguel, San Jose, Sonoma, Santa Clara, Solano, as well as San Francisco (in Alta California). As the Padres set up the Mission systems from Loreto, Baja to San Francisco and even into Arizona, they documented the various descriptions and racial classifications of these settlers, ZKLFKZHUH DWWKHRXWVHW ,QGLRV&R\RWHV &R\RWO 1HJUR4XHEUDGRÂł%URNHQ %ODFN&RORUÂ´ Mulato, even Chino (Black with Asian features), Mestiza, Mestizo, people descended from mixed Black Ancestors (for instance Olmec, Mixtec, etc.), and espaĂąol. Even though the settling of the Missions represents a pivotal period of early Spanish/Mexican settlement of the Pacific West, we are no less awed by the fact that the most ancient prehistoric remains of an even earlier population of Black Aboriginals has been confirmed by modern forensic archaeological studies. Mexico TenochtitlĂĄn is the original name of Mexico it was founded in 1325 on an islet in the western SDUW RI ODNH 7H[FRFR GH 0RUD ZKLFK WUDQVODWHV OLWHUDOO\ LQWR Âł2XU &RFR SHRSOH RI 0RRUVÂ´ 1HDUE\0D]DWODQGHORV0XODWWRVLWVHHPVZDVOLWHUDOO\ÂłWKH%LUWKSODFHRIWKH0XODttos. The Olmec mated with the Coyoatl or Coyoacan and produced a generation called Coyotes. The Âł&R\RWHVÂ´ ILJXUHG SURPLQHQWO\ LQ WKH VHWWOHU FODVV RI HPLJUDWLQJ ZLWK WKH Padres in an effort to help establish settlements in their North America holdings, which were needed to fend off Russian encroachment of the Pacific West. It is clear that Coyotes had some type of African Ancestry. 78 ,Q WKH ROG WH[W Âł7KH :LOG 7ULEHV RI 0H[LFRÂł-Physical Features in Northern Mexico, p. 619; "The Tlascaltecs in 1568 wore cotton-cloth mantles painted in various fine colors. The Inhabitants of Cholula, according to Cortes dressed better than the Tlascaltecs; the better class wearing over their clothes a garment resembling the Moorish cloak, yet somewhat different, as that of the Cholula. ,Q WKH VDPH ERRN XQGHU Âł'UHVV LQ 0LFKRDFDQ S -623), the following description of a 7XUEDQDSSHDUV ÂłRQWKHKHDGDVPDOOUHGFORWKDUUDQJHGOLNHD7XUEDQIURPZKLFKDUHSHQGHQW scarlet feathers, similar to those used by the ancient Aztec warriors." Esteban, the Moor Discovered New Mexico 1536-7KH PRVW IDPRXV 0RRU LQ WKH KHPLVSKHUH SURSHU ZDV (VWHEDQ GH 'RUDQWHV ÂłD %ODFN $UDEÂ´D1DWLYHRI$]HPPRXU0RURFFR DVXUYLYRURIWKH1DUYDH]([SHGLWLRQWR/D)ORULGD who discovered what was (New Spain) and is now Southern New Mexico. He returned to Culiacan, Mexico with stories of having seen the Seven Cities of Cibola (Seven Cities of Gold). +H ZDV DQ ÂłHVODYR ODGLQR Âł RI $QGUHV 'RUDQWHV RI %HMDU GHO &DVWDQDU 6DODPDQFD Eslavo Ladino, means a Slave and converted Christian. Esteban, as he was now known, accompanied Dorantes. King Charles V of Spain granted him authority to settle all of La Florida, a territory that stretched from the southern tip of the Florida peninsula westward to the Âł5LRGHODV3DOPDVÂ´ZKLFKLVWRGD\ÂśV6RWRGHOD0DULQD5LYHULQWKH state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Esteban (also, Estebanico) began his ascent into the Aboriginal Indian Country as one of only four survivors of the 600 members of the Narvaez Expedition in 1527-1528 to colonize La Florida. (VWHEDQÂśVVXUYLYDORIWKH([SHGLWLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQWGLVFRYHU\RI1HZ0H[LFRLVQRWKLQJVKRUW of miraculous and should be shouted from the rooftops and shared by other Moors. $FFRUGLQJ WR &DEH]D GH 9DFD ÂłZH HQMR\HG D great deal of authority and dignity among [the Indians], and to maintain this we spoke very little to them. The black man always spoke to WKHP DVFHUWDLQLQJ ZKLFK ZD\ WR JR DQGÂŤDOO WKH RWKHU WKLQJV ZH ZDQWHG WR NQRZÂ´ 1RWH >Âł%ODFN $UDEÂŤ1DWLYH RI $]DPRUÂ´ by Kitty Morse, Saudi Aramco World, Volume 53, 1XPEHU0DUFK$SULO@@$O=HPPRXULÂśVWRZQLVD%HUEHUZRUGIRUÂłZLOGROLYHWUHHÂ´ ,Q (VWHEDQÂśVSXUSRVHGXULQJWKLVPLVVLRQZDVWROHDG'H1L]DIURPWKH,VODQGRI0DOKDGR (near the Bay of Galveston) to Cibola. Their personalities clashed, as De Niza did not relish the freedom the Moor felt in the Aboriginal Indian Country, nor the pleasant reception he received IURPWKH,QGLDQV(VWHEDQURGHDKHDGRIWKH6SDQLDUGDQGÂłGLVDSSHDUVÂ´ZLWKLQWKHFRQILQHs of WKH =XQL 3XHEOR 'H 1L]D GRHV QRW UHDFK =XQL EXW LV PHW E\ ,QGLDQV ZKR QRWLI\ KLP RI ÂłWKH GHDWKÂ´RI(VWHEDQ 79 European His-Story accounts contend that the New Mexico Indians killed Esteban (for various reasons) although his death was never observed, even those reporting it merely speculated that he had been killed and that is what they told the Spaniards. Did Esteban the Moor slip away as GLG'H6RWRÂśV0RRUV" Coincidently, but apparently unrelated to Esteban the Moor, killed in their Pueblo (according to European His-Story); 7KHUHLVDQDFWXDOÂł&LEROD&RXQW\Â´ QRWDUXPRU 7KH$FRPD3XHEORLVRIILFLDOO\6DQ(VWHEDQGHO5H\GH$FRPD OLWHUDOO\Âł6DLQW6WHSKHQWKH .LQJRI$FRPDÂł 3. They too have an El Morro National Monument (the Moor National Monument), and 4. Participate in an ancient Annual Feast honoring San Estevan. Numerous Structures, including Missions of Moorish Architecture were described, painted and ultimately photographed as a testament to their style, influence and rightful place in this hemisphere bearing Colonies, Settlements and Communities inhabited by the subjects of the Kings of Morocco in this hemisphere. To banish this type of Architectural style is an arrogant insult to their memory, as well as the remnant of their host Nations. The foregoing are but a mere sampling of my various works presented for your edification. Sincerely, Angela Molette (Tuscaloosa Ohoyo) Black Warrior Woman 80 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&(1.(8!0!3(//0E(!&#!011!3(3"()/!#6! /,1&0+0&(/!#6!3,)0$,/'! Sultanates of M urakush A message to all members of Sultanates of Murakush In the United States, the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution makes all treaties that have been ratified under the authority of the United States and customary international law, ...the "Supreme Law of the Land" (U.S. Const.art. VI Cl. 2) and, as such, the law of the land is binding on the federal government as well as on state and local governments. According to the Supreme Court of the United States, the treaty power authorizes Congress to legislate under the Necessary and Proper Clause in areas beyond those specifically conferred on Congress (Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920)). The standard treaties and conventions leave the issue of implementation to each state, i.e. there is no general rule in international law that treaties have direct effect in municipal law, but some states, by virtue of their membership of supranational bodies, allow the direteryt incorporation of rights or enact legislation to honor their international commitments. Hence, citizens in those states can invoke the jurisdiction of local courts to enforce rights granted under international law wherever there is incorporation Foreign national According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security a foreign national is defined simply as, "An individual who is a citizen of any country other than the United States."[1] The Brookhaven National Laboratory, under direction from the U.S. Department of Energy, further explains that, from the perspective of the United States, a foreign national is, "A person who was born outside the jurisdiction of the United States, is a citizen of a foreign country, and has not become a naturalized U.S. citizen under U.S. law. This includes Legal Permanent Residents (also known as Permanent Resident Aliens)."[2] This definition presumably also applies to anyone who has successfully renounced his or her U.S. citizenship. An alien (foreign national) who has been granted the status of permanent resident status is treated as a citizen of the state where the alien is domiciled Visit Sultanates of Murakush at: http://www.murakushsultanate.com/?xg_source=msg_mes_network 81 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&'-)&((+8!0+!-+9-E(+#,/!:(#:1(/!'-/&#)7!>D>! 'Faith-Based' Social Services July/August 2001 Viewpoint For Native Americans, It Was A Trail Of Tears "Faith-based" social services is not an original idea with President George W. Bush or the current Christian right. It is a concept that has been tried before, and it eventually proved to be a disaster for all concerned for the federal government, for the churches and for the population it was intended to serve. In 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant began turning over the full responsibility for the administration of Indian agencies to American churches and missionary bodies, whose assumed honesty and charitable motives were expected to give them success in achieving pacification and assimilation of the tribes. Within three years, Indian agencies had been apportioned among the Presbyterians, Methodists, Catholics, Lutherans, Quakers, Congregationalists, Dutch Reformed, Baptists, Episcopalians and other denominations. Missionaries filled federal offices as Indian agents and were in full charge of education and other activities on the reservation. On the whole, it was a disaster for most of the tribes of Native Americans. Some of the agents lived up to the expectations and acquitted themselves honorably. Others proved to be corrupt and incompetent. On numerous reservations, the missionary agents were fanatically determined to "Christianize" (in their own denomination) their wards and destroy everything they considered heathenish. Acting as bigoted dictators and backed by Army troops, they tyrannized Native Americans with orders that banned their ceremonies, their dances, the telling of legends and myths and all other manifestations of Native religion and culture. Those who resisted, particularly medicine men and tribal leaders, were treated with stern measures, ranging from harassment and the withholding of rations to imprisonment, banishment or death. During this same period, the Bureau of Indian Affairs made a number of attempts to suppress Native American religion with a series of departmental regulations. This was a direct violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the Constitution and, without a doubt, one of the greatest violations of human rights committed against a native population. Enthusiastic missionaries bent on the destruction of what they saw as a pagan religion, as well as reformers who saw assimilation as the only way to solve the "Indian problem," zealously implemented repressive government regulations. Children were forcibly taken from their parents and sent off to schools, often far distances from their reservations. When tribal leaders objected, they were held back by troops or thrown in jail without due process. In effect, all Native religious practices were banned. 82 The policy of entrusting reservations to the churches eventually failed because of the Native Americans' resistance, a growing public concern about Native rights and the treatment by the missionaries. Different denominations also began fighting among themselves over the distribution of supplies and the real or imagined favoring of rivals. In addition, some denominations were unable to continue financial support of their missions. In Washington, officials began to see that many of the church and missionary agents were no improvement over government agents prior to Grant's administration, so officials in the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes killed the policy, without addressing the constitutional issue. Although the practice was discontinued in the l890s, some 27 Christian denominations became established among a number of tribes, particularly those whose culture was in a state of disintegration. This, however, did not end the assault on Native religion, culture or institutions. The era of missionary control set the patterns for the treatment of Native Americans for the next 50 years. The U.S. government did everything in its power to break down and destroy "Indianness" including the Native American religion. This policy was not reversed until 1934 under Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, inaugurated a sweeping change of policy in Native American affairs. Often referred to as the "Indian New Deal" it marked a change in the policy of enforced assimilation of the previous 50 years. Freedom of religion, the goal of so many European immigrants, was finally extended to the Native Americans, giving back to them the rights that were denied for over a half century by a government in cooperation with churches. This short history lesson makes clear several points. In the first place, the federal government has a constitutional obligation to "promote the general welfare," and it must not turn over its responsibilities to other organizations. Second, the Constitution forbids government to become involved in religious activities. Most churches have a clear missionary mandate. They see social services as secondary to that function or even as a means to implement that role. Government funding also puts "faith-based" programs in competition for state and federal grant monies. We must not assume that churches would be any more competent than existing, social service agencies. Chief Joseph reportedly said: "Do not send us churches; they will teach us to fight about God." Today we may paraphrase him, "Do not send us faith-based social services; they will teach us to fight about God and federal dollars." John M. Sullivan is professor emeritus of sociology at Limestone College in Gaffney, S.C. 83 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!6#,)&((+8!"105$!+0&-.(!03()-50+!'-/&#)7"" Historical falsification and manipulation has been successful in painting a false picture of the origination of the so-FDOOHG Âł%ODFNÂ´ LQ $PHULFD EHLQJ RQ WKH VODYH VKLSV 7KH KLV-story books and his-storytellers (historians) have suppressed the existence of African descendants in American prior to the slave trade. Most Euro-Americans and American Indians will deny and even laugh at the notion of Africans being the original Native Americans. It was once said that, Âł3HRSOH ODXJK DW ZKDW WKH\ GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG thinking that they are demonstration their VXSHULRULW\UDWKHUWKDQWKHLUODWHQWLGLRF\Â´ LQRWKHUZRUGVWKH\WKLQNWKHLUODXJKWHULVDVLJQRI wisdom rather than ignorance. After the laughter is done the facts are still sitting there on the table staring them in the face. " Over 65% of the Melanin Rich (Black) population on the planet is said to be Black (Moorish) Native Americans. How is it that in his-story they always mention the fact that EuroAmericans and American Indians mixed, and that the Euro-Americans mixed with the Moors (Blacks), but they purposely never mentions the origin of the American Indian? How is it that DQHQWLUHUDFHRISHRSOHÂśV $PHULFDQ,QGLDQÂśV OLQHDJHKDVQRWEHHQWUDFHGWRLWVRULJLQ"7KH truth that you discover in the realms of our-story renders the lies in his-story incomplete and inaccurate. In order to investigate the true origin of the American Indian you must begin with the Ancient Olmecs. The Olmecs were the first to inhabit what is currently known as Central and South America, and was domiciled in this area from 1500 B.C. to about 300 A.D. The Olmecs were responsible for the first Step Pyramid erected in the Americas. In the book entitled They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence In Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima it states verbatim : "" " Âł7KHYHU\ILUVW$PHULFDQ3\UDPLGRU6WHSSHG7HPSOHDSSHDUVDW/D9HQWDWKHVLWHFRORVVDO Negroid Heads and the steel on which is carved the Mediterranean type figure with bread DQGWXUQHGXSVKRHVÂ´"" "" The Olmecs are of the Negroid persuasion and hail out of Ancient Uganda (Northeast Central Africa). Their arrival preceded the Continental Drift which occurred thousands of years ago. Often in schools teachers show the students the way the Continents fit together like a puzzle, and explain that the continents were at one point, one landmass. In this era the Negroid ZDV DEOH WR URDP IUHHO\ DQG HVWDEOLVK VHWWOHPHQWV DQG WUDGH WKURXJKRXW WKH ÂłZRUOGÂ´ 7KHVH wooly-haired dark skinned people were the original inhabitants of the Americas. " "" The obvious question rises as to how the Negroid arrived in America. There were two ways that the Melanin Man arrived in the Americas. The first of which was mentioned earlier in regards to the Olmecs (Negroid) walked to America (when it was one mass of land connected to Africa. The second way Afrikans arrived in the Americas was by ship. This was the case of A bu Bakari I I RI 0DOL $IULFD ,Q WKH WLPHV EHIRUH WKH LQYHQWLRQ RI WKH VDLO Âł$IULFDQÂ´ navigators learned the routes of currents and tides of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The G uinea C ur rent and the C anary C ur rents are the two main currents that flow from Africa to 84 America. The Canary Current flows southward form the African coast to C ape Blanc or C ape Verde depending on the season. And the Guinea Current flows eastward from the Guinea Coast, which cycles out and to the sea joining the South Equatorial Current. In efforts to escape from the racism and strict opposition of Muhammadism to African Culture, and denial of truth, Abu Bakari II left the kingdom of Mali. In efforts to link to his family Abu Bakari II set off on a trek to the Americas. The Malian empire was vast spanning from Morocco, Libya, and Tunis. Bakari set sail to America with half of his riches and history of his Empire after making his EURWKHU0DQVDÂł.DQ.DQÂ´0XVDNLQJEHIRUHGHSDUWLQJLQ$'8VLQJWKH$QFLHQW$IULFDQ practice of the talking drum was utilized to communicate with his fleet, Abu Bakari arrived in precisely six cycles after the disappearance of Quetzalcoatl by way of the sea from among the Toltecs in 999 A.D., therefore his was mistakenly thought to be Quetzalcoatl by the Aztecs. The rain god and wind god aspects of Quetzalcoatl fit with the black skin of Bakari. In the Aztec culture a cycle denotes 52 years of the Gregorian calendar. After the departure of his brother Mansa Musa left to find Abu Bakari never to return again. " The worship of black gods was a common occurrence in Pre-Columbian art and culture, as illustrated in the book T hey C ame Before Columbus, which states: Âł7KHUH PD\ EH VRPH VW\OLVWLF GLVWRUWLRQ LQ WKH 1HJURLG +HDG IURP WKH 0DQGLQJR FRQWDFW period in plate 6 (bottom row). The chin huts out with an exaggerated and primitive. Strangely enough, it was regarded by the American Indians as a sacred face. If was venerated later by the Aztecs, simply because it was black, as their god Tezcatlipoca. Black gods and gods with Negroid features (for the word black is sometimes used to describe 1HJURLGIHDWXUHV IRURWKHUVLWÂśVVRPHWLPHVMXVWDFHUHPRQLDOFRORU PD\EHIRXQGDPRQJWKH American Indians. Another black god is the god of jewelers, Naualpilli. The Negroid features of this god were sculpted in green stone by the Mexicans, while his kinky hair was cast in pure gold. There is also the god of traveling merchant, of whom we shall later speak, EkChu-$KZKRHQWHUV0D\DQP\WKRORJ\LQWKHZDNHRI0DQGLQJRÂ´ There are a lot of commonalities shared by the Mandingo Malians and the medieval Mexicans; for instance, the plumed serpent motif of ancient Mexico and the feathered serpent of mediaeval Mali. The Dasiri of Bombara is the Malian equivalent of Quetzalcoatl of Mexican lore. Dasiri (protector of the village whose sacred animal is the snake) is of the Mandingo from which Abu Bakari II was a member; both the feast of Dasiri and the Quetzalcoatl Ceremony take place in the beginning of the year. Archeologists have discovered that the colossal bay salt heads were crafted by the Olmecs (Negroid). Originally discovered in 1836 A.D. and rediscovered in 1938 A.D. by Dr. Matthew Sterling outside the city of Tres Zapotes in the jungles of the Gulf of Mexico. These humongous statues astounded the Archeologist and continue to be the center of fascination for many today. The size and skill displayed in conjunction with the obvious African features of the 20 ton, 7-8 foot statues was truly baffling to the Archeologist. Even more confusing was the fact that ancient people without the use of modern technology or the wheel were able to move this gigantic stone. The boulders were moved from the bottom of Mount Tuxtla where it was 85 taken over a thirty feet deep gorge to the site of these monuments today. Could it be that these ancients new the same knowledge used by the ancient Egyptians in the engineering of the great Pyramids in Giza and the Nubia? You better believe it! As stated previously the original inhabitants of the Americas were Negroid and also the dynasties that ruled Egypt prior to the Hyksos Dynasty were Negroid as well. Even the headgear worn by the Olmec statues appears to be the same headwear worn by the Egyptian Nubian army in the period of the Pharaoh Rameses, and the first 1000 years B.C. Additional evidence can be found on the walls of Mount Alban where engravings of the dancers or death figures, which show a striking resemblance to the Sphinx of Egypt and also the deity Ra in bird form. 7KHQDPH2OPHFV PHDQLQJ³SHRSOe of the rubber land) was given by their descendants the Aztec. This name was given because the Olmec uprooted rubber trees (called Cau-Uchu PHDQLQJ ³ZHHSLQJ ZRRG´ E\ 2OPHFV DQG SODQWHG WKHP LQ WKH $PHULFDV The Negroid later becoming known as the Olmec, and when the Europeans came to the Americas they witnessed natives playing with large rubber balls extracted form the rubber trees. Prior to the Columbian era the cultivation of rubber fluid was customary during the Olmecian period. While these facts are clear and the evidence of Africans being the first inhabitants of the Americas is known in some intellectual circles, archeologist keep the secrets of history under lock and key buried away from the public. These truths would undo centuries of deprogramming of the Melanin Rich occupants of America, while stealing their historical global achievements and claiming all of their worldly and intellectual possessions by brute force and trickery. That is why they laugh when you state that the Negroid was the original occupant of the Americas. Because their acknowledgement of that means that you fall into the indigenous category and fall out of the jurisdiction of the corporation (government) that FRQTXHUHGWKHODQGVRI\RXUSHRSOH:KDW¶VZRUVe is that they will no longer own you as chattel (property) and you become autonomous, sovereign or self-governing. And quite frankly after they have reprogrammed you and raped, tortured, and killed your ancestors they fear what you PD\GRLI\RXDUH³IUHH´IURPKLVKROG KHIHDUV\RXDUHOLNHKLPDQGZLOOVHHNWRGHVWUR\KLP Our peaceful nature as a people is what he is not taking into consideration. If the shoe was on the other foot he would not be satisfied until every black soul was buried six feet under the dirt. The Melanin Man wants freedom and harmony and not to fulfill some sick fantasy of world control that is passed down from generation to generation which you see today in the world society by the Illuminati and their minions. It is for this reason that his-storytellers (historians) will tell you that the origin of the Olmec is not certain. They will even say that they may have been Chinese immigrants that crossed the Bering Strait. They known that those colossal monuments that still sit there today share the gene traits (large lips and nose) of the African (Ugandan) and will even say they were Negroid like because of jagged and faulty tools (despite fine details on the headgear and eyes), they will say anything except the obvious truth staring at them in those statues, because of what LW ZLOO PHDQ IRU WKH ³KLVWRU\´ WKH\ FUDIWHG 7KH $IULFDQ 0DQ ZDV QRW LQWURGXFHG WR $PHULFD 86 during the slave trade, for they were always here as natives (Native Americans). As the Olmecs we built the bay salt head statues and as the Washitaw Mound Builders we built huge monumental mounds in America to mark our presence. During slavery times you had free EODFNV DOVR FDOOHG IUHHPHQ WKDW DUH SURSHUO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV 0X¶XUV 0RRUV 7KH\ ZHUH WKH product of the Negroid link in the Americas, and some became indentured servants. 8SRQ WKH DUULYDO RI WKH (XURSHDQ WKHVH 0X¶XUV ZHUH HQVODYHG 7KH\ KDG HVWDEOLVKHG prosperous communities with schools, government, agricultural centers, social systems, and granaries established. This bring in the question of the origins of the American Indian also called the Red Man, and where the fit in the picture. The American Indian (Red Man) is a product of the mixture of two races the Negroid (Olmec) and the Mongoloid (Chinese). It is also a contested fact that the original people of Asia are of African descent. They can be found in the first Chinese dynasty (Shang Dynasty). During the 4th century a Buddhist monk named Hsu Shen lead some of these descendants to the shore of what is now known as California. Hsu Shen and his followers set sail and arrived on American shore in 459 A.D. They lived amongst the Olmecs (pure blood, Negroid) and gave rise to what is known today as the American Indian (full blood, Red Man). The Olmecs gave them the area known as South America then called Amexem, which stems from the word Hexian which stems from Hsu Shen of Ho Shen which incidentally is the name of Mexico. The Northern Olmecian region became known as Atlan. Since they were seen as part of the same family link their children were permitted to mix in with the Olmecs. This mixture resulted in the creation of what in known as the American Indian. The epicanthic fold in the eyes of the RULJLQDO$PHULFDQ,QGLDQVLVDUHVXOWLQWKHIHDWXUHIDOVHO\FDOOHG³VODQWHG´H\HV7KLVHSLFDQWKLF fold is a trait original to the Mongoloid genetics. The American Indian also inherited the shovel teeth and hollow strait hair from the Mongoloid gene. The American Indian (product of Negroid and Mongoloid mixing) is today referred to accurately as full blood. Those that are paler than normal are a result of the years of European occupation and they are called mixed blood. They purposely tied into our genetic vine to infiltrate and control us from within. They married in to the tribes to disrupt the structure of it. When Europeans saw that most North American Tribes were rule by a gynecocracy or matrilineal government, which is a government ruled by women, they falsely thought that a society governed by women was weak. The European view of the women was that they were weak, spoiled creatures that need protection, and this was a wrong image to project on the American Tribes. Nations like the Iroquois, Washitaw, Hopi, Navaho Crow, Pomo, Kiowa and Turok were ruled by women. The Native Americans acknowledged that strong women build a strong nation. The European Christian influenced outlook on the creation of woman coming IURPPDQ¶VULEPDGHLWLPSRVVLEOHIRUWKHPWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZDQ\SHRSOHFRXOGVXUUHQGHUWKHLU power to a woman. When they saw women ruling over governments when they arrived the Europeans sought to change this structure. This infiltration was seen in a project where Cherokee young men were sent to Europe to learn the British ways of life. These young men were then returned to the Cherokee nation which included North Carolina, Mississippi, and 87 Georgia, to establish male dominance amongst their people and eradicate the traditional governmental structure. While some genuine meaningful relationships were established between Europeans and Native Americans, in many cases these unions were arranged as gestures of peace. It was FRPPRQIRUD&KLHIWRJLYHKLVGDXJKWHUÂśVKDQGLQPDUULDJHDVDVLJQRIKDUPRQ\DQGJRRGZLOO a way to welcome into the family. The natives were very selfless and giving during the European Colonization. It must be stressed that there have been many in our midst ( Native Americans, American ,QGLDQV ZKRDUHZKDWLVFDOOHGÂłPL[HGEORRGÂ´DQGLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKLVLVQRWPHDQWWREH a divisive lesson but one of unity and inclusion of the Melanin Man (Black) in his rightful place in the history of the Americas. We must never treat any of our brothers and sisters any differently, no matter how dark or light their skin may be. The right or Native Americans and American Indians as indigenous people do not lie in our genealogy but rather in our dedication to our culture and the maintenance of our traditions and lands. 88 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!6-6&((+8!'0&!0/!7#,!5011(9!"(6#)(!>F?4G! Universal Zulu Nation & Universal Zulu Kemetic Moors Presents: The Aboriginal Indigenous Conference of the Americas T aj T arik Bey of the Moors O rder of T H E Roundtable in Association with R. V. Bey Publications Answers 51 Questions for 7KH8QLYHUVDO=XOX1DWLRQÂśVAboriginal Indigenous Conference W hat Were You Called Before 1492? Contained herein are answers to the 51 questions, asked of the Universal Zulu Nation, in search of answers. We attended the Conference in October 2008, and thought the questions were worthy of answering, and publishing for the benefit of all who were interested. The cover letter below was written by King Yoda, of the Universal Zulu Nation, as a call to all Aboriginal and Indigenous People, to all Preachers, Imams, Rabbis, Teachers, Students, and other Community /HDGHUVÂľVR-FDOOHGÂś5HOLJLRXV/HDGHUVDQG&RPPXQLW\$FWLYLVWV The answers provided within, have been carefully researched by Taj Tarik Bey. Acceptance of them is a matter of study to prove them right, or prove them wrong. The Truth is the light; the light brings you to the dawning of your awareness; your awareness sets you free. Many shall go to and fro in the earth, seeking knowledge and knowledge shall increase. Peace and Love Forever Moor, Sister Rahsmariah V. Bey, Publisher R.V. Bey Publications. 89 /HWWHUIURPµ.LQJ<RGD¶LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHSXUSRVHRIWKH&RQIHUHQFH T O A L L A B O R I G I N A L A N D I N D I G E N O US P E O P L ES ON THIS PLANET, SO CALLED EARTH, WHAT WAS YOUR PEDIGREE, INHERITED NAME BEFORE THE YEAR 1492, WHEN COLUMBUS SAILED THE OCEAN BLUE, AND TOOK YOUR IDENTITIES, AND ROBBED YOU? ALL YOU BROTHERS AND SISTERS WITH HUE WERE HERE UNITED; SO-CALLED BLACK, SO-CALLED BROWN, AND SO-CALLED RED MEN AND WOMEN. THEN HERE COMES COLUMBUS, AND WHAT ARE YOU NOW? WHAT IS YOUR NATIONALITY? WHAT IS YOUR BIRTHRIGHT? WHY IS THERE SUCH A SEPARATION BETWEEN SO-CALLED BLACK AND SO-CALLED BROWN? TO FIND OUT THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS, TO FIND OUT ABOUT YOURSELF, COME TO THE ANNUAL UNIFICATION 0((7,1* $7 µ7+( 1$7,21$/%/$&.7+($75(¶,1+$5/(021 /08, 10/10/08 AND 10/11/08. L E A R N A B O U T Y O U R T R U E SE L V ES. STOP BEING HOODWINKED AND BAMBOOZLED BY THE LIES AND DECEITS. WE ARE NOT A SEPARATE PEOPLE!!! NOW IS THE TIME TO COME TOGETHER AND REUNITE!!! COME ON DOWN AND HEAR SOME POWERFUL BROTHERS AND SISTERS DROP KNOWLEDGE ON BIRTH-RIGHTS, NATIONALITY, AND MUCH MORE! T H IS IS A B O U T U N I T Y I N T H E C O M M U N I T Y!!! THIS IS A CALL OUT TO ALL PREACHERS, IMAMS, RABBIS, AND OTHER SO-CALLED RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THIS IS A CALL OUT TO ALL TEACHERS, STUDENTS, AND OTHER COMMUNITY LEADERS. WE HAVE WASTED TOO MUCH TIME ON NONSENSE! IT'S TIME TO STOP HATING OURSELVES AND EACH OTHER. WE HAVE TO COME TOGETHER SO-CALLED BLACK, SO-CALLED BROWN, YELLOW, AND RED PEOPLE. ITS TIME TO RECONNECT AND REBUILD. LIKE THE GREAT SLY STONE TOLD US A LONG TIME AGO: " I T'S A F A M I L Y A F F A I R " A N D N O W I T'S T I M E T O " ST A N D!! " KING YODA, U N I V E RSA L Z U L U N A T I O N THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY D A T E : 10/09/08 10/10/08 AND 10/11/08 P L A C E: NATIONAL BLACK THEATRE 125TH ST. AND 5TH AVE. HARLEM, NEW YORK, T I M E : 6:00 PM - UNTIL P E A C E , U N I T Y, L O V E , H A V I N G F U N, O V E R C O M I N G N E G A T I V ES T O P OSI T I V ES!!!!! 90 Q U EST I O NS A N D A NSW E RS 1. W hat were we called before 1492? A nswer: 7KHÂśQDWXUDOSHRSOHÂśZKRDUHWKH)RXQGHUVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQDQGWKH0RWKHUV and F athers of the Human F amily, were called Moors / Muurs / Mu / Maure / Maurus / More / Moorens / Moroccan / Al Moroccans, etc. These are some of the dialectical pronunciations, according to varied languages, such as, Moorish Latin, Middle English, Germanic, F rench, Greek, etc. 2. W ho is the O riginal M an and Woman? A nswer: The Ancient Moabites / Muurs / Moors; the Asiatics- someti mes referred to as, Mu, Lemurians; and in latter history, Canaanites / Africans. 3. W ho is M an and who is M ankind (kind of M an) A nswer: Man is a na me that designates the human species, (Hominidae) Woman and her VRQV 0DQNLQG LV UHIHUHQFH WR ÂľPRGHUQÂ˛PDQÂś - the Hybrid / Ibrida (Amalga mated Moors), known as, Paleolithic Man, Neanderthal, Troglodyte Niger, Engla-Man, Albion, or European. 4. A re W e A ll A mericans? A nswer: Assuming this question is directed to the dark olive Asiatic Aboriginals of the Land, the response is that the Moors are the true possessors of the present Moroccan E mpire, ZKLFKVSDQVIURPÂľ7DPDULÂś QRZFDOOHG$IULFD Hven across the great Atlantis; and includes, Northwest, Central, and Southwest Amexem, and the Atlantis Islands. These geographical areas are now called, America; North, Central, South, and the adjoining Islands. 5. W ho is this man A merigo Vespucci, that E uropeans claim A merica was name after? A nswer: Amerigos Vespucius was a European of Italus (Italian) descent; and a neophyte explorer who sailed from the Moorish city of Khadiz (Cadiz), to learn of the latitudinal and longitudinal imaginary gridline used by the Moors for navigating the Earth. Particularly using the Sextant to measure one heavenly body in relation to another, against the horizon, for deter mining longitude and latitude positions while at sea or on the oceans. 6. W hat is this name A mexum that T he Moors claim the A mericas was called? A nswer: Amexem is the ancient na me of the lands known as, Africa. Including North, Central, and South America. 91 7. W ho is C hristopher Columbus and if he is the O ne who Discovered A merica, then why was this continent not named after H im? A nswer: Chritofero Columbo was a European Inquisitionist and Sadist, whose actual mission was theft and murder by genocide; initiated for Christendom, against the Aboriginal Moabite / Moorish tribes of the Western Hemisphere. The continent was not named after Columbo because he didn't discovery America. Ameru / America / Amexem already had its name and it was already a highly cultured and thriving Civilization. 8. W ho are the Native A mericans? A nswer: Âľ1DWLYH $PHULFDQÂś LV DQRWKHU contemporary sociology ter m or disassociation conquest-tag - an invented construct of European conquerors. It, like many other misnomers and tags, is not a national identity of the Aboriginals, but is a political statusÂ˛class designation, designed to expand upon social and political divisions, displacement, and confusion amongst the Aboriginal Moors of the Americas. 9. A re W e Black, B rown, Red, Yellow, W hite People? A nswer: No, we Asiatics are not Black, Brown, Red, Yellow, Orange, Light-skinned black, Purple, Plaid, or Green people, etc. The Human F amily (collectively) is identified and known E\ Âľ1DWLRQDOLWLHVÂś DQG SHGLJUHH QDPHV - not by crayon colors. This deep sign of mental LJQRUDQFHZDVSURPRWHGE\,QTXLVLWLRQLVWÂśVWRGHQDWLRQDOL]HWKHULJKWIXO Heirs and Inheritors of the Land (America / Al Moroc). However, the Europeans were calling WKHPVHOYHV Âľ5HG 0HQÂś SULRUWRWKHSROLWLFDODGDSWDWLRQRIWKHSROLWLFDOVWDWXVÂľ:KLWH 0HQÂśLQWKHÂą63. This caste adaptation was initiated by Horace Greeley, a newspaper tycoon from New York. He influenced WKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHÂľ:KLJJDPRUH :KLJV 3DUW\ÂśLQWRWKHÂľ5HSXEOLFDQ3DUW\ÂśGXULQJWKH establishment of the Knights of Columbus and Ku Klux Klan Oath of 1854 to 1863, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Chicago, Illinois, United States of North America. It must be further understood that the WHUP Âł)UHH :KLWH 3HRSOHÂ´ LV D VRFLDO FDVWH DSSHOODWLRQ LQ Jurisprudence, and has nothing to do with complexion of skin. 10. W hat is the difference between H umans and H ue-mans? A nswer: Human is the specie, (Hominidae / Man). Hue-man is a sociological fad word, used to designate, or refer to, the natural peoples of the planet, who naturally, and obviously have, by nature, life-IRUFHÂľPHODQLQÂśLQWKHLUVNLQ 11. W ho are the real Indians? T he so called Indians of the A mericas or the Indians from India? A nswer: Indian, as propagated by European conquerors of the western hemisphere, is a myth. America is not India, and the Aboriginals are not Indians. However, Europeans have called the Moors of the Western Hemisphere, Indians, because they (being influenced by 92 Christophero Columbo) thought they had first arrived at Hindustan, Asia, just below China. The Aboriginal, Natural People and their culture were falsely designated as, Indian; although the Europeans knew that we were not Indians. Sometimes the Europeans would designate the 0RRUVDVÂľ:HVWÂ˛,QGLDQVÂś 12. W ho are the real L atinos? T he Spanish speaking Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Mexicans, Salvadorians, B razilians, South A mericans etc., or the L atinos from Spain, Portugal, F rance, Italy, G ermany etc.? A nswer: Latin is a language and not a people. Latino is another pseudo-identity construct of European Sociologists. Designated for the purpose of promoting divisions among the natural peoples. Puerto Ricans (Boringuen), Dominicans, Haitians, Mexicans, El Salvadorians, Brazilians, and other true South Americans are all MoorsÂ˛ descendants of the Ancient Moabites. 13. W hat people stole all your nationalities and Birthrights? A nswer: The Dutch Master Colonists coined the tags and brands, Negro, Black, Colored, etc., to break the linear history of the Aboriginal Moors of Northwest Africa / North America. This is a mental Â˛warfare tactic, used to disconnect the natural people from the illustrious history of their Fore-F athers, and from the Land. 14. W ho are T he M O O RS,(M U U RS) and what is their H istory to so called L atinos, Black, Native A merican People and T he World? A nswer: Muur / Moor is the true consanguine pedigree of the natural people. The other words, such as, Latinos, Blacks, Native Americans, etc., are misnomers, tags and brands; having nothing to do with the true national names of the people of the earth. The Moors ruled the world and the seven seas for over eleven hundred, ninetyÂ˛six years straight, until falling DQGEHLQJRFFXSLHGE\WKH'XWFK(XURSHDQ,QTXLVLWLRQLVWÂśV and Colonists. 15. W here did the so called Indians (Red M an and Woman come from? A nswer: The so-called Indians are mixed Moors, of Chinese and Moabite inter mixing. Âľ5HG 0DQÂś Ls a designation originating with Europeans, and was commonly used until the mid ÂśV 16. W ho are the O lmecs and what is their relationship to the M ayans, A ztecs and all A mericans? A nswer: Ol mecs, Mayans, and Aztecs, etc., are all Aboriginal and Indigenous natural SHRSOHV RI WKH Âľ1DKXDWLDQÂś PL[HG WULEHV RI $QFLHQW 0RDELWHV 0RRUV ZKR IRXQGHG Mehicu 0H[LFR 7KLVLVGHULYHGIURPWKH2OG0RRULVK/DWLQZRUGÂľPL[WLFLXVÂśZKLFK PHDQVÂłWRPL[Â´ 93 17. A re all H umans from all-Nationalities, races all from A frica? A nswer: Africa is a modern na me of Amexem. The Ancient Moabites are the Mothers and F athers of the Human F amily. The expanded national descendants of the Ancient Ones are therefore, obvious; whether thorough-blood or mixed. The Human F amily origin is from the Moabite Woman. 18. W hy do these specific A fricans called Z ulus, Dogons, K emetians (Egyptians) claim A frica as their T hrone but claim to come from Space like M ars and Sirus A and B? A nswer: The Ancient Natural Peoples of Amexem, inclusive of Ka maat, etc., are all of one family (expanded). Travel in the extra-terrestrial planetary system is not new to Moors, nor is space travel a modern technological discipline. It is Ancient among Ancients! We are the RZQHUVDQGHVWDEOLVKHUVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQRQWKH(DUWKÂľ6 tore-KRXVHÂśRI this Solar System. Much of our knowledge and history was lost. But we were not always only on the Earth. 19. W ho built all T he Pyramids all over E arth? A nswer: Our Ancient Mothers and F ather built the Pyra mids all over the planet Earth. Some of the Pyramids in Central America are older than the Pyramids in Kamaat. Pyramid University, located in the Yucatan, Mehicu is over 24,000 years old, as an example. 20. W hy all civilizations are based off of K emet (Egypt)? A nswer: Most of the modern or contemporary Civilizations are based more or less upon Ancient Sumer / Babylonia. Kamaat (mis-called Egypt) is modern and also derivative of Ancient Sumer / Babylonia Cosmology Culture. 21. W ho are the Egyptians, A tlantians, L emurians and what do they all have to do with C ivilization today? A nswer: We are one and the sa me natural peoples, having expanded upon the face of the planet, Earth. The variations of names has more to do with social / political jurisdictions, involving geographical movements and locations, which were, and are, given names. 22. W hat is a Negro, Colored M an and Woman? A nswer: 7KHVH QDPHV DUH ÂľEUDQGVÂś DQG ÂľWDJVÂś FRLQHG IRU LJQRPLQLRXV VRFLDO ÂľVWDWXVÂś in VRFLHW\ 7KH\ DUH SROLWLFDO Âľ&DVWHÂś GHVLJQDWLRQV DQG QRW QDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV 1HJUR LV an $QWKURSRLG$SHÂľ&RORUHGÂśLVDOHJDOWHUPPHDQLQJÂľ$UWLILFHIDNHFRYHUHGXSDUWLILFLDO and IUDXGÂś 94 23. Is L atino a race and why do L atinos think they are not of Black or W hite People or that they are B rown People or Spanish but not A frican or Moors? A nswer: /DWLQ LV QRW D ÂľUDFHÂś EXW LV D ODQJXDJHÂ˛originally, Moorish Latin. Black and :KLWHLQ6RFLRORJ\DUHÂľ&DVWHÂśWHUPV7KH$ERULJLQDODQGPL[HG0RRUVRI&HQWUDO America, 6RXWK $PHULFD DQG WKH DGMRLQLQJ ,VODQGV ZHUH VXEMHFWHG WR ÂľQRP -de-JXHUUHÂś war strategies and mental disassociation, by the European Conquistadors, just as the Aboriginal Moors of the North were branded black, negro and colored. In the year, 1511, Phillip II, E mperor of Rome, declared all that is Moorish shall be claimed by the Church! Thus, the language, Moorish Latin, beca me falsely known as, Spanish. Truth be told, there is no such thing as Spanish being a language. This documented Roman &DWKROLF&KXUFKÂľ(GLFW%XOORIÂśLVDOVRZK\PDQ\ of the American (Al Moroccan) descendants of Moors (mixed and others) were falsely called 6SDQLVK7KLVÂľQRP-GHJXHUUHÂś practice is an act of conquest Â˛not of pedigree truth. 24. W ere all H umans slaves to other H umans some time in H istory? A nswer: 7KHZRUGÂľ6ODYHÂśLVPRGHUQLQRULJLQKDYLQJQRDQ cient history on the planet. It is derived from the word, Slovene and Slovak. This refers to the European members of the SerboCroatian group of Slavonic peoples. However, contemporary Sociologists have layered the natal identity word with social / political connotative meanings. The contemporary word, ÂľVODYHÂśKDVEHHQSODFHGUHWURDFWLYHO\LQKLVWRU\DQGDVVLJQHG to those held to forced servitude. Yet, it must be noted that this word is not ancient! 25. W ho are the Real E uropeans and where did they come from? A nswer: Europeans are Paleolithic / modern man -Âľ+\EULGVÂśRUÂľ$QGURLGVÂś7KHLU origin is WKH Âľ+HWHURJHQHRXV PDQLIHVWÂś RI WKH Âľ7URJORG\WH 1LJHU $QWKURSRLGÂś FURVV-bred with the Âľ+XPDQÂś VSHFLH 7KLV SHUIHFWHG ELRORJLFDO H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ PDQLIHVWHG DV Âľ7KH Paleolithic 0DQÂś 3DOH-face), or Neanderthal. 26. W ho first started Religion and why is it needed today? A nswer: 7KH $QFLHQW 0RDELWHV IRXQGHG WKH ZRUOGÂśV ILUVW UHOLJLRQ 7KH WUXH HW\PRORJLFDO PHDQLQJRIÂľ5HOLJLRQÂśLVÂľDVWXG\RIWKH6WDUVDQGWKHZRUNLQJVRI1DWXUHÂś7KH masses of the world (miseducated by European conquerors) do not know of the original meaning of Religion. Selfish and wicked rulers and High Priests have traditionally suppressed the truth, in order to amass wealth, political power, and to subdue and conquer the world. These truths about religion are held secret, and taught in Secret Societies of North America and the world. The power of knowledge has been preserved for the Elite Caste, Industrialists, and Rulers of Government. Another term for this Religious / Cosmo knowledge and Anthropological secrecy is called, Masonry. 95 27. W hat is the oldest religious so called Holy Book on T his planet and is it T he Holy Bible, the G lorious Q ur'an, Vedas, the Book Coming Forth By Day or some other older religious Book? A nswer: It must be understood that so-FDOOHG UHOLJLRXV Âľ+RO\ %RRNVÂś DUH DOO FRGHG Astrology Texts. They are, for the most part, mathematical calculations of Human evolution, chronology and prophecy. Among the books mentioned in this TXHVWLRQ Âł7KH BookÂ˛ Coming )RUWK %\ 'D\Â´ LV GHULYHG IURP HYHQ ROGHU 6XPHULDQ FXOWXUH DQG WH[WV The Vedas are next, displaying more openly, the philosophical and Astrological culture of the Ancient Ones. Much RI WKLV PDQLIHVWHG GXULQJ WKH Âľ0DXU\DQ '\QDVW\Âś in ancient Hindustan and Sumeria / Babylonia. Yet, all of these Holy Books have a symbiotic relationship. 7KH ZRUG Âľ+RO\Âś LV GHULYHG IURP WKH $QFLHQW 6DQVNULW ZRUG Âľ haligÂś PHDQLQJ Âľ+H EXUQVÂś Âľ7KH 6XQÂś DQG Âľ7KH :KROHÂśRU+ROLVWLF 28. W hat are E xtrater restrials, A liens, Space C reatures and what do they have to do with H uman Beings? A nswer: Much that is considered extra-terrestrial is actually not! All phenomena and advanced things are just not exposed to the masses, nor admitted to by Inquisition Rulers. Space travel is ancient. And interfacings with Beings from other planets are also ancient to Moabites. We have never been alone nor static in this Solar System nor in this Galaxy. 29. W hat are U F Os and are they from Space or Subter ranean- Worlds within our E arth? A nswer: U F O means unidentified flying object. This si mply implies that officials are not admitting to the public, the truth of what is known of these interstellar Craft and Devonia. These Crafts and Devonia are from the subterranean realms and from other planets and galaxies! 30. W hy do all A boriginals Indigenous People all have stories in their history dealing with beings from other worlds? A nswer: Refer to answers to questions, 28 and 29. 31. W ho is G eorge W ashington and was he the 1st President of T he United States? A nswer: George Washington was an Englishman and was appointed as the ninth (9th) President for the United States Republic of North America, in the year 1789. 32. W ho is John H anson and was he the 1st President of T he United States? A nswer: John Hanson was elected the first (1st) President for the United States Republic of North America, in the year 1781. 96 33. W as John H anson a Moor? A nswer: Many have said that John Hanson was a thorough-blood Moor (Moabite / Muur). Others have said that he was an Amalgamated Moor (European / Albion). 34. W hat does the I roquois Constitution have to do with the United States Constitution? A nswer: Keep in mind that the Irinakoiw (Iroquois) comprises a Confederation Body Politic of Moorish Tribes of the Northwest Territories, comprised of the Noble Titles, (Ali, Bey, El, Dey, and Al) of the Noble Moors. Irinakoiw is not a single Aboriginal 7ULEHDQGPHDQVÂľ7KH 5HDO$GGHUVÂś&RQFHUQLQJWKHGHULYDWLYHFRQWHPSRUDU\8QLRQ The Articles of Association; The Articles of Confederation; The Declaration of Independence; and the Constitution for the United States Republic of North America (1789) has its origin from Ancient Moorish &RQVWLWXWLRQ3ULQFLSOHVDQGGHULYHGIURPÂľ7KH/DZ RIWKHUHDW3HDFHÂś7KLVVRFLDO / political History and Law connection is also why the DQFLHQWÂľUHDW6HDO3\UDPLGÂśLVGLVSOD\HGXSRQWKH back of the Dollar Bill. The Great 6HDO3\UDPLGLVWKHÂľ,QVLJQLDÂśRIWKH0RRULVK1DWLRQ- The Moroccan E mpire. In many of the Long Houses of the Irinakoiw, the Europeans were taught Masonry, which is Âł6FLHQWLILF0RUDORYHUQPHQWÂ´ 35. W hat is the oldest L anguage on E arth? A nswer: The oldest language known on Earth is Classical S anskrit (S a mskrita) which fostered the modern science of Descriptive Linguistics or Etymology. The multiple Âľ3UDNULWÂś dialects are found prevalent in the Ancient Maurian Dynasty of Old Perot (Hindustan), including many geographical areas having Sumerian influence. These ancient natural peoples are Moors. 36. W as so-called W hite people slaves first to Black People (Moors) and when they came fought for their F reedom did W hite people turn around and made slaves of all the so-called Black people or all people and erase most of their story in H istory? A nswer: The Android / Hybrid OffspringRUÂł&KLOGUHQRI<DFXEÂ´- referred to modernly as, -DFRE DUH 3DOHROLWKLF PDQ (XURSHDQV 7KH\ ZHUH ODWHU FDOOHG Âł7KH &KLOGUHQ RI ,VUDHOÂ´ EHFDXVH <DFXEÂśV QDPH ZDV FKDQJHG WR ,VUDHO E\ 0XXU -Lu-Akin-El, the last High Priest Scientist of the Moabite Nation, Ancient Central Africa (Central $PHUX$PHULFD 7KHÂľ+\EULG $QGURLGÂśÂľ&KLOGUHQRI,VUDHOÂśZHUHGHFUHHGWREH slaves of Babylonia Moroccan E mpire for three hundred, sixty years (360), from 836 $0WR $0DQGDEVHQWRIÂľ,VRQRPL5LJKWVÂś by Ha mmurabia Bey, the first Sultan of the Moorish Nation Moroccan E mpire of Ancient Central Africa / Central America. $QGWKLVLVWKHWUXHKLVWRULFDOEDVLVRIWKHÂľ.DUPLFEUHDFKÂś that is the origin or root of the hostile (so-called race-caste politics) of the modern day world. These chronologies (dates) correspond to 1416 and 1776 C.C.Y. Therefore, it is without doubt that the Moors must be told the truth of the Masonic History of themselves. 97 37. How did E urope or E uropeans conquer the World? A nswer: Consider the preceding hidden history, and follow the war records of the world; even up to the Major World War that was considered as the most influential event to propel the Christian World into power. This is not to dispel or to diminish the Crusades or the latter Âľ%DWWOHDWUDQDGD7KHEDWWOHLQTXHVWLRQZDVÂľ7KH%DWWOHRI 7RXUVÂśQHDU3RUWLHUH)UDQFHLQ the year 732. This pivotal battle (sometimes minimized in history) conjoined with apparent divisions and power struggles raging among the ruling Moors, spurred the later successes of Christendom against the Moslem Moors at Cordoba and Granada, Andalusia (Spain), in 1492. This is why the year, 1492 is used by scholars the of the world, to mark the axis year between Ancient History and Modern History - The Old World (The Moslem Moors), and The New World (The Christian European Beginnings as a World Power). 38. W hat happen to all the E mpires like the Romans, T he Moors, T he Persians, T he C hinese, T he Spaniards, T he B ritish etc., and how did they all F all? A nswer: The interesting thing about repeated conquests and colonization a mong the human family is that the ultimate outcome converges into blending and conjoined interests. Thus, the varied shades of skin complexion, and a distortion of World History by way of deletions, name brands, book burnings, and oppression of the defeated Moors. If one does not have a reasonably well-rounded background study in World History, Law, and Linguistics, ignorance sets in. Most of the failures of these former E mpires can be traced to corruption, invasions, FRQTXHVWV DQG YLRODWLRQV PDGH DJDLQVW 1DWXUHÂśV Laws. This self-destructive anomaly (inhumane activities) includes the debilitating practices of Idol-God worship, the suppression of women, Dogmatism, Despotism, and Human Caste Systems. 39. W hat is a Race, and are there 5 Races or just the H uman Race? A nswer: 7KHUH LV EXW RQH Âľ5DFHÂś DQG WKDW LV WKH +XPDQ 5DFH 7KH +XPDQ 5DFH KDV expanded into a multitude of F amilies, which are universally known as, Nations and Nationalities. The 5 Race categories or sub-divisions were contemporarily constructed by European Sociologists and Anthropologists for colonial caste system purposes. Yet all social Scientists and Anthropologists are well aware of the fact that all of these so called races have one human-race originÂ˛Âś7KH 0RDELWH :RPDQÂś ZKR KDV EHHQ VRFLRORJLFDOO\ cast in modern KLVWRU\DVÂł7KH$IULFDQ:RPDQÂ´ 40. W hat is the New World O rder and what was the O ld World O rder? A nswer: The New World Order is the unavoidable acceptance of, and ushering in of, Âľ5LJKW-/DZ0RUDORYHUQPHQWÂśDQGÂľ,VRQRPL3ULQFLSOHVÂśDVZHUHFRGHGDQGHPEHGGHG within the Ancient-derived Constitution for governance of the United States of North America; having its origin from Ancient Moabite / Moorish Cosmology Culture. The Old World Order refers to the High Culture Principles of Moral Government, that fell into the hands of the Peregrinus, conquering Christian Crusaders, and also, spurred by the destabilizing, and excruciating 98 destruction caused by Idol-God worship, the suppression of women, and humanÂ˛caste SUDFWLFHVWKDWGHOXGHWRÂľVODYHU\Âś6LQFHWKHVH violations of Divine Law have not been properly addressed and resolved, the fate of the present-GD\ÂľIDOOÂśRIWKLVFRUUXSWDQGPLVFUHDQWÂľ6RFLDO 2UGHUÂśLVQRZLQLUUHYHUVLEOHHII ect. :KDWLVFRQVLGHUHGÂľ2OGÂśLVRQO\EHLQJUHQHZHGRUÂľERUQ DJDLQÂś. 41. W hat are the 500 Nations of the A mericas before Columbus? A nswer: The so-called 500 Nations in the Americas (North, Central and South) are essentially the expressed and divided tribes of Aboriginal full-bloods, mixed and amalgamated Moabites / Moors / Muurs of Ancient Amexem. These Aboriginal and Indigenous natural peoples maintained a Matriarchal form of Government, and were misnamed as, Indians by Christophero Columbo and other European explorers, who thought these geographical regions were a part of the continent of Asia. 42. W ho is K ing Juba and what is his relationship to the A mericas? A nswer: Juba (Yubah) is a Chieftain or Sheik, known a mongst the defeated Moors of Northwest Africa, who have traditionally been referred to in history as, slaves in North $PHULFD+HZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHÂľRRG-VSHOOÂśV\VWHPRIPDWKHPDWLFDOUK\WKPLF song and dance, used for transmitting messages of military and freedom planning strategies. Other banned forms of communication were veiled within song and dance, and popularized during the mid-1800. This clever system efficiently moved suppressed messages and information among the people, and was later adopted into rhythmic song and dance church culture. Yubah has lost its original form, and is now called, Gospel (Good-Spell). The GoodÂą 6SHOOVZHUHÂľFDOOHGXSRQÂś ÂľLQYRNHGÂś DQG ÂľSRXUHG RXWÂś WR FRXQWHU WKH Âľ%DG-VSHOOVÂś RI WKH VODYH-PDNHUVÂś SURSDJDWHG Christian Dogma, inhumane treatment, and forced servitude. Yubah is also the name of the long, open coat garb which was worn by the Muurs / Moors and other Yehudi and Moslems of the Old World. The celebrative dance and activities that have relationship and origin with the Natural Peoples of the Land (Americas) have EHHQWUDGLWLRQDOO\FDOOHGÂł<XEDOLÂ´ZKLFKLVRIWHQ NQRZQE\WKHPLVSURQRXQFHGZRUGÂľ-XELOHHÂś 43. W ho discovered the A mericas? W as it the A fricans, C hinese, V ikings, Columbus, A merigo Vespucci or was it always here with millions of People already living there? A nswer: The whole scenario and story of the great Columbian Discovery, etc., is a total fraud and myth. Columbo never set foot on the mainland of Northwest Africa / North America. He was deliberately diverted to the Atlantis Islands, by Pedro, the Moor, ZKRZDVWKHÂľFDSWLYHÂś Amir Al (Admiral) and assigned to aid in navigating the Nino. 99 44. Do we H umans come from A pes, F ish, or T he A dam and E ve or E ve then A dam or is it all a Bullshit story and we all came from E xtrater restrials so-called A liens? A nswer: 1R 7KH 2ULJLQDO +XPDQ KDV QR RULJLQ IURP $QWKURSRLGV RU )LVK Âł$GDP and (YHÂ´LVD&RVPR-Prophesy Code for the first-born of the Hybrid Offspring from the ÂłDUGHQRI (GHQÂ´ $QFLHQW &HQWUDO $IULFD &HQWUDO $PHULFDÂ˛Pyra mid University at the Yucatan Peninsula. Adam and Eve were not the first humans. Adam and Eve are the European / 3DOHROLWKLF ÂľJHQHWLFÂś EHJLQQLQJV RU Âł0RGHUQ 0DQÂ´ ZKR DOVR LV NQRZQ DV Âł7KH 7URJORG\WH Niger, and the Cave Man. And yes, some of the scientific technology XVHG LQ WKH Âł,EULGa ([SHULPHQWVÂ´ DW Âł3LHGUDV 1HJUDV <D[FKLODQ 6FLHQWLILF &RPSOH[Â´ was both terrestrial and extraterrestrial. 45. W ho is Q ueen C alifa where C alifornia gets its name from and what is her story to the A mericas? A nswer: Khalifah was a Moabitess / MatriarchÂ˛the Spiritual and Temporal Ruler and LawÂ˛ Giver of the geographical E mpire Territories now known as California and parts of Nevada. California was named for her. The Royal Moorish ruler-ship title, her name relates to Caliphal and Caliph. She also proved to be one of the most ardent Queen Warriors against encroachment by Europeans into the Territories under her rule and protections. She is known to have inflicted many costly victories over European Colonial armies. 46. W hat is a Straw-man versus a Natural Being? A nswer: It must be understood that there are two (2) types of person at Law. One is the Âľ1DWXUDO 3HUVRQÂś ZKLFKLV WKHOLYLQJEUHDWKLQJ WKLQNLQJELRORJLFDOFUHDWLRQEHLQJ born of natural birth, by a living, breathing, thinking, biological, human Mother. The RWKHUÂľ3HUVRQÂśLV DÂľ&RUSRUDWLRQÂśZKLFKLVDÂľ/HJDO)LFWLRQÂśRUÂľ$UWLILFHÂśFUHDWHGE\OHJDO process, the pen, and E\/DZRQSDSHU7KLVLVDÂł0DQÂ˛ofÂ˛6WUDZÂ´RUÂł6WUDZPDQÂ´ A Straw-man is also a weak or imaginary opposition (as an argument or adversary) set up only to be easily refuted; being a ÂľSHUVRQÂś VHW XS WR VHUYH DV D FRYHU IRU XVXDOO\ TXHVWLRQDEOH WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KH Âł6WUDZ-man 3HUVRQÂ´LVZULWWHQLQ$//&$3,7$/ LETTERS. 47. W hy today all A mericans are suffering? A nswer: The true Americans (Al Moroccans) have, and are, suffering for past Kar ma, involving some results of miscalculated aspects of tampering with Nature and 1DWXUHÂśV/DZV The present American state of affairs involves both a dissolution of the past Karmic Debt, (Ibrida Experiments, +DPPXUDELD %H\ÂśV 'HFODUDWLRQ RI JHQHUDWLRQ servitude upon the Âł&KLOGUHQRI,VUDHO <DFXE Â´ DGRSWLQJ,GRO-God Worship; the radical changes caused by the 1HZ $JH $ZDNHQLQJ RI WKH Âł3ULPRJHQLWXUH +HLUV $SSDUHQWÂ´ (Moors), and the ensuing confusion and hatred caused by a lack of knowledge, due WR ,QTXLVLWLRQLVWÂśVÂś SDVW ERRN burnings, mis-education, sociological and political mis-concepts, Misprision, government corruption, Constitutional treason by the monopoly ruling Âľ:KLWH6XSUHPDF\1HWZRUNÂśDQGWKH 100 gradua WLQJ FROODSVH RI WKH Âľ&RORU-of-$XWKRULW\Âś Âľ&RORU-of-/DZÂś $GKHVLRQ-Contract Fraud practices, the fall of pseudo religion; and the accelerated rate and rise of knowledge and intelligence among the once ignorant and suppressed natural peoples of the planet. 48. W hat is T he F all of A merica? A nswer: 5HIHU WR Âľ5HWULEXWLRQ -XVWLFHÂś DQG WKH DQVZHU JLYHQ LQ TXHVWLRQ QXPEHU However, America is not falling. America is the terrestrial Land Â˛being North, Central, South America, and the adjoining IslandsÂ˛Land of the MooUV Âł7KH UHDW )DOOÂ´ LV properly, the GLVVROXWLRQDQGFROODSVHRIWKHFRUUXSWÂł(XURSHDQ+HJHPRQ\RI:KLWH6XSUHPDF\Â´ and of their debased dominance over the Moorish E mpire. In other words, the 0RRUVDUHEHLQJÂľ5HGHHPHGÂś DQGDUHEHFRPLQJDZDUHRIÂł7UXWKÂ´DQGRIWKHLUÂłUHDW /RVW(VWDWHÂ´- End Ga me! 49. W ho are T he F reemasons and what is their H istory to A ll of T he A mericas? A nswer: F reemasonry is a F raternal Order, which is world-wide, and is essentially an institution which preserves key knowledge parts of true Human History, Anthropology, Philosophy, Religion / Cosmology / Metaphysics, Mathematics, Science, Liberal Arts, World History, Spiritual Geometry, Jurisprudence / Law, Moral Government, Astrology, Alchemy, and the Potentate Powers of the Planet, Earth, etc. F reemasonry is Âł0RRULVK6FLHQFHÂ´YHLOHGDQG held secret for the purpose of empowering the few, at the injury, enslavement, and promoted ignorance of the masses. Knowledge is Power, and if the ignorant masses chance to encounter Âľ7UXWKÂśWKH\ZLOOLQdeed, become free! The suppressed Knights Templars, Knights Hospitalers, and the Teutonic Knights, were founded during the Christian Crusades, including most of the European Orders; and were blended into the Masonic Orders of North America during the mid1ÂśVÂ˛ approximately 1859. 50. W ho Rules Planet E arth today or is it really a secret? A nswer: Masons rule the Planet, Earth; now fronted by Patriarchal European Christian &UXVDGHUVRIWKH&KXUFKRI5RPH 5RPDQV ZKLFKPHDQVÂł5HG0HQRIWKH 5RWKVFKLOGÂ´ 5HG Shield) . 51. How do we eat to live? A nd who will survive the coming of H ell on earth from the cleansing of Mother Nature a living God? A nswer: Go back to those knowledge and Culture Principles of your Ancient Fore-Mothers and Fore-F athers, and re-learn those disciplines and earth sciences that comprise Ancient Moabite / Moorish Science and high Culture Cosmology. Within the context of your travels and studies, you will re-OHDUQWKHNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHÂł6DOWVRIWKH (DUWKÂ´\RXURZQFRQVWLWXWLRQ (makeÂ˛up), and what natural foods are good for you, or bad for you. You will learn those things necessary to live a healthy life, or, you may choose to cause injury by violating the body with substances that harm. Within the studies of the oldest science on the planet, involving the PDVWHU VWXGLHV RI WKH Âľ:RUNLQJ RI 1DWXUHÂś FDOOHG $VWURORJ\ \RX ZLOO GLVFRYHU WKH IRRG VWXIIV 101 that apply to your energy, thus you will take action as the original man (so-called Gods) of the earth. The word, God is a contemporary word; is a Verb Transitive, being Germanic in origin; arriving into language in the Medieval Period, about the 5th Century and should not be artificially injected retroactively into Ancient History. The word, god, is an action word, and is not, in its original form, a noun. Thus it is wise to take action as the original man of the earth DQG UHPHPEHU WKDW ÂłPDQ LV PLQG DQG WKHUH QHYHU ZDV D WLPH ZKHQ PDQ ZDV QRWÂ´ <RXU H[LVWHQFHLQWKHÂľJDUERIIOHVKÂśLQWKHUHDOPRIHDUWKUHTXLUHV\RXWRSDUWDNH in the fruits of the earth for sustenance and maintenance of your body, your Temple, while in the physical form. Mother Earth provides for you. Peace, Prosperity, and Progress. Â˛ Brother Taj Tarik Bey Note from Universal Zulu Nation: T hese are just some of the questions to be answered at T his G reat A boriginal / Indigenous Conference that you do not want to miss. So spread the word, and remember to bring your questions to ask all the great panelists that will be speaking at this G reat E vent. B ring out all your family and T eachers, 6WXGHQWV IROORZHUV HWF DQG OHWÂśV JHW GRZQ WR some UHDOVHULRXVTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUV/HWÂśVWU\WREULQJ dignity and unity back to all of our communities. T he L ies must be destroyed, and F actology must Rise over so-called T ruths. 102 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/-C&((+8!"(+H03-+!"0++0!$0! Introduction %DQQD.DÂśV)DPLO\+LVWRU\ As one searches through the pages of Black History, seeking information on blacks who made great contributions to our history, from time to time, one will stumble upon information that does more than educate, but actually enlightens. The TRUE story of Benjamin Banna Ka and his Family History will not only enlighten the reader, but will change our knowledge and perspective on American History and the Foundation of the Federal Government forever. 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKLV PDWHULDO SURYLGHV D FOHDU IRXQGDWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHVÂś principal historical cities and their founding; Philadelphia and Washington D.C. %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV JUDQGPRWKHUÂśV QDPH LV JLYHQ DV 0ROO\ :DOVK %DQQD .DÂśV grandmother, Molly {Pronounced: MAHL-ee} Welsh has been said by many authors, who write about the history of Benjamin Banna Ka, to be white, but we will find that this is incorrect and that the authors who make this claim [that Molly Walsh Banna Ka was white] provide no HYLGHQFH 7KHVH DXWKRUV PDNH WKHLU JXHVV ZRUN EDVHG RQO\ RQ WKH IDFW WKDW %DQQD .DÂśV grandmother was from the Welsh [Wales] province of Britain. History will show us that the Black Moors of Islam had a tremendous impact in Wales and Great Britain during the time that %DQQD.DÂśVJUDQGPRWKHU>0ROO\@ZRXOGKDYHEHHQOLYLQJWKHUH$OVRWKHUHFRUGVRI%DQQD.DÂśV own almanac prove in words that Molly Walsh Banna Ka was a Black African, which at the time proves she was of Moorish lineage. The importance of this history will demonstrate the influence of the Moors in England and America and on the founding of the American Government. Molly Walsh was an indentured servant. After being relieved of her seven [7] year duty of indentured serYLFHLQWKHODWHÂśV0ROO\:DOVKSXUFKDVHGDIDUPDQGODWHUWZRVR-called VODYHVLQWKHODWHÂśV+HUIDUPZDVDORQJWKH3DWDSVFR5LYHUQHDU%DOWLPRUH2QHRIWKHVRFDOOHGVODYHVQDPHGÂľ%DQQDNDÂśZDVVRQRID0RRULVKFKLHIWDLQ0\ER\DZDVWKHQDPHRf the other man that Molly aided to freedom. Molly after freeing both men married Bannaka. Their ILUVWFKLOGÂľ0DU\ÂśZDVERUQDSSUR[LPDWHO\7KH%DQQDNDÂśVKDGWKUHHPRUHGDXJKWHUV Just as her mother had done, Mary Bannaka married a Black Man from Africa, whose original name is unknown. He carried the name Robert. He was allegedly from Guinea and DUULYHGLQ$PHULFDLQ+H>5REHUW@WRRNWKHIDPLO\VXUQDPHÂł%DQQD.DÂ´%HQMDPLQ%DQQD Ka was born on Nov. 9, 1731 as a free black man. His name was later changed to Bannaker, DOOHJHGO\E\4XDNHUVFKRROWHDFKHUV%HQMDPLQÂśVUDQGPRWKHU0ROO\KDGDKXJHLQIOXHQFHRQ KLVOLIHÂł8VLQJWKH%LEOH0ROO\%DQQD.DWDXJKWKHUGDXJKWHU0DU\ VFKLOGUHQWRUHDG Due to their knowledge of Astronomy, farming, irrigation, and herbology, life was good to the Banna Ka family. Young Benjamin learned to play the flute and the violin, and when a Quaker school was opened in Bannaky springs Benjamin attended it during the winter. 103 BANNA KA THE SCIENTIST Benjamin took over the family farm at the age of 15. He devised an irrigation system of ditches and little dams to control the water from the springs (known around as Bannaky Springs) on the family farm. Their tobacco farm flourished even in times of drought. At the age of 22, in 1753, he created the first wooden striking clock in America. %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .D KDG WDNHQ D ZDWFK DSDUW WR VWXG\ LWV ZRUNLQJVÂś %DQQD .D WKHQ FDUYHG similar watch pieces out of wood to make, in 1752, a wooden clock. Due to its precision it struck every hour, on the hour, and continued to do so nearly forty years. The clock brought fame to young Banna Ka. Benjamin Banna Ka began a watch and clock repair business. Although most authors say Benjamin Banna Ka got his first watch from a Josef Levi, there is no historical record of a Josef Levi connected to the watch Banna Ka had in his possession, which he used to design his wooden clock. %HQMDPLQÂśVFORFNODWHULQIOXHQFHGDIDPRXV0DU\ODQGHUWKHLQGXVWULDOLVW-RVHSK(OOLFRWW to build a complex clock. Banna Ka was taught mathematics and astronomy by his grandmother who learned it IURPKLVJUDQGIDWKHU%DQQD.D+HEHFDPHVXFKDQH[SHUWLQWKHVXEMHFWVWKDWÂłKHVXFFHVVIXOO\ predicted the solar eclipse that occurred on April 14, 1789, contradicting the forecasts of SURPLQHQW PDWKHPDWLFLDQV DQG DVWURQRPHUV RI WKH GD\Â´ ,W LV VDLG WKDW RQ PDQ\ QLJKWV KH would wrap himself in a great cloak and lie under a pear tree and meditate on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies. He would remain there throughout the night and take to his bed at dawn. As we shall see, this type of activity that Banna Ka participated in was based on His family lineage and the information and knowledge that was passed down to him. SURVEYING WASHINGTON D.C. As reported in a newspaper called the Georgetown Weekly Ledger March 12, 1791, when Banna Ka was 60 years old, he was appointed, by President George Washington, to a three-man WHDP RI VXUYH\RUV KHDGHG E\ 0DMRU $QGUHZ (OOLFRWW -RVHSK (OOLFRWWÂśV FRXVLQ WR VXUYH\ WKH future District of Columbia. 1791 was a very good year for Benjamin Banna Ka. At the age of 60, he surveyed the boundary for the Federal Territory in what is now Washington DC. Benjamin Banna Ka: surveyed and laid out a 10-mile square area. When the architect initially in charge of the project, Pierre L'Enfant was fired by George Washington due to his alcoholism, poor intellect, and extreme temper, Washington contacted Banna Ka. What Banna Ka did afterwards after it is revealed in this material will go down in history forever. /Âś(QIDQW KDG EHHQ D IULHQG RI WKH IDPRXV HQHUDO /DID\HWWH DQG WKH KLULQJ RI WKH )UHQFKPDQ/Âś(QIDQWRQO\RFFXUUHGEHFDXVHRIKLVIULHQGVKLSZLWKHQHUDO/DID\HWWH2QFHKLV 104 ÂľEDG KDELWVÂś ZHUH GLVFRYHUHG DQG VHHQ DV D GHWULPHQW WR WKH SODQQLQJ RI :DVKLQgton D.C. /Âś(QIDQW ZDV GLVPLVVHG &RQWUDU\ WR SRSXODU WKHRU\ %DQQD .D GLG QRW ZRUN ZLWK / (QIDQW Banna Ka returned home in April 1791. L'Enfant was appointed in March 1791 to a different job and worked it until March 1792. They never met and Bannaker would never have seen / (QIDQW V SODQV%HQMDPLQ %DQQD .D ZDV DEOHWRSODQWKH Âľ&LW\ RI :DVKLQJWRQÂś EDVHG RQDQ ancient astronomical science. The layout of Washington D. C. is and the City of Philadelphia is a master universal clock that accurately demonstrates when the New Year of the Egyptians RFFXUUHG DQG GHWDLOV DQ HYHQW FDOOHG Âľ3ROH 6KLIWÂś 7KDW VDPH \HDU KH DOVR FDOFXODWHG WKH ÂľHSKHPHULVÂśIRUKLVDOPDQDFV- years 1792-1797. Pole Shift will be discussed later in this text. A LETTER TO JEFFERSON: In 1792 Benjamin Banna Ka wrote to Secretary of State of the United States Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of State at the time, was well respected nationally. His activities and words also prove he was a white supremacist and slave owner. He pronounced that Black people were mathematically inferior, in addition to several other inferiorities. Benjamin Banna Ka sent a copy of his almanac along with a twelve page letter to Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson reprimanding him on his character and perspective on Black People. Banna Ka himself knew above all He himself was the witness of the foolishness of the thought in Jefferson of the inferiority of Blacks, as Banna Ka, a Black Man, was primarily responsible for designing the federal city that was WKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHÂľVPDOOZKLWH 1DWLRQÂśFDOOHGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD 7KRPDV-HIIHUVRQÂśVTXRWHDERXWWKHLQIHULRULW\RI%ODFNVLVXVXDOO\DFFXUDWHLQFRQWHQWDV given by most authors, but not in source and time frame [as given by most authors]. -HIIHUVRQÂśV quote on the inferiority of Blacks does not come from the year 1792 when he was Secretary of State. It is a written quote from his "Notes on the State of Virginia" which was published in 1781 and 1782. Specifically the quotes on the alleged inferiority of Blacks can be found in a VHFWLRQFDOOHGÂľ4XHU\ÂśRI-HIIHUVRQÂśVQRWHV7KUHHPDLQSDUWVRIKLVTXRWHVSURYH-HIIHUVRQ was a complete white supremacist despite the fact that He knew a Black Man [Banna Ka] had designed the Federal City because no one else had the mathematical and astronomical knowledge to do so. Here they are, Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous. It would be unfair to follow them to Africa for this investigation. We will consider them here, on the same stage with the whites, and where the facts are not apocryphal on which a judgment is to be formed.3 Jefferson in his own words calls Black People inferior in reason to white people. He states that Black people are dull of imagination, tasteless, and anomalous. 105 The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by everyone, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life.4 Here Jefferson makes the suggestion that race mixing makes Blacks smarter people and that it was not the condition of slavery that impacted the intellectual capacity of Black People. To our reproach it must be said, that though for a century and a half we have had under our eyes the races of black and of red men, they have never yet been viewed by us as subjects of natural history. Advance it therefore as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind5. Jefferson sums up his sick thoughts by stating clearly that he believes his race [white people] to be superior to Black People physically and mentally. Historically there have been statePHQWV PDGH E\ DXWKRUV WKDW %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV IDPRXVÂľOHWWHUWR-HIIHUVRQÂśZDVVSHFLILFDOO\LQUHVSRQVHWRWKHVHTXRWHVIURP-HIIHUVRQ7KLVLV also not correct. Banna Ka's letter was sent in 1791, about 10 years after Jefferson wrote the words that we prHYLRXVO\ FLWLHG ,W LV FOHDU WKRXJK WKDW -HIIHUVRQ PXVW KDYH NHSW WKLV ÂľZKLWH VXSUHPDFLVWÂśSRVWXUHXSSXEOLFO\XQWLOWKHWLPHWKDW%DQQD.DUHVSRQGHGLQ UHSULPDQGLQJ him about his thoughts towards Black People. %HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVOHWWHUSROLWHO\UHIXWHG-HIIHUVRQÂśVSRRUSRVWXUHWRZDUGVKLPVHOIDQG other blacks and spoke on the responsibility of white Americans as a Christian Nation and those seeking freedom of improving the conditions for Black people by abolishing slavery. The letter has continued to remain an important document in Black History. The letter ended with; Âł,VXSSRVHWKDW\RXUNQRZOHGJHRIWKHVLWXDWLRQRIP\EUHWKUHQLVWRRH[WHQVLYHWRQHHGD recital here; neither shall I presume to prescribe methods by which they may be relieved, otherwise than by recommending to you and all others, to wean yourselves from those narrow prejudices which you have imbibed with respect to them, and as Job proposed to his friends, ÂľSXW \RXU VRXO LQ WKHLU VRXOV VWHDG WKXV VKDOO \RXU KHDUWV EH HQODUJHG with kindness and benevolence towards them; and thus shall you need neither the direction of myself or others, in ZKDWPDQQHUWRSURFHHGKHUHLQÂś And now, Sir, although my sympathy and affection for my brethren hath caused my enlargement thus far, I ardently hope, that your candor and generosity will plead with you in my behalf, when I make known to you, that it was not originally my design; but having taken up my pen in order to direct to you, as a present, a copy of an Almanac, which I have calculated for the VXFFHHGLQJ\HDU,ZDVXQH[SHFWHGO\DQGXQDYRLGDEO\OHGWKHUHWRÂ´ Benjamin Banna Ka published a treatise on bees, did a mathematical study on the seventeen-year locust cycle, and became a pamphleteer for the anti-slavery movement. 106 BENJAMIN BANNA KA: The Black Sage! Benjamin Banna Ka is among many people who have had their true histories distorted by ZKLWH KLVWRULDQV RI $PHULFDQ +LVWRU\ +H ZDV FDOOHG ÂľWKH EODFN VDJHÂś HYHQ E\ ZKLWHV RIWKH WLPH %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV LQIOXHQFHRQ WKHEXLOGLQJ Rf the American Nation is tremendous. He has been written off in history as a simple clock maker, and a man with a good memory, however he was much more than that. Our watches prove this fact. First we must make it as clear as possible that Benjamin Banna Ka was black, and as he put it in his RZQZRUGVRIWKHÂľGDUNHVWDQGGHHSHVWG\H In a letter to Thomas Jefferson Banna Ka stated, Âł6LU,IUHHO\DQG&KHDUIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKDW, am of the African race, and, in that colour which is natural to them of the deepest dye; and it is under a Sense of the most profound gratitude to the Supreme 5XOHURIWKHXQLYHUVHÂ´ The only newspaper known to have mentioned %DQQD.DÂśVUDFHZDVWKHHRUJH7RZQ:HHNO\ /HGJHUZKLFKFDOOHGKLPÂľDQ(WKLRSLDQZKRVH abilities as a surveyor and astronomer clearly prove WKDW0U-HIIHUVRQÂśVFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKLVUDFHRIPHQ were void of mental endowments was without IRXQGDWLRQÂ´ 107 MOLLY WALSH BANNA KA %(1$-$0,1%$11$.$ÂśVUDQGPRWKHU 0ROO\:DOVK%HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVgrandmother is said by most authors to have come from the Wessex County province of Wales, thus she carried the name Welsh or Walsh from the area that she lived in. Here is a map of Wales Great Britain and Ireland. Wales [The Welsh Province] is situated to the South West of England. Our point in highlighting this information is to show the geography of the area to support our claim made that Molly Walsh Banna Ka was not white but black and a Black Moor or Muslim. Our first proof comes directly from BenMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVRZQDOPDQDFZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHGLQ LQ Philadelphia. The commentary is a biographical note about Banna Ka from the publisher. It states, Âł%$/7,025($XJXVW Benjamin Bannaker, a free black, is about fifty-nine years of age; he was born in %DOWLPRUH&RXQW\ KLVIDWKHUZDVDQ$IULFDQDQGKLVPRWKHUWKHRIIVSULQJRI$IULFDQSDUHQWVÂ´ Indentured Servant Molly Walsh is said to have been an indentured servant. The histories of most researchers make the conclusion that Molly must have committed some violation of the law that created a VLWXDWLRQRIKHUKDYLQJWRZRUNRIIDGHEWWRVRFLHW\LQRUGHUWRVXSSOHPHQWÂľSXQLVKPHQWÂśIRUKHU FULPH+LVWRU\VKRZVWKDWWKHWLPHSHULRGLQWKHODWHÂśVLQWKHDUHDVRI:DOHVDQG(QJODQG 108 had great impact from the Black Moors of Islam. History also proves that Black People have an ancient presence on this island [See David MacRitchie Ancient & Modern Britons Volume I & II]. For authors to assume that Molly was white because she was from England is incorrect. During the late 1600s the whites of England were not very advanced in their agricultural abilities. Most of the population was still illiterate. Molly proved too be both advanced in agricultural and herbal knowledge as well as a reader. It is interesting that she had no other family with her that is mentioned in history, no mother, no father present, and no brothers or sisters. None are mentioned. The conflicts between the Moors and the white English during this time period and the descriptioQRI0ROO\ÂśVKLVWRU\SURYHFOHDUO\WKDWVKHKDGWREHDEODFNZRPDQ+HUQDPHZDV Molly. Molly was not a common name in England or Europe during the 17th Century. The QDPH 0ROO\ LV VWULNLQJO\ VLPLODU WR WKH QDPHV RI WKH %ODFN 0RRULVK $IULFDQ .LQJV Âľ0XOH\Âś 7KLVWLWOHPHDQWÂľ/RUGRU5XOHUÂś:KLWH,WDOLDQVWRGD\VWLOOXVHWKHÂľZRUGÂśDVDQLQVXOWE\VD\LQJ \RX IÂśLQJ 0XOH\ 7KLV GLVJXVW ZLWK WKDW QDPH LV GXH WR WKH SRZHUIXO %ODFN 0RRULVK $IULFDQ influence [in respect to the religion of Islam] that occurred throughout Europe. This was hated by white European men and they admitted this in their own records. Molly and Muley are the same word. Molly is also striking similar to Mali, an empire of the Black Moors of Islam in Africa. Mali is the empire that the so-called Dogon are in and would have been in during this time period. They were called Mandinke [Mandingo] and were Black Muslims. This is the area ZKHUH0ROO\ÂśVKXVEDQGZDVIURPZKRPVKHSXUFKDVHGJDYHKLPKLVIUHHGRPE\GRLQJVRDQG them married him. In fact, Molly and her daughter by her husband Banna Ka decided to purchase another so-called slave from Africa so that Mary could have a husband from Africa. This man was the father of Benjamin Bannaka So by investigating the facts we can see that Molly had a special affection for Africa. Her name and the general activity of her life demonstrates this, as well as her ability to read, and know agriculture, and herbology,. T he Moors in W ales and E ngland Author Nabil Matar in his book Islam in Great Britain 1558-1685 speaks of the impact of the Black Moors on Great Britain in these words, ÂłThe Turks and Moors of North Africa and the rest of the Ottoman [Musli m] dominions were spreading alarm in England, Wales, and elsewhere in the British Isles, especially a mong ILVKHUPHQ VDLORUV WUDGHUV DQG WKH /HYDQW &RPSDQ\ÂśV UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV LQ 3DUOLDPHQWÂŤ 7KH QHZVDERXWWKH7XUNÂśVLQFXUVLRQVZURWH6LU1LFKRODV6ODQQLQJWR6LU)UDQFLV9DQHLQ6HSWHPEHU ÂłWHUULILHVWKHFRXQWU\Â´7KHUHZDVVRPXFKFRQFHUQDERXWWKH7urkish attacks and about the fate of English captives that in December 1640, a committee for Algiers was appointed by 3DUOLDPHQWZKRVHPDLQWDVNZDVWRRYHUVHHWKHUDQVRPLQJRI(QJOLVK&DSWLYHVÂ´ We can see here the mention of the impact of the Moors [Black Muslims] and Turks [Arabs] on Wales and England. Islam was having a great impact on all of Europe. Nabil Matar verifies this by stating, 109 Âł7RPDQ\%ULWRQVWKH0XVOLPV SRVHGDGDQJHUWRDOORI&KULVWHQGRPIURPUHHFHWR (QJODQGDQGIURPÂľ0XVFRY\Â´WR,UHODQGÂ´ The impact of the Black Moorish and Ottoman Empires of the Muslims was so great that Peace Treaties were established between The Black Moorish African Empire and Great Britain in 1578, 1662, 1666, 1721, 1728, and 1751. These treaties were generally for the protection of citizens of both empires, for trade, and for the payment of tribute to the Black Moorish African Empire for protection of Great Britain from invasion, particularly from the Arabs [Turks]. African Moors attacked white European ships Âą including those of England and Scotland Âąoften in retaliation to attacks on Moorish and Turkish ships and the enslavement of Muslims in Italy, Spain, Malta, and England12. This is documented in a book by Sir Godfrey Fisher called Âľ%DUEDU\/HJHQGÂś. The true problem that existed for the whites in England was the large numbers of converts that Islam was making in Europe. These converts were from the areas of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. History proves that the white Britons wrote about the large conversions themselves. (QJODQGDQG:DOHVZHUHSODFHVRISRYHUW\DQGGLVHDVHGXHWR&LYLO:DULQWKHÂśV,Q history this activity in England was called the English Revolution. This revolution that took place had the impact of the Black African Moors and Turks of Islam at the root of its cause. The Muslims were winning the English citizens over as converts to Islam. Christopher Hill writes DERXWWKLVUHYROXWLRQLQKLVERRNÂł7KH&HQWXU\RI5HYROXWLRQÂ´0DQ\RIWKH%ODFN0RRUVZKR were captured who were agriculturalists and herbalists were used as servants and made farms for the Europeans who were not an agricultural society and who were suffering from disease. Molly Walsh Banna Ka was one of these servants. With no record of a legitimate name or lineage, it would make sense that Molly was a foreigner to the area. After the Treaties were PDGHLQWKHÂśVLWZRXOGPDNHVHQVHWKDW0ROO\DVD%ODFN0RRUZRXOGEHSDUGRQHGDQG sent to America to work for the benefit of the British Crown for seven [7] years and then be freed, as opposed to being returned to her homeland in Africa, which would have definitely been the case if she had been found by or made contact with other Moors, who were ever present in the area. The ascension of Muley Rashid to the throne in Morocco in 1666 and the treaties made at that time and the presence of Muslims on the isles would have and did bring attention to Black Moors [Muslims] who would have been captured by the white British. Great Britain had become a subject Nation to the African Moorish Empire in the late 17th Century, so Molly, as well as many other Moors who were former servants, was sent to America as a business strategy by the British crown. Slavery in America would not become pervasive in America [with slaves being brought from Africa] until the power of the Moorish Empire in Africa was broken after the rule of powerful Black ruler Muley Ishmael [1728]. In fact, the mad desire of the British to colonize America and the world with their false destructive Religious dRFWULQHZDVGXHWRWKHSRZHUIXODIIHFWRI,VODPLQ(QJODQGIURPWKHODWHÂśVWRWKHHDUO\ ÂśV 110 B E NJ A M I N B A N N A K A : T he Scientist! Benjamin Banna Ka was the first scientist to record that other stars were like our Sun with planets circling them. He placed this in his 1792 almanac. Here is the highlight of the text WKDWGHPRQVWUDWHV%DQQD.DÂśVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHXQLYHUVH Âł7KLV6XQZLWKDOOLWVDWWHQGDQWSODQHWVLVEXWDYHU\OLWWOHSDUWRIWKHJUDQGPDFKLQHRI the universe; every star though in a SSHDUDQFHQRELJJHUWKDQWKHGLDPRQGWKDWJOLWWHUÂśVXSRQD ODG\ÂśV ULQJ LV UHDOO\ D YDVW JOREH OLNH WKH 6XQ LQ VL]H DQG JORU\ QR OHVV VSDFLRXV QR OHVV luminous, than the radiant source of the day: So that every star is not barely a world, but the center of a magnificent system ; has a retinue of worlds, irradiated by its beams, and revolving round its attractive influence, all of which are lost to our sight in unmeasurable wilds of ether.13 As author of Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot Charles Cerami states, Here Banneker was expressing almost matter-of-factly (and in words that are nearly accurate to this day) the existence of extra-solar planets, a concept that only a few scientists would touch on in the century after his death and that astronomy would turn to with fascination only in the 20th century. 14 1R ZKLWH DVWURQRPHU LQ WKH ZRUOG XQWLO DIWHU %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV DOPDQDF ZDV published, neither Copernicus, nor Galileo, or any other white scholar had expressed definitive thoughts on what lay beyond our solar system. They knew of the stars as distant bodies, but they knew nothing about them being similar to Our Sun. Benjamin Banna K a also spoke of other life forms in the universe. 111 There were absolutely no white scientists even proposing such ideas scientifically. Banna .D¶V WKRXJKWV RQ RWKHU OLIH IRUPV ZHUH DW OHDVW WZR FHQWXULHV DKHDG RI ZKLWH VFLHQWLVWV DQG astronomers. This knowledge is interesting as again the Holy Quran was the only book available that spoke of this subject that Banna Ka could easily get his hands on. George Sale had made an English translation of the Holy Quran in 1734. This would have been available to Banna Ka. ³$QG WKH 6HYHQ KHDYHQV DQG WKH HDUWK DQG WKRVH EHLQJV LQ WKHP GHFODUH +LV >$OO ah] glory. And there is not a single thing except it glorifies Him in His praise, but many of you do QRWXQGHUVWDQGWKHLUJORULILFDWLRQ´6XUDK%DQD,VUDHO>@7KH2IIVSULQJRI,VUDHOYHUVH ³$QGRI+LVVLJQVLVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH+HDYHQVDQGWKH(DUW h and what He has spread forth in both of them of living beings. And He is all powerful to gather then together, when He ZLOO´6XUDK$O6KXUDD>@7KH&RXQVHOYHUVH %DQQD.D¶VJUDQGIDWKHUZDVGHILQLWHO\DZDUHRIKLVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGODQJXDJH%DQna Ka [the grandfather] having an Arabic name and knowledge of astronomy and agriculture was GHILQLWHO\D0XVOLP$OORIWKHSLHFHVILWH[SODLQLQJ%HQMDPLQ%DQQD.D¶VEULOOLDQWLQVLJKWDQG mind only when this truth is added into the equation. The United States of America as a British Colony and as an Independent Country had signed treaties not allowing them to enslave or LPSULVRQ0RRUV>0XVOLPV@7KLVLVZK\%DQQD.D¶VIDPLO\ ZDVIUHH,WZDVDOVRGXHWRWKHLU superior intelligence and participation in AmerLFD¶V IRXQGLQJ DV D QDWLRQ %HFDXVH RI WKLV knowledge and practice of their Culture and history they were seen as free by right. Benjamin Banna K a: T he Innovative F armer! Benjamin Banna Ka knew and could predict the Weather and eclipses. He knew farming and irrigation methods that saved his crops, and was a pioneer scientist of nature. %HQMDPLQ¶V JUDQGPRWKHU 0ROO\ ZDV WKH SLRQHHU RI WKH family in farming. She lived alone in America before she got married to grandfather Bannaka. Molly must have been a very productive farmer, as she was able to purchase more land and buy slaves so that she could free them. As a single woman, this meant that she had to have some mental resources. These were a knowledge of agriculture and herbs. This knowledge was enhanced by her marriage to Grandfather Bannaka and was passed down to Benjamin %DQQDND¶VPRWKHU0DU\ Mary was spoken of as having knowledge of the properties and uses of herbs, which was often of advantage to her neighbors. Her appearance was imposing, her complexion a copper color...she had an ample growth of long black hair, which never became grey. Her grandsons, 112 the children of one of her daughters used to speak with admiration of her many good qualities and her remarkable activity. They loved to relate WKDW ZKHQ ÂľVKH ZRXOG UXQ WKHP GRZQ DQG FDWFKWKHPZLWKRXWDVVLVWDQFHÂś7KLVFRQWLQXHGKHUSUDFWLFHZKHQVKHZDVRYHUVHYHQW\\HDUVRI age15 %HQMDPLQÂśVJUDQGIDWKHU%DQQD.DZDVNQRZQWRKDYHWKHDELOLW\WRSUHGLFWWKHZHDWKHU Âł(YHQ PRUH VWULNLQJÂ´ DIWHU WREDFFR ZDV VHOHFWHG DV WKH FURS RI FKRLFH ZDV %DQQDNDÂśV astonishing ability to foretell the weather. The neighboring farms came to look enviously at the way this family always seemed to plant its heaviest crop when there was going to be fine weather and to cut back when conditions turned out to be less favourable. It was said that [Grandfather] Bannka foretold the direction of the prevailing winds long enough in advance to locate his plantings with uncanny precision. He was inventive too; he devised a way of channeling water from a small spring to part of their acreage, and this irrigation made the farm flourish in a way that none of the surrounding properties could match16 5REHUW %HQMDPLQÂśV IDWKHU DQG 0DU\ KLV PRWKHU TXDGUXSOHG WKH IDPLO\ÂśV RULJLQDO landholdings17 %HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVPRWKHUSURYHGWREHDJRRGVRXUFHRIWHDFKLQJDQGSUDFWLFDODGYLFH IRUWKH\RXQJPDQ+HSODFHGKHUUHPHGLHVIRUZKRSSLQJ&RXJKDQGKHUÂľRecipes for C uring :RUPVLQ&KLOGUHQÂś in his almanac. B A N N A K A , SI R I US, & T H E D O G O N... T he Sacred Science of the A ncient Moors! The Sirius Star System played a major role in the history of Ancient Egypt. It was the basis of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar. It is mentioned as the home of the resurrected etheric souls in the Pyramid Texts, which are listed among the oldest written Egyptian Records. It [The Sirius Star System] functions as a major part of esoteric [secret] science. The Religious significance of Sirius is profound as it is mentioned in much of the Freemasonic histories and 113 histories and records of Secret Societies. In particular, the Amarna Dynasty of Egypt [18 th Dynasty] is the point in history where Sirius finds its greatest significance in Egyptian history. We can see the letters MAR in AMARna. A famous Pharaoh named Akhnaton, his father Yuya, and son Tutankhamun are some of the most famous people of this dynasty. They are called the Family of Amraan [Amarna] in the Holy Quran. They are the ancient ancestors of the Moors and apart of the Ancient lineage of Israel [As-Ar = Osirus]18. In fact the Quran gives special attention to the Star Sirius and beyond the records of the Dogon and Egypt it is the only text that gives plurality to the Stars of the Sirius system. This is directly connected to Benjamin Banna Ka and his commentary on the plural numbers that he gave to the Sirius Star System. According to the Ancient Egyptian Calendar of the Amarna Dynasty and the records of the Dogon left with French scientists in the 1930s, Sirius is at the Center of the Universe. As we will prove later, Benjamin Banna Ka knew this and incorporated this truth into the building of Washington D.C. and this knowledge was later incorporated into the design of Philadelphia. Sirius was called the Dog Star. The Amarna Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt based their mummification procedures on the movements of the Earth and Sun in relation to the Sirius Star System, and they are the only Egyptians that are recorded as carrying out this activity. Benjamin Banna Ka, who knew that the Sirius System had more than one star according to his almanac records, is connected to his ancestors in Africa [The Dogon & EgyptiansAncient Moors] by this knowledge. Charles Cerami has connected Banna Ka to the Dogon because of his knowledge of the Sirius Star System. This is definitely a proper connection. However, keeping in mind that whenever we are making an analysis on history that we must place ourselves in the context of the historical period in order to make a proper analysis, then the connection to the Dogon will be verified, but something else will too. As we have stated the Holy Quran mentions the Star Sirius in a Surah [Chapter] called The Star [Al Najm]. The star system is spoken of in the plural form and is given as the word Al Âą6KLUDD 7KH ORQJ Âľ$Âś VRXQG DW WKH HQG RI WKH ZRUG LV FDOOHG D EURNHQ SOXUDO LQ WKH $UDELF Language. So Prophet Muhammad was aware in his recitation and record of the Quran to give plurality to the Stars in the Sirius System. The Black Moors or Muslims many of whom were EODFN GHVFHQGDQWV RI 3URSKHW 0XKDPPDGÂśV IDPLO\ DQG GHVFHQGDQWV RI 7KH $PDUQD '\QDVW\ OLYHG WKURXJKRXW :HVW $IULFD ZKHUH %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV JUDQGIDWKHU ZDV VWROHQ IURP DV D slave and brought to America. The name Banna Ka is Arabic. Banna meaQV ÂľWR EXLOG RU FRQVWUXFWÂśDQGÂľ.DÂśPHDQVÂľRQHZKRLVOLNHVRPHWKLQJÂś,WDOVRPHDQVÂľVSLULWÂś7KH'RJRQOLYH in the area that was known during this time as Mali. Of course there are no known records that speak of a tribe named Dogon. The Dogon Tribe did QRWRULJLQDOO\FDOOWKHPVHOYHVÂľ'RJRQÂś Their histories are presently stated by them as preserved by way of oral traditions. This area was full of Black Moors who practiced the culture of Islam. So here, we have made the basic connection of Sirius to BenMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV grandfather Banna Ka, The Ancient Egyptians, and the Dogon, who would have definitely been affected by the Holy Quran and Islam. The Black Moors of Islam serve as the link between the 114 Dogon and the Egyptian teachings on Sirius. Benjamin BaQQD .DÂśV JUDQGIDWKHU ZKR KDV DQ Arabic name, and who as the son of a royal chieftain, would have been proficient in Quran(ic) VWXGLHVZDVXQGRXEWHGO\WKHVRXUFHRI%HQMDPLQÂśVNQRZOHGJHDERXW6LULXV7KH(J\SWLDQVJDYH this hieroglyphic as a sign of mental baptism and instruction into mastery. This sign with three parts pouring forth from three sources is a sign of the Sirius Star System that has three stars Sirius A, B, and C. It is also significant that this hieroglyphic is in the form of an M, which is the thirteenth [13th] letter in most all languages, as 13 is the sacred number of the 13th Constellation Âľ6LULXVÂśDQG the sacred number of Masonry and Ancient Egyptian Mythological Traditions in the history of Auset [Isis], Asar [Osirus], and Heru [Horus]. %HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DVWDWHGWKDW6LULXVZDVKLVÂľIDYRULWH6WDUDQGKLVOXFN\VWDUÂś &KDUOHV Cerami states that no other Africans other than the Dogon were known to have a special interest in the Star called Sirius, however this is not true. The Black African Muslims [Moors] had great interest in it. Prophet Muhammad even dealt with the 50,000 year Earth cycle and its 1000 year cycle equivalent in the Orbit of Sirius B [Sirius B had an orbit around Sirius A equaling 50 Earth Years thus 1000 Sirius Years is 50,000 earth years]. This interest somehow found its way into the building of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia and became the basis of the movement for independence among the white Americans. BENJAMIN BANNA KA & Secret Societies Benjamin Banna Ka called the founding fathers frauds over the slavery question20. He became very concerned about the condition of his people in the later part of his life as he began to witness the activity of slavery. In his later life, He spoke out against this terrible behavior. Banna Ka was a part of a Society that were not only against slavery but were a part of a secret plan to end it. Banna Ka and the Society of Friends [Rosicrucians] The Quakers were the first white abolitionists of America. They had a special organization called the Âľ6RFLHW\ RI )ULHQGVÂś, which was a leading abolitionist group. The Quaker Faith was based on the internalization of the Message of Christ as an individual and not as a part of the Church, which they saw as corrupt and not loyal to the True Message of Jesus. 115 The Quaker movement was also not very popular amongst the racist American whites, as the Quaker movement had grown out of the great Islamic influence in England from 1558 to the ODWHÂśV7KLV,VODPLFLQIOXHQFHLVUHFRUGHGLQ1DELO0DWDUÂśVERRNÂł Islam in Great Britain 1558-Â´. Many of the white People in America worked progressively to keep Islam away IURPWKHLUVODYHVHRUJH)R[IRXQGHURIWKHÂľ4XDNHUÂ´IDLWKZDVDOHDGHUWKDWJUHZRXWRIWKLV religiously explosive period in Great Britain. William Penn, the white settler who was allowed to settle in Philadelphia by our ancestors, was also a Quaker. During his lifetime George Fox, the founder of the Quaker Faith, visited Barbados, Jamaica, America, Holland and Germany. Fox was accompanied on his travels by William Penn and in 1661 he founded the American Quaker Colony of Pennsylvania . Fox continued as a traveling preacher until his death in 1691. Three years after his death, a committee of leading Quakers under the leadership of William Penn, edited and published his journals. The Quakers have a special relationship with a famous fraternal order called the Rosicrucians. The word Rosicrucian according to the American Heritage dictionary means: 1. A member of an international organization, especially the Ancient Mystic Order Rosae Crucis and the Rosicrucian Order, devoted to the study of ancient mystical, philosophical, and religious doctrines and concerned with the application of these doctrines to modern life. 2. A member of any of several secret organizations or orders of the 17th and 18th centuries concerned with the study of religious mysticism and professing esoteric religious beliefs. E tymology From New Latin (Frater) Rosae Crucis, (Brother) of the Cross of the Rose, translation of German Rosenkreutz, surname of the traditional founder of the society [Sir Christian Rosenkreutz].21 Many have associated Christian Rosen Cruz with Sir Francis Bacon the Chief Translator of the King James version of the bible also known as William Shakespeare22. The mystical and philosophical doctrine of German Rosicrucianism produced the first Rosicrucian group in America. The Chapter of Perfection was formed by scientist-theologian Johann Jacob Zimmerman. Zimmerman joined other groups in accepting the invitation of William Penn to migrate to Pennsylvania. However, just before the group sailed, Zimmerman died. Their beliefs included a strong millennialism, and the group brought a hope for the imminent return of Christ to earth with them when they came to America in 1694. Zimmerman's role was assumed by Johannes Kelpius (1673-1708) who led the small band to Germantown Creek23. This connection between William Penn, the Quaker, The Rosicrucians, Freemasonry, and the subject of Benjamin Banna Ka is of importance because the founders of both the Quaker faith, George Fox, and Rosicrucianism, Christian Rosen Cruz have a special connection to Islam. Even if Sir Francis Bacon were the true Sir Christian Rosen Cruz, the Islamic connection stands. The secrets of Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, the Quaker Faith, and the 116 subject of Benjamin Banna Ka are all tied to Islam, Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, and Black 3HRSOH LQ $PHULFD >,VUDHHO@ 7KH (OOLFRWWÂśV DV 4XDNHUV ZHUH PHPEHUV RI WKH 6RFLHW\ RI Friends, and Andrew Ellicott was a Rosicrucian. Benjamin Banna K a: T he Design & L ayout of W ashington D. C . & Philadelphia! Major Andrew Ellicott24, a highly accomplished surveyor, was directed by Jefferson to perform the survey of the District of Columbia. Ellicott and his assistant, Benjamin Bannaka25, began work in the spring of 1791. The following year Washington asked Ellicott to finish L'Enfant's plan for the city. In less than one month Ellicott found himself at odds with the Commissioners and resignHG IURP WKH SURMHFW /Âś(QIDQWÂśV SODQV IRU WKH &LW\ QHYHU UHDFKHG Banna Ka in their original form. History proves that the second map, which has been attributed WR (OOLFRWW ZDV YHU\ GLIIHUHQW IURP ZKDW /Âś(QIDQW KDG GHVLJQHG 'HWDLOHG FRPSDULVRQV KDYH been made between the two maps by the National Capital Planning Commission in 197027 and the comparisons show changes in the angles of the avenues and the location of squares and circles. This is very significant. The change in the angles of the avenues has everything to do with what Benjamin Banna Ka designed and laid out is Washington D.C. and why. 7+($/0$1$&Âś62)%$11$.$ 7KH$OPDQDFÂśVRI%HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DKDGHPSKDVLVRQ x x x x x x x x x the meetings of Quakers [Rosicrucians] the stars Spica, Arcturus, Regulus, and Sirius The Fixed Stars of the Constellation belt 7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDÂľ3HDFH2IILFHÂśIRUWKHRYHUQPHQWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 'RFXPHQWDU\6WXG\RIWKHÂľ<HOORZIHYHUÂśLQ3KLODGHOSKLD Herbal Remedies for the many ailments during the time Prediction and Records of Eclipses Charts and Maps of The Human body and its connection to the Zodiac The Structure of the United States Court System 2XUHPSKDVLVKHUHLV%DQQD.DÂśVVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRWKHVWDUV6SLFD$UFWXUXV5HJXOXV and Sirius. The design of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia is based on these stars and the Constellations that they are apart of. The significance of them is: x These stars map out the Ancient New Year of the Ancient Egyptians under the Amarna Dynasty called the Family of Amraan in the Holy Quran. It is the oldest and most accurate calendar on Earth. Prophet Muhammad in his record of the Quran deals with Specific aspects of this calendar and a 50,000 year cycle. This 117 information is directly connected to information given by the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad in Message to the Blackman about the Tribe of Shabazz and Pole Shift, showing a continuing connection in the transmission of specific information that is pertinent to the next point x These stars also reveal the secret of the number 33 in Freemasonry as it pertains to astronomy, the calendar, the human anatomy, and an event we have mentioned FDOOHG 3ROH 6KLIW WKDW LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ÂľHQG RI WKH ZRUOG WUDGLWLRQVÂś LQ DOO religions x These stars also reveal the planning and design of America DQG WKH ZRUOGÂśV WZR most influential cities Washington D.C. and Philadelphia and the Ancient knowledge of the Black Moors that is infused into their infrastructure x /DVWO\LWUHYHDOVWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ%ODFN3HRSOHLQ$PHULFDDQGWKHÂľ(QGRI the World &RQFHSWLQKLVWRU\Âś >%ODFN3HRSOHLQ$PHULFDDUHDWWKHURRWRIWKHULVH RI WKH (DUWKÂśV PRVW $QFLHQW 1DWLRQ@ ,W ZDV LQ WKDW WKH ODUJHVW JDWKHULQJ LQ history of Black Men in America took place in x :DVKLQJWRQ '& Âľ7KH 0LOOLRQ 0DQ 0DUFKÂś ZKHUH RYHU 2 million Black Men gathered in a movement that is a part of a universal plan to place the Black man on top as the original ruler of the planet. It was in 1997 in Philadelphia, that we had the gathering of the largest body of Black Women ever in the history of Black $PHULFDDWWKH0LOOLRQ:RPDQÂśV0DUFKWKDWZDVDVLJQWKDWWKH%ODFNZRPDQZDV being restored to Her position as the Original Mother of the Earth and the universe. 7KLVLVDYLHZRI$UFWXUXV6SLFDDQG5HJXOXVIRUPLQJWKHÂľ'LYLQHWULDQJOHÂś The above map of the three significant stars Regulus [at the far right], Spica [bottom left], and Arcturus [top left] are aligned exactly to three significant Earth points in Washington D.C. and Philadelphia. The path of the Sun around the Center of the universe [Sirius System] is also marked by the line from Regulus to Arcturus. The Zodiacal path is seen in the line from Regulus to Spica. The angle in the triangle above is significant to Free Masonry, as we will see later in this writing. 118 If one were to take a Protractor [Square], the tool of a Mason, and measure the acute angle of this triangle, which is where the star Regulus is, they would get the measurement of GHJUHHV5HJXOXVLV/DWLQDQGPHDQVÂľ/LWWOH.LQJÂś,Q3KLODGHOSKLDLWLV&Lty Hall that is positioned at this point. City Hall contains all of the executive, legislative, and judicial governmental offices for the city of Philadelphia and a special Zodiac at the Center of a Square. The Zodiac is reversed, which we will see is of supreme importance to the concept of Pole Shift and the End of the World Traditions in most Religions and Cultures. Albert Pike spoke about Sirius and about a special triangle that was a part of the esoteric secret of Masonry. In his Book Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite pf Freemasonry Pike states about Sirius, Âł7KH $QFLHQW $VWURQRPHUV VDZ DOO WKH JUHDW Symbols of Masonry on the Stars. Sirius still glitters in our ORGJHVDVWKH%OD]LQJ6WDUÂ´ 3LNHÂśV FRPPHQWDU\ LV UHODWHG Vomewhat to the triangle surrounding Virgo previously noted. Pike calls WKLVWULDQJOHWKHÂľXQLYHUVDOHPEOHPRISHUIHFWLRQÂś As we can see here Pike displays the symbol of 33 in the Pyramidal Triangle. What is the significance? Why did Pike refer to this as a universal emblem of perfection? /HWÂśVPDNHVRPHRWKHUFRQQHFWLRQV3LNHZDVD%ULJDGLHU 119 General for the Confederate Army of the South during the Civil War. He was in close contact with the Cherokee who were also involved in an internal Civil war over the issue of slavery LQVLGHRIWKHLU1DWLRQ7KH2ULJLQDOQDPHRIWKH&KHURNHHLVÂľ6DUDJLÂś$VZHFDQVHH6D-Ra-gi has the same root as Is-Ra Âąeel, The S & R being the root consonants. The Cherokee in North Carolina have been connected to Ancient Black Israel by way of ancient inscriptions found near their reservations. T he C herokee & Israel The upper part of this diagram shows a silver shekel of the Second Revolt of Israel against the Romans, 132 Âą 135 A.D., reading Simeon on the obverse (left) and Deliverance of Israel on the reverse. Reported find sites for this and related coins are shown for Kentucky and east Arkansas. Below the coins, is the Bat Creek stone from Tennessee, supposed by the Smithsonian finders to be Cherokee, but recognized by all Hebrew Scholars who have studied it as a Hebrew Text of the first Century A. D. Dr. Robert 6WLHJOLW] RI 1HZ <RUN UHDGV LW DV Âł$ &RPHW IRU WKH +HEUHZVÂ´ ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR +DOOH\ÂśV FRPHW ZKLFK ÂľKXQJRYHU-HUXVDOHPOLNHDIODPLQJVZRUGLQWKH\HDU $'Âś during the first Revolt, begun in 68 under Nero. The evidence suggests that Kentucky and Tennessee became havens of refuge for persecuted Hebrews after the various revolts against Syrian Greek and Roman Oppression.29 Why were the Black Israelites coming to $PHULFD"7KHZHVWKDGEHHQWKHÂł6HFUHW+DYHQÂ´IRU Black People all the way back to the 18th Dynasty when Akhnaton (Moses) set up expeditions for the first Israelites to come to Mexico. The Black Israelites had spread all over America. History proves that the Israelites under various names given to them by Caucasians like; Carthaginians, Gaelic Celts, Iberians, Libyans, and even later Muslims (They called themselves this) came into America. Most of these people were connected by lineage and Spiritual Doctrine to The 18th Dynasty of Egypt and Yuya (Abraham). America EHFDPHDVHFUHWKDYHQRISURWHFWLRQIURPWKHZKLWHVZKRKDGQRWÂľGLVFRYHUHGÂśWKH:(67\HW 7KHSUHVHQW%ODFN3HRSOHLQ$PHULFDZKRDUHXQGHUWKHIRUHLJQQDPHVRIWKHLU6ODYHPDVWHUÂśV children are their ancestors. We were not all brought to America during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. We are Indigenous to America too. Remember our connections between the Black Moors and Black Israel. These are GHWDLOHG LQ RXU %RRN Âľ5HSDUDWLRQV :DU WKH 7UXWK DERXW %ODFN ,VUDHO RGÂśV +RO\ 1DWLRQÂś 1REOH'UHZ$OLÂśVIDWKHU-RKQ'UHZZDVDPHPEHURIWKH6DUDJL>&KHURNHH@DQGZDVD%ODFN 120 freedman. He was in close contact [by way of letters] with Pike until his Black and Red regiment turned to support the North. -RKQ'UHZ1REOH'UHZ$OLÂśVIDWKHUVHHQLQWKLVOHWWHUGXULQJWKH Civil War communicating with Brigadier General Albert Pike John Drew although pictured as very light skinned in this picture was considered a Black Freed man. There is an account of Drew stated in a book called The Cherokee F reedmen: F rom Emancipation to American Citizenship by Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. In speaking on the personal life of the Cherokee and the Freedmen amongst them Littlefield records, In 1878 freedman John Drew, for instance, showed the best draft stallion at the Indian International F air held at Muskogee30 Noble Drew Ali started his organization called the Moorish Science Temple of America in 1913. It was the first Moorish Islamic movement initiated after we lost the knowledge of our Moorish Islamic History. It was called at the time the Canaanite Temple. In 1913, when Noble Drew Ali reinitiated this knowledge, the Sirius Star System was in exactly 13 degrees of Cancer. Cancer was in ancient times seen as the symbol Khepra31, the Dung Beetle with a disc. 121 K H E PR A K heper-T chesef Âą T H E SA C R E D D ESI G N Remember the symbolism of 13 in Masonry and in connection to the Sirius Star System [The 13th Constellation] and the Founding of the American Nation. The Sun is in 13 degrees of Cancer every July the 4th. The seals of the Nation are based on the number 13 and it all comes from this history and Astronomical knowledge of Sirius, Black Israel, the Original People of the planet and universe. There are 13 steps to the pyramid. There are 13 arrows and 13 olive leaves and 13 olives in the hand of the Eagle. E Pluribus 8QXPLVOHWWHUVDQGLV/DWLQPHDQLQJÂľ2XW RI 0DQ\ FRPHV RQHÂś 7KHUH DUH 6WDUVDERve the head of the Eagle. There are 13 letters in $QQXLW&RHSWXVZKLFKLV/DWLQIRUÂľ)DYRXU0\8QGHUWDNLQJÂś suggested that the worship of Khepera predates the worship of Ra, Khepera is considered a form of Ra. It is said that Ra cam into being under the form of Khepera. Khepera is called the father of the gods. He represents transformation from a state of inertness into a state of active life. When the body is dead prayers are recited over it so that the soul within could burst forth into a new realm of life. This resurrection is symbolized by Khepera. The scarab beetle may have become a symbol of resurrection and transformation because it starts out in life as an egg layed in a ball of dung. When the egg hatches the scarab is at first a larva and then a nymph. Finally the adult scarab emerges from his ball of dung fully winged. Joseph J. Adams http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pds/khepera.htm 122 Notice the Sash of Noble Drew Ali, with pouch at the end. This same sash with a pouch at the end is worn by a Native warrior to the left of an America soldier in Florida amongst the Moors [Maroons] or Seminoles who were at War with the Americans. The Moors were known for wearing this style of Clothing and it was connected to Orion and Sirius. See the diagram of Orion and his Sash or belt. The Belt of Orion [3-Stars] points directly to the Sirius Star System 123 So what is the connection of all of this to Benjamin Banna Ka? Our point in showing the previous pages is to show a uniform secret knowledge amongst various groups of Masons, Moors, and Natives in American History. Benjamin Banna Ka designed Washington D.C. based on the most Ancient Calendar of in the world. He laid out the avenue from The Capital Building to the White House, which is called Pennsylvania Avenue to be exactly aligned with the stars Regulus and Arcturus. This is the path that the sun takes in its course around the Center of the Galaxy and universe [Sirius System]. Here is a diagram of the Washington D.C. and Philadelphia layout as compared to the Stars. The angle at Regulus [White House and City Hall] is 33 1/3 degrees. On the human body, it represents the angle of the three master glands of the brain the Pineal, Pituitary, and Hypothalamus. They control the electric, magnetic, and etheric forces of the body and generally all cellular repair, protein assimilation, and general all bodily functions. Beginning every August 10th one can see the constellation formations of Bootes, Virgo and Leo, with the three main stars Arcturus, Spica, and Regulus setting over the White House or Art Museum in the Form of a Seven at the Western End of the Horizon. 124 On the Eastern End of the Horizon Sirius rises in the Second Week of August. This is the point in the year when the path of the Sun and the Path of the Zodiac meet. This is the True New Year measured at 365.25 days. We are entering the Age of Aquarius, which simply means the Solar system and the Sun are in the area of the Zodiac closest to the Constellation Aquarius 125 So every 51,840 years there has been a pole shift. This event occurs when the North Pole and the South Pole switch. What is the evidence in the past that it has happened? Why is it happening? And how was this information, if known transmitted down to Benjamin Banna Ka. 126 Remember Banna Ka's connections to The Quakers and Rosicrucians. William Penn a famous 4XDNHUDQG5RVLFUXFLDQIRXQGHGDSODQIRUWKHÂľ3URYLQFHRI 3HQVLOYDQLDÂś>3KLODGHOSKLD@,QKLV plan Penn laid out [5] five city Squares. These squares today are known as Washington Square, Rittenhouse Square, Logan Square, Franklin Square, and Center [Penn] Square, which is the site of City Hall. Penn had purchased WKHDUHDIURP7KH/H1DSLÂśV7KH/H1DSLÂśVZHUH an ancient group of Black People. The word Napi was really Nabi. Nabi has DQFLHQW RULJLQV LQ (J\SW DQG PHDQV Âľ/RUGÂś Âľ1DELÂś LQ $UDELF PHDQVÂľ0HVVHQJHU RIRGÂś7KH&XOWXUDO6\VWHPRIWKHÂľ/H1DSLÂśVÂśKDGLWÂśVSRLQWRIRULJLQDWLRQ in the west in Mexico with the return of the Black Family of Amraan [Black Israeel] to America. This is the origin of Masonry in the Western Hemisphere. Penn laid out the Square based on ancient astronomical science. The Center Square location is located exactly where the water works facility was built in the 1800s and now the Zodiac is also located at the same location. This point represents the point where the ecliptic of the Sun [motion the sunmakes around the center of the universe] and the Ecliptic of the Zodiac meet. In this age that we have just entered called Aquarius this point represents the time Pole Shift is to occur. This information is secretly known by those who placed the Zodiac in a reversed orientation. The only other places where we witness this reversed orientation of the Zodiac are in Egypt at the Dendarah Temple, on the Tomb of Senmut, an early name for the Pharaoh Akhnaton[ Moses], in Washington D.C. at the Mellon Fountain Zodiac, and in Philadelphia. Noted researcher on the subject of Pole Shift, John White, speaks of the reverse Zodiac on the WRPERI6HQPXWÂł1RWRQO\GRSDS\ULWHOORIWKLVDSDQHORQWKH tomb of Senmut, the architect of Queen Hatshepsut, shows it. The Celestial sphere with the signs of the Zodiac and other Constellations of the southern sky are revHUVHGLQRULHQWDWLRQÂ´ As we can see, the Dendarah Zodiac is reversed, showing the Zodiac to move in a clockwise progression, although the revolutionary path and rotational path of the Earth move in a counterclockwise direction. 127 The Zodiac in Philadelphia and Washington D.C. are the same. In Philadelphia, the present sight of the Art Museum was formerly called FAIR MOUNT and was a truncated pyramidal mound built by the Le-Nabi in the style of the step pyramid. The only known surviving portraits of the Pyramidal/Mound come from the Thomas Birch collection [1823] Report of the Watering Committee Most of the portraits were created during the Construction of the Fairmount Waterworks in the early 1800s. This site was aligned exactly with Center Square and is aligned celestially with the 128 movement of the Sun around the Ecliptic. This proves beyond doubt that Benjamin Banna Ka and William Penn were influenced by the Le-Napi in the design of the key areas of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia, as the Le-Napi were the builders of the pyramidal mounds in the µ3KLODGHOSKLD DUHD¶ %DQQD .D¶V GHVLUH WR HVWDEOLVK D 3HDFH 2IILFH ZDV FOHDUO\ WR protect the Natives from the warring white Colonists, which shows he had a special affection for the LeNapi who were the dominate group in the area of Maryland Delaware and Pennsylvania, and the oldest Native National Community. The Tomb of Senmut [Moses ± Akhenaton] features two distinct points that are relevant to this study. The first is the reversed Zodiac, which we have discussed. The second is a map of the stars of Sirius that is exactly like the Dogon diagrams given to the Germans who visited them in the early 1900s and near exactly like the layout of Philadelphia and Washington D.C., with emphasis on the main monuments representing the 3 stars of the Sirius System and 1 planet. This diagram from the tomb of Senmut shows that the Amarna family of the 18 th Dynasty knew that Sirius had a plurality of Stars, as do the Dogon, and Banna ka. The Center Star Sirius A, is surrounded by three symbolic bands. The Three objects surrounding it form a Pyramid. The Dogon have a similar diagram 129 The diagram gives Sirius B twice thus five objects appear, however, there are four and they too form a pyramid. The same is true for both of the cities Washington D. C. and Philadelphia. There are four sites in both cities that match these two diagrams proving that there was a transmission of knowledge about what author Robert Temple calls the Sirius Mystery. This information was provided by Benjamin Banna Ka, The Le Napi [Black Amarna - Israel] , and was given to the whites [Quakers - Rosicrucians]. %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .D SURYHV WKURXJK KLV OLIH¶V ZRUN DQG WKURXJK WKH FRQQHFWLYH histories surrounding him and the design of both of these cities that Black people are on the rise to prominence. These areas encompass the governing of the creation and enforcement of the Law, The Commerce and symbolism of the Country, and the History and foundation of Independence as established on July 4th, the Cosmic Day of Sirius Sun & Earth Alignment, representing the resurrection of Ausar (Osiris) by way of Heru (Horus) the 1st Resurrected Son. It represents the DQFLHQW/LQHDJHRIRG¶V Nation, and the rising of the Sun in the West, which is expressed in this V\PEROLVPDQGLVDOLWHUDODQGV\PEROLFHYHQWWLHGWRWKHULVHRIWKH(DUWK¶V2OGHVW Indigenous Nation, Black People in North America. 130 Honoring One of Our Founding Fathers We give honor to Benjamin Banna Ka who through living his life purpose has reached the golden state of immortality and we promise to carry on the work of peace and prosperity that He lived to produce. Ali Muhammad Philadelphia [15090 day 8 Month 12] July 25th 2005 131 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/(.(+&((+8!&'(!2#9-05!5#+/&-&,&-#+! By C.M. Bey, ©AA 222141/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. If the lawmakers of the 50 Union States Society of North America, should attempt to ignore the Moorish Law and birthrights of this constitution, it would be an act of supreme violation of their own M agna C harta Code. Prefaced by, T aj T arik Bey Preface T he Zodiac Constitution Moorish Adepts, Moorish Scientists, Master Masons, Eastern Stars, Sheiks, Sheikesses, Neophytes, Amanuesis Maters, and World Scholars, have studied and marveled, upon analyzing the written Zodiac Constitution. This highly ± qualified document was penned by C. M. Bey ± a 3rd , 33rd, and 360 degree, Free Moorish Master Mason, Master Astrologer, PhD., LLD., and Constitution Law ± Giver. This master ± work was copyrighted and registered in the Library of Congress, Copyright Office, and with the Department of Justice, at Washington, D.C., United States Republic of North America. 7KHUH DUH LQWHUHVWLQJ DQG HIIHFWLYH OLWHUDU\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DERXW & 0 %H\¶V ZULWWHQ Zodiac Constitution, which go beyond the fact of its being clear, simple and direct. Moorish Scholars will take note that it maintains the ancient Moabite/Moorish Scientific, metaphysical and spiritual approach to the number seven [7] in harmony with the natural constitution of 0DQ¶VPDNH-up. Other learned intellectuals of the varied and advanced Gnostic schools of the world, and of Government, no doubt, must appreciate its uncluttered directness and integrity towards Justice. The written Zodiac Constitution was not readily available to the masses, due to the nature of limited access to Moorish Schools of learning, and the suppression of information practices RI8QLRQ6WDWHV6RFLHW\SROLWLFLDQVDQGRWKHU6HFUHW6RFLHWLHV¶SROLFLHVRIFOXELVPFXOWXUH7KLV anti-social practice is a part of the necessary socialization tools for maintaining veiled economic, political, and bureaucratic servitude in the Americas ± particularly, in the North Gate. 132 Let us be qualified in our understanding that the Zodiac Constitution is not just the actual written 7 Article document, as presented to you for reading, historical analysis and law Âą study. The general populace must have access to that consciousness involving the true history and scientific foundation of Civilization and Culture on the Earth planet. Thusly, one immediately and wisely recognizes what actually comprises the Zodiac Constitution and the elemental nature of what inspired C. M. Bey to produce the inclusively complex scale of this compact and HYLGHQWLDU\WUHDWLVHRQÂł5LJKW/DZÂ´JRYHUQPHQW What comprises The Zodiac Constitution is expressed and revealed in the first opening paragraph of Article 1, as written by C. M. Bey. His literary works have come manifest by way RI D NQRZOHGJH RI WKH =RGLDF RU Âł:RUNLQJV RI 1DWXUHÂ´ WKH 0RDELWH0RRULVK &RGH IRU Civilization, and the Sciences mentioned. And so, one can surmise that Astrology Âą the twelve Signs of the Zodiac; an expansion on The Code of Mathematic Scale, involving the numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; The Science of Geometry [G] and the Arabic Alphabet; comprise Moabite/Moorish Science Âą the Culture and foundation of Civilization on the planet Earth. A logistical study of the Zodiac Constitution should generate years of research and recovery of world Culture and true American History, for all who seek truth. Let us affirm our honor for our ancient Mothers and Fathers. Embrace knowledge and shun ignorance. Help to uplift fallen Humanity. Hibu, Haqq, Salaam, Hurryatun, Adl, Islam, As Salaamu Alaikum, Vadi Makum, - Taj Tarik Bey A Free Moor Son of a Widow M.D.N.M. M.S.T. of A. M.O.O. The R. G.S.N.A.M.A. Shechabee Territory Northwest Amexem 133 The Zodiac Constitution By C.M. Bey, ÂŠAA 222141/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. A rticle 1 The Twelve Signs of The Zodiac, The Code of Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (0 Âą 9), and the Science of Geometry (G), comprise the Constitution of the Living Moorish Nation of 1RUWK$PHULFDUHIHUUHGWRDV Âł1HJURHVÂ´ZKRUXOHGWKHZRUOGDQGWKH6HYHQ6HDVE\WKH Signs of The Zodiac and the Science of Geometry (G), for eleven hundred and ninety-six years, to the Amazon Dutch-German Catholic Priesthood Fathers of the Revolution of 1789, and the Sisterhood Manga Charta, Emancipation Proclamation, Union Society of White Supremacy, in 1863 North America. The Twelve Jurymen of the 50 Union States Society, and also the none judges of the Supreme &RXUW ZHUH IRXQGHG XSRQ WKH 0RRULVK 1DWLRQÂśV 6LJQV RI WKH ]RGLDF &RQVWLWXWLRQ DQG Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (0 Âą 9). Thus without our Moorish Constitution, the Manga Charta, Emancipation Proclamation, Union Society of the Myth of White Supremacy, Definitely could have been found in 1863. A rticle 2 Zodiac Constitution Birthrights T he Moorish A merican 7KH%H\ÂśVDQG(OÂśV Since the 12 Jurymen of the 50 Union States, Manga Charta document of White Supremacy and the nine judges of their Supreme Court were founded upon our Moorish Zodiac 12 Signs, 0DWKHPDWLFDO&RQVWLWXWLRQWKHODZPDNHUVKDYHQRMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUWKH)UHH0RRUVWKH%H\ÂśV DQG (OÂśV LQ WKH LQKHULWHG ODQG RI WKH 0RRULVK QDWLRQ QDPHO\ U.S.A., Canada, Central and South America. The Moorish American Nationality and their sir names, Bey and El, are their inherited birthrights without a legal due process of the lawmakers of the Union Society, U.S.A. What our Moorish forefathers were, we are today without a doubt or contradiction, namely, Moorish! A rticle 3 T ax and Military E xemption for Moorish A mericans (The Beys and E ls) 134 The Moors, referred to as Negroes, definitely can never become members and citizens of the Union Society of the 48 States. Therefore they cannot be forced or drafted into the Union, U.S.A. Army or Military service to fight for the Manga Charta Code of the White Supremacy against themselves. The lawmakers of the 48 States Union order cannot force the Moors, the Beys and Els, to pay taxes because taxation without representation is a supreme violation of the Moorish Zodiac Constitution birthright of Islam. When the Union lawmakers denounce their immortal Manga Charta Code, and resort to the Moorish Zodiac Constitution, the Moors are compelled to pay taxes because every one of the Nation will be equally represented by it. There is no room in the Science of Masonry (The Zodiac), for mystic god religious worship, race, color, ignorance, war, crime, slavery and human injustice. A rticle 4 Adequate Employment and Protection for Moorish Americans Every lawmaker, the heads of industry and business enterprise of the 50 State Union Order, are obligated members and citizens of the Magna Charta Christian Church and Temple system of Christ the King of Jews, meaning; jury over the wealth and culture of the living Moorish nation of North America. Therefore, by the Moorish Zodiac Constitution, the Moors, the Beys and Els, can demand adequate employment, food, clothing, shelter, medical care, equal rights, respect and protection from mob violence, rape and injustices, otherwise without being obligated to the union church DQGUHOLJLRXVV\VWHPRIWKHRUGHURI&KULVWWKHÂł:KLWHÂ´VRQLGRORG A rticle 5 Immortal Mar riage L icense Code against the Zodiac L aw of Nature Truth cannot be altered and therefore needs no apology nor doctrine, because it is the supreme mental doctor itself for the entire human family, woman and man. 1) Thus the truth is, the Sisterhood Christian Daughters of the American Revolution, (D.A.R.), established the marriage license states right code to prevent Moorish men and women from marrying into their Magna Charta society of White Supremacy. 2) Did you ever stop to think that women and men are already married by the Supreme Law of Nature, and that a marriage license is an act of violation of the law of Nature? The Nature Law Union between women and men spells love and the reproduction of a child in which a marriage license plays no part in. 135 3) Definitely there cannot be any illegitimate children offspring from women and men, because women is supreme gate of creation of both male and female children by the law of nature, which spells I.S.L.A.M., or I, Self, Law, and Master, the Carpenter and the Grand Architecture of the HXPDQ)DPLO\Âł$GDPÂ´PHDQVWKHSRVLWLYHIRUFHVLQZRPDQ and sons responsible for evolution or the reproduction of children by the law of nature. The Pope, Priests, the Preacher, and Judges of the Christian society definitely cannot SURYH WKDW WKHLU Âł$GDPÂ´ DQG Âł(YHÂ´ KDG D PDUULDJH OLFHQVH 'LG \RX HYHU VWRS WR WKLQN that the marriage license code is an act of selling women and men back to themselves? The Union, Magna Charta marriage license code unfortunately and unconsciously caused the Âł:KLWHÂ´ZRPHQWREHcut off from the human family (The Moorish Nation). In other words, the Âł:KLWHÂ´ZRPHQDUHVXSUHPHVRFLDOVODYHVDJDLQVWWKHLUZLOODQGGHVLUH7KLVKDVFDXVHGWKHPWR carry in their mind and heart a secret sorrow and anger, which causes their children to inherit a tendency of crime, hatred, insanity and various other diseases. Islam Supreme Standard of the Zodiac Mar riage L aw (Culture) +HUH DUH WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH 6LJQV RI WKH =RGLDF DQG ZRPHQ DQG PHQÂśV RSSRVLWH VLJQV involving the first marriage of the Zodiac Law of Nature. No preacher and money and license and neither religion is necessary in the standard zodiac marriage law. In Harmony with Nature: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Aries is Fire and Libra is Air. Taurus is Earth and Scorpio is Water. Gemini is Air and Sagittarius is Fire. Cancer is Water and Capricorn is Earth. Leo is Fire and Aquarius is Air. Virgo is Earth and Pisces is Water. 7KH 8QLRQ %LEOH 6WRU\ RI Âł(YHÂ´ DQG Âł$GDPÂ´ ZHUH IRXQGHG XSRQ WKH 0RRULVK =RGLDF twelve signs law, the negative and the positive forces of nature (female and male). In Harmony with Nature: 1. Aries is Fire and Gemini is Air. 2. Leo is Fire and Libra is Air. 3. Sagittarius is Fire and Aquarius is Air. Persons born under the opposite signs and the angle signs are in harmony with one another in every manner. Thus firsthand knowledge of the sign under which you and your mate were born will guide your destiny in peace, progress and happiness forever. Let us remember that this is 136 not a theory. The Zodiac is absolute universal standard of marriage and human guidance. Woman and man will know their duty toward one another and their children without being forced by the traditional code for the court room. A rticle 6 T he O ne and O nly Universal Moral L aw for Unity, Peace and E conomic and Social Progress. The Moorish Zodiac Constitution is the only Universal Unchanged Moral Law for the Human Family, for Unity, Human Equality, Respect, Peace and Economic and Social Progress. 7KHUHIRUHHYHU\0RRUWKH%H\VDQG(OVPXVWEHJXLGHGE\WKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDQGERRNÂł&ORFN RI'HVWLQ\Â´GRWKDWZKLFKLVULJKWE\UHDVRQDQGKDYHUHVSHFWIRUWKHÂł:KLWHÂ´/DZPDNHUVDQG citizens of the Magna Charta Union Society of the 50 States, in order to demand respect from them. 7KH Âł:KLWHÂ´ 3HRSOHV RI WKH 8QLRQ DUH JXLGHGE\ WKHLU0DJQD &KDUWD WUDGLWLRQV DQG FXVWRPV and the Moors are guided by the Zodiac Constitution Law. Never the less, their customs and traditions, including themselves, must be respected by the Moors, without submitting themselves to any of the Manga Charta customs. That which is termed the Christian Law is, a rule of action recorded on paper and supported by authority and force. The Zodiac Law of Nature, is recorded in the wisdom of women and men, and supported by moral intelligence, The Greatest Law. Knowledge of Zodiac Masonry as shown in this Moorish Constitution, and also in my book Âł&ORFN RI 'HVWLQ\Â´ 9ROXPH DQG ZLOO SUHYHQW D 0RRULVK $PHULFDQ +H RU 6KH IURP indulging in crime. They them would not have to appear in the court room to stand trial. Should a Moorish American who has this Constitution and Book 1 and 2 indulge in crime, such as; narcotics, robbery, forgery, prostitution, illegal whisky or alcohol, illegal schemes, gambling, peace breaking, violence and disrespect for the law of the City, Country, State and Federal, they then have incriminated themselves and therefore will be penalized. This constitution, card and book definitely does not protect criminals. BEWARE. The Clock of Destiny Moorish American Card of Identification and Constitution has been registered in the Library of Congress and signed by author: C. M. Bey. A Moorish American cannot be convicted on false accusation frame-up charges. The evidence against a Moorish American Must be concrete proof beyond a shadow of doubt. The Moorish Nation of 15,000,000 (1951) of U.S.A. shall not be destroyed for lack of truth and knowledge of the Law and constitution of the Moors. A rticle 7 T he Moorish A merican F reedom and L egal in the C hristian Union Court Room 137 In the Christian Union Court Room, the Moors cannot be forced to remove their Red Fez from their heads, nor can they be forced to raise their hand and take Oath over the Christian Bible. Neither FDQ0RRUVWKH%H\VDQG(OVHPSOR\Âł:KLWHÂ´RUÂł1HJURÂ´ODZ\HUVWRUHSUHVHQWWKHP 7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVLVWKDWÂł:KLWHÂ´3HRSOHDQGWKHLUÂł1HJURÂ´VODYHVGHILQLWHO\FDQQRWUHSUHVHQW free Moorish Americans. The Negro is the property of the Union Slave Holders. The Moors must respect the court by VD\LQJ Âł, DIILUPÂ´ +HUH WKH FRXUW KDV QR MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU WKHP ZKLFK DXWRPDWLFDOO\ PDNHV them qualified to defend themselves by their Zodiac Constitution Law and their mathematical number nine (9). The number nine (9) corresponds with the letter I, based on the nine months IURP FRQFHSWLRQ WR ELUWK ZKLFK PDNHV \RX \RXUVHOI 7KH UHDW Âł, $PÂ´ WKH ILUVW DQG WKH highest law of self protection and self preservation in harmony with your Zodiac 12 signs unchanged constitution Moral Law of 360 degrees squared by your number nine (9). 7KH0RRULVK=RGLDF&RQVWLWXWLRQLVUHIHUUHGWRLQ&KULVWLDQP\WKRORJ\DVÂł7KH+RO\.RUDQÂ´ RU Âł$O .RUDQÂ´ PHDQLQJ WKH (DUWK WKH 0RRQ WKH 6XQ DQG WKH VHYHQ SODQHWV RU &KURQRORJ\ Zodiac Record of the Moorish Nation of the North Gate, North America. The name Âł0RKDPPHGÂ´3URSKHW5HOLJLRQRG&KXUFK7HPSOHDQG0RVTXHZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH Dutch-Anglo Saxon Priesthood Franciscan father of North who overthrew the Moorish Society of Islam between 1789 and the Union of 1863. The Moors, the Beys and Els, must never attempt to teach or lecture in the Christian Institutions, namely, Church, Temple, Mosque, School, and Hall. This is a violation of the Union Society States right Magna Charta Code of Mary and Christ. The truth of the Moorish Zodiac Constitution Law and moral human principles definitely conflicts with the Christian Union customs and Doctrine of the Magna Charta from every angle. Nor do not criticize the Âł:KLWHÂ´SHRSOHÂśVEHOLHILQWKH religion of their son and women image. Nor do ever attempt to LQIOXHQFH WKH Âł:KLWHÂ´ SHRSOH WR DFFHSW WKH RUDO WUXWK DQG SULQFLSOHV RI \RXU VLJQV =RGLDF Constitutional Law, because the Magna Charta is a Latin phrase meaning, Magnate Charta of Âł:KLWHÂ´SHoples economic and social attraction only, which had its beginning in the Colonies of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois in 1848 and 1854. If the lawmakers of the 50 Union States Society of North America, should attempt to ignore the 0RRULVK $PHULFDQÂśV Zodiac Law and birthrights of this constitution, it would be an act of supreme violation of their own Magna Charta Code. Wa Aliaikum As Salaam 138 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!(-E'&((+8!0!1##$!0&!&'(!&()3!)(/-9(+&!! By: Garry: Webb: Bey January 09, 2009 Resident - One who has his residence in a place Residence - A factual place of abode. Living in a particular locality. It requires only bodily presence as an inhabitant of a place. A bode - ones home; habitation; place of dwelling; or residence. Ordinarily: means dRPLFLOHÂľ The term Resident is one of the most seminal concepts in the law, relating to status. This term is used in most state laws in this country to identify the party subject to the statutes. Whether it be the requirement to register a car and get a dULYHUÂśVOLFHQVHRUWRSD\WD[HVWKHODZLPSRVHVDORW RIGXWLHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRQWKLVWKLQJFDOOHGDÄ´5HVLGHQWÂľ Before we explore what exactly is this thing, called a Resident, it should be abundantly clear that the Resident is the object and subject of legislative authority. As explained in my article 14th A mendment C itizenship Is Not T rue Citizenship, under the original set up of the U.S., based on the principles espoused in The Declaration of Independence, the people were sovereigns. To undersWDQGWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIVRYHUHLJQW\ZLWKUHVSHFWWROHJLVODWLYHDXWKRULW\,ÂľOOTXRWH from the U.S. Supreme Court. In the case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, the court stated: Âł6RYHUHLJQW\LWVHOILVRIFRXUVHQRWVXEMHFWWRODZIRULWLVWKHDXWKRUDQGVRXUFH of law; but in our system, while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by whom and for whom all government exists and DFWVÂ´ So if sovereignty is not subject to law and the people are sovereign then the people, acting within their sovereign rights, are not subject to the legislative authority. Notice that the statutes GRQÂľWVD\WKDWWKHSHRSOHRIWKLVVWDWHDUHUHTXLUHGWRUHJLVWHUWKHLUSURSHUW\JHWOLFHQVHVRUSD\ taxes on the fruits of their labor. As a further illustration of the people being the source of the legislative power, consider the enacting clause, which all laws must have to be constitutionally valid, of New York state: Âł7KHHQDFWLQJFODXVHRIDOOELOOVVKDOOEH7KH3HRSOHRIWKH6WDWHRI1HZ York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows, " and no law shall EHHQDFWHGH[FHSWE\ELOOÂ´ 7KDWÂľVULJKWWKHOHJLVODWXUHRI1HZ<RUN6WDWHJHWVWKHLUDXWKRULW\WROHJLVODWHIURPÄ´7KH 3HRSOHÂľ With this foundation we can begin to explore what this thing called a Resident is. A little HW\PRORJ\LVUHTXLUHG7KHWHUP5HVLGHQWFDQEHEURNHQGRZQLQWRWZRSDUWV Ä´5HVÂľDQGÄ´,GHQWÂľ 139 Res is a Latin word meaning WKLQJµDnd ,GHQWµLVWKHURRWRIWKHZRUGVĴ,GHQWLW\µDQG,GHQWLI\µ 6RWKHWHUP5HVLGHQWOLWHUDOO\PHDQVʊDWKLQJLGHQWLILHG‫ۅ‬ The next question to be answered is: What is the nature and characteristics of this thing being identified as such? We already know that this thing being identified is not the sovereign and is subject to legislative control. /HWµVJREDFNWRWKHGHILQLWLRQVDQGVHHZKDWFOXHVZHFDQILQG According to the legal definitions, residence is based on physical presence in a particular place. However, before one jumps to the conclusion that by ones mere presence in a particular location one automatically becomes the Resident subject to the statutes, remember that such conclusion would be a contradiction of the rights inherent in the sovereign people. So there must be another element present, that we have yet to take into account. For that missing element we must H[DPLQHWKHWHUPĴ'RPLFLOHµ Domicile. That place where a man has his true, fixed, and permanent home and principle establishment, and to which whenever he is absent he has the intention of returning. There is, in the law, a concept called: Fiction of Law; a fiction of law is something known to be false but assumed to be true. An assumption or supposition of law that something which is or may be false is true, or that a state of facts exists which has never taken place.1 This is what the term domicile is based on ± fictions of law. The ideas of fixed and permanent are fictions. Change being the only constant in the universe, there is nothing on the material plane that is permanent. One of the most basic ways for fictions to be presumed true are by way of contract. In contract law there is such a thing called Situs or Forum Contractus. It means a place where a contract is made ± a place that has jurisdiction over the contract. That contractual place can be fixed and permanent. Corporations are creatures of statute. They are not real. They exist on paper. They are contemplations of law ± hence fictions. The location where they are created it fixed and is indicated by an address. The corporation cannot move around. However, if a corporation sets up operations in a state different from the one in which it was created, it becomes a foreign corporation in that state and is subject to the rules of foreign entities in that state. In other words, it has no inherent rights in that state. Why am I using this example? And what does this have to do with the term Resident? 1Blacks Law Dictionary - 4th Ed. Pg. 751 140 Remember our definition states that residence requires only physical presence in a particular place. So being a Resident implies being foreign to the place where the entity resides, based on where it was created. If that is not clear at this point, let me provide an example, based on the understanding of contract. The 14th Amendment citizen has its origin and creation from the Federal Government. The seat of the Federal Government is in Washington, D.C. This is where the federal legislative authority and jurisdiction exists. Under the defiQLWLRQRI6LWXVLWVWDWHVLQSDUW ĘŠ the place where a thing is considered, for H[DPSOHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRMXULVGLFWLRQRYHULWRUWKHULJKWRUSRZHUWRWD[LWÂ´ $QGXQGHU)RUXP&RQWUDFWXVLWUHDGVLQSDUW ĘŠ the place where a contract is made, consLGHUHGDVDSODFHRIMXULVGLFWLRQÂ´ 'R\RXJHWLWQRZ"6WLOOGRQÂľWVHHKRZ\RXFRQWUDFWHGZLWKWKH'LVWULFWRI&ROXPELD"+RZ about Social Security? /HWÂľVORRNDWDQRWKHUDVSHFWRIFRQWUDFWODZÂą &RQVHQVXDO&RQWUDFW ĘŠ A term derived from the civil law, denoting a contract founded upon and completed by the mere consent of the contracting parties, without any external formality or symbolic act to fix the obligation â€ŤŰ…â€Ź Did you read Slavery Is Not F ree"5HDGLWDJDLQ$FFHSWDQFHLVFRQVHQW<RXGRQÂľWHYHQKDYH to sign anything. You want an example of signing something which places you contractually in the District of Columbia? Whenever you deal formally with the federal government, the form or application you are required to fill out usually has a sworn statement at the end stipulating that the information you provided is true and correct under penalties of perjury. Well there are two kinds of perjury statements Âą RQHIRUÄ´ZLWKLQÂľWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGRQHIRUÄ´ZLWKRXWÂľWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV Guess which perjury statement is used on the Form W-4? Guess which one is used on Form SS4? Accordingly, this puts you inside of the District of Columbia Âą inside the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government. This is where you exist as a political entity. You are a foreigner in the states of the Union. Therefore, you are a Resident Âą a foreigner, with no rights in the states of the Union. Thus as a Resident you have to be regulated as such and are required to follow all codes, rules, regulations, and ordinances of the state. When one has no rights everything becomes a privilege, and a tax must be paid for the privilege. When you pay a tax in New York State, what is the form called? NYS Resident Tax Return. Come out of her my People! M y people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. 141 ,I\RXGRQÂľWNQRZ\RXUULJKWV\RXGRQÂľWKDYHDQ\ Oh by the way, under the term Resident it states: Âł$OVRa tenant, who was obliged to reside on KLVORUGŕŁ”VODQGDQGQRWWRGHSDUWIURPWKHVDPH FDOOHGDOVRÂłKRPPHOHYDQWHWFRXFKDQWÂ´ DQGLQ1RUPDQG\ÂłUHVVHDQWGXILHIÂ´ Till next time. Fez Associates, LLC. [email protected] References Blacks Law Dictionary, 4th Edition - pgs. 20, 377, 572, 751, 783,1473, & 1558 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 NYS Constitution, Art.3 sec.13 U.S. Constitution, Art.1 sec.8 cl.17, Art.1 sec.10 142 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!+-+(&((+8!"0/-5/!#6!9)06&-+E!0!/,-&(!! W/ Sister Anaid El 7RGD\ÂśVFODVVLVWKHODVWRID-week course, and is centered on drafting a suit, which LQFOXGHVDQÂł,QIRUPD3DXSHULVÂ´DQGDÂł&HUWLILFDWHRI6HUYLFHÂ´ The Colorable Courts coerce the people into paying them in order for the people to exercise WKHLUULJKWV7KLVLVWKHLUZD\RIGHQ\LQJÂłGXHSURFHVVRIODZÂ´DVRQHcannot be denied WKHLU ULJKWV FDVHG RQ ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH\ KDYH ÂłPRQH\Â´ 7KHUHIRUH DQ ,QIRUPD 3DXSHULVÂś LV submitted to the Courts to that end. A Certificate of Service shows that all involved in the suit have been served. One does not have to utilize and pay a Sheriff to serve paperwork. They can use the United States Post Master, via certified return receipt. The following are some terms, law, and information to assist you in gaining the proper concept(s) for a Suit. ÂłÂŤ&RQJUHVVFDQQRWDXWKRUL]HDWUDGHRUEXVLQHVVZLWKLQD6WDWHLQRUGHUWRWD[LWÂ´ L icense T ax C ases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L .E d. 497, 5 W all. 462, 2A. F. T .R. 2224 (1866) Âł/RVVRI)LUVW$PHQGPHQW)UHHGRPVIRUHYHQPLQLPDOperiods of time, unquestionably FRQVWLWXWHVLUUHSDUDEOHLQMXU\Â´E lrod Vs Burns, 427 U.S. 347; 6 S. C t. 2673; 49 L . E d. 2d (1976) T he Zodiac Constitution, A rticle I The twelve Signs of the Zodiac, The Code of Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (09), and the Science of Geometry (G), comprise the Constitution of the Living Moorish Nation RI1RUWK$PHULFDUHIHUUHGWR$V Âł1HJURHVÂ´ZKRUXOHGWKHZRUOGDQGWKH6HYHQ6HDVE\WKH Signs of The Zodiac and the Science of Geometry (D), for eleven hundred and ninety-six years, to the Amazon Dutch-German Catholic Priesthood Fathers of the Revolution of 1789, and the 6LVWHUKRRG 0DJQD &KDUWD (PDQFLSDWLRQ 3URFODPDWLRQ 8QLRQ 6RFLHW\ RI $OELRQ (XURSHDQÂś erroneously called White) Supremacy, in 1863 North America. The Twelve Jurymen of the 50 United States Society, and also the nine judges of the 6XSUHPH&RXUWZHUHIRXQGHGXSRQWKH0RRULVK1DWLRQÂśV6LJQVRIWKH=RGLDF&RQVWLWXWLRQ and Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (0-9). Thus without our Moorish Constitution, the 0DJQD&KDUWD (PDQFLSDWLRQ 3URFODPDWLRQ 8QLRQ 6RFLHW\ RIWKH 0\WK RI $OELRQ (XURSHDQÂś erroneously called White) Supremacy, Definitely could have been found in 1863. T he Zodiac Constitution, A rticle I I Zodiac Constitution Birthright of the Moorish A merican (the Beys and Els) Since the 12 Jurymen of the 50 Union States Magna Charta document of Albion (XURSHDQÂśHUURQHRXVO\FDOOHG:KLWH 6XSUHPDF\DQGWKHQLQHMXGJHVRIWKHLU6XSUHPH&RXUW were founded upon our Moorish Zodiac 12 Signs, Mathematical Constitution, the lawmakers 143 have no jurisdiction over the Free Moors, the Beys and Els, in the inherited land of the Moorish Nation, namely: United States for America, Canada, Central and South America. The Moorish American Nationality and their sir names, Beys and Els, and their inherited birthrights without a legal due process of the lawmakers if the Union Society, United States of America what our Moorish forefathers were, we are today without a doubt or contradiction, namely, Moorish! United States Republic Constitution, A rticle V I All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. his Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. he Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I I I, Section I I The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; --to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; --to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; -to controversies between two or more states; --between a state and citizens of the another state; --between citizens of different states; -- between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. T he United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I, Section X, C lause I Âą No State shall enter into any T reaty, A lliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and 144 Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto law, or Law impairing, or grant any title of Nobility. United State Republic Constitution, O riginal 13 th A rticle of the Bill of Rights, Section 12 The traffic in slaves with Africa is hereby forever prohibited on pain of death and forfeiture of all the rights and property of persons engages therein; and the descendants of Africans shall not be citizens. Foreign Jurisdiction in Statues for Connecticut: Section 14 Âą 40: O peration of motor vehicle owned by resident of foreign country. Any motor vehicle or trailer owned or operated E\DUHVLGHQWIRUDIRUHLJQFRXQWU\ZKLFKFRXQWU\DGKHUHVWRWKHDUWLFOHVRIWKHÂł,QWHUQDWLRQDl &RQYHQWLRQÂ´KHOGLQ3DULV$SULOth, 1926, or amendments thereto, relative to the operation of motor vehicles, may be operated on the highways of this state without registration, provided VXFKQRQUHVLGHQWRSHUDWRUÂśVOLFHQVHDQGSURYLGHGVXFKPRWRUYHKLcle is legally registered in the country of his residence and also bears an international registration. United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I, Section 8, C lause 17 To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, Requires that all public offices must be exercised O N L Y in the District of Columbia and not elsewhere, except as expressly provided by law. Unites States Republic Constitution, A rticle I, Section I X , C lause V I I I No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. See also Article VI of the Article of Confederation Unites States Republic Constitution, O riginal A rticle X I I I of the Bill of Rights If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall without the consent of Congress, accept or retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding office of trust or profit under them, or either of them. T he above affirms that they cease to be a citizen of the United States therefore they cannot hold any office in federal or states government; A nyone who become a member of the B.A.R. associations headquarters is in the United K ingdom. 145 United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I V , Section I V The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. Protect every state from invasion by either other states of the federal government. A ny attempt to destroy rights, and especially through compelled participation in E uropean foreign jurisdiction (Union States), is an invasion in every sense of the word, even though not a physical or military invasion United States Republic Constitution, A mendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment I V The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects: against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons of things to be seized. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V I In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V I I In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 146 United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V I I I Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment I X The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. T he United States Department of Justice ± Moorish C redentials: A A 222141 ± T ruth A ± 1 ± See Lesson Book 14 United Nations Declaration of H uman Rights A rticle F ifteen (15) United Nation Rights of Indigenous Peoples Part 1, A rticle Four (4) United Nations Rights of the C hild, Principal T hree (3) T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 13, Section 241 Conspiracy against rights If two or more persons conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the constitution or laws of the United States, or because of his so exercised the same; or If two or more persons go in disguise on the highway, or on the premises of another, with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege so secured ± They shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, may be sentenced to death. T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 13, Section 242 Deprivation of rights under color-of-law Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or to different punishments, pains, penalties, on account of such person being an alien, or by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be 147 fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death. T I T L E 18 § 219 ± O fficers and employees acting as agents of foreign principals T I T L E 18 § 247 - Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise of religious beliefs T I T L E 18 § 654 ± O fficer or employee of the United State converting property of another T I T L E 18 § 872 ± E xtortion by officers or employees of the United States T I T L E 18 § 873 ± Blackmail T I T L E 18 § 876 ± mailing threatening communications T I T L E 18 § 877 ± Mailing threatening communications from foreign country T I T L E 18 § 878 ± T hreats and extortion against foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons T I T L E 18 § 880 ± Receiving the proceeds of extortion T I T L E 18 § 1581 ± Peonage; obstructing enforcement T I T L E 18 § 1583 ± E nticement into slavery T I T L E 18 § 1584 ± Sale into involuntary servitude T I T L E 18 § 1589 ± Forced labor T I T L E 18 § 1951 ± Interference with commerce by threats or violence T I T L E 18 § 1956 ± L aundering of monetary T I T L E 18 § 1957 ± E ngaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity T I T L E 18 § 1959 ± V iolent crimes in aid of racketeering activity T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 115, Section 2381 T reason Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason and shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined not less than 10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States. 148 T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 115, Section 2382 Misprision of T reason Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States and having knowledge of the commission of any treason against them, conceals and does not, as soon as may be, disclose and make known the same to the President or to some particular State, is guilty of misprision of treason and shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than seven years, or both. 149	vwrs
The song 'Younger than springtime' was featured in which musical?	207152563 the brown book vol 2 by I Am - issuu issuu &'(! ")#+! "##$! ,+-.()/01!2,1,!+0&-#+! .#1,3(!4! Compiled By: A frika Bambaataa, M alika Saphire A nd K ing M ar k L uv 5#+&(+&/! Infinity Lesson One: Basic Moorish Study .................................................................................... 1! Infinity Lesson Two: Prophecies and Hadiths of NDA ............................................................... 16! Infinity Lesson Three: Moorish Science Adept Questionary....................................................... 42! Infinity Lesson Four: Islamism World's First Creed Elihu's Lesson 5 (1973) ............................ 45! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ)LYH 6ZLIW$QJ(/V(OLKXÂśV/HVVRQ .............................................................. 47! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ6L[ (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ QG(GLWLRQ ................................................... 53! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ6HYHQ (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/esson #240 ..................................................................... 55! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ(LJKW (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ ...................................................................... 57! ,QILQLW\/HVVRQ1LQH (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ ....................................................................... 60! Infinity Lesson Ten: 101 Koran Questionary............................................................................... 63! Infinity Lesson Eleven: A look at Moorish Muslims Their Architecture and Influences in Indian Country ......................................................................................................................................... 69! Infinity Lesson Twelve: A message to all members of Sultanates of Murakush ........................ 81! Infinity Lesson Thirteen: An Indigenous Peoples History 101.................................................... 82! Infinity Lesson Fourteen: Black Native American History ......................................................... 84! Infinity Lesson Fifteen: What was you called before 1492? ....................................................... 89! Infinity Lesson Sixteen: Benjamin Banna Ka ............................................................................ 103! Infinity Lesson Seventeen: The Zodiac Constitution ................................................................. 132! Infinity Lesson Eighteen: A Look at the Term Resident ........................................................... 139! Infinity Lesson Nineteen: Basics of Drafting a Suite ................................................................ 143! i -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!#+(8!"0/-5!3##)-/'!/&,97! "If I could just get you all thinking again, you would save yourselves." -Noble Drew Ali . . T hese archaeological finds, are of the ancient natural people in South West Amexem / Central Africa / South America. These lands are all anciently, Old Central Amexem, or anthropologically referred to as 'Old Mex' (Olmec). World Historians and Anthropologists are aware that the land masses (the continents) were all connected. What is known as Africa today, in the east is ancient Tamari. What is known as North, Central, and South America were modernly called Africa. . 31. What is the modern name for the Moabites? Moroccans 32. Where is the Moroccan Empire? Northwest A mexem 33. What is the modern name for Amexem? A frica (Above from the '101 Questions for Moorish Americans' by Noble Drew Ali) . Some E uropean Social E ngineers (and reconstructors of history) have exercised their Demointent to distort history and disclaim many of these ancient artifacts; denying their relationships to the Original Ancient Meso-Americans. Attempts have been made to misrepresent these stone heads and other artifacts, scripts, and instruments as being unrelated to the true forebearers ± being the (now mis-named) natural people, branded as negroes, blacks, and coloreds, etc. These artifacts do not relate to an alleged µRWKHU SHRSOH¶- and stand on their own evidentiary merit. Truth needs no apology. A few misled Asiatics amongst our own continue to support the separation tactics initiated by Europeans, and propagate teachings that separate their brother Moors of Old Amexem (Old Mex / Olmecs) from the peoples known as Asiatics/Africans today. The Mayans, the Incas, and the Aztecs of Ancient Central Amexem / Africa / America are anthropologically known as the Nauhautian (mixed) Moors. They too, are descendants from Ancient Moabites / Africans / Asiatics. . O ther compromised divisionists seek to create divisions amongst their own people. Nevertheless, true world History, and knowledge of pre-Columbian historical evidence consistently proves their claims to be void of validity or truth. Sincere and studious research counters and shows contradictions in their Eurocentric claims, and counter to their failures to acknowledge the Ancient Asiatic / Africans / Moabite / Canaanite Progenitors. These same disclaimers admit, on the other hand, that the so-called Canaanites / Africans are the Mothers and Fathers of Civilization. Note the Clear Contradiction! .. . 1 . A ncient Cosmology T emple Ruins at Palenque These ruins (and others) at Piedras Negras, Yaxchilan, Tikal, etc., and the Ancient People and builders of these Complexes, long predate the later Mayans known today. . . Moors in A merica . The word Moor comes from the Latin word M aures and the Greek adjective M auros, meaning dar k or black (denoting skin color) Circa 46BC. See: The Oxford English Dictionary (New York, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. `846.) The term Moor is also used as a transitive verb (to moor a ship). See: :HEVWHU¶V1HZ:RUOG'LFWLRQDU\ (Third College Edition, 1988), p.881. !" The word Admiral comes from the Arabic word Ameri, meaning commander (Moorish navigator). See: The Rudder and Sextant (Second Revision March 1st 1989), p.6. The root A mir is A mer, meaning A merican! See: :HEVWHU¶V New World Dictionary (Third College Edition, 1988), p.44. The word A merican means a native of America; originally applied to the aboriginals, or copper-colored race, found here by the Europeans; but not applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America. See: 1RDK:HEVWHU¶V2ULJLQDO 1828 ed., of American Dictionary of the English Language. The term American, etymologically is; Commander Loves Riches. Amir Commander (Arabic word), Amor. Love (French word), Rica: Rich (Spanish word) !" C irca 480 A.D., The Monastic Brotherhood (C atholic Moors from Morocco) landed on present day Connecticut (North A merica), near the coast of Long Island Sound. The inscription found on granite outcrops in Cockaponset Forest, C N., and the inscription on H aj M inmoun Rock located in Figuig toward the east of Morocco, confirms the voyage. See: Moroccan daily Newspaper (Le Matin D Sahara Et Du Magred, September 16, 1995). For more info contact The Permanent Mission for Morocco in New York. New York. C irca 700-800 A.D., Several Muslim Schools in North America; Valley of Fire (Nevada), Mesa Verde (Colorado), Mimbres Valley (New Mexico) and Tipper Canoe (Indiana). North African Arabic and Old Kufic Arabic scripts are engraved on rocks, test, diagram, charts including writing, reading, arithmetic, religion, history, geography, mathematics, astronomy and sea navigation. For more info, contact: D r. Bar ry Fell, at H arvard University. C irca 1492 A.D., On Monday October 21, 1492, Christopher Columbus admits in his papers, while sailing near Cuba, he saw a mosque on top of a beautiful mountain. The ruins of mosques and minerats with inscriptions of Quranic verses have been found in C uba, Mexico, 2 T exas and Nevada. The dress of the Indian 0RRULVK ZRPDQ ORQJ YHLOVÂ´ WKH PHQ Âł%UHHGFORWKHVSDLQWHG in the style of Moorish GUDSHULHVÂ´LQG renada and T rinidadÂŤ See: Precolumbian Musli ms in the Americas by Dr. Yousef Mroueh . The descendants of these North American Moors are the present day I roquois, A lgonquin, A nasazi, Hohokam, O lmec, A pache, A rawak, A rikana, C havin, C herokee, C ree, H upa, Hopi, M ak kah, Mohawak, Naca, Zulu, ZuniÂŤ These words also, derive from Arabic and Islamic root origins. See: Precolumbian Musli ms in the America by Dr. Yousef Mroueh. . The word I N D I A N is I N D I A like the I N K it means, Black Pigment. See: :HEVWHUÂśV1HZ:RUOG'LFWLRQDU\ 7KLUG&ROOHJH(GLWLRQ 1988), p.686 .. The status of the descendants of the Moorish Inhabitants of Spain and Portugal on American soil is FREE WHITE PERSONS (natural men and women). This status does not apply to the Caucasian Race, Aryan Race, or Indo-European Races under the Naturalization Act (Amended by Act. July 14, 1879), I Stat.103,c.3 See: %ODFNÂśV/DZ'LFWLRQDU\ (Fourth Ed. P. 797) !" C irca 711 A.D., The Moors that ruled Moslem Spain and Portugal for centuries were black or dark skinned people. See: Golden Age of the Moors, Edited by Ivan Van Serti ma, pgqe 337. . C irca 1503Â˛1517 A.D., An estimated 3,000 Aborigina-American (Moors) were captured from the eastern seaboard of Terra Nova (North America) some of their names are Ali, Melchor, Miguel, Manne, Juan, Pedro, Antonio and Juan-Amarco. A record of that account can be found in the Slave Books of Seville, Valencia, Catalina Spain. They were classified as Negro (Negro means Dead) and Black (dirty and evil). See: African and Native American by Jack D. Forbes, page 24. . C irca 1676 A.D., The Europeans that arrived in New England (North America) described the Aboriginal-Americans (Moors) to be BLACK AS GYPSIES (E-GYPTIANS). . C irca 1763 A.D., On October 7, 1763, King George R., of Great Britain's, Treaty with the Indigenous People (Indians) regarding land acquisitions and demarcation lines in America. The FOUR Colonies distinct and separate governments are called Quebec, East Florida, West Florida and Grenada. 3 See: Washitaw de Duglahmoundyah E mpire, Newspaper, December 1998, F ront Page. . C irca 1774 A.D., The five pointed green star in the center of a field of red is the Moorish flag was the alleged cherry tree that General George Washington, chopped down. See: Moorish Civic Relations Concepts, Volume 14, Page 37. . C irca 1774 A.D., On October 20, 1774, British-American subjects of the British Empire form the First United Stated of America perpetual Constitutions in the Thirteen &RORQLHVFDOOHGÂł7KH $UWLFOHVRI$VVRFLDWLRQÂ´Â´UHFRJQL]HG Moors as Moors not Negroes or Black-A-Moors. See: Journals of the Continental Congress, 75Â˛78. . C irca 1774 A.D., Noah Webster and his associates branded the Moors Black-a-Moor, Moor was dropped and replaced with the customary term Nigger, Negroe, Colored or black. The use of the word Nigger or Negroe represents the spiritually dead people and not the Nigritian People. Black-A-Moor, n. [For black Moor] A black man or woman, esp. an African negro; any very dark-complexion person. See: New Century Dictionary of the English Language 1927. !" C irca 1775 A.D., The first President of the Untied States of America under the Articles of Confederation was John Hanson, alleged Black-A-Moor, a Maryland Shanwnee Native American patriot who fought in the American Revolution. See: Nuwabic Moors Newspaper, August 7, 1991. . A Moorish-Mason by the name of Ben Bey Emmanuel Mu Ali a/k/a Benjamin Bannaker, was the architect who designed the streets of Washington, D.C., with Masonic codes and astrological glyphs. See: Americas Oldest Secret the Talisman, U.S. Mysterious Street Lines of Washington, D.C. by the Signature of the Invisible Brotherhood. The autobiography of Benjamin Bannaker. . . C irca 1787 A.D., Assisted by England, Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands, France, Germany, Finland and Sweden the United States of America ended their war with the Moors (Moroccan Empire) and signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Emperor Mohammed III (Moorish-Mason). The aforementioned treaty is the longest unbroken treaty in the history of the United States. See: U.S. Moroccan Relations, by Robert G. Neuman, Former U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1973--1976). . 4 . C irca 1789 A.D., On December 1, 1789. The Ninth President of the United States George Washington apologizes to his Masonic Brother Emperor Mohammed III, for not sending the regular advices (tribute: a payment by one ruler or nation to another as acknowledgment of submission or price of protection, excessive tax). Also, President Washington asked the Emperor to recognize their newly formed government. The Moroccan Empire (Moors) were the first nation to recognize the thirteen colonies as a sovereign nation. Allegedly the Emperor agreed to their recognition because 25 Moors were members of the first Continental Congress. See: The Writing of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Source 1745²1799, Editor John C. F itzpatrick, Volume 30, pages 474²476. . C irca 1790 A.D., On Wednesday, January 20, 1790, A petition was presented to the House of Representatives from the Sundry (numerous) Free Moors, Subjects to the Prince under the Emperor of Morocco in Alliance with the United States of America. The Sundry Free Moors Act states that all Free Moors may be tried under the same Laws as the Citizens of (South Carolina) and N O T under the Negro Act. See: South Carolina Department of Archives and History: S C House of Representatives Journal, 1789²90, p. xxii, 353² 364, 373²374: In Re. Sundry F ree Moors. . C irca 1857 A.D., The DRED SCOTT Case from the United States Supreme Court; holds that Africans [Moors] imported [captured in an undeclared war of enslavement]. Into this country [Territory of the United States and Several States] and SOLD as [perpetual} Slaves, were not included nor LQWHQGHG WR EH LQFOXGHG XQGHU WKH ZRUG ³&LWL]HQ´ LQ Whe Constitution, whether emancipated or not, and remained without rights or privileges except such as those which the government might grant them. See: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (How.) 393, 15L Ed., 691, Blacks Law Dictionary 6th, Edition, Page 495. . The reason why Moors/Africans, cannot be U.S. Citizens because the Moroccan Empire has a business arrangement with the British Empire [European Corporate Contract Citizens Caucasian Men]. The United States is a foreignEuropean corporation conducting trade and commerce in foreign lands. See: ,Q5H0HUULDQ¶V Estate, 36 N.Y. 479, Affir med in U.S. v. Perkins 163 U.S. 625. . The Hidden History of the Moorish People with the United States of America is recorded on the back of a Federal Reserve Note. There are two seals on the back of the $1.00, Federal Reserve Note (U.S. Currency) on the left side is the Great Seal of the Moorish Empire and on the right is the Seal of the United States. There are over THIRTY THREE (33) passwords on the $1.00 (Note). The INDIGENOUS SOVEREIGN PEOPLE (Moors) were snaked (betrayed) by some of the European Colonial State Citizens who enslaved the Moors and branded them nigger, negroe, black, colored, afro, hispanic, west indian, etc., In order to conceal their true identify. 5 See: Annointed News Journal, June 1998, Page 23. America is the code word for Africa d Morocco is in Africa. See: AmeRI C A decoded is AfRI C A and MoRoCo decoded is aMeRiCa. . C irca 1913 A.D., Knowledge of our Moorish Heritage would have been lost if it was not for the Moorish-M ason, our illustrious Brother Noble D rew A li, who founded the Moorish Science Temple, in Newark, New Jersey (1913). For the unconscious de-nationalized Moors i.e., negroes, blacks and coloreds, Moorish represents our Nationality. Science represents our Ancestors Spiritual Arts maintained in Esoteric Free Masonry, and the Temple represents our Body the dwelling place of the Creator of the Universe. Also, Noble Drew Ali, is responsible for the Moorish flag flying once again on American (Moroccan) soil in 1913. The State of Morocco was not allowed to fly the Moorish flag until 1956 A.D., after their independence from France. !" N O T E : N A T I O N A L I T Y M UST N O T B E C O M B I N E D W I T H F R E E-M ASO N R Y. . Circa 1933 A.D., The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recognize the Moors domiciling in America and their Moorish Titles: El, Bey, Ali, AL, Dey, ect. See: House Resolution No. 75 Legislative Journal (Philadelphia) May 4, 1973, page 5759. Prior to C irca 46 B C., the Ancient Moors were referred to by their National names like Washitaw, Almoravides, Almohades, Moabites, Canaanites, Yisraelites, HWFÂŤ See: Circle Seven Holy Koran. The copper colour American Hebrews (Yisraelites) kept the Passover called the Green-Corn Dance. See: History of the American Indians by Ja mes Adair (1775) page 80, 101. The Ancient Ones or Mound/Pyramid Builders of North America (over 150 unearthed some Egyptian styled are up and down the Mississippi River) according to the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology was built by copper-hued skin (Asiatics/Moors). See: U.S. Bureau of Ethnology. 12th Annual Report, 1980Â˛ 1891. The Aboriginal Americans or Mound Builders of North America built ceremonial mounds that date as far back as 5,400 years ago. The oldest mound in North America to date is found in Watson brake Louisiana, 32 km South-West of Monroe. See: Âł-DSDQ7LPHV1HZVSDSHUÂ´6HSWHPEHU 1997, reported by Joe W. S anders. C irca 500 B. C., The above photo is a stone head of copper colored Aboriginal Americans, from the Hopewell Mounds in Ohio, North America. Photo Source: Journal of the Moorish Paradigm by Hakim Bey. 6 C irca 1848 A.D., On June 6, 1848, a Supreme Court Decision read by Theo H. McCaleb (Judge) Declared that the United States DOES NOT own the land of The Ancient Ones (Uaxashaktun) Mound Builders of North America (more than 1,000, 000 square miles of land) Also, the Court declared the lawful land owners are the heirs of Henry Turner (WashitawMoors/Muurs). See: Case No. 191, U.S. Supreme Court, United States vs. Heirs of Henry Turner . C irca 1993 A.D., The present day Empress Her Highness Verdiacee Tiara Washitaw Bey, she is the living heir of the Ancient Ones (Empire of Washitaw de Dugdahmoundyah); they are recognized by the United Nations as the oldest people in the world. Excerpts from: Âł$UH<RXin Denial of <RXU$QFHVWU\"Â´and Âł6WLOOin Denial of Your $QFHVWU\"Â´ By R. V. Bey . It is no longer a question as to whether those who have been branded negroes, coloreds, blacks, etc., are descendants of Moors. Upon reading the Bull Inter C aetera, DQGWKHÂł1RUWK $PHULFDQ([SORUDWLRQÂ´ IURP &ROXPELDÂśV(QF\FORSHGLD RQHFDQILJXUHRXWZK\WKLVWUXWK has been suppressed from the natural Peoples of the Earth. Upon further review, one can also clearly see that our struggle is within the principles of Law, and not within the farce called racism. Yes, the symptoms of racism and slavery are there, however it has no nickel in the dime in regards to the solution, and the earthly salvation of you or your children. . If we stand, we stand as O N E . If we stand, we stand on the rules of engagement laid out by our ancestors to preserve our posterity. These same rules are embodied spiritually in most written National and International documents, which upon pondering, we find they were written as a ÂľPHVVDJHÂśto us, to assist in our awakening. Such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1959, and the 'HFODUDWLRQ RI WKH 5LJKWV RI WKH &KLOG ,WÂśV DOPRVW DV LI the International community was reaching out again, since it DSSHDUHGZHGLGQÂśWZDNHXSLQ maybe we would wake up in 1959, if they addressed concerns involving human law through the FKLOGUHQ 7KDW GLGQÂśW H[DFWO\ ZRUN HLWKHU DW WKDW time. Besides, Drew Ali came in 1913, and made wonderful strides regarding Nationality and birthrights, jurisdiction and Law. However, if we don't claim our Status as Natural People, we will remain consciously, yet unconscioulsy, fictitious chattel property, and claimed as such through the 14th, 15th amendment Negro Acts, which is the point and purpose of creating them, to claim a people who don't make claims themselves, as property with privileges, but not with rights. There is a difference between a 'privilege' and a 'right'. If you don't claim yourself and your children, they are devoured! Mothers, if you are in proper person status, your children are in that sames status by default, because the condition of the child is based upon the condition of the MOTHER. . It seems our biggest culprits are ourselves. It is good then, that Drew's work is, as he stated, for ÂłWKH\RXQJDQG \HWXQERUQÂ´, as they are the ones who will assist to preserve mother earth, and uplift fallen humanity. It is not that the solution regarding Law, Writs, or written documents, is not availed WRXV7KHSUREOHPLVZHGRQÂśWXWLOL]HWKH written information, and we GRQÂśWHQIRUFHLW0DLQO\EHFDXVH ZHGRQÂśWVWXG\WKHPPRVWKDYHQÂśWHYHQUHDGWKHP<HWWKH\ 7 were left for us, they pertain to us, and they do preserve our RIGHTS OF BIRTH. Hopefully information provided on this site, which is only a portion of the information now readily available worldwide, will help us to move in unison toward meeting the ends of the struggle we so proudly say we are LQ\HWZHGRQÂśWVHHPWREHDEOHWRFODLPRUUHFRJQize the resolve. . W e already have the biggest weapon there is Â˛ T he T R U T H . ,I LW GLGQÂśW VHHP WR PDWWHU before, it matters NOW. For those of you who say nay, you are probably the very ones who claim you are spiritual, and say you have the spirit of the ancestors with you, and probably go through the rituals pointing out the truth that we manifest our own realities. If this is you, you must recognize your own contradiction. You may also want to take into consideration the population we have, and the population of our people across the globe, who are waiting for us (the Mothers and )DWKHUVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQ WRÂłZDNH-XSÂ´DQGJHWWKLVKRXVH (earth) in order. As far as concerns about bloodshed, if we pay close attention, we recognize there is already much degradation and bloodshed, across the entire planet. So GRQÂśWZRUU\WKDWWKHUHmay be bloodshed -- there already is. . W e cannot continue to be ar rogant, self righteous, while all along are acquiescing and blindly " believe " Law is not meant for us; when in fact we are the Law. We either authored, or authorized the information that others are crookedly, dishonestly using to suppress us. That is what makes it such a travesty. . You may ask then, How are they doing that? It is simple; they are making false claims, and putting it in writing, (which is a spell, as in spelling). They are making false claims that we GRQÂśWUHEXW0D\EHLWLVEHFDXVHZHWKLQNZHFDQ WVSHOO The irony to that is, if we continue to let our children be erroneously educated, and purposely dumbed down, ZH FDQÂśW KDYH PXFK expectation to change their ability to spell Â˛ can we? The fact that we have been mis-educated is unfortunately no excuse, even if we want to use it as an excuse, because Âł,JQRUDQFHRIWKH L aw is no excuse " -- a statement which is very real. It is a sad scenario, and a lack of our willingness to take responsibility, when we recognize we taught the world math, how to spell, to read, and, we taught Law, we taught the 7 Liberal Arts. Yet, we don't know that Law is eloquently reserved for us, expressed, implied, verbal and written, as in the " Book of L aw " . . M any of us use ignorance of the law as an excuse and add insult to the injury when we say /DZLVWKHÂłVR-FDOOHGÂ´ ZKLWHPDQÂśV/DZ,WLVQRW:KDWKHLVH[HUFLVLQJXSRQXVLV "color-oflaw", a semblance of that which is real. Thus, it doesn't matter what he is doing, what matters is what we are doing for us, and consequently for the World. Besides, all along the so-called ÂłZKLWH-PDQÂ´LVWDNLQJDYHUEDODQGZULWWHQ Oath to the principles of Law our ancestors left to preserve our Rights, and the perpetual Rights of our progeny. They are universal principles, which apply to all natural people. If anyone takes the Oath, and then steps outside of it, the Divine Constitutional Principles, then he has absolutely no JURISDICTION over you. And there is remedy (See Title 'RQÂśWWKLQNKHGRHVQÂśWNQRZWKDW:KDWKHGRHVNQRZ is, he can continue to take the Oath, and break the Law, EUHDN WKH 2DWK EHFDXVH ZH GRQÂśW NQRZ WKH difference. Without him taking the Oath, he has no authority of L aw, although he portends to. Suddenly, or rather hopefully, if not already known, the issue of jurisdiction becomes a very real issue -- doesn't it? 8 . W e ought to be ashamed to allow anyone to make a mockery over that which our ancestors preserved for us. This is why we must unite, and we will, but it appears not until we have had a great deal more pain. To ask one to ÂľVWXG\ZHOOÂśis an overstatement at this point. By studying a little, we can find answers. The information exist, however it is cloaked, meaning you must seek and you shall find, and you must have 'keys', key words, key phrases--knowledge. (My people suffer for a lack of knowledge, as stated in the scriptures by Yeshuah (Jesus). Bits of information act as keys upon which you can study, research and unveil the truth, even in an attempt to disprove it, one finds they affirm it to be so. We all know that truth is the light that shines and sets us free. At the very least, a knowledgeable and conscious people certainly cannot be enslaved by lies, unless willfully. So we speak to those who really want to be free, and at the very least want their children to be free. If that is not the desire and intent, then they need not talk about, complain, or say they are in a struggle to fix the abuses and mis-uses bestowed upon us all, as they continue to identify the problem and the solution incorrectly. If we know the root causes, then we can exercise the cure. Correction cannot come about without accurate knowledge of the problem. If this describes you, it is necessary for you to know you are not in "the struggle". You are however steeped in emotions and how you "feel" about it, thus you may be struggling to come to terms with the truth. You are spinning your wheels, being led to think you have made some victory, but have not, as is evidenced by the condition we are in, which by the way has gotten worse, as evidenced by the condition of your life, and the life of those around you, even those who " thought they had it all together " . Save those who do. . W e are the Mothers and F athers of C ivilization across the planet, we are World History. I will prove this with a few easy questions in the test that follows at the end of this Article. The answers prove we have been written out of history, yet only because the ones who have taught us, and, who we allow to continue to teach us and our children, have decided by the stroke of the pen, to write us out of that which they put before us to learn from. This happened after they burned the books, reconstructed the history, and would punish us if we were caught reading; thus we did know how to read. . Âł7KH3HQLV0LJKWLHUthan WKH6ZRUGÂ´Â˛ another profound statement. Veiled behind it, is the sword, which is translated into the written word, and the spell-ing is caste. . E xcerpt from: " Are You in Denial Of Your Ancestry?Â´ . L et's look at information that came from an encyclopedia regarding World H istory, regarding Moors. T his information is in reference to C harlemagne NQRZQDVÂł&KDUOHV the +DPPHUÂ´ and A lphonso the 1st thru 6th. T here were actually 12 generations of $OSKRQVRÂśV,KDYHRQO\UHVHDUFKHGKHUHZLWKRU generations of them fighting Moors to gain power and rule over the land, and the people. Notice the dates are as far back as ÂśV ÂśV ,Q IDFW E\ GRLQJ WKH PDWK wherein the Moors C ivilized Spain in 832, and reigned IRURYHU\HDUVLWEULQJV\RXWRÂśVRUVRDQGWR &KULVWRSKHU&ROXPEXVÂś YR\DJHQHDULQJWKHÂśV 9 LET THE STUDIES BEGIN! . . C harles MartelÂ˛ (mar tel) [O.FR. = Charles the H ammer], 688? Â˛741, Frankish ruler, natural son of Pepin of Heristal and grandfather of Charlamagne. After the death of his father (714) he became mayor of the palace in Austrasia and Neustria, having previously crushed all opposition. He extended his rule to Burgundy, Aquitaine, and Provence. Having subjugated many of the German tribes across the Rhine, he encouraged the activities of St. Boniface and other missionaries among them. Charles Martel halted the Moslem invasion of Europe by his victory over the Moors of Spain in the battle of Tours or Poitiers (732), one of the decisive EDWWOHV RI WKH ZRUOGÂśV KLVWRU\. Although he never assumed the title of king, he divided the Frankish lands, like a king, between his sons Pepin the Short and Carloman. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH If this is one of the most important battles in WORLD HISTORY, Why KDYHQÂśWZHOHDUQHGRILWLQVFKRROV"$Q\SHUVRQSDUWLFXODUO\ Scholars, clearly know about this battle with the Moors, they don't mention it, nor do they come back from their studies and call us Moors, as we rightfully and historically are by heritage. . Moors: nomadic people of the northern shores of Africa, the original inhabitants of Mauretania. They mixed with successive conquerors and are now a dar k-skinned race chiefly of Berber and Arab blood. In the 8th cent. They were converted to Islam and became Moslems. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH this indicates that Arabs and Berbers are Moors and Moors are associated with the creed of Islam and Moslems. Islam is a way of life, not a religion. I Self Law Am Master. 711Â˛Under Tarik they crossed into Spain in 711 and without difficulty overran the crumbling Visigothic kingdom of Roderick. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH: indicates these same dark-skinned (melanated) people are in fact the Moors of Spain. The Visigoths are Christian Crusaders. 732Â˛ They spread beyond the Pyrenees into France where they were turned back at Tours by Charles Martel (732). $XWKRUÂśV1RWH 2QFHDJDLQWKHÂł%DWWOHRI7RXUVÂ´is mentioned, the most decisive world battle fought between the Moors and the Christian Crusaders. 756Â˛ In 756 Abdur-Rahman I, established the Omayyad dynasty at Cordoba. The emirate became under Adur-r-Rahman III the Caliphate of Cordoba. The court there grew in wealth, splendor, and culture. The regent Al Mansur in the late 10th cent. waged bitter warfare with the C hristians of N. Spain, where, from the beginning, the Mohammedan conquest had met with its only opposition. The cities of the south, Toledo, Cordoba, and Seville, speedily became centers of the new culture and were famed for their universities and architectural treasures. (See Moslem Art and Architecture) $XWKRUÂśV1RWH: indicates: 1. The Moors taught high civilization principles and established the well-known best universities ie. Cordoba and 2. Christians (Christiandom, then a political term, 10 later turned to a religious order), were and still are, the only opposition of Moors. With the exception of brief periods, there was, however, no strong central government; the power was split up among dissenting local leaders and factions. $XWKRU¶V 1RWH indicates the Moors fought with each other for ruling power. .1031² The caliphate fell in 1031, and the Almoravides in 1086 took over Mohammedan Spain, which was throughout the whole period closely connected in rule with Morocco. $XWKRU¶V1RWH indicates an Empire was in place and Moors continued to fight with each other. Almoravides are Moors. 1174² Almoravid control slowly declined and by 1174 was supplanted by the Almohades. These successive waves of invasion had brought into Spain thousands of skilled artisans and industrious farmers who contributed largely to the intermittent prosperity of the country. They were killed or expelled in large numbers (to the great loss of Spain) in the Christian reconquest, which began with the recovery of Toledo (1085) by Alfonso VI, king of Leon and Castile. $XWKRU¶V1RWH indicates the fall of the Moors. Almoravides and Almorahades are both Moors who fought each other for political control. A lmoravides² A lmoravids, Berber Moslem dynasty that ruled Morocco and Moslem Spain in the 11th and 12 th century. Its real founder was Abdullah Ibn Yasin, who by force of arms converted some Saharan tribes to his own reformed religion and then advanced on Morocco. After his death (1059), Yusuf Ibn Tashuffin and his brother Abu Bakr came to power. Marrakesh was founded in 1062 and was the center of a powerful empire. Yusuf was called by the Moors in Spain to help stem Christian reconquest. Ysuuf entered Andalusia and defeated (1086) Alfonso VI of Castile. Later he subdued the local Moslem rulers and governed Moslem Spain with N. Morocco (Abu Bakr had S. Morocco). The Almoravides were rough and puritanical, contemptuous of the luxurious Moslem culture in Spain Their rule was never entirely stable and in the 12th cent. Was attacked by the Almohades, who finally (by 1174) won both Morocco and Moslem Spain. . A lmohades² Berber Moslem dynasty that ruled Morocco and Spain in the 12th and 13th cent. It had its origins in the puritanical sect founded by Mohammed Ibn Tumart, who (c.1120), stirred up the tribes of the Atlas to purify Islam and oust the Almoravides. His successors, AbuL-Mumin, Yusuf II, and Yakub I, succeeded in conquering Morocco and Moslem Spain, and by 1174 the Almohades had completely displaced the Almoravides. With time the Almohades lost some of their fierce purifying seal; Yakub had a rich court and was the patron of Averroes. Yakub defeated (1195) Alfonso VII of Castile in the battle of Alarcos, but in 1212 the Almohade army was defeated and Almohade power in Spain was destroyed by the victory of the Spanish and Portuguese at Navas de Tolosa. In Morocco they also lost power, there to the Merenide dynasty who took Marrakesh in 1269. $XWKRU¶V1RWH The above shows that Moors fought against Moors. Both the Almoravides and the Almohades are described as being of Berber Moslem dynasties. The definition of Moor is those who are Berber and Arab with an Islamic and Moslem creed. Take note read the lines of all the other political names of the for anyone to say they don't know who Moors are would be 11 an out an out untruth. Lots of information has been burned, yet with that, one can still find reference to Moors being in the most decisive world battle, as well as many other historiacl events, which by the way, still go on today. Moors are sleep, ye tthey exist in body on the planet. The purpose was that they would forget who they are, and fail to recognzie they are the aboriginal, indigneous inhabitant of this earth, the amothers and fatehrs of civilziation on this planet, and forget what that means, what to do to preserve themselves and their progeny. . . Alphonso Led The Reconquest Now OHWÂśV ORRNDWZKRÂł$OSKRQVRÂ´DQGKLVSHRSOHZHUH\RX will find this most interesting. The first define will show that the Moors were in strife as a result of fighting. Alphono's family spent at least 6 generations conquering the Moors. The lands, castles, estates, etc., of which hey conquered were obviously the Moors. This also led to the Magna Charta Codes of 1200, and the reason we have Landlords. This is why no one ever owns their property. (unless they have an Allodial Title) Moors are the Title holders. The Titles are El, Bey, Dey, Al, and Ali. Translated as the 5 civilized so-called Indian tribes during the battles on the Western Frontier, here in North America. . A lfonso I (Alfoso the Catholic), 693?-757, Spanish king of Austurias (739-57). He was the sonin-law of Pelayo. Strife among the Moors facilitated his conquest in parts of Galicia, Leon, DQG6DQWDQGHU$IWHUKLVIDWKHUÂśVGHDWK his mother, Countess Theressa, ruled the county of Portugal with the help of Fernadno Perez, until in 1128 young Alfonso, allying himself with discontented nobles, took power and drove her into Leon with the still-faithful Perez (Alfonso did not in spite of the popular legend, put her in chains at Guimarais) Beginning a little more than a quasi independent guerrilla chief, Alfonso spent his life in almost ceaseless fighting against the kings of Leon and Castile and against the Moors to increase his prestige and his ter ritories. In 1139 he defeated the Moors in the battle of Ourique (fought not at Ourique but at some undetermined place). . A lfonso I I (Alfonso the Chaste), 759?-842, Spanish king of Austurias (739-842), grandson of Alfonso I. He continued the struggle against the Moors and established his residence at Oviedo, which his father, Fruela I, had founded. His alliance with Charlemagne and Emperor Louis I met opposition among his nobles. Alfonso II built the first church on the site of Santiago De Compostel. His reign was spent in struggles with the Church and his brothers and sisters. His measures against the Church holdings and the bishops led to this excommunication (1210). Though he was himself most unwar-like, Portugeuese soldiers took part in the battle of Navas de Tolosa and pushed conquest against the Moors. . A lfonso I I I (Alfonso the Great) 838?- 910?. Spanish king of Austurias (866-909), The kingdom was consolidated in his reign, though after his forced abdication it was divided among his sons. . A lfonso V (Alfonso the Noble), 994?-1027, Spanish king of Asturias and Leon (999-1027). While he was still a minor, the Moors under Al-Mansur were defeated. Alfonso gave Leon its 12 fuero {charter} and was killed in the siege of Viseu. Alfonso V I, 1030-1109, Spanish king of Leon (1065- 1109) and Castile (1072-1109). He inherited Leon from his father Ferdinand I. Defeated by his brother, Sancho II of Castile, he fled to the court of Al-Mamum, Moorish ruler of 7ROHGR$IWHU6DQFKRÂśVDVVDVVLQDWLRQ KHVXFFHHGHG to the throne of Castile and took Galicia from his brother Garcia (1073), thus becoming the most powerful Christian ruler in Spain. He raided Moslem territory and penetrated as far as Tarifa. After the conquest of strategic Toledo (1085), he took many other cities and reached the line of the Tagus. Aroused by his advance Abbad III (see Abbadides) and his Moslem allies called to their aid the Almoravide Yusuf Ibn Tashuffin, who defeated Alfonso in 1086 and again in 1108, when $OIRQVRÂśV RQO\ VRQ ZDV NLOOHG LQ EDWWOH $OIRQVRÂśV UHLJQ gave a tremendous impulse to the reconquest of Spain and was also notable for the exploits of the Cid. His court at Toledo became the center of cultural relations between Moslem and Christian Spain, while French influence also grew strong through his many French followers. At this time the Cluniac reform was introduced into Spain. Alfonso was succeeded by his daughter Urraca. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH The references to the Alfonso I thru Alphonso VI shows that they spent lifetimes fighting the Moors for the purposes of converting them and taking over their land and resources. It also shows that even though Moors may have fought each other, they would often come together to fight the Christian Crusaders when called to each others aid. 1212Â˛ The great Christian victory (1212) of Navas de Tolosa prepared the way for the downfall of the Moslems. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH continued fall of the Moors, noted here as Moslems fighting Christians. 1236Â˛Cordoba fell to Ferdinand II of Castile in 1236. The wars went on, and one by one the Moorish strongholds fell, until only Granada remained in their hands. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH indicates that Granada was the last Moorish stronghold. And after it fell the Treaty of Granada gave Columbus the authority to travel West to this North American continent and conquer the Paradise, the Algonquian Civilizations here in the Americas, North, South and Central. This is when 0RRUV E\ QDPH ZHUH FDOOHG Âł%ODFNVÂ´ KHQFH WKH QDPHV %ODFN 1HJUR Colored have been made part of history and the connection to the name Moor was ended, and the descendants took on the slave brands, just as they did in Spain, prior to coming here when they conquered and called them Morescos or Moriscos and then called them Spaniards. 1487Â˛ Milaga was taken (1487) after a long siege by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and in 1492 Granada was recovered. Many of the Moors had accepted Christianity; these, called Mudejares, were now joined by new converts, the Moriscos. They were allowed to stay in Spain, but were kept under close surveillance. $XWKRUÂśV1RWH: Moors were forced to convert to Christianity, edicts were put out by Queen Isabella of which one was that they were not to wear Moorish Garb, etc. Moors were and still 13 are known in Spain as the Moriscos, those who converted to Christianity out of force, the mighty melanated dark-skinned people who fellÂ˛the great Fall of Humanity. 1568Â˛ They were persecuted by Philip II, revolted in 1568, and in the Inquisition were virtually exterminated. In 1609 the remaining Moriscos were expelled. Thus the glory of the Moorish civilization in Spain trailed out. Its contributions to Western Europe and especially to Spain were well-nigh incalculableÂ˛ in art and architecture medicine and science and learning. $XWKRUÂśV 1RWH As you can see again, the Moriscos were the Moors. This above paragraph indicates the persecution and extermination of the Moors in the eastern hemisphere (holocaust). Many status quo scholars have written this as a complete extermination when in fact it was not. This is intentional for the scholars to write this to make the descendants think they are in fact not descendants, to make them think there are no more Moors, and that is exactly what has occurred. The descendants are still today, lost for their identity. This holocaust they are speaking of happened in the eastern part of the globe. However, Moors were in all corners of the earth and the descendants have not been virtually exterminated. They have been fruitful and have multiplied. This is why studying is so important. The Moors that they labeled indians when they came here did not just vanish off the earth. Some survive today, intact with full melanation in their skin. Some were murdered over the years, other were amalgamated into fair skin, and amalgamation is how they will return as they are aboriginal and indigenous to this land. They are you! King Alfred Plan Â˛Â´6LOHQW:HDSRQV For a 4XLHW:DUÂ´ In reference to the extermination or holocaust, it is important to know that this is not without possibility today. I would think that when the people of this land realize how they are still enslaved, they may, because of their emotionalism, resort to the usual gatherings of marches and protest, a typical signature of revolt for change. I however, urge that they do not turn to these emotional activities that are absent of fact and not founded in proper civics, as there is a plan IRUFRQWURORIVXFKDFWLYLWLHV7KDWSODQLVFDOOHGWKHÂł.LQJ $OIUHG3ODQÂł5H[Â´,WKDV been in effect for a long time, GRFXPHQWHG LQ DQG LV FRLQHG WKH Âł6LOHQW :HDSRQV IRU D 4XLHW:DUÂ´7KHKRmeland Security Act is an extension of that plan. Do not resort to marching in the streets against these inequities. Do resort to nationalizing yourself and your country. Much like Castro did when he nationalized Cuba. This is why the American demos/democracy GRQÂśWOLNH Castro. They are more than aware that you are bound to this continent by heritage. The King Alfred Plan is a presidential executive order #11490, that began its written instructions approximately 1947. . The following are excerpts from that plan: . Memo: National Security Council: ...The Minority has adopted an almost military posture to gain its objective, which are not clear to most Americans. It is expected, therefore, that, when those objectives are denied the Minority, racial war must be considered inevitable. When that Emergency comes we must expect the total involvement of all 22 million members of the 14 Minority, men, women and children, for once this project is launched, its goal its to terminate, once and for all, the Minority threat to the whole of the American society, and, indeed, the Free World.² Chairman, National Security Council . Preliminary Memo: Department of Interior.... Under King Alfred, the nation has been divided into 10 Regions (see accompanying map) In case of Emergency, Minority members will be evacuated from the cities by federalized national guard units, local and state police and, if necessary by units of the regular Armed Forces, using public and military transportation, and detained in nearby military installations until a further course of action has been decided. . Preliminary Memo: Department of Defense: «7KHUH ZLOO EH PDQ\ cities where the Minority will be able to put into the street a superior number of people with a desperate and dangerous will. He will be a formidable enemy, for he is bound to the Continent by heritage and knows that political asylum will not be available to him in other countries. The greatest concentration of the Minority is in the Deep South, the Eastern seaboard, the Great Lakes region and the West Coast. . F O R T H OSE W H O H A V E A L W A YS T H O U G H T T H E R E W AS A C O NSPI R A C Y A G A I NST M I N O R I T I ES ²Y O U A R E SO C O R R E C T. . T he operative question to ask is: A re You a M inority? People who are not a M inority, GRQ¶W WKLQN with M inority minds, and upon discovering that M inority is a legal terminology for those who cannot think for themselves or handle their own affairs, they ZRXOGQ¶WDOORZWKHLUULJKWVDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQ¶V rights to be abridged. . Nobody likes ignorance²not even you. I urge that you do not confuse religious creeds and belief or solace systems, cultural philosophies or blind faith, with Nationality which is bloodline, pedigree, consanguine issues. The names negro, colored, black, indian, latino, white, indicate people who are ignorant of their true historical, lawful, contributions to society and it indicates persons who are property of the European slaveholders, a compromised people, subordinate to European psychology² a bureaucratic slave. . It is certainly time, now, to reconsider your social and political position! . Here is the undertone of what is happening today: T R U T H A N D F A C TS A R E C O L L I D I N G W I T H B E L I E FS A N D F A LSE H O O DS. H O N O R Y O U R M O T H E RS A N D F A T H E RS! 15 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&#8!:)#:'(5-(/!0+9!'09-&'/!#6!+90! T he Moorish A mericans A re a T rue Nation of People x I forgive you of everything that you did before I came; now you are responsible for your deeds now. Moors are not held accountable for the oaths taken and deeds done while they were in a coma and without knowledge of self. But now T he Holy Prophet has come, returning to them their free National Name and Old Time Religion, they are as responsible as all other true Citizens. x The Holy Prophet Noble D rew A li told the Moors, Âł,EURXJKW\RXHYHU\WKLQJLWWDNHV WRVDYHDQDWLRQQRZWDNHLWDQGVDYH\RXUVHOIÂ´Look at the saving powers owned by all other nations of the Earth, e.g. Free National Name, Flag, Emblem, Constitution, /DQG )DPLO\ +HULWDJH HWF 1RZ ORRN DPRQJVW Ă„HYHU\WKLQJŕŻ† H e brought us and find yours like other nations have; Now take the things that are yours and save yourselves. x %\ \RX EHLQJ ERUQ KHUH GRHVQŕŻ†W PDNH \RX D FLWL]HQ. Negroes, Blacks and Colored People are names given to slaves during the time of slavery. Those born under the powers RI WKH WK DQG WK $PHQGPHQWV DUH QRW WUXH &LWL]HQV EXW DUH GHFODUHG Âł3HUVRQVÂ´ (Commercial property) under the assumable jurisdiction of U. S. Congress. The word Âł3HUVRQVÂ´DVXVHGLQWKHVH$PHQGPHQWVGRQRWOHJDOO\WUDQVODWHLQWR0HQDQG:RPHQ x Moors, be yourself. To be your self is to be Moorish American, a true nation of People, bearing your one free national name. x Moors, study yourself. The Moorish must study self to know self and know self in order to be yourself. x A beggar nation cannot attain to its highest degree of spirituality. A prosperous nation must be economically sound. x Imitate I, T he Prophet. Moorish L eaders, live a life of love, so that you will be loved as I the Prophet is loved. x T his is the uniting of Asia. Âł7KLVÂ´ UHIHUV WR 7KH 0RRULVK 'LYLQH DQG 1DWLRQDO Movement in North America. x In the year 2,000 the Moors will come into their own. x O ne day, when seven bridges cross in the sky, there will be Red F ezzes and T urbans for as far as the eyes can see. In 1924 when T he Prophet stated this prophecy there were no bridges crossing in America. Today, the Los Angeles freeways and expressways form seven bridges of highways overlapping each other above ground. 16 x I had to go around my elbow to get to my thumb to get what I wanted established in this government. He wanted to establish T he Divine and National Movement in North A merica to save His People from the wrath (NBC) of Allah. And The Holy Prophet had to go through the fire (the United States assumable laws of jurisdiction) in order to prepare a table before us in the presence of our enemy. x T he only way out of the fire is through the fire. The only way out of slavery is through the very laws that enslaved you. x A Moorish leader is not to get up to speak under the influence of liquor, or any harmful motive that will seek to break up the families of men. x I come to set you free from that state of mental slavery that I found you in. The Moors were enslaved by reducing their mentality to that of Negroes, Blacks and Colored People. As a man thinketh, so is he. x You are from M issouri. I have got to show you. By 1928 the Moors have endured such a mental beat-down here in the west until they did not believe they are a nation of people so Drew Ali went to the Pan-American Conference in Havana, Cuba and declared them as a clean and pure Nation before the United States and other National and Tribal Delegates in attendance. x Moors, you sleep too much. W ake up and see the seven bridges crossing in the sky. C an you see you are a People? x W ake up Moors and GRQÂśW go to sleep any more. The Moors have been so Dumb-down until they have become mentally complacent with a Slave psychic. x W e need to have warehouses because one day the E uropeans are going to let you down. x T he times that have been, ZRQÂśW be no more. x If I were you, I would get ready before you are made to do so. If you are ready, stay ready; if you are not ready, get ready. x Some of you Moors are going to throw away your name, just for a morsel of bread. 17 A bout A merica and the E uropeans x Before the E uropean came here, the bananas were large, and the grapes were fourin-hand. It took two men with hand-sticks to car ry one bunch of grapes. x T he Moors were living up and down the M ississippi River before the E uropean man came here (To Northwest Amexem [Africa], later to be named America. x T he E uropeans went to the Moroccan government, and asked for permission to come over here (to Northwest A mexem) to develop this land. T hey were given a 50 year mandate to do so. T hen the E uropeans went to an old Sheik and asked him to give them some people to help them to develop this land. T he Sheik told them to: Âł7DNHWKRVH0RRUVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHQRWJRLQJWRGRDQ\WKLQJÂ´ It was the officials e.g. Sheiks, Caliphs, and Sultans of the various governments of the Moorish Empire (All Kingdoms, Countries, tribes and Nations of Northwestern and Southwestern shores of Africa) who permitted the Arab Slavers to capture and sell Moorish Nationals to the Europeans. x T he E uropean is going to have to pay our people off for the wor k that they did in slavery, and pay off in compounded interest. x O ne day, the E uropeans are going to lock the food up in warehouses, put soldiers around them to guard them, and you will go anywhere he says to get something to eat. x O ne day you will go to the store, and there will be soldiers there with guns with bayonets on them, and they will not let you enter. T hey will order you to move on. x O ne day the E uropean is going to let you down. You are going to have to put up a 90 day supply of food to last you until your brothers come to your rescue from the E ast. x The Holy Prophet WROGWKH0RRUVÂłC hildren, you are at home, and the E uropean is PLOHVIURPKRPHDQGKHLVJRLQJWRKDYHWRWDNHVRPHZDWHUÂ´ (The Moorish are indigenous to America, by inheritance and birthrights. Our Forefathers civilized this continent 10,000 years before the Europeans discovered millions of us already using it. When the Moorish reclaim this land the European must return to Europe, the land our Ancient Ones set aside for them. x O ne day, you are going to smell the E uropeans before you see them, in boxcars, going back to E urope. x T he E uropean will not be able to remove all the wealth from the land. A fter he goes back to E urope, mountains of gold will be revealed to the Moors. 18 x W hen the E uropeans go back to E urope, the climate will go back to what it used to be. x I like good peas and beans. I am going to save 8% of the E uropeans, because they are good farmers. x If the E uropean be just, they would have an Asiatic V ice-President, and if they had an Asiatic President, they would have a E uropean V ice-President. x I am going to stop the E uropean from thinking, and start you (The Moors) to thinking for your own good. x O ne day your biggest trouble ZRQÂśW be getting with E uropean women, it will be fighting them off. x G et a good E uropean education and I can use you. Education is for Citizens to enhance their prosperity. Training is for property. x T he Holy Prophet while speaking would jump up in the air and laugh and say, Âł5RPH \HDUVDJR\RXJRWPHEXW,JRW\RXWRGD\Â´ x I am going to leave the E uropean here, just long enough to teach you how to run a government. Today, the Moorish have been trained and well educated into every aspect of National, State and Municipal Governments. Moors need only to be themselves in order to form a more perfect government and be recognized by the nations of the Earth. x W atch the newspapers and listen to the ratio, I am going to make the E uropean tell the truth. x 7KH(XURSHDQDVNVWKH+RO\3URSKHWÂł:LOOZHEHVDYHGWKLVWLPH"Â´ T he only way you (E uropean) can be saved this last time will be through the help of the Moors. x T he E uropeans were not going to give up until H e looked death in the face. x C hildren, when you get on top, treat the E uropean nice. x T he E uropean is our fellow man. x T hey (The Europeans) will seek peace, but none shall be found. The warlike nature of Europeans seeks peace through war but peace cannot be found by those means. 19 x I am going to stop the E uropeans from thinking. If two or three of them get together on something, they will go back, and tear it up. x If you want E uropean G rand Sheiks, I can give them to you. The Holy Prophet got tired of the Moors always running to the Europeans and accepting their verifications over H is lessons of freedom and salvation. x In 1929 there was a European man, his wife and daughter outside the meeting of the 2nd Annual National Convention that asked Bro. Kirkman-%H\Âł:KHUHLVWKDWOLWWOHPDQWKDW XVHGWREHDURXQG"Â´%UR&.LUNPDQ-Bey let them know that He was no longer with us. These Europeans started crying. They were looking for the Holy Prophet. That man was able to save his money during the bank crash, because he obeyed the Holy Prophet, and took his money out of the bank. x I have got the Romans in the palm of my hand. x O ne day, the United States will not be able to do any business, unless they do it through the Asiatic. x I am going to make the E uropean enforce my law. The duty of a Prophet is to save nations from the wrath of Allah. The Holy Prophet brought the Moorish their Nationality and their Divine Creed so they can be law abiding. And He is going to make the Europeans enforce these National and Divine laws. Holy Instructions to the Moorish x L et all old business stay as it is, and all new business, do it in your free national name. x L et your good deeds out number your bad deeds, and when you pass away, you ZRQÂśW have anything to wor ry about. x M y good Moors are going to live. x W e, the Moors, have the blood of every nation flowing through our veins, thereby EULQJLQJDERXWDFURVVVSLULWÂ´ x T he Italians have our blood (The blood of the Moors) mixed in their veins, that is why they are so mean. 20 x I GLGQÂśW WHOO DQ\RQH ZKHUH , ZDV ERUQ RU ZKR P\ SDUHQWV ZHUH EHFDXVH , GLGQŕŻ†W want people to make a shrine out of the place or make over my parents like was done with Joseph and M ary. x W e (The Moors) are a hard-head, stiff-neck, mean set of people that have never done anything except at the point of a sword. x You tore up everything that was brought to you, but I brought you something that you FDQÂśW tear up. It will tear you up. 7KH0RRULVK$PHULFDQVKDYHWRUQXSWKHÂł2QH 7HPSOHÂ´LQWRKXQGUHGVRIFRQIXVHGVHFWVWKHVDOYDWLRQRIWKHLUQGDQGUGJHQHUDWLRQV and their rightful place in the affairs of men but they could not tear up their free national name or their Divine and National Movement. x T he same truth that will draw you will drive you. x I brought you something that you can shout about. x C hildren, you are just plain rich. x L et all old business stay as it is, and all new business, do it in your free national name. x It will take you 50 years to find out what I brought you, and if you are not careful, 50 years after I am gone, you ZRQÂśW know that I have been here. x C hildren, one day, you are going to love me. x T he biggest fool is the educated fool. Property can only be trained and never educated. 7KHVODYHPHQWDOLW\PLVQRPHUHGDVĂ„1HJURHV%ODFNVDQG&RORUHG3HRSOHŕŻ†LVWKDWRIDQ educated fool. x Moors should learn Spanish as a second language. x 'RQÂśWHYHQFDUU\DSRFNHWNQLIH During the 3URSKHWÂśV time, Moors still under mental slavery were arming themselves with small hand-carry weapons but no free national principles. x If it were not for that little piece of red flannel, we would not get into so much WURXEOHÂ´$0RRUÂśs tongue is what gets him in so much trouble. He talks more than he thinks. x 7KHRQO\WKLQJWKDWKXUWVDGXFNLVKLVELOOÂ´Talking too much. 21 x A good Moorish leader must study his Holy K oran and Divine Constitution and Bylaws. These holy and divine laws are for the guidance and protection of a pure nation of people. A good Moorish Leader realizes finite mind cannot comprehend those things infinite so they must study in order to lead a right. x T he Holy Prophet SRLQWHG +LV ILQJHU DQG VDLG ÂłM y sheep know the sound of my voice; a stranger will not follow. x I have come just before the fire. W hen the fire comes I will be your water and if you do not get behind me you will not make it through. x ,DPJRLQJWROHWWKHILUHWRXFKVRPHRI\RXROG0RRUVŕŻ†VKLUW-tails. x I am going to let the fire scorch some of my good Moors. x 2QHGD\\RXDUHJRLQJWRORRNIRUWKHJRRG0RRUVDQG\RXZRQŕŻ†WEHDEOHWRILQG them. x Stay out of the alley with your turbans and fezzes on. During those days many Moorish would put on their headdress of freedom (turbans and fezzes) on their heads but had Negro thought-patterns in their heads. They would frequent bars, dives and alleyways as though they had brimmed hats and caps on their heads. x C ar ry your fez to the temple. To keep the public from knowing of their doings unbecoming of a Free Person, The Holy Prophet called out this executive order. It is to stand until the Moorish know how to act like a redeemed People. x T he only thing that would surprise me is if a Moor would do right. D rew A liÂśs W arnings and Prophecies x For the various lynchings and murders that were committed in the South; the South is going to have to pay off, and pay off in blood. x If you have people in the South, get them out, because that is where destruction is going to start. x 7KHWLPHVWKDWKDYHEHHQZRQÂśWEHQRPRUH x E very word that I speak is spirit and you (Moors) had better heed. x Look around, and where you see people; one day, wild animals will be roaming down the streets. 22 x W hen the fire comes, I will be the water. x W hat are all these Moors doing here? T here are only going to be a handful saved. I can count them on my fingers, and have fingers left over. x I have airplanes, zeppelins, and apparatus. I am going to take my good Moors up in DQDSSDUDWXVRQDQLQFOLQHXQWLOLWÂśVDOORYHUZLWK x 'RQÂśWHQGDQJHU\RXUOLIHZLWKDIRRO x O ne day, they are going to tear down all the churches and take the bells and melt them down, and make bullets to fight with. x O ne day, every wheel of industry is going to stop, and when they start up again, it will be in the Asiatics favor. x W hen destruction comes, I am going to leave enough fine buildings, so that my good Moors will be able to enjoy them. x O ne day, some of you old Moors are going to be so hungry that you are going to bite into your own flesh, and blood will skeet out, and you are going to get angry with \RXUVHOIEHFDXVH\RXGLGQÂśWSXWXSHQRXJKIRRG x T he Moors were once a sea-faring people and fed the world, the time is going to come, when we will go back and feed the world again. x I placed a ball on Babylon, and it is rolling down, and anyone that gets in the way, is going to be ground to powder. x I am going to repeat myself. x T hings are going back to the horse and buggy days. x I have detectives everywhere. x :KHQ,UDLVHP\IORRGJDWHLWÂśVJRLQJWRWDNHVHFUHWDULHVWRZULWHGRZQWKHQDPHV When the time is ripe, about the year 2000, the eyes of the Moors will open and see what T he Holy Prophet has brought to them. x I am due in the E ast right now. I am going to have to go and straighten out the E ast, and then I will end up in the W est. T his (T he W est) will be the easiest. You will be able to lie down and sleep, and wake up in peace. T his will be, just a breakfast figh t. By the time you eat breakfast, it will all be over with. 23 x I was given a high name over there (In Mecca) but you cannot use it over here. Be good Moors and I will hand it down to you. H e DUULYHG LQ $UDELD DV DQ Âł$QJHOÂ´ (Moslem) from Egypt. There (In the Holy City of Mecca) He, Timothy Drew, was given the Holy Attribute through the Head of the Holy City, Sultan Abdul Aziz Ibu Suad, a GLUHFWGHVFHQGDQWRI+DJDUZKRQDPHGKLP ÂłE l H aj j Sharif A bdul A liÂ´ x O ne day, blood is going to flow in the streets up to a KRUVHÂśV brow. x O ne day, bombs are going to fall so that they ZRQÂśW miss a spot as wide as my shoe. You are going to need a basement to hide in. x I have the world in a jug, and the stopper in my hand. I have the Asiatic, and I have the E uropean. I have the silver and I have the gold. x O ne day, people are going to be so hungry that the only way that you will be able to turn them away, will be at the point of a gun. x I have mended the broken wires, and have connected them with the higher powers. x +RZ PDQ\ RI \RX FDQ GR VRPHWKLQJ"Â´ (Work magic). Some of the Moors stood up. The Prophet pointed His finger at them and said, Âł,DPJRLQJWRNLOO\RXDOOÂ´(When a 3URSKHWVSHDNVWKDWLVDPHVVDJHIURP$OODK7KH+RO\3URSKHW0RKDPPHGVDLGÂł7KH sorcerer ZLOOQRWHQWHU3DUDGLVHÂ´ x T here are going to be new Moors that are going to come in with their eyes wide open, seeing and knowing, that are going to take you old Moors, seat you in the back, and car ry out my law. x I can throw out a spirit that would make the Moors want to fight, and then throw out another spirit that would bring them back to peace. x T he climate is going to change. T he cold weather will be in the South, and the warm weather will be in the North. x I brought you your nationality, your religion, and title to your vast estate. W hat do you want me to do; kill you? x I am going to burn up sin, both root and branch. x Money will be burnt in the streets, and we ZRQÂśW be able to buy much; and when I put my spirit in the streets, you ZRQÂśW be able to sell your car for 25 cents. x A llah alone guides the destiny of this Divine and National Movement. 24 x T he Moors once ruled the world; now get ready to rule it again. But this time LWÂśV going to be done under Love, T ruth, Peace, F reedom and Justice. x O ne day, all of the property is going back to the government. x I would like to save half of the people, but I am going to try to save a fourth of the people. T here is just going to be a handful saved. I can count them on my fingers, and have fingers left over. x Before the E nd of T ime, I am going to lower down the evil spirits, and let them incarnate. x If someone assaults you, flee from him. If you cannot flee from him, turn around, and drop the world on him. x W e are going to be taxed to death. (See: 3URSKHWÂśV Warnings Today) x If you are not careful, your own brothers will try to put you in slavery. Some Moorish Brothers attempted this immediately after T he Holy Prophet left His body. 2IILFLDOVEHJLQE\PL[LQJ0HPEHUVKLSUHJLVWUDWLRQVZLWKĂ„1DWLRQDOL]DWLRQ&HUHPRQLHVŕŻ† Note: Noble D rew A li QHYHUÂł1DWLRQDOL]HGÂ´DQ\ PDQZRPDQRUFKLOG7KHVHUHF\FOHG Western Masonic Rituals alone mislead the public to think Moorish American was not a Nationality but a membership in a religious cult and the Moorish Science Temple itself was assumed to be their Religion. This self-enslavement practice set off mass confusion and division within the ranks of the Moors that would last over seven decades. x A t the end of time, those that will be in the apparatus will be able to look down on earth, see people that you know, fleeing for their life. x You are going to be saved but in a conflict that cannot be told in words. x I could tell you some things that would turn your brain to water. x I am going to save you all, if I have got to kill you all. x If I cannot teach you here, I will teach you on the soul-plane. x I have come, and taken away all the excuses. x If you GRQÂśW leave here right with me this time, you ZRQÂśW make it back here in human form. x A tlantis is going to arise again. 25 A bout Moorish Men and Women x O ne day, women are going to be chasing men like a hound running a rabbit. x T he Holy Prophet told the Moors to try to live close together. x T he Moors are the off-springs of K ings and Q ueens. x T he third and fourth generation will see the good of my wor k. x O ne day, there are going to be so few people, that when you see an old Moor, you will run up to him, and kiss him all on top of his head. x T here will be so few men, that a child will go to the store, and return home, and tell KLVPRWKHUÂł0RWKHU,VDZD PDQÂ´ x I have got two wives. O ne day, you will be able to have two, or as many as you can afford. x O ne day, you are going to look out into the streets, and the streets are going to be filled with men with turbans and fezzes, and the highways are going to be blocked. x T he Moors are a dangerous people. I am not going to wake you all up at once. If I do, I ZRQÂśW be able to do anything with you myself. x W hen you get mar ried, go before your G rand Sheik, and let him perform the ceremony. Some of the Moors did not obey T he Holy 3URSKHWÂśV order, so H e told the Moors, go downtown, and buy your wives (Get a Marriage License) from the (XURSHDQVÂ´Moors did not comprehend their free national status brought by T he Holy Prophet. They simply did not believe in the capacity of their own People. Noble Drew A li knew every nation has their marriage laws and customs for their citizens. A free national Being does not need sanctioning from a former slave master or another JRYHUQPHQWWRPDUU\2QO\WK$PHQGPHQW3HUVRQVVHHNĂ„'RZQWRZQ2.VŕŻ†IRUWKHPWR jump-da-broom. x Money does not make the man, and clothes do not make the man. It is character and free national standards that make the man. Ă„1DWLRQŕŻ†LVWKHURRWZRUGLQĂ„QDWLRQDOŕŻ†DQG Ă„QDWLRQDOLW\ŕŻ†. To be a man with power, he must have free National Standards and principles. These kinds of power only exist within the constitution of his; own free national government. x If you try to tell what a man is by looking at him, you are burnt up from the start. 26 x If your brother wants something, give it to him so that he ZRQ¶t sin. x O ne day, there are going to be so many women, a man is going to have to run for his life. 7RGD\ WKHUH DUH QHDUO\ HOHYHQ PLOOLRQ ³6LQJOH 0RPV´ DPRQJ WKH 0RRULVK people in the Corporate United States. x C hildren, sow good seeds. x If you have a wife, and she does not belong to the T emple, instead of giving her one apple, give her two. The duty of a husband is to educate his wife upon the straightway to Allah. Allah is love. The apple is symbolic of educational contributions. The Holy Prophet is saying love her twice as much by educating her with truth, peace, freedom and justice. x 'RQ¶W put the E uropean on your brother. x If your B rother does something wrong to you, GRQ¶W FDOOKLPDÄQLJJHUெ&DOOKLPD dirty Moor. x Use kind words towards your wife. x C ats are evil spirits, and if you knew what a black cat was, you would not want one around. x 'RQ¶W keep dogs in your house, because if you inhale one of its hairs, it could cut your throat. x I am not going to wake up all the Asiatics at once, because they may tear up something. x If my own mother is not right, I am not going to let her get by. x Pray that you GRQ¶W have to make your flight in the winter time. x If you put your hand to the gospel plow, and turn loose, it would be better, if you never took Holt. x You can walk down the street by yourself now, but one day, you ZRQ¶W be able to do that. x O ne day, you will see a $20.00 bill in the street, and would not bend over to pick it up. 27 x 7KH0RRUVŕŻ†ZDWFKGRJLVQRWDGRJEXWDQHOHSKDQW x I have come for the children, and the unborn generations. x T he only one that wor ks all the time is a coolie. x %URWKHUVGRQŕŻ†W mar k your fez, it shows you are free. Be the (plain) T ruth like me, your Prophet. The fez is the infinite Headdress of the African God-Man. Neither he nor it can be limited, enslaved or bound. Marking the fez makes it finite, territorial and binding. x Sisters wrap your turbans in the colors of the rainbow. Turbans can be any color found in the rainbow. Sisters should not wear black turbans because she is a Giver of life. x Moors look your best. E xperiences GXULQJWKH3URSKHWÂśV/LIHRQ E arth x W hen I was born, it turned black dar k in the day-time. T he people put their hoes down, and came out of the fields. x The Holy Prophet Noble D rew A li showed some Moors one night, a spot in Chicago, Illinois, where a Moabite Queen ruled from. Her name was Queen Netha, and she waged war against five Pharaohs. At that spot, the Holy Prophet dug down into the ground, and dug up a metal bar with foreign writing on it. x If you have a dream and you forget what you dreamed, to remember it, place your forehead face down on your pillow, and you will remember it. x If you dream of me, it is like seeing me for true, because the devil cannot steal my appearance. x At a meeting where the Holy Prophet was present, He saw 10 Arabians, 5 Turks, 2 Chinese and 1 Japanese join the Moorish Science Temple of America. The Secretary asked the Holy Prophet, ÂłProphet, these people have their nationality, what should I put RQ WKHLU 1DWLRQDOLW\ &DUG"Â´ ÂłT he Moors were the first people, and all other people WKDWXVHRXUQDPHZHUHDGRSWHGLQWRRXUWULEHÂ´Give all members a Tribal Name of the Moorish to let them know they have rejoined the Founders of the Human Family. The MST of A do not have the power to issue nationality or change man from the descendant nature of his Forefathers but here everyone must proclaim their free national name as we are teaching our people their nationality. 28 x , JRW KHUH MXVWLQ WLPHÂ´ 7KH 3URSKHW said the Europeans were looking for Him with airplanes and with dread-naughts. When the Holy Prophet returned to The United States +HZDVDVNHGÂł:KHUHDUHWKRVHERRNVWKDW\RXKDYH"Â´7KH Holy Prophet just smiled, but He told the Moors that He had the book in His head. When the Holy Prophet dictated the Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America to the printer, He did it from memory. The printer was amazed. x T ake a good look at me, so that you will know me when you see me. W hen you see PHGRQÂśWVSHDNWRPHXQOHVV,VSHDNWR\RXILUVW x Some dirty Moors paid hit men to kill the Holy Prophet. When the hit men went to the temple, where the Holy Prophet was teaching, they opened the door and found the temple building full of soldiers. The hit men went back to the people that hired them and tROG WKHP Âł'RQÂśW \RX SD\ XV WR GR DQ\WKLQJ WR DQ\ RI WKRVH 0RRULVK $PHULFDQVÂ´ (During the life of the Holy Prophet, there were many members of the National Guard, both officers and enlisted men that were members of the Moorish Science Temple of America in Chicago, Illinois. x T he Holy Prophet gave a party for the Moors. The Prophet had everything fixed up nicely. H e even had pool tables for their enjoyment. The Moors were happy and the Holy Prophet said, Âł, DP KDSS\ ZKHQ P\ 0RRUV DUH KDSS\Â´ But some unconscious Asiatics tried to break up the party. When they tried, some of the Moors, who were members of the National Guard, went to the Armory, and came back to the party with army tanks, trucks and guns. When the Asiatics saw this, they took off with such fright that some of them ran into buildings, and knocked themselves out. The word got out, Âł'RQÂśW PHVV ZLWK Prophet Noble D rew A li, because He is connected with the government. x T he Holy Prophet told the Moors before the bank crash in 1929, Âł,f you have money in WKHEDQNJHWLWRXWÂ´Âł3XW\RXUPRQH\LQWKHSRVWRIILFHÂ´Those that obeyed the Holy Prophet saved their money. Those that did not lost their money. x W ake up you sleepy headed Moors. I am going to take you up above the sun, moon and VWDUVDURXQGWKHWKURQHRIWKH0LJKW\$OODKÂ´7KH+RO\3URSKHWtook the Moors XS DERYH WKH EOXH HWKHUV DURXQG WKH WKURQH RI $OODK $Q HOGHU EURWKHU VWDWHG Âł0RRUV \RXU3URSKHWLVWUXO\D3URSKHWÂ´ x I have fixed everything; I have stopped up every rat hole. x Members in the temple sat and watched as a dirty Moor, full of rage, went after the Holy Prophet a knife. The Moors just looked and would not protect their Leader. After DYRLGLQJWKHDVVDLODQWŕŻ†VDJJUHVVLRQV T he Holy Prophet turned, faced him suddenly and as quick as a thought, H e cast out the spirit of anger from the Moor. The would-be assassin became meek as a lamb and apologized for his wrong doing. T he Prophet said 29 ÂłI know you did not know and I forgive you sonÂ´$IWHUWKHHYHQWWKH Holy Prophet told the Moors, Âł,KDYHJRWDJRRGPLQGWROHDYH\RXÂ´ Then the Moors got down on their knees, and begged the Holy Prophet not to leave them. About that time a man suddenly appeared between the members and T he Holy prophet. He was dressed in Turkish Garb and by the mysterious way he came he had to be an Angel. He never looked at D rew A li EXW WROG WKH 0RRUV Âł,I \RX KDUP D KDLU RI +LV KHDG ZH ZLOO FRPH DQG GHVWUR\\RXDOOÂ´7KH0RRUVKDYH\HWWROHDUQKRZWRSURWHFWWKHLU+RO\SURSKHWRQ(DUWK as He is in Heaven. x I took the cover off all the secret organizations. This statement alone proves D rew A li was not a Freemason (See: $XWKRUÂśV Commentary). x In two weeks, I am going down South. W hen I get down there, the K u K lux K lan is going to stop me. A t first, it is going to look like they are against me. T hen they are going to lead me to where I am going. x &KLOGUHQLI\RXZDQWWRFRPHXSWRVHHPH\RXFDQÂ´Simply be yourself, the Logos Circle Seven and meditate beyond the Blue Ether Plane. There Man, Spirit Man, can visit the Prophets of all times and climes. T he Holy Prophet in U. S. C ities and O ther Countries x C hicago, Illinois is going to be our new Mecca. x C hicago is doomed and Detroit must go down for what they have done to I, your Prophet. During His Divine Ministry, the Holy Prophet was unduly arrested in both Detroit, Michigan and Chicago, Illinois. x O ne day, grass is going to grow up in Detroit. One day the famous industries will leave Detroit and grass would reclaim those sites. x T he Holy Prophet asked the Moors in Detroit, Michigan, Âł+RZZRXOG\RXOLNHWRKDYH \RXU RZQ 0D\RU DQG &KLHI RI 3ROLFH"Â´ 7KH 0RRUV VDLG Âł<HVÂ´ 7KH 0RRUV ZHUH blessed to have an Asiatic Mayor and Chief of Police in that same city. x T here is going to be an earthquake that will split the United States in two. x If my Principles of Love, T ruth, Peace, F reedom and Justice are car ried out, the United States will be the richest and most prosperous country on the earth. If not, the worst is yet to come. x W hen the Moors ruled Spain, we had street lights in Seville, Spain 400 years before they had them anywhere else in E urope. 30 x W hile I am talking to you Moors, my spirit is over in India with them, and those old sisters are jumping this high, (as high as He was holding His hand) because of my coming to them. x Money will be burnt in the streets, and we ZRQÂśW be able to buy much; and when I put my spirit in the streets, you ZRQÂśW be able to sell your car for 25 cents. x A ll nations will turn against the United States one day. x O ne day, the United States will not be able to do any business, unless they do it through the Asiatics. x Moors that were in the Temple during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet Noble D rew A li said that when the Holy Prophet came to town, you would have to go to the temple early to get a seat, and you could not get a seat in the front row, because the foreign Moslems would be sitting in the front row to see and hear the Holy Prophet. x C hicago is going to be your new Mecca. x T he Holy Prophet and Bro. Kirkman-Bey had gone to school together. T he Holy Prophet asked C. Kirkman-%H\Âł&DQ\RXVSHDNKLJKHUPDQ"Â´Bro. C. Kirkman-Bey UHSOLHGÂł<HVEXW,DPDOLWWOHUXVW\Â´ T he Holy Prophet reached into a trunk, pulled out a book, and dusted it off with a feather duster, and handed it to Bro. Kirkman-Bey, and he read from it. T he Holy Prophet was satisfied, and told him that He had to go down to Cuba, and He wanted him to go with Him. Bro. Kirkman-Bey told the Prophet that he had a wife and children. T he Holy Prophet let him know that they would be provided for. T he Holy Prophet took Bro. C. Kirkman-Bey to the Pan American Conference in Cuba in 1928. x In 1928 T he Holy Prophet and Bro. Kirkman-Bey went to Havana, Cuba for the Pan American Conference. The Holy Prophet and His Cabinet of Moorish Officials attended the Conference to represent, for the first time, the Moorish Americans as a clean and pure Nation of People. It should be noted H e and the Moorish Vanguard did not go to this Conference of Nations as members of a religious organization (MST of A). There was an Indian Chief representing the American Indians. The nations of North, South, Central America and some Atlantic Islands were present. Secretary of State Hughes of the United States represented the United States at this conference. Bro. C. Kirkman-Bey, who spoke 92 different languages, was the interpreter for the Holy Prophet at this conference. Bro. Isaac Cook-Bey said that when the Holy Prophet and Bro. C. Kirkman-%H\ŕŻ†VVKLp was tied up at the dock, the Cuban army was standing on the dock, and Bro. Kirkman-Bey announced the presence of E l H aj j Sharif A bdul Ali and said something to them in Spanish which caused the army to stand at attention. It was then he and the Holy Prophet came down the ramp of the ship. Kirkman Bey addressed the conference in both Spanish and Arabic, and when the Secretary of State of the United States heard Bro. Kirkman-Bey 31 VSHDN KH VDLG Ă„7KDWŕŻ†V D GDQJHURXV PDQŕŻ† 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG ORVW LWV 6RYHUHLgn Power in 1871 and subsequent 50-year Mandate for this land had expired in 1921. At this conference, the mandate for this land was returned to the Moorish, original indigenous owners of the land, through Prophet Noble D rew A li. The Prophet reportedly showed the mandate to His officials in the Adept Chamber. T he Prophet L ineages of Noble D rew A li x I remember when I was on the soul-plane. I remember when I was Noah. Noah was a carpenter and he built the A r k. W hen the flood came, men swam out to the A r k, DQGNQRFNHGRQWKHGRRUDQGVDLGÂł1RDK1RDKOHWXVLQÂ´DQG,WROGWKHPÂł7KH GRRULVORFNHGDQGDQDQJHOFDPHDQGWRRNWKHNH\DZD\Â´ x People left the G arden of E den, and died by the thousands, but it was the Moors that were able to traverse the desert, and go into other parts of the world to inhabit. x T hose that were with me 2,000 years ago are with me today, and those that were against me 2,000 years ago, are against me today. D rew Ali often told the Moors when He appeared on Earth as Yehoshua (Yehoshua). x C hildren, your hair is not kinky. It is wooly like your B rother Jesus. x Âł-XVWDV-RKQZDVWR-HVXVLQWKRVH days, M arcus G arvey is to me today. You should have taken heed to every word he said. I am just getting back from pulling my brother (Marcus M. Garvey) from WKH OLRQÂśV den (U. S. P. in Atlanta) DQGKHKDVJRQHRQÂ´ x W hat you do not know can build another world. x W hen the wild beast roamed the earth in large numbers, and you could hear the large birds flapping their wings at a long distance, it was the Moors that took the sword and went out and splayed the beast so that civilization could come in. 32 x Âł%HIRUHRQHMRWRUWLWOHRIP\ZRUGIDLOVWRFRPHWRSDVVKHDYHQDQGHDUWKZLOOSDVV DZD\Â´ x One of 'UHZ $OLÂśs Divine Ministers told of a time when he had set up a meeting of Christian preachers to council with the Holy Prophet to see whether these preachers would follow the Holy Prophet. The Preachers and Pastors were assembled and the Divine Minister was addressing them before the Holy Prophet came to the meeting. One RI WKH SUHDFKHUV VDLG ÂłLI +H Noble D rew Ali) could do what Moses could, I would IROORZ+LPÂ´ T he Holy Prophet was not present in the room when this statement was made, and the meeting place was on the third floor of the building that they were in. When the Prophet DUULYHGDWWKHPHHWLQJ+HWROGWKHSUHDFKHUÂłI can do what Moses did, but if I came walking into the meeting with a lion on a chain, you would jump out of the window and kill yourself.Â´ x Asiatic Preachers and M asons will be the last to come home. T hey will fight me tooth and claw but cannot win. x I was Mohammed. Mohammed defeated the Roman E mpire. W hen I conquered Rome, we went in with the sword. You could hear the swords swinging. I cut the head of Rome off; pulled down the flags; sent letters to the other E uropean JRYHUQPHQWV DQG DVNHG WKHP ZDV , ULJKW 7KH\ VDLG Âł<HV 0RKDPPHG \RX DUH ULJKW -XVW OHW XV KDYH D SODFH WR OLYHÂ´ 7KH +RO\ 3URSKHW VDLGÂł,ZHQW LQWR 5RPH with 72,000 men. W hen I ran out of men, I reached down, and picked up a hand full of sand, I threw it up in the air, and when it came down, there were soldiers seated on camels. x I am the fifth and last Prophet, and I am five times more powerful than I was before. We, as a people, were buried five times deeper in sinful ways than any nation enslaved before us. The Holy Prophet was ordained by the great God to be five times greater and more powerful than the Prophets before. Mohammed was the seal of the Prophets to bring the tenants of Islam. Yet, every major Prophet is the last Prophet to be raised from amongst those of his especial nation to be redeemed. Some Asiatic Muslims KDYH LQWHUSUHWHG WKLV Âł6($/ RI 7KH 3URSKHWVÂ´ LQWR WKH 0RRULVK EHLQJ XQZRUWK\ RI $OODKÂśV /RYH and Mercy. After enduring the worst system of Chattel Slavery ever imposed upon a people and sanctioned by the religions of the Earth. Having been denationalized and stripped of Divine Creed some think the Moorish to remain the rejected corner stone of the Human family. The Moorish have earned the divine right and is most deserving of a Holy Prophet. No Messenger would be apt enough to save us. Surely Allah knows what men know not. x I can do what Yehoshua did, but you (T he Moors) are not in the condition that those people were in. x If I tell you that I am going to do a thing, I have done it already. 33 Religion x <RXU )RUHIDWKHUV DUH WKH )RXQGHUV RI WKH VWUDLJKW DQG QDUURZ WKH ZRUOGŕŻ†V ILUVW religious creed and salvation. To this day it is called Islam. x Islam is that O ld T ime Religion. x Before the end of time, every knee will bow to Islam. x 'RQÂśW wor ry about how you are going to be saved. It will be done in a conflict that cannot be told in words. x A llah alone is perfect. x Some of my best Moors are still in the church. x Moslems are not made, they are born. A Moslem is made with the Will of Allah who made them. A Moslem is with or without a garb of flesh. x A nytime a Moslem goes into a church for any reason; it ceases to be church, and it is a temple. x 'RQÂśW throw away your Bibles, because I am going to use them to condemn the government. x Woe upon the man that calls himself a Jew. x O ne day, there is going to be a holy war. x You (Moors) GRQÂśW recognize Islam because it is yours. x Your religion is Islamism, something you live every day. T he Moorish Science T emple x T he Holy Prophet warned Âł:KHQ\RXPLVVWKHUHDGLQJRIP\ODZV\RXKDYHPLVVHG P\SDUWRIWKHPHHWLQJÂ´ x 7KH067RI$ŕŻ†VPHPEHUVKLSLVJRLQJWRGZLQGOHGRZQWRDKDQGIXOEXWNHHSWKH GRRUVRSHQDQG,ZLOOGULYHWKH$VLDWLFVLQ:KHQ,GULYHWKH$VLDWLFVLQLWŕŻ†VJRLQJ to take 10 secretaries, just to write the names down. 34 x O ne day, men are going to be running so fast that their coat-tails will be standing straight out. You will be able to shoot dice on their coat-tails. T hey are going to be running to get into the T emple. T he last ones to make it into the T emple will be the preachers, and the E uropeans are going to be beating them over the head, driving them in. x Woe upon the one that scatters my flock. x During the First Annual National Convention in 1928, one of the Grand Governors of a State failed to appear at the Convention. The Prophet sent a telegram to the Grand Governor informing him, that if he did not attend the Convention, the Holy Prophet was JRLQJWRKDYHWKHÂł-0HQÂ´ 8QLWHG6WDWHVRYHUQPHQW$JHQWV DUUHVWKLP x Your Nationality Card is going to change on you in your pocket. The Moorish will get a greater understanding of their One Free National Name as time goes on. They will realize membership and national status, though similar in structure, are worlds apart. x ,I\RXKDYHPRQH\DQGGRQŕŻ†WJLYHLWWRPHWo uplift our people I am going to get it anyway. x 'RQŕŻ†WOHWDQ\RIWKRVHIRUHLJQ0RVOHPVJHWXSLQ\RXUURVWUXPThese Moslems, who once enslaved their African Mothers and Fathers while holding the Great Quran behind their backs, are not strong enough to free the Moorish or lead them to paradise. x An elder Moor said he was walking down the street in Chicago, Illinois, and an Arabian came out of a store, and asked him to come into the store. He went with him. The Arabian pointed to a picture of Noble D rew A li DQGDVNHGKLPÂł'R\RXNQRZZKRWKLV LV"Â´7KHHOGHU0RRUVWDWHGÂł7KDWLVP\ Prophet.Â´ T he Holy Prophet said, Âł$OOULJKW VRQÂ´ The store was full of Arabians, and the elder Moor said that all of them had Identification Cards for membership in the Moorish Science Temple of America. x <RXFDQOHDGDKRUVHWRZDWHUEXW\RXFDQŕŻ†WPDNHKLPGULQN,DPJRLQJWROHDG some of you Moors all the way up to salvation, and you are going to turn around and go the other way. x At the First Convention in 1928, Prophet Noble D rew A li said, Âł7KHJDUPHQWWKDW, have on represents power and if you obey my voice, you will have power with me. I DPJRLQJWRIUHH\RXWKRXJKLWŕŻ†VKDUGEHFDXVHRI\RXUPL[WXUHZKLFKEULQJVDERXW many different spirits. W hen you fail to hear my voice, you are lost. It is against the law to stand up in any audience intoxicated. T he leader is not to stay out all night, giving earnings away to someone else. You who are heads of T emples, it is easy for you to destroy the influence of the T emple QRZODFHXS\RXUVKRHVDQGJHWULJKWÂ´ Âł<RXVWRSILJXULQJRXW\RXUZD\KRZ\RXUVDOYDWLRQVKDOOFRPHMXVWIROORZPH<RX 35 can say one thing Moors, you have made a start for the kingdom. If you want VXFFHVV \RX PXVW IROORZ WKH 3URSKHWÂ´ Âł+XVEDQGV WDNH care of your wives, and IDPLOLHV:LYHVNHHS\RXUKRPHVDQGFKLOGUHQFOHDQÂ´Âł,KDYHGRQHPRUHWKDQ\RX think. I want you to help me by your good deeds of living at home, and abroad. It is through your good, not with your lips, trying to be the front seat in everything, always standing in my face. Moors, be careful of your steps, leaders of T emples must be careful how they walk. T hey must be an example. I am not asleep; it will take you Moors a long time to find out what I did today. W hen you all go home, dRQŕŻ†W VWDUW QR VWXII IRU , ZLOO EH ULJKW WKHUH OLVWHQLQJ DW \RXÂ´ Âł7KLV LV QR VRFLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ LWLVD GLYLQHDQG QDWLRQDO PRYHPHQW %\\RX EHLQJERUQ KHUH GRQŕŻ†W make you a citizen (one must proclaim his nationality before his Government to be recognized as a citizen). Look what I have on, now this was handed to me by the JRYHUQPHQW ,W UHSUHVHQWV WKH UR\DO SULQFHÂ´ (T he Holy Prophet wore a mantle of power.) Âł,KDYHPHQGHGWKHEURNHQZLUHVDQGKDYHFRQQHFWHGWKHPZLWKWKHKLJKHU SRZHUVÂ´ x T he Holy Prophet was at a meeting speaking at the temple in Detroit, Michigan. An Asiatic got up while T he Prophet ZDV VSHDNLQJ DQG VDLG Âł,I WKDW PDQ LV D SURSKHW , ZRXOGEHZLOOLQJWRJLYHXSP\OLIHÂ´7KLVDQJHUHGVRPHRIWKH0RRUVWKDWKHDUGLW6RPH of the Moors started moving up on this man with their hands in their pockets, and they were going to cut him to death, but the Holy Prophet held up His hand, and said, Âł&KLOGUHQ GLG \RX KHDU WKDW ,W LV WRR EDGÂ´ After the Holy Prophet spoke those words, this Asiatic fell back into his seat, and slumped down. When the Moors carried him out of the building, he was dead. x T he G rand Sheik of a T emple should go to the Temple, hang the C harter on the wall, say the Moorish-A merican prayer, when it is time for the meeting to open, and if no one comes to the meeting after he sits and waits for one and a half hours, then take the C harter down off the wall and go home. x T here is but one A llah, one Prophet of the T emple, and one Moorish Science T emple of A merica. As there is but one Allah, there is just one Prophet of the temple and he came to save one Moorish American Nation. x W hen you take care of T emple business go in numbers of two, three, five and seven. x 0RRULVK /HDGHUV GRQÂśW EXUGHQ P\ 0RRUV Moorish Leaders are to lead Moors to uprightness, freedom and independence. Anything short of truth is a burden. x :KHQFKLOGUHQVWDUWFU\LQJLQDPHHWLQJWDNHWKHPRXWRIWKHPHHWLQJÂ´ x Do not bring children to an adept meeting or in the building wher e an A dept meeting is taking place. 36 x ,I\RXJRWR$GHSW0HHWLQJGRQÂśWWHOODQ\RQHZKRGRHVQRWJRZKDWKDSSHQHGDWWKH meeting. x T ry to have your temples in buildings, where the meetings are on the second floor. Your services can be better secured and held without inter ruptions of trafficking peoples. T he Holy Prophet Speaks O n H ealth x T he Holy Prophet Noble D rew Ali used to heal people, and people came to Him for counsel. An elder Moor said that when he was in Baltimore, Maryland the Holy Prophet was healing people. The elder Moor went to the head of the stairs, and told the people, Âł7KHProphet is tired. He has been healing people all day long. Go home. x T his food here is, just E uropean poison. x People are going to be dying like hogs with the FKROHUDDQGWKHGRFWRUVZRQŕŻ†WNQRZ what is wrong with them. T he only thing that is going to save them is my remedies. x ,I\RXVWHDOP\PRQH\LWÂśVJRLQJWREXUQXSLQ\RXUSRFNHW x 0\UHPHGLHVZLOOFXUH\RXRIDQ\WKLQJWKDW\RXZHUHQÂśWERUQZLWK x O ne day, some of you Moors are going to be walking around with skippers (those DUHPDJJRWV IDOOLQJRXWRI\RXSUD\LQJWRGLHDQGZRQÂśWEHDEOHWRGLH x Boil your drinking water. This warning was given in 1924. Today, the water pockets and air of the earth has been contaminated by the European Rulers. Drinking water is as The Holy Prophet prophesied. x 7KHUHLVJRLQJWREHIDPLQHLQWKHODQGÂ´Today in The United States and other parts of Africa there is a man-made A.I.D.S. Epidemic claiming millions of lives annually. This DQGRWKHUGLVHDVHVZHUHXQKHDUGRIDQGXQIRUHVHHQGXULQJWKHSURSKHWÂśVWLPH x %R\VZK\GRQÂśW\RXEHOLNH,\RXU3URSKHW",GRQÂśWGULQNDQG,GRQÂśWVPRNHEut if \RX GR GRQÂśW VWRS LW DOO DW RQFH ,I \RX GR \RX PD\ KXUW VRPHWKLQJ During the 3URSKHWÂśV WLPH PDQ\ 0RRUV IUHVK RXW RI VODYHU\ KDG EHFDPH DGGLFWHG WR SRLVRQRXV smoking and drinking. There is a corrected mental process to follow when breaking away from these physical addictions or one may cause harm to self and others. Nonetheless, RQHPXVWÂł6WRSÂ´LQRUGHUWRLPLWDWHWKH Holy ProphetÂśVKHDOWK\DQGKROLVWLFZD\RIOLIH x 'RQÂśWGULQNDQGFRPHWRWKHWHPSOHDQGVLWGRZQQH[WWRSHRSOHZLWKOLTXRURQ your breath. 37 x If you have to drink, go into your room. Harness your weakness to yourself and conquer it to gain strength. x You say that you want some pure meat to eat; no one is going to kill a camel for you to eat over here. x An elder sister went to the Holy Prophet because she had been sick. T he Holy Prophet listened to her and said, Âł6LVWHU \RX DUH JRLQJ WR JHW ZHOO , ZDQW \RX WR JR WR WKH 7HPSOHLI\RXKDYHJRWWRFUDZOÂ´ 3URSKHWÂśV:DUQLQJV7RGD\ Âł:H$UHRLQJ7R%H7D[HG7R'HDWKÂ´ Today, the DYHUDJHKDUGZRUNLQJ$PHULFDQKDVEHFRPHVRDFFXVWRPHGWRSD\LQJÂł7D[HVÂ´XQWLO WKH\ FRLQHGWKH SKUDVH Âł7KH RQO\ WKLQJVFHUWDLQ LQOLIH LV GHDWK DQGWD[HVÂ´ <HWOHVV WKDQ <HDUV $JR :KHQ 1REOH 'UHZ $OL ZDUQHG ÂłW e are going to be taxed to deathÂ´ 1RQH RI These Accepted ex post facto Taxes Existed: Accounts Receivable Tax Building Permit Tax CDL License Tax Cigarette Tax Corporate Income Tax Dog License Tax Federal Income Tax Federal Unemployment Tax (FUTA) Fishing License Tax Food License Tax Fuel Permit Tax Gasoline Tax (42 cents per gallon) Hunting License Tax Inheritance Tax Interest Expense Inventory Tax Liquor Tax Luxury Taxes Marriage License Tax Medicare Tax Property Tax Real Estate Tax Service Charge Taxes Social Security Tax Road usage Taxes Sales Tax Recreational Vehicle Tax School Tax State Income Tax State Unemployment Tax (SUTA) Telephone Federal Excise Tax Telephone State and Local Tax Telephone Usage Charge Tax Utility Taxes Vehicle License Registration Tax Vehicle Sales Tax Watercraft Registration Tax Well Permit Tax Workers Compensation Tax Telephone Federal Universal Service Fee Tax Telephone Federal, State and Local Surcharge Taxes Telephone Minimum Usage Surcharge Tax Telephone Recurring and Non-Recurring Charges Tax 38 1863 marked the first time the United States filed bankruptcy resulting from a total national debt of $2,682,593,027.00. This introduced the 1863 Taxation on Income to finance the Civil War but actually began an unlimited range of unlawfuOGLUHFWWD[HVDQGWKHQRZIDPRXVÂł,56 )2506Â´ ,URQLFDOO\ 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG QR QDWLRQDO GHEW SULRU WR WKLV HYHQW 7KLV National Debt also vented the re-institutionalization of Slavery under the 14th Amendment and FLWL]HQŕŻ†V Ă„6WUDZPDQŕŻ† %\ WKH UNITED STATES HAD lost her Sovereignty and had returned to its colonial Corporate Status. Today, for what was once the most prosperous nation in the world but have over taxed its citizens, has now turned every nation against it ... just as prophesied by Noble Drew Ali. Still do not believe he is a Prophet? Continue to watch his prophesies. PR O O F W ho O ur Prophet Is Not and W hat He Did Not Say (A B rief A ddendum by the A uthor) Like most Readers of the day, the author was not physically manifested during the actual life time of T he Holy Prophet. Yet, any Kemetian Adept, Theologian or Historian of the Human Family would clearly surmise that most of the public opinions of D rew Ali derived from those who saw no need to protect the sanctity and Divinity of his Prophethood. He was an Angel of Allah to say the least. He came in due time. But His Holiness has been obscured due to standard doubts of His People. There have been slanderous remarks, loose talk and unsubstantiated western Islamic philosophies about the authenticity of Noble D rew A liŕŻ†s ordination to the station of Prophet. This Author is compelled to add this commentary to the above Moorish Hadiths of Noble D rew A li. Some of thHÂł2UDO6WDWHPHQWVÂ´VSRNHQGRZQE\VRPHRIWKH(OGHU Moors, have been omitted as unsubstantiated social hearsay because their comments did not balance with the sacred preparations, status or duties required in the linage of Minor and Major Prophets in the Holy Likeness of D rew A li. The following three subjects are examples which have lead to much of this confusion: W hat Did T he Holy Prophet Not Say A bout: 325. ,WZDVUHSRUWHGÂł$6LVWHUÂ´VDLGWKDWÂłVRPHRQHÂ´LQ&OHYHODQG2KLRVDLG Âł7KH3URSKHW condones the eating of pork. This great Islamic dietary injustice do not balance with T he Holy Prophet ZKRKDGHDUQHGWKHQDPHRIÂłF aithfulÂ´ EHLQJGHFODUHGDÂłMoslemÂ´ DQGJLYHQWKH ,VODPLFDWWULEXWHRIÂłE l H aj j Sharif A bdul A liÂ´XSRQFRPSOHWLRQRIKLV+DMMLQ7KH+RO\&LW\ of Mecca in 1912. Why does my Prophet have to be the only one, in all the history of SURSKHWGRPWRPDNHVZLQHNRVKHUHQRXJKWRHDW"":RXOGD0RVOHP/HDGHUHYHUVD\Âł0RRUVLW LVDOULJKWWRHDWSRUN"Â´1R+HGLd not say that. It does not balance. THINK MOORS! THINK! FREEMASONRY: Noble D rew A li was not a Mason. During H is life time T he Holy Prophet named all H is stations and not once did He say H e was a Mason. Examine his life: He was born Timothy Drew on January 8th, 1886 and left the United States at the age of sixteen. A man must be at least 21 years of age to join any Masonic Lodge. Drew was too young to be made a Mason before He left these shores. He spent the next ten years in Egypt learning the same duties of a Prophet as Abraham, Solomon, Yehoshua and Mohammed before him. Upon passing all the 39 tests and completing his Adept education, Timothy Drew made his pilgrimage to Mecca where H e received further authorization to teach old Islam in the West. By the time he returned to America, at the age of 27, H e ZDVDIXOO\FRQVFLRXVÂłMoslemÂ´ 2QHZKR is the Will of Allah). H e was then too wise to become a Freemason and too high with infinite wisdom to lower his will to the human knowledge of a Most Worshipful Master. Not only that but He had to become a Moslem BEFORE being accepted into the Holy City of Mecca. Had he not been divinely prepared to make the required Hajj, he may have made it in the gate but certainly would have not come out without carrying his body in a bag and head in a sack! Besides, what, pray tell, could any Negro-Colored-Christianized Mason possibly teach a Free National Man? Why would He submit to a mankind when He is an Angel of the Most High God? Again, no balance. THINK MOORS! THINK! Âł, $P $ &,7,=(1 2) 7+( 86$Â´ 'UHZ $OL QHYHU GHFODUHG KLV SHRSOH LQWR WKLV KRD[ RI ZHVWHUQFLWL]HQU\)LUVWDQGIRUHPRVWD86Ă„&LWL]HQŕŻ†RUĂ„3HUVRQŕŻ†LVSURSHUW\DQGVXEMHFWWRWKH jurisdiction of Corporate USA. The Moorish Americans cannot be a Sovereign, free, independent nation of people while under the yoke and laws of the very people who 2236,(6 DFFLGHQWDOO\HQVODYHGWKHPIRU\HDUV0RUHGLUHFWO\WKH\FDQQRWEHÂł$&LWL]HQ RI 7KH 86$Â´ 6HFRQGO\ WUXH IUHHGRP LV 6RYHUHLJQ DQG LQ WKH PHPRU\ RI QDWLRQDO consciousness. and not in the power of the captors. T he Holy Prophet VDLGÂłH is nationality is Moorish A merican and our nationality is Moorish A mericans.Â´ H e often referred our nationality as our one free national name$PDQŕŻ†VQDWLRQDOLW\LVKLVWUXHLGHQWLW\Dnd proper VWDWXV1DWLRQDOLW\LVWKURXJKWKHGHVFHQGDQWQDWXUHRIRQHŕŻ†VIRUHIDWKHUVDQGKDVQRWKLQJWRGR with his religious affiliation. You are either born Moorish American or to one of the other nationalities in the Human Family. Now, exactly what part RIÂł0RRULVK$PHULFDQÂ´GR\RXUHDG Ă„8QLWHG6WDWHV&LWL]HQV"ŕŻ†+HDOVRVDLG ÂłJust because you were born here do not make you a citizenÂ´ 'R \RX KHDU 86$ LQ DQ\ RWKHU IUHH QDWLRQDO QDPH H J Âł&KLQHVHÂ´ ÂłHUPDQÂ´ RU ÂłKDQDLDQ"Â´:K\ZRXOGRXUProphet be the first of the prophets to return his People back into the iron hand oppression of former slave masters where he had found them? In fact it was the Congressional ratification of assumable jurisdiction held in the 14th & 15th Amendments which re-enslaved the freed Moors that prompted Allah to raise H im from amongst us. If making 14th Amendment Citizens of the Moorish Americans was in order, Drew Ali would have never ZDUQHGKLV3HRSOHÂł7KHUH is no redemption in these A mendments for my peopleÂ´)XUWKHU there would have been no need for 40 million Moors praying for the coming of Noble D rew Ali had they been freed by being made true citizens of the USA. Besides, when did Drew Ali ever work for the United States Department of Immigrations with the authority to issue USA Citizenship Papers? Why would He teach the Moorish to be themselves only to return them back into the ironhanded oppression, Jim-Crowism, Segregations and racism they suffered before he came? And would that have saved his people and fulfilled his duty as a Prophet? Hell, if this was in any ways true, Drew Ali could have stayed beyond the blue ethers because his coming would not have made a difference. There again is just no balance. This is why He said ÂłIf I could just get you Moors to thinking, you would save your selves.Â´ 40 41 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&')((8!3##)-/'!/5-(+5(!09(:&!;,(/&-#+0)7! From: (OLKXÂśV/HVVRQ Q . W hat is the Science of the Moorish People? A. The Science of the Moorish People is a Power that exerts itself for the individual at the will of its user. Q . W hen is the Power active? A. When the Moor is fully conscious of himself. Q . W hat do knowledge of H istory and the Reliance upon A llah do for a Moor? A. The knowledge of History and the Reliance upon Allah supply a Moor with strength that he may act in the cause of Justice. Q . W hat is this called? A. This is called functioning on all points. Q . How many degrees does each point represent? A. Each point represents 72 degrees and is functioning with maximum efficiency. Q . W hy do we Moors Love the E arth? A. We love the Earth because it is our home. It is our home as long as our bodies remain in its present form. We know the futility of trying to escape our environment. Q . W hat is our Science? A. Our Science is a living Manifestation. Q . Name some of the fields throughout the world that have been influenced by the Moors. A. To name a few we have: Navigation, Medicine, Agriculture, Philosophy, Mathematics, Textiles and Architecture. 42 Q . A re Food, Shelter and C lothing the main jewels in Moorish life? A. No, these are the last of twelve. Q . W hat are the T welve C rown Jewels of L ife? A. Knowledge, Wisdom, Understanding, Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom, Justice, Equality, Food, Shelter and Clothing. Q . W hat did Prophet Noble D rew A li say concerning the W est? $Âł7KH:HVWPXVWEHPDGHWRSD\WKHLUGHEWWRWKH0RRUVÂ´ 4:KDWDUHWKHLQKHUHQWIDFWRUVLQD0RRUÂśV1DWXUH" $/RYHRI$OODK6HOIDQGIHOORZPDQDQGDOORI$OODKÂśVFUHDWXUHV Trustworthiness and fidelity in all affairs. Peace always first and foremost, Freedom and expression in all constituted and righteous acts, Equality to promote the Noble qualities of mankind. Q . W hat is the symbol of Islam? A. The Olive Tree. Q. W hat is the E mblem of Islam? A. The Crescent Moon and Star. Q . W hat is the G rand National Seal of the Moorish People? A. The Logos Circle Seven. The Circle is the perfect symbol, Seven is the Perfect number and Allah is the perfect word. Our National Seal is a single expression of how the Moorish are recognized. Q . W hat is the Scripture of Islam? A. The Holy Koran and all books that contain Truth for the guidance of man. Q . W hat is the Moorish National? A. The Morning Star. The Star of Solomon: the African God Man. Q . W hat does the Morning Star Symbolize? 43 $,WV\PEROL]HVÂł7KHUHDWRGLQ0DQÂ´DVDERYHVREHORZ DQGÂł7KH6SLULWRIDQDWLRQERWK LQPRUDOUHFWLWXGHDQGSK\VLFDODFKLHYHPHQWÂ´ Q . W hen did this banner come into O rbit? A. The Banner sprang into Orbit after the Circumnavigation of Africa by the Moors; (Over 100 thousand years ago). Q . W hat type of Star is the Morning Star? A. The Morning Star is a Five pointed (open) Star. Q . W hat does the singleness of the Star Represent? A. It represents the oneness of Hue-Man-ity, which precludes the Grand idea of Monotheism. Q . W hat are the points of the Star called? A. Pentagrams! Q . W hat are the Pentagrams? A. They are an expression of the Science that breeds into the thought of Ancient Moors Mind. Q . W hat do these Pentagrams describe? $7KH\GHVFULEH0DQÂśVHYHU\SKDVHRIOLIHLQDVLQJOHH[SUHVVLRQ)RUWKLVFDXVHWKHLQILQLWH line of the circle also transcribes the never-ending openness of our pentagram. Q . W hen did the Moorish F lag change from pure white to Red? A. When it reached the rate of atmosphere. 44 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!6#,)8!-/103-/3!#)19</!6-)/&!5)((9!(1-',</!1(//#+! %!=>?@AB! 45 This Diagram Expresses The World's First Creed, Man's Only True Pathway To Return To +LPVHOI $V RG &DOOHG Âł,VODPLVPÂ´ E\ 7KH /DVW 3URSKHW 7R 6LW ,Q 7KH (DVWHUQ &KDLU 2I Ancient Kemet,, Prior To its Transliterations From Africa Into The Four Major Nations 'HSLFWHG+HUH%HFDPH0DQÂśV2QO\%HDFRQ/LJKW7KH2QO\7UXH6WUDLJKWZD\7R7KHUHDW God Is Through The Divine Self. The Highest Principle Of 0DÂśDW &RPPDQGVÂł:LOO6HUYH1R god Outside Of The Self. All Other God-Roads And High Ideals Of Man Only Subject The Worshipper To Manifestations Of Slavery. ,VODPLVP 0DUNV 7KH 2ULJLQ 2I Âł8QLYHUVDO +DUPRQ\ $QG 3HDFH )RU /LIHÂ´ ,W ,V $ 7KRXJKW $FWLYLW\&RPPRQO\&DOOHGÂľ+HDYHQÂśÂľ3DUDGLVHÂś2UÂľ,VODPÂś3HDFH,V7KH7KRXJKW-Activity And Breaths The Only Natural Breath Of Life For Man. Islamism Is The Active Name Of The World's Very First Religious Creed And Has Been Returned To The New Moorish American Nation In The Form Of God-In-Man. More In-'HSWK 6WXGLHV :LOO 5HYHDO ,VODPLVP $V Âľ7KH $QFLHQW.HPHWLDQ0\VWHU\6\VWHPÂ´2UÂł6($8721127+, 0DQ.QRZ7K\6HOI ,W:DV )RUPHG$V7KH:RUOGÂśV)LUVW5HOLJLRXV&UHHG)RU7KH6DOYDWLRQ2I0DQNLQG2Q(DUWK,W+DV %HHQ5HWXUQHG)URP7KH$QFLHQW)RUHIDWKHUV2I7RGD\ÂśV0RRULVK$PHULFDQV7KURXJK7KHLU Avatar, El Hajj Sharif Abdul Ali. This Is Their True Way Of Life And Predates The Great Earthquake (Often Misnomer $V Âł7KH )ORRGÂ´ $QG 7KH 'LYLQH &LYLOL]DWLRQ 2I $WODQWLV $QG /DPXULD Âł7KLV 2OG 7LPH 5HOLJLRQÂ´ ,V 7KH 2QH &UHHG 2I $PH[HP +DV %HHQ 0DVWHUHG ,QWR The Above Quadrant Of Sacred Schools. Islamism Is Revealed ÂłIn the Creation And Fall Of ManÂ´ %\'UHZ$OL$QG,V0RUH&RPPRQO\3RUWUD\HG,Q7KH3DUDEOHV2IÂł,VVD$QG,VKDÂ´2U Âľ$GDP $QG (YHÂś $OO 2WKHU 5HOLJLRQV ([LVWLQJ ,Q 7KH :RUOG 7RGD\ $UH %XW 3RUWLRQV DQG Variations From The Bountiful Table Of Islamism. Peacefully Submitted, )URPÂł(OLKXÂśV/HVVRQÂ´ (Lewisburg Moorish Preparation Center 1973) Dr. Elihu N Pleasant-Bey, Swift Angel #1 46 ,1),1,7</(6621),9( 6:,)7$1(/6(/,+86/(6621! (Revised 1977 Âą 2010) W hat Is A n A ngE l? Have you ever ask yourself why nearly all Africans, born in the modern Americas, have physiological tribulations equating themselves as Gods, Angels and Prophets? Instead it is considered normal for most of them to serve various European-made gods, symbols and other graven images found outside of themselves. Of all the Kemetian metaphysical titles, words, and SKUDVHV GHVFULELQJ D XQLW\ RI GLYLQLW\ DQG PDWWHU WKH Âł$QJHOÂ´ UDQNV KLJK DPRQJ WKRVH PRVW misunderstood and misused. Like the words God, Prophet, Messenger, Sheik and Adept the VWDWLRQ RI DQ Ă„$QJHOŕŻ† LV XVXDOO\ WUDQVODWHG WKURXJK FDJHG WKRXJKW SDWWHUQV RI WKH ZHVW 7KLV limited comprehension was forced into a new profundity in the Black Age of the West African Moors during their era of U. S. Constitutional Slavery (from 1779 to 1865) coupled with their militarily diagnosed subsequent 145 years of Post Traumatic Mental Slavery. The European miseducation of subjugated Asiatics, joined with the built-in etymological weakness in their bastard language, created a comfort zone of doubt, ignorance and self-hatred. It was not until the advent of Prophet Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew, January 8, 1886 in the state of NC, when the truth was finally revealed about these noble African titles. 47 0DQÂśV)LUVW8VHRI:LQgs The Ancient Lamurians and then Kemetians were the first Gods in human flesh. The heart or center of all God-Men is the consciousness of the Self and The Great God. These first Men used the wings of various fowl deities to depict or symbolize their own transmutations between divinity and matter. They would often draw wings on various manifests to still their rate of thought and power of flight transmission. The ancients, being more God than flesh, would often delve into the constitution of other thinking things, humans, birds and beast. This gave rise to the graphs, statues and monuments as part human and part animal e.g. The Sphinx HWF'XULQJWKHUHLJQRI&RQVWDQWLQHŕŻ†V,VWDQEXO &RQVWDQWLQRSOH FDPHWKHILUVW(XURSHDQWRXVH wings to portray their deceased men as still having greater government powers to control fear in the hoi poloi. These wings often symbolized men in a heaven beyond the sky after death on earth. In more modern days Europeans used wings on paleskinned infants to illustrate lovers, good deeds and gifts. To this day most superstitious pagans have set aside economic-based holidays of these celebrations ranging from flying Cupids, Tooth Fairies to a Fat Guy with Keyhole Powers and Eight Flying Reindeers. The people of China apply wings to serpents and dragons while many Native Americans attach bird feathers to headdress, spears and horses. All these uses of the wings illustrates a manifest moving too fast for the carnal eye to comprehend or the mind can believe. Rarely are these European beliefs attributed to their gross misconceptions of ancient Kemetic teachings demonstrating all life is thought activity from The Great God in and among us. But then again it is in the nature of the paleskin race, the only people without a center and no alter fires, to not identify the essence of all life is in realms unseen. T he Divine O rigin of A ngels 38 - W hat is an A ngE l? A n A ngE l is a thought of A llah manifested in human flesh. Of all the 99 Divine Attributes of the Great God, He is the force that C reates (El) and to Govern (Bey) that which has been created are the most encompassing of them all. Most of the +RO\FUHDWLRQVRI$OODKHLWKHUEHJLQRUHQGZLWKÂł(OÂ´ SURQRXQFHGOLNHWKHOHWWHUÂł/Â´QRWÂłHHOÂ´ e.g. MichaEL, NathaniEL, SamuEL, El Salvador, El Cid, GabriEL and our topic-matter AngEL. 7KHÂł(OÂ´DORQHDWWDFKHVWKHQDPHWRWKH&UHDWRULQVRPHIRUPRUDQRWKHU)RUH[DPSOHÂł$QJ(O means GodÂśV 0HVVHQJHU DQG WKH QDPH Âł1DWKDQLHOŕŻ† PHDQV ÂłRGÂśV LIWÂ´ HWF 7KLV LV ZK\ WKH most popular Tribal Names among tKH0RRULVK3HRSOHVDUHÂł(OÂ´DQGÂł%H\Â´ 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ forms of Angels yet they all come from the same celestial source. Rain, Sun, Death, Love, Truth and Justice, Cherubim and Seraphim are among the many angels about us every day but are seldom associated with our divinity. All true Angels come as thoughts from the Great God. Like all thoughts of Allah, Angels are not measured by time but by infinite reason. Like all true Creations Angels also think and have a will. However the common bound uniting all Angels is they are duty-bound and their wills are never strong enough to go against the ordinances of the universal Creator, Allah. 48 Pay attention; All ANGELS (In human flesh) are ME SS ENGERS only. Angels are not Administrators, managers nor officials. They do not make decisions about anything, any place nor any being. Angels do not make determinations from where their holy instructions derive. They are never biased, prejudice or judgmental. The interest of an Angel is only in the direction of the message they are sent to carry. The best way to compare the qualities of an Angel is to study the divine constitution of rain. Rain is a stage of water which carries within it life giving properties (H2O) the essence of healing, growth and nutrition. Yet when the condition commands for the rain to fall, it falls. Rain does not question the command to go down nor does it determine where it is to descend; whether it falls upon the forest, sea or desert. Rain does not make decisions because it is an $QJHODQGLWVPHVVDJHLVWR³IDOO´ The foundations of angels were initiated in Egypt (Kemet). The ancient Kemetians of Africa held steadfast to the universal blueprint of Cycle Ages which illustrates the creation, fall and rise of perfected man as God. But Spirit-Man, as a perfect seed from the heart of Allah, was EXW RQH RI WKH VHYHQ WKRXJKWV RI 7KH UHDW RG ZKLFK FDUQDO PDQ FROOHFWLYHO\ FDOOV Ä7KH (ORKLPெ1RZDOOFUHDWXUHVWKLQNDQGHYHU\FUHDWXUHDUHSRVVHVsed of a will and in its measure, has the power to choose. And in their native planes all creatures are supplied with nourishment from the ethers of their especial plane. The power of the will rest well within the consciousness of God and Man as one. This is why, although man was among the five creatures that fell, (with protoplast and earth and plant and beast), he could never die while in the grave of carnal evolution. While in human form the will of man gained strength in carnal desires and he lost sight of himself as God. In science, every Spirit-Man is an angel but he must learn how to master his will to live as God again. This is why an Angel is a thought of Allah manifested in human flesh. Noble D rew A li Is an A ngE l 40 - W hat is our Prophet to us? He is an A ngE l of A llah sent to bring us the everlasting gospel of Allah. Holy Prophets are the most prayed for of all saviors during the history of every nation while it was suffering slavery. Yet rarely are any of the Major or Minor Prophets expected by the wretched, accepted by the nationals they are born into or lifted up before the nations of the earth. The Holy Illustrious Prophet, Noble Drew Ali is the last major Prophet in these days yet even he is not an exception to this doubtful and sinful illusion of mankind. Few of his native brothers and sisters understand Drew Ali is an AngEl of Allah. He was ordained by the Great God Allah, in due time, to redeem his people from their sinful ways of being Negroes, Blacks, Colored People etc. He brought the everlasting gospel (Unchanging Truth) of their Nationality and Divine Creed. The question arise: But where did Noble Drew Ali, named Timothy Drew in the State of North Carolina on January 8, 1886, as a young 16 year old Negro boy arrive unescorted in Kemet to get these Saving Powers? 49 39 Âą W hat are A ngE Ls used for? To car ry messages to the four corners of the world, to all nations. 41ÂąW hat is the everlasting gospel? It is a saving power that comes from A llah through our ancient F athers by H is Prophet. Noble Drew Ali received his ordination from the Great God of his ancient forefathers. A prophet was prophesied to be born under the western skies at the change of the era from the cycle age of Pisces into the age of Aquarius. Although born among his people and disguised as a Negro boy, He received his education to be a Prophet while in the Ancient Kemetian Adept Schools, known today as Egypt. True history will reveal his education in Kemet conforms to the synchronicity of every prophet before Drew Ali e.g. Adam, Noah, Abraham, Lot, Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus and Mohammed. Every Prophet sent between Adam and the great Ali each either went to Kemet to receive their Title of Prophet or an Angel of Allah (Kemetian Adept Master) was sent to bring the education of Prophetdom to that especial Being; e.g. It took The AngEl (Gabriel) 23 years to teach the Everlasting Gospel to Mohammed Ibin Abdullah before He was able to transliterate Islamism from Kemetian (Aramic) into His Native Arabic. Upon completion of his African Studies, taught by this Angel of Allah, it was then that Prophet 0RKDPPHG VWDWHG Âł, KDYH SHUIHFWHG 7UDQVOLWHUDWHG IRU \RX WKLV GD\ \RXU UHOLJLRQ 6DYLQJ 3RZHU DQGLWLVFDOOHG,VODPÂ´$IWHU\HDUVLQSDVVLQJWKHUHTXLUHGWHVWVRI6HOI0DVWHU\ in .HPHWLDQ 6WXGLHV 7LPRWK\ 'UHZ QRZ Âł6KDULI $EGXO $OLÂ´ OHIW (J\SW DQG VRMRXUQHG LQWR WKH Holy City of Mecca in Saudi Arabia where naturally he was recognized as the Western born awaited Kemetian Adept Prophet. Ali received the highest support and allegiances from his kindred, a direct descendant of Hagar, Sultan Abdul Aziz Ibu Suad. 60 Âą W ho is guarding the holy city of Mecca today to keep the unbelievers away? A ngE Ls. 61 Âą W hat is the modern name for those A ngE Ls? Asiatics 62 Âą W hat is the shade of their skin? O live. The 6XOWDQÂśV allegiances with Egypt, Morocco Great Britain and the United States lead to JLYLQJ6KDULI$EGXO$OLWKHWLWOHRIÂł(O+DMMÂ´IRUFRPSOHWLQJWKHVDPHMRXUQH\DVWKHLU3URSKHW 0RKDPPHG$VÂł1REOH'UHZ$OLÂ´WKH/DVW3URSKHWZRXOGODWHUWHOOKLV0RRUVDERXWKLV Âł+LJK 1DPH Â´ÂłI was given a high name over there (In Mecca) but you cannot use it over here. Be good Moors and I will hand it down to you.Â´,Q WKHQHZO\UHFRJQL]HG3URSKHW(O Hajj Sharif Abdul Ali, was thereby endorsed by the head of the Islamic World, Sultan Saud, as an Angel of Allah sent to carry the messages of Truth to the United States and all Nations. Prior to this event the teachings of Islam and the Great Quran of Mohammed had been forbidden upon the shores of the USA. 63ÂąA re the Moorish A mericans any relations to those A ngels? Yes, we all have the same F athers and Mothers. 50 W hat Is A Swift A ngel? All Swift Angels (SA¶s) are descendants of the ancient Moabites and are Messengers of The Great God Allah through His Holy Prophet, Noble Drew Ali. These Moorish American Men and Women are dedicated Citizens of Moorish America. Swift AngELs are well educated in the sciences of perpetual life and the mysteries of death. Upon assignment from their government their wills become the chief distributors for any of their Principles (love, truth, peace, freedom or justice). Swift Angels are the return of the Chief Protectors of ³,VODPLVPெWKH :RUOG¶V First Religious Creed. Security is what gives value to all manifests. All Swift AngELs give their nation divine value because the peace of society depends upon justice through their faithfulness. In the semblance of the Angels of rain and $OODK¶V Angels of death, Swift Angels too just deliver the message they are assigned to fulfill. They are the same thoughts of Allah as Ninjas are to the Nation of Japan. Swift Angels are thoughts of Allah manifested in the flesh yet they are more God than flesh because their thoughts are raised to infinite wisdom. These Angels see all things from the power of their holy instructions. They obey the commands and ordinances of Allah, the Prophets and the government in which they live. Yet Angels do not alter the voice or silence of their command. The Actions of a Swift Angel are soundless, timeless and in accord with the harmonies of life. All SA¶s are not necessarily Divine Ministers or Sheiks. It must be remembered; Noble Drew Ali introduced these internationally recognized stations and titles to the sleepy MSTA Membership fresh out of slavery. It would take three to four generations later before they could see the good of this great work. His members were to LQVSLUHWREHFRPLQJ³EHWWHU&LWL]HQV´RIWKHLU RZQ JRYHUQPHQWLQZKLFKWKH\FDQOLYHLQRUGHU for these national Titles to become realized. Divine Ministers are Missionaries, Builders and $GPLQLVWUDWRUV IRU WKHLU 0RRULVK $PHULFDQ 1DWLRQDO RYHUQPHQW 0$1* $V IRU ³6KHLNV´ worldwide, for over five millenniums all Sheiks are ambassadors, Attaches, diplomats and National Representatives of their especial nation, country or Kingdom. No one can become a official Sheik as a mere member of a religious/civic Non-Governmental Organization. Organizations are a never nation. But one nation can own millions of organizations. When The Holy Prophet introduced these fortunes of a Nation to the Moorish, as Members, it was for their education and practice in what to do when they become greater. In essence, not being recognized as a Nation means the station of Sheik will not be honored by the nations of the earth. As for Swift Angels their wills are dedicated solely to the obedience of their Government. The qualifications of a SA are to be ready to submit their will into the deific Will and be a Chief Protector of the MANG through the Last Prophet, Noble Drew Ali. T he Sacred G enealogy of Swift A ngE Ls (O ur H istory in the W estern H emisphere) Drew Ali became the first Swift Angel because of the brief amount of time (10 years) it took to master the self and become a Kemetian Adept Master with no prior education in any land. Ali was ordained by the Great God of His ancient Forefathers and later prepared by the Sacred Brotherhood of Kemetian Adepts to be five times greater than the five Prophets before him. His new era message marks the end of PDQ¶V finite duration called time and fulfilling to 51 the fruition PDQÂśV Circled Seven. The last message charts the final leg of perfection in every PDQÂśV journey of the race and must be delivered to all men in every nation on earth. He later anointed Divine Minister Rufus German Bey of Baltimore as his Swift Angel. The Prophet SODFHG D UHG IH] XSRQ KLV KHDG DQG WROG HUPDQ %H\ Âł1RZ \RX DUH IUHH 'RQÂśW forget the 3URSKHWÂśV 3UD\HUDQGWHOOP\0RRUVWKHWUXWKÂ´\HDUVODWHULQ-XQHRI 'U5HUPDQ Bey anointed Divine Minister NathaniEL Pleasant-Bey as Swift AngEl #1. This sacred genealogy which began in Kemet lasted about another 35 years (2009-2010). In these modern days the Grand Anointing to a Band of Swift Angels enlightened the western skies. Dr. Elihu N Pleasant-Bey, Grand National Chairman, Swift AngEl #1, through this sacred family tree alone has the power to anoint Swift Angels. This empowerment can and will be handed to other Moorish in due time. Meanwhile as a matter of National Security, the totality of these new names and numbers can only be known by the Executive Rulers and Grand Body of the 0$16$ŕŻ†VDUH DOZD\VVHWDWWKHUHDG\IRUWKH\GRQRWVHOHFWWKHWLPHRIGHSOR\PHQWDVD matter of defense of the Gospel. 68 Âą W hat people represent the H igher Self? T he A ngE Ls who protect the Holy C ity of Mecca. Swift AngELs are the Chief Protectors of Moorish America, their divine citizenry and Theocratic Government. Love Divine, D r. E lihu N Pleasant-Bey, Swift A ngE l #1 52 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/-C8!(/,+86$'(37/(6621 1'(',7,21 ! CHAPTER XXVI HOLY INSTRUCTIONS OF UNITY = [You-&-I-Tie] ( U N I TY is: A ll are in harmony of the one, agreement, unison, unanimity and oneness. T hese holy instructions of U N I T Y are the perpetual teachings and sole premeditated bonds between M an and H is C reator. Right U N I T Y is when the W ill of M an and the W ill of the G reat God are one. U N I T Y is witnessing the living oneness of the universal harmonies of life. U N I T Y is eternal oneness of what the L ife of M an is truly spent to build.) 1. The gifts (Plural meaning many / Rewards, Endowments, Presents, Contributions: Aids without debt, obligation or expected return) of the understanding (Knowledge, Comprehension, Insight, Perception, Conception) are the treasures (Resources, riches, assets, stored wealth) of Allah (Love, Universal Harmonies, Spirit, Husband Man, The Great God) and He appointed [F rom the H eart of A llah let man learn wisdom] (Covenant, agreed, fixed, prearranged, allotted) to everyone (Spirit with soul, souls made manifest, Thinking Things with Wills) his portion (share, quantity, lot, quota), in what measure (amount, degree) seemeth (give the impression, appear, look as if) good (moral, worthy, satisfactory) unto H imself (Human knowledge, carnal self). 2. Hath He endowed (gifted, provided) thee (your soul) with wisdom (understanding, insight, prudence, judgment, perception)? Hath H e (The Great God, Higher Self, Consciousness) enlightened thy mind (actions of the soul, thoughts) with the knowledge (information, facts, data, education, experience) of truth (that which is immutable, unchallengeable, absolute, and indisputable)? Communicate Converse, exchange words, correspond, interconnect) it to the ignorant, (the uninformed, unaware) for their instruction; communicate it to the wise, for thine own improvement (self cultivation, practice). 3. True wisdom is less presuming than folly (foolishness, ignorance, silliness). The wise man doubteth often, and changeth his mind; the fool is obstinate (stubborn, determined, adamant), and doubteth not; he knoweth all things, but his own ignorance. 4. The pride of emptiness is an abomination (disgrace, hateful, atrocity); and to talk much, is the foolishness of folly; nevertheless, it is the part of wisdom to hear with patience their impertinence, and to pity their absurdity (meaninglessness, illogicality, ridiculousness). 5. Yet be not puffed up in thine own conceit, neither boast of superior understanding; the clearest human knowledge (carnal nature, Beliefs, perhaps, maybe) is but blindness and folly. 53 6. The wise man feeleth his imperfections, (Human nature, body of desires, weakness, insufficiencies) and is humbled; he laboreth in vain for his own approbation (approval, admiration, esteem) but the fool peepeth in the shadow stream of his own mind, and is pleased with the pebbles (ego, self-image, human frailties, mundane nature, carnal character, ordinary and what the thoughtless thinks), which he seeth at the bottom; he bringeth them up and showeth them as pearls and with the applause of his brethren delighteth himself (Self-Inflated ego). 7. He boasteth of attainments (achievements, realizations, accomplishments; There are no attainments in being NBC or Nationless) in things that are of no worth; but where it is a shame to be ignorant, there he hath no understanding. 8. Even in the path of wisdom (all other nations of the Human Family), he toileth after folly (remaining in Organizations, NGOs, Chattels of Citizens); and shame and disappointment are the reward of his labor. 9. But the wise man cultivates his mind with knowledge; the improvement of the arts is his delight, and their utility to the public crowneth with honor. 10.Nevertheless, the attainment of virtue he accounteth as the highest learning; and the science of happiness 7KHVRXOÂśVUHVHDUFKDQGH[DPLQDWLRQRIFRQWHQWPHQWVDWLVIDFWLRQ and peace) is the study of his life. )URPWKH3URIHVVRU (OLKXÂśV$GHSW/HVVRQ W hen man speaks of uniting with his brothers he must first speak from the gifts of the understanding where the resur rection of H e and A llah resides as a fact. O nly when M an knows this sacred covenant in U N I T Y can he be the A ngE l of oneness which he has been created to bring. U N I T Y must come from the heart of man to the heart of Allah. O nly then will it be attainable. T he Holy bond of Unity is the final victory over the self. T hy Soil Is thine O wn, L et It Not W ant C ultivation. 54 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/(.(+ (/,+86$'(37/(6621! C H APT E R X X X H O L Y I NST R U C T I O N F R O M T H E PR O P H E T T he (M aster, O neness, Foremost, a definite) Social (communal, public, group, collective, common, societal, community) Duties (responsibilities, task, sense of obligation, job, due, what one must do) 1. When thou considereth (Think, Contemplate, deem, reflect on) thy wants (requests, wishes, desires), when thou beholdeth (observe, watch consider, view, regard) thy imperfections (lacking, inadequate, insuffiencies, limitations, flaws, faults, unsatisfactory, weaknesses), acknowledge his goodness UHFRJQL]H $OODKÂśV LQWHJULW\ FRQFHGH$OODKÂśVNLQGQHVVDGPLW$OODKÂśVULJKWHRXVQHVVVDOXWH$OODKÂśVGHFHQF\ O (Now wisdom Speaking from the heart of Allah) son of humanity (product of humankind, people, civilization, charity), who honored thee with humanity, endowed thee with speech (language, words, communication, talking, native tongue, discourse, vocalizations), and placed thee in society (citizens, culture, social order, humanity, people, the public) to receive and confer (bestow, grant, give, award) reciprocal helps (equal assistance, the same aid, joint facilitation, shared support) and mutual obligations (joint commitments, communal responsibilities, reciprocated duties), x protection from injuries (Parental security from harm, community Mufti from wrongs), x thy enjoyments of the comforts (protected rest, secured relief, safe wellbeing, ease0 x and the pleasures of life; happy development, joys of progress, contentment of growing) A ll these thou oweth to the assistance of others and couldst not enjoy but in the bands of society. 2. It is thy duty, therefore, to be a friend (companion, ally, supporter, helper to humanity) to mankind, as it is thy interest (concern, important, consequential, advantage, benefit, gain, profit, rewarding) that man should be friendly to thee. 3. As the rose breatheth sweetness from its own nature, so the heart of a benevolent man produceth good wor ks. (AOOPHQDQGZRPHQZKRÂśV:LOOKDVMRLQHGZLWKWKHGHLILF Will, are conscious of their perfected state as Gods and by divine Holy Nature are Creators of goodness, peace and happiness). 4. H e (Perfected Man) enjoyeth the ease and tranquility of his own breast, and rejoiceth in the happiness and prosperity of his neighbor (Those who, like himself as God manifested LQKXPDQIRUPDUHDOVRVWULYLQJWRZRUNRXWWKHLUOLIHÂśVVXP 55 5. H e openeth not his ear unto slander (Carnal man too often make the mistake of reacting to the noises listened to by the human ear rather that counteracting, deciphering or measuring with discretion what the Inner {Spiritual} Ear has heard. Now the God-Man has two ears. (1) The human, earthly or Outer Ear which, like antennas, can only listen to whatever frequency has been blown into them by the winds; yet has no power of discretions. And (2) The Inner Ear or Spiritual Ear always functions with prudence, responsibility and freedom. The equilibrium of the Inner Ear is balanced by its performing, processing, judging, measuring and understanding. In science when these IXQFWLRQVDUHH[HUFLVHGDWPD[LPXPHIILFLHQF\DUHFDOOHG³+HDULQJ´:KHQWKHFRQVFLRXV hears they first perceives, heeds, examines and gathers the sounds into comprehensive mode of growth, unfoldment and understanding before allowing The Inner Ear to open. The Inner Ear feeds from the breast of Love Divine into the heart of man. When we truly hear our ear is open to righteousness. This is why the Holy prophet instructs the Moors to ³2SHQHWK127WKHLU,QQHU(DUXQWRVODQGHURURWKHUWKLQJVWKDWKDUPVEHFDXVHLWLVLQ conflict to man divine unfoldment), the faults and the failings of men give a pain to his heart. 6. His desire is to do good, and he researcheth out the occasions thereof; in removing the oppression of another, he relieveth himself. 7. From the largeness of his mind, he comprehendeth in his wishes the happiness of all men; and from the generosity of his heart, he endeavoreth to promote it. Noble D rew A li on C amel /E ast to W est; B ringing Us E verything F irst C reated 01-06-2011 in Honor of N D A 125th Birthday ! By Dr. Elihu N Pleasant-Bey, GNC, Swift Angel #1 56 ,1),1,7</(6621(,+7 (/,+86$'(37/(6621! CHAPTER XXVIII H O L Y (From the Infinite) I NST R U C T I O NS F R O M T H E PR O P H E T (Angel of Allah) M AST E R 7KHVFLHQFHRIÂł0$67(5Â´FRPHVLQWKUHHGHJUHHVRI$XWKRULW\ 1) T he Spirit, The Great God Allah 2) Plane of Soul: Prophets, Angels and Adepts 3) Plane of carnal manifest: Highly skilled, Owner, Original Model, Guide, Head, Leader or Administrator AND SE R V A N T (Faithful, Moslem, Citizen, Public or Civil attendant, Government Server, obedient, a devotee, The spirit of a Servant is made equal as that of a Master in the service of Allah) T here is a harmony in every purpose and this purpose is fully realized when the force IURPD0$67(5ÂśV:LOOLVXQLWHGE\WKHSRZHUVIURPWKH:LOORID6(59$17 1. Repine (complain, fretful, dissatisfied, find fault, criticize, nitpick) not, O (Spirit, Godman) man (thought of Allah, planted in a soil of soul, now in a body of desires), at the state of servitude (being ruled, dominated or restricted); it is the appointment of A llah (choice, planned, prior arrangement, employment, promotion), and hath many advantages (Being worthy, hired, trusted, crafty; it removeth thee from cares and solicitudes in life (Concerns, Responsibilities, attentiveness, protectorate). 2. The honor (integrity, credit, admiration, reputation, nobility, pride, distinction) of a servant is his fidelity (loyalty, faithfulness, reliability, trustworthiness, dependability, commitment, conformity); his highest virtues (Honesty, assets, value, worth, benefit, uprightness) are submission and obedience (compliance and agreement, assent and respect, surrender and duty). 3. Be patient (tolerant, enduring, serene, uncomplaining), therefore, under the reproofs (reprimands, admonitions, criticisms, accusations) of thy master; and when he rebuketh (censure, give a talking to, a scolding) thee, answer not again. The silence of thy resignation (acceptance, acknowledgement and acquiescence without defiance) shall not be forgotten. 4. Be studious of his interests (serious of his pursuits, reflective of his importance, intellectual involving his affairs, diligent about his business and meticulous about his concerns; be diligent in his affairs (industrious in his relationships, conscientious in his dealings, attentive in his associations, thorough in his interactions and painstaking in his 57 employments), and faithful to the trust (true to the faith, accurate to the reliance, authentic to the dependence and exact to the expectations), which he reposeth (assigned with trust, reclined in tranquility, rest assured) in thee. 5. T hy time and thy labor belong unto him (Remember you have been appointed, by Allah, to be a servant at this time and in this life span; your time and work must be DSSOLFDEOHLQWKH0DVWHU¶VKRQRU Defraud him not thereof (Do not deceive, cheat, con, trick or take advantage of, swindle), for he payeth thee for them. 6. And thou who art a master, be just to thy servant if thou expecteth from him fidelity; and reasonable in thy commands if thou expecteth ready obedience. 7. T he spirit of a man is in him; severity and rigour may create fear, but can never command love. 8. M ix kindness with reproof, and reason with authority (Purpose with power, Cause with ability, Explanation with mandate); so shall thy admonitions take place in his heart, and his duty (responsibility, obligation, function) shall become his pleasure. 9. He shall serve thee faithfully from the motive of gratitude (methods of thanks, ways of appreciation); he shall obey thee cheerfully from the principle of love (The Great God within); and fail thou not, in return, to give his diligence and fidelity their proper reward. Dear Students: This chapter, as are the especial chapters XX through XLVIII, is The Holy 3URSKHW¶V'LUHFW,QVWUXFWLRQVWRKLVSHRSOHIRUWKHFKDUDFWHUEXLOGLQJWRWKHRvernment upon which their clean and pure nation can live. The Moorish Peoples must raise their thoughts from human knowledge to infinite wisdom. During the time of slavery and from the pains of forced domestication the Moorish have learned to repine against authority. The traumatized and finite mind of a slave cannot comprehend the infinite warnings, holy instructions and Divine Constitution from The Great God Allah through His Prophet. A slave is one who is forced to obey the dictates of the slave master. Slaves do not have the freedom of choice. The subjugated, through all the laboring of his life, will never attain to the position to become a slave master. But through the divinity of our government a Servant can become the Master, Children can become parents and a wife can take care of the duties of a KXVEDQG¶VKRXVHKROG The mind of a slave and the mind of a servant are as unlike as prison and freedom. Dear Students go beneath the surface of HOLY INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE PROPHET: MASTER AND SERVANT and you will see why we have a T heocratic form of Government. Notice the divine and natural harmony in constitutions of: Master and Servant, Husband and Wife, Parent and Children, Government and Citizens. The love of a Servant is truly shown through the freedom they enjoy within the peaceful service to their just government. 58 The Moorish Americans are ordained to be a Master (sovereign) Nation; It is an appointment of Allah. Now they must submit and recognize themselves as servants (Moslems) of The Great God before they can take their place in the affairs of men and lead the nations of the earth to peace! T hru: D r. E lihu N Pleasant-Bey, Instructor 59 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!+-+(8!(/,+86$'(37/(6621 ! CHAPTER XXIX M agistrate (A Judge in a Lower Misdemeanor Court; Child Support, Pretrial Hearings, Minor law Officer, Judiciary with limited powers: Governors, Mayors, Councilmen, Justice of the Peace, County or State Representatives, Congressmen, Senators) A nd Subject (A vassal placed under authority or law, Citizens, Hoi Poloi, Under the Jurisdiction or control of a ruler or law, a legal resident governed by law, obligated to obey ordinances) 1. O thou, the favorite of H eaven (An infinite state of mind, Thoughts from the Higher Self MHK, 12:8-9), whom the sons of men (free National Beings), thy equals (those who $OODKPDGHWRZRUNRXWWKHLUOLIHÂśVVXP KDYHDJUHHGWRUDLVHWRsovereign power (Free and Self sustaining) and set (accepted, elected, acknowledged, fixed, appointed, arranged, agreed to) as a ruler (Divine Ministers, Sheiks, Chairman, Mufti et al) over themselves; consider the ends and importance of their trust (faith, confidence, depend on, rely, responsibility, care), far more than the dignity and height of thy station (position, status, post, place, rank). 2. Thou art clothed in purple (royalty, majestic, crowned, nobility), and seated on a throne (Chair, office of power; the crown of majesty investeth thy temples (Where things are made of thought, shrine, sanctuary), the scepter of power is placed in thy hand (actions of the soul, the mind); but not for thyself were these ensigns given; not meant for thine own, but the good of thy kingdom (Moorish America, Government, family, community). 3. The glory of a king is the welfare of his people (the happiness, wellbeing, interest, good, and security of his nation); his power and dominion rest on the hearts of his subjects. 4. The mind of a great prince is exalted with the grandeur (greatness, dignity, stateliness) of his situation; he evolveth (develop, grow, produce, advance) high things, and searcheth for business (trade, commerce, industry, partnership, agreements, interest) worthy of his power. 5. He calleth together the wise men (Prophets, Ministers and Magistrates) of his kingdom; he consulteth among them with freedom (autonomy, liberty, sovereignty, without 60 restrictions, self sustaining, openness), and heareth the opinions (views, judgments, beliefs, attitudes) of them all. 6. He looketh among his people with discernment (sensitivity, judgments, awareness); he discovereth the abilities (skills, capability, talents, gifts, powers, faculty) of men, and employeth them according to their merits (qualities, virtues, accomplishments). 7. His magistrates are just, his ministers are wise, and the favorite of his bosom deceiveth him not. 8. He smileth on the arts, and they flourish; the sciences improve beneath the culture (refinements, national tradition, inherit background, cultivation) of his hand. 9. With the learned and ingenious he delighteth himself; he kindleth in their breasts emulation; and the glory of his kingdom is exalted by their labors (the worth of the Moorish American Government is realized by the love and initiatives from the Citizens). 10. T he spirit of the merchant who extendeth his commerce, the skill of the farmer who enricheth his lands, the ingenuity of the artists, the improvements of the scholar; all these he honoreth with his favor, or rewardeth with his bounty. 11. H e planteth new colonies, he buildeth strong ships, he openeth rivers for convenience, he formeth harbors for safety, his people abound in riches, and the strength of his kingdom increaseth. (T hese, [10-11] are just a few bricks necessary in building a clean and pure nation) 12.He frameth his statutes with equity and wisdom; his subjects enjoy the fruits of their labor in security; and their happiness consists of the observance of the law. 13.He foundeth his judgments on the principle of mercy, but in the punishment of offenders, he is strict and impartial (This is the course of justice and maintains the peace in a society). 14.His ears are open to the complaints of his subjects; he restraineth the hands of their oppressors (the protections held within the sovereignty of a free National Constitution and its government), and he delivereth them from their tyranny. 15.His people, therefore, look up to him as a father, with reverence and love; they consider him as the guardian of all they enjoy. 16.Their affection unto him begetteth in his breast a love of the public; the security of their happiness is the object of his care. 61 17. No murmurs against him (hatred, slander, spiteful remarks, deformation of character, planting negative seeds in weak minds, creating doubtful thoughts, Satan going to and fro) arise in their hearts; the machinations (plans, set-up, devising of secret, cunning of schemes to do harm) of his enemies endanger not the state. 18. H is subjects are faithful, and firm in his cause; they stand in his defense, as a wall of brass; the army of a tyrant flieth before them, as chaff before the wind. 19. Security and peace bless the dwelling of his people; and glory and strength encircle his throne forever. 62 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&(+8!>D>!$#)0+!;,(/&-#+0)7!! Moorish American Prayer ALLAH the father of the Universe, the Father of Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice. ALLAH is my Protector, my Guide, and my Salvation by night and by day, through His Holy Prophet, Drew Ali. (Amen). Koran Questions for Moorish Children 1. Who made you? ALLAH 2. Who is ALLAH? ALLAH is the Father of the Universe. 3. Can we see Him? No. 4. Where is the nearest place we can meet Him? In the heart. 5. Who is Noble Drew Ali? He is ALLAH's Prophet. 6. What is a Prophet? A Prophet is a Thought of ALLAH manifested in the flesh. 7. What is the duty of a Prophet? To save nations from the wrath of ALLAH. 8. Who is the founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America? Noble Drew Ali. 9. What year was the Moorish Science Temple of America founded? 1913 A.D. 10.Where? Newark, New Jersey. 11.Where was Noble Drew Ali born? In the State of North Carolina, 1886. 12.What is his nationality? Moorish-American. 13.What is your nationality? Moorish-American. 14.Why are we Moorish-Americans? We are Moorish-Americans because we are descendants of Moroccans and born in America. 15.For what purpose was the Moorish Science Temple of America Founded? For the uplifting of fallen humanity. 16.How did the Prophet begin to uplift the Moorish American? By teaching them to be themselves. 63 17.What is our religion? Islamism 18.Is that a new, or is that the old time religion? Old time religion. 19.What kind of a flag is the Moorish? It is a red flag with a five pointed green star in the center. 20.What do the five points represent? Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice. 21.How old is our flag? It is over 50,000 years old. 22.Which is our Holy Day? Friday. 23.Why? Because Friday is the day on which man was formed in flesh, and it was on a Friday when He departed out of flesh. 24.Who was Jesus? He was a Prophet of Allah. 25.Where was he born? In Bethlehem, of Judah, in the House of David. 26.Who were His Father and Mother? Joseph and Mary. 27.Will you give in brief the line (genealogy) through which Jesus came? Some of the Great Fathers through which Jesus came are: Abraham, Boaz by Ruth, Jesse, King David, Solomon, Hezekiah and Joseph by Mary. 28.Why did ALLAH send Jesus to this earth? To save the Israelites from the iron-hand oppression of the pale-skin nations of Europe, who were governing a portion of Palestine at that time 29.How long has that been? About two thousand years ago. 30.What was the nationality of Ruth? Ruth was a Moabitess. 31.What is the modern name for Moabites? Moroccans. 32.Where is the Moroccan Empire? Northwest Amexem. 33.What is the modern name for Amexem? Africa. 34.What is the title given to our ruler in Morocco? Sultan. 35.Where do we get the name Jesus? From the East. 64 36.What does the name Jesus mean? Jesus means Justice. 37.Did the Angel give to the Child that was called Jesus a Holy name? Yes, but it cannot be used by those who are slaves to sin. 38.What is an Angel? An angel is a thought of ALLAH manifested in human flesh. 39.What are Angels used for? To carry messages to the four corners of the world, to all nations. 40.What is our Prophet to us? He is an angel of ALLAH who was sent to bring us the Everlasting Gospel of ALLAH. 41.What is the Everlasting Gospel? It is a Saving Power that comes from ALLAH through our Ancient Fathers, by His Prophet. 42.What is the Covenant of the Great GOD-ALLAH? Honor thy Father and thy Mother, that thy days may be long upon the Earth land which the Lord thy GOD-ALLAH hath given thee. 43.At what age did Jesus begin to preach? At age twelve. 44.Where did he teach? India, Africa and Europe. 45.How long did he teach? Eighteen years. 46.What did Jesus say that would make you free? TRUTH. 47.What is TRUTH? TRUTH is Aught. 48.What is Aught? Aught is ALLAH. 49.Can TRUTH change? TRUTH cannot change, or pass away. 50.What other name do we give to TRUTH? HOLY BREATH. 51.What have you to say about HOLY BREATH? All we can say is it is Great. It is good. It was, it is, and evermore to be. AMEN. 52.At what place on earth was the physical part of MAN formed? In the Garden of Eden. 53.Where is the Garden of Eden? In the land of Canaan, in the City of Mecca. 54.What is the modern name for the Garden of Eden? MECCA. 65 55.What is the name of the first physical man? His name cannot be used, only by Executive Rulers of the A.C. of the M.S.T. of A. 56.What are the words of A.C. of the M.S.T. of A.? Adept Chamber of the Moorish Science Temple of America (3rd Heaven). 57.Who were Adam and Eve? They are the mothers and fathers of the human family. Asiatics and Moslems. 58.Where did they go? They went into Asia. 59.What is the modern name given to the children? Asiatics. 60.Who is guarding the Holy City of MECCA today to keep unbelievers away? Angels. 61.What is the modern name for these Angels? Asiatics. 62.What is the shade of their skin? Olive. 63.Are the Moorish Americans any relation to those Angels? Yes, we all have the same father and mother. 64.Give five names that are given to the descendants of Adam and Eve: Lucifer, Satan, Devil, Dragon and Beast. 65.What is the Devil sometimes called? The Lower-self. 66.How many selves are there? Two. 67.Name them: Higher-self and Lower-self. 68.What people represent the Higher-self? The Angels who protect the Holy City of MECCA. 69.What people represent the Lower-self? Those who were cast out of the Holy City, and those who accept their teachings. 70.What is the Higher-self? The Higher-self is the Mother of virtues and the harmonies of life, and breeds Justice, Mercy, Love and Right. 71.Can the Higher-self pass away? No. 72.Why? Because it is ALLAH in MAN. 66 73.What does the Lower-self breed? Hatred, Slander, Lewdness, Murders, Theft, and everything that harms. 74.What did the Higher-self say to the Lower-self at one time when He met Satan? "Where are you going Satan?" 75.What was the answer that the Lower-self gave to the Higher-self? "I am going to and fro the earth seeking whom I may devour." 76.Has he finished his task of devouring? Yes. 77.When was His time declared out? When He nailed Jesus to the cross. 78.What were the last words Jesus uttered? It is finished. 79.What did He have reference to? He had reference to the end of Satan. 80.Did Jesus say that He would return to conquer Him? Yes. 81.What is the first name of the person into whom Jesus was first reincarnated? Prophet MOHAMMED, the Conqueror. 82.Was Satan to be bound then? Satan was bound in part. 83.When was the head of Satan taken off? 1453 (Byzantine). 84.By whom? By Mohammed. 85.Name some of the marks that were put upon the MOORS of Northwest, by the European nations in 1774? Negro, Black, Colored and Ethiopian. 86.Negro, a name given to a river in West Africa by MOORS, because it contained black water. 87.What is meant by the word Black? Black according to science means death. 88.What does the word colored mean? Colored means anything that has been painted, stained, varnished or dyed. 89.What does Ethiopian mean? Ethiopia means something divided. 90.Can a man be a Negro, Black, Colored or Ethiopian? No. 91.Why? Because man is made in the Image and after the likeness of God, ALLAH. 67 92.What title does Satan give Himself? God. 93.Will you define the word White? White means Purity, Purity means God, and God means the Ruler of the Land. 94.To whom do we refer at times, as being the GREAT GOD? ALLAH. 95.Is the Devil made in the Image and Likeness of ALLAH? No, he is the shadow of our lower-selves and will pass away. 96.Who made the Devil? Elohim. 97.Who is Elohim? Elohim is the Seven Creative Spirits that created everything that ever was, is, and evermore to be. 98.What is Elohim sometimes called? The SEVEN EYES of ALLAH. 99.How many days are in the Circle? Seven days. 100. How many days are in a creation? Seven days. 101. According to Science, how many days are in a year? Seven days. 68 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!(1(.(+8!0!1##$!0&!3##)-/'!3,/1-3/!&'(-)! 0)5'-&(5&,)(!0+9!-+61,(+5(/!-+!-+9-0+!5#,+&)7! The feigned moral indignity expressed by the ilk of highly paid, well placed public 3URYRFDWHXUV ÂŤQHHGFRPPHQWDWRUVRYHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIDPRVTXHDWWKH URXQG=HUR VLWH WHQGV WR FRQIRXQG UHVHDUFKHUV OLNH PH 0RVTXHVÂś DW OHDVW WR P\ PLQG DUH D JUDQG testament to the ultimate in Moorish/Muslim Architecture. Beyond that, it is an apt reminder of the great body of Muslim-Moorish influences once pre-existing in the Hemispheric Aboriginal Indian Country of the places we now know to be the Americas. I must admit to wondering what had gotten the Catholic Majesties in such a twisted bunch that it created an absolute blind rage and hatred of the Saracens that they would dare to chase them into the realm of unknown lands (and apparently past the sheer edge of the square world-a belief in vogue in their era) in order to vanquish them forever? :KDWÂśVPRUHWKH&DWKROLF0DMHVWLHVZLWKWKHEOHVVLQJRIKLV3DSDO+LJKQHVVDQGWKH+RO\6HH VHDOHG WKH IDWH RI WKH 6DUDFHQV DQG WKHLU GHVFHQGDQWV WR D FRQGLWLRQ RI ÂłDXWKRUL]HG 3HUSHWXDO 6ODYHU\Â´ IRUHYHU ZLWK D YRZ WR YDQTXLVK WKHLU Âł.LQJGRPV 'uchies, counties, principalities HWFHWF ZKHUHYHUWKH\H[LVWÂ´DQGSURPSWO\VHWWKHLUVLJKWVRQWKHWDNHRYHURIWKH$PHULFDV So it is the Pope and the Catholic Majesties themselves that gives us our first clue of the location of the extended KingdomVRIWKH6DUDFHQVDVWKH\GHVFHQGHGXSRQWKH$PHULFDÂśVZLWK their Armada bearing Men of the Cloth, Sacristy Conversion Kits and Expedition of Heavilyarmed Conquistadors at the ready to kill all Saracens resistant to forceful conversion to Christianity. 7KH'XP'LYHUVDVJUDQWHG+HUQDQGR'H6RWRDQGRWKHUVÂł$SRVWROLF$XWKRULW\Â´>RQEHKDOIRI WKH .LQJV RI 6SDLQ DQG 3RUWXJDO@ Âł:H JUDQW \RX E\ WKHVH SUHVHQW GRFXPHQWV ZLWK RXU Apostolic Authority, full and free permission to invade, search out, capture and subjugate the Saracens and pagans and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as ZHOO DV WKHLU NLQJGRPV GXFKLHV FRXQWLHV SULQFLSDOLWLHV DQG RWKHU SURSHUW\ ^ÂŤ` $QG WR UHGXFHWKHLUSHUVRQVLQWRSHUSHWXDOVODYHU\Â´). Note: AposWROLFPHDQVUHODWLQJWRWKH3RSHÂŤWKHUHIRUHVWDWLQJ3DSDO$XWKRULW\ Anyway, Hernando de Soto (and others) did come here into the interior Indian Country of the extended kingdom of Saracens and left numerous descriptions of his travails and very surprising narratives describing Indian settlements with Moorish Architecture, use of Moorish Mats, Moorish Darts, and Moorish Cloaks. He also wrote extensively about Indian Chiefs wearing Âł$OPDL]DUVÂ´ OLNH Âł0RRUV Â´ $ ODWHU 7UDLO RI 7HDUV GHVFULSWLRQ RI %ODFN ,QGLans recalled the Âł1HJUR ,QGLDQVÂ´ RQ KRUVHEDFN ZHDULQJ Âł$OPDL]DUVÂ´ 0RRULVK :UDSV JLYLQJ WKHP DQ Âł$UDE 'HSRUWPHQWÂ´ 69 ,QÂł&DUROLQDÂ´ZHIRXQGHYLGHQFHRIQXPHURXV,QGLDQ6HWWOHPHQWVUHSXUSRVHGLQWR3ODQWDWLRQV WKHQDPHRIRQHZDVÂł6DUD]LQVÂ´ Âł6DUD]HQVÂł 7he aboriginal name of the Indian Settlement was 6DUDFHQV DWWKHSRLQWRIFRQWDFWZLWKWKH/RUGÂśV3URSULHWRUV (YHQLIWKHSODFHZDVQDPHGE\ Whites as claimed by Euro-His-Story, it is telling in either case that the Black Indian inhabitants (prior to ColRQLDO6HWWOHPHQW ZHUHGHFUHHGÂł6DUDFHQVÂ´)XUWKHUUHPRYLQJGRXEW(WKQRORJLVWV UHIHUUHGWRWKH$ERULJLQHVDVÂł,VKPDHOLWHVÂ´ 6HDIDULQJ0RRULVKÂł0DULQHUVÂ´RI$ERULJLQDO,QGLDQ&RXQWU\ Seafaring ancient Moroccans, Tunisians, Algerians, Turks and Canary Islanders were Marine travelers to the Americas. Their ventures actually started hundreds of years earlier by Moorish, Carthaginian and Phoenician Ancestors. U.S. Ethnologist and First Director of the Smithsonian Institution, J.W. Powell documented in KLVHDUO\V5HSRUWDQXQXVXDOILQGLQ4XHHQ:HHWDPRRUÂśV5KRGH,VODQG3URYLQFHD%XULDO 0RXQG FRQWDLQLQJ ZKDW KH GHVFULEHG DV DQ DQFLHQW Âł1DWLYH LQ &DUWKDJLQLDQ $UPRUÂ´ $ YHU\ detailed description of both the Native and the Armor was filed in the report, which included ÂłOHDWKHUVWUDSVÂ´FRQVLVWHQWZLWKÂłPDURQTXLQHULHÂ´ RUOHDWKHUZDUH Due to the complex early Maritime claims upon the waterways, the 18th Century found Americans already functioning under working International Treaties with Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia, and Tripoli. George Washington and President Thomas Jefferson maintained the Barbary States Treaties (Maritime Treaties) with the same Moorish countries. The status of the Treaties was reported in each Presidential State of the Union Address until 1830, which coincidently overlaps with the removal of the Indians from their Native Settlements to areas west of the Mississippi (along with their Black Tribal Citizens and Free Persons of Color-whom DV ZH DUH UHPLQGHG ZHUH QHLWKHU FRQVLGHUHG 6ODYHV QRU VXEMHFW WR 86 RU 6WDWH RU Âł1HJUR /DZVÂ´ DVFRQILUPHGE\WKH6RXWK&DUROLQD/HJLVODWXUHLQ +RZHYHUWKHIRUFHG,QGLDQ removals (along with their Ethnic Black Tribal Citizens and Free Persons of Color) resulted in cutoff communications between Maritime Nations and citizens situated in Sovereign Colonies and Black Indian Settlements. H istoric Moorish/M uslim Influences in the A boriginal Indian Country 7KHQDPHÂł0RRUVÂ´KDVDOZD\V referred to several historic and modern populations of Berbers, Black Africans and Africans of Arab descent from Northern Africa, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger, who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty, some of whom came to conquer and occupy the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years. At that time they were Muslims (or followers of Islam), although earlier people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal. 70 A lmoravid Dynasty The Almoravids were a Berber Muslim Dynasty that ruled Morocco and Muslim Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. They may have originated in what is now Mauritania. Their founder was Abd Allah ibn Yasin, who by military force converted a number of Saharan tribes to his own reformed religion and then advance on Morocco. After his death c. 1059, Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his brother Abu Bakr came to power. Marrakech was founded (c. 1062) and was the center of a power empire. Called by the Moors in Spain to help stem Christian reconquest, Yusef entered Andalusia and defeated (c.1086) Alfonso VI of Castile. He later subdued the local Muslim rulers and governed Muslim Spain and N. Morocco (Abu Baker ruled over S Morocco). The dynasty also pushed south, destroying the ancient state of Ghana. In the 12th century they were attacked by the Almohads, who finally (by 1174) won both Morocco and Muslim Spain. 7KH0RRUVÂśUXOHVWUHWFKHGDWWLPHVDVIDUDVPRGHUQ-day Mauretania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Parts of Mauretania covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in classical literature as the Mauri. The term Mauri, or variations, was later used by European traders and explorers of the 16th to 18th centuries to designate ethnic Berber and Arab groups speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect. In modern Iberia, the term is applied to people of Moroccan ethnicity. The root of the word appears as; mouro, moro, moir, mor and maur. The root has taken on a YDULHW\ RI PHDQLQJV LQFOXGLQJ Âł0RUHQRÂ´ IURP /DWLQ ,W FDQ DOVR PHDQ Âł%ODFN 3HUVRQÂ´ RU Âł0XODWWRÂ´ 0RRU FDPH WR KDYH D EURDGHU PHDQLQJ DSSOLHG WR ERWK 0RURV DQG 0RULVcos of UDQDGD(DUO\HWKQRORJLVWVFDOOHG,VODPLF%ODFNVLQWKH$PHULFDVÂł0RKDPPHGDQVÂ´XDQFKHV from the Canary Islands were descended from Berbers and Anthropologists confirm finding ancient markings from inhabitants in the Canary Islands bearing the letters (Z)(A)(N)(A)(T)(A), DGLUHFWUHIHUHQFHWR%HUEHUVRI0RRULVK2ULJLQ:KDWÂśVPRUH&RORQLHVRIWKHVH&DQDULDQVZHUH also found among the tribes of pre-FRORQLDO DQG &RORQLDO HUD Âł&DUROLQDÂ´LQ ZKDWLVQRZWKH Americas. Saracens Saracens, refers to Muslim/Moors. In fact the name figures prominently in the ancient Biblical story of Isaac and Ishmael, the sons of Abraham. The children of Abraham and his Jewish wife Sarah are descended from Isaac. Further, the children of Abraham and Hagar, the Egyptian 6ODYHDUHGHVFHQGHGIURP,VKPDHODQGDUHHPSW\RIRUÂłZLWKRXWÂ´DJHQHWLF'1$FRQWULEXWLRQ from Sarah (Genesis 16, 21:1Âą21) 7KHUHIRUHWKH0XVOLPGHVFHQGDQWVRI,VKPDHODUHWKRVHHPSW\RI6DUDRUÂłZLWKRXW6DUDÂ´ ERUQ ÂłRXWVLGHRI6DUDÂ´ DQGZHUH UHIHUUHG WRDV Âł6DUDFHQVÂł6RPHWH[WUHIHUWRWKHPDV+DJDUHQHV Despite Egyptian ancestry this population are considered to be Arabs. 71 ,W VHHPV WKDW VLQFH WKH\ ZHUH ERUQ RI D Âł6ODYHÂ´ WKHLU HQHPLHV GHFLGHG WKDW GHVFHQGDQWV RI ,VKPDHO VKRXOG EH ÂłSHUSHWXDO 6ODYHVÂ´ WKroughout every generation and wherever they lived (even after removing to faraway lands), although they were Blessed by God to be a mighty Nation, children of the desert, proficient with a bow. Remembering A n A boriginal Moorish-Indian Q ueen The next story centers upon the ancient settlement of a Black Indian Queen killed by beheading in 1674 as a preemptive act of aggression and example to others by the militarized settlers of Natick, Massachusetts in the opening salvo of King Philips War. Although Queen :HHWDPRRUÂśV ancient Burial Mounds were in existence at contact, the great Mound treasure was not discovered until later. Her story appears out of sequence due to its strategic geographical situation as an Atlantic settlement of Indian-Moors. Moors Dominate T he A tlantic -+DVVDQLPLVFR 4XHHQ:HHWDPRRUÂśV6HWWOHPHQW 4XHHQ :HHWDPRRUÂśV &RXQWU\ ZDV $TXHWQHFN WKH $ERULJLQDO QDPH RI 5KRGH ,VODQG She was ruler of Atlantic Coastal Black Indian Tribes and a kinsmen of Massasoit and King Phillip of the NarraganseWW DQG :DPSDQRDJ 1DWLRQV 7KH 4XHHQ ZDVÂł6TXDZ 6DFKHP RI Pocasset at Fall River (extent territory to Massachusetts). Weetamoor was also related to 7XVSDTXLQNQRZQDVÂłWKH%ODFN6DFKHPÂłRU%ODFN&KLHI These were the Indian groups that welcomed the first Pilgrims in the Americas upon the word RI7LVTXDQWXPRUÂł6TXDQWRÂ´ H assani-Morisco: Moroccan M uslim/Moors- :HHWDPRRUÂśV3HRSOH :HHWDPRRUÂśV 7ULEDO 7RZQ FDOOHG +DVVDQLPLVFR ZDV D FRPSRXQG ZRUG ZKLFK VHHPV WR KDYH contained two important elements specific to Morocco; the first being a similarity to the name GHULYHG IURP WKH VSRNHQ ODQJXDJH RI 0RURFFR NQRZQ DV Âł+DVVDQL\\DÂ´ 7KH VHFRQG HOHPHQW EHLQJ WKH ZRUG Âł0RULVFRÂ´ WKH QDPH JLYHQ WR ,QGLJHQRXV 0RRUV LQ DQFLHQW WLPHV FRQYHUWHG forcefully by the Spanish to Christianity. Alternate names are: Hasanya and Hassani. The Classification is Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South and Arabic. The alternate Hassani, plus Morisco would produce Hassanimorisco, literally meaning Hassani speaking Moroccan Muslim/Moors. In short, they were a special group of Saracens escaping conversion and established Colonies in the Aboriginal Indian Country. 4XHHQ :HHWDPRRUÂśV FKRVHQ &RORQ\ QDPH JLYHV JUHDW FOXHV DV WR WKH HUD RI WKHLU HVFDSH DQG settlement (11th or 12th century). They were Subjects of the Kings of Morocco. Further their tribal families would also settle Carolina and the interior. 72 Moors of C arolina Besides Hassanimisco, large Moorish Native communities are known to have existed in Delaware. A city known as Cheswold, Delaware was composed of Moorish Natives with known connections to the Lenni-Lenape and Nanticoke Nations of Delmarva. Extensive Moorish Colonies, Indian-Moor Communities and Creole Settlements among many other Tribal Nations existed in North and South Carolina (including Turks, Guanches and other ÂłDOOLHVÂ´ FDSWXUHG E\ PDQ\ ,QGLDQ &HQVXV 5HSRUWV 7UHDWLHV DQG KLVWRULFDO GRFXPHQWV (particularly among the Nations of the 5 Civilized Tribes). These nearly indescribable persons were subsequently categorized as ÂłIUHH SHUVRQV RI FRORUÂ´ ÂłIUHH EODFNVÂ´ Âł0XODWWRVÂ´ DQG Âł1HJURÂ´DPRQJWKH7ULEHV Moors As G uides In T he A boriginal Indian Country H ernando De Soto in A ncient C arolina Hernando de Soto made several very curious remarks during his travels. He lamented in one discussion about his Moors being the ancestors of the Indians. The other observation being that DIWHUWKHORVVRI0RRUVIURPKLV([SHGLWLRQ'H6RWRÂśVWHDPVHHPVWRKDYHEHFRPHYXOQHUDEOH unstable and directionally confused. Hernando De Soto also UHFRUGHG QXPHURXV LWHPV LQ DQFLHQW Âł&DUROLQDÂ´ DQG $ODEDPD EHDULQJ Moorish influences, such as those documented in their original narratives, confirmed by a 6FKRODUO\ UHFRXQWLQJ LQ Âł'H6RWR &KURQLFOHV 7KH ([SHGLWLRQ RI +HUQDQGR GH 6RWR WR 1RUWK America in 1539-1543 by Lawrence A. Clayton, Vernon James Knight, Jr., and Edward C. Moore, Editors, Pages 304- ;9,, Âł7KH $UP\ /HDYH &RIDFKLTXL ,Q 7ZR 'LYLVLRQVÂ´ Âł%HVLGHVWKHVHNLQGVRIDUURZKHDGVPDGHRIFRSSHUVXFKDVWKRVHWKH\SXWRQGDUWVLQ6SDLQ there were others with harpoons, also made of copper, and in the form of small chisels, lances, DQG0RRULVKGDUWVZKLFKORRNHGDVLIWKH\KDGEHHQPDGHLQ&DVWLOODÂ´ De Soto remarked upon his Expedition leaving three African Ancestored People with the Aboriginal Indians between Guaxule, Chiaha, and Xuala; 2 were Negroes and the third was a 0RRUIURP%DUEDU\ÂłD%HUEHUÂł>0RRU)URP%DUEDU\3DJH;;@ $IRXUWKSHUVRQOHIWZLWKWKH7ULEHDW &RRVD&UHHN1DWLRQ ZDVDÂł1HJURQDPHG5REOHVÂ´ Indian -Moor Colonies A ncient C arolina Moorish/M uslim Settlements 1526-L ucas V ĂĄsquez de A yllĂłn E xpedition In 1526 an expedition led by Lucas VĂĄsquez de AyllĂłn founded San Miguel de Guadalupe on the coast at Winyah Bay. San Miguel de Guadalupe is modern day Georgetown County, South 73 Carolina. The Santee River (stream) flows through here. The North and South Confluence of the River can also be found in this county. /XFDV 9iVTXH] GH $\OOyQÂśV 6SDQLVK-0RRU FRORQ\ LV UHIHUHQFHG DV D ÂłIDLOHGÂ´ FRORQ\ LQ European History recounts because it did not result in an American Pilgrim Colony. Rather, de $\OOyQÂśV&RORQ\HYROYHGDVDQLQWHJUDWHG1DWLYH$PHULFDQ-Moor Colony. +LVWRU\ ,WLVQRWHG WKDW LQWKHV WKH&KLFRUD PHW 6SDQLVK H[SORUHU $OO\yQQHDU 3DZOH\ÂśV Island. Tribal members were spread out in Clarendon, Florence, Georgetown, Horry, Marion and Williamsburg counties. In 1743, the Colonial Government forced nearly all the remaining Indians to move to the Catawba Community. Tribal Leaders met at Cherawtown. In light of the ColRQLDORYHUQPHQWÂśVDWWHPSWWRFRQFHQWUDWHDUHD1DWLYHVLQWRRQHYLFLQLW\DQ DPDOJDPDWLRQ/XFDV9iVTXH]GH$\OOyQÂśV6SDQLVK-Moors, the Winyuh, Pee Dee, Waccamaw, Santee, Chicora and Catawba was therefore created. U.S. G eological Survey Records San Miguel De GuadelupĂŠ (historical)-ID# 1232466 Class-Populated Place, CountyGeorgetown, State-SC, Latitude-331941N, Longitude-0791539W, Map-Georgetown South. Winyah Bay Entrance-ID#1251481, Class-Channel, County-Georgetown, State- SC, Latitude331154N, Longitude-0790856W, Map-Santee Point. Citation: Quattlebaum, Paul. The Land Called Chicora. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1956. P. 126. 1566-Pedro MenĂŠndez de A vilĂŠs E xpedition In 1566, another Spaniard under Pedro MenĂŠndez de AvilĂŠs, founded a settlement in South Carolina comprised of some 800+ Spaniards and their families, including Spanish Moors. He QDPHG WKH VHWWOHPHQW Âł6DQWD (OHQDÂ´ 0HQHQGH] GH $LYOHVÂś QHSKHZ QRWHG WR KDYH EHHQ D Âł0DQGLQJRÂ´VHWWOHG6W$XJXVWLQH)ORULGD M uslim/Moorish Influences In C arolina South Carolina Historical Society Records in the Carologue, Spring 1993 Edition carried a story HQWLWOHG Âł0XVOLP 6ODYHV $EGXFWHG 0RRUV $IULFDQ -HZV 0LVQDPHG 7XUNV DQG DQ $VLDWLF Greek Lady. Some Examples of Non-European Diversity in South Carolina Prior to 1861 by -DPHV:+DJ\7KH6RXWK&DUROLQD+LVWRULFDO6RFLHW\DOVRNHSWGRFXPHQWDWLRQRQWKHÂł)UHH 0RRUVÂ´RI6RXWK&DUROLQDZKLFKZDVUHFRUGHGLQWKH-RXUQDORIWKH6RXWK&DUROLQD+RXVHRI Representatives. 74 O fficial Documentation Confirming Inhabitation of F ree Moors in C arolina (Extract from the Journal of the House of Representatives, 1789-1790) Âł6RXWK &DUROLQD KDG VLJQLILFDQW HWKQLF GLYHUVLW\ GXULQJ FRORQLDO WLPHV ,W ZDV KRPH WR )UHH Moors and Turks. While fighting in Defense of their country, the Moors were captured with their wives by a King of Africa. They were claimed by a Captain Clark who was to deliver them to an Ambassador of Morrocco, then living in England, to return them to their own country. ,QVWHDGKHEURXJKWWKHPWR$PHULFDZKHUHKHVROGWKHPLQWRVODYHU\Â´ Âł7KH\ SHWLWLRQHG WKH 6RXWK &DUROLQD /HJLVODWXUH DQG WKH SHWLWLRQ VWDWHG That as free born subjects of a Prince now in Alliance with these United States; that they may not be considered as subject to a Law of this State (now in force) called the negro law. They were freed by the South Carolina Legislature; Report That they have Considered the same and are of opinion that no Law of this State can in its Construction or Operation apply to them, and that persons who were Subjects of the Emperor of Morocco being Free in this State are not triable by the Law for the better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and other Slaves. Âł5HVROYHGWKDWWKLV+RXVHGRDJUHHZLWKWKH5HSRUW7KH\ZHUHIUHHSHUVRQVRIFRORUÂ´ [From The State Records of South Carolina Journals of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1789-1790 MICHAEL E. STEVENS, Editor CHRISTINE M. ALLEN, Assistant Editor Published for the South Carolina Department of Archives and History by the University of South Carolina Press Columbia, SC]. South Carolina Historical Society. O phir of Solomon: Intriguing L andmar ks-Indian Settlements A nd Repurposed Plantations in C arolina Ophir Plantation-/RFDWHDORQJWKH6DQWHH6W-RKQÂśV3DULVK%HUNHOH\&RXQW\ LQSUHVHQWGD\ Pinopolis). Earliest documented date of existence, 1685. A house was erected on the site in 1810. The site currently lies submerged under Lake Moultrie. Plantation lands were originally located near present-day Pinopolis. Ophir is yet another casualty of the Santee Cooper Hydroelectric and Navigation Project. This project displaced many families and communities, including historic homes, Indian Mounds, Burial Places, Cemeteries and Archaeological opportunities were lost as the area was flooded. Despite the fact that Thomas Porcher maintained Native American Slaves here from the point of initial contact, along with the presence and predominance of Indian Burial Mounds, the Ophir Graveyard was classified as Âł%ODFNÂł O phir Plantation-331740N 0800528W Chicora Map. O phir C anal (historical) Berkeley Chicora unknown 33.294ÂşN 80.091ÂşW 75 Note: Only 3 instances of use of the word appears in the Aboriginal Indian Country. All were associated purely with Indian Nations (2 Cherokee Settlements in North and South Carolina, as well of 1 Northern California Indian Settlements. O phir Indian Mounds (Indian) O phir Plantation Cemetery (Black) O phir Plantation{Citation: Ophir Plantation; Manuscripts Department Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill SOUTHERN HISTORICAL COLLECTION #M-823 STONEY AND PORCHER FAMILY PAPERS Inventory Abstract: Records, 1799-1862, of a Charleston District, S.C., plantation}. Negro Bay 1234351 Swamp Berkeley SC 331742N 0801321W Cross Feature ID: 1234351 Name: Negro Bay Class: Swamp Citation: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1:62,500-scale topographic maps; various edition dates. Represents new or changed names from published editions. Map name and year of publication follow (if known): Chicora/1921 Entry Date: 01-May-1993 Elevation(ft/m): 92/28 Black Tom Bay 1246906 Swamp Berkeley SC 330854N 0800537W Moncks Corner Note: The name Monck comes from, George Monck, the Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670) one RIWKHRULJLQDO/RUGÂľV3URSULHWRU Moorfield Plantation-Location-Chicora, Berkeley, SC Moorfield Swamp-Location, Chicora, Berkeley, SC. USGS Location: Moorfield Swamp (historical) 1234340 Swamp Berkeley SC 331846N 0800639W Chicora. Moorfield Plantation Cemetery (Black). Black M ingo Swamp QDPHVWUDQVODWHVWRÂł%ODFN.LQJ6ZDPSÂłRU%ODFN&KLHI6ZDPS Indian field (Plantation Cemetery identified as Black). Indian F ield Methodist C ampground: National Register of Historic Places #73001707, added 1973. Also known as Indian Fields. About 4 mi. NE of St. George on SC 73. Period of Significance-1825- ,QGLDQ)LHOG&HPHWHU\&ODVVLILHGDVÂł%ODFNÂ´ Pooshee Plantation-Location, Chicora, St. Johns Berkeley Parish, Berkeley County (submerged under Lake Moultrie). Plantation lands were originally located near present-day Bonneau. Plantation houses built in 1716, 1804 and a western wing added in 1852. Origin of Name: Native American. Earliest documented date of existence 1705. Land grant to Pierre de St. Julien de Malacare. Number of acres, 4000. Primary crop, Santee long cotton. 76 Pooshee Plantation (historical) 1234600 Locale Berkeley SC 331901N 0800049W Chicora 75 - 01-MAY- +DVVHSDUDWH&HPHWHULHVRQ&ODVVLIHGÂł:KLWHÂ´DQGWKHRWKHU Âł%ODFNÂ´1DWLYH Americans classed as Black. San M iguel De G uadelupĂŠ (historical)-ID# 1232466, Populated Place, Georgetown, SC, 331941N, 0791539W, Georgetown South. O ld Santee Plantation-/RFDWLRQ6DQWHH5LYHU6W6WHSKHQÂśV3DULVK%HUNHOH\&RXQW\ C ur riboo Plantation-Location, Berkeley County. Peru Plantation-Location, St. Stephens Parish, Berkeley County. Portions on Black River, Georgetown County. USGS: O ld Peru-ID#1234356, Populated Place, Berkeley, SC, 332514N 0795912W, Saint Stephen. Sarazen Plantation-Location, Cooper River, Berkeley County (Submerged under Lake Moultrie). Other Names: Sarizins. House built in 1826. Egypt Plantation-Location, St. James Santee Parish, Berkeley County. Cote Bas Plantation-/RFDWLRQ &RRSHU 5LYHU 0RQFNV &RUQHU 6W -RKQÂśV %HUNHOH\ &RXQW\ (located off Bushy Park Road between the Back River and the Cooper River.) Mexico Plantation-/RFDWLRQ 6DQWHH 5LYHU 6W -RKQÂśV %HUNHOH\ DQG 6W 6WHSKHQÂśV 3DULVK Berkeley County (bordering the old Santee Canal). Primary crop, Sea island cotton. USGS: Mexico-ID#1231539, Populated Place, York, SC, 345617N 0810017W Rock Hill West. Mexico Cemetery-ID#1224463, Cemetery, Berkeley, SC, 332643N, 0800636W, Pineville. C hachan Plantation-Location, Western branch of the Cooper River, Old Cordesville, Berkeley County ( off SC 44 Doctor Evans Road) on Chachan Road. Other Names: North Chacham. Earliest documented dated of existence, 1760. House built 1760. Primary crop, Rice. C hachan Plantation Cemetery SC Berkeley cemetery 331003N 0795750W Cordesville Note: linguistically similar to the name of an ancient Peruvian Chimu Settlement, at Chanchan. Salkehatchie River 1250734 Stream Hampton SC 324731N 0805247W Cummings. Combahee River: Named for the Combahee Indians who formerly lived on this stream. Description: Heads at the junction of the Salkehatchie River and Little Salkehatchie Rivers, flows SE to the Coosaw River 17.7 km (11 mi) northeast of Beaufort. Citation Note: 7KH&RPEDKHH5LYHUZDVDOVRFDOOHGÂł7KH-RUGDQ5LYHUÂ´ 77 Citation: Jordan River, Combiheh River,Combeheh River ; Salley, Alexander S., Jr., editor. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708. New York, New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1911. Citation: Salkehatchie River; U.S. Board on Geographic Names decisions, either decisions referenced H ilton Documents Moorish A rchitecture In E arly C arolina Hilton, in the 1700s described enormous structures typical of Moorish Architecture left in Carolina. Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina. Moorish/M uslim Mexico, Pacific States and the A merican Southwest Further west, when the Padres began bringing Black Mexican Aboriginals to settle the Missions they brought with them Indios, Coyotes, Mulatos, Black Mexicans and Moriscos with names OLNH $PH]TXLWD PHDQLQJ Âł7R 0RVTXHÂ´ WR VHWWOH WKH &DOLIRUQLD 0LVVLRQV IUom Baja, San Diego, San Luis Rey near Oceanside, San Juan Capistrano, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Buenaventura, San Luis Obispo, Santa Margarita, San Miguel, San Jose, Sonoma, Santa Clara, Solano, as well as San Francisco (in Alta California). As the Padres set up the Mission systems from Loreto, Baja to San Francisco and even into Arizona, they documented the various descriptions and racial classifications of these settlers, ZKLFKZHUH DWWKHRXWVHW ,QGLRV&R\RWHV &R\RWO 1HJUR4XHEUDGRÂł%URNHQ %ODFN&RORUÂ´ Mulato, even Chino (Black with Asian features), Mestiza, Mestizo, people descended from mixed Black Ancestors (for instance Olmec, Mixtec, etc.), and espaĂąol. Even though the settling of the Missions represents a pivotal period of early Spanish/Mexican settlement of the Pacific West, we are no less awed by the fact that the most ancient prehistoric remains of an even earlier population of Black Aboriginals has been confirmed by modern forensic archaeological studies. Mexico TenochtitlĂĄn is the original name of Mexico it was founded in 1325 on an islet in the western SDUW RI ODNH 7H[FRFR GH 0RUD ZKLFK WUDQVODWHV OLWHUDOO\ LQWR Âł2XU &RFR SHRSOH RI 0RRUVÂ´ 1HDUE\0D]DWODQGHORV0XODWWRVLWVHHPVZDVOLWHUDOO\ÂłWKH%LUWKSODFHRIWKH0XODttos. The Olmec mated with the Coyoatl or Coyoacan and produced a generation called Coyotes. The Âł&R\RWHVÂ´ ILJXUHG SURPLQHQWO\ LQ WKH VHWWOHU FODVV RI HPLJUDWLQJ ZLWK WKH Padres in an effort to help establish settlements in their North America holdings, which were needed to fend off Russian encroachment of the Pacific West. It is clear that Coyotes had some type of African Ancestry. 78 ,Q WKH ROG WH[W Âł7KH :LOG 7ULEHV RI 0H[LFRÂł-Physical Features in Northern Mexico, p. 619; "The Tlascaltecs in 1568 wore cotton-cloth mantles painted in various fine colors. The Inhabitants of Cholula, according to Cortes dressed better than the Tlascaltecs; the better class wearing over their clothes a garment resembling the Moorish cloak, yet somewhat different, as that of the Cholula. ,Q WKH VDPH ERRN XQGHU Âł'UHVV LQ 0LFKRDFDQ S -623), the following description of a 7XUEDQDSSHDUV ÂłRQWKHKHDGDVPDOOUHGFORWKDUUDQJHGOLNHD7XUEDQIURPZKLFKDUHSHQGHQW scarlet feathers, similar to those used by the ancient Aztec warriors." Esteban, the Moor Discovered New Mexico 1536-7KH PRVW IDPRXV 0RRU LQ WKH KHPLVSKHUH SURSHU ZDV (VWHEDQ GH 'RUDQWHV ÂłD %ODFN $UDEÂ´D1DWLYHRI$]HPPRXU0RURFFR DVXUYLYRURIWKH1DUYDH]([SHGLWLRQWR/D)ORULGD who discovered what was (New Spain) and is now Southern New Mexico. He returned to Culiacan, Mexico with stories of having seen the Seven Cities of Cibola (Seven Cities of Gold). +H ZDV DQ ÂłHVODYR ODGLQR Âł RI $QGUHV 'RUDQWHV RI %HMDU GHO &DVWDQDU 6DODPDQFD Eslavo Ladino, means a Slave and converted Christian. Esteban, as he was now known, accompanied Dorantes. King Charles V of Spain granted him authority to settle all of La Florida, a territory that stretched from the southern tip of the Florida peninsula westward to the Âł5LRGHODV3DOPDVÂ´ZKLFKLVWRGD\ÂśV6RWRGHOD0DULQD5LYHULQWKH state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Esteban (also, Estebanico) began his ascent into the Aboriginal Indian Country as one of only four survivors of the 600 members of the Narvaez Expedition in 1527-1528 to colonize La Florida. (VWHEDQÂśVVXUYLYDORIWKH([SHGLWLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQWGLVFRYHU\RI1HZ0H[LFRLVQRWKLQJVKRUW of miraculous and should be shouted from the rooftops and shared by other Moors. $FFRUGLQJ WR &DEH]D GH 9DFD ÂłZH HQMR\HG D great deal of authority and dignity among [the Indians], and to maintain this we spoke very little to them. The black man always spoke to WKHP DVFHUWDLQLQJ ZKLFK ZD\ WR JR DQGÂŤDOO WKH RWKHU WKLQJV ZH ZDQWHG WR NQRZÂ´ 1RWH >Âł%ODFN $UDEÂŤ1DWLYH RI $]DPRUÂ´ by Kitty Morse, Saudi Aramco World, Volume 53, 1XPEHU0DUFK$SULO@@$O=HPPRXULÂśVWRZQLVD%HUEHUZRUGIRUÂłZLOGROLYHWUHHÂ´ ,Q (VWHEDQÂśVSXUSRVHGXULQJWKLVPLVVLRQZDVWROHDG'H1L]DIURPWKH,VODQGRI0DOKDGR (near the Bay of Galveston) to Cibola. Their personalities clashed, as De Niza did not relish the freedom the Moor felt in the Aboriginal Indian Country, nor the pleasant reception he received IURPWKH,QGLDQV(VWHEDQURGHDKHDGRIWKH6SDQLDUGDQGÂłGLVDSSHDUVÂ´ZLWKLQWKHFRQILQHs of WKH =XQL 3XHEOR 'H 1L]D GRHV QRW UHDFK =XQL EXW LV PHW E\ ,QGLDQV ZKR QRWLI\ KLP RI ÂłWKH GHDWKÂ´RI(VWHEDQ 79 European His-Story accounts contend that the New Mexico Indians killed Esteban (for various reasons) although his death was never observed, even those reporting it merely speculated that he had been killed and that is what they told the Spaniards. Did Esteban the Moor slip away as GLG'H6RWRÂśV0RRUV" Coincidently, but apparently unrelated to Esteban the Moor, killed in their Pueblo (according to European His-Story); 7KHUHLVDQDFWXDOÂł&LEROD&RXQW\Â´ QRWDUXPRU 7KH$FRPD3XHEORLVRIILFLDOO\6DQ(VWHEDQGHO5H\GH$FRPD OLWHUDOO\Âł6DLQW6WHSKHQWKH .LQJRI$FRPDÂł 3. They too have an El Morro National Monument (the Moor National Monument), and 4. Participate in an ancient Annual Feast honoring San Estevan. Numerous Structures, including Missions of Moorish Architecture were described, painted and ultimately photographed as a testament to their style, influence and rightful place in this hemisphere bearing Colonies, Settlements and Communities inhabited by the subjects of the Kings of Morocco in this hemisphere. To banish this type of Architectural style is an arrogant insult to their memory, as well as the remnant of their host Nations. The foregoing are but a mere sampling of my various works presented for your edification. Sincerely, Angela Molette (Tuscaloosa Ohoyo) Black Warrior Woman 80 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&(1.(8!0!3(//0E(!&#!011!3(3"()/!#6! /,1&0+0&(/!#6!3,)0$,/'! Sultanates of M urakush A message to all members of Sultanates of Murakush In the United States, the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution makes all treaties that have been ratified under the authority of the United States and customary international law, ...the "Supreme Law of the Land" (U.S. Const.art. VI Cl. 2) and, as such, the law of the land is binding on the federal government as well as on state and local governments. According to the Supreme Court of the United States, the treaty power authorizes Congress to legislate under the Necessary and Proper Clause in areas beyond those specifically conferred on Congress (Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920)). The standard treaties and conventions leave the issue of implementation to each state, i.e. there is no general rule in international law that treaties have direct effect in municipal law, but some states, by virtue of their membership of supranational bodies, allow the direteryt incorporation of rights or enact legislation to honor their international commitments. Hence, citizens in those states can invoke the jurisdiction of local courts to enforce rights granted under international law wherever there is incorporation Foreign national According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security a foreign national is defined simply as, "An individual who is a citizen of any country other than the United States."[1] The Brookhaven National Laboratory, under direction from the U.S. Department of Energy, further explains that, from the perspective of the United States, a foreign national is, "A person who was born outside the jurisdiction of the United States, is a citizen of a foreign country, and has not become a naturalized U.S. citizen under U.S. law. This includes Legal Permanent Residents (also known as Permanent Resident Aliens)."[2] This definition presumably also applies to anyone who has successfully renounced his or her U.S. citizenship. An alien (foreign national) who has been granted the status of permanent resident status is treated as a citizen of the state where the alien is domiciled Visit Sultanates of Murakush at: http://www.murakushsultanate.com/?xg_source=msg_mes_network 81 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!&'-)&((+8!0+!-+9-E(+#,/!:(#:1(/!'-/&#)7!>D>! 'Faith-Based' Social Services July/August 2001 Viewpoint For Native Americans, It Was A Trail Of Tears "Faith-based" social services is not an original idea with President George W. Bush or the current Christian right. It is a concept that has been tried before, and it eventually proved to be a disaster for all concerned for the federal government, for the churches and for the population it was intended to serve. In 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant began turning over the full responsibility for the administration of Indian agencies to American churches and missionary bodies, whose assumed honesty and charitable motives were expected to give them success in achieving pacification and assimilation of the tribes. Within three years, Indian agencies had been apportioned among the Presbyterians, Methodists, Catholics, Lutherans, Quakers, Congregationalists, Dutch Reformed, Baptists, Episcopalians and other denominations. Missionaries filled federal offices as Indian agents and were in full charge of education and other activities on the reservation. On the whole, it was a disaster for most of the tribes of Native Americans. Some of the agents lived up to the expectations and acquitted themselves honorably. Others proved to be corrupt and incompetent. On numerous reservations, the missionary agents were fanatically determined to "Christianize" (in their own denomination) their wards and destroy everything they considered heathenish. Acting as bigoted dictators and backed by Army troops, they tyrannized Native Americans with orders that banned their ceremonies, their dances, the telling of legends and myths and all other manifestations of Native religion and culture. Those who resisted, particularly medicine men and tribal leaders, were treated with stern measures, ranging from harassment and the withholding of rations to imprisonment, banishment or death. During this same period, the Bureau of Indian Affairs made a number of attempts to suppress Native American religion with a series of departmental regulations. This was a direct violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the Constitution and, without a doubt, one of the greatest violations of human rights committed against a native population. Enthusiastic missionaries bent on the destruction of what they saw as a pagan religion, as well as reformers who saw assimilation as the only way to solve the "Indian problem," zealously implemented repressive government regulations. Children were forcibly taken from their parents and sent off to schools, often far distances from their reservations. When tribal leaders objected, they were held back by troops or thrown in jail without due process. In effect, all Native religious practices were banned. 82 The policy of entrusting reservations to the churches eventually failed because of the Native Americans' resistance, a growing public concern about Native rights and the treatment by the missionaries. Different denominations also began fighting among themselves over the distribution of supplies and the real or imagined favoring of rivals. In addition, some denominations were unable to continue financial support of their missions. In Washington, officials began to see that many of the church and missionary agents were no improvement over government agents prior to Grant's administration, so officials in the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes killed the policy, without addressing the constitutional issue. Although the practice was discontinued in the l890s, some 27 Christian denominations became established among a number of tribes, particularly those whose culture was in a state of disintegration. This, however, did not end the assault on Native religion, culture or institutions. The era of missionary control set the patterns for the treatment of Native Americans for the next 50 years. The U.S. government did everything in its power to break down and destroy "Indianness" including the Native American religion. This policy was not reversed until 1934 under Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, inaugurated a sweeping change of policy in Native American affairs. Often referred to as the "Indian New Deal" it marked a change in the policy of enforced assimilation of the previous 50 years. Freedom of religion, the goal of so many European immigrants, was finally extended to the Native Americans, giving back to them the rights that were denied for over a half century by a government in cooperation with churches. This short history lesson makes clear several points. In the first place, the federal government has a constitutional obligation to "promote the general welfare," and it must not turn over its responsibilities to other organizations. Second, the Constitution forbids government to become involved in religious activities. Most churches have a clear missionary mandate. They see social services as secondary to that function or even as a means to implement that role. Government funding also puts "faith-based" programs in competition for state and federal grant monies. We must not assume that churches would be any more competent than existing, social service agencies. Chief Joseph reportedly said: "Do not send us churches; they will teach us to fight about God." Today we may paraphrase him, "Do not send us faith-based social services; they will teach us to fight about God and federal dollars." John M. Sullivan is professor emeritus of sociology at Limestone College in Gaffney, S.C. 83 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!6#,)&((+8!"105$!+0&-.(!03()-50+!'-/&#)7"" Historical falsification and manipulation has been successful in painting a false picture of the origination of the so-FDOOHG Âł%ODFNÂ´ LQ $PHULFD EHLQJ RQ WKH VODYH VKLSV 7KH KLV-story books and his-storytellers (historians) have suppressed the existence of African descendants in American prior to the slave trade. Most Euro-Americans and American Indians will deny and even laugh at the notion of Africans being the original Native Americans. It was once said that, Âł3HRSOH ODXJK DW ZKDW WKH\ GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG thinking that they are demonstration their VXSHULRULW\UDWKHUWKDQWKHLUODWHQWLGLRF\Â´ LQRWKHUZRUGVWKH\WKLQNWKHLUODXJKWHULVDVLJQRI wisdom rather than ignorance. After the laughter is done the facts are still sitting there on the table staring them in the face. " Over 65% of the Melanin Rich (Black) population on the planet is said to be Black (Moorish) Native Americans. How is it that in his-story they always mention the fact that EuroAmericans and American Indians mixed, and that the Euro-Americans mixed with the Moors (Blacks), but they purposely never mentions the origin of the American Indian? How is it that DQHQWLUHUDFHRISHRSOHÂśV $PHULFDQ,QGLDQÂśV OLQHDJHKDVQRWEHHQWUDFHGWRLWVRULJLQ"7KH truth that you discover in the realms of our-story renders the lies in his-story incomplete and inaccurate. In order to investigate the true origin of the American Indian you must begin with the Ancient Olmecs. The Olmecs were the first to inhabit what is currently known as Central and South America, and was domiciled in this area from 1500 B.C. to about 300 A.D. The Olmecs were responsible for the first Step Pyramid erected in the Americas. In the book entitled They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence In Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima it states verbatim : "" " Âł7KHYHU\ILUVW$PHULFDQ3\UDPLGRU6WHSSHG7HPSOHDSSHDUVDW/D9HQWDWKHVLWHFRORVVDO Negroid Heads and the steel on which is carved the Mediterranean type figure with bread DQGWXUQHGXSVKRHVÂ´"" "" The Olmecs are of the Negroid persuasion and hail out of Ancient Uganda (Northeast Central Africa). Their arrival preceded the Continental Drift which occurred thousands of years ago. Often in schools teachers show the students the way the Continents fit together like a puzzle, and explain that the continents were at one point, one landmass. In this era the Negroid ZDV DEOH WR URDP IUHHO\ DQG HVWDEOLVK VHWWOHPHQWV DQG WUDGH WKURXJKRXW WKH ÂłZRUOGÂ´ 7KHVH wooly-haired dark skinned people were the original inhabitants of the Americas. " "" The obvious question rises as to how the Negroid arrived in America. There were two ways that the Melanin Man arrived in the Americas. The first of which was mentioned earlier in regards to the Olmecs (Negroid) walked to America (when it was one mass of land connected to Africa. The second way Afrikans arrived in the Americas was by ship. This was the case of A bu Bakari I I RI 0DOL $IULFD ,Q WKH WLPHV EHIRUH WKH LQYHQWLRQ RI WKH VDLO Âł$IULFDQÂ´ navigators learned the routes of currents and tides of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The G uinea C ur rent and the C anary C ur rents are the two main currents that flow from Africa to 84 America. The Canary Current flows southward form the African coast to C ape Blanc or C ape Verde depending on the season. And the Guinea Current flows eastward from the Guinea Coast, which cycles out and to the sea joining the South Equatorial Current. In efforts to escape from the racism and strict opposition of Muhammadism to African Culture, and denial of truth, Abu Bakari II left the kingdom of Mali. In efforts to link to his family Abu Bakari II set off on a trek to the Americas. The Malian empire was vast spanning from Morocco, Libya, and Tunis. Bakari set sail to America with half of his riches and history of his Empire after making his EURWKHU0DQVDÂł.DQ.DQÂ´0XVDNLQJEHIRUHGHSDUWLQJLQ$'8VLQJWKH$QFLHQW$IULFDQ practice of the talking drum was utilized to communicate with his fleet, Abu Bakari arrived in precisely six cycles after the disappearance of Quetzalcoatl by way of the sea from among the Toltecs in 999 A.D., therefore his was mistakenly thought to be Quetzalcoatl by the Aztecs. The rain god and wind god aspects of Quetzalcoatl fit with the black skin of Bakari. In the Aztec culture a cycle denotes 52 years of the Gregorian calendar. After the departure of his brother Mansa Musa left to find Abu Bakari never to return again. " The worship of black gods was a common occurrence in Pre-Columbian art and culture, as illustrated in the book T hey C ame Before Columbus, which states: Âł7KHUH PD\ EH VRPH VW\OLVWLF GLVWRUWLRQ LQ WKH 1HJURLG +HDG IURP WKH 0DQGLQJR FRQWDFW period in plate 6 (bottom row). The chin huts out with an exaggerated and primitive. Strangely enough, it was regarded by the American Indians as a sacred face. If was venerated later by the Aztecs, simply because it was black, as their god Tezcatlipoca. Black gods and gods with Negroid features (for the word black is sometimes used to describe 1HJURLGIHDWXUHV IRURWKHUVLWÂśVVRPHWLPHVMXVWDFHUHPRQLDOFRORU PD\EHIRXQGDPRQJWKH American Indians. Another black god is the god of jewelers, Naualpilli. The Negroid features of this god were sculpted in green stone by the Mexicans, while his kinky hair was cast in pure gold. There is also the god of traveling merchant, of whom we shall later speak, EkChu-$KZKRHQWHUV0D\DQP\WKRORJ\LQWKHZDNHRI0DQGLQJRÂ´ There are a lot of commonalities shared by the Mandingo Malians and the medieval Mexicans; for instance, the plumed serpent motif of ancient Mexico and the feathered serpent of mediaeval Mali. The Dasiri of Bombara is the Malian equivalent of Quetzalcoatl of Mexican lore. Dasiri (protector of the village whose sacred animal is the snake) is of the Mandingo from which Abu Bakari II was a member; both the feast of Dasiri and the Quetzalcoatl Ceremony take place in the beginning of the year. Archeologists have discovered that the colossal bay salt heads were crafted by the Olmecs (Negroid). Originally discovered in 1836 A.D. and rediscovered in 1938 A.D. by Dr. Matthew Sterling outside the city of Tres Zapotes in the jungles of the Gulf of Mexico. These humongous statues astounded the Archeologist and continue to be the center of fascination for many today. The size and skill displayed in conjunction with the obvious African features of the 20 ton, 7-8 foot statues was truly baffling to the Archeologist. Even more confusing was the fact that ancient people without the use of modern technology or the wheel were able to move this gigantic stone. The boulders were moved from the bottom of Mount Tuxtla where it was 85 taken over a thirty feet deep gorge to the site of these monuments today. Could it be that these ancients new the same knowledge used by the ancient Egyptians in the engineering of the great Pyramids in Giza and the Nubia? You better believe it! As stated previously the original inhabitants of the Americas were Negroid and also the dynasties that ruled Egypt prior to the Hyksos Dynasty were Negroid as well. Even the headgear worn by the Olmec statues appears to be the same headwear worn by the Egyptian Nubian army in the period of the Pharaoh Rameses, and the first 1000 years B.C. Additional evidence can be found on the walls of Mount Alban where engravings of the dancers or death figures, which show a striking resemblance to the Sphinx of Egypt and also the deity Ra in bird form. 7KHQDPH2OPHFV PHDQLQJ³SHRSOe of the rubber land) was given by their descendants the Aztec. This name was given because the Olmec uprooted rubber trees (called Cau-Uchu PHDQLQJ ³ZHHSLQJ ZRRG´ E\ 2OPHFV DQG SODQWHG WKHP LQ WKH $PHULFDV The Negroid later becoming known as the Olmec, and when the Europeans came to the Americas they witnessed natives playing with large rubber balls extracted form the rubber trees. Prior to the Columbian era the cultivation of rubber fluid was customary during the Olmecian period. While these facts are clear and the evidence of Africans being the first inhabitants of the Americas is known in some intellectual circles, archeologist keep the secrets of history under lock and key buried away from the public. These truths would undo centuries of deprogramming of the Melanin Rich occupants of America, while stealing their historical global achievements and claiming all of their worldly and intellectual possessions by brute force and trickery. That is why they laugh when you state that the Negroid was the original occupant of the Americas. Because their acknowledgement of that means that you fall into the indigenous category and fall out of the jurisdiction of the corporation (government) that FRQTXHUHGWKHODQGVRI\RXUSHRSOH:KDW¶VZRUVe is that they will no longer own you as chattel (property) and you become autonomous, sovereign or self-governing. And quite frankly after they have reprogrammed you and raped, tortured, and killed your ancestors they fear what you PD\GRLI\RXDUH³IUHH´IURPKLVKROG KHIHDUV\RXDUHOLNHKLPDQGZLOOVHHNWRGHVWUR\KLP Our peaceful nature as a people is what he is not taking into consideration. If the shoe was on the other foot he would not be satisfied until every black soul was buried six feet under the dirt. The Melanin Man wants freedom and harmony and not to fulfill some sick fantasy of world control that is passed down from generation to generation which you see today in the world society by the Illuminati and their minions. It is for this reason that his-storytellers (historians) will tell you that the origin of the Olmec is not certain. They will even say that they may have been Chinese immigrants that crossed the Bering Strait. They known that those colossal monuments that still sit there today share the gene traits (large lips and nose) of the African (Ugandan) and will even say they were Negroid like because of jagged and faulty tools (despite fine details on the headgear and eyes), they will say anything except the obvious truth staring at them in those statues, because of what LW ZLOO PHDQ IRU WKH ³KLVWRU\´ WKH\ FUDIWHG 7KH $IULFDQ 0DQ ZDV QRW LQWURGXFHG WR $PHULFD 86 during the slave trade, for they were always here as natives (Native Americans). As the Olmecs we built the bay salt head statues and as the Washitaw Mound Builders we built huge monumental mounds in America to mark our presence. During slavery times you had free EODFNV DOVR FDOOHG IUHHPHQ WKDW DUH SURSHUO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV 0X¶XUV 0RRUV 7KH\ ZHUH WKH product of the Negroid link in the Americas, and some became indentured servants. 8SRQ WKH DUULYDO RI WKH (XURSHDQ WKHVH 0X¶XUV ZHUH HQVODYHG 7KH\ KDG HVWDEOLVKHG prosperous communities with schools, government, agricultural centers, social systems, and granaries established. This bring in the question of the origins of the American Indian also called the Red Man, and where the fit in the picture. The American Indian (Red Man) is a product of the mixture of two races the Negroid (Olmec) and the Mongoloid (Chinese). It is also a contested fact that the original people of Asia are of African descent. They can be found in the first Chinese dynasty (Shang Dynasty). During the 4th century a Buddhist monk named Hsu Shen lead some of these descendants to the shore of what is now known as California. Hsu Shen and his followers set sail and arrived on American shore in 459 A.D. They lived amongst the Olmecs (pure blood, Negroid) and gave rise to what is known today as the American Indian (full blood, Red Man). The Olmecs gave them the area known as South America then called Amexem, which stems from the word Hexian which stems from Hsu Shen of Ho Shen which incidentally is the name of Mexico. The Northern Olmecian region became known as Atlan. Since they were seen as part of the same family link their children were permitted to mix in with the Olmecs. This mixture resulted in the creation of what in known as the American Indian. The epicanthic fold in the eyes of the RULJLQDO$PHULFDQ,QGLDQVLVDUHVXOWLQWKHIHDWXUHIDOVHO\FDOOHG³VODQWHG´H\HV7KLVHSLFDQWKLF fold is a trait original to the Mongoloid genetics. The American Indian also inherited the shovel teeth and hollow strait hair from the Mongoloid gene. The American Indian (product of Negroid and Mongoloid mixing) is today referred to accurately as full blood. Those that are paler than normal are a result of the years of European occupation and they are called mixed blood. They purposely tied into our genetic vine to infiltrate and control us from within. They married in to the tribes to disrupt the structure of it. When Europeans saw that most North American Tribes were rule by a gynecocracy or matrilineal government, which is a government ruled by women, they falsely thought that a society governed by women was weak. The European view of the women was that they were weak, spoiled creatures that need protection, and this was a wrong image to project on the American Tribes. Nations like the Iroquois, Washitaw, Hopi, Navaho Crow, Pomo, Kiowa and Turok were ruled by women. The Native Americans acknowledged that strong women build a strong nation. The European Christian influenced outlook on the creation of woman coming IURPPDQ¶VULEPDGHLWLPSRVVLEOHIRUWKHPWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZDQ\SHRSOHFRXOGVXUUHQGHUWKHLU power to a woman. When they saw women ruling over governments when they arrived the Europeans sought to change this structure. This infiltration was seen in a project where Cherokee young men were sent to Europe to learn the British ways of life. These young men were then returned to the Cherokee nation which included North Carolina, Mississippi, and 87 Georgia, to establish male dominance amongst their people and eradicate the traditional governmental structure. While some genuine meaningful relationships were established between Europeans and Native Americans, in many cases these unions were arranged as gestures of peace. It was FRPPRQIRUD&KLHIWRJLYHKLVGDXJKWHUÂśVKDQGLQPDUULDJHDVDVLJQRIKDUPRQ\DQGJRRGZLOO a way to welcome into the family. The natives were very selfless and giving during the European Colonization. It must be stressed that there have been many in our midst ( Native Americans, American ,QGLDQV ZKRDUHZKDWLVFDOOHGÂłPL[HGEORRGÂ´DQGLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKLVLVQRWPHDQWWREH a divisive lesson but one of unity and inclusion of the Melanin Man (Black) in his rightful place in the history of the Americas. We must never treat any of our brothers and sisters any differently, no matter how dark or light their skin may be. The right or Native Americans and American Indians as indigenous people do not lie in our genealogy but rather in our dedication to our culture and the maintenance of our traditions and lands. 88 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!6-6&((+8!'0&!0/!7#,!5011(9!"(6#)(!>F?4G! Universal Zulu Nation & Universal Zulu Kemetic Moors Presents: The Aboriginal Indigenous Conference of the Americas T aj T arik Bey of the Moors O rder of T H E Roundtable in Association with R. V. Bey Publications Answers 51 Questions for 7KH8QLYHUVDO=XOX1DWLRQÂśVAboriginal Indigenous Conference W hat Were You Called Before 1492? Contained herein are answers to the 51 questions, asked of the Universal Zulu Nation, in search of answers. We attended the Conference in October 2008, and thought the questions were worthy of answering, and publishing for the benefit of all who were interested. The cover letter below was written by King Yoda, of the Universal Zulu Nation, as a call to all Aboriginal and Indigenous People, to all Preachers, Imams, Rabbis, Teachers, Students, and other Community /HDGHUVÂľVR-FDOOHGÂś5HOLJLRXV/HDGHUVDQG&RPPXQLW\$FWLYLVWV The answers provided within, have been carefully researched by Taj Tarik Bey. Acceptance of them is a matter of study to prove them right, or prove them wrong. The Truth is the light; the light brings you to the dawning of your awareness; your awareness sets you free. Many shall go to and fro in the earth, seeking knowledge and knowledge shall increase. Peace and Love Forever Moor, Sister Rahsmariah V. Bey, Publisher R.V. Bey Publications. 89 /HWWHUIURPµ.LQJ<RGD¶LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHSXUSRVHRIWKH&RQIHUHQFH T O A L L A B O R I G I N A L A N D I N D I G E N O US P E O P L ES ON THIS PLANET, SO CALLED EARTH, WHAT WAS YOUR PEDIGREE, INHERITED NAME BEFORE THE YEAR 1492, WHEN COLUMBUS SAILED THE OCEAN BLUE, AND TOOK YOUR IDENTITIES, AND ROBBED YOU? ALL YOU BROTHERS AND SISTERS WITH HUE WERE HERE UNITED; SO-CALLED BLACK, SO-CALLED BROWN, AND SO-CALLED RED MEN AND WOMEN. THEN HERE COMES COLUMBUS, AND WHAT ARE YOU NOW? WHAT IS YOUR NATIONALITY? WHAT IS YOUR BIRTHRIGHT? WHY IS THERE SUCH A SEPARATION BETWEEN SO-CALLED BLACK AND SO-CALLED BROWN? TO FIND OUT THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS, TO FIND OUT ABOUT YOURSELF, COME TO THE ANNUAL UNIFICATION 0((7,1* $7 µ7+( 1$7,21$/%/$&.7+($75(¶,1+$5/(021 /08, 10/10/08 AND 10/11/08. L E A R N A B O U T Y O U R T R U E SE L V ES. STOP BEING HOODWINKED AND BAMBOOZLED BY THE LIES AND DECEITS. WE ARE NOT A SEPARATE PEOPLE!!! NOW IS THE TIME TO COME TOGETHER AND REUNITE!!! COME ON DOWN AND HEAR SOME POWERFUL BROTHERS AND SISTERS DROP KNOWLEDGE ON BIRTH-RIGHTS, NATIONALITY, AND MUCH MORE! T H IS IS A B O U T U N I T Y I N T H E C O M M U N I T Y!!! THIS IS A CALL OUT TO ALL PREACHERS, IMAMS, RABBIS, AND OTHER SO-CALLED RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THIS IS A CALL OUT TO ALL TEACHERS, STUDENTS, AND OTHER COMMUNITY LEADERS. WE HAVE WASTED TOO MUCH TIME ON NONSENSE! IT'S TIME TO STOP HATING OURSELVES AND EACH OTHER. WE HAVE TO COME TOGETHER SO-CALLED BLACK, SO-CALLED BROWN, YELLOW, AND RED PEOPLE. ITS TIME TO RECONNECT AND REBUILD. LIKE THE GREAT SLY STONE TOLD US A LONG TIME AGO: " I T'S A F A M I L Y A F F A I R " A N D N O W I T'S T I M E T O " ST A N D!! " KING YODA, U N I V E RSA L Z U L U N A T I O N THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY D A T E : 10/09/08 10/10/08 AND 10/11/08 P L A C E: NATIONAL BLACK THEATRE 125TH ST. AND 5TH AVE. HARLEM, NEW YORK, T I M E : 6:00 PM - UNTIL P E A C E , U N I T Y, L O V E , H A V I N G F U N, O V E R C O M I N G N E G A T I V ES T O P OSI T I V ES!!!!! 90 Q U EST I O NS A N D A NSW E RS 1. W hat were we called before 1492? A nswer: 7KHÂśQDWXUDOSHRSOHÂśZKRDUHWKH)RXQGHUVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQDQGWKH0RWKHUV and F athers of the Human F amily, were called Moors / Muurs / Mu / Maure / Maurus / More / Moorens / Moroccan / Al Moroccans, etc. These are some of the dialectical pronunciations, according to varied languages, such as, Moorish Latin, Middle English, Germanic, F rench, Greek, etc. 2. W ho is the O riginal M an and Woman? A nswer: The Ancient Moabites / Muurs / Moors; the Asiatics- someti mes referred to as, Mu, Lemurians; and in latter history, Canaanites / Africans. 3. W ho is M an and who is M ankind (kind of M an) A nswer: Man is a na me that designates the human species, (Hominidae) Woman and her VRQV 0DQNLQG LV UHIHUHQFH WR ÂľPRGHUQÂ˛PDQÂś - the Hybrid / Ibrida (Amalga mated Moors), known as, Paleolithic Man, Neanderthal, Troglodyte Niger, Engla-Man, Albion, or European. 4. A re W e A ll A mericans? A nswer: Assuming this question is directed to the dark olive Asiatic Aboriginals of the Land, the response is that the Moors are the true possessors of the present Moroccan E mpire, ZKLFKVSDQVIURPÂľ7DPDULÂś QRZFDOOHG$IULFD Hven across the great Atlantis; and includes, Northwest, Central, and Southwest Amexem, and the Atlantis Islands. These geographical areas are now called, America; North, Central, South, and the adjoining Islands. 5. W ho is this man A merigo Vespucci, that E uropeans claim A merica was name after? A nswer: Amerigos Vespucius was a European of Italus (Italian) descent; and a neophyte explorer who sailed from the Moorish city of Khadiz (Cadiz), to learn of the latitudinal and longitudinal imaginary gridline used by the Moors for navigating the Earth. Particularly using the Sextant to measure one heavenly body in relation to another, against the horizon, for deter mining longitude and latitude positions while at sea or on the oceans. 6. W hat is this name A mexum that T he Moors claim the A mericas was called? A nswer: Amexem is the ancient na me of the lands known as, Africa. Including North, Central, and South America. 91 7. W ho is C hristopher Columbus and if he is the O ne who Discovered A merica, then why was this continent not named after H im? A nswer: Chritofero Columbo was a European Inquisitionist and Sadist, whose actual mission was theft and murder by genocide; initiated for Christendom, against the Aboriginal Moabite / Moorish tribes of the Western Hemisphere. The continent was not named after Columbo because he didn't discovery America. Ameru / America / Amexem already had its name and it was already a highly cultured and thriving Civilization. 8. W ho are the Native A mericans? A nswer: Âľ1DWLYH $PHULFDQÂś LV DQRWKHU contemporary sociology ter m or disassociation conquest-tag - an invented construct of European conquerors. It, like many other misnomers and tags, is not a national identity of the Aboriginals, but is a political statusÂ˛class designation, designed to expand upon social and political divisions, displacement, and confusion amongst the Aboriginal Moors of the Americas. 9. A re W e Black, B rown, Red, Yellow, W hite People? A nswer: No, we Asiatics are not Black, Brown, Red, Yellow, Orange, Light-skinned black, Purple, Plaid, or Green people, etc. The Human F amily (collectively) is identified and known E\ Âľ1DWLRQDOLWLHVÂś DQG SHGLJUHH QDPHV - not by crayon colors. This deep sign of mental LJQRUDQFHZDVSURPRWHGE\,QTXLVLWLRQLVWÂśVWRGHQDWLRQDOL]HWKHULJKWIXO Heirs and Inheritors of the Land (America / Al Moroc). However, the Europeans were calling WKHPVHOYHV Âľ5HG 0HQÂś SULRUWRWKHSROLWLFDODGDSWDWLRQRIWKHSROLWLFDOVWDWXVÂľ:KLWH 0HQÂśLQWKHÂą63. This caste adaptation was initiated by Horace Greeley, a newspaper tycoon from New York. He influenced WKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHÂľ:KLJJDPRUH :KLJV 3DUW\ÂśLQWRWKHÂľ5HSXEOLFDQ3DUW\ÂśGXULQJWKH establishment of the Knights of Columbus and Ku Klux Klan Oath of 1854 to 1863, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Chicago, Illinois, United States of North America. It must be further understood that the WHUP Âł)UHH :KLWH 3HRSOHÂ´ LV D VRFLDO FDVWH DSSHOODWLRQ LQ Jurisprudence, and has nothing to do with complexion of skin. 10. W hat is the difference between H umans and H ue-mans? A nswer: Human is the specie, (Hominidae / Man). Hue-man is a sociological fad word, used to designate, or refer to, the natural peoples of the planet, who naturally, and obviously have, by nature, life-IRUFHÂľPHODQLQÂśLQWKHLUVNLQ 11. W ho are the real Indians? T he so called Indians of the A mericas or the Indians from India? A nswer: Indian, as propagated by European conquerors of the western hemisphere, is a myth. America is not India, and the Aboriginals are not Indians. However, Europeans have called the Moors of the Western Hemisphere, Indians, because they (being influenced by 92 Christophero Columbo) thought they had first arrived at Hindustan, Asia, just below China. The Aboriginal, Natural People and their culture were falsely designated as, Indian; although the Europeans knew that we were not Indians. Sometimes the Europeans would designate the 0RRUVDVÂľ:HVWÂ˛,QGLDQVÂś 12. W ho are the real L atinos? T he Spanish speaking Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Mexicans, Salvadorians, B razilians, South A mericans etc., or the L atinos from Spain, Portugal, F rance, Italy, G ermany etc.? A nswer: Latin is a language and not a people. Latino is another pseudo-identity construct of European Sociologists. Designated for the purpose of promoting divisions among the natural peoples. Puerto Ricans (Boringuen), Dominicans, Haitians, Mexicans, El Salvadorians, Brazilians, and other true South Americans are all MoorsÂ˛ descendants of the Ancient Moabites. 13. W hat people stole all your nationalities and Birthrights? A nswer: The Dutch Master Colonists coined the tags and brands, Negro, Black, Colored, etc., to break the linear history of the Aboriginal Moors of Northwest Africa / North America. This is a mental Â˛warfare tactic, used to disconnect the natural people from the illustrious history of their Fore-F athers, and from the Land. 14. W ho are T he M O O RS,(M U U RS) and what is their H istory to so called L atinos, Black, Native A merican People and T he World? A nswer: Muur / Moor is the true consanguine pedigree of the natural people. The other words, such as, Latinos, Blacks, Native Americans, etc., are misnomers, tags and brands; having nothing to do with the true national names of the people of the earth. The Moors ruled the world and the seven seas for over eleven hundred, ninetyÂ˛six years straight, until falling DQGEHLQJRFFXSLHGE\WKH'XWFK(XURSHDQ,QTXLVLWLRQLVWÂśV and Colonists. 15. W here did the so called Indians (Red M an and Woman come from? A nswer: The so-called Indians are mixed Moors, of Chinese and Moabite inter mixing. Âľ5HG 0DQÂś Ls a designation originating with Europeans, and was commonly used until the mid ÂśV 16. W ho are the O lmecs and what is their relationship to the M ayans, A ztecs and all A mericans? A nswer: Ol mecs, Mayans, and Aztecs, etc., are all Aboriginal and Indigenous natural SHRSOHV RI WKH Âľ1DKXDWLDQÂś PL[HG WULEHV RI $QFLHQW 0RDELWHV 0RRUV ZKR IRXQGHG Mehicu 0H[LFR 7KLVLVGHULYHGIURPWKH2OG0RRULVK/DWLQZRUGÂľPL[WLFLXVÂśZKLFK PHDQVÂłWRPL[Â´ 93 17. A re all H umans from all-Nationalities, races all from A frica? A nswer: Africa is a modern na me of Amexem. The Ancient Moabites are the Mothers and F athers of the Human F amily. The expanded national descendants of the Ancient Ones are therefore, obvious; whether thorough-blood or mixed. The Human F amily origin is from the Moabite Woman. 18. W hy do these specific A fricans called Z ulus, Dogons, K emetians (Egyptians) claim A frica as their T hrone but claim to come from Space like M ars and Sirus A and B? A nswer: The Ancient Natural Peoples of Amexem, inclusive of Ka maat, etc., are all of one family (expanded). Travel in the extra-terrestrial planetary system is not new to Moors, nor is space travel a modern technological discipline. It is Ancient among Ancients! We are the RZQHUVDQGHVWDEOLVKHUVRI&LYLOL]DWLRQRQWKH(DUWKÂľ6 tore-KRXVHÂśRI this Solar System. Much of our knowledge and history was lost. But we were not always only on the Earth. 19. W ho built all T he Pyramids all over E arth? A nswer: Our Ancient Mothers and F ather built the Pyra mids all over the planet Earth. Some of the Pyramids in Central America are older than the Pyramids in Kamaat. Pyramid University, located in the Yucatan, Mehicu is over 24,000 years old, as an example. 20. W hy all civilizations are based off of K emet (Egypt)? A nswer: Most of the modern or contemporary Civilizations are based more or less upon Ancient Sumer / Babylonia. Kamaat (mis-called Egypt) is modern and also derivative of Ancient Sumer / Babylonia Cosmology Culture. 21. W ho are the Egyptians, A tlantians, L emurians and what do they all have to do with C ivilization today? A nswer: We are one and the sa me natural peoples, having expanded upon the face of the planet, Earth. The variations of names has more to do with social / political jurisdictions, involving geographical movements and locations, which were, and are, given names. 22. W hat is a Negro, Colored M an and Woman? A nswer: 7KHVH QDPHV DUH ÂľEUDQGVÂś DQG ÂľWDJVÂś FRLQHG IRU LJQRPLQLRXV VRFLDO ÂľVWDWXVÂś in VRFLHW\ 7KH\ DUH SROLWLFDO Âľ&DVWHÂś GHVLJQDWLRQV DQG QRW QDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV 1HJUR LV an $QWKURSRLG$SHÂľ&RORUHGÂśLVDOHJDOWHUPPHDQLQJÂľ$UWLILFHIDNHFRYHUHGXSDUWLILFLDO and IUDXGÂś 94 23. Is L atino a race and why do L atinos think they are not of Black or W hite People or that they are B rown People or Spanish but not A frican or Moors? A nswer: /DWLQ LV QRW D ÂľUDFHÂś EXW LV D ODQJXDJHÂ˛originally, Moorish Latin. Black and :KLWHLQ6RFLRORJ\DUHÂľ&DVWHÂśWHUPV7KH$ERULJLQDODQGPL[HG0RRUVRI&HQWUDO America, 6RXWK $PHULFD DQG WKH DGMRLQLQJ ,VODQGV ZHUH VXEMHFWHG WR ÂľQRP -de-JXHUUHÂś war strategies and mental disassociation, by the European Conquistadors, just as the Aboriginal Moors of the North were branded black, negro and colored. In the year, 1511, Phillip II, E mperor of Rome, declared all that is Moorish shall be claimed by the Church! Thus, the language, Moorish Latin, beca me falsely known as, Spanish. Truth be told, there is no such thing as Spanish being a language. This documented Roman &DWKROLF&KXUFKÂľ(GLFW%XOORIÂśLVDOVRZK\PDQ\ of the American (Al Moroccan) descendants of Moors (mixed and others) were falsely called 6SDQLVK7KLVÂľQRP-GHJXHUUHÂś practice is an act of conquest Â˛not of pedigree truth. 24. W ere all H umans slaves to other H umans some time in H istory? A nswer: 7KHZRUGÂľ6ODYHÂśLVPRGHUQLQRULJLQKDYLQJQRDQ cient history on the planet. It is derived from the word, Slovene and Slovak. This refers to the European members of the SerboCroatian group of Slavonic peoples. However, contemporary Sociologists have layered the natal identity word with social / political connotative meanings. The contemporary word, ÂľVODYHÂśKDVEHHQSODFHGUHWURDFWLYHO\LQKLVWRU\DQGDVVLJQHG to those held to forced servitude. Yet, it must be noted that this word is not ancient! 25. W ho are the Real E uropeans and where did they come from? A nswer: Europeans are Paleolithic / modern man -Âľ+\EULGVÂśRUÂľ$QGURLGVÂś7KHLU origin is WKH Âľ+HWHURJHQHRXV PDQLIHVWÂś RI WKH Âľ7URJORG\WH 1LJHU $QWKURSRLGÂś FURVV-bred with the Âľ+XPDQÂś VSHFLH 7KLV SHUIHFWHG ELRORJLFDO H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ PDQLIHVWHG DV Âľ7KH Paleolithic 0DQÂś 3DOH-face), or Neanderthal. 26. W ho first started Religion and why is it needed today? A nswer: 7KH $QFLHQW 0RDELWHV IRXQGHG WKH ZRUOGÂśV ILUVW UHOLJLRQ 7KH WUXH HW\PRORJLFDO PHDQLQJRIÂľ5HOLJLRQÂśLVÂľDVWXG\RIWKH6WDUVDQGWKHZRUNLQJVRI1DWXUHÂś7KH masses of the world (miseducated by European conquerors) do not know of the original meaning of Religion. Selfish and wicked rulers and High Priests have traditionally suppressed the truth, in order to amass wealth, political power, and to subdue and conquer the world. These truths about religion are held secret, and taught in Secret Societies of North America and the world. The power of knowledge has been preserved for the Elite Caste, Industrialists, and Rulers of Government. Another term for this Religious / Cosmo knowledge and Anthropological secrecy is called, Masonry. 95 27. W hat is the oldest religious so called Holy Book on T his planet and is it T he Holy Bible, the G lorious Q ur'an, Vedas, the Book Coming Forth By Day or some other older religious Book? A nswer: It must be understood that so-FDOOHG UHOLJLRXV Âľ+RO\ %RRNVÂś DUH DOO FRGHG Astrology Texts. They are, for the most part, mathematical calculations of Human evolution, chronology and prophecy. Among the books mentioned in this TXHVWLRQ Âł7KH BookÂ˛ Coming )RUWK %\ 'D\Â´ LV GHULYHG IURP HYHQ ROGHU 6XPHULDQ FXOWXUH DQG WH[WV The Vedas are next, displaying more openly, the philosophical and Astrological culture of the Ancient Ones. Much RI WKLV PDQLIHVWHG GXULQJ WKH Âľ0DXU\DQ '\QDVW\Âś in ancient Hindustan and Sumeria / Babylonia. Yet, all of these Holy Books have a symbiotic relationship. 7KH ZRUG Âľ+RO\Âś LV GHULYHG IURP WKH $QFLHQW 6DQVNULW ZRUG Âľ haligÂś PHDQLQJ Âľ+H EXUQVÂś Âľ7KH 6XQÂś DQG Âľ7KH :KROHÂśRU+ROLVWLF 28. W hat are E xtrater restrials, A liens, Space C reatures and what do they have to do with H uman Beings? A nswer: Much that is considered extra-terrestrial is actually not! All phenomena and advanced things are just not exposed to the masses, nor admitted to by Inquisition Rulers. Space travel is ancient. And interfacings with Beings from other planets are also ancient to Moabites. We have never been alone nor static in this Solar System nor in this Galaxy. 29. W hat are U F Os and are they from Space or Subter ranean- Worlds within our E arth? A nswer: U F O means unidentified flying object. This si mply implies that officials are not admitting to the public, the truth of what is known of these interstellar Craft and Devonia. These Crafts and Devonia are from the subterranean realms and from other planets and galaxies! 30. W hy do all A boriginals Indigenous People all have stories in their history dealing with beings from other worlds? A nswer: Refer to answers to questions, 28 and 29. 31. W ho is G eorge W ashington and was he the 1st President of T he United States? A nswer: George Washington was an Englishman and was appointed as the ninth (9th) President for the United States Republic of North America, in the year 1789. 32. W ho is John H anson and was he the 1st President of T he United States? A nswer: John Hanson was elected the first (1st) President for the United States Republic of North America, in the year 1781. 96 33. W as John H anson a Moor? A nswer: Many have said that John Hanson was a thorough-blood Moor (Moabite / Muur). Others have said that he was an Amalgamated Moor (European / Albion). 34. W hat does the I roquois Constitution have to do with the United States Constitution? A nswer: Keep in mind that the Irinakoiw (Iroquois) comprises a Confederation Body Politic of Moorish Tribes of the Northwest Territories, comprised of the Noble Titles, (Ali, Bey, El, Dey, and Al) of the Noble Moors. Irinakoiw is not a single Aboriginal 7ULEHDQGPHDQVÂľ7KH 5HDO$GGHUVÂś&RQFHUQLQJWKHGHULYDWLYHFRQWHPSRUDU\8QLRQ The Articles of Association; The Articles of Confederation; The Declaration of Independence; and the Constitution for the United States Republic of North America (1789) has its origin from Ancient Moorish &RQVWLWXWLRQ3ULQFLSOHVDQGGHULYHGIURPÂľ7KH/DZ RIWKHUHDW3HDFHÂś7KLVVRFLDO / political History and Law connection is also why the DQFLHQWÂľUHDW6HDO3\UDPLGÂśLVGLVSOD\HGXSRQWKH back of the Dollar Bill. The Great 6HDO3\UDPLGLVWKHÂľ,QVLJQLDÂśRIWKH0RRULVK1DWLRQ- The Moroccan E mpire. In many of the Long Houses of the Irinakoiw, the Europeans were taught Masonry, which is Âł6FLHQWLILF0RUDORYHUQPHQWÂ´ 35. W hat is the oldest L anguage on E arth? A nswer: The oldest language known on Earth is Classical S anskrit (S a mskrita) which fostered the modern science of Descriptive Linguistics or Etymology. The multiple Âľ3UDNULWÂś dialects are found prevalent in the Ancient Maurian Dynasty of Old Perot (Hindustan), including many geographical areas having Sumerian influence. These ancient natural peoples are Moors. 36. W as so-called W hite people slaves first to Black People (Moors) and when they came fought for their F reedom did W hite people turn around and made slaves of all the so-called Black people or all people and erase most of their story in H istory? A nswer: The Android / Hybrid OffspringRUÂł&KLOGUHQRI<DFXEÂ´- referred to modernly as, -DFRE DUH 3DOHROLWKLF PDQ (XURSHDQV 7KH\ ZHUH ODWHU FDOOHG Âł7KH &KLOGUHQ RI ,VUDHOÂ´ EHFDXVH <DFXEÂśV QDPH ZDV FKDQJHG WR ,VUDHO E\ 0XXU -Lu-Akin-El, the last High Priest Scientist of the Moabite Nation, Ancient Central Africa (Central $PHUX$PHULFD 7KHÂľ+\EULG $QGURLGÂśÂľ&KLOGUHQRI,VUDHOÂśZHUHGHFUHHGWREH slaves of Babylonia Moroccan E mpire for three hundred, sixty years (360), from 836 $0WR $0DQGDEVHQWRIÂľ,VRQRPL5LJKWVÂś by Ha mmurabia Bey, the first Sultan of the Moorish Nation Moroccan E mpire of Ancient Central Africa / Central America. $QGWKLVLVWKHWUXHKLVWRULFDOEDVLVRIWKHÂľ.DUPLFEUHDFKÂś that is the origin or root of the hostile (so-called race-caste politics) of the modern day world. These chronologies (dates) correspond to 1416 and 1776 C.C.Y. Therefore, it is without doubt that the Moors must be told the truth of the Masonic History of themselves. 97 37. How did E urope or E uropeans conquer the World? A nswer: Consider the preceding hidden history, and follow the war records of the world; even up to the Major World War that was considered as the most influential event to propel the Christian World into power. This is not to dispel or to diminish the Crusades or the latter Âľ%DWWOHDWUDQDGD7KHEDWWOHLQTXHVWLRQZDVÂľ7KH%DWWOHRI 7RXUVÂśQHDU3RUWLHUH)UDQFHLQ the year 732. This pivotal battle (sometimes minimized in history) conjoined with apparent divisions and power struggles raging among the ruling Moors, spurred the later successes of Christendom against the Moslem Moors at Cordoba and Granada, Andalusia (Spain), in 1492. This is why the year, 1492 is used by scholars the of the world, to mark the axis year between Ancient History and Modern History - The Old World (The Moslem Moors), and The New World (The Christian European Beginnings as a World Power). 38. W hat happen to all the E mpires like the Romans, T he Moors, T he Persians, T he C hinese, T he Spaniards, T he B ritish etc., and how did they all F all? A nswer: The interesting thing about repeated conquests and colonization a mong the human family is that the ultimate outcome converges into blending and conjoined interests. Thus, the varied shades of skin complexion, and a distortion of World History by way of deletions, name brands, book burnings, and oppression of the defeated Moors. If one does not have a reasonably well-rounded background study in World History, Law, and Linguistics, ignorance sets in. Most of the failures of these former E mpires can be traced to corruption, invasions, FRQTXHVWV DQG YLRODWLRQV PDGH DJDLQVW 1DWXUHÂśV Laws. This self-destructive anomaly (inhumane activities) includes the debilitating practices of Idol-God worship, the suppression of women, Dogmatism, Despotism, and Human Caste Systems. 39. W hat is a Race, and are there 5 Races or just the H uman Race? A nswer: 7KHUH LV EXW RQH Âľ5DFHÂś DQG WKDW LV WKH +XPDQ 5DFH 7KH +XPDQ 5DFH KDV expanded into a multitude of F amilies, which are universally known as, Nations and Nationalities. The 5 Race categories or sub-divisions were contemporarily constructed by European Sociologists and Anthropologists for colonial caste system purposes. Yet all social Scientists and Anthropologists are well aware of the fact that all of these so called races have one human-race originÂ˛Âś7KH 0RDELWH :RPDQÂś ZKR KDV EHHQ VRFLRORJLFDOO\ cast in modern KLVWRU\DVÂł7KH$IULFDQ:RPDQÂ´ 40. W hat is the New World O rder and what was the O ld World O rder? A nswer: The New World Order is the unavoidable acceptance of, and ushering in of, Âľ5LJKW-/DZ0RUDORYHUQPHQWÂśDQGÂľ,VRQRPL3ULQFLSOHVÂśDVZHUHFRGHGDQGHPEHGGHG within the Ancient-derived Constitution for governance of the United States of North America; having its origin from Ancient Moabite / Moorish Cosmology Culture. The Old World Order refers to the High Culture Principles of Moral Government, that fell into the hands of the Peregrinus, conquering Christian Crusaders, and also, spurred by the destabilizing, and excruciating 98 destruction caused by Idol-God worship, the suppression of women, and humanÂ˛caste SUDFWLFHVWKDWGHOXGHWRÂľVODYHU\Âś6LQFHWKHVH violations of Divine Law have not been properly addressed and resolved, the fate of the present-GD\ÂľIDOOÂśRIWKLVFRUUXSWDQGPLVFUHDQWÂľ6RFLDO 2UGHUÂśLVQRZLQLUUHYHUVLEOHHII ect. :KDWLVFRQVLGHUHGÂľ2OGÂśLVRQO\EHLQJUHQHZHGRUÂľERUQ DJDLQÂś. 41. W hat are the 500 Nations of the A mericas before Columbus? A nswer: The so-called 500 Nations in the Americas (North, Central and South) are essentially the expressed and divided tribes of Aboriginal full-bloods, mixed and amalgamated Moabites / Moors / Muurs of Ancient Amexem. These Aboriginal and Indigenous natural peoples maintained a Matriarchal form of Government, and were misnamed as, Indians by Christophero Columbo and other European explorers, who thought these geographical regions were a part of the continent of Asia. 42. W ho is K ing Juba and what is his relationship to the A mericas? A nswer: Juba (Yubah) is a Chieftain or Sheik, known a mongst the defeated Moors of Northwest Africa, who have traditionally been referred to in history as, slaves in North $PHULFD+HZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHÂľRRG-VSHOOÂśV\VWHPRIPDWKHPDWLFDOUK\WKPLF song and dance, used for transmitting messages of military and freedom planning strategies. Other banned forms of communication were veiled within song and dance, and popularized during the mid-1800. This clever system efficiently moved suppressed messages and information among the people, and was later adopted into rhythmic song and dance church culture. Yubah has lost its original form, and is now called, Gospel (Good-Spell). The GoodÂą 6SHOOVZHUHÂľFDOOHGXSRQÂś ÂľLQYRNHGÂś DQG ÂľSRXUHG RXWÂś WR FRXQWHU WKH Âľ%DG-VSHOOVÂś RI WKH VODYH-PDNHUVÂś SURSDJDWHG Christian Dogma, inhumane treatment, and forced servitude. Yubah is also the name of the long, open coat garb which was worn by the Muurs / Moors and other Yehudi and Moslems of the Old World. The celebrative dance and activities that have relationship and origin with the Natural Peoples of the Land (Americas) have EHHQWUDGLWLRQDOO\FDOOHGÂł<XEDOLÂ´ZKLFKLVRIWHQ NQRZQE\WKHPLVSURQRXQFHGZRUGÂľ-XELOHHÂś 43. W ho discovered the A mericas? W as it the A fricans, C hinese, V ikings, Columbus, A merigo Vespucci or was it always here with millions of People already living there? A nswer: The whole scenario and story of the great Columbian Discovery, etc., is a total fraud and myth. Columbo never set foot on the mainland of Northwest Africa / North America. He was deliberately diverted to the Atlantis Islands, by Pedro, the Moor, ZKRZDVWKHÂľFDSWLYHÂś Amir Al (Admiral) and assigned to aid in navigating the Nino. 99 44. Do we H umans come from A pes, F ish, or T he A dam and E ve or E ve then A dam or is it all a Bullshit story and we all came from E xtrater restrials so-called A liens? A nswer: 1R 7KH 2ULJLQDO +XPDQ KDV QR RULJLQ IURP $QWKURSRLGV RU )LVK Âł$GDP and (YHÂ´LVD&RVPR-Prophesy Code for the first-born of the Hybrid Offspring from the ÂłDUGHQRI (GHQÂ´ $QFLHQW &HQWUDO $IULFD &HQWUDO $PHULFDÂ˛Pyra mid University at the Yucatan Peninsula. Adam and Eve were not the first humans. Adam and Eve are the European / 3DOHROLWKLF ÂľJHQHWLFÂś EHJLQQLQJV RU Âł0RGHUQ 0DQÂ´ ZKR DOVR LV NQRZQ DV Âł7KH 7URJORG\WH Niger, and the Cave Man. And yes, some of the scientific technology XVHG LQ WKH Âł,EULGa ([SHULPHQWVÂ´ DW Âł3LHGUDV 1HJUDV <D[FKLODQ 6FLHQWLILF &RPSOH[Â´ was both terrestrial and extraterrestrial. 45. W ho is Q ueen C alifa where C alifornia gets its name from and what is her story to the A mericas? A nswer: Khalifah was a Moabitess / MatriarchÂ˛the Spiritual and Temporal Ruler and LawÂ˛ Giver of the geographical E mpire Territories now known as California and parts of Nevada. California was named for her. The Royal Moorish ruler-ship title, her name relates to Caliphal and Caliph. She also proved to be one of the most ardent Queen Warriors against encroachment by Europeans into the Territories under her rule and protections. She is known to have inflicted many costly victories over European Colonial armies. 46. W hat is a Straw-man versus a Natural Being? A nswer: It must be understood that there are two (2) types of person at Law. One is the Âľ1DWXUDO 3HUVRQÂś ZKLFKLV WKHOLYLQJEUHDWKLQJ WKLQNLQJELRORJLFDOFUHDWLRQEHLQJ born of natural birth, by a living, breathing, thinking, biological, human Mother. The RWKHUÂľ3HUVRQÂśLV DÂľ&RUSRUDWLRQÂśZKLFKLVDÂľ/HJDO)LFWLRQÂśRUÂľ$UWLILFHÂśFUHDWHGE\OHJDO process, the pen, and E\/DZRQSDSHU7KLVLVDÂł0DQÂ˛ofÂ˛6WUDZÂ´RUÂł6WUDZPDQÂ´ A Straw-man is also a weak or imaginary opposition (as an argument or adversary) set up only to be easily refuted; being a ÂľSHUVRQÂś VHW XS WR VHUYH DV D FRYHU IRU XVXDOO\ TXHVWLRQDEOH WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KH Âł6WUDZ-man 3HUVRQÂ´LVZULWWHQLQ$//&$3,7$/ LETTERS. 47. W hy today all A mericans are suffering? A nswer: The true Americans (Al Moroccans) have, and are, suffering for past Kar ma, involving some results of miscalculated aspects of tampering with Nature and 1DWXUHÂśV/DZV The present American state of affairs involves both a dissolution of the past Karmic Debt, (Ibrida Experiments, +DPPXUDELD %H\ÂśV 'HFODUDWLRQ RI JHQHUDWLRQ servitude upon the Âł&KLOGUHQRI,VUDHO <DFXE Â´ DGRSWLQJ,GRO-God Worship; the radical changes caused by the 1HZ $JH $ZDNHQLQJ RI WKH Âł3ULPRJHQLWXUH +HLUV $SSDUHQWÂ´ (Moors), and the ensuing confusion and hatred caused by a lack of knowledge, due WR ,QTXLVLWLRQLVWÂśVÂś SDVW ERRN burnings, mis-education, sociological and political mis-concepts, Misprision, government corruption, Constitutional treason by the monopoly ruling Âľ:KLWH6XSUHPDF\1HWZRUNÂśDQGWKH 100 gradua WLQJ FROODSVH RI WKH Âľ&RORU-of-$XWKRULW\Âś Âľ&RORU-of-/DZÂś $GKHVLRQ-Contract Fraud practices, the fall of pseudo religion; and the accelerated rate and rise of knowledge and intelligence among the once ignorant and suppressed natural peoples of the planet. 48. W hat is T he F all of A merica? A nswer: 5HIHU WR Âľ5HWULEXWLRQ -XVWLFHÂś DQG WKH DQVZHU JLYHQ LQ TXHVWLRQ QXPEHU However, America is not falling. America is the terrestrial Land Â˛being North, Central, South America, and the adjoining IslandsÂ˛Land of the MooUV Âł7KH UHDW )DOOÂ´ LV properly, the GLVVROXWLRQDQGFROODSVHRIWKHFRUUXSWÂł(XURSHDQ+HJHPRQ\RI:KLWH6XSUHPDF\Â´ and of their debased dominance over the Moorish E mpire. In other words, the 0RRUVDUHEHLQJÂľ5HGHHPHGÂś DQGDUHEHFRPLQJDZDUHRIÂł7UXWKÂ´DQGRIWKHLUÂłUHDW /RVW(VWDWHÂ´- End Ga me! 49. W ho are T he F reemasons and what is their H istory to A ll of T he A mericas? A nswer: F reemasonry is a F raternal Order, which is world-wide, and is essentially an institution which preserves key knowledge parts of true Human History, Anthropology, Philosophy, Religion / Cosmology / Metaphysics, Mathematics, Science, Liberal Arts, World History, Spiritual Geometry, Jurisprudence / Law, Moral Government, Astrology, Alchemy, and the Potentate Powers of the Planet, Earth, etc. F reemasonry is Âł0RRULVK6FLHQFHÂ´YHLOHGDQG held secret for the purpose of empowering the few, at the injury, enslavement, and promoted ignorance of the masses. Knowledge is Power, and if the ignorant masses chance to encounter Âľ7UXWKÂśWKH\ZLOOLQdeed, become free! The suppressed Knights Templars, Knights Hospitalers, and the Teutonic Knights, were founded during the Christian Crusades, including most of the European Orders; and were blended into the Masonic Orders of North America during the mid1ÂśVÂ˛ approximately 1859. 50. W ho Rules Planet E arth today or is it really a secret? A nswer: Masons rule the Planet, Earth; now fronted by Patriarchal European Christian &UXVDGHUVRIWKH&KXUFKRI5RPH 5RPDQV ZKLFKPHDQVÂł5HG0HQRIWKH 5RWKVFKLOGÂ´ 5HG Shield) . 51. How do we eat to live? A nd who will survive the coming of H ell on earth from the cleansing of Mother Nature a living God? A nswer: Go back to those knowledge and Culture Principles of your Ancient Fore-Mothers and Fore-F athers, and re-learn those disciplines and earth sciences that comprise Ancient Moabite / Moorish Science and high Culture Cosmology. Within the context of your travels and studies, you will re-OHDUQWKHNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHÂł6DOWVRIWKH (DUWKÂ´\RXURZQFRQVWLWXWLRQ (makeÂ˛up), and what natural foods are good for you, or bad for you. You will learn those things necessary to live a healthy life, or, you may choose to cause injury by violating the body with substances that harm. Within the studies of the oldest science on the planet, involving the PDVWHU VWXGLHV RI WKH Âľ:RUNLQJ RI 1DWXUHÂś FDOOHG $VWURORJ\ \RX ZLOO GLVFRYHU WKH IRRG VWXIIV 101 that apply to your energy, thus you will take action as the original man (so-called Gods) of the earth. The word, God is a contemporary word; is a Verb Transitive, being Germanic in origin; arriving into language in the Medieval Period, about the 5th Century and should not be artificially injected retroactively into Ancient History. The word, god, is an action word, and is not, in its original form, a noun. Thus it is wise to take action as the original man of the earth DQG UHPHPEHU WKDW ÂłPDQ LV PLQG DQG WKHUH QHYHU ZDV D WLPH ZKHQ PDQ ZDV QRWÂ´ <RXU H[LVWHQFHLQWKHÂľJDUERIIOHVKÂśLQWKHUHDOPRIHDUWKUHTXLUHV\RXWRSDUWDNH in the fruits of the earth for sustenance and maintenance of your body, your Temple, while in the physical form. Mother Earth provides for you. Peace, Prosperity, and Progress. Â˛ Brother Taj Tarik Bey Note from Universal Zulu Nation: T hese are just some of the questions to be answered at T his G reat A boriginal / Indigenous Conference that you do not want to miss. So spread the word, and remember to bring your questions to ask all the great panelists that will be speaking at this G reat E vent. B ring out all your family and T eachers, 6WXGHQWV IROORZHUV HWF DQG OHWÂśV JHW GRZQ WR some UHDOVHULRXVTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUV/HWÂśVWU\WREULQJ dignity and unity back to all of our communities. T he L ies must be destroyed, and F actology must Rise over so-called T ruths. 102 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/-C&((+8!"(+H03-+!"0++0!$0! Introduction %DQQD.DÂśV)DPLO\+LVWRU\ As one searches through the pages of Black History, seeking information on blacks who made great contributions to our history, from time to time, one will stumble upon information that does more than educate, but actually enlightens. The TRUE story of Benjamin Banna Ka and his Family History will not only enlighten the reader, but will change our knowledge and perspective on American History and the Foundation of the Federal Government forever. 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKLV PDWHULDO SURYLGHV D FOHDU IRXQGDWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHVÂś principal historical cities and their founding; Philadelphia and Washington D.C. %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV JUDQGPRWKHUÂśV QDPH LV JLYHQ DV 0ROO\ :DOVK %DQQD .DÂśV grandmother, Molly {Pronounced: MAHL-ee} Welsh has been said by many authors, who write about the history of Benjamin Banna Ka, to be white, but we will find that this is incorrect and that the authors who make this claim [that Molly Walsh Banna Ka was white] provide no HYLGHQFH 7KHVH DXWKRUV PDNH WKHLU JXHVV ZRUN EDVHG RQO\ RQ WKH IDFW WKDW %DQQD .DÂśV grandmother was from the Welsh [Wales] province of Britain. History will show us that the Black Moors of Islam had a tremendous impact in Wales and Great Britain during the time that %DQQD.DÂśVJUDQGPRWKHU>0ROO\@ZRXOGKDYHEHHQOLYLQJWKHUH$OVRWKHUHFRUGVRI%DQQD.DÂśV own almanac prove in words that Molly Walsh Banna Ka was a Black African, which at the time proves she was of Moorish lineage. The importance of this history will demonstrate the influence of the Moors in England and America and on the founding of the American Government. Molly Walsh was an indentured servant. After being relieved of her seven [7] year duty of indentured serYLFHLQWKHODWHÂśV0ROO\:DOVKSXUFKDVHGDIDUPDQGODWHUWZRVR-called VODYHVLQWKHODWHÂśV+HUIDUPZDVDORQJWKH3DWDSVFR5LYHUQHDU%DOWLPRUH2QHRIWKHVRFDOOHGVODYHVQDPHGÂľ%DQQDNDÂśZDVVRQRID0RRULVKFKLHIWDLQ0\ER\DZDVWKHQDPHRf the other man that Molly aided to freedom. Molly after freeing both men married Bannaka. Their ILUVWFKLOGÂľ0DU\ÂśZDVERUQDSSUR[LPDWHO\7KH%DQQDNDÂśVKDGWKUHHPRUHGDXJKWHUV Just as her mother had done, Mary Bannaka married a Black Man from Africa, whose original name is unknown. He carried the name Robert. He was allegedly from Guinea and DUULYHGLQ$PHULFDLQ+H>5REHUW@WRRNWKHIDPLO\VXUQDPHÂł%DQQD.DÂ´%HQMDPLQ%DQQD Ka was born on Nov. 9, 1731 as a free black man. His name was later changed to Bannaker, DOOHJHGO\E\4XDNHUVFKRROWHDFKHUV%HQMDPLQÂśVUDQGPRWKHU0ROO\KDGDKXJHLQIOXHQFHRQ KLVOLIHÂł8VLQJWKH%LEOH0ROO\%DQQD.DWDXJKWKHUGDXJKWHU0DU\ VFKLOGUHQWRUHDG Due to their knowledge of Astronomy, farming, irrigation, and herbology, life was good to the Banna Ka family. Young Benjamin learned to play the flute and the violin, and when a Quaker school was opened in Bannaky springs Benjamin attended it during the winter. 103 BANNA KA THE SCIENTIST Benjamin took over the family farm at the age of 15. He devised an irrigation system of ditches and little dams to control the water from the springs (known around as Bannaky Springs) on the family farm. Their tobacco farm flourished even in times of drought. At the age of 22, in 1753, he created the first wooden striking clock in America. %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .D KDG WDNHQ D ZDWFK DSDUW WR VWXG\ LWV ZRUNLQJVÂś %DQQD .D WKHQ FDUYHG similar watch pieces out of wood to make, in 1752, a wooden clock. Due to its precision it struck every hour, on the hour, and continued to do so nearly forty years. The clock brought fame to young Banna Ka. Benjamin Banna Ka began a watch and clock repair business. Although most authors say Benjamin Banna Ka got his first watch from a Josef Levi, there is no historical record of a Josef Levi connected to the watch Banna Ka had in his possession, which he used to design his wooden clock. %HQMDPLQÂśVFORFNODWHULQIOXHQFHGDIDPRXV0DU\ODQGHUWKHLQGXVWULDOLVW-RVHSK(OOLFRWW to build a complex clock. Banna Ka was taught mathematics and astronomy by his grandmother who learned it IURPKLVJUDQGIDWKHU%DQQD.D+HEHFDPHVXFKDQH[SHUWLQWKHVXEMHFWVWKDWÂłKHVXFFHVVIXOO\ predicted the solar eclipse that occurred on April 14, 1789, contradicting the forecasts of SURPLQHQW PDWKHPDWLFLDQV DQG DVWURQRPHUV RI WKH GD\Â´ ,W LV VDLG WKDW RQ PDQ\ QLJKWV KH would wrap himself in a great cloak and lie under a pear tree and meditate on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies. He would remain there throughout the night and take to his bed at dawn. As we shall see, this type of activity that Banna Ka participated in was based on His family lineage and the information and knowledge that was passed down to him. SURVEYING WASHINGTON D.C. As reported in a newspaper called the Georgetown Weekly Ledger March 12, 1791, when Banna Ka was 60 years old, he was appointed, by President George Washington, to a three-man WHDP RI VXUYH\RUV KHDGHG E\ 0DMRU $QGUHZ (OOLFRWW -RVHSK (OOLFRWWÂśV FRXVLQ WR VXUYH\ WKH future District of Columbia. 1791 was a very good year for Benjamin Banna Ka. At the age of 60, he surveyed the boundary for the Federal Territory in what is now Washington DC. Benjamin Banna Ka: surveyed and laid out a 10-mile square area. When the architect initially in charge of the project, Pierre L'Enfant was fired by George Washington due to his alcoholism, poor intellect, and extreme temper, Washington contacted Banna Ka. What Banna Ka did afterwards after it is revealed in this material will go down in history forever. /Âś(QIDQW KDG EHHQ D IULHQG RI WKH IDPRXV HQHUDO /DID\HWWH DQG WKH KLULQJ RI WKH )UHQFKPDQ/Âś(QIDQWRQO\RFFXUUHGEHFDXVHRIKLVIULHQGVKLSZLWKHQHUDO/DID\HWWH2QFHKLV 104 ÂľEDG KDELWVÂś ZHUH GLVFRYHUHG DQG VHHQ DV D GHWULPHQW WR WKH SODQQLQJ RI :DVKLQgton D.C. /Âś(QIDQW ZDV GLVPLVVHG &RQWUDU\ WR SRSXODU WKHRU\ %DQQD .D GLG QRW ZRUN ZLWK / (QIDQW Banna Ka returned home in April 1791. L'Enfant was appointed in March 1791 to a different job and worked it until March 1792. They never met and Bannaker would never have seen / (QIDQW V SODQV%HQMDPLQ %DQQD .D ZDV DEOHWRSODQWKH Âľ&LW\ RI :DVKLQJWRQÂś EDVHG RQDQ ancient astronomical science. The layout of Washington D. C. is and the City of Philadelphia is a master universal clock that accurately demonstrates when the New Year of the Egyptians RFFXUUHG DQG GHWDLOV DQ HYHQW FDOOHG Âľ3ROH 6KLIWÂś 7KDW VDPH \HDU KH DOVR FDOFXODWHG WKH ÂľHSKHPHULVÂśIRUKLVDOPDQDFV- years 1792-1797. Pole Shift will be discussed later in this text. A LETTER TO JEFFERSON: In 1792 Benjamin Banna Ka wrote to Secretary of State of the United States Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of State at the time, was well respected nationally. His activities and words also prove he was a white supremacist and slave owner. He pronounced that Black people were mathematically inferior, in addition to several other inferiorities. Benjamin Banna Ka sent a copy of his almanac along with a twelve page letter to Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson reprimanding him on his character and perspective on Black People. Banna Ka himself knew above all He himself was the witness of the foolishness of the thought in Jefferson of the inferiority of Blacks, as Banna Ka, a Black Man, was primarily responsible for designing the federal city that was WKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHÂľVPDOOZKLWH 1DWLRQÂśFDOOHGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD 7KRPDV-HIIHUVRQÂśVTXRWHDERXWWKHLQIHULRULW\RI%ODFNVLVXVXDOO\DFFXUDWHLQFRQWHQWDV given by most authors, but not in source and time frame [as given by most authors]. -HIIHUVRQÂśV quote on the inferiority of Blacks does not come from the year 1792 when he was Secretary of State. It is a written quote from his "Notes on the State of Virginia" which was published in 1781 and 1782. Specifically the quotes on the alleged inferiority of Blacks can be found in a VHFWLRQFDOOHGÂľ4XHU\ÂśRI-HIIHUVRQÂśVQRWHV7KUHHPDLQSDUWVRIKLVTXRWHVSURYH-HIIHUVRQ was a complete white supremacist despite the fact that He knew a Black Man [Banna Ka] had designed the Federal City because no one else had the mathematical and astronomical knowledge to do so. Here they are, Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous. It would be unfair to follow them to Africa for this investigation. We will consider them here, on the same stage with the whites, and where the facts are not apocryphal on which a judgment is to be formed.3 Jefferson in his own words calls Black People inferior in reason to white people. He states that Black people are dull of imagination, tasteless, and anomalous. 105 The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by everyone, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life.4 Here Jefferson makes the suggestion that race mixing makes Blacks smarter people and that it was not the condition of slavery that impacted the intellectual capacity of Black People. To our reproach it must be said, that though for a century and a half we have had under our eyes the races of black and of red men, they have never yet been viewed by us as subjects of natural history. Advance it therefore as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind5. Jefferson sums up his sick thoughts by stating clearly that he believes his race [white people] to be superior to Black People physically and mentally. Historically there have been statePHQWV PDGH E\ DXWKRUV WKDW %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV IDPRXVÂľOHWWHUWR-HIIHUVRQÂśZDVVSHFLILFDOO\LQUHVSRQVHWRWKHVHTXRWHVIURP-HIIHUVRQ7KLVLV also not correct. Banna Ka's letter was sent in 1791, about 10 years after Jefferson wrote the words that we prHYLRXVO\ FLWLHG ,W LV FOHDU WKRXJK WKDW -HIIHUVRQ PXVW KDYH NHSW WKLV ÂľZKLWH VXSUHPDFLVWÂśSRVWXUHXSSXEOLFO\XQWLOWKHWLPHWKDW%DQQD.DUHVSRQGHGLQ UHSULPDQGLQJ him about his thoughts towards Black People. %HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVOHWWHUSROLWHO\UHIXWHG-HIIHUVRQÂśVSRRUSRVWXUHWRZDUGVKLPVHOIDQG other blacks and spoke on the responsibility of white Americans as a Christian Nation and those seeking freedom of improving the conditions for Black people by abolishing slavery. The letter has continued to remain an important document in Black History. The letter ended with; Âł,VXSSRVHWKDW\RXUNQRZOHGJHRIWKHVLWXDWLRQRIP\EUHWKUHQLVWRRH[WHQVLYHWRQHHGD recital here; neither shall I presume to prescribe methods by which they may be relieved, otherwise than by recommending to you and all others, to wean yourselves from those narrow prejudices which you have imbibed with respect to them, and as Job proposed to his friends, ÂľSXW \RXU VRXO LQ WKHLU VRXOV VWHDG WKXV VKDOO \RXU KHDUWV EH HQODUJHG with kindness and benevolence towards them; and thus shall you need neither the direction of myself or others, in ZKDWPDQQHUWRSURFHHGKHUHLQÂś And now, Sir, although my sympathy and affection for my brethren hath caused my enlargement thus far, I ardently hope, that your candor and generosity will plead with you in my behalf, when I make known to you, that it was not originally my design; but having taken up my pen in order to direct to you, as a present, a copy of an Almanac, which I have calculated for the VXFFHHGLQJ\HDU,ZDVXQH[SHFWHGO\DQGXQDYRLGDEO\OHGWKHUHWRÂ´ Benjamin Banna Ka published a treatise on bees, did a mathematical study on the seventeen-year locust cycle, and became a pamphleteer for the anti-slavery movement. 106 BENJAMIN BANNA KA: The Black Sage! Benjamin Banna Ka is among many people who have had their true histories distorted by ZKLWH KLVWRULDQV RI $PHULFDQ +LVWRU\ +H ZDV FDOOHG ÂľWKH EODFN VDJHÂś HYHQ E\ ZKLWHV RIWKH WLPH %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV LQIOXHQFHRQ WKHEXLOGLQJ Rf the American Nation is tremendous. He has been written off in history as a simple clock maker, and a man with a good memory, however he was much more than that. Our watches prove this fact. First we must make it as clear as possible that Benjamin Banna Ka was black, and as he put it in his RZQZRUGVRIWKHÂľGDUNHVWDQGGHHSHVWG\H In a letter to Thomas Jefferson Banna Ka stated, Âł6LU,IUHHO\DQG&KHDUIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKDW, am of the African race, and, in that colour which is natural to them of the deepest dye; and it is under a Sense of the most profound gratitude to the Supreme 5XOHURIWKHXQLYHUVHÂ´ The only newspaper known to have mentioned %DQQD.DÂśVUDFHZDVWKHHRUJH7RZQ:HHNO\ /HGJHUZKLFKFDOOHGKLPÂľDQ(WKLRSLDQZKRVH abilities as a surveyor and astronomer clearly prove WKDW0U-HIIHUVRQÂśVFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKLVUDFHRIPHQ were void of mental endowments was without IRXQGDWLRQÂ´ 107 MOLLY WALSH BANNA KA %(1$-$0,1%$11$.$ÂśVUDQGPRWKHU 0ROO\:DOVK%HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVgrandmother is said by most authors to have come from the Wessex County province of Wales, thus she carried the name Welsh or Walsh from the area that she lived in. Here is a map of Wales Great Britain and Ireland. Wales [The Welsh Province] is situated to the South West of England. Our point in highlighting this information is to show the geography of the area to support our claim made that Molly Walsh Banna Ka was not white but black and a Black Moor or Muslim. Our first proof comes directly from BenMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVRZQDOPDQDFZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHGLQ LQ Philadelphia. The commentary is a biographical note about Banna Ka from the publisher. It states, Âł%$/7,025($XJXVW Benjamin Bannaker, a free black, is about fifty-nine years of age; he was born in %DOWLPRUH&RXQW\ KLVIDWKHUZDVDQ$IULFDQDQGKLVPRWKHUWKHRIIVSULQJRI$IULFDQSDUHQWVÂ´ Indentured Servant Molly Walsh is said to have been an indentured servant. The histories of most researchers make the conclusion that Molly must have committed some violation of the law that created a VLWXDWLRQRIKHUKDYLQJWRZRUNRIIDGHEWWRVRFLHW\LQRUGHUWRVXSSOHPHQWÂľSXQLVKPHQWÂśIRUKHU FULPH+LVWRU\VKRZVWKDWWKHWLPHSHULRGLQWKHODWHÂśVLQWKHDUHDVRI:DOHVDQG(QJODQG 108 had great impact from the Black Moors of Islam. History also proves that Black People have an ancient presence on this island [See David MacRitchie Ancient & Modern Britons Volume I & II]. For authors to assume that Molly was white because she was from England is incorrect. During the late 1600s the whites of England were not very advanced in their agricultural abilities. Most of the population was still illiterate. Molly proved too be both advanced in agricultural and herbal knowledge as well as a reader. It is interesting that she had no other family with her that is mentioned in history, no mother, no father present, and no brothers or sisters. None are mentioned. The conflicts between the Moors and the white English during this time period and the descriptioQRI0ROO\ÂśVKLVWRU\SURYHFOHDUO\WKDWVKHKDGWREHDEODFNZRPDQ+HUQDPHZDV Molly. Molly was not a common name in England or Europe during the 17th Century. The QDPH 0ROO\ LV VWULNLQJO\ VLPLODU WR WKH QDPHV RI WKH %ODFN 0RRULVK $IULFDQ .LQJV Âľ0XOH\Âś 7KLVWLWOHPHDQWÂľ/RUGRU5XOHUÂś:KLWH,WDOLDQVWRGD\VWLOOXVHWKHÂľZRUGÂśDVDQLQVXOWE\VD\LQJ \RX IÂśLQJ 0XOH\ 7KLV GLVJXVW ZLWK WKDW QDPH LV GXH WR WKH SRZHUIXO %ODFN 0RRULVK $IULFDQ influence [in respect to the religion of Islam] that occurred throughout Europe. This was hated by white European men and they admitted this in their own records. Molly and Muley are the same word. Molly is also striking similar to Mali, an empire of the Black Moors of Islam in Africa. Mali is the empire that the so-called Dogon are in and would have been in during this time period. They were called Mandinke [Mandingo] and were Black Muslims. This is the area ZKHUH0ROO\ÂśVKXVEDQGZDVIURPZKRPVKHSXUFKDVHGJDYHKLPKLVIUHHGRPE\GRLQJVRDQG them married him. In fact, Molly and her daughter by her husband Banna Ka decided to purchase another so-called slave from Africa so that Mary could have a husband from Africa. This man was the father of Benjamin Bannaka So by investigating the facts we can see that Molly had a special affection for Africa. Her name and the general activity of her life demonstrates this, as well as her ability to read, and know agriculture, and herbology,. T he Moors in W ales and E ngland Author Nabil Matar in his book Islam in Great Britain 1558-1685 speaks of the impact of the Black Moors on Great Britain in these words, ÂłThe Turks and Moors of North Africa and the rest of the Ottoman [Musli m] dominions were spreading alarm in England, Wales, and elsewhere in the British Isles, especially a mong ILVKHUPHQ VDLORUV WUDGHUV DQG WKH /HYDQW &RPSDQ\ÂśV UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV LQ 3DUOLDPHQWÂŤ 7KH QHZVDERXWWKH7XUNÂśVLQFXUVLRQVZURWH6LU1LFKRODV6ODQQLQJWR6LU)UDQFLV9DQHLQ6HSWHPEHU ÂłWHUULILHVWKHFRXQWU\Â´7KHUHZDVVRPXFKFRQFHUQDERXWWKH7urkish attacks and about the fate of English captives that in December 1640, a committee for Algiers was appointed by 3DUOLDPHQWZKRVHPDLQWDVNZDVWRRYHUVHHWKHUDQVRPLQJRI(QJOLVK&DSWLYHVÂ´ We can see here the mention of the impact of the Moors [Black Muslims] and Turks [Arabs] on Wales and England. Islam was having a great impact on all of Europe. Nabil Matar verifies this by stating, 109 Âł7RPDQ\%ULWRQVWKH0XVOLPV SRVHGDGDQJHUWRDOORI&KULVWHQGRPIURPUHHFHWR (QJODQGDQGIURPÂľ0XVFRY\Â´WR,UHODQGÂ´ The impact of the Black Moorish and Ottoman Empires of the Muslims was so great that Peace Treaties were established between The Black Moorish African Empire and Great Britain in 1578, 1662, 1666, 1721, 1728, and 1751. These treaties were generally for the protection of citizens of both empires, for trade, and for the payment of tribute to the Black Moorish African Empire for protection of Great Britain from invasion, particularly from the Arabs [Turks]. African Moors attacked white European ships Âą including those of England and Scotland Âąoften in retaliation to attacks on Moorish and Turkish ships and the enslavement of Muslims in Italy, Spain, Malta, and England12. This is documented in a book by Sir Godfrey Fisher called Âľ%DUEDU\/HJHQGÂś. The true problem that existed for the whites in England was the large numbers of converts that Islam was making in Europe. These converts were from the areas of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. History proves that the white Britons wrote about the large conversions themselves. (QJODQGDQG:DOHVZHUHSODFHVRISRYHUW\DQGGLVHDVHGXHWR&LYLO:DULQWKHÂśV,Q history this activity in England was called the English Revolution. This revolution that took place had the impact of the Black African Moors and Turks of Islam at the root of its cause. The Muslims were winning the English citizens over as converts to Islam. Christopher Hill writes DERXWWKLVUHYROXWLRQLQKLVERRNÂł7KH&HQWXU\RI5HYROXWLRQÂ´0DQ\RIWKH%ODFN0RRUVZKR were captured who were agriculturalists and herbalists were used as servants and made farms for the Europeans who were not an agricultural society and who were suffering from disease. Molly Walsh Banna Ka was one of these servants. With no record of a legitimate name or lineage, it would make sense that Molly was a foreigner to the area. After the Treaties were PDGHLQWKHÂśVLWZRXOGPDNHVHQVHWKDW0ROO\DVD%ODFN0RRUZRXOGEHSDUGRQHGDQG sent to America to work for the benefit of the British Crown for seven [7] years and then be freed, as opposed to being returned to her homeland in Africa, which would have definitely been the case if she had been found by or made contact with other Moors, who were ever present in the area. The ascension of Muley Rashid to the throne in Morocco in 1666 and the treaties made at that time and the presence of Muslims on the isles would have and did bring attention to Black Moors [Muslims] who would have been captured by the white British. Great Britain had become a subject Nation to the African Moorish Empire in the late 17th Century, so Molly, as well as many other Moors who were former servants, was sent to America as a business strategy by the British crown. Slavery in America would not become pervasive in America [with slaves being brought from Africa] until the power of the Moorish Empire in Africa was broken after the rule of powerful Black ruler Muley Ishmael [1728]. In fact, the mad desire of the British to colonize America and the world with their false destructive Religious dRFWULQHZDVGXHWRWKHSRZHUIXODIIHFWRI,VODPLQ(QJODQGIURPWKHODWHÂśVWRWKHHDUO\ ÂśV 110 B E NJ A M I N B A N N A K A : T he Scientist! Benjamin Banna Ka was the first scientist to record that other stars were like our Sun with planets circling them. He placed this in his 1792 almanac. Here is the highlight of the text WKDWGHPRQVWUDWHV%DQQD.DÂśVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHXQLYHUVH Âł7KLV6XQZLWKDOOLWVDWWHQGDQWSODQHWVLVEXWDYHU\OLWWOHSDUWRIWKHJUDQGPDFKLQHRI the universe; every star though in a SSHDUDQFHQRELJJHUWKDQWKHGLDPRQGWKDWJOLWWHUÂśVXSRQD ODG\ÂśV ULQJ LV UHDOO\ D YDVW JOREH OLNH WKH 6XQ LQ VL]H DQG JORU\ QR OHVV VSDFLRXV QR OHVV luminous, than the radiant source of the day: So that every star is not barely a world, but the center of a magnificent system ; has a retinue of worlds, irradiated by its beams, and revolving round its attractive influence, all of which are lost to our sight in unmeasurable wilds of ether.13 As author of Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot Charles Cerami states, Here Banneker was expressing almost matter-of-factly (and in words that are nearly accurate to this day) the existence of extra-solar planets, a concept that only a few scientists would touch on in the century after his death and that astronomy would turn to with fascination only in the 20th century. 14 1R ZKLWH DVWURQRPHU LQ WKH ZRUOG XQWLO DIWHU %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV DOPDQDF ZDV published, neither Copernicus, nor Galileo, or any other white scholar had expressed definitive thoughts on what lay beyond our solar system. They knew of the stars as distant bodies, but they knew nothing about them being similar to Our Sun. Benjamin Banna K a also spoke of other life forms in the universe. 111 There were absolutely no white scientists even proposing such ideas scientifically. Banna .D¶V WKRXJKWV RQ RWKHU OLIH IRUPV ZHUH DW OHDVW WZR FHQWXULHV DKHDG RI ZKLWH VFLHQWLVWV DQG astronomers. This knowledge is interesting as again the Holy Quran was the only book available that spoke of this subject that Banna Ka could easily get his hands on. George Sale had made an English translation of the Holy Quran in 1734. This would have been available to Banna Ka. ³$QG WKH 6HYHQ KHDYHQV DQG WKH HDUWK DQG WKRVH EHLQJV LQ WKHP GHFODUH +LV >$OO ah] glory. And there is not a single thing except it glorifies Him in His praise, but many of you do QRWXQGHUVWDQGWKHLUJORULILFDWLRQ´6XUDK%DQD,VUDHO>@7KH2IIVSULQJRI,VUDHOYHUVH ³$QGRI+LVVLJQVLVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH+HDYHQVDQGWKH(DUW h and what He has spread forth in both of them of living beings. And He is all powerful to gather then together, when He ZLOO´6XUDK$O6KXUDD>@7KH&RXQVHOYHUVH %DQQD.D¶VJUDQGIDWKHUZDVGHILQLWHO\DZDUHRIKLVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGODQJXDJH%DQna Ka [the grandfather] having an Arabic name and knowledge of astronomy and agriculture was GHILQLWHO\D0XVOLP$OORIWKHSLHFHVILWH[SODLQLQJ%HQMDPLQ%DQQD.D¶VEULOOLDQWLQVLJKWDQG mind only when this truth is added into the equation. The United States of America as a British Colony and as an Independent Country had signed treaties not allowing them to enslave or LPSULVRQ0RRUV>0XVOLPV@7KLVLVZK\%DQQD.D¶VIDPLO\ ZDVIUHH,WZDVDOVRGXHWRWKHLU superior intelligence and participation in AmerLFD¶V IRXQGLQJ DV D QDWLRQ %HFDXVH RI WKLV knowledge and practice of their Culture and history they were seen as free by right. Benjamin Banna K a: T he Innovative F armer! Benjamin Banna Ka knew and could predict the Weather and eclipses. He knew farming and irrigation methods that saved his crops, and was a pioneer scientist of nature. %HQMDPLQ¶V JUDQGPRWKHU 0ROO\ ZDV WKH SLRQHHU RI WKH family in farming. She lived alone in America before she got married to grandfather Bannaka. Molly must have been a very productive farmer, as she was able to purchase more land and buy slaves so that she could free them. As a single woman, this meant that she had to have some mental resources. These were a knowledge of agriculture and herbs. This knowledge was enhanced by her marriage to Grandfather Bannaka and was passed down to Benjamin %DQQDND¶VPRWKHU0DU\ Mary was spoken of as having knowledge of the properties and uses of herbs, which was often of advantage to her neighbors. Her appearance was imposing, her complexion a copper color...she had an ample growth of long black hair, which never became grey. Her grandsons, 112 the children of one of her daughters used to speak with admiration of her many good qualities and her remarkable activity. They loved to relate WKDW ZKHQ ÂľVKH ZRXOG UXQ WKHP GRZQ DQG FDWFKWKHPZLWKRXWDVVLVWDQFHÂś7KLVFRQWLQXHGKHUSUDFWLFHZKHQVKHZDVRYHUVHYHQW\\HDUVRI age15 %HQMDPLQÂśVJUDQGIDWKHU%DQQD.DZDVNQRZQWRKDYHWKHDELOLW\WRSUHGLFWWKHZHDWKHU Âł(YHQ PRUH VWULNLQJÂ´ DIWHU WREDFFR ZDV VHOHFWHG DV WKH FURS RI FKRLFH ZDV %DQQDNDÂśV astonishing ability to foretell the weather. The neighboring farms came to look enviously at the way this family always seemed to plant its heaviest crop when there was going to be fine weather and to cut back when conditions turned out to be less favourable. It was said that [Grandfather] Bannka foretold the direction of the prevailing winds long enough in advance to locate his plantings with uncanny precision. He was inventive too; he devised a way of channeling water from a small spring to part of their acreage, and this irrigation made the farm flourish in a way that none of the surrounding properties could match16 5REHUW %HQMDPLQÂśV IDWKHU DQG 0DU\ KLV PRWKHU TXDGUXSOHG WKH IDPLO\ÂśV RULJLQDO landholdings17 %HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DÂśVPRWKHUSURYHGWREHDJRRGVRXUFHRIWHDFKLQJDQGSUDFWLFDODGYLFH IRUWKH\RXQJPDQ+HSODFHGKHUUHPHGLHVIRUZKRSSLQJ&RXJKDQGKHUÂľRecipes for C uring :RUPVLQ&KLOGUHQÂś in his almanac. B A N N A K A , SI R I US, & T H E D O G O N... T he Sacred Science of the A ncient Moors! The Sirius Star System played a major role in the history of Ancient Egypt. It was the basis of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar. It is mentioned as the home of the resurrected etheric souls in the Pyramid Texts, which are listed among the oldest written Egyptian Records. It [The Sirius Star System] functions as a major part of esoteric [secret] science. The Religious significance of Sirius is profound as it is mentioned in much of the Freemasonic histories and 113 histories and records of Secret Societies. In particular, the Amarna Dynasty of Egypt [18 th Dynasty] is the point in history where Sirius finds its greatest significance in Egyptian history. We can see the letters MAR in AMARna. A famous Pharaoh named Akhnaton, his father Yuya, and son Tutankhamun are some of the most famous people of this dynasty. They are called the Family of Amraan [Amarna] in the Holy Quran. They are the ancient ancestors of the Moors and apart of the Ancient lineage of Israel [As-Ar = Osirus]18. In fact the Quran gives special attention to the Star Sirius and beyond the records of the Dogon and Egypt it is the only text that gives plurality to the Stars of the Sirius system. This is directly connected to Benjamin Banna Ka and his commentary on the plural numbers that he gave to the Sirius Star System. According to the Ancient Egyptian Calendar of the Amarna Dynasty and the records of the Dogon left with French scientists in the 1930s, Sirius is at the Center of the Universe. As we will prove later, Benjamin Banna Ka knew this and incorporated this truth into the building of Washington D.C. and this knowledge was later incorporated into the design of Philadelphia. Sirius was called the Dog Star. The Amarna Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt based their mummification procedures on the movements of the Earth and Sun in relation to the Sirius Star System, and they are the only Egyptians that are recorded as carrying out this activity. Benjamin Banna Ka, who knew that the Sirius System had more than one star according to his almanac records, is connected to his ancestors in Africa [The Dogon & EgyptiansAncient Moors] by this knowledge. Charles Cerami has connected Banna Ka to the Dogon because of his knowledge of the Sirius Star System. This is definitely a proper connection. However, keeping in mind that whenever we are making an analysis on history that we must place ourselves in the context of the historical period in order to make a proper analysis, then the connection to the Dogon will be verified, but something else will too. As we have stated the Holy Quran mentions the Star Sirius in a Surah [Chapter] called The Star [Al Najm]. The star system is spoken of in the plural form and is given as the word Al Âą6KLUDD 7KH ORQJ Âľ$Âś VRXQG DW WKH HQG RI WKH ZRUG LV FDOOHG D EURNHQ SOXUDO LQ WKH $UDELF Language. So Prophet Muhammad was aware in his recitation and record of the Quran to give plurality to the Stars in the Sirius System. The Black Moors or Muslims many of whom were EODFN GHVFHQGDQWV RI 3URSKHW 0XKDPPDGÂśV IDPLO\ DQG GHVFHQGDQWV RI 7KH $PDUQD '\QDVW\ OLYHG WKURXJKRXW :HVW $IULFD ZKHUH %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV JUDQGIDWKHU ZDV VWROHQ IURP DV D slave and brought to America. The name Banna Ka is Arabic. Banna meaQV ÂľWR EXLOG RU FRQVWUXFWÂśDQGÂľ.DÂśPHDQVÂľRQHZKRLVOLNHVRPHWKLQJÂś,WDOVRPHDQVÂľVSLULWÂś7KH'RJRQOLYH in the area that was known during this time as Mali. Of course there are no known records that speak of a tribe named Dogon. The Dogon Tribe did QRWRULJLQDOO\FDOOWKHPVHOYHVÂľ'RJRQÂś Their histories are presently stated by them as preserved by way of oral traditions. This area was full of Black Moors who practiced the culture of Islam. So here, we have made the basic connection of Sirius to BenMDPLQ %DQQD .DÂśV grandfather Banna Ka, The Ancient Egyptians, and the Dogon, who would have definitely been affected by the Holy Quran and Islam. The Black Moors of Islam serve as the link between the 114 Dogon and the Egyptian teachings on Sirius. Benjamin BaQQD .DÂśV JUDQGIDWKHU ZKR KDV DQ Arabic name, and who as the son of a royal chieftain, would have been proficient in Quran(ic) VWXGLHVZDVXQGRXEWHGO\WKHVRXUFHRI%HQMDPLQÂśVNQRZOHGJHDERXW6LULXV7KH(J\SWLDQVJDYH this hieroglyphic as a sign of mental baptism and instruction into mastery. This sign with three parts pouring forth from three sources is a sign of the Sirius Star System that has three stars Sirius A, B, and C. It is also significant that this hieroglyphic is in the form of an M, which is the thirteenth [13th] letter in most all languages, as 13 is the sacred number of the 13th Constellation Âľ6LULXVÂśDQG the sacred number of Masonry and Ancient Egyptian Mythological Traditions in the history of Auset [Isis], Asar [Osirus], and Heru [Horus]. %HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DVWDWHGWKDW6LULXVZDVKLVÂľIDYRULWH6WDUDQGKLVOXFN\VWDUÂś &KDUOHV Cerami states that no other Africans other than the Dogon were known to have a special interest in the Star called Sirius, however this is not true. The Black African Muslims [Moors] had great interest in it. Prophet Muhammad even dealt with the 50,000 year Earth cycle and its 1000 year cycle equivalent in the Orbit of Sirius B [Sirius B had an orbit around Sirius A equaling 50 Earth Years thus 1000 Sirius Years is 50,000 earth years]. This interest somehow found its way into the building of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia and became the basis of the movement for independence among the white Americans. BENJAMIN BANNA KA & Secret Societies Benjamin Banna Ka called the founding fathers frauds over the slavery question20. He became very concerned about the condition of his people in the later part of his life as he began to witness the activity of slavery. In his later life, He spoke out against this terrible behavior. Banna Ka was a part of a Society that were not only against slavery but were a part of a secret plan to end it. Banna Ka and the Society of Friends [Rosicrucians] The Quakers were the first white abolitionists of America. They had a special organization called the Âľ6RFLHW\ RI )ULHQGVÂś, which was a leading abolitionist group. The Quaker Faith was based on the internalization of the Message of Christ as an individual and not as a part of the Church, which they saw as corrupt and not loyal to the True Message of Jesus. 115 The Quaker movement was also not very popular amongst the racist American whites, as the Quaker movement had grown out of the great Islamic influence in England from 1558 to the ODWHÂśV7KLV,VODPLFLQIOXHQFHLVUHFRUGHGLQ1DELO0DWDUÂśVERRNÂł Islam in Great Britain 1558-Â´. Many of the white People in America worked progressively to keep Islam away IURPWKHLUVODYHVHRUJH)R[IRXQGHURIWKHÂľ4XDNHUÂ´IDLWKZDVDOHDGHUWKDWJUHZRXWRIWKLV religiously explosive period in Great Britain. William Penn, the white settler who was allowed to settle in Philadelphia by our ancestors, was also a Quaker. During his lifetime George Fox, the founder of the Quaker Faith, visited Barbados, Jamaica, America, Holland and Germany. Fox was accompanied on his travels by William Penn and in 1661 he founded the American Quaker Colony of Pennsylvania . Fox continued as a traveling preacher until his death in 1691. Three years after his death, a committee of leading Quakers under the leadership of William Penn, edited and published his journals. The Quakers have a special relationship with a famous fraternal order called the Rosicrucians. The word Rosicrucian according to the American Heritage dictionary means: 1. A member of an international organization, especially the Ancient Mystic Order Rosae Crucis and the Rosicrucian Order, devoted to the study of ancient mystical, philosophical, and religious doctrines and concerned with the application of these doctrines to modern life. 2. A member of any of several secret organizations or orders of the 17th and 18th centuries concerned with the study of religious mysticism and professing esoteric religious beliefs. E tymology From New Latin (Frater) Rosae Crucis, (Brother) of the Cross of the Rose, translation of German Rosenkreutz, surname of the traditional founder of the society [Sir Christian Rosenkreutz].21 Many have associated Christian Rosen Cruz with Sir Francis Bacon the Chief Translator of the King James version of the bible also known as William Shakespeare22. The mystical and philosophical doctrine of German Rosicrucianism produced the first Rosicrucian group in America. The Chapter of Perfection was formed by scientist-theologian Johann Jacob Zimmerman. Zimmerman joined other groups in accepting the invitation of William Penn to migrate to Pennsylvania. However, just before the group sailed, Zimmerman died. Their beliefs included a strong millennialism, and the group brought a hope for the imminent return of Christ to earth with them when they came to America in 1694. Zimmerman's role was assumed by Johannes Kelpius (1673-1708) who led the small band to Germantown Creek23. This connection between William Penn, the Quaker, The Rosicrucians, Freemasonry, and the subject of Benjamin Banna Ka is of importance because the founders of both the Quaker faith, George Fox, and Rosicrucianism, Christian Rosen Cruz have a special connection to Islam. Even if Sir Francis Bacon were the true Sir Christian Rosen Cruz, the Islamic connection stands. The secrets of Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, the Quaker Faith, and the 116 subject of Benjamin Banna Ka are all tied to Islam, Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, and Black 3HRSOH LQ $PHULFD >,VUDHHO@ 7KH (OOLFRWWÂśV DV 4XDNHUV ZHUH PHPEHUV RI WKH 6RFLHW\ RI Friends, and Andrew Ellicott was a Rosicrucian. Benjamin Banna K a: T he Design & L ayout of W ashington D. C . & Philadelphia! Major Andrew Ellicott24, a highly accomplished surveyor, was directed by Jefferson to perform the survey of the District of Columbia. Ellicott and his assistant, Benjamin Bannaka25, began work in the spring of 1791. The following year Washington asked Ellicott to finish L'Enfant's plan for the city. In less than one month Ellicott found himself at odds with the Commissioners and resignHG IURP WKH SURMHFW /Âś(QIDQWÂśV SODQV IRU WKH &LW\ QHYHU UHDFKHG Banna Ka in their original form. History proves that the second map, which has been attributed WR (OOLFRWW ZDV YHU\ GLIIHUHQW IURP ZKDW /Âś(QIDQW KDG GHVLJQHG 'HWDLOHG FRPSDULVRQV KDYH been made between the two maps by the National Capital Planning Commission in 197027 and the comparisons show changes in the angles of the avenues and the location of squares and circles. This is very significant. The change in the angles of the avenues has everything to do with what Benjamin Banna Ka designed and laid out is Washington D.C. and why. 7+($/0$1$&Âś62)%$11$.$ 7KH$OPDQDFÂśVRI%HQMDPLQ%DQQD.DKDGHPSKDVLVRQ x x x x x x x x x the meetings of Quakers [Rosicrucians] the stars Spica, Arcturus, Regulus, and Sirius The Fixed Stars of the Constellation belt 7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDÂľ3HDFH2IILFHÂśIRUWKHRYHUQPHQWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 'RFXPHQWDU\6WXG\RIWKHÂľ<HOORZIHYHUÂśLQ3KLODGHOSKLD Herbal Remedies for the many ailments during the time Prediction and Records of Eclipses Charts and Maps of The Human body and its connection to the Zodiac The Structure of the United States Court System 2XUHPSKDVLVKHUHLV%DQQD.DÂśVVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRWKHVWDUV6SLFD$UFWXUXV5HJXOXV and Sirius. The design of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia is based on these stars and the Constellations that they are apart of. The significance of them is: x These stars map out the Ancient New Year of the Ancient Egyptians under the Amarna Dynasty called the Family of Amraan in the Holy Quran. It is the oldest and most accurate calendar on Earth. Prophet Muhammad in his record of the Quran deals with Specific aspects of this calendar and a 50,000 year cycle. This 117 information is directly connected to information given by the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad in Message to the Blackman about the Tribe of Shabazz and Pole Shift, showing a continuing connection in the transmission of specific information that is pertinent to the next point x These stars also reveal the secret of the number 33 in Freemasonry as it pertains to astronomy, the calendar, the human anatomy, and an event we have mentioned FDOOHG 3ROH 6KLIW WKDW LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ÂľHQG RI WKH ZRUOG WUDGLWLRQVÂś LQ DOO religions x These stars also reveal the planning and design of America DQG WKH ZRUOGÂśV WZR most influential cities Washington D.C. and Philadelphia and the Ancient knowledge of the Black Moors that is infused into their infrastructure x /DVWO\LWUHYHDOVWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ%ODFN3HRSOHLQ$PHULFDDQGWKHÂľ(QGRI the World &RQFHSWLQKLVWRU\Âś >%ODFN3HRSOHLQ$PHULFDDUHDWWKHURRWRIWKHULVH RI WKH (DUWKÂśV PRVW $QFLHQW 1DWLRQ@ ,W ZDV LQ WKDW WKH ODUJHVW JDWKHULQJ LQ history of Black Men in America took place in x :DVKLQJWRQ '& Âľ7KH 0LOOLRQ 0DQ 0DUFKÂś ZKHUH RYHU 2 million Black Men gathered in a movement that is a part of a universal plan to place the Black man on top as the original ruler of the planet. It was in 1997 in Philadelphia, that we had the gathering of the largest body of Black Women ever in the history of Black $PHULFDDWWKH0LOOLRQ:RPDQÂśV0DUFKWKDWZDVDVLJQWKDWWKH%ODFNZRPDQZDV being restored to Her position as the Original Mother of the Earth and the universe. 7KLVLVDYLHZRI$UFWXUXV6SLFDDQG5HJXOXVIRUPLQJWKHÂľ'LYLQHWULDQJOHÂś The above map of the three significant stars Regulus [at the far right], Spica [bottom left], and Arcturus [top left] are aligned exactly to three significant Earth points in Washington D.C. and Philadelphia. The path of the Sun around the Center of the universe [Sirius System] is also marked by the line from Regulus to Arcturus. The Zodiacal path is seen in the line from Regulus to Spica. The angle in the triangle above is significant to Free Masonry, as we will see later in this writing. 118 If one were to take a Protractor [Square], the tool of a Mason, and measure the acute angle of this triangle, which is where the star Regulus is, they would get the measurement of GHJUHHV5HJXOXVLV/DWLQDQGPHDQVÂľ/LWWOH.LQJÂś,Q3KLODGHOSKLDLWLV&Lty Hall that is positioned at this point. City Hall contains all of the executive, legislative, and judicial governmental offices for the city of Philadelphia and a special Zodiac at the Center of a Square. The Zodiac is reversed, which we will see is of supreme importance to the concept of Pole Shift and the End of the World Traditions in most Religions and Cultures. Albert Pike spoke about Sirius and about a special triangle that was a part of the esoteric secret of Masonry. In his Book Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite pf Freemasonry Pike states about Sirius, Âł7KH $QFLHQW $VWURQRPHUV VDZ DOO WKH JUHDW Symbols of Masonry on the Stars. Sirius still glitters in our ORGJHVDVWKH%OD]LQJ6WDUÂ´ 3LNHÂśV FRPPHQWDU\ LV UHODWHG Vomewhat to the triangle surrounding Virgo previously noted. Pike calls WKLVWULDQJOHWKHÂľXQLYHUVDOHPEOHPRISHUIHFWLRQÂś As we can see here Pike displays the symbol of 33 in the Pyramidal Triangle. What is the significance? Why did Pike refer to this as a universal emblem of perfection? /HWÂśVPDNHVRPHRWKHUFRQQHFWLRQV3LNHZDVD%ULJDGLHU 119 General for the Confederate Army of the South during the Civil War. He was in close contact with the Cherokee who were also involved in an internal Civil war over the issue of slavery LQVLGHRIWKHLU1DWLRQ7KH2ULJLQDOQDPHRIWKH&KHURNHHLVÂľ6DUDJLÂś$VZHFDQVHH6D-Ra-gi has the same root as Is-Ra Âąeel, The S & R being the root consonants. The Cherokee in North Carolina have been connected to Ancient Black Israel by way of ancient inscriptions found near their reservations. T he C herokee & Israel The upper part of this diagram shows a silver shekel of the Second Revolt of Israel against the Romans, 132 Âą 135 A.D., reading Simeon on the obverse (left) and Deliverance of Israel on the reverse. Reported find sites for this and related coins are shown for Kentucky and east Arkansas. Below the coins, is the Bat Creek stone from Tennessee, supposed by the Smithsonian finders to be Cherokee, but recognized by all Hebrew Scholars who have studied it as a Hebrew Text of the first Century A. D. Dr. Robert 6WLHJOLW] RI 1HZ <RUN UHDGV LW DV Âł$ &RPHW IRU WKH +HEUHZVÂ´ ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR +DOOH\ÂśV FRPHW ZKLFK ÂľKXQJRYHU-HUXVDOHPOLNHDIODPLQJVZRUGLQWKH\HDU $'Âś during the first Revolt, begun in 68 under Nero. The evidence suggests that Kentucky and Tennessee became havens of refuge for persecuted Hebrews after the various revolts against Syrian Greek and Roman Oppression.29 Why were the Black Israelites coming to $PHULFD"7KHZHVWKDGEHHQWKHÂł6HFUHW+DYHQÂ´IRU Black People all the way back to the 18th Dynasty when Akhnaton (Moses) set up expeditions for the first Israelites to come to Mexico. The Black Israelites had spread all over America. History proves that the Israelites under various names given to them by Caucasians like; Carthaginians, Gaelic Celts, Iberians, Libyans, and even later Muslims (They called themselves this) came into America. Most of these people were connected by lineage and Spiritual Doctrine to The 18th Dynasty of Egypt and Yuya (Abraham). America EHFDPHDVHFUHWKDYHQRISURWHFWLRQIURPWKHZKLWHVZKRKDGQRWÂľGLVFRYHUHGÂśWKH:(67\HW 7KHSUHVHQW%ODFN3HRSOHLQ$PHULFDZKRDUHXQGHUWKHIRUHLJQQDPHVRIWKHLU6ODYHPDVWHUÂśV children are their ancestors. We were not all brought to America during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. We are Indigenous to America too. Remember our connections between the Black Moors and Black Israel. These are GHWDLOHG LQ RXU %RRN Âľ5HSDUDWLRQV :DU WKH 7UXWK DERXW %ODFN ,VUDHO RGÂśV +RO\ 1DWLRQÂś 1REOH'UHZ$OLÂśVIDWKHU-RKQ'UHZZDVDPHPEHURIWKH6DUDJL>&KHURNHH@DQGZDVD%ODFN 120 freedman. He was in close contact [by way of letters] with Pike until his Black and Red regiment turned to support the North. -RKQ'UHZ1REOH'UHZ$OLÂśVIDWKHUVHHQLQWKLVOHWWHUGXULQJWKH Civil War communicating with Brigadier General Albert Pike John Drew although pictured as very light skinned in this picture was considered a Black Freed man. There is an account of Drew stated in a book called The Cherokee F reedmen: F rom Emancipation to American Citizenship by Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. In speaking on the personal life of the Cherokee and the Freedmen amongst them Littlefield records, In 1878 freedman John Drew, for instance, showed the best draft stallion at the Indian International F air held at Muskogee30 Noble Drew Ali started his organization called the Moorish Science Temple of America in 1913. It was the first Moorish Islamic movement initiated after we lost the knowledge of our Moorish Islamic History. It was called at the time the Canaanite Temple. In 1913, when Noble Drew Ali reinitiated this knowledge, the Sirius Star System was in exactly 13 degrees of Cancer. Cancer was in ancient times seen as the symbol Khepra31, the Dung Beetle with a disc. 121 K H E PR A K heper-T chesef Âą T H E SA C R E D D ESI G N Remember the symbolism of 13 in Masonry and in connection to the Sirius Star System [The 13th Constellation] and the Founding of the American Nation. The Sun is in 13 degrees of Cancer every July the 4th. The seals of the Nation are based on the number 13 and it all comes from this history and Astronomical knowledge of Sirius, Black Israel, the Original People of the planet and universe. There are 13 steps to the pyramid. There are 13 arrows and 13 olive leaves and 13 olives in the hand of the Eagle. E Pluribus 8QXPLVOHWWHUVDQGLV/DWLQPHDQLQJÂľ2XW RI 0DQ\ FRPHV RQHÂś 7KHUH DUH 6WDUVDERve the head of the Eagle. There are 13 letters in $QQXLW&RHSWXVZKLFKLV/DWLQIRUÂľ)DYRXU0\8QGHUWDNLQJÂś suggested that the worship of Khepera predates the worship of Ra, Khepera is considered a form of Ra. It is said that Ra cam into being under the form of Khepera. Khepera is called the father of the gods. He represents transformation from a state of inertness into a state of active life. When the body is dead prayers are recited over it so that the soul within could burst forth into a new realm of life. This resurrection is symbolized by Khepera. The scarab beetle may have become a symbol of resurrection and transformation because it starts out in life as an egg layed in a ball of dung. When the egg hatches the scarab is at first a larva and then a nymph. Finally the adult scarab emerges from his ball of dung fully winged. Joseph J. Adams http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pds/khepera.htm 122 Notice the Sash of Noble Drew Ali, with pouch at the end. This same sash with a pouch at the end is worn by a Native warrior to the left of an America soldier in Florida amongst the Moors [Maroons] or Seminoles who were at War with the Americans. The Moors were known for wearing this style of Clothing and it was connected to Orion and Sirius. See the diagram of Orion and his Sash or belt. The Belt of Orion [3-Stars] points directly to the Sirius Star System 123 So what is the connection of all of this to Benjamin Banna Ka? Our point in showing the previous pages is to show a uniform secret knowledge amongst various groups of Masons, Moors, and Natives in American History. Benjamin Banna Ka designed Washington D.C. based on the most Ancient Calendar of in the world. He laid out the avenue from The Capital Building to the White House, which is called Pennsylvania Avenue to be exactly aligned with the stars Regulus and Arcturus. This is the path that the sun takes in its course around the Center of the Galaxy and universe [Sirius System]. Here is a diagram of the Washington D.C. and Philadelphia layout as compared to the Stars. The angle at Regulus [White House and City Hall] is 33 1/3 degrees. On the human body, it represents the angle of the three master glands of the brain the Pineal, Pituitary, and Hypothalamus. They control the electric, magnetic, and etheric forces of the body and generally all cellular repair, protein assimilation, and general all bodily functions. Beginning every August 10th one can see the constellation formations of Bootes, Virgo and Leo, with the three main stars Arcturus, Spica, and Regulus setting over the White House or Art Museum in the Form of a Seven at the Western End of the Horizon. 124 On the Eastern End of the Horizon Sirius rises in the Second Week of August. This is the point in the year when the path of the Sun and the Path of the Zodiac meet. This is the True New Year measured at 365.25 days. We are entering the Age of Aquarius, which simply means the Solar system and the Sun are in the area of the Zodiac closest to the Constellation Aquarius 125 So every 51,840 years there has been a pole shift. This event occurs when the North Pole and the South Pole switch. What is the evidence in the past that it has happened? Why is it happening? And how was this information, if known transmitted down to Benjamin Banna Ka. 126 Remember Banna Ka's connections to The Quakers and Rosicrucians. William Penn a famous 4XDNHUDQG5RVLFUXFLDQIRXQGHGDSODQIRUWKHÂľ3URYLQFHRI 3HQVLOYDQLDÂś>3KLODGHOSKLD@,QKLV plan Penn laid out [5] five city Squares. These squares today are known as Washington Square, Rittenhouse Square, Logan Square, Franklin Square, and Center [Penn] Square, which is the site of City Hall. Penn had purchased WKHDUHDIURP7KH/H1DSLÂśV7KH/H1DSLÂśVZHUH an ancient group of Black People. The word Napi was really Nabi. Nabi has DQFLHQW RULJLQV LQ (J\SW DQG PHDQV Âľ/RUGÂś Âľ1DELÂś LQ $UDELF PHDQVÂľ0HVVHQJHU RIRGÂś7KH&XOWXUDO6\VWHPRIWKHÂľ/H1DSLÂśVÂśKDGLWÂśVSRLQWRIRULJLQDWLRQ in the west in Mexico with the return of the Black Family of Amraan [Black Israeel] to America. This is the origin of Masonry in the Western Hemisphere. Penn laid out the Square based on ancient astronomical science. The Center Square location is located exactly where the water works facility was built in the 1800s and now the Zodiac is also located at the same location. This point represents the point where the ecliptic of the Sun [motion the sunmakes around the center of the universe] and the Ecliptic of the Zodiac meet. In this age that we have just entered called Aquarius this point represents the time Pole Shift is to occur. This information is secretly known by those who placed the Zodiac in a reversed orientation. The only other places where we witness this reversed orientation of the Zodiac are in Egypt at the Dendarah Temple, on the Tomb of Senmut, an early name for the Pharaoh Akhnaton[ Moses], in Washington D.C. at the Mellon Fountain Zodiac, and in Philadelphia. Noted researcher on the subject of Pole Shift, John White, speaks of the reverse Zodiac on the WRPERI6HQPXWÂł1RWRQO\GRSDS\ULWHOORIWKLVDSDQHORQWKH tomb of Senmut, the architect of Queen Hatshepsut, shows it. The Celestial sphere with the signs of the Zodiac and other Constellations of the southern sky are revHUVHGLQRULHQWDWLRQÂ´ As we can see, the Dendarah Zodiac is reversed, showing the Zodiac to move in a clockwise progression, although the revolutionary path and rotational path of the Earth move in a counterclockwise direction. 127 The Zodiac in Philadelphia and Washington D.C. are the same. In Philadelphia, the present sight of the Art Museum was formerly called FAIR MOUNT and was a truncated pyramidal mound built by the Le-Nabi in the style of the step pyramid. The only known surviving portraits of the Pyramidal/Mound come from the Thomas Birch collection [1823] Report of the Watering Committee Most of the portraits were created during the Construction of the Fairmount Waterworks in the early 1800s. This site was aligned exactly with Center Square and is aligned celestially with the 128 movement of the Sun around the Ecliptic. This proves beyond doubt that Benjamin Banna Ka and William Penn were influenced by the Le-Napi in the design of the key areas of Washington D.C. and Philadelphia, as the Le-Napi were the builders of the pyramidal mounds in the µ3KLODGHOSKLD DUHD¶ %DQQD .D¶V GHVLUH WR HVWDEOLVK D 3HDFH 2IILFH ZDV FOHDUO\ WR protect the Natives from the warring white Colonists, which shows he had a special affection for the LeNapi who were the dominate group in the area of Maryland Delaware and Pennsylvania, and the oldest Native National Community. The Tomb of Senmut [Moses ± Akhenaton] features two distinct points that are relevant to this study. The first is the reversed Zodiac, which we have discussed. The second is a map of the stars of Sirius that is exactly like the Dogon diagrams given to the Germans who visited them in the early 1900s and near exactly like the layout of Philadelphia and Washington D.C., with emphasis on the main monuments representing the 3 stars of the Sirius System and 1 planet. This diagram from the tomb of Senmut shows that the Amarna family of the 18 th Dynasty knew that Sirius had a plurality of Stars, as do the Dogon, and Banna ka. The Center Star Sirius A, is surrounded by three symbolic bands. The Three objects surrounding it form a Pyramid. The Dogon have a similar diagram 129 The diagram gives Sirius B twice thus five objects appear, however, there are four and they too form a pyramid. The same is true for both of the cities Washington D. C. and Philadelphia. There are four sites in both cities that match these two diagrams proving that there was a transmission of knowledge about what author Robert Temple calls the Sirius Mystery. This information was provided by Benjamin Banna Ka, The Le Napi [Black Amarna - Israel] , and was given to the whites [Quakers - Rosicrucians]. %HQMDPLQ %DQQD .D SURYHV WKURXJK KLV OLIH¶V ZRUN DQG WKURXJK WKH FRQQHFWLYH histories surrounding him and the design of both of these cities that Black people are on the rise to prominence. These areas encompass the governing of the creation and enforcement of the Law, The Commerce and symbolism of the Country, and the History and foundation of Independence as established on July 4th, the Cosmic Day of Sirius Sun & Earth Alignment, representing the resurrection of Ausar (Osiris) by way of Heru (Horus) the 1st Resurrected Son. It represents the DQFLHQW/LQHDJHRIRG¶V Nation, and the rising of the Sun in the West, which is expressed in this V\PEROLVPDQGLVDOLWHUDODQGV\PEROLFHYHQWWLHGWRWKHULVHRIWKH(DUWK¶V2OGHVW Indigenous Nation, Black People in North America. 130 Honoring One of Our Founding Fathers We give honor to Benjamin Banna Ka who through living his life purpose has reached the golden state of immortality and we promise to carry on the work of peace and prosperity that He lived to produce. Ali Muhammad Philadelphia [15090 day 8 Month 12] July 25th 2005 131 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!/(.(+&((+8!&'(!2#9-05!5#+/&-&,&-#+! By C.M. Bey, ©AA 222141/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. If the lawmakers of the 50 Union States Society of North America, should attempt to ignore the Moorish Law and birthrights of this constitution, it would be an act of supreme violation of their own M agna C harta Code. Prefaced by, T aj T arik Bey Preface T he Zodiac Constitution Moorish Adepts, Moorish Scientists, Master Masons, Eastern Stars, Sheiks, Sheikesses, Neophytes, Amanuesis Maters, and World Scholars, have studied and marveled, upon analyzing the written Zodiac Constitution. This highly ± qualified document was penned by C. M. Bey ± a 3rd , 33rd, and 360 degree, Free Moorish Master Mason, Master Astrologer, PhD., LLD., and Constitution Law ± Giver. This master ± work was copyrighted and registered in the Library of Congress, Copyright Office, and with the Department of Justice, at Washington, D.C., United States Republic of North America. 7KHUH DUH LQWHUHVWLQJ DQG HIIHFWLYH OLWHUDU\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DERXW & 0 %H\¶V ZULWWHQ Zodiac Constitution, which go beyond the fact of its being clear, simple and direct. Moorish Scholars will take note that it maintains the ancient Moabite/Moorish Scientific, metaphysical and spiritual approach to the number seven [7] in harmony with the natural constitution of 0DQ¶VPDNH-up. Other learned intellectuals of the varied and advanced Gnostic schools of the world, and of Government, no doubt, must appreciate its uncluttered directness and integrity towards Justice. The written Zodiac Constitution was not readily available to the masses, due to the nature of limited access to Moorish Schools of learning, and the suppression of information practices RI8QLRQ6WDWHV6RFLHW\SROLWLFLDQVDQGRWKHU6HFUHW6RFLHWLHV¶SROLFLHVRIFOXELVPFXOWXUH7KLV anti-social practice is a part of the necessary socialization tools for maintaining veiled economic, political, and bureaucratic servitude in the Americas ± particularly, in the North Gate. 132 Let us be qualified in our understanding that the Zodiac Constitution is not just the actual written 7 Article document, as presented to you for reading, historical analysis and law Âą study. The general populace must have access to that consciousness involving the true history and scientific foundation of Civilization and Culture on the Earth planet. Thusly, one immediately and wisely recognizes what actually comprises the Zodiac Constitution and the elemental nature of what inspired C. M. Bey to produce the inclusively complex scale of this compact and HYLGHQWLDU\WUHDWLVHRQÂł5LJKW/DZÂ´JRYHUQPHQW What comprises The Zodiac Constitution is expressed and revealed in the first opening paragraph of Article 1, as written by C. M. Bey. His literary works have come manifest by way RI D NQRZOHGJH RI WKH =RGLDF RU Âł:RUNLQJV RI 1DWXUHÂ´ WKH 0RDELWH0RRULVK &RGH IRU Civilization, and the Sciences mentioned. And so, one can surmise that Astrology Âą the twelve Signs of the Zodiac; an expansion on The Code of Mathematic Scale, involving the numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; The Science of Geometry [G] and the Arabic Alphabet; comprise Moabite/Moorish Science Âą the Culture and foundation of Civilization on the planet Earth. A logistical study of the Zodiac Constitution should generate years of research and recovery of world Culture and true American History, for all who seek truth. Let us affirm our honor for our ancient Mothers and Fathers. Embrace knowledge and shun ignorance. Help to uplift fallen Humanity. Hibu, Haqq, Salaam, Hurryatun, Adl, Islam, As Salaamu Alaikum, Vadi Makum, - Taj Tarik Bey A Free Moor Son of a Widow M.D.N.M. M.S.T. of A. M.O.O. The R. G.S.N.A.M.A. Shechabee Territory Northwest Amexem 133 The Zodiac Constitution By C.M. Bey, ÂŠAA 222141/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. A rticle 1 The Twelve Signs of The Zodiac, The Code of Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (0 Âą 9), and the Science of Geometry (G), comprise the Constitution of the Living Moorish Nation of 1RUWK$PHULFDUHIHUUHGWRDV Âł1HJURHVÂ´ZKRUXOHGWKHZRUOGDQGWKH6HYHQ6HDVE\WKH Signs of The Zodiac and the Science of Geometry (G), for eleven hundred and ninety-six years, to the Amazon Dutch-German Catholic Priesthood Fathers of the Revolution of 1789, and the Sisterhood Manga Charta, Emancipation Proclamation, Union Society of White Supremacy, in 1863 North America. The Twelve Jurymen of the 50 Union States Society, and also the none judges of the Supreme &RXUW ZHUH IRXQGHG XSRQ WKH 0RRULVK 1DWLRQÂśV 6LJQV RI WKH ]RGLDF &RQVWLWXWLRQ DQG Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (0 Âą 9). Thus without our Moorish Constitution, the Manga Charta, Emancipation Proclamation, Union Society of the Myth of White Supremacy, Definitely could have been found in 1863. A rticle 2 Zodiac Constitution Birthrights T he Moorish A merican 7KH%H\ÂśVDQG(OÂśV Since the 12 Jurymen of the 50 Union States, Manga Charta document of White Supremacy and the nine judges of their Supreme Court were founded upon our Moorish Zodiac 12 Signs, 0DWKHPDWLFDO&RQVWLWXWLRQWKHODZPDNHUVKDYHQRMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUWKH)UHH0RRUVWKH%H\ÂśV DQG (OÂśV LQ WKH LQKHULWHG ODQG RI WKH 0RRULVK QDWLRQ QDPHO\ U.S.A., Canada, Central and South America. The Moorish American Nationality and their sir names, Bey and El, are their inherited birthrights without a legal due process of the lawmakers of the Union Society, U.S.A. What our Moorish forefathers were, we are today without a doubt or contradiction, namely, Moorish! A rticle 3 T ax and Military E xemption for Moorish A mericans (The Beys and E ls) 134 The Moors, referred to as Negroes, definitely can never become members and citizens of the Union Society of the 48 States. Therefore they cannot be forced or drafted into the Union, U.S.A. Army or Military service to fight for the Manga Charta Code of the White Supremacy against themselves. The lawmakers of the 48 States Union order cannot force the Moors, the Beys and Els, to pay taxes because taxation without representation is a supreme violation of the Moorish Zodiac Constitution birthright of Islam. When the Union lawmakers denounce their immortal Manga Charta Code, and resort to the Moorish Zodiac Constitution, the Moors are compelled to pay taxes because every one of the Nation will be equally represented by it. There is no room in the Science of Masonry (The Zodiac), for mystic god religious worship, race, color, ignorance, war, crime, slavery and human injustice. A rticle 4 Adequate Employment and Protection for Moorish Americans Every lawmaker, the heads of industry and business enterprise of the 50 State Union Order, are obligated members and citizens of the Magna Charta Christian Church and Temple system of Christ the King of Jews, meaning; jury over the wealth and culture of the living Moorish nation of North America. Therefore, by the Moorish Zodiac Constitution, the Moors, the Beys and Els, can demand adequate employment, food, clothing, shelter, medical care, equal rights, respect and protection from mob violence, rape and injustices, otherwise without being obligated to the union church DQGUHOLJLRXVV\VWHPRIWKHRUGHURI&KULVWWKHÂł:KLWHÂ´VRQLGRORG A rticle 5 Immortal Mar riage L icense Code against the Zodiac L aw of Nature Truth cannot be altered and therefore needs no apology nor doctrine, because it is the supreme mental doctor itself for the entire human family, woman and man. 1) Thus the truth is, the Sisterhood Christian Daughters of the American Revolution, (D.A.R.), established the marriage license states right code to prevent Moorish men and women from marrying into their Magna Charta society of White Supremacy. 2) Did you ever stop to think that women and men are already married by the Supreme Law of Nature, and that a marriage license is an act of violation of the law of Nature? The Nature Law Union between women and men spells love and the reproduction of a child in which a marriage license plays no part in. 135 3) Definitely there cannot be any illegitimate children offspring from women and men, because women is supreme gate of creation of both male and female children by the law of nature, which spells I.S.L.A.M., or I, Self, Law, and Master, the Carpenter and the Grand Architecture of the HXPDQ)DPLO\Âł$GDPÂ´PHDQVWKHSRVLWLYHIRUFHVLQZRPDQ and sons responsible for evolution or the reproduction of children by the law of nature. The Pope, Priests, the Preacher, and Judges of the Christian society definitely cannot SURYH WKDW WKHLU Âł$GDPÂ´ DQG Âł(YHÂ´ KDG D PDUULDJH OLFHQVH 'LG \RX HYHU VWRS WR WKLQN that the marriage license code is an act of selling women and men back to themselves? The Union, Magna Charta marriage license code unfortunately and unconsciously caused the Âł:KLWHÂ´ZRPHQWREHcut off from the human family (The Moorish Nation). In other words, the Âł:KLWHÂ´ZRPHQDUHVXSUHPHVRFLDOVODYHVDJDLQVWWKHLUZLOODQGGHVLUH7KLVKDVFDXVHGWKHPWR carry in their mind and heart a secret sorrow and anger, which causes their children to inherit a tendency of crime, hatred, insanity and various other diseases. Islam Supreme Standard of the Zodiac Mar riage L aw (Culture) +HUH DUH WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH 6LJQV RI WKH =RGLDF DQG ZRPHQ DQG PHQÂśV RSSRVLWH VLJQV involving the first marriage of the Zodiac Law of Nature. No preacher and money and license and neither religion is necessary in the standard zodiac marriage law. In Harmony with Nature: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Aries is Fire and Libra is Air. Taurus is Earth and Scorpio is Water. Gemini is Air and Sagittarius is Fire. Cancer is Water and Capricorn is Earth. Leo is Fire and Aquarius is Air. Virgo is Earth and Pisces is Water. 7KH 8QLRQ %LEOH 6WRU\ RI Âł(YHÂ´ DQG Âł$GDPÂ´ ZHUH IRXQGHG XSRQ WKH 0RRULVK =RGLDF twelve signs law, the negative and the positive forces of nature (female and male). In Harmony with Nature: 1. Aries is Fire and Gemini is Air. 2. Leo is Fire and Libra is Air. 3. Sagittarius is Fire and Aquarius is Air. Persons born under the opposite signs and the angle signs are in harmony with one another in every manner. Thus firsthand knowledge of the sign under which you and your mate were born will guide your destiny in peace, progress and happiness forever. Let us remember that this is 136 not a theory. The Zodiac is absolute universal standard of marriage and human guidance. Woman and man will know their duty toward one another and their children without being forced by the traditional code for the court room. A rticle 6 T he O ne and O nly Universal Moral L aw for Unity, Peace and E conomic and Social Progress. The Moorish Zodiac Constitution is the only Universal Unchanged Moral Law for the Human Family, for Unity, Human Equality, Respect, Peace and Economic and Social Progress. 7KHUHIRUHHYHU\0RRUWKH%H\VDQG(OVPXVWEHJXLGHGE\WKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDQGERRNÂł&ORFN RI'HVWLQ\Â´GRWKDWZKLFKLVULJKWE\UHDVRQDQGKDYHUHVSHFWIRUWKHÂł:KLWHÂ´/DZPDNHUVDQG citizens of the Magna Charta Union Society of the 50 States, in order to demand respect from them. 7KH Âł:KLWHÂ´ 3HRSOHV RI WKH 8QLRQ DUH JXLGHGE\ WKHLU0DJQD &KDUWD WUDGLWLRQV DQG FXVWRPV and the Moors are guided by the Zodiac Constitution Law. Never the less, their customs and traditions, including themselves, must be respected by the Moors, without submitting themselves to any of the Manga Charta customs. That which is termed the Christian Law is, a rule of action recorded on paper and supported by authority and force. The Zodiac Law of Nature, is recorded in the wisdom of women and men, and supported by moral intelligence, The Greatest Law. Knowledge of Zodiac Masonry as shown in this Moorish Constitution, and also in my book Âł&ORFN RI 'HVWLQ\Â´ 9ROXPH DQG ZLOO SUHYHQW D 0RRULVK $PHULFDQ +H RU 6KH IURP indulging in crime. They them would not have to appear in the court room to stand trial. Should a Moorish American who has this Constitution and Book 1 and 2 indulge in crime, such as; narcotics, robbery, forgery, prostitution, illegal whisky or alcohol, illegal schemes, gambling, peace breaking, violence and disrespect for the law of the City, Country, State and Federal, they then have incriminated themselves and therefore will be penalized. This constitution, card and book definitely does not protect criminals. BEWARE. The Clock of Destiny Moorish American Card of Identification and Constitution has been registered in the Library of Congress and signed by author: C. M. Bey. A Moorish American cannot be convicted on false accusation frame-up charges. The evidence against a Moorish American Must be concrete proof beyond a shadow of doubt. The Moorish Nation of 15,000,000 (1951) of U.S.A. shall not be destroyed for lack of truth and knowledge of the Law and constitution of the Moors. A rticle 7 T he Moorish A merican F reedom and L egal in the C hristian Union Court Room 137 In the Christian Union Court Room, the Moors cannot be forced to remove their Red Fez from their heads, nor can they be forced to raise their hand and take Oath over the Christian Bible. Neither FDQ0RRUVWKH%H\VDQG(OVHPSOR\Âł:KLWHÂ´RUÂł1HJURÂ´ODZ\HUVWRUHSUHVHQWWKHP 7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVLVWKDWÂł:KLWHÂ´3HRSOHDQGWKHLUÂł1HJURÂ´VODYHVGHILQLWHO\FDQQRWUHSUHVHQW free Moorish Americans. The Negro is the property of the Union Slave Holders. The Moors must respect the court by VD\LQJ Âł, DIILUPÂ´ +HUH WKH FRXUW KDV QR MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU WKHP ZKLFK DXWRPDWLFDOO\ PDNHV them qualified to defend themselves by their Zodiac Constitution Law and their mathematical number nine (9). The number nine (9) corresponds with the letter I, based on the nine months IURP FRQFHSWLRQ WR ELUWK ZKLFK PDNHV \RX \RXUVHOI 7KH UHDW Âł, $PÂ´ WKH ILUVW DQG WKH highest law of self protection and self preservation in harmony with your Zodiac 12 signs unchanged constitution Moral Law of 360 degrees squared by your number nine (9). 7KH0RRULVK=RGLDF&RQVWLWXWLRQLVUHIHUUHGWRLQ&KULVWLDQP\WKRORJ\DVÂł7KH+RO\.RUDQÂ´ RU Âł$O .RUDQÂ´ PHDQLQJ WKH (DUWK WKH 0RRQ WKH 6XQ DQG WKH VHYHQ SODQHWV RU &KURQRORJ\ Zodiac Record of the Moorish Nation of the North Gate, North America. The name Âł0RKDPPHGÂ´3URSKHW5HOLJLRQRG&KXUFK7HPSOHDQG0RVTXHZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH Dutch-Anglo Saxon Priesthood Franciscan father of North who overthrew the Moorish Society of Islam between 1789 and the Union of 1863. The Moors, the Beys and Els, must never attempt to teach or lecture in the Christian Institutions, namely, Church, Temple, Mosque, School, and Hall. This is a violation of the Union Society States right Magna Charta Code of Mary and Christ. The truth of the Moorish Zodiac Constitution Law and moral human principles definitely conflicts with the Christian Union customs and Doctrine of the Magna Charta from every angle. Nor do not criticize the Âł:KLWHÂ´SHRSOHÂśVEHOLHILQWKH religion of their son and women image. Nor do ever attempt to LQIOXHQFH WKH Âł:KLWHÂ´ SHRSOH WR DFFHSW WKH RUDO WUXWK DQG SULQFLSOHV RI \RXU VLJQV =RGLDF Constitutional Law, because the Magna Charta is a Latin phrase meaning, Magnate Charta of Âł:KLWHÂ´SHoples economic and social attraction only, which had its beginning in the Colonies of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois in 1848 and 1854. If the lawmakers of the 50 Union States Society of North America, should attempt to ignore the 0RRULVK $PHULFDQÂśV Zodiac Law and birthrights of this constitution, it would be an act of supreme violation of their own Magna Charta Code. Wa Aliaikum As Salaam 138 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!(-E'&((+8!0!1##$!0&!&'(!&()3!)(/-9(+&!! By: Garry: Webb: Bey January 09, 2009 Resident - One who has his residence in a place Residence - A factual place of abode. Living in a particular locality. It requires only bodily presence as an inhabitant of a place. A bode - ones home; habitation; place of dwelling; or residence. Ordinarily: means dRPLFLOHÂľ The term Resident is one of the most seminal concepts in the law, relating to status. This term is used in most state laws in this country to identify the party subject to the statutes. Whether it be the requirement to register a car and get a dULYHUÂśVOLFHQVHRUWRSD\WD[HVWKHODZLPSRVHVDORW RIGXWLHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRQWKLVWKLQJFDOOHGDÄ´5HVLGHQWÂľ Before we explore what exactly is this thing, called a Resident, it should be abundantly clear that the Resident is the object and subject of legislative authority. As explained in my article 14th A mendment C itizenship Is Not T rue Citizenship, under the original set up of the U.S., based on the principles espoused in The Declaration of Independence, the people were sovereigns. To undersWDQGWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIVRYHUHLJQW\ZLWKUHVSHFWWROHJLVODWLYHDXWKRULW\,ÂľOOTXRWH from the U.S. Supreme Court. In the case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, the court stated: Âł6RYHUHLJQW\LWVHOILVRIFRXUVHQRWVXEMHFWWRODZIRULWLVWKHDXWKRUDQGVRXUFH of law; but in our system, while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by whom and for whom all government exists and DFWVÂ´ So if sovereignty is not subject to law and the people are sovereign then the people, acting within their sovereign rights, are not subject to the legislative authority. Notice that the statutes GRQÂľWVD\WKDWWKHSHRSOHRIWKLVVWDWHDUHUHTXLUHGWRUHJLVWHUWKHLUSURSHUW\JHWOLFHQVHVRUSD\ taxes on the fruits of their labor. As a further illustration of the people being the source of the legislative power, consider the enacting clause, which all laws must have to be constitutionally valid, of New York state: Âł7KHHQDFWLQJFODXVHRIDOOELOOVVKDOOEH7KH3HRSOHRIWKH6WDWHRI1HZ York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows, " and no law shall EHHQDFWHGH[FHSWE\ELOOÂ´ 7KDWÂľVULJKWWKHOHJLVODWXUHRI1HZ<RUN6WDWHJHWVWKHLUDXWKRULW\WROHJLVODWHIURPÄ´7KH 3HRSOHÂľ With this foundation we can begin to explore what this thing called a Resident is. A little HW\PRORJ\LVUHTXLUHG7KHWHUP5HVLGHQWFDQEHEURNHQGRZQLQWRWZRSDUWV Ä´5HVÂľDQGÄ´,GHQWÂľ 139 Res is a Latin word meaning WKLQJµDnd ,GHQWµLVWKHURRWRIWKHZRUGVĴ,GHQWLW\µDQG,GHQWLI\µ 6RWKHWHUP5HVLGHQWOLWHUDOO\PHDQVʊDWKLQJLGHQWLILHG‫ۅ‬ The next question to be answered is: What is the nature and characteristics of this thing being identified as such? We already know that this thing being identified is not the sovereign and is subject to legislative control. /HWµVJREDFNWRWKHGHILQLWLRQVDQGVHHZKDWFOXHVZHFDQILQG According to the legal definitions, residence is based on physical presence in a particular place. However, before one jumps to the conclusion that by ones mere presence in a particular location one automatically becomes the Resident subject to the statutes, remember that such conclusion would be a contradiction of the rights inherent in the sovereign people. So there must be another element present, that we have yet to take into account. For that missing element we must H[DPLQHWKHWHUPĴ'RPLFLOHµ Domicile. That place where a man has his true, fixed, and permanent home and principle establishment, and to which whenever he is absent he has the intention of returning. There is, in the law, a concept called: Fiction of Law; a fiction of law is something known to be false but assumed to be true. An assumption or supposition of law that something which is or may be false is true, or that a state of facts exists which has never taken place.1 This is what the term domicile is based on ± fictions of law. The ideas of fixed and permanent are fictions. Change being the only constant in the universe, there is nothing on the material plane that is permanent. One of the most basic ways for fictions to be presumed true are by way of contract. In contract law there is such a thing called Situs or Forum Contractus. It means a place where a contract is made ± a place that has jurisdiction over the contract. That contractual place can be fixed and permanent. Corporations are creatures of statute. They are not real. They exist on paper. They are contemplations of law ± hence fictions. The location where they are created it fixed and is indicated by an address. The corporation cannot move around. However, if a corporation sets up operations in a state different from the one in which it was created, it becomes a foreign corporation in that state and is subject to the rules of foreign entities in that state. In other words, it has no inherent rights in that state. Why am I using this example? And what does this have to do with the term Resident? 1Blacks Law Dictionary - 4th Ed. Pg. 751 140 Remember our definition states that residence requires only physical presence in a particular place. So being a Resident implies being foreign to the place where the entity resides, based on where it was created. If that is not clear at this point, let me provide an example, based on the understanding of contract. The 14th Amendment citizen has its origin and creation from the Federal Government. The seat of the Federal Government is in Washington, D.C. This is where the federal legislative authority and jurisdiction exists. Under the defiQLWLRQRI6LWXVLWVWDWHVLQSDUW ĘŠ the place where a thing is considered, for H[DPSOHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRMXULVGLFWLRQRYHULWRUWKHULJKWRUSRZHUWRWD[LWÂ´ $QGXQGHU)RUXP&RQWUDFWXVLWUHDGVLQSDUW ĘŠ the place where a contract is made, consLGHUHGDVDSODFHRIMXULVGLFWLRQÂ´ 'R\RXJHWLWQRZ"6WLOOGRQÂľWVHHKRZ\RXFRQWUDFWHGZLWKWKH'LVWULFWRI&ROXPELD"+RZ about Social Security? /HWÂľVORRNDWDQRWKHUDVSHFWRIFRQWUDFWODZÂą &RQVHQVXDO&RQWUDFW ĘŠ A term derived from the civil law, denoting a contract founded upon and completed by the mere consent of the contracting parties, without any external formality or symbolic act to fix the obligation â€ŤŰ…â€Ź Did you read Slavery Is Not F ree"5HDGLWDJDLQ$FFHSWDQFHLVFRQVHQW<RXGRQÂľWHYHQKDYH to sign anything. You want an example of signing something which places you contractually in the District of Columbia? Whenever you deal formally with the federal government, the form or application you are required to fill out usually has a sworn statement at the end stipulating that the information you provided is true and correct under penalties of perjury. Well there are two kinds of perjury statements Âą RQHIRUÄ´ZLWKLQÂľWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGRQHIRUÄ´ZLWKRXWÂľWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV Guess which perjury statement is used on the Form W-4? Guess which one is used on Form SS4? Accordingly, this puts you inside of the District of Columbia Âą inside the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government. This is where you exist as a political entity. You are a foreigner in the states of the Union. Therefore, you are a Resident Âą a foreigner, with no rights in the states of the Union. Thus as a Resident you have to be regulated as such and are required to follow all codes, rules, regulations, and ordinances of the state. When one has no rights everything becomes a privilege, and a tax must be paid for the privilege. When you pay a tax in New York State, what is the form called? NYS Resident Tax Return. Come out of her my People! M y people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. 141 ,I\RXGRQÂľWNQRZ\RXUULJKWV\RXGRQÂľWKDYHDQ\ Oh by the way, under the term Resident it states: Âł$OVRa tenant, who was obliged to reside on KLVORUGŕŁ”VODQGDQGQRWWRGHSDUWIURPWKHVDPH FDOOHGDOVRÂłKRPPHOHYDQWHWFRXFKDQWÂ´ DQGLQ1RUPDQG\ÂłUHVVHDQWGXILHIÂ´ Till next time. Fez Associates, LLC. [email protected] References Blacks Law Dictionary, 4th Edition - pgs. 20, 377, 572, 751, 783,1473, & 1558 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 NYS Constitution, Art.3 sec.13 U.S. Constitution, Art.1 sec.8 cl.17, Art.1 sec.10 142 -+6-+-&7!1(//#+!+-+(&((+8!"0/-5/!#6!9)06&-+E!0!/,-&(!! W/ Sister Anaid El 7RGD\ÂśVFODVVLVWKHODVWRID-week course, and is centered on drafting a suit, which LQFOXGHVDQÂł,QIRUPD3DXSHULVÂ´DQGDÂł&HUWLILFDWHRI6HUYLFHÂ´ The Colorable Courts coerce the people into paying them in order for the people to exercise WKHLUULJKWV7KLVLVWKHLUZD\RIGHQ\LQJÂłGXHSURFHVVRIODZÂ´DVRQHcannot be denied WKHLU ULJKWV FDVHG RQ ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH\ KDYH ÂłPRQH\Â´ 7KHUHIRUH DQ ,QIRUPD 3DXSHULVÂś LV submitted to the Courts to that end. A Certificate of Service shows that all involved in the suit have been served. One does not have to utilize and pay a Sheriff to serve paperwork. They can use the United States Post Master, via certified return receipt. The following are some terms, law, and information to assist you in gaining the proper concept(s) for a Suit. ÂłÂŤ&RQJUHVVFDQQRWDXWKRUL]HDWUDGHRUEXVLQHVVZLWKLQD6WDWHLQRUGHUWRWD[LWÂ´ L icense T ax C ases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L .E d. 497, 5 W all. 462, 2A. F. T .R. 2224 (1866) Âł/RVVRI)LUVW$PHQGPHQW)UHHGRPVIRUHYHQPLQLPDOperiods of time, unquestionably FRQVWLWXWHVLUUHSDUDEOHLQMXU\Â´E lrod Vs Burns, 427 U.S. 347; 6 S. C t. 2673; 49 L . E d. 2d (1976) T he Zodiac Constitution, A rticle I The twelve Signs of the Zodiac, The Code of Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (09), and the Science of Geometry (G), comprise the Constitution of the Living Moorish Nation RI1RUWK$PHULFDUHIHUUHGWR$V Âł1HJURHVÂ´ZKRUXOHGWKHZRUOGDQGWKH6HYHQ6HDVE\WKH Signs of The Zodiac and the Science of Geometry (D), for eleven hundred and ninety-six years, to the Amazon Dutch-German Catholic Priesthood Fathers of the Revolution of 1789, and the 6LVWHUKRRG 0DJQD &KDUWD (PDQFLSDWLRQ 3URFODPDWLRQ 8QLRQ 6RFLHW\ RI $OELRQ (XURSHDQÂś erroneously called White) Supremacy, in 1863 North America. The Twelve Jurymen of the 50 United States Society, and also the nine judges of the 6XSUHPH&RXUWZHUHIRXQGHGXSRQWKH0RRULVK1DWLRQÂśV6LJQVRIWKH=RGLDF&RQVWLWXWLRQ and Mathematics scaling from zero to nine (0-9). Thus without our Moorish Constitution, the 0DJQD&KDUWD (PDQFLSDWLRQ 3URFODPDWLRQ 8QLRQ 6RFLHW\ RIWKH 0\WK RI $OELRQ (XURSHDQÂś erroneously called White) Supremacy, Definitely could have been found in 1863. T he Zodiac Constitution, A rticle I I Zodiac Constitution Birthright of the Moorish A merican (the Beys and Els) Since the 12 Jurymen of the 50 Union States Magna Charta document of Albion (XURSHDQÂśHUURQHRXVO\FDOOHG:KLWH 6XSUHPDF\DQGWKHQLQHMXGJHVRIWKHLU6XSUHPH&RXUW were founded upon our Moorish Zodiac 12 Signs, Mathematical Constitution, the lawmakers 143 have no jurisdiction over the Free Moors, the Beys and Els, in the inherited land of the Moorish Nation, namely: United States for America, Canada, Central and South America. The Moorish American Nationality and their sir names, Beys and Els, and their inherited birthrights without a legal due process of the lawmakers if the Union Society, United States of America what our Moorish forefathers were, we are today without a doubt or contradiction, namely, Moorish! United States Republic Constitution, A rticle V I All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. his Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. he Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I I I, Section I I The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; --to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; --to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; -to controversies between two or more states; --between a state and citizens of the another state; --between citizens of different states; -- between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. T he United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I, Section X, C lause I Âą No State shall enter into any T reaty, A lliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and 144 Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto law, or Law impairing, or grant any title of Nobility. United State Republic Constitution, O riginal 13 th A rticle of the Bill of Rights, Section 12 The traffic in slaves with Africa is hereby forever prohibited on pain of death and forfeiture of all the rights and property of persons engages therein; and the descendants of Africans shall not be citizens. Foreign Jurisdiction in Statues for Connecticut: Section 14 Âą 40: O peration of motor vehicle owned by resident of foreign country. Any motor vehicle or trailer owned or operated E\DUHVLGHQWIRUDIRUHLJQFRXQWU\ZKLFKFRXQWU\DGKHUHVWRWKHDUWLFOHVRIWKHÂł,QWHUQDWLRQDl &RQYHQWLRQÂ´KHOGLQ3DULV$SULOth, 1926, or amendments thereto, relative to the operation of motor vehicles, may be operated on the highways of this state without registration, provided VXFKQRQUHVLGHQWRSHUDWRUÂśVOLFHQVHDQGSURYLGHGVXFKPRWRUYHKLcle is legally registered in the country of his residence and also bears an international registration. United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I, Section 8, C lause 17 To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, Requires that all public offices must be exercised O N L Y in the District of Columbia and not elsewhere, except as expressly provided by law. Unites States Republic Constitution, A rticle I, Section I X , C lause V I I I No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. See also Article VI of the Article of Confederation Unites States Republic Constitution, O riginal A rticle X I I I of the Bill of Rights If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall without the consent of Congress, accept or retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding office of trust or profit under them, or either of them. T he above affirms that they cease to be a citizen of the United States therefore they cannot hold any office in federal or states government; A nyone who become a member of the B.A.R. associations headquarters is in the United K ingdom. 145 United States Republic Constitution, A rticle I V , Section I V The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. Protect every state from invasion by either other states of the federal government. A ny attempt to destroy rights, and especially through compelled participation in E uropean foreign jurisdiction (Union States), is an invasion in every sense of the word, even though not a physical or military invasion United States Republic Constitution, A mendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment I V The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects: against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons of things to be seized. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V I In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V I I In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 146 United States Republic Constitution, A mendment V I I I Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment I X The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. United States Republic Constitution, A mendment X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. T he United States Department of Justice ± Moorish C redentials: A A 222141 ± T ruth A ± 1 ± See Lesson Book 14 United Nations Declaration of H uman Rights A rticle F ifteen (15) United Nation Rights of Indigenous Peoples Part 1, A rticle Four (4) United Nations Rights of the C hild, Principal T hree (3) T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 13, Section 241 Conspiracy against rights If two or more persons conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the constitution or laws of the United States, or because of his so exercised the same; or If two or more persons go in disguise on the highway, or on the premises of another, with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege so secured ± They shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, may be sentenced to death. T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 13, Section 242 Deprivation of rights under color-of-law Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or to different punishments, pains, penalties, on account of such person being an alien, or by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be 147 fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death. T I T L E 18 § 219 ± O fficers and employees acting as agents of foreign principals T I T L E 18 § 247 - Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise of religious beliefs T I T L E 18 § 654 ± O fficer or employee of the United State converting property of another T I T L E 18 § 872 ± E xtortion by officers or employees of the United States T I T L E 18 § 873 ± Blackmail T I T L E 18 § 876 ± mailing threatening communications T I T L E 18 § 877 ± Mailing threatening communications from foreign country T I T L E 18 § 878 ± T hreats and extortion against foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons T I T L E 18 § 880 ± Receiving the proceeds of extortion T I T L E 18 § 1581 ± Peonage; obstructing enforcement T I T L E 18 § 1583 ± E nticement into slavery T I T L E 18 § 1584 ± Sale into involuntary servitude T I T L E 18 § 1589 ± Forced labor T I T L E 18 § 1951 ± Interference with commerce by threats or violence T I T L E 18 § 1956 ± L aundering of monetary T I T L E 18 § 1957 ± E ngaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity T I T L E 18 § 1959 ± V iolent crimes in aid of racketeering activity T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 115, Section 2381 T reason Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason and shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined not less than 10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States. 148 T itle 18, Part I, C hapter 115, Section 2382 Misprision of T reason Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States and having knowledge of the commission of any treason against them, conceals and does not, as soon as may be, disclose and make known the same to the President or to some particular State, is guilty of misprision of treason and shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than seven years, or both. 149	i don't know
The song 'My favourite things' was featured inwhich musical?	A BO2 COD Parody of My Favourite Things from the musical_ - YouTube A BO2 COD Parody of My Favourite Things from the musical_ Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 10, 2013 From The Musical "The Sound Of Music" I couldn't resist doing this in a Julie Andrews style posh voice. Please hit the like button if this parody made you smile ................................. Please feel free to make song suggestions in the comments section. Feel free to share with your friends and enemies, I hope you all enjoy this "just for fun" Call of Duty song and I hope you have as much fun watching this video as I had making it. Subscribe for the latest songs at: www.youtube.com/minion1972 Like on Facebook for Updates: www.facebook.com'MinionSquisherUpdate Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/MinionSquisher Original Song & Artist: My Favourite Things from the musical The Sound Of Music (Julie Andrews) See the original version here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33o32C... New Lyrics, Vocals, Sound Effects, Mixing And Mastering by Minion Squisher Video Editing, Animations and Artwork Creation by Minion Squisher Starring Minion Squisher, xoXTUMBLEWEED, RAGUS MONKEY X and quite a few players who were in the right place, at the right time. A Big Thank You to All of Them. ................................ Copyright: All in game footage is my own, captured on the Elgato HD, the lyrics and artwork are my own original creations, and overall all media included is done so under the terms of "Fair Use" Any Official Game Trailer footage used in any of my parody video's is the intellectual property of Activision, Infinity Ward & Treyarch and full credit is given where applicable. .................................. A huge thank you to my friends as always who supported and encouraged me in making this, including my long suffering husband who has had to give over the dining room to me so I could turn it into a makeshift recording studio. I record all my songs on the dining room table with a laptop that was never designed to do such things. ................................... Multiplayer Montage Game footage featured: Call of Duty Black Ops 2 BO2 ..........................................	The Sound of Music
Into which body of water does the river Euphrates flow?	JULIE ANDREWS - MY FAVORITE THINGS LYRICS My Favorite Things Lyrics Brown paper packages tied up with strings These are a few of my favorite things Cream colored ponies and crisp apple strudels Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings These are a few of my favorite things. Girls in white dresses with blue satin sashes Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes Silver white winters that melt into springs These are a few of my favorite things When the dog bites, when the bee stings When I'm feeling sad I simply remember my favorite things And then I don't feel so bad Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens Brown paper packages tied up with strings These are a few of my favorite things Cream colored ponies and crisp apple strudels Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings These are a few of my favorite things Girls in white dresses with blue satin sashes Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes Silver white winters that melt into springs These are a few of my favorite things When the dog bites, when the bee stings When I'm feeling sad I simply remember my favorite things And then I don't feel so bad. Lyrics powered by www.musixmatch.com The Sound Of Music Tracklist 1 Embed Get the embed code <table class="songlyrics" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed;"><col width="40" /><col /><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Julie Andrews - The Sound Of Music Album Lyrics</th></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">1.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/i-have-confidence-lyrics/" title="I Have Confidence Lyrics Julie Andrews">I Have Confidence</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">2.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/my-favorite-things-lyrics/" title="My Favorite Things Lyrics Julie Andrews">My Favorite Things</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">3.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/prelude-and-the-sound-of-music-lyrics/" title="Prelude and the sound of music Lyrics Julie Andrews">Prelude and the sound of music</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">4.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/maria-lyrics/" title="Maria Lyrics Julie Andrews">Maria</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">5.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/sixteen-going-on-seventeen-lyrics/" title="Sixteen going on seventeen Lyrics Julie Andrews">Sixteen going on seventeen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">6.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/so-long-farewell-lyrics/" title="So long, farewell Lyrics Julie Andrews">So long, farewell</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">7.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/my-favorite-things-reprise-lyrics/" title="My favorite things (reprise) Lyrics Julie Andrews">My favorite things (reprise)</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">8.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/something-good-lyrics/" title="Something good Lyrics Julie Andrews">Something good</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">9.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/processional-and-maria-lyrics/" title="Processional and Maria Lyrics Julie Andrews">Processional and Maria</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">10.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/do-re-mi-reprise-lyrics/" title="Do-re-mi (reprise) Lyrics Julie Andrews">Do-re-mi (reprise)</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">11.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/edelweiss-reprise-lyrics/" title="Edelweiss (reprise) Lyrics Julie Andrews">Edelweiss (reprise)</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">12.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/so-long-farewell-reprise-lyrics/" title="So long, farewell (reprise) Lyrics Julie Andrews">So long, farewell (reprise)</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sl-td-left">13.</td><td class="sl-td-right"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews/do-re-mi-lyrics/" title="Do-re-mi Lyrics Julie Andrews">Do-re-mi</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="sl-credit"><a href="http://www.songlyrics.com/julie-andrews-lyrics/" title="Julie Andrews Lyrics">Julie Andrews Lyrics</a> provided by <a href="/" title="Lyrics">SongLyrics.com</a></p> Note: When you embed the widget in your site, it will match your site's styles (CSS). This is just a preview! Preview the embedded widget	i don't know
Jim Peters was favourite for the 1952 Olympic Marathon when he dropped out through cramp whilst in the lead. Which famous runner went on to win?	vintagerunning \| Run 'til your eyes pop out Buddy Edelen , Polytechnic Marathon America’s Buddy Edelen is one of marathons forgotten heroes, and is relatively unknown even in his homeland. What makes this so bizarre is the fact that in 1963, he became America’s first world record holder in the marathon since 1925 and thus became the nation’s first sub 2hr 20 and 2hr 15 marathoner. Most runners will have heard of Frank Shorter or Bill Rodgers, but if one was to mention Buddy Edelen the common reply would be “Buddy who?”, a comical yet tragic quote that he used to joke about with his friend and former rival, Hal Higdon. So why is Buddy Edelen such an unknown? There are two main reasons; he spent his prime years (1960 – 1964) living and working in England, meaning that most of his phenomenal performances went unnoticed in the US. Another reason was the fact that he didn’t compete in the Boston marathon, which in those days, was “the” marathon to win and was virtually an unofficial world championship race. Buddy’s unusual career had a straightforward start; he was a promising middle distance collegiate runner at the University of Minnesota and boasted solid personal bests of 4:29 for the mile and 9:03 for two miles in 1958. After graduating, Buddy was keen to carry on pursuing his running career and it was around this time that he met his coach and mentor, Fred Wilt. Wilt was an ambitious coach who was hoping to spot talented young athletes with a strong work ethic in a bid to improve the standard of distance running in the States, which had fallen behind world standards over the past 20 years. He was influenced by the tough training regimes of Jim Peters and Emil Zatopek in the 1950’s. His idea was simple but brutal; Zatopek sessions of high intervals, Peters’ regular hard running at race pace, along with a weekly long run close to marathon distance on the road. In Buddy Edelen, he had a runner who could put those ideas into practice. After meeting Fred Wilt, Edelen’s life started to take a completely different path. At his coach’s suggestion, he moved to Finland and trained out there for a few months, so that he could train and race with better runners whilst doing placement work as a teacher. Shortly after, he had an opportunity to teach in London and after consulting Wilt, was urged to do so as it would be perfect for his running. It was 1960 and Britain was the leading nation in distance running after a post war boom in all events from the half-mile to marathon. Buddy embraced the British tradition of cross country running and initially fellow rivals and spectators thought it was an interesting novelty witnessing an American competing on the boggy cross country courses in a harsh winter, but it wasn’t long before he was a genuine threat in the big races. Edelen kept a thorough training diary and would post off his weekly training to his coach, which would duly be sent back with detailed feedback and plans for future schedules. Wilt was very impressed with his progress; he was now doing over 100 miles per week consistently and was competing with some of Britain’s best on their home turf. His performances on the track had also improved and he managed to be the first American to beat the modest mark of 30 minutes for 10k. Despite establishing himself as a competent runner at world level, his exploits went largely unnoticed across the pond. It wasn’t long before Edelen attempted his first marathon, which proved to be an unpleasant experience due to naive preparation, largely due to doing two tough sessions in the final week and an ill-advised smoked mackerel lunch on the day of the race! He staggered in with 2hr 31, over 10 minutes behind the winner, Ron Hill. Determined to make amends, he signed up for the Welsh marathon a month later and his form was good, in the lead up to the race he ran a solid 28:26 in the AAA’s six-mile championships, whilst it only gave him 9th place, it did give him a new US record. In the final week, he still did sessions on Tuesday (40x 400m in 73’s) and Wednesday (2x 2 mile: 9:54, 9:57), though not as hard as previously. He then rested on Thursday and Friday and avoided mackerel before the race. His main rival would be Salford Harrier’s notorious runner, John Tarrant. The pace was initially reserved, covering the first 5 miles in 29:41, then it picked up with Edelen and Tarrant pulling away from the rest of the field. After 15 miles, Edelen made his move and was out in front on his own, he went on to win in 2hr 22:33, just a few seconds off Jim Peters’ course record. With renewed confidence, Buddy started to focus more on the marathon. He got an invite to compete in the Kosice marathon in October 1962 and he ran solidly in windy conditions only losing out on victory in a sprint finish against Kantorek in 2hr 28:29. Only a couple of months later, he was competing in the Fukuoka marathon. Mamo Wolde set off at a fast pace, 30k was passed in 1hr 37:33 with Edelen only 50 seconds behind in 3rd. Buddy held on to 3rd, just finishing ahead of Kantorek by one second in 2hr 18:56, the first time an American had broken 2hr 20! Things got even better in 1963, he ran in the AAA’s 10 mile in a tough battle against Mel Batty, the first mile was covered in 4:41 and halfway was reached in a blistering 23:59. Edelen couldn’t stay with Batty in the final stages, but held it together to finish less than 20 seconds behind in 48:28, which again, was another US record. Later in April he went on to win the Finchley 20 comfortably in 1hr 45:12. By now he was up there with the world’s best and had high hopes of competing in the much coveted Boston marathon, it would be the perfect opportunity to garner some much deserved recognition from his home nation. Unfortunately the organiser, Jock Semple was unable to raise enough funds and Buddy couldn’t afford the cost of arranging his own travel across. He did get an invite to compete in the Athens marathon, which obviously had a huge amount of prestige, but with a course record of 2hr 23:44 set by Bikila, it clearly wasn’t a fast course. Edelen felt he had a chance of bagging the record and he reached 30k out in front and on schedule in 1hr 42. He ran the next 12k solidly and just about managed the record in 2hr 23:06, his best result to date. Next month was the Polytechnic marathon and he would be up against defending champion Ron Hill, who finished well ahead of him last year. This time Buddy was a very different marathoner and was prepared to go out at whatever pace was necessary. 5 miles was reached in 26:15 and 10 miles was passed in 52:20. The race was shaping up as a battle between Edelen, Hill and Juan Taylor, with the group picking up the pace, passing 15 miles in 1hr 17:03. Shortly after, Edelen started to pull clear with Hill trying to give chase, but Buddy was still increasing the gap, which had extended to nearly two minutes by 21 miles (1hr 47:55). He went on to finish in 2hr 14:28, not only was it a course record, but he’d knocked 47 seconds off the world record! It had been nearly 40 years since an American last achieved this momentous feat! Not one to rest on his laurels, Edelen then went on to compete in the Kosice marathon again and this time he came out a convincing winner, setting a course record that would last for over 20 years. This phenomenal running still didn’t seem to impress the AAU (American Athletic Union) enough to allow Edelen to miss the US trails for the Tokyo Olympics; he would have to compete and win the Yonkers marathon. Whilst this may have seemed a straight-forward task, Edelen had a huge disadvantage against the other Americans; the most obvious one being that he’d have to travel thousands of miles on a budget with limited time off work. Not only this, but he’d have to acclimatise to the hot conditions, something that would be difficult when living in England. His way of dealing with the latter issue was to train heavily layered up in long sleeve tops and sweatshirts with jogging pants when out running, with the aim of getting used to running hard and being uncomfortably hot! There was still plenty more racing throughout 1963 and within a couple of months he set another American record for 6 miles, running 28:00 for 4th in the AAA’s. The next marathon was Kosice in October, where he would be up against previous world record holder Sergey Popov of the Soviet Union and Britain’s Basil Heatley. There was also two Ethiopians running, Biratu Wami and Demissie Wolde. For the first 20k, the race was being disputed by these five competitors, but shortly after half-way, Popov was dropped. The Ethiopians constantly threw in 200 yard surges and managed to drop all but Edelen and in the last few miles, he unleashed a surge of his own, pulling away to win in 2hr 15:09, a course record that would last until 1978. It was a performance that Buddy rated as being better than his world record run, due to the nature of the course and the tough competition. 1964 would be the biggest year of his career; all the training and racing he had done was geared towards the Olympics in Tokyo, and the ultimate goal was the gold medal. First he would have to make the team, world record holder or not, for an American runner to represent their country they had to qualify for the team in a trial. This year it would be in the Yonkers marathon, in temperatures likely be in excess of 85 degrees Fahrenheit. The race was in May, so Edelen got to it and prepared as best he could, which meant running over 135 miles per week. Though it seemed crazy, it clearly worked; as it was indeed very hot in the race; 91 degrees Fahrenheit! He would be up against America’s finest; Johnny Kelley, who was still only 33 years old despite being a class marathoner for nearly a decade, who had an incredible record of eight consecutive wins in this race. The conditions forced the race to a cautious start and 10 miles was covered in a reserved 55 minutes. Edelen then started to increase the pace and moved away from Kelley and Hal Higdon with Norm Higgins managing to stay close to him until 15 miles, but then ended up blacking out after 20 miles! Edelen still didn’t let up and finished well in 2hr 24:25, but the statistics that really impress was that he won by a whole 20 minutes from Adolph Gruber and Johnny Kelley, and out of the 128 competitors only 37 finished! Now Tokyo bound and one of the favourites for the gold medal in October, Edelen received some much deserved recognition from the American press. Sadly it was after the Yonkers marathon that things would start to go wrong. In that summer he started get niggles and twinges in his hips, legs and lower back, which was starting to hamper his training; the early signs of sciatica. It meant that Edelen was going into the Olympic marathon with less than ideal preparation; June and July was patchy by his standards and he was only able to get together some consistent training by late August. By the time of the race, Edelen felt he was close to his best form, but the injury issues had planted a seed of doubt. The biggest threat was the defending champion, Abebe Bikila from Ethiopia. Australia’s track star, Ron Clarke took the field through 5k in 15:06, then 10k in 30:14. Bikila started to take over at 15k (45:35). Over a minute behind was Edelen, struggling with his sciatica and finding the pace tough. Bikila started to edge away from the field with only Jim Hogan giving chase at 20k (60:58), halfway was reached in a rapid 64:28, well under world record pace. Hogan gamely held on until 35k, when he ran himself to a standstill and was unable to finish. Buddy was managing to move through, but a medal was starting to look unlikely. By the end he managed to claw his way back to 6th in 2hr 18:24, but it was a distant six minutes behind Bikila who ran a new world record of 2hr 12:11. Britains Basil Heatley was 2nd in 2hr 16:19 and Japan’s Tsuburaya was 3rd in 2hr 16:22. The sciatica continued to be a problem; in 1965 he won the Kefield marathon in Germany comfortably in a routine 2hr 21. Then it was another crack at the Polytechnic marathon, which would be a showdown against three Japanese runners; Teresawa, Shigematsu and Okabe. There would be no Ron Hill, Heatley (who retired) or Brain Kilby, so the British support was for the resident American. Early on Edelen fought hard to keep with the Japanese runners; 15 miles was covered in just over 1hr 15 and by 16 miles he could hold on no longer. Shigematsu won in 2hr 12 flat, a new world record with Terasawa 2nd in 2hr 13:41. Edelen finished 3rd in 2rh 14:34, only six seconds off his personal best, but it came with a heavy price; he later stated he “died a thousand deaths” in that race and the sciatica was terribly painful between 10 and 16 miles. After five years in England, it was time for Buddy Edelen to return to the US, but by then his injury troubles only worsened. In 1966 he won the Denver marathon, despite the altitude and the conditions, it must still have been a very depressing result to cross the line in 2hr 51. It was the final nail in the coffin for Buddy, after all the hard work, his body couldn’t take anymore. The sub 2hr 15 result in London 12 months ago seemed a distant memory. It would prove to be his last race, and as with many class athletes, the final result didn’t do justice to such a great champion. After his running career ended, he taught Psychology at Adams State, Colorado for a number of years. His life ended tragically short by cancer in 1997, he was just 59 years old. Training Edelen’s training was ahead of it’s time and one of the earliest examples of mixing fast paced runs, long runs and high interval sessions into a regime of over 130 miles per week. Even in the present day, his training is still relevant and provides a great example of how someone can run sub 2hr 15 marathons whilst holding down a full-time job. Here’s an example from 1963, the two weeks leading up to his world record: Sun 2nd June: 11 miles steady road run. Mon 3rd: 23 miles steady in 2hr 04. Tue 4th: Session: 7 x (55 yrd jog, 55 yrd sprint, 110 jog, 110 sprint, 150 jog, 150 sprint, 220 jog, 220 sprint. Wed 5th: 11 miles in 55 minutes. Thur 6th: am: 6 miles hard. pm: Session: 4 x (440 yrd fast, 440 jog, 440 fast, 330 jog, 440 fast, 220 jog, 440 fast, 110 jog, 440 fast, 5 min walk). Averaged 64 secs on reps. Fri 7th: 20x 440 yrd (70 – 71) with 45 sec jog between each. Sat 8th: Club Match, Harlow: 1 mile (2nd in 4:23), 880 yrd (3rd, 2:07), then a 110 yrd leg in relay. Sun 9th June: 23 miles in 2hr 01. Mon 10th: 4.5 miles home steady. Tue 11th: am: 4.5 miles to work fast. pm: Session: 25 x 440 yrd (66 / 67’s) with 220 jog between. Wed 12th: am: 4.5 miles to work. pm: 11 miles hard in 56 minutes. Thur 13th & Fri 14th: Rest. Sat 15th: Polytechnic Marathon, 1st, 2hr 14:28. In 1964, a typical week looked like this: Sun 23rd May: 28 miles in 2hr 39. Mon 24th: Rest. Tue 25th: am: 4.5 miles to work. pm: Session: 20x 440 yrd in 69-70 secs. 220 jog between. Wed 26th: am: 4.5 miles to work. pm: 15 miles in 1hr 18. Thur 27th: am: 4.5 miles to work. pm: Session: 25 x 220 fast with 220 jog. Fri 28th: am: 4.5 miles to work. pm: 11 miles in 58 minutes. Sat 29th: am: Session: 5 x 110 yard sprints, 10 x 770 yards in 1:55 with 350 slow jog between. pm: Session: 15x 150 yrd strides on grass. Performances 1952 Olympics , 1955 Sports Personality of the Year , Emil Zatopek , Gordon Pirie , silver 1956 Olympics Gordon Pirie was one of athletics most popular athletes of the 1950′s, setting world records in the 3,000m, 5,000m and 10,000m as well as dominating the British scene on track and cross country for the best part of a decade. Confident and brash, Pirie was also one of the most controversial athletes of the era with his outspoken views on the farce of the strict amateur codes of the day, which would often put him at loggerheads with AAA’s chief official, Jack Crump. Despite rubbing up the governing body the wrong way, he was hugely popular with the public; winning Sports Personality of the Year in 1955 and regularly featuring as cover star in Athletics Weekly and World Sports magazines. His character and intense training regime fascinated people and was the topic much discussion and heated debate. Pirie was originally from Yorkshire, where he was born in 1931, before his family relocated to London when he was a child. Gordon’s father Alick was a keen runner and got him into running with his older brother Peter, but the spark in Gordon Pirie ignited when he watched the formidable Emil Zatopek in the 1948 Olympics in London. It was his ambition to emulate the great Czech Locomotive, which meant ditching the traditional British approach to training of 3 – 4 sessions per week and embracing daily training of high intensity with high volume interval workouts. It was soon paying off, by the age of 20, Pirie was one of the nation’s most promising young athletes along with Roger Banister, Walter Hesketh and Chris Chataway. In 1951, he set a new British record of 29:32 for 6 miles. The following year would prove to be an even bigger breakthrough; making the team for the ’52 Olympics at Helsinki in the 5,000m and 10,000m, where he would get to compete against his idol, Zatopek, only four years after watching him from the stands in London. It was the Olympics where Zatopek swept all before him to win three gold medals in the 5,000m, 10,000m and marathon, but it was a promising start on the world stage for Gordon Pirie, who managed a very credible 4th place in the 5,000m with 14:18, overtaking an unlucky Chataway who had fallen on the last bend. The 10,000m proved to be a harder race and Pirie was 7th in 30:09. The following year would prove to be an even greater success, even briefly holding the world record for 6 miles (28:19) and a British record for 10,000m (29:19). He won the National cross country title and showed his versatility, surprising everyone by winning the Emsley Carr mile against sub 4 minute hopeful Wes Santee in 4:06.8, running the last lap in 58 seconds. Pirie was now under the guidance of German coach, Woldemar Gerschler, who had a scientific approach to interval training by monitoring heart rate with an electrocardiograph to pinpoint adequate recoveries and intensities for his athletes. This was a very advanced approach in the early 1950′s and only became a common method once heart rate monitors started to appear nearly 30 years later. Whilst Pirie’s partnership with Gerschler raised some eyebrows in the British athletics fraternity, most believed Britain now had their own Zatopek with his daily sessions of high intensity interval workouts. His methods did attract some lively debate; the AAA’s officials, former Olympic 100m champion Harold Abrahams and Jack Crump felt he was overdoing it, the legendary Gunder Haegg went one step further, “Pirie will be burnt out in two years!”. They believed he would be better off training with the traditional approach of Bannister and Chataway. Most of the 1954 season was spent suffering with an Achilles tendon injury and it seemed as though his critics had been proven correct. It robbed him of a chance to win a gold medal in the Empire Games and face Zatopek at the European Championships in the 5,000m. Pirie bounced back from injury winning his third consecutive Nation Cross Country title and in September 1955 he inflicted a rare defeat on his idol, Emil Zatopek in the 5,000m with 14:03, before going on to beat him again in the 10,000m a month later with a new pb and British record of 29:17. He ended the month with a 2 hour track record attempt, which had people wondering if he was thinking of attempting the Zatopek feat of 5,000m, 10,000m and marathon in the ’56 Melbourne Olympics. The race was set up by the Road Runners Club and the favourite, Manchester’s Joe Lancaster was aiming for a sub 5:30 per mile schedule. Pirie had the lead after 10 miles, but Lancaster fought back and managed to hang on to his lead in the last two miles to record 22 miles 418 yards, some 17 seconds ahead of Pirie. Despite a good showing, he decided it was too early in his career to attempt the long distances and would target the 5,000m and 10,000m next year. Pirie now had celebrity status, but was frustrated by the constraints of the amateurism in athletics. Cricket stars could have sponsorship deals with brands for thousands of pounds per year, yet athletes got nothing and had to compete at the highest level whilst holding down a full time job. It was around this time that Pirie changed his job working as a bank clerk for Lloyds and worked as a sales rep for a paint firm, Wilkinsons, which had comfortable working hours of 8:30am – 4pm, allowing him to dedicate more time to training. Though the move didn’t prove a huge success for Wilkinsons, it certainly worked for Pirie and he notched up another world record in the 5,000m against the reigning European Champion and fierce rival, Vladimir Kuts. It was one of Pirie’s greatest ever performances; Kuts’ running style was brutal, he went through the first kilometre in 2:36 and 3km in 8:09. Pirie was managing to stay with him and in the last 300m managed a final spurt to ease past and win in 13:36. Another world record followed in September, when he took on the great Hungarians Tabori and Iharos in Norway at the 3,000m. Again, Pirie had the superior kick at the end and won by a few yards in 7:52, looking back on his career, Pirie would rate this as his greatest race. Now in the form of his life and after getting married at the end of September, the decision was made to quit his job and go out to Australia with 8 weeks to prepare for the Olympics. He would be facing his old rival Kuts, who, despite being closely matched at 5,000m, had a pb over 40 seconds better than Pirie. The 10,000m was the first event and proved to be a brutal race; one of the greatest Olympic 10,000m races of all time. Kuts tore off in front and only Pirie was prepared to give chase. It was a fierce battle between the two great athletes, halfway was covered in 14:08, well under world record pace. Kuts was repeatedly putting in surges and each time Pirie would respond, but on the 20th lap Kuts briefly let Pirie lead and could see that the Briton was on his last legs. Kuts then made his final move and Pirie was broken, the last four laps were agonising, he fell back through the field to 7th and finished a minute behind Kuts, who won gold in 28:48. With only three days before his 5,000m heat, then the final two days later, would he be able to recover? Roger Bannister gave Pirie sleeping pills to help him recover and after feeling awful for two days, he managed to run solidly in the 5,000m heats, easily qualifying for the final in 14:25. Gordon then had a tough decision, should he risk everything chasing after Kuts again? Or should he run his own race and give himself the best chance of at least getting a medal? Choosing the latter, Pirie let Kuts take it out, hoping that he might be his own worst enemy with his aggressive front running, but as with the 10,000m, he was unstoppable, winning by 11 seconds from Pirie and fellow Briton Derek Ibbotson in 13:39. Winning silver may have initially been a disappointment, but considering the gruelling 10,000m five days earlier, it was a fantastic recovery proving that all the miles and training sessions had paid off. The next few years would be a mixture of success and great frustration, he was increasingly becoming fed up with the old fashioned amateur ideal that the Amateur Athletics Association were still trying to uphold. Pirie felt that athletes should be able to have sponsorship deals and receive appearance fees, stating that it was runners such as himself that pulled in the crowds when competing at venues such as the White City. He also resented the fact that Jack Crump was paid for his athletics articles by the press, whilst to do likewise, athletes had to ask the governing body for permission, and to add further insult, they were not allowed to receive a single penny for it. Most of 1957 was spent travelling and appearing in various parts of the world racing, but without the same intensity of previous years. It was a much needed break and by 1958 he was back in full swing ready to challenge for the ultimate prize in the Empire Games at Cardiff and the European Championships in Stockholm. The running scene was changing again, Kuts had dramatically lost form (he would suffer his first heart attack only a few years later in 1960) and it was now the New Zealanders, under the guidance of Arthur Lydiard that were dominating the distance events. The Empire Games were slightly underwhelming, Pirie ran well, easily proving he was still Britain’s best, but was beaten into 4th place in both the mile (4:04) and the 3 miles (13:29) by the clean sweeping New Zealand athletes led by Murray Halberg. Next was the European Championships and this time Pirie managed another major medal, winning bronze in the 5,000m with 14:00. 1959 would be another quiet year, his most notable performance was 8:39 for 2 miles, the 2nd fastest in the world that year. In 1960 he was right back into his best form, ready for another crack at the 5,000m and 10,000m at the Olympics in Rome. After an excellent 7:57 in the 3,000m a month earlier, Pirie won the AAA’s title in the 6 mile event (28:09) and confidence was high leading into the Olympics with many journalists considering him a certainty for a gold medal. Perhaps in desperation to find that extra ‘edge’, Pirie decided to go to Germany for a tough two week training stint under the guidance of his long-term coach/advisor, Woldemar Gerschlar. It prove to be too much and he completely over-cooked his preparation. Only a couple of weeks before competing in Rome, he suffered a disastrous defeat, only running 8:17 for 3,000m in Berne, some 20 seconds behind the American, Beatty. Things didn’t improve and in one of the biggest shocks at Rome, Pirie was eliminated in the 5,000m heats with a sluggish 14:43. With his confidence at a low point, he ran an uncharacteristic 10,000m race, running steadily in the middle pack, but never really threatening the medal places. Initially the pace was good, reaching halfway in 14:22, but it all went wrong in the second half. He finished in 10th place with 29:15, despite being a pb, it was quite a way off the standard of his AAA’s 6 mile performance earlier in the season. Stung by the disappointment of his performances and the negative press being received, Pirie decided to carry on with his track season and a month later in September, he broke the 4 minute mile in Dublin with 3:59.9. It was a long-time ambition that was finally fulfilled and must have partially erased the pain of the Olympics. Pirie then continued racing and was getting some great results, but by December the standards of his performances were deteriorating. It also seemed that he was getting more and more frustrated, even noting down races as “farcical” or commenting on his position as “way back”. The ’61 season would be his last, he had finally had enough of being skint, despite being one of the world’s best athletes, so he made the decision to turn professional at the end of the year. He wanted to finish off his career with style, which he did with aplomb, winning 22 out of his 30 track races. In June he won yet another AAA’s title (3 miles), then he set a new British record for 3 miles in July with 13:16 and also got very close to improving on his world record in the 3,000m with a 7:54 in Trelleborg. The stage was set for a grand finale, but as often was the case with Pirie, it was never going to be that straight-forward. He fell out with Jack Crump again and it looked as though he would miss the GB versus Russia match in the 5,000m at the end of the season. It was only thanks to the pleas of his fellow athlete, Ken Norris, that made Crump relent and select Pirie for his last race at White City. He didn’t disappoint, winning with his classic sprint finish in 14:15, before receiving a standing ovation as he jogged his lap of honour, bringing down the curtain on a fantastic ten years at the top. After retirement, Pirie published his autobiography “Running Wild” and prior to it’s release he had a no-holds-barred interview with The People. He would launch a scathing attack on the British athletics establishment, labelling them as good-time Charlies who are only interested in serving themselves and the sham of amateurism. He was one of the first athletes to speak out and paved the way for better standards enjoyed by future generations. Pirie’s life after athletics had even more highs and lows than his career; the professional scene was dying in the sixties and most of his competitions descended into farce, often being underpaid, or in many cases, not being paid at all. After only a few years it was all over and Pirie decided to have a go at Orienteering, which he was introduced to by Chris Brasher. According to his Brasher, he was initially terrible at map reading, often getting hopelessly lost, much to the amusement of his friends. However, once he grasped the basics his high level of fitness meant that he left others in his wake and in 1968 notched up another accolade of being the first Briton to win the World Orienteering Championships. He also turned his attention to coaching; he mentored Jim Hogan for a while before going on to have spells coaching in Australia and USA. His intense personality meant that his coaching achieved mixed results; those that followed his guidance with full commitment tended to do very well, such as British 800m champion, Anne Smith, but the problem was that many did not, or could not. Even today, few people can match the workload of Gordon Pirie in his prime and this proved to be the ultimate stumbling block as he became increasingly frustrated by athletes that couldn’t handle it. By the 1980′s, Pirie was one of athletics forgotten stars, living in Australia up until the end of the decade, before returning to England working as a lumberjack. The coaching work had dried up and he was barely earning enough to get by, hardly the living a multiple world record holder and Olympic silver medalist deserved. His life was cut tragically short; he was diagnosed with cancer in 1990, in true Pirie style, he was determined to fight it without surgery or painkillers, believing he could beat it with natural remedies. He was only given 6 months to live, but battled on for another 18 months trying all sorts of methods to cure himself. He was now penniless, unable to pay £1,000 in medical bills, which was generously paid off by his old friend Chris Brasher. He was able to go home where he died a month later at the age of 60 in December 1991. Training Gordon Pirie was well-known for his high volume of training and admitted that at times he probably overdid it, he was running well over 100 miles per week when he was as young as 22 and a few years later, he would often clock up to 180 miles per week! In his last book, Running Fast and Injury Free, he gives detailed accounts of his training, which are shown below. Some of his track sessions were pretty extreme, such as 80x 220 yards in 29 seconds (jog 30 second recovery) or 54x 440 yards in 64 seconds (45 seconds recovery). The first example given, is an extract of his key training days early in the final week of his build up to the 5,000m world record: Day One 7:30 a.m. – 30 minutes run. Noon – 4 x alternate 800/1,200m (2:08, 3:11, 2:08, 3:11, 2:09, 3:12, 2:08, 3:13). Total time: three hours. 6 p.m. – 4 x alternate 800/1,200m (2:08, 3:10, 2:09, 3:12, 2:09, 3:12, 2:09, 3:13). Total time: three hours. Day Two 7 a.m. – 30 minutes run. Noon – 8 x 800yds (1:58-1:59 followed by a five minute jog). Total running time: two and a half hours. Evening – 10 x 440yds (57-58 seconds with a four minute jog). Total running time: two and a half hours. Day Three 7 a.m. – 30 minutes run. Noon – 12 x 440yds (55-57 secs with a six minute jog). Total running time: two and a half hours. Evening – 4 x 1 mile (4:11-4:15 with a 10 minute jog). Total running time: two and three-quarter hours. He also gives an example of his cross country training during his peak years in the mid-fifties: Sunday am – three hours run, Tooting Bec. Flat. pm – four hours walk. Faster than joggers today! Monday am – 30 minutes run, Coulsdon Downs. Hilly. pm – two hours of strong 100 paces, soft 100 paces, Coulsdon. No easy running! Tuesday am – 30 minutes run, Coulsdon Downs. pm – three hours track running, Tooting Bec, including Zatopek-style interval training [40×300 jog 100; or 30×400 jog 100; or 60×200 jog 200]. Wednesday am – 30 minutes run, Coulsdon Downs. pm – same as Monday. Thursday am – 30 minutes run, Coulsdon Downs. pm – same as Tuesday. Friday am – 30 minutes run. pm – one to one and a half hours, as Monday. Saturday am – 60 minutes run. pm – three hours hard cross-country, Coulsdon. Hilly. Performances 10,000m: 29:15 (1960) Further Reading Gordon Pirie dominated the athletics magazines of the day, there was plenty of articles from Athletics Weekly and World Sports about him throughout the 1950′s. He wrote his autobiography in 1961, which is a brilliant “no nonsense” account of his career, Chapter 5′s title, “The Elderly Dictators of British Athletics: These Men Must Go” says it all! He had another book in the making shortly before his death, simply title “Running Fast and Injury Free”, again, he pulls no punches with some of his views, especially with his criticisms of running shoes being unnatural and too high in the heel (well over a decade before people jumped on the bandwagon after reading Born To Run). This book was never officially published, but was available as a free download courtesy of his editor, John Gilbody a few years ago and can still be found with a bit of searching on the web. Dick Booth wrote a terrific biography, “The Impossible Hero” in 1999, which covers Pirie’s career with exceptional detail as well as shedding light on Pirie’s life after athletics up until his untimely death. Empire Games marathon 1950 , European Marathon 1950 , Jack Holden , Tipton Harriers Jack Holden was one of Britain’s most distinguished distance runners of the post-war era and had an international career that spanned over 20 years. Holden had a humble working class upbringing and was born in Staffordshire in March 1907, after finishing school at 14 he worked in a foundry. Despite the long demanding hours of his employment he discovered a passion for running and joined Tipton Harriers. Holden’s first major successes came in cross-country and he first represented England in the international cross-country championships in 1929. In 1931 he won the Inter Counties championships, which he went on to defend for the next two years. By this time Holden had firmly established himself as Britain’s leading distance runner and in 1933 he won the AAA’s 6 mile track title in 30:32. The following year he went one better by winning the 6 mile (30:43) and 10 mile (52:21) events, thus gaining selection for the Empire Games in the 6 mile event, where he went on to finish in a credible 4th place. His reputation in cross-country continued to grow, winning the Nationals in 1938 and 1939 and the International championships (now known as the World Cross Country) in 1933, 1934, 1935 and 1939. Just as Holden was hitting his peak years the war intervened and he served for the RAF as a PT instructor. Surprisingly, he decided to return to athletics after the war, despite being 39 years old. His return proved to be an instant success, winning the Nationals in 1946, before going on to carve out further success stepping up to the marathon distance. He won his debut marathon to gain the Midlands title with a solid 2hr 46, unfortunately he was unable to compete in the AAA’s marathon and was therefore overlooked for selection in the European championships. He did, however, have the opportunity to compete for England again in the International Cross Country Championships, finishing 6th. Holden competed in a specially arranged 30 mile track race by Joe Binks, where he set an unofficial world record with 3hr 00:16, which certainly succeeded in proving a point to the selectors that overlooked him for the European Championships. In 1947, Holden got off to a great start to the season with a win and new course record at the Finchley 20 in 1hr 53:42, before going on to win the first of his four consecutive AAA’s marathon titles, beating pre-race favourite Tom Richards by nearly 3 minutes with a massive pb of 2hr 33:20. Even more impressive was his win in the Enschede marathon later in the year with 2hr 20:52; instant doubts were raised and the course was found to be nearly 3km short. Holden could count himself unlucky, as in all probability he would have set a British record and possibly even been the first Briton to break 2hr 30. He was the first man to break 3 hours for 30 miles, running an excellent 2hr 59:47, set on a road circuit in Coulsden. Holden gained selection for the London Olympics with another AAA’s marathon win in 2hr 36, this would be his debut Games at the grand age of 41! Confidence was high, Jack Holden had now firmly established himself as one of the world’s leading marathoners, but the fairytale victory wasn’t to be. The race started off well enough, with Holden going along steadily and about a minute behind the leader after 6 miles (35:42), but by halfway he was starting to lose ground on the front pack and was nearly two minutes behind in 71:18. Holden was having great difficulty with severe blisters and after suffering for a few more miles he was forced to drop out. Uncomfortable footwear was a common problem for marathoners back in those days; Holden used to pickle his feet, but before the Olympic marathon he had overdone it. He later stated “I should have won that race out of sight”, and considering Tom Richards won a silver medal, a runner he often got the better of, it’s hard not to argue. Holden announced he would retire, but lure of unfinished business meant that he soon changed his mind. His first race back was the Morpeth to Newcastle race (13.6 miles) on New Year’s Day 1949, where he would be facing Tom Richards, and Holden duly acted his revenge to win convincingly, setting a new course record. He then went on to bag his third consecutive AAA’s marathon title, winning at Birmingham in 2hr 34:11 and setting another course record. He was back to his very best form and training harder than ever, regularly putting in 100 miles per week. All preparations were geared towards the Empire Games in New Zealand in February 1950. He would also be looking towards the European Championships later in that year. Due to work commitments, Holden was unable to get enough time off to travel with the team by boat, so it was arranged that he would get a flight over enabling him to be there for the marathon. It was a special treatment that Holden had never had before and must surely have placed some pressure on his shoulders, but he was still smarting from his London experience and desperate to make amends. The race got off to a fast start and Holden bided his time further back in the pack; it wasn’t until 10 miles in that he started to work his way through. Then at around 16 miles in, yet again, Holden was having difficulty with his shoes which were coming apart in the wet weather. It looked like it was going to be a repeat of the Olympic marathon two years ago, but this time he took off his shoes and ran the last 9 miles barefoot, he also had to overcome a dog charging out at him on the course. It was a truly gritty performance and the crowd were shocked as Holden entered the stadium shoeless with bloodied feet to run a victory lap, crossing the line in 2hr 32:57 to take Gold, four minutes ahead of the next man. He later joked, “the dog didn’t bite me because it didn’t like British meat”. After competing on the international stage for 21 years, he finally won a Gold medal in a major games. A couple of months later he suffered his only blip of the year when he failed to defend his crown and dropped out of the Sheffield marathon at 18 miles. Then in June, he bounced back in superb style and won the AAA’s marathon in Reading with a new pb of 2hr 31:04, the Empire Games win certainly hadn’t diminished his appetite! In September he was off to Brussels to compete in the marathon at the European Championships where he was expecting his toughest test yet, especially from the Finnish and Russian runners. Holden certainly wasn’t intimidated; annoyed with the arrogance and swagger of the Russians in the changing rooms, Holden went up to them and pointed at the Union Jack on his chest, “have a good look at this boys, because it will be the last time you’ll see it today”, and indeed it was. Holden lead from the start, covering 10k in…. in the last few miles the Russian, Varin came up on his shoulder, but Holden surged again and managed to break his opponent, who ended up dropping back to third. Holden managed to keep ahead of the fast finishing Karvonen from Finland to win by just over 30 seconds in … After the race Karvonen asked how old he was, in amazement he replied ” you’re older than my father!” , there was further amusement for Holden when he was congratulated by the Belgian royal, “I met his father and grandfather, you couldn’t arrange to meet three Belgian kings even in a pack of cards”. He still holds the record as the oldest European champion. It had been an incredible year and Holden topped the list as the world’s number one marathoner and also won the British “Sportsman of the Year”, an earlier incarnation of the “Sports Personality of the Year”. After having so much success and now approaching the age of 44, many expected the “old fox”, as he was affectionately known, to retire, but Holden was a very proud and patriotic man. He vowed to carry on flying the flag until a younger runner came along to take on the mantel as Britain’s leading marathoner, but as there was no-one remotely close to him, it was looking likely that that would mean competing in the Helsinki Olympic Games in 1952! Early in 1951, Holden was running as strongly as ever, still bettering his performances at the age of 44, breaking his course record at the Finchley 20 with a terrific 1hr 50:48, two minutes clear of the newcomer, Jim Peters. Holden was clearly still Britain’s number one, but there was talk that in the near future perhaps Peters could really challenge Holden in the marathon. There would be a second meeting between the two runners at the Polytechnic marathon, where Holden was bidding for his 5th consecutive AAA’s title. The race was on a warm Saturday afternoon in June; Peters set off at a blistering pace to try to unsettle the champion. After 5 miles Holden caught him and unleashed a surge of his own at around the halfway point, pulling away by 200 yards. It looked being another masterclass performance by the elder statesman, who had the debutant Peters trailing despondently in the distance. The pace over the first 15 miles had been fast, well under British record pace and not far off the world record target and it was beginning to take its toll on Holden. He was starting to struggle and he could sense Peters closing in, by 18 miles he was caught and by 20 miles it was all over; Holden dropped out of stomach cramps, a problem he had never had before. Peters battled on, slowing down, but still managing a British record in 2hr 29. It would prove to be Jack Holden’s last race, true to his word, he stepped down now that another British runner had taken over. The News of the World titled their article, “the old fox is dead”, but just as with his marathon running, Holden lived well into his 90’s and died just a few days shy of his 97th birthday in March 2004. Jack Holden was extremely prolific during his career and his titles read like a shopping list; Track – AAA’s 6 mile (1933-34-35), AAA’s 10 mile (1934), Midlands 3 mile (1932-33-34-35-36-37), Midlands 4 mile (1931), Midlands 6 mile (1932-33-34-35-36-37-38 and 1946), Midland 10 mile (1930-31-32-33). Cross Country – International Champion (1933-34-35-39), National Champion (1938-39 and 1946), Inter-Counties Champion (1931-32-33-36), Midlands Champion (1932-33-34-35-36-37-38-39 and 1946). Marathon – European Champion (1950), Empire/Commonwealth Champion (1950), AAA’s (1947-48-49 and 1950). Training Training during his track and cross country days in the 1930′s was fairly modest, consisting of around 3 hard runs per week with his club. When he switched to marathons after the war, his training load increased significantly to around 70 – 80 miles per week, which would be covered in the evenings after work during the week with a race on Saturday. Holden was a devout Christian and family man; he would spend Sundays going to church and spend the rest of the day with his family, he rarely ran on this day. After the Olympics he upped the volume to 100 miles per week, which would be accumulated off 5 – 6 runs, meaning that he was out every evening after work running over 2 hours, covering between 15 – 20 miles or more each outing. There’s no mention of speed sessions, or paces when reading about his training, it would be fair to assume that he built up his strength from lots of long runs at a steady pace. Performances 30 mile: 2hr 59:47 Further Reading There’s plenty of articles about Jack Holden in publications such as World Sports, Athletics Weekly and Athletics Review, though sadly there hasn’t been a biography published about this great athlete. There’s a very good article on Tipton Harriers’ website from an old NUTS publication by David Thurlow in 2000. There’s also a great video on youtube showing the highlights of Holden’s exceptional performance in the 1950 Empire Games, which gives a good indication of how uncomfortable it must have been running on those roads in the last 9 miles! Derek Clayton , Ron Clarke , Ron Hill Derek Clayton is another one of those great marathon runners who ran some amazing world records, but was to ultimately fail in winning a major gold medal. Clayton was a ruthless runner with an intense personality and didn’t always endear him to his rivals; before his world record in Antwerp he apparently told Jim Alder and Jim Hogan that he was glad to be competing against them as would run them into the ground! He could also be physically intimidating; at 6ft 2” and weighing 160lbs, he wasn’t the typical build of a world-class marathoner. He’s an English-born Australian, hailing from Barrow-In-Furness in Lancashire, at the age of eight he moved to Northern Ireland in 1950. It was here that he discovered his love for running and started out competing in the mile event with the ambition of emulating the great track stars of day; Herb Elliot and Gordon Pirie. By the age of 19 he was set for starting a new life in Australia and managed to get to a solid level of performance with a 4:26 for the mile, but it was a long way off the standards of his new peers. He did manage to improve to a very respectable 4:07, but by this time he was focusing on competing in the longer distances. His times of 13:45 for 5,000m and 28:32 for 10,000m were very competitive at national level, even good enough to win the national title in 1967, but during most of his career, competition for places on the national team was tough. It wasn’t made any easier when having to contend with the likes of 10,000m world record holder, Ron Clarke (28:15). He may have improved these times further, but by the late 60’s his main focus was the marathon. Clayton’s first foray into the marathon came quite early on after his move to Australia and was a very low-key affair in 1963. He was planning to use the race for training with his club as a long run, pacing others, but after 20 miles he decided it was just as well to carry on and finish the race. He described the last few miles as being hellish and was disappointed not to at least go under 3 hours, where he missed out by six seconds. Though it wasn’t a pleasant experience for him, the seed was planted to have another go at the marathon when he felt he was ready to do more justice to his modest personal best. The next time he made his attempt at the marathon was in October 1965 at the Victorian Marathon Club championships. By this time he had established himself as an excellent 5,000m and 10,000m runner, but he would astound everybody with his performance of 2hr 22:12. Not only had he won, but he set a new national record, the die was cast; Clayton was now a marathon runner. The following year at the same race, Clayton bettered his mark by running a superb 2hr 18:28. It was a big improvement of four minutes, but that would be blown out of the water with his next performance at the Fukuoka later that year. Clayton was still an unknown out of Australia and even though his 2hr 18 was handy, it was still a good six minutes off the world record. The 1967 event would boast an impressive lineup with defending champion Mike Ryan of New Zealand, Japan’s new star, Sasaki, a 22-year old with a 2hr 13 to his credit and Commonwealth champion Jim Alder. Clayton and Ryan set off hard, covering the first 5k in 15:06, already breaking away from the rest of the field. Incredibly, the pace increased; 10k was reached in 29:57, 15k in 44:57. By now Clayton and Ryan were well clear and running at a phenomenal pace, with Sasaki over 200m behind. Shortly after, Mike Ryan started to fall behind leaving Clayton out on his own passing 20k in 59:59, no other marathon had ever had a sub one hour split for 20k. Half-way was passed in 63:23, over a minute faster than Bikila’s mark on his world record. Amazingly, Sasaki had managed to make up ground, passing a struggling Mike Ryan and even catching Clayton who was starting to slow just before the 30k mark, which they both passed in 1hr 30:32. Clayton then surged again, gaining a few yards (35k: 1hr 45:11) and effectively breaking Sasaki in the process. Although the race was pretty much in the bag, Clayton was really starting to suffer and slowed to over 16 minutes for the 35k – 40k section, but this was still well under world record target and if he could run the last 2.2k in under 7:20 then he could break the magical 2hr 10. He battled on and smashed the world record with 2hr 09:36, making him the first runner to break 2hr 10, knocking 9 minutes off his previous best! Sasaki was also inside the old mark with 2hr 11:17. It was the biggest moment of his life and now had his sights set on the Olympics at Mexico in 1968. Unfortunately for Clayton, his career was plagued by injuries to his achilles tendons and knees, which could be attributed to his high volume and intensity of training, often between 140 – 170 miles per week, sometimes even 200 miles. Most of this was done close to race pace. The first of his injury woes struck before the Games; all went to plan at the Australian trials with a routine win in 2hr 14:47, but in Mexico, where he finished a distant 7th in 2hr 27, it was a big disappointment. As well as the altitude having an adverse effect on most of the sea-level distance runners, Clayton also ran the marathon with a cyst on the cartilage of his right knee. After his lay-off, Clayton ploughed in the training again and was getting back to his best. In May 1969, he had two marathons planned with only 11 days between them; the first would be in challenging hot and humid conditions in Ankara, Turkey, followed by a special invitation to race at Antwerp in Belgium. He ran a brilliant 2hrs 17, setting a course record with one of his career best performances, especially when the conditions are taken into account. Clayton felt he was ready to have a go at improving his world record at Antwerp, with the race starting at 7pm, conditions would be quite cool, which he found suited him best. The pace was good early on with Canadian Bob Moore taking the pack though 5k in 14:58, by 10k (30:06) Clayton was starting to pull away and was soon out at the front on his own. He reached half-way in 63:55, slightly slower than at Fukuoka, but he recorded a much better second half split of 64:38 to break the tape in 2hrs 08:33, knocking over a minute off his previous best. Another new world record, but not everyone was satisfied and murmurs of “short course” were being sounded out. The Belgian Amateur Athletic Federation, could and should have put an end to the debate by re-measuring the course, but stubbornly refused to do so. The IAAF recognise the performance as a world record in their listing, but other organisations such as the Association of Road Racing Statisticians recognise Ron Hill’s 2hr 09:28 as the progression from Clayton’s 2hr 09:36, thus questioning the authenticity of Clayton’s 2hr 08. Despite the controversy, the fact that it was an amazing run can be under no doubt. It would prove to be Clayton’s last great marathon, for the rest of the year he virtually ran himself into the ground. He toured across Europe doing track races, culminating in a showdown at the Manchester Marathon, against his great rival, Britain’s Ron Hill. They battled it out neck and neck, until Hill pulled away in the last few miles to win by two minutes in 2hr 13. Despite running a solid 2hr 15, Clayton felt terribly fatigued and felt he never the same runner again. Despite running faster times in the past, he later said that the Manchester race was the toughest he ever had. It was a big mistake to take on so much racing after his performance in Antwerp, he was reported to have been passing blood in his urine up 48 hours after that performance. Reflecting on it in his book, Running to the Top, Clayton wished he had taken six months off from running to recover. Unfortunately, his potential peak years were thwarted by more injury troubles, which effectively ruined his 1970 and 1971 seasons. He managed a 2hr 13:39 at the Traralgon Marathon in Australia, bagging the course record in the process and also attempted the marathon in the Commonwealth Games, but the achilles trouble forced him to pull out. He got back to some good form again and had high hopes for the ’72 Munich Games, but again, he would struggle in the hot conditions and ended up 13th in a respectable 2hr 19:49. Even though he was still only 30 years old, Clayton’s best performances seemed to be behind him and he had given up hope on winning Olympic gold. His last major competition was the Commonwealth Games in 1974; suffering with bronchitis, Clayton made a bad decision to race and sadly his career in major competitions ended with a DNF. Ultimately, Clayton could have achieved so much more had it not been for injuries, in total he had seven operations; four on his achilles tendon, two on his knees and one on his heel. Clayton also believed his size meant that he suffered more in hotter temperatures, pointing to the fact that his two world records were set in much cooler conditions than what he faced in the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Training Clayton was known for his intense training regime where he’d run 140 – 170 miles per week, sometimes getting as high as 200. He believed in running marathon distance runs at a hard pace every weekend, on Saturdays he would run 25 – 26 miles in around 2hrs 20 and on the Sunday he would run 20 miles over very hilly terrain. He once ran himself into delirium and went careering into a tree on one of his Saturday outings! He worked off 10 week cycles, a system he felt worked well for him which he discovered through trial and error from his early marathons. He would already be knocking out 100 mpw, then his would start of his first week with 120, steadily increasing it to about 170 miles at the end of the cycle. A key week in his cycle would look like this: Monday – am: 7 miles steady. pm: 15 miles hard (usually close to marathon pace). Tuesday – am: 7 miles easy. pm: 10 miles steady or hard (dependant on how he felt). Wednesday – am: 7 miles steady. pm: 10 – 15 miles all-out effort (sub race pace). Thursday – am: 7 miles easy. pm: 15 miles hard (close to race pace) Friday – am: 7 miles easy. pm: 10 miles easy Saturday – 25 miles in around 2hr 20. Sunday – am: 17 – 22 miles on hilly terrain (sub 6 min pace). pm: 10 miles hard (close to race pace). The only easy days he had (if you could call them that) were on Tuesday and Friday, though he was still running in excess of 20 miles in each of them. Through all this hard running his style developed to become very economical for a runner of his size. He would refer to it as the “Clayton Shuffle”, which basically meant he had a low knee lift and his feet wouldn’t lift too high off the ground, thus wasting unnecessary energy. Further Reading There have been many articles written about Derek Clayton and there’s some interesting, albeit brief, information about his training in Tim Noakes’ book, Lore Of Running. Clayton did publish his own book in 1979, Running To The Top, which was part autobiograpghy and part training guide, which provides some fascinating information about how he trained, it’s just a pity it didn’t really go into much detail on his other marathons apart from the two world record performances. Alain Mimoun , Emil Zatopek , Gordon Pirie , Jim Peters , Viljo Hieno Emil Zatopek was born on 19th September 1922 in Slovakia and would go on to be one the most famous and successful distance runners of all-time. His phenomenal medal haul included 4 Gold and 1 Silver in the Olympics, 3 Gold and 1 Bronze in the European Championships. He also set a total 19 world records in his career! Zatopek was by no means a natural, he’s renowned for his awkward running style where he would look like he was in complete agony grimacing with his shoulders rolling and hunched up. He came to the sport quite late and in 1941 had to be persuaded to take part in a local race supported by the shoe manufacturers he worked for in Zlin. He managed to finish second, and it proved to be the start of an incredible career. In 1943 he came 4th in the 1500m at the Czech national championships and ended that season with pb’s of 4:02 for 1500m and 15:26 for 5,000m. The following year he set up a national record-breaking 15 minutes for 5,000m with 14:54. It was a meteoric rise and in his first major championships, Zatopek surpassed expectations and finished in 5th place in the 5,000m at the European Championships, less than 20 seconds behind Britain’s Sydney Wooderson in a new personal best of 14:25. It was a hard-earned result and he was in the early stages of his now famous interval training regime, initially of 10x 200m, 20x 400m, 10x 200m reps, interspersed with 200m jogging.Despite such an impressive debut on the international stage, Emil Zatopek was still relatively unknown outside of Czechoslovakia, but this would all change at the London Olympics in 1948. Zatopek’s training load had moved on to a new level and his volume would reach a whopping 60x 400m on the track! Going into the Games his personal best stood at 14:10 for 5,000m and he also posted a superb 29:37 for 10,000m. This gave Zatopek the belief that he could pull off the amazing feat of winning Olympic Gold in the 5,000m and 10,000m, it was certainly a possibility; Zatopek was ranked as World number 1 for 5,000m and 2nd in 10,000m with a time only two seconds slower than Viljo Heino. The first event was the 10,000m on Friday evening. The race panned out as expected in the early stages with a fast tempo, rattling off 3k in 8:51, then 5k in 14:57 with Heino still leading, but the pace had dropped outside 3 minutes per kilometre and shortly after, Zatopek took the lead. This move broke Heino and he dropped out, leaving Zatopek on a solo run to win comfortably in an Olympic record of 29:59, some 47 seconds clear of 2nd placed Alain Mimoun. He lapped most of the field, including Britain’s Stan Cox and Jim Peters. Next was the 5,000m; as opposed to warm and dry conditions in the 10,000m, the rain made the track cinders hard work for the 5,000m. Zatopek forced the pace, covering 3k in 8:33, but it wasn’t enough to shake off Gaston Reiff who took the lead and rattled off the next kilometre in 2:52, leaving Zatopek and Slijkhuis a few seconds behind. By the last lap, Zatopek was giving away 50 metres to Reiff who looked to have the race in the bag. Reiff had his arms up in celebration a few strides up to the finish line, but Zatopek had unleashed an incredible sprint and almost caught him at the line! Reiff looked around and in a last-ditch panic just kept ahead winning gold in 14:17.6 with Zatopek 0.2 seconds behind. In the following year he set his first world record with a time of 29:28 for the 10,000m, beating Heino’s 5 year-old mark by 7 seconds; it only lasted a month, as Heino responded with a 29:27. By the end of the season, Zatopek regained his record with a superb 29:21. By the 1950 European Championships in Brussels, it was a foregone conclusion for many that Zatopek would win the 5,000m and 10,000m. He was training harder than ever, running track sessions virtually every day, sometimes covering up to 80x 400m! This lead to him running a phenomenal 29:02 for 10,000m, destroying his previous best. At the Championships he ran 29:12 to win Gold, but it would be a much closer contest in the 5,000m against his old foe, Gaston Reiff. It was a great tussle all the way between the two and Reiff was in front at the bell, but Zatopek delivered the final blow with a tremendous final lap to win in 14:03, Reiff blew up and ended up being passed for 2nd place by the Frenchman Alain Mimoun. In 1951 he was unbeaten at 5,000m and 10,000m and was setting world records in the 10,000m, 20,000m and the one hour run. Unsurprisingly, Heino held the records with 62:40 for 20,000m and had covered 19,339m for the hour. Zatopek improved this by covering 20,000m in under an hour with 59:51, thus also smashing the hour record with 20,052m. Only a few runners could manage sub-30 minute 10k’s back in the early ’50’s, yet here was Zatopek running them back-to-back in one race! Zatopek was unstoppable and even decided to enter three events at the Helsinki ’52 Games; 5,000m, 10,000m and the marathon. No-one had ever managed to win, let alone medal, at those three events in one Olympic competition! His strongest event; the 10,000m went as planned; going through halfway in a steady 14:43, with Alain Mimoun and Britain’s Gordon Pirie closely following. The pace then increased until it was just Mimoun and Zatopek, then with just over a kilometre to go Zatopek pulled away and won comfortably in 29:17. Again, the 5,000m would prove to be much more difficult; Herbert Schade had a personal best only a few seconds slower than Zatopek’s and decided to go out and take the race on at a fast pace, covering 1k in 2:47. The pace, as expected, gradually slowed down and Schade was unable to get a gap on Zatopek, Mimoun, Reiff and Chris Chataway. Schade’s 4th kilometre was 2:54 and on the last lap Chataway made his move, but was being closed down on the last bend, suddenly Chataway fell as he was being crowded out. Zatopek thundered down the straight to win in another Olympic Record of 14:05. Mimoun finished second to his great rival and Schade was rewarded for his gutsy effort with a Bronze medal. The question now was, could he win the marathon as well??? Zatopek was regularly covering distances in excess of 20 miles with his interval sessions, but he hadn’t done any specific long runs or raced a marathon before. No-one was quite sure how he would perform, but he was certainly a threat and world record holder Jim Peters knew it. Zatopek introduced himself to Peters before the marathon started and his aim was to follow the Englishman. Peters stormed off at a very fast pace, but would surely have to slow down after covering 10k in under 32 minutes. Zatopek was looking good less than 30 seconds behind. Peters was caught just before halfway when the famous exchange of words occurred; Zatopek asked Peters how the pace was; Peters, probably in slight agitation, called his bluff replying that it was too slow. Zatopek double-checked and got the same answer, he then decided to pull away from Peters who managed to stay in contact for a few miles before falling back and eventually having to drop out with leg cramps. The Swede Jansson tried to follow, but by 30k, Zatopek was out on his own and went on to win by over two minutes in 2hr 23:03, another Olympic record and not too far off Peter’s world record of 2hr 20:40. Zatopek had achieved the impossible; Gold in 5,000m, 10,000m and the marathon, no other athlete has achieved this amazing feat in the history of the Games. It wasn’t the only medal for the Zatopek household either, as his wife Dana won Gold in the javelin! As expected in 1953, more world records followed, but he was now facing tougher competition against upcoming stars such as Gordon Pirie, Chris Chataway and the Soviet, Vladimir Kuts. Even though he was now in his thirties, he was still getting faster with a new personal best of 14:03 in the 5,000m and 29:01 for 10,000m, as well as bagging world records for 15 miles (1hr 15:26), 25k (1hr 19:11) and 30k (1hr 35:23). In the following year he set a career best and world record for 5,000m with 13:57.2 in May (splits: 2:47, 5:34, 8:23, 11:13, 13:57) , knocking a second off Gunder Hagg’s time set in 1942. Two days later and it was another world record; 10,000m in 28:54.2 with perfect pacing of 2:47, 2:56, 2:54, 2:55, 2:53, 2:55, 2:53, 2:55, 2:55 and a fast final kilometre in 2:46! At the European Championships in Berne, Zatopek was hot favourite for both the 5,000m and 10,000m again. It was yet again another comfortable victory in a major championships 10,000m, as he lead from the start covering the first 5k in 14:28 and going on to finish only a few seconds off his world record in 28:58, nearly 30 seconds ahead of 2nd place. In the 5,000m, however, Vladimir Kuts sprung a surprise by breaking away at the start with a 2:44 kilometre. Zatopek was unable to go with the pace and Chataway was reluctant to move ahead of Zatopek at such an early stage. Kuts maintained his gap of 70 – 80 metres and went on to win and take the world record with 13:56.6 and Chataway running 14:08, edging Zatopek into 3rd in 14:10. It was a disappointment to only get Bronze after dominating for so many years. Later that year he tried to get his record back, only just failing with a new pb of 13:57.0. Chataway then beat Kuts in October to end the year as the number one 5,000m runner with 13:51.6. Knowing that he was now struggling against worlds best at 5,000m and aware of the improving 10,000m times from Pirie and Kuts, Zatopek increased his training to extortionate levels. He was averaging 165 miles per week in January, running various 400m sessions everyday, sometimes as much as 50x 400m in the morning, followed by 40x 400m (all jog 200m recovery) in the afternoon! The volume then increased to 180 miles per week. It was an incredibly extreme training regime and proved to be too much. He was struggling to repeat performances from previous seasons, losing often in 5,000m races as well as suffering rare defeats to Kuts and Pirie in the 10,000m. He did manage to add to his world record resume by improving on his 1951 performances for 15 miles and 25k. He covered the first 5k in 15:15, then 10k 30:24, 15k in 45:44 and 20k in 61:07. He reached 15 miles in 1hr 14:01 and 25k in 1hr 16:36.4. Both records would last for a decade until Britain’s Ron Hill would eventually better them. Winter training, 1954 1956 would prove to be Zatopek’s last at the highest level, he ended 1955 ranked 11th at 5,000m with 14:04 and 8th in the 10,000m with 29:25. Aware that his best chance of Gold at the Olympics in Melbourne would be in the marathon, he focused more on training and raced infrequently on the track, running 14:14 in 5,000m and doing just one 10,000m race, which he won in 29:33. Even though Zatopek was far from his best, he still had a great chance in the Olympic marathon. There was question marks about his fitness though, as it was rumoured he had suffered from a hernia, missing the national championships won by Pavel Kantorek in 2hr 29. Clearly all was not well in the Olympic marathon, he let the leaders open a gap early on, but it was at nowhere near the pace set in the race four years ago in Helsinki. Mimoun in his first Olympic marathon went through 20k in 68:03 and 30k in 1hr 42:47 before going on to win by about a minute in 2hr 25. Zatopek was never really in contention, but bravely battled on to finish 6th in 2hr 29:34. His career lasted for another couple of years, even managing his best performances for nearly 3 years with 14:06 for the 5,000m and 29:25 for the 10,000m in 1957. At the age of 36, he retired from top-level athletics after an incredible career that spanned 15 years. Sadly, the political instability of Czechoslovakia would affect him greatly and during the 70’s and 80’s. He was removed from the Czech Communist Party and given a low-paid labourer job with a geological surveying team in remote areas of the country, almost living in exile. After the fall of the Berlin wall, Zatopek was rightfully reinstated in the governments Sports Ministry in 1990. He died at the age of 78 in November 2000. Training Zatopek’s training was revolutionary and instigated a major improvement in the standard of distance racing throughout the 1950’s; many emulated him trying to match his training regime. Zatopek’s training was based around Fartlek and intervals. Fartlek training is a varied pace run with variable duration of efforts and recovery over a period of roughly an hour, with half to three-quarters of that at race pace. Finnish legend Pavo Nurmi pioneered this type of training in the 1920’s. Zatopek’s interval training, however, was groundbreaking. Before Zatopek came along, most track sessions consisted of time trials or a low number of repetitions at very high intensities. Zatopek’s idea of running short intervals in high volumes initially puzzled his contemporaries, but by 1948, it was clear that the old training ideas were inferior to Zatopek’s regime. The blueprint Zatopek session of 10x 200m, 20x 400m, 10x 200m (all jog 200m) is used by many runners even today, although, few athletes could stand up to his monstrous 60x 400m, which he would often do at the height of his career. Below is an example of one of his toughest training weeks from 1954, taken from Bob Phillips’ “Za-to-pek, Za-to-pek, Za-to-pek” book, not for the faint hearted! Mon: am – 40x 400m. pm – 40x 400m. Tue: am – 50x 400m. pm – 40x 400m. Wed: am – 50x 400m. pm – 40x 400m. Thur: am – 40x 400m. pm – 40x 400m. Fri: am – 40x 400m. pm – 40x 400m. Sat: am – 30 x 400m. pm – 1 hour jogging and exercising. Sun: am – 2 hours jogging and exercising. Zatopek rarely used a stopwatch for track sessions and did most of them on his own. He had two efforts he worked at; 5k pace and 10k pace. The 400m sessions were mainly done at 10k pace and the 200m reps would be used to improve speed for 3,000m and 5,000m races. In a typical day, Zatopek would get 7 – 9 hours sleep, going to bed between 9 – 10pm and getting up between 5 – 6am, the aim would to get 10 hours sleep the night before a race. He would start work at 7am; doing a session in his break and then another after work at 4 – 5pm. Performances Further Reading There has been plenty written about this great runner over the years, with frequent articles appearing in running magazines as recent as 2013 in Runners World for example. There have been two biographies written about Zatopek. “Za-to-pek”, Za-to-pek, Za-to-pek” published by Bob Phillips in 2002 is a terrific book that is still in print. The other one is simply titled “Zatopek The Marathon Victor” by Frantisek Kozic, which covers his career up to 1953 and was translated to English in 1954. It’s incredibly rare and when it does appear, it usually costs at least £50, often reaching three figures. It has some flaws, as some passages don’t seem to have been translated very well. Still, it’s a cracking book if you can get it at the right price. ≈ Leave a comment Tags Emil Zatopek , Empire Games 1954 , Jack Holden , Jim Peters , Joe McGhee , Johnny Johnston , Stan Cox , Vancouver Marathon Collapse 1954 Born in Homerton, London in October 1918, Jim Peters was to become one of Britain’s greatest ever marathon runners. During the late 1930′s Jim was a promising middle distance and cross-country runner, but by the time he was 20 years old World War 2 broke out, which interrupted any further development. After the war he rejoined his local club Essex Beagles and quickly improved over 3 and 6 mile track events, which lead to him making it to the 1948 Olympics in the 10,000m. Having been used to beating most opponents in the UK it was a terrible shock to come up against the formidable Emil Zatopek who lapped everyone but the 2nd place runner. After finishing in a despondent 32 minutes, Jim decided to retire, feeling that at 30 years old he wasn’t going to be able to reach a higher level on the track. His coach Johnny Johnston had first suggested marathon running to Peters after the ’48 Games and a year on after a bit-part track season Peters decided he wanted to get back into the international scene as a marathon runner. It was a low-key affair, the main aim being to run everyday at a decent pace starting off only with 4 – 5 mile runs. By 1951 his training had been stepped up and his coach decided he was ready to face Jack Holden in the Finchley 20; it would give Jim an idea of how well he was progressing being up against Britain’s best marathoner. Despite being beaten, Peters gave Holden a tough race forcing him to improve his course record to win in 1hr 50, Peters was 2 minutes behind with 1hr 52. In June they would meet again in th Polytechnic Marathon; Holden was still the clear favourite, but at 44 years old he was coming to the end of his career. Peters’ coach suggested the risky tactic of going off faster than target pace to try an unsettle Holden. The tactic seemed to work, covering 5 miles in 27:57 Peters got an early lead, but Holden drew level and they covered 10 miles in 54:45. Holden sprung the next surprise opening up a big gap with a 5-minute mile at the halfway point. At around 18 miles the gap wasn’t increasing and Holden looked around behind him which Peters took as an incentive that he was starting to struggle. A mile later, Peters caught him and went straight into the lead reaching 20 miles in 1hr 52:35, Holden ended up dropping out doubled up with stomach cramps having probably over-reached himself. Even though he was slowing down covering the last 6.2 miles in 37:19, Peters went on to win in 2hr 29:24, a new British record. In 1952 Peters was ready to avenge his Olympic disappointment and in June set a world record of 2hr 20:42, smashing the old record by 5 minutes. It was an aggressive run, covering 10 miles in 51:35, 15 miles in 1hr 17:23, and slightly slowing at 20 miles in 1hr 45. He was now hot favourite for Gold in Helsinki a month later, but his old nemesis Zatopek would deny him again. Having won the 5,000m and 10,000m it was difficult for Peters to gauge what Zatopek’s intentions were, did he choose to enter, or was he forced to enter by his governing body? Peters decided (against his coach’s wishes) to shoot straight to the front and take the race to Zatopek with the aim of winning in a similar fashion to the way he beat Jack Holden. Splits from the race show that by 5k, he had a lead of 19 secs and roughly 17 seconds at 10k, which was covered in 31:55 (faster than he ran in the 10,000m in ’48!). By 15k, still going at around 2hr 12 pace, Zatopek drew up alongside and then asked Peters if the pace was ok, clearly Peters knew they were running very fast, but decided to call his bluff and said it was too slow, Zatopek looked surprised at this and asked again, to which Peters reaffirmed that it was too slow. Zatopek then gradually opened a gap, but this time there would be no way back for Peters. By halfway, he was only a dozen seconds behind, but by 30k he was close to a minute in arrears. After 35k it was all over and he went down with severe cramps in his left side. Zatopek went on to win in an Olympic record of 2hr 23. It was a bitter blow for Peters and many wanted to know where it all went wrong: Prior to departing Harold Abrahams was concerned about how Peters and Cox (also coached by Johnny Johnston) could repeat their performances only a month after they destroyed the previous record with 2hr 20 and 2hr 21. He certainly had a valid point, Peters managed to handle marathons close together in 1953, but in ’52 he probably wasn’t ready. The plane journey was a nightmare; a six-hour journey sat near to a faulty door causing a nasty draught, then to top it off the plane was struck by lightning. This was only 3 days before the race. Lastly, and very much a mistake on Jim Peters part, was the fact that he ran the first 10 miles at least 15 secs per mile too fast, which played right into the hands of speed merchant, but vastly inexperienced marathon runner, Zatopek. This time there was no thought of retirement and 1953 was a relentless assault by a runner clearly burning with anger and disappointment from his Olympic failure and he kicked off with a course record in the Morpeth to Newcastle race on New Years Day. He then was selected as captain for Britain in the international cross-country championships, then it was time to have a go at the 1 hour track record, where he just about bettered Walter George’s long standing native record, but fell short of Alf Shrubb’s British record by 100 yards. In June it was the Polytechnic marathon again. Even though it wasn’t the AAA’s Championship, Jim decided he wanted to run this race knowing that he was well capable of putting up a world best, which he did in 2hr 18:40, officially the first sub 2hr 20 marathon! * It was a much more even paced run, he was 2 minutes slower than last year at 15 miles and reached 20 miles in 1hr 45:05. He then defended his AAA’s title in Cardiff with a solid 2hr 22. A course record followed at Enschede covering 10k in 32:57, 20k in 65:01 and halfway in 68 mins before finishing in 2hr 19. Only three weeks later another world best was set in the Turku marathon of 2hr 18:34 (5k: 15:55, 10k: 32:02, 25k: 1hr 19:41, 30k: 1hr 37:01, 35k: 1hr 53:05), smashing the course record and beating his fierce rival, local boy Veikko Karvonen by 7 minutes. This was perhaps Jim Peters’ greatest career win after the disappointment in Finland the year before. Looking back on 1953 there’s few distance runners that could match such an emphatic year. Peters gained international honours for cross-country, track and road all in a calendar year. He also set 2 world records and 3 course records in the space of 3 months. The statistics are remarkable, but unfortunately what happens in the following year over-shadows Peters great achievements… 1954 started off well enough with a win in the Morpeth to Newcastle race and another course record of 66:08, passing 12 miles in under 59 minutes. Then came the Boston marathon in April, in the days before world championships and big money marathons, Boston was “the” marathon to compete in back then. Despite a busy schedule Peters accepted the offer to run, but due to strict amateur codes of the day, the logistics and funding made things difficult. Getting time off work was another issue, therefore he only arrived less than 48 hours before the race. He was up against a very different Karvonen this time, he had stayed out there after travelling over with the Finnish team and had two months of perfect preparation. He exacted his revenge on Jim by breaking away after 20 miles to win by 2 mins in 2hr 20. It was the first setback Peters had suffered since Helsinki two years ago and ended a superb marathon winning streak. Undeterred, he went on to have a successful summer, even bagging a personal best on the track with the 6 miles in 28:57. The Polytechnic marathon followed and was perfectly executed covering 5 miles in 26:40, 10 miles in 52:53 and 20 miles in 1hr 44:25, setting up a new world’s best in 2hr 17:39. Over the next two months Peters was putting the finishing touches to his preparations for the Empire Games and European Championships. Peters was in the form of his life and bagged himself a surprise Bronze medal in the 6 miles on the opening day. A week later he would be lining up for the marathon, the conditions were hot and it was held in the middle of the day. Peters and his team-mate Cox had concerns about the course and protested about the distance, found to be at least half a mile too long, but it was only shortened by 50 feet. To make things even more harsh for the marathon runners, the event was being held when Bannister and Landy would go head to head in what was billed as the “Mile of the Century”, an event most of them would have liked to witness themselves, but that also meant most of the officials did too, leaving a lot of the runners with little support on the course. The race started well, Peters and Cox took an early lead with Joe McGhee, by 9 miles Peters pulled away on the hill and went on to cover 10 miles in around 55 minutes. By halfway Peters had a lead of 300 yards from Cox, but strangely, thought that was too close for comfort. Probably due to the desperation of wanting Gold in a major championship, Peters made an ill-advised bid to pull further away and by 20 miles (1hr 48) had a massive lead, but there was no British officials out on the course to advise him. Convinced Cox was still only a minute or so behind, Peters hammered the pace even more. Unknown to him, Cox had dropped out after collapsing at 24 miles. Peters now had a lead in excess of 15 minutes, but was starting to suffer. On arriving at the stadium in around 2hr 20, Peters was almost senseless and barely able to run in a straight line, but the finish was in sight. After a wobble he stumbled and fell on the cinder track, bewildered and dazed he got back up stumbling and falling (up to twelve times) towards the finish line. No-one wanted to step in as it would disqualify Peters, but what they didn’t realise was that the finish was actually not where the Bannister and Landy race finished. Peters staggered over the line before being caught and taken away unconscious, but unfortunately the actual finish line was 200m away. A few minutes later Joe McGhee entered the stadium to win in a well-judged 2hr 39. There have been many stories exaggerating how McGhee went on to win, he was struggling, but wasn’t “collapsed by the kerb”, as was reported. It was a tragedy that could so easily have been avoided, but for some significant errors: The race should have been held early morning or late evening, as a result, only six runners finished. If he had information along the way, Peters could have taken the last few miles easy and still win comfortably. Tragically, it’s thought that Peters had actually covered the marathon distance, as the course was reported to be long. Despite seeming to make a full recovery, there were still concerns about the health risks for Peters’ to embark on another marathon and in October, Jim Peters announced his retirement, which came as no surprise to the media who were in agreement that it would be ill-advised to continue. Still, it must have been frustrating for him to watch Alain Mimoun win the Olympic marathon in 1956 with a modest time of 2hr 26. Jim Peters’ career comes to a terrible end. Jim Peters died in January 1999 after a six-year battle with cancer. In his latter years he was told by Tim Noakes (Lore Of Running author) that he regarded him as the greatest ever marathon runner and it’s a valid claim: Peters lowered the world record four times, no other marathon runner has ever lowered it on as many occasions. *The 1953 Boston marathon was won in 2hr 18, but was discovered to be about a kilometre short. Training: Article published by Harold Abrahams in 1953. In his track days up to London ’48, Peters training was quite modest and consisted of running five times per week which would include a session or time trial, with a race on the Saturday. This was good enough to be competitive at national level, but was lacking in comparison to what Viljo Heino and Emile Zatopek were doing at international level. From 1950 onwards Peters focused on the marathon and with his coach, Johnny Johnston they revolutionised training methods for the distance. In the past, the focus was on doing 5 to 6 runs per week, consisting of 20 mile outings and a long walk at the weekend. Peters and Johnston decided against this practice and instead the focus was on more quality and frequency. Initially the volume would only be around 60 miles per week with all mileage done at under 6 minute-per mile pace, and, after a successful debut, the decision was made to step it up. In the lead up to Helsinki ’52 the volume was up to 100 miles per week with 10 outings and the majority of them at sub 5:30 pace. This increased further and by the end of his career in 1954 he would clock up to 130 miles per week (highest of 131.5) from 12 outings, again, nearly all run at or under marathon pace. From 1952 – 1953, he covered over 4,000 miles and in the 9 months leading up to Vancouver in 1954 he covered over 4,700 miles. It was very aggressive training and was unprecedented at the time, and in the present day most of his running would be classed as tempo workouts. Despite his success, he was often criticised for the volume and intensity of his regime. Harold Abrahams (article pictured) was quite vocal in his opposition to the type of training Peters was doing, as well as his approach in setting off too fast in his races. Now in all fairness to Abrahams, he had the utmost respect and genuinely wanted the best for Peters. Whilst clearly out of touch with the way training was progressing, he did have a valid point in the way Jim Peters raced, which was sometimes too fast early on, as Helsinki in 1952 and Vancouver in 1954 proved. In 1954 a typical week would be: Mon – Fri: Noon: 5 – 6 miles on the track at 5:00 to 5:10 per mile pace. Pm: 10 – 12 miles around 5:20 per mile pace. Sat: Race or Fartlek run. Sun: 16 miles at 5:20 – 5:30 per mile pace. Training prior to last world record. As you can see, Peters didn’t taper much, only in the last two days. Peters had plans to run three times per day after Vancouver, which he was starting to experiment with in 1954. He believed that he may have got to around 2hr 15 off that training. Performances: Marathon: 2hr 17:39 (1954) Further Reading: Jim Peters published an autobiography in 1955 titled “In The Long Run” and a book on training with his coach Johnny Johnston, “Modern Middle and Long Distance Running” in 1957. Both books have been out of print for many years, but do appear on the internet every now and then, normally in the region of £15 – £20 each. A new book on Jim Peters was long overdue and thankfully last year Rob Hadgraft published “Plimsolls On Eyeballs Out”, which is a brilliant and detailed biography on this great runner. For more information check: http://www.robhadgraft.com/jimpeters.htm Emil Zatopek , Gordon Pirie , Jack Crump Published by W. H. Allen & Co in 1962, this book has long since been out of print, but is still relatively easy to get hold of on the internet. It was published at the end of Pirie’s career when he turned professional, thus effectively putting an end to his international athletics career (as the rules determined back in those days). Not only was Pirie a great athlete (one of Britain’s greatest), but also a very prominent figure in the media thanks to his outspoken and controversial views which often got him into trouble with the governing body, the amateur Athletic Association (aka, the AAA). The opening chapter deals with these issues in which Pirie defends his position and his views, ranging from officials being allowed to get paid for broadcasts and newspaper articles (Jack Crump taking the brunt of this view) to the pressure athletes faced when the media had exceptionally high expectations of world records for every race an athlete turned out for. Upon reading this you soon realise that this is not just any autobiography written by an athlete and it certainly delivers, there’s no pulled punches in this book! Chapter 5’s title says it all, “The Elderly Dictators of British Athletics: These Men Must Go”. His strong personality endeared him to the public and he was the 2nd winner of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1955. Aside from his criticisms of the AAA and its main official, Jack Crump, the book provides plenty of detail and insight into his career. Some training extracts make very interesting reading for any athletes hoping to emulate the great Pirie, one of which was a typical training day in the lead up to his battle with his idol Zatopek; 6 miles hard, then 60x 200m with 50m jog recovery. Even at the tender age of 22, he was knocking out 120 miles per week. Obviously, not recommended for all athletes to follow, but gives a great insight into how hard he worked. He also covers a lot of his key races and championships in detail, which again makes interesting reading, especially the chapter where he reflects on the 1960 Rome Olympics and how the British team went out there totally unprepared with only a few days to adjust to the climate. These problems usually boiled down to the tight budget the AAA had, or the unwillingness of the governing body to spend it appropriately. Pirie also talks about his peers, in some cases quite bluntly whether in criticism or praise. He’s a big believer in training hard with high intensity and volume, something he admired Emil Zatopek for, whom he idolized as a youngster after watching him in London ’48; on the flip-side he was very critical of the training methods of Roger Bannister, who’s training load was only a small fraction of what Pirie did. The book also has a detailed record of performances throughout his career in the appendix which is well worth taking note of. Many of Pirie’s views were ahead of their time, which is clearly evident when he talks about women’s athletics in which he states that they are physically capable of competing in endurance events and that this social stigma needs to be overcome. When this book was written, women were unable to compete in distances beyond 200m in the Olympics. There were no Paula Radcliffe’s in those days! Whilst not being the largest book (224 pages), this is a must read for any avid athletics fan and even now, over 40 years later, it’s still highly relevant to any distance runners wanting to learn a thing or two about training and racing at the highest level. It’s also a great insight into one of athletics’ first and finest controversial and revolutionary figures. Bill Adcocks , Finchley 20 , Jack Holden , Jim Peters , Poly Marathon , Tom Richards The Finchley 20 is one of the oldest road races in the world and is still going strong since it was started back in 1933 (start of that race pictured above). The race was setup to help improve the standard of British marathon running after a poor Olympics, where many felt the British marathoners were unprepared. It acted as a perfect test prior to the Polytechnic (Poly) marathon held at Windsor a month later in June, which was Britians premier race up until the 1980’s and often incorporated the AAA championships. The course consists of four 5-mile laps around Ruislip and has remained that way since it started. The profile is slightly undulating, making it slightly tougher than the pancake flat courses for most big marathons. This makes it a perfect test without fully over stretching yourself prior to a marathon and a good gauge if it can be run at around a time you’d want to hit the 20 miles point in your marathon. The race boasts quite an impressive list of winners. London ’48 silver medalist Tom Richards dominated the event throughout the early post-war years (record of 8 wins), followed by Jack Holden and then Jim Peters in the 1950’s. By the 1960’s, the course record was down to low 1hr 40’s and in 1972 the legendary Bill Adcocks posted 1hr 39:01, which still stands as the course record today. For the statisticians out there he recorded these 5 mile splits: 24:34, 24:13, 24:42, 25:32. The event didn’t include a women’s race until 1987, which was won by Leslie Watson in an impressive 2hr 07. In 1991 Angie Hulley ran an incredible 1hr 58:38 and remains the only female competitor to break 2 hours in this race. The race struggled by the late 1980’s, as the London Marathon had taken over the Poly as UK’s major marathon event, causing the race to change its date to March and it also faced tough competition from half marathons. Whilst 20 milers have dropped in popularity and less elite runners compete in them, the Finchley 20 has managed to survive. Even though it may not have the glitz and glamour of newer commercial events, it’s one of the most friendliest, original and genuine races out there. As a runner it’s sad to see so many races close, failing to compete with the new events more interested in making money from mass participation than having a genuine interest in running as a sport. Hopefully the Finchley 20 will continue to be successful for many more years to come. For more information about this great race, or to enter click on this address: http://www.hillingdonac.co.uk/f20/index.html Also below are some videos from the 1952 and 1964 races from their website:	Emil Zátopek
Only one actor has played the part of Sherlock Holmes in every field of entertainment, that is stage, screen, radio, TV and records. What is his name?	101 Greatest Olympic Moments skip to main \| skip to sidebar 101 Greatest Olympic Moments The history of 101 of the greatest moments in the modern Olympic Games, with details, statistics, background information and video Custom Search Vladimir Salnikov: The 15 Minute Man In Olympic sport there have been several events which have had a time, distance or points barrier which seem impenetrable until that one unique Olympian achieves that breakthrough. In gymnastics it was the perfect 10, first scored by Nadia Comaneci at the 1976 Montreal Olympics during the women's team event. In cycling's team pursuit Germany broke the 4 minute barrier at the Sydney 2000 Olympics, whilst Jayne Torville and Christopher Dean took the honours for being the first ice dancers to skate to perfect 6's in the Winter Olympics. Olympic swimming has had its own record barriers to break including the sub-minute 100 metres freestyle for men and women, yet it is arguably the 15 minute men's 1500 metres that held the most imposing aura for most of the modern Olympics era. Considering that in the recently completed Beijing Olympics final all bar the last swimmer in the gold medal race went under this mark it could be argued that 15 minutes was possible, and now it is commonplace. However it took a remarkable Russian swimmer from the Soviet era to take long distance swimming into this uncharted territory, and when he did it twice in the Olympics there were eight years and two boycotts between those swims. His name was Vladimir Salnikov, and he was the first man to swim past the 15 minute barrier. Salnikov's first stuttering steps on the path to Olympic glory came in his home town of Leningrad, now known in the post-Soviet era as Saint Petersburg. The son of Valeri Salnikov (a merchant ship's captain) he was taken by his mother Valentina at the age of seven to a local pool for a season's pass. At a time when quota's and supplies of all goods and services were limited by the Soviet state it was not surprising that Salnikov missed out on the much-wanted ticket. Next year he returned with his mother and was fortunate to secure a season's pass, plus the attention of swim coach Gleb Petrov. Petrov studied Salnikov's movements on land as well as his eagerness to swim and selected the boy to participate in a 120 member local swim training program. The Soviet system of applying science and beaurocracy to sport was applied in full on developing Salnikov's youthful talent, and by the age of 12 he was part of an elite Leningrad sporting school's swim team. Despite earaches and tonsilitis Salnikov continued to improve and whilst his family weren't involved with his swimming Salnikov later believed his father's stern way of dealing with him helped motivate his work in the pool. By 1974 Salnikov was attracting more attention from the Soviet sporting system, and in turn new support from new coaches. Coach Igor Koshkin and sports psychologist Gennady Gorbunov helped bring Salnikov on so that he was primed for the 1976 Soviet Olympic trials, with a training regime that included 6 kilometres swimming per day (swum at intervals with his heartbeat between 145 and 155 beats per minute), an hour's weightlifting and only five to ten minute rest breaks. At the 1976 trials Salinkov also utilised visualisation techniques provided by Gorbunov to swim the 1500 metres in 15.43.92, coming third. This gave him the opportunity to participate later that year in the greatest 1500 metres final held in the first 80 years of the modern Olympics. The 1976 1500 metres final in Montreal was remarkable in that the gold, silver and bronze medallists all finished below the pre-games world record. Americans Brian Goodell and Bobby Hackett took more than four and two seconds off Goodall's world record in their swims, whilst Australian favourite also came in under the mark. Salnikov was the first Soviet swimmer to qualify for the 1500 metres final at the Olympics and came fifth with 15.29.45, which was a dramatic drop from his trial swim. It was to be the last time that an American would win the 1500 metres at an Olympics with either Soviet or Russian swimmers competing in the same pool. In the period from the 1978 World Swimming Championships in Berlin through to the 1980 Moscow Olympics Salnikov grew into the role of the Soviet's first swimming superstar. In the pool at Berlin he won both the 400 metres and 1500 metres freestyle finals, setting championships records with both swims and in the latter final beating Olympic silver medallist Bobby Hackett by almost 20 seconds. His time for the 400 metres was a world record (3.51.94) and he also backed up to participate in the silver medal winning Soviet men's 4x200 metre relay team. Meanwhile as part of his development and training Salnikov attended training camps in of all places Mission Veijo, California with US coach Mark Schubert. At a time when Soviet and US relations where dominated by the Cold War it was refreshing to see that the sport of swimming could bridge such a cavernous political gap. As Vladimir himself put the experience: "I really got an idea of what big-time sport is all about after two weeks training in the United States. We had believed we weren't any different to the Americans, but we were unable to understand why they swam faster and won most of the medals at world tournaments. It turned out that their training methods and their attitude to training were different." In 1979 Salnikov set a world record the non-Olympic distance of 800 metres, becoming the first person to swim under 8 minutes for the event. As the premiere distance swimmer in the world his position as favourite for at least the 1500 metres gold medal in Moscow was virtually unassailable. In the four years between Montreal and Moscow Salnikov swam the eight fastest times aside from Goodell's world record over 1500 metres, and under 15 minutes 10 seconds 6 times. The 1976 gold medallist (and pupil of Mark Schubert) Bobby Goodell was still in the 1500 metres swim game but he had finished fifth at the US Olympic swim trials with Mike Bruner the new American champ, whilst Australian 'superfish' Steve Holland had retired after he took bronze in Montreal. and been supplanted by Max Metzker. The Swimming World Magazine world swimmer of the year for 1979 was prepared for the apogee of his career in the first Olympics to be held behind the Iron Curtain. As noted elsewhere the 1980 Moscow Olympics were marked by the US-led boycott which resulted from Soviet aggression in Afghanistan. In men's swimming the absence of the Americans, West Germans, Japanese and Canadians had a mixed effect; in some events such as the shorter sprints the non-appearance of the likes of Rowdy Gaines meant that East German and Soviet Union swimmers claimed medals they may not have had a claim to in more open competition. For Salnikov the boycott had taken away one of his major competitors in the 400 metres (Canadian world record holder Peter Szmidt), but it arguably had minimal effect on his 1500 metres swim. Salnikov had already taken the short-course 1500 metres world record from Goodell; now it was the time of the long course event. The 1500 metres heats were held second day of the Moscow Olympic swimming program, and there were a total of 21 competitors from 14 countries. In the first heat Hungarian Zoltán Wladár won with a time of 15.31.06, whilst in the second heat the compatriot of Salnikov Aleksandr Chayev took out the race in 15.28.68. That same heat saw second place swimmer from the 1978 Berlin 1500 metres Borut Petric (YUG) finish in 15.31. 53, but three other swimmers in that heat failed to complete the race. The final heat was all Salnikov; he completed the 1500 metres in 15.08.25 which placed him over 9 seconds quicker than second place swimmer East German Rainer Strohbach. The line up for the final saw Salnikov in the fastest qualification time, with Strohbach second quickest, Chayev third and Rafael Escalas (ESP) fourth. Remarkably, considering the recent history of Olympic 1500 metres finals the race for gold silver and bronze in Moscow was held the day immediately after the heats. Unlike in games such as those in Beijing, Athens and Sydney the contestants had to back up without the benefit of a day's rest, plus there were other events to swim for some of the entrants (for example Salnikov still had his 400 metres). In light of this, Salnikov's 1980 final swim can be considered all the more remarkable compared with those from the likes of Perkins and Hackett in later years. When Salnikov finally dived off the blocks he was undoubtedly the pinnacle of the Soviet swimming program, and without the Americans to threaten this the Russian quickly established his ascendency over the pack. At 100 metres he was already a second in front of the nearest rival with an intermediate time of 58.53 seconds. By 300 metres that lead was doubled, and at the half way mark Salnikov was 5.18 seconds ahead of Goodell's then current world record pace. The spectators who naturally were overwhelmingly biased towards their home town hero responded to the Soviet swimmer's efforts, screaming and calling for him to win and win withing the world record. At 800 metres he was still under the minute per 100 metres mark, and the 1500 metres in 15 minutes looked very vulnerable. Behind Salnikov the battle for the minor medals was on, with Chayev, Metzker and Strohbach all fighting hard; however they were never in the hunt for gold, which was Salnikov's without a doubt as he came to the last 100 metres. Goaded by a crowd that knew that they were witnessing something historic Salnikov responded in the only way he could; he swam even quicker. For the last 100 metres he completed the two laps in 58.05 seconds; almost half a seocnd quicker than his first 100 metres. As his hands hit the finishing wall Vladimir Salnikov looked up to the scoreboard. The time flashed up: 14.58.27. The son of a Leningrad sea captain, who's country had never won a gold medal in men's swimming before these Olympics, and who had swum fifth in his last Olympic final, had claimed the greatest prize of all. A gold medal in a time that would forever mark him as the first of his kind; the first to go below 15 minutes. At this point it could be enough to finish Salnikov's story. He took two more gold medals in Moscow, one in the 400 metres and one in the 4x200 metres men's relay final. Yet this isn't the end. Four years later Salnikov would have gone to Los Angeles as the world record holder, being the only man who had swum under 15 minutes. However in a tit-for-tat boycott the Soviet Bloc spurned the chance to compete in the LA 1984 Olympics, and so Salnikov had to wait for another chance to claim a fouth Olympic gold medal. In Seoul 1988 Salnikov returned to the Olympic pool forone last games. Up until 1986 he had won 61 consecutive 1500 metres swims, swum under 15 minutes for the distance four times and no one else had come within a bull's roar of his world record of 15.54.76. However his results had slumped since coming fourth at the 1986 world swimming championships, and in 1987 he failed to make the final of the European championships. Written off as a threat for gold, now coached by his wife Marina and only winning a place on the Soviet team after intervention from the sports minister, the hero of Moscow looked decidedly vulnerable. In the preliminaries though the Salnikov of old re-emerged, clocking the second fastest time (15.07.83), with American Matt Cetlinksi fastest qualifer for the final. Then as the greatest Olympic champions can and often do respond, in the final Salnikov took the lead from 675 metres and was never headed. Surging ahead with every lap the last gold medallist for the Soviet Union in an Olympic swimming final took the race in a time of 15.00.40, thus becoming at 28 the owner of the five fastest times for the 1500 metres ever swum, and the oldest Olympic swimming champion for 56 years. His world record stood until 1991, and whilst that time is now down to 14.34.56 the status of being the first man to swim 1500 metres under 15 minutes will forever be his. Vladamir Salnikov in 1980 and in 1988 demonstrated greatness that will always mark him as a legend of Olympic swimming. Sources: Thorpe Versus Hall: Whose Guitars Got Smashed? Several countries in the modern Olympics would look to one sport and perceive it to be 'their' domain, the place where their Olympians traditionally excelled against the opposition. For the Swedes and the Hungarians it could be said they both share the modern pentathlon as 'their' Olympic sport. Kenyans and Ethiopians have come to dominate long distance running, whilst India still feels great attachment to men's field hockey. In the Winter Olympics the Canadians are emotionally and historically attached to ice hockey, whilst Norwegians look to cross-country skiing as a particularly strong part of their Olympic identity. And for Australia the overwhelming sport of interest at the Olympics is swimming. Unfortunately for Gary Hall Jnr and his American compatriots at the Sydney 2000 Olympics a quote that smacked of arrogance provoked the most memorable response from an Australian men's 4x100 metres freestyle relay team that was determined to make the greatest swimming power in Olympic history show some respect in the Aussie's own home pool. Prior to the Sydney 2000 Olympics the 4x100 metres freestle relay was literally American property. First contested as an Olympic event in 1964 at Tokyo, with a short interregnum over the Montreal 1976 and Moscow 1980 Olympics, the record stood at seven finals and seven team golds for the US. Australian male swimmers in this period came closest to defeating an American team at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics when the so-called "Mean Machine" of Greg Fasala, Neil Brooks, Mark Stockwell and Michael Delany swam beneath world record time in coming second behind the US swimmers Chris Cavanaugh, Michael Heath, Matt Biondi and Rowdy Gaines. For a sporting nation proud of their legendary swimmers such as Dawn Fraser, Murray Rose, John Devitt, Mike Wenden and Shane Gould the 4x100 metres freestyle relay was akin to a holy grail; to win that event's gold would show the world that Australian swimmers meant to show up the brasher, bigger, more successful Yanks. Leading up to the Sydney 2000 Olympics the swimming stocks of several nations in the men's sprint distances were very strong; perhaps stronger over a wider range of nations than had been seen for some time. For the Russians the legendary Aleksandr Popov led their 100 metres charge, having successfully defended his Barcelona 100 metres title in Atlanta, hence aiming for a third gold in Sydney. Lars Frolander was a well credentialled Swedish swimmer who had clocked a sub-49 second time for the 100 metres, whilst Dutch favourite Pieter Van den Hoogenband was a candidate for individual sprint glory and could be the decisive factor for a Netherlands relay team. Yet when it came down to the previews before the Sydney 2000 swim program the battle for 4x100 metres relay gold was expected to be a fight between the underdog Australia and the traditional top ranked Americans. In the Australian Olympic swimming trials held at the Homebush Aquatic Centre (venue for the Sydney 2000 swim meet) the top four finishers in the men's 100 metres freestyle were Michael Klim (48.56 seconds), Chris Fydler (48.85), Ashley Callus (49.46) and Ian Thorpe (49.74). Of these swimmers Klim and Thorpe had the highest profiles, as the former was a world record holder in the 100 metres butterfly plus a four times world champion two years earlier, whilst the latter was emerging as the greatest male swimmer seen in Australia since Murray Rose. Michael Klim and Chris Fydler had both swum as part of the Australian men's 4x100 metres freestyle relay team in Atlanta where they came sixth, whilst 'The Thorpedo' had set three world records in three days at the Australian swim trials. Callus had won gold with the Australians in the 1998 Kuala Lumpar Commonwealth Games, and so the four leading sprinters in the green and gold had a very respectable aura surrounding them leading into Sydney 2000. Across the Pacific the US swim trials for the 100 metres men's freestyle were held as late as August 13th 2000 in Indianopolis. The first four finishers in this event's final were Neil Walker (48.71), Gary Hall Jnr (48.84), Scott Tucker (48.95) and Jason Lezak (49.15). Far and away the most famous of these men was the outspoken Gary Hall Jnr. Hall's family had a history of Olympic swimming, and during the 1996 Atlanta games the brash American had duelled both in and out of the water with Russian gold medallist Popov. Like Hall, Tucker was a member of the 1996 US 4x100 metres freestyle team that had won gold, whilst Lezak and Walker were looking to debut in Sydney. On paper these times meant there was less than a second between the leading four swimmers from Australia and America; the upcoming relay was looking to be a highlight of the Sydney 2000 Olympics. Then, in an article posted via the CNN/Sports Illustrated website by Gary Hall Jnr in his online diary on August 22nd a supposed joke or even qualified sign of respect poured oil on the flames of the rivalry between the US and Australian swim teams. Hall Jnr wrote: "I like Australia, in truth. I like Australians. The country is beautiful, and the people are admirable. Good humor and genuine kindness seem a predominant characteristic. My biased opinion says that we will smash them like guitars. Historically the U.S. has always risen to the occasion. But the logic in that remote area of my brain says it won't be so easy for the United States to dominate the waters this time. Whatever the results, the world will witness great swimming." The Australian media and in turn the Australian swim team grabbed this quote, highlighting the 'guitar smashing' section particularly and then using it to both pour scorn on what was considered American arrogance and motivate further a very driven Australian swim team. After the event and even as recently as the lead up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics Gary Hall Jnr's comments drew attention for their role in the build up to the gold medal relay race in the Sydney Olympic pool. However before the final there were three heats, all swum on the morning of Saturday 16th September, the day after the spectacular opening ceremony. The first heat saw Dutch hopes crash when their team was disqualified, and though Van Den Hoogenband didn't participate it destroyed his chances of leading the Netherlands to a relay gold. The German men won this heat in a time of 3.18.70, against a relatively weaker team, with the Italians in second and Belarus third. The next heat saw Australia, Russia and Sweden debut their teams with Ian Thorpe and Michael Klim not racing. Thorpe was swimming in the 400 metres freestyle heats and final on the first day of the Sydney 2000 program, and if there was one potential weakness in the make-up of the Aussie team it was whether or not the 17 year old could back up after his main individual event. Todd Pearson and Adam Pine stepped into the team and registered both first place and a time more than two seconds faster than second place team Russia (including Popov). Sweden, France and South Africa filled the third to fifth positions in this heat. The final heat was won by the Americans who rested Hall and Walker, bringing in Josh Davis (an Atlanta relay gold medallist) and Anthony Ervin. Ervin's participation in the heat was in itself an historic event, as he was the first US Olympic swimmer with an African American background to swim at the Olympics. The US team swam the fastest time of all three heats, beating the Brazilians home in 3.15. 43. Scott Tucker's time as the lead was somewhat disappointing, and when the US relay team was confirmed for the final he was dropped for Ervin. It appeared that with the Americans bringing in Hall Jnr and Tucker who were both faster than the second best Australian (Callus), and with Thorpe having to swim the 400 metres final, the gold logically should go to the US. Yet logic doesn't always contribute to the make up of an Olympic Games gold medal final. Come the finals on the first night of the Olympic swimming program in Sydney and 17,500 spectators filled the Aquatic Centre, with all Australians there plus millions at home watching to see how Ian Thorpe would swim in his 400 metres final. The current world record holder the 'Thorpedo' was never really threatened by his rivals, winning gold in a time of 3.40.59; a new world record (breaking his own mark) and streeting his nearest competitor Massimiliano Rosolino by almost three seconds. As his competitors finished the race Thorpe signalled his satsfaction with a determined two handed fist pump slightly betrayed by a small grin, and then it was time to prepare for the 4x100 metres freestyle relay final. Meanwhile the Americans had changed their line up for the final, dropping Tucker in favour of Ervin. Ervin's time in the relay heat earlier that day was the quickest of the four Americans who swam, whereas Tucker's time was slightly slower than Chris Fydler who had swum the first leg for the Australians in their heat. The teams who then lined up were matched as follows: Klim versus Ervin Lezak versus Callus Thorpe versus Hall Jnr As the eight finalist teams lined up at the blocks for the start of the 4x100 metres freestyle final there was one man missing. Thorpe was struggling with his swimsuit which required 4 people to help him change, and unlike his compatriots who were able to leisurely (if nervously) prepare, greeting the announcing of their names to the massively pro-Aussie crowd, Thorpe had to race out, making the start just in time. Mounting the blocks and under the starter's orders the shaved down Michael Klim was ready for the swim of his life. With the starter's signal sending the relay teams down their respective lanes for 8 laps Klim went out hard and very, very fast. By 15 seconds into Klim's leg he had already established half a body length on Ervin, and when Klim touched the wall at the end of the first lap the Australian's time of 22.83 seconds was looking good for a new world record. The gap extended as the second lap continued, and by the time Klim reached the end of his leg he had swum a new world record time for the 100 metres freestyle for men; 48.18 seconds. Then it was the turn of Fydler and Walker. Chris Fylder kept the lead for his first 50 metres, but then in the back half of his leg Neil Walker grabbed the lead. This would have possibly been the time in past Olympic men's freestyle relays when the US team would storm to an unassailable claim on gold. Yet Fydler responded, no doubt spurred on by the deafening screams of the Australian fans. As the rest of the field slid further back in the wake of the Australian and the American the first half of the relay ended with Chris Fydler touching the wall for an aggregate time of 1.36.66; 1.77 seconds under world record pace. Lezak for America and Callus for Australia were the third pair into the pool for their respective teams, and within th early stages of their respective legs Lezak took the lead. Keeping this for almost three quarters of the 100 metres that he swum the American was matched near the end, then surpassed almost imperceptably by Anthony Callus. The third ranked Aussie male over 100 metres had given Ian Thorpe what he need; a lead (if small) over the man who had made the not-so-funny now jibe about smashing the Australians like guitars. The 4x100 metres freestyle title would either be won by a man who was at his first Olympics, and had just won a gold medal in the 400 metres whilst breaking his own world record. Or it would be won by an extroverted and experienced sprint swimming expert who already had relay gold from Atlanta, plus he swam for a country with an undefeated relay history at the Olympics. Hall began excellently and with a dramatic turn of speed and high stroke rate almost instantkly caught then passed the Thorpedo. The Aussie's arms seemed to move in slow motion, languidly curving into the water as his size 8 feet acted like flippers; but at the end of the seventh lap it was the Americans with the lead, and Gary Hall Jr had them still under world record time. Again, in another Olympics and with other swimmers the US could have, would have...nay should have swum away for a tight gold medal victory. Yet with about 20 metres to go Thorpe's inexorable momentum took hundredths of a second away from the brash American. The crowd in the Sydney Olympic swimming venue literally shouted through the roof as their home town hero (who lived as a boy only half an hour's drive from Homebush, Sydney's Olympic precinct) swam the race of his lifetime, if not of anyone's lifetime. As the two leaders swam under the false start rope at 15 metres to go it looked almost dead level between them. The wall approached and with a final surge of his amazingly powerful teenage body Thorpe grabbed the lead; Hall swept to the finish too but in a result which broke the world record, ended American Olympic dominance and defined this 4x100 metres relay as probably the greatest team swim ever seen at an Olympic Games Ian Thorpe beat the American home by 0.19 of a second. The Australian men had won gold with a final time of 3.13.67, the Americans were second in 3.13.86, and almost as an afterthought the Brazilians took bronze. Then came the exuberant Australian 'get square' to the now not-so-brash Gary Hall Jr; as Thorpe climbed out on the pool deck Chris Fydler, Anthony Callus and a surly Michael Klim formed an air guitar trio that strummed a silent but pointed note of 'take that' to the Americans. It was in the opinion of legendary Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser "probably the greatest race I have ever seen", whilst Thorpe was to say later the relay gold medal meant more to him than his 400 metres. He said "being able to share that experience with three other swimmers was incredible," and for Michael Klim he had the good fortune to have Thorpe confirm he had swum a world record time for his first 100 metres leg. In the silver medal winning American team the reaction was understandably ruefull. Hall looked back on the race and said:“I don’t even know how to play the guitar,” but he was gracious in defeat: “I consider it the best relay race I’ve ever been part of. I doff my cap to the great Ian Thorpe. He swum better than I did.” At the Summer Olympic Games which then IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch called the best ever, this 4x100 metres men's freestyle relay was the best team swim in the entire history of the modern Olympics. Sources: Billy Mills: Running Brave in Tokyo The burden of being the favourite in an Olympic Games event can be both a boon and burden. Over the 112 years of the modern Summer and Winter Games many a pre-event world champion or world record holder had taken their standing as a platform for launching their ascendancy over their Olympic competitors. Michael Phelps in Beijing 2008 was is just one of the most recent examples of this situation, and the same could be said about Maurice Greene in Sydney 2000. On the other hand an athlete who was considered a certainty for Olympic gold because of their pre-games form or ranking has been known to blow up, lose out to a near rival or even a complete unknown. Matt Biondi felt this particularly painful sting when Duncan Armstrong literally surfed to a world record and gold medal over the leading qualifier in the 200 metres fresstyle final in Seoul 1988, followed by an equally surprising loss to Anthony Nesty from Surinam in the 100 metres butterfly at the same Olympics. For Ron Clarke his Olympic career will always be known for his role as the defeated favourite in the men's 10,000 metres final in Tokyo, when William 'Billy' Mills took gold with an audacious and historic run. These two greats of Olympic distance running in the 1960s came from very different backgrounds. Clarke was an Australian from the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Melbourne and had the great honour of lighting the cauldron at the opening ceremony of those games. Immediately prior to these Olympics Ron Clarke had featured in a famous 1500 metres final at the Australian national championships when after tripping. The second man to break four minutes for the mile, John Landy stopped after accidentally spiking Clarke, helped him up and then completed the race winning the title. This was but the first time Clarke would be involved in great drama on the athletics track. The Australian's athletics career was put aside after the Melbourne Olympics and it took until 1962 before he re-emerged as a world class distance runner. His efforts at that year's Perth Commonwealth Games were encouraging, and in 1963 Clarke finally set his first world record over the 10,000 metres. It was hoped by his Australian fans that Ron Clarke would follow on the traditions set by the likes of Landy and Herb Elliott, and collect gold in Tokyo 1964. Billy Mills came from a somewhat different background prior to the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Born in Pine Ridge South Dakota, Mills was one of twelve children and had been orphaned at the age of twelve, whereupon he was sent ot the Haskall Insitute in Kansas. Taking up running originally because he was interested in boxing, the part-Lakota Native American then developed further as a distance runner at the University of Kansas, where Mills was coached by Bill Easton. During his time at the University of Kansas Billy Mills established himself in NCAA amateur athletic meets with some strong performances in 1959-1960. Then Mills joined the United States Marine Corps, and after qualifying as a Second Lieutenant in December 1962 he served in motor transport units of the USMC. By the time of the trials for the US Olympic team in 1964 he was based at Camp Pendleton, California. At those trials he ran 29 minutes 10.4 seconds for the 10,000 metres, almost a minute slower than Clarke's world record time of 28 minutes 15.6 seconds. Mills was the second US entrant for this event as he was beaten by Gerry Lindgren; so when it came to pre-race favourites for the Tokyo Olympics Billy Mills was way way under the radar. Coming into the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics Ron Clarke was the world record holder for the 10,000 metres plus a well-regarded contender for the 5000 metres. It was widely expected that the Australian would be the one to beat in the longer of the two races. There were others with some claim, amongst them Degaga 'Mamo' Wolde from Ethiopia, Murray Halberg (NZL), defending Rome 1960 10,000 metres gold medallist Pyotr Bolotnikov (URS) and Tunisian Mohammad Gammoudi. The American pair of Lindgren and Mills were not ranked as gold medal hopes, and it looked even less hopeful for the US athletics team in Tokyo just two days before the 10,000 metres final. Lindgren twisted his ankle near the Meiji shrine whilst running a practice cross-country course and then ignoring advice he failed to get the injury treated for at least three hours. It looked fairly bleak for those who were hoping to hear the 'Star Spangled Banner' played after the longest men's athletics race in the main Olympic stadium in Tokyo. The day of the 10,000 metres final in Tokyo was held on a wet track at 4.00 pm on Tuesday July 14th, 1964. Seventeen nations had competitors in the final, with 28 men expected to chase Ron Clarke to the final line. Clarke's tactics were to surge every second lap, and with his ability to burn off his competitors he hoped this would bring him the gold. Surprisingly Billy Mills was running the 10,000 metres in borrowed shoes as the US team's shoe sponsors said there were only enough for potential winners. Between the world record holder an a US Marine in borrowed track shoes there seemed a huge unbridgable gulf. But these were the Olympic finals... The race started as expected with Clarke in the front grouping, accompanied by Gammoudi, Walde and local favourite for the Japanese supporters Kokichi Tsuburaya. Mills was seen to drop back from these front runners four times, and at one stage was nearly 14 metres behind Clarke and the other leaders. However even though he was often caught up in the bunch of slower competitors Mills returned on each of the four occasions to rejoin the leading group. He even took the lead five times, but Clarke reasserted control of the race so that by the last 1000 metres the gold medal looked to be the Australian's with the rest of the field to fight over the minor medals. Walde dropped away at this mark, leaving Clarke, Gammoudi, Tsuburaya and Mills fighting out the medal hunt. The Japanese was dropped off by the last lap, leaving the Australian, the Tunisian and the American running abreast for the final 400 metres. In the back straight Clarke was blocked to the front by a straggler from the back of the field, and at the side by Mills. Trying to get a clear run the world record holder tapped the USMC officer, attempting to get Mills to give way. Mills stayed in his path, so Clarke shoved making the American veer off to the right of the track. Seeing an opening the Tunisian Gammoudi sprinted between the leaders, grabbing the front for himself. Gammoudi lengthened his lead as Mills reattached himself to Clarke, and these were the placings as the three struggled to pass slower competitors. Later Clarke would describe the crowded final lap "like a dash for a train in a peak-hour crowd", whilst Mills was able to say of his brief shoving with Clarke "It was a break, out there I found harder ground, better traction, and I was able to pick up immediately". The Australian realised that he had to bridge the gap that Gammoudi had established, so he began a final spurt. Mills appeared to be out of it, but his desire to stay in the chase kept him nipping at Clarke's heels. At the beginning of the home stretch Clarke caught Gammoudi and it appeared that he was going to take the gold everyone expected. Yet Gammoudi came again and then, with an amazing rush whilst going through more stragglers Billy Mills hurtled forward like a sprinter. Gammoudi was well in front of Clarke as Mills passed the Tunisian and then to the astonishment of all in the event and watching the American crossed the finish line. His gold medal was won in a time almost 45 seconds faster than he had ever run the 10,000 metres before, plus he had beaten a man who was considered the best runner over that distance in the world at that time. Clarke the world record holder had taken bronze behind Gammoudi, but it was Billy Mills who had made Olympic history. As Mills was slowing down from his supreme efforts a Japanese official came over to him. For a moment the American was uncertain what he was saying, and whether he had in fact finished too early. It then dawned on him that he was being asked repeatedly "Who are you? Who are you?" An unknown before the 10,000 metres the Japanese official hadn't recognised the gold medallist. Then the same official said "Finished," and it sank in for Billy; he was the 10,000 metres gold medallist and the first American to achieve this honour at the Olympic Games. The manner in which Mills won his gold medal showed that in an Olympics there will be moments of unscripted heroics. Ron Clarke was unbackable as a favourite, and his efforts to replicate the achievements of the great Emil Zatopek would normally have been considered unlikely but probable. Billy Mills on the other hand had only one race in Tokyo and he was not expected to have any effect. Instead Clarke would walk away from these Olympics with no gold, and in fact end up setting 19 world records without ever finishing first at the Summer Games. It was Billy Mills who would have the honour of being known as an Olympic gold medal champion. Sources: Daley Thompson: The Decathlete Legend In the track and field program at a Summer Olympic games the title of best all round male athlete resides with the man who collects the gold medal for the decathlon. This ten discipline, two day event has provided many of the iconic figures of the modern Olympics. Jim Thorpe was the first great decathlon gold medallist, picking up the unique double decathlon and pentathlon victories in Stockholm 1912. Glenn Morris, the American gold medal winner in the 1936 Berlin Olympics not only showed his supremacy over his rivals, he also began a short tempestuous relationship with the director of the definitive official Olympic film of these games, Leni Riefenstahl. Bob Mathias took the gold medals in the first two Olympics after World War Two, in London 1948 and Helsinki 1952, whilst Rafer Johnson's victory over C.K. Yang in Rome 1960 is one of the 101 greatest moments in modern Olympic history. Then in 1976 Bruce Jenner turned his decathlon triumph into a multi-million dollar industry back home in the USA. However the greatest decathlete of all time didn't come from the United States like all these illustrious predecessors. The remarkable Daley Thompson won his first gold in the boycott-effected Moscow 1980 Olympics, then reached a new level of Olympic greatness in the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games. Daley Thompson was born on July 30th, 1958 in the London suburb of Notting Hill, to a Nigerian father and Scottish mother. Whilst at a Sussex boarding school the young Thompson showed promise in athletics, which was further developed by a period at the age of 17 with the Essex Beagles athletics club. Prior to winning the 1976 British AAA decathlon title the young Briton went to Montreal and came 18th with 7434 points. It was an inauspicious start for an Olympic career that would stretch through to Seoul in 1988, and include not just two gold medals but also world championship titles, world records, European championships and Commonwealth Games gold medals as well. At the 1978 Edmonton Commonwealth Games Thompson won his first major international senior decathlon title, and in the period between then and Moscow 1980 he rapidly grew in stature and performance. His only loss in this period came in 1979 at the European championships; between then and 1987 Thompson never lost another decathlon. As the upcoming Soviet-hosted Olympics were threatened by a major US-led boycott Daley Thompson became engaged in a personal duel with West German decathlete Guido Kratschmer. Kratschmer was the then world record holder before the two met in May 1980 (by this time West Germany had joined the Moscow boycott). At this decathlon Thompson beat Kratschmer and set a new world record (8622 points). This performance established Thompson as a red hot favourite for the Olympics in Moscow, and whilst Kratschmer won the world record back his non-attendance(plus the absence of American and Canadian athletes) meant the Briton had the Moscow gold medal to lose. And he didn't disappoint; winning the decathlon gold medal with a final score of 8522 and running 153 points ahead of his silver medallist rival Yuri Kutsenko. Naturally with the non-appearance of the then world record holder, plus the overall paucity of quality opposition of the Moscow 1980 decathlon field, Thompson's first Olympic decathlon gold medal could be regarded slightly tarnished by harsh critics. However the story would be dramatically different four years later in Los Angeles. The period between these two boycotted Olympics was dominated in decathlon by the hard-fought battle between Daley Thompson and new West German champion decathlete Jürgen Hingsen. These two would duel repeatedly over European, world championship and finally Olympic stages and in the process create one of the greatest moments in Olympic history. Hingsen like Thompson was born in Duisburg in 1958, and the two first came into serious competition at a European Junior championship in 1977. At this event Thompson came first and Hingsen third. Hingsen developed slower than Thompson, and it wasn't until 1982 that the West German claimed the position as the new threat to the British Olympic champion. At the West German championships that year in Ulm Hingsen set a new world record of 8723 points. This gave him the favouritism for the European championships in Athens, however Thompson took that title. In 1983 Hingsen set another new world record point score the decathlon, scoring 8779 at Bernhausen. Yet again however at the next major international track and field meet (the 1983 Helsinki IAAF World Championships) Thompson defeated Hingsen, with the scores being 8714 points for the Briton and 8561 for the West German. For a third time Hingsen set a world record (8798 points), this time at Mannheim in 1984; the third time he had achieved such a result on West German soil. The question was would Hingsen be able to buck the trend of losing out to Thompson on foreign soil for a third time. The next meeting of the two in such conditions would be the Los Angeles Olympics. During the final months of the lead up to the 1984 Summer Games Thompson again and again added personal colour to his rivalry with the so-called "German Hercules". When Hingsen claimed he would be winning gold in Los Angeles Thompson claimed "There are only two ways he is going to bring a gold medal home; he'll have to steal mine or win another event." For other Olympians this could have been called arrogant; yet Thompson's clowning and cheeky sense of humour excused him from most criticism. He also called the West German "Hollywood Hingsen" because he resembled the actor Burt Reynolds, whilst in a separate showing of supreme confidence Daley Thompson wrote a postcard to dual decathlon gold medallist Bob Mathias saying "I'm coming to get you." When it came to mind games the Briton was setting a leading pace from his West German and other rivals. On August 8th 1984 athletes from 18 countries began the 10 event final chase for decathlon gold. Unlike 1980 the field wasn't as significantly weakened by the revenge boycott implemented by the Soviet-bloc at Los Angeles; Thompson and three West Germans, Hingsen, Kratschmer and Siegfried Wentz formed the core lead group, whilst the Americans expected to do well with home soil advantage and world championship entrant John Crist. The first event was 100 metres, and Thompson (who could perform creditably in 4x100 metres relays at Olympic and Commonwealth Games) raced Hingsen and Kratschmer. Setting his best ever time for the distance in a decathlon Thompson scored 948 points with his time of 10.44 seconds. Hingsen was third behind Kratschmer as well, and down by 122 points from the Briton. Thompson had another win in the next event, the long jump (his result would have earned him fifth in the final of the LA 1984 long jump final), but Hingsen narrowed the gap slightly. The shot put followed and this was an opportunity for Hingsen to reclaim more ground between him and Thompson. However Thompson again rose to the occasion and putted the shot to a personal best of 15.72 metres. Hingsen was behind the defending Olympic champion and he wasn't as yet able to pull in enough points at this stage to threaten Thompson yet. The high jump however saw Hingsen make up some ground, with his final height of 2.12 metres clawing back 77 points from Thompson. Importantly for Hingsen he aggravated a knee injury in his right leg, receiving four pain killing injections to continue competing. This may not have stopped Hingsen physically yet it did work against him mentally, and the coming final event of the day needed strong legs. The last event of the decathlon's first day was the 400 metres. Thompson reasserted his pre-eminence with a win against Hingsen and the American Jim Wooding. The close of the first day saw the West German world record holder on 4579 points and the British reigning gold medallist from Moscow on 4633 points. Hingsen was only trailing his world record by 17 points, but Thompson was 114 points ahead and had achieved the highest first day score in an Olympic decathlon. It appeared that Thompson would surpass the slightly injured Hingsen and win his second Olympic decathlon title. The second day of the 1984 decathlon began with the 110 metres hurdles. Hingsen clawed back all of 6 points and so stayed in the silver medal ranking. The seventh event was the discus, and it was here that Hingsen finally unleashed his promise. On his first throw the West German reached 49.80 metres; his best ever result in a decathlon. Thompson on the other hand had a poor first throw, sending the discus down range only 37.90 metres. Hingsen's second throw was even better, reaching 50.82 metres and applying significant pressure to the Briton. Daley Thompson improved only marginally, and with Hingsen's last throw not improving his position the lead was posied to change. As Thompson later described it, he was looking over the edge and needed to meet the challenge. And like every great Olympic champion he did; the third throw from Thompson sailed to 46.56 metres. It was another personal best for Thompson and whilst Hingsen had won this round with 888 points, the Briton still led. It was getting closer and closer to crunch time. The eight event was the pole vault and it was here that Hingsen unfortunately suffered the effects of illness, effectively ending his hopes. Before his first two vaults the West German had vomited twice, and his best height after three attempts was a sub-par 4.50 metres. Thompson on the other hand flew over the bar, and with his best height being a full half metre above Hingsen (earning him 1052 points) the gold medal was almost around the Briton's neck. In the penultimate round (the javelin) Hingsen again underperformed whilst Thompson took 824 points with his throw of 65.24 metres. Then it came down to the final race; the 1500 metres. In the closing event of the 1984 Los Angeles decathlon Thompson knew he had gold, but on his horizon was beating Hingsen not just in places on the medal stand but also in the world record point score. Needing a time of 4 minutes 34.8 seconds Thompson literally strolled to the finish line. His time was 4 minutes 35 exactly, which meant he fell a single point shy of equalling Hingsen record. The first double decathlon gold medallist since Bob Mathias (who as promised he had 'caught'), Daley Thompson took a victory lap of the LA Olympic Coliseum track, showing his joy whilst pointedly criticising the jingoistic coverage of the American host broadcaster. Wearing a t-shirt that read "Thanks America for a great games," on the front and then on the reverse "But what about the TV coverage?" he was met by Princess Anne (herself an Olympian). Later when asked what she had said to him, Thompson again revealed his comedic side; "She said I was a good looking guy!" joked the Briton. To add a much later layer of glory on his victory, in 1986 the IAAF established that Thomspon had run one second quicker than recorded in the 110 metres hurdles, hence claiming that single point he needed to equal Hingsen's record. For Great Britain and for Daley Thompson Los Angeles was a golden games, and whilst Hingsen had been competitive at these Olympics up until the discus there was no denying that the dual gold medallist from the United Kingdom was the best decathlete of his generation. Three times the great rivals had met in major international championships and each time Daley Thomspon had prevailed. Later Thompson continued to Seoul where he placed a credible fourth, whilst Hingsen suffered the crushing disappointment of being disqualified for false starts in the 100 metres. In some ways this served as the perfect postscript for an epic duel between two great Olympians; one who scaled amazing heights, one who was unable to reach the potential he had displayed away from the cauldron of Olympic decathlon competition. Sources: Song Kee-Chung: Korean To The Core One of the most dramatic and enduring moment of any Olympic Games opening ceremony is when the Olympic flame is brought into the main stadium during the opening ceremony. There have been occasions when the theatre of the event has perhaps overshadowed the actual bearer, such as when Stein Gruber of Norway brought the 1994 Lillehammer torch down a ski jump, or when Antonio Rebollo used a flaming arrow to assist with the lighting of the 1992 Barcelona Olympic cauldron. On other occasions it has been the celebrity or relative athletic greatness of the final torchbearers who have defined an Olympic opening cermeony, as in the case of Rafer Johnson at Los Anegles in 1984, or Niklos Kaklamankis in Athens 2004. Finally, there are those times when the symbolism of that final torchbearer goes beyond spectacle or sporting greatness; that person or persons symbolizes something specific about the host nation and its culture. Cathy Freeman in Sydney 2000 is a prime example of this. In 1988 the presence of one man in the final deliverance of the Olympic torch brought (to quote David Wallechinsky) "tears to an entire nation...". That country was South Korea, and the torchbearer who evoked such a powerful response from his countrymen and women was Sohn Kee-Chung. 52 years prior to the 76 year old's entrance into Seoul's Olympic stadium this immensely proud Korean had won a gold medal for the marathon whilst competing as a member of the Japanese team. Yet even though he had to wear the occupier's uniform, listen to their national anthem and even have his name changed to echo Japanese norms, Sohn never let the colonial masters of his homeland take away his dignity. Sohn Kee-Chung was born in Sinŭiju, North P'yŏngan Province in 1912 and during his youth he would run against friends riding bicycles, as well as up and down logging tracks near his home town. When his talent was recognised by the relevant authorities he was then sent to Yangjung High School in Seoul, where many well-credentialled Korean runners were based. Running for Sohn was not just a physical activity, it was a way of showing his Korean-ness. As quoted in "Berlin Games: How Hitler Stole The Olympic Dream" by Guy Walters, Sohn stated: "The Japanese could stop our musicians from playing our songs. They could stop our singers and silence our speakers. But they could not stop me from running." After initial success in the 800 metres and 1500 metres Sohn turned to the marathon. Winning his first three races held in Seoul (possibly over a reduced distance), Sohn Kee-Chung was twice national champion by 1935. In April his considerable marathon reputation spread beyond Asia, when it was reported that a 'Japanese' runner had beaten the two and a half hour mark for the distance. In his seven races that year (four in Korea, three in Japan) Sohn cemented his position as a leading exponent of the longest distance run by any Olympic athlete, then made a definitive statement of intent with his marathon run of November 3rd 1935. Completing a course staged in Tokyo Song Kee-Chung crossed the finish line after 2 hours 26 minutes and 42 seconds. This was a new world record. This was almost five minutes faster than that recorded by 1932 Los Angeles marathon gold medallist Juan Carlos Zabala of Argentina. The issue for Sohn going into the Olympic year and the 1936 Berlin Summer Games wasn't his fitness or speed; it was his nationality. At the first Japanese Olympic trial marathon held on April 18th 1936 Sohn Kee-Chung was running under his Japanese name of Kitei Son, and whilst he laboured under this cultural burden his athletic ability was in no way impaired. Winning in a time of 2.28.32 the Korean beat leading Japanese entrants Shinichi Nakamura and Fusahige Suzuki. Then in a final trial event Sohn came second behind Tamao Shiaku, and these two plus another Korean native, Nam Seung-yong (a.k.a. Shoryu Nan) would form the basis of the Japanese entries into the Berlin marathon. Meanwhile, the rest of the world's marathon runners were also preparing for the Berlin Games. Two South Africans, Johannes Coleman and Henry Gibson both set sub 2 hour 33 minute times in their national championship. In Britain Donald McNab Robertson and Ernest Harper qualifed for Berlin in July at the AAA Championships with times about 9 minutes slower than Sohn's world record. The Americans had three contenders for Berlin, William McMahon, Mel Porter and John Kelley. However none of these three were close to Sohn's times. Finally the Argentinian Zabala trained extensively in the host city of the 1936 Summer Olympics for several months prior to the games, and in the absence of a leading German competitor established himself as a local favourite. The Berlin marathon promised to be a great race. The 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics opened on Saturday August 1st, and both before and after that date whenever Sohn Kee-Chung met anyone in Berlin he took the opportunity to impress upon officials, journalists and fans alike that he was Korean, not Japanese. He even went to the effort of signing his name in its Korean form, not as Kitei Son. Yet when it came to the day of the marathon, Sunday August 9th he like his compatriot Nam wore the Hi-no-maru or Rising Sun of Japan. Lined up against a field of 56 competitors from 27 countries, Sohn was about to stage a truly unique act of national protest against foreign domination of his homeland. The Berlin course ran from the Olympiastadion through the Grunewald forest, then back into the main stadium for one last lap before the finishing line was reached. Conditions for the marathoners were good, being dry and sunny with an air temperature of around 22 degrees celsius, and this assisted Zabala as he took off with great speed from the race's beginning. Wearing a white handkerchief on his head the Argentinian set a quick pace with the first 8 kilometres traversed in 26 minutes 18 seconds. Portuguese runner Manuel Dias was in second place, but Sohn and Britain's Harper were also near the front of the race. The lead narrowed at the 15 kilometres mark with Dias only lagging about 100 seconds behind Zabala, with Sohn and Harper closing the gap to be half a minute behind the Portuguese runner. By the half way mark Dias was caught by the Korean and the Briton, and Zabala's lead was dropping to less than a minute. Then in the style of many an Olympic gold medallist Zabala fought back, lengthening his lead to 90 seconds at the 25 kilometre point. Harper and Sohn were locked together in joint second whilst Ellison 'Tarzan' Brown of the USA surged into fourth. Then came the crucial moment in the 1936 Marathon. At the 28 kilometre mark as Zabala approached the northern end of the neighbouring Avus raceway he tripped, fell and recovered just as Harper and Sohn passed him. Sohn took the lead by the 31 kilometre mark (leading by 16 seconds from Harper), whilst within another kilometre Zabala dropped out. The Korean extended his lead over Harper at every major mark between this point and the stadium. Meanwhile, in the battle for the bronze Sohn's fellow-countryman Nam claimed third position by the 35th kilometre. The order wouldn't change from here until the end of the race. Sohn Kee-Chung racing under the 'official' name of Kitei Son returned to the Berlin stadium in first place, crossing the finish line to win the gold medal. Nam was finishing quickly but Harper claimed silver, even as his one of his shoes filled with blood from a bad foot blister. It was the first marathon gold for an Asian country at the Olympic Games, even though it wasn't actually the one that the winner believed he was truly representing. Mobbed by Japanese journalists Sohn had to endure their claims to his victory on behalf of their nation; this was a bittersweet gold medal victory. Foreshadowing a far more notorious incident mounted by Tommy Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, when the time came for the medal presentation the two Korean medallists Sohn and Nam showed their distaste for representing Japan. With the Japanese anthem playing and the Rising Sun climbing up two of the stadium's flag poles Sohn Kee-Chung and Nam Seung-yong bowed their heads in mute protest, with Sohn even obscuring his uniform's Japanese emblem. Following this Sohn made sure to point out to those reporters he was Korean not Japanese, however his Japanese minders made sure that this point didn't get translated. Sohn was even tempted to tell Adolf Hitler his story, yet the Korean demurred at the last moment. It would have been unfathomable for Hitler to understand the Korean's situation, and as Guy Walter's points out the German dictator wouldn't have cared. There were several intriguing postscripts to Sohn Kee Chung's victory. As a further expression of national pride the Korean newspaper Dong-a-Ilbo reported Sohn's gold accompanied with an edited photo that removed the Japanese flag on his sweatshirt. The colonial Japanese government respnded to this act of defiance by jailing 8 Korean staff members of the newspaper and then suspended its publication for 9 months. Meanwhile Sohn and Harper were brought back to Berlin so that famous German documentary director Leni Riefenstahl could re-film segments of the marathon. This incident may have added to the lustre of the Berlin Olympics official film, but it again insulted a great Korean gold medallist. Sohn retired after these events in 1936, never running for Japanese governed Korea again. However in 1948 he was given the honour of carrying South Korea's flag at the London Olympics. This partially reinforced his position as a Korean patriot on the world stage, but it was back in Seoul more than half a century after his Berlin gold medal that Sohn Kee-Chung was allowed to run in front of his own countrymen at their Olympics. Whilst the IOC never changed its records to show Kitei Son was not who the Japanese represented, but the Korean Sohn Kee-Chung both he and all Koreans knew where his heart and spirit lay. Sources: Bobby Pearce: The Sculler Who Stopped For Ducks Australia has a remarkable heritage in the sport of rowing, dating back to 1876 when Parramatta quarryman Edward Trickett won the single sculls world championship on the Thames River, Great Britain. The first Australian to achieve this distinction in any sport, Trickett was followed by many others in the years to come. In 1888 Henry Searle repeated Trickett's achievement, whilst another compatriot of Trickett who was an early Australian world sculling champion was William Beach. In the early years of the next century one of the prodigies of Australia rowing was Frederick Septimus Kelly, who as part of the Leander Club's rowing eight helped with a gold medal for the host nation at the 1908 London Olympics. However it took until 1928 and the Amsterdam Summer Olympic Games for an Australian rower to win a gold medal; that Olympian was Bobby Pearce, and his regatta in the Netherlands was marked by one of the most unusual events in Olympic history. Henry Robert Pearce was born in London in 1905, but was known for most of his life as Bobby Pearce. His father Harry was a much accomplished rower who had twice challenged for the world championship. His grandfather Harry Pearce Senior had sculled against Ed Trickett and had beaten William Beach before Beach went on to win the world championship in 1885. With so much sculling heritage in his family, it was no surprise that at the age of six Bobby first entered a regatta and won an under-16 handicap race. Pearce then went on to win his first open event at the age of 14, and in 1926 he took the Australian single sculls championship title. Growing up in the Sydney harbourside suburb of Double Bay, his immediate rowing future before the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics came under a shadow due to accusations of professionalism. Convincing the New South Wales Amateur Rowing Association that this was a case of mistaken identity (arguing it was one of his brothers who had received payment for race rowing, an insurmountable bar to Olympic competition which was firmly amateur in 1928), Bobby Pearce was confirmed by the then Australian Olympic Federation as Australia's single sculls entrant. The Amsterdam 1928 rowing regatta was held on the Sloten Canal, and in the single sculls (also known as the skiff) there were fifteen countries represented with fifteen entrants. The format of the competition was an initial round of seven match races, followed by a reclassification/repercharge round, a second round of six matches races and two reclassifications, a third round of four match races, a semi-final and then the gold medal final scull. Bobby Pearce had carried the Australian flag at the front of the Australian team in the Antwerp opening ceremony and this honour was a tribute to his potential results in the upcoming Olympic regatta. The leading rivals for Pearce were the Briton Theodore Collet, the American Kenneth Myers and the local sculler, Dutchman Lambertus Collet. In the opening round Pearce demonstrated his superiority over his German rival Walter Flinsch, a five-time national champion, reaching the finish of their scull 26 seconds in front of the German. In the Sydney Morning Herald it was reported that Bobby Pearce had actually pulled up and waited for Flinsch to finish. Amongst the other potential medallists Myers had defeated De Kok from South Africa, Collet beat Candeveau of Switzerland and Gunther had narrowly lost to the Canadian Wright. Importantly Pearce had set the quickest time for the distance, winning in 7 minutes 55.75 seconds. The next round of sculling matches were even more promising for Pearce. Rowing against the Dane oarsman Schwartz Bobby Pearce won with eight lengths to spare, taking almost a full half minute off his previous race time. Gunther had won through his reclasification round and won his race, whilst Myers defeated Collet. It was obvious by now that Bobby Pearce was in gold medal winning form. It was going to take a lot to stop Pearce in his quarter-final race against the French rower Victor Saurin. No one would have expected what did stop the Australian on his way to gold. As recorded by Harry Gordon in his book "Australia and The Olympic Games", the following story was reported by a Dutch newspaper and had many and varied retellings. However Pearce himself gave only one recorded version of the incident that occurred in his scull against Savrin, in an interview given to sports historian Henry Roxborough in 1976, just after Pearce's death; "I had beaten a German and a Dane in earlier heats and I was racing a Frenchman when I heard wild roars from the crowd along the bank of the canal. I could see some spectators vigorously pointing to something behind me, in my path. I peeked over one shoulder and saw something I didn't like, for a family of ducks in single file was swimming slowly from shore to shore. It's funny now, but it wasn't at the time for I had to lean on my oars and wait for a clear course, and all the while my opponenet was pulling away to a five length lead." With an effort that would have been considered impossible from any of his competitors, and even today is hard to believe Pearce chased Savrin after stopping for the duck and its ducklings, caught up with the Frenchmen and then by the time the race was over Pearce had finished almost 30 seconds in front of his challenger. In fact Bobby Pearce's time even with the stop included was the fastest of the remaining eight scullers in that round. Not even swimming ducks could halt Bobby Pearce. In the semi-final Pearce came up against the Briton Collet, and won through to the gold medal race by four lengths. The American Myers was unbeaten like Pearce, but his fastest time for the course was still a good 12 or so second behind the Australian's best. The final race, held on smooth water in the Sloten Canal on 15th October 1928 ended as it was expected. Pearce took the gold (in a time of 7 minutes 11 seconds, a record that would remain for the Olympic single sculls until Munich 1972) and was thus the greatest single oarsman at the 1928 Olympics. He was the first Australian rower to win a gold medal at the Olympics, then four years later he was the first Australian to successfully defend an Olympic title when he took gold at the 1932 Los Angeles regatta. Arguably the greatest pre-World War Two Australian Olympian, Bobby Pearce will always be remembered as the man who stopped rowing for ducks at the Olympic Games. Sources: Emil Zatopek: The Czech Locomotive in Helsinki At the Opening Ceremony of the 1952 Summer Olympics the Olympic torch was brought into the Helsinki Olympiastadion by legendary Finnish long distance runner Paavo Nurmi, with his fellow legendary athletic compatriot Hannes Kolehmainen actually igniting the main cauldron. Each one of these so-called "Flying Finns" had excelled in distances ranging from the 5,000 metres through to the marathon. Therefore it was poetic justice in Helsinki that one of the most iconic performances in Olympic history was that given by the Czech long-distance runner Emil Zatopek. Zatopek entered these games with one gold medal; at the end of them he added three more plus perhaps more importantly showed the spirit and honour of a truly Olympic champion. Emil Zatopek was born in Kopřivnice, Czechoslovakia on September 19, 1922 and didn't start running competitively until the age of 19, when he (reluctantly) ran in a race sponsored by the shoe factory in which he worked. His second place encouraged him and a local athletics club to make further efforts in developing his running, and by 1943 he held the Czech 1500 metres record. By the age of 22 he had broken the Czech national records for the 2000 metres, 3000 metres and 5000 metres and then at the end of World War Two he was drafted into the army where he was given the opportunity to concentrate on his running. With no coach he developed his own system of interval training, influenced by the great Paavo Nurmi and the Swede Arne Andersson. Running alone in every weather type, on athletic tracks or cross country he went to the 1948 Olympics as an entrant in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres. He ended the first Olympics after the Second World War with a gold in the 10,000 metres and a silver in the 5000 metres, winning fame and respect for his efforts. It was in Wembley Stadium at the 1948 London Olympics that the world first heard an Olympic crowd chant 'Zat-o-pek, Zat-o-pek!" as the anguished face of the Czech runner circled round the athletics track. Whilst the medals he won in 1948 were brilliant achievements for the Czech lieutenant, it was four years later when Zatopek emerged from mere greatness into Olympic legend status. Between the London and Helsinki Olympics Zatopek won 38 10,000 metres races plus every 5000 metres event he entered. In 1951 after a delayed start to his season due to a skiing accident he broke the world record in the one hour event, breaking the 20 kilometre barrier. He held the world record over 10,000 metres (29 minutes 2.6 seconds) and was undoubtedly the favourite for Helsinki in this distance. On a personal note he had also married Czech javelin thrower Dana Ingrová after the 1948 Summer Olympics, and both Zatopeks were going to Helsinki hoping to bring back gold for Czechoslavakia. The first event for Zatopek in Helsinki was the 10,000 metres. Held on the first day of the athletics program there were 33 competitors from 21 countries. Zatopek was the world record holder and favourite, however Gordon Pirie (GBR), Aleksandr Anufriev (URS) and the so-called "Zatopek's Sahdow' Alain Mimoun (FRA) were credible opponents. Aamzingly the night before the gold medal race an Australian journalist entered Zatopek's room around midnight; instead of being hustled out by a reasonably angry Zatopek, the Czech champion calmly and with great dignity was interviewed by the journalist for twenty minutes. When Zatopek discovered the reporter had no bed for the night he offered to share his room with the Australian. The next day after one lap the Australian Les Parry had the lead in the 10,000 metres, but this evaporated when the Soviet Anufriev took over. If Zatopek was wearied by the previous night's activities he failed to show it. With 2000 metres completed Zatopek too the lead and was never headed. Mimoun stayed true to his nickname and up until the 8000 metres mark was running a strong second. Yet Zatopek surged away at that point, completing the last five laps well in front and raced to cross the finish line first. The gap between him and Mimoun the silver medallist was over 15 seconds or about 90 metres, with Anufriev third. Zatopek had won his second gold medal in his career and successfully defended his 10,000 metres title from London. It was also the first in his Helsinki saga which made Emil Zatopek a legend. When asked if he would compete in the 5000 metres Zatopek replied "The marathon contest won't be for a long time yet, so I must simply do something until then." This self-deprecating reply and his behaviour in his heat of the 5000 metres belied his ability and desire to win the event he had come second in four years earlier. Two days after his 10,000 metres gold Zatopek lined up for his qualifying heat relaxed and keeping in mind the first five from each of the three heats would progress on the next day's final. Chatting with his competitors as he ran Zatopek finished in third with Anufriev winning the heat. Zatopek demonstrated his immense personal friendliness after the race bu presenting the fourth place runner Les Perry his training suit. Going into the final on July 24th 1952 Zatopek was again to race Mimoun, Anufriev, Pirie and Perry from the 10,000 metres, plus fancied German runner Herbert Schade and Pirie's compatriot Chris Chataway. Zatopek tried to advise Schadeon the starting line how the German could approach the final, however Schade failed to appreciate this help to his later regret. With about a lap and a half to go a group of six runners were poised for the final surge. Zatopek, Pirie, Chataway, Mimoun, Schade and the 1948 gold medallist, Belgian Gaston Reiff. Reiff dropped out, unexpectedly leaving the track. Then Pirie fell behind, and as the bell lap began the red shirted figure of Zatopek was in front of his three main rivals. His face contorted in rictures of agony (later saying "I was not talented enough to run and smile at the same time.") Zatopek surprisingly lost the lead in the back straight. With 300 metres to go and the crowd yelling "Zat-o-pek!" the Czech runner was in fourth and now out of the medals. Then coming into the final curve Zatopek surged, showing his unique ability to time his pace at the most effective time. Passing Mimoun, Schade and Chataway Zatopek hit the lead. Chataway clipped the concrete bordering the inner track and tripped, effectively ending his race. Meanwhile Mimoun and Schade faded, and as the finish line came closer it was Zatopek first and the Frenchman and German fighting for the minor medals. Mimoun was running the race of his life but his nickname of 'Zatopek's Shadow' struck again; the gold went to the Czech now-triple gold medallist and Mimoun took his third silver behind Zatopek. Schade took bronze and Pirie passed his British team mate Chataway to come fourth. Zatopek had won a remarkable long distance double at the Summer Olympics; the last time anyone had won both the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres golds at the same games was at Stockholm in 1912, when Helsinki cauldron-lighter Hannes Kolehmainen had taken the golds in the two longest track races. Later that same day Dana Zatopek won the gold medal in the women's javelin. It was a golden day for Czechoslavakia and the Zatopeks and when Emil was asked if he would try to win the marathon he replied: "At present the score of the contest in the Zatopek family is 2-1. This result is too close. To restore some prestige I will try to improve on it - in the marathon race." That chance came three days after the 5000 metres final. Zatopek had never run a competitive marathon before, and the favourite was British runner Jim Peters. Peters paradoxically owed his status in the marathon after taking to the event when he was beaten by Zatopek in the 1948 London final of the 10,000 metres. With a recent time of 2 hours 20 minutes and 42 seconds the British runner had established a time about five minutes better than all his prospective competitors in Helsinki. This included the marathon virgin, Emil Zatopek. At the start Zatopek sought out Jim Peters, looking to the favourite to help him pace the longest event for male athletes at the Helsinki Olympics. Looking for Peter's number (187) the Czech marathon debutant found the British world record holder and asked "Hello are you Peters?" Jim Peters said yes and Zatopek then said "I am Emil Zatopek from Czechoslovakia, I am very pleased to see you." The fastest man over the marathon distance and the man who had already won two gold medals in Helsinki then set themselves for the climax of their relative Olympic careers. From the beginning Peters set a fast pace, with the first five kilometres completed in 15 minutes 43 seconds, then the 10 kilometre mark was passed in 31 minutes 55 seconds. Zatopek and Swedish runner Gustaf Janssen challenged Peters after the 15 kilometre mark and it was then Zatopek asked Peters "Jim, the pace. Is it good enough?" Peters replied "Pace too slow", even though he was feeling the effects of his efforts so far. Zatopek considered this reply and then said "You say too slow. Are you sure the pace is too slow?" Peters again said yes, at which point Zatopek shrugged his shoulders, before making his move. Then Zatopek made his move nearing the 20 kilometres. Jansson followed with Peters falling behind, so that with roughly half the race marathon to go Zatopek and the Swede were equal first (1.04.27) and Peters third (1.04.37). Jansson took a slice of lemon at a feed station and Zatopek noted this, thinking that as the Swede was running well when the Czech came to the next feed station Zatopek would take two lemons. Meanwhile Peters was fading fast, and at the turn for the last half of the marathon Zatopek grabbed the lead, without taking any lemons to suck. Jansson faded as well and by the 35 kilometre point he was over a minute behind Zatopek. Peters had collapsed exhausted after 32 kilometres, so he was no longer a threat. The Argentinian Reinaldo Gorno improved his position from fourth after 30 kilometres so that by 40 kilometres he was second behind Zatopek, with Jansson third. The incredible strength and ability of Emil Zatopek was about to bring him the amazing troika of gold medals at the one Olympics; 5000 metres, 10,000 metres and the marathon. The Helsinki Olympiastadion rang once last time with the chant 'Zat-o-pek! Zat-o-pek!' as their hero ran the last lap of the marathon. The gap between gold and silver ended up to be over two and a half minutes, with Zatopek crossing the line in 2 hours 23 minutes and 3.2 seconds. The Jamaican 4x100 metres realy team hoisted Zatopek on their shoulders chairing him around as the ecstatic crowd gave him a standing ovation. Then as Gorno crossed for his silver medal Zatopek came over to the Argentinian, greeting him with a slice of orange, with Jansson collecting the bronze. After his victory Zatopek said: "I was unable to walk for a whole week after that (the marathon), so much did the race take out of me. But it was the most pleasant exhaustion I have ever known." So it was when the Helsinki Olympics finished the most renowned athlete from any nation was the Czech Emil Zatopek, increasing his career Olympic medal tally to 4 golds and one silver. Greatly loved by his competitors as well, the quality of Zatopek not just as an Olympian but as a man was shown not just by his victories in Helsinki, but also by the way he went about securing them. Finally, with one last generous act Emil Zatopek soared further into the stratosphere of Olympic legends. In 1968 Australian 10,000 metre world record holder Ron Clarke met with Zatopek after the Mexico City Olympics. On the point of leaving Prague after his visit, Clarke was walked through customs by Zatopek. Shaking hands in a final farewell Zatopek passed a small package to the Australian, which Clarke took unopened onto his flight. Worried that he was carried some smuggled information from Zatopek (who signed the manifesto supporting the so-called "Prague Spring" of 1968), Clarke only opened his package when the flight was well outside Czechoslovakian airspace. Inside was Zatopek's 10,000 metres gold medal from Helsinki. With this act of true sporting friendship Emil Zatopek's words to Ron Clarke as he had got on the plane made sense to the Australian; "Because you deserved it". If anyone can be said to have received the gift of Olympic greatness, then it must be Emil Zatopek. Because he too deserves it. Sources	i don't know
Which Welsh castle was the last stronghold of Owain Glyndwr?	Sycharth Castle Sycharth Castle Home of Welsh Patriot, Owain Glyndwr , Prince of Wales Llangedwyn, Powys, north Wales Photographs copyright � 2006 by Jeffrey L. Thomas Follow this link for a Welsh language version of this page! Above: approaching the motte from the farmhouse. Below: the outer ditch at Sycharth viewed from the area of the bailey below the castle. To the casual traveler along the country lane, the nearby farmhouse set in the lee of thickly-wooded escarpment attracts little attention. The building appears no different from many such homesteads in this southeast corner of Clwyd, but a bare kilometre from the English border. Closer examination of the site immediately beyond the farm, however, reveals the earthwork remains of a motte and bailey castle , its contours now disguised by a number of trees and other vegetation. Far from commanding the interest of the heritage preserver and the tourist that the monolithic Edwardian edifices enjoy, this former stronghold lies almost forgotten in its now-pastoral setting. Yet, 600 years ago this was the noblest house in all of Wales, and between 1400 and May 1403 it was more. It was the focal point of a people who were enjoying, for one of the few brief instants in history, their existence as a nation. It was the home of Owain Glyndwr , their prince. (depicted at right) Before emerging as the leader of the struggle for Welsh independence against the English Crown, as personified by King Henry IV, Glyndwr had served the latter's predecessor, Richard II, with some distinction. This service was befitting of an uchelwr, a stratum of minor nobles that the Anglo-Norman colonial administration of Wales chose to allow to develop following Edward I's subjugation of the country. Such a subservient indigenous ruling class complemented the almost autonomous Marcher lords of the border regions. Thus, the whole of the principality once Welsh but now English, could be ruled without too much distraction for the sovereign from governing the rest of the realm. As their class evolved, the uchelwr adopted all the trappings of Western European chivalric custom. Their houses became very prosperous and influential. As the most prominent member of his class, and conceivably one of the more benevolent, Owain Glyndwr made an ideal leader of the rebellion. However, despite the fact that his role was quickly to become almost messianic, his initial acceptance was probably a reluctant one. Although his mother's line stretched back into generations of rulers of Deheubarth (the south) Glyndwr chose to live in the northeast corner of the Welsh landmass, where his equally influential paternal heritage lay. Here he possessed two lordships, Glyndyfrdwy and Cynllaith. The former stretched along the Dee Valley, in an area now defined by the towns of Corwen and Llangollen, and gave the family its name, while Cynllaith lay to the southeast, just beyond the rim of the Berwyn Mountains. While the home on the banks of the Dee near Carrog was of strategic importance in the defence of its lordship, it was "Sawarth" in the lordship of "Kentlleth" that was favored by Owain as his manorial home. Like Carrog, Sycharth was a castle of the motte and bailey design. Its general plan consisted of a truncated-conical earth mound, moated and adjoining a similarly surrounded larger kidney-shaped area, called the bailey. The plateaus of both the motte and the bailey, together with the complete outer perimeter of the structure were encircled by wooden palisades and the two main areas were connected by a drawbridge. The strategic concept of the design was that a besieged company could retire to the more heavily fortified motte and await relief. The summit of the motte, too, was the site of the manorial hall, the residence of the lord and his immediate household. The bailey, meanwhile, was where many of the services which met that household's needs were located. Understandably, it was also the zone of initial defence of the castle's community. Below: three different views of the motte and ditches at Sycharth. The motte and bailey castle was a concept brought over to Britain by the Normans . It was used, in particular, as a means of fortifying their bases of expansion across England and into Wales. In a labour-intensive feudal society it provided a quick and ready means of throwing up a stronghold using an unskilled work force. As the fortunes of invader and invaded swayed during the 12th and 13th centuries, the Welsh lords and princes copied this style of fortification. The result of this is that borderland Wales is scattered with the remains of such martial architecture. The lack of permanency associated with their superstructures, however, means that their presence can often only be detected by the keen professional eye. By the end of the 14th century, castle design had moved a long way from the motte and bailey. First, the stone keep evolved, only to be followed by the more familiar and comprehensively designed, curtain walled and towered citadels as favored by Edward I. Why, then, did Owain Glyndwr choose an "old-fashioned" home? We must remember that even before the rebellion, he was a leader of his society. Was his choice one and the same syndrome that leads the present monarch to reside for part of the time in another outmoded building, Windsor Castle? Did he decide on it because it was in the style of so many former Welsh princes and thus was a link with the heritage of his retainers? Well, choose it he did, and there is ample evidence of the kind of home that it was. This evidence does not come to us from the recognized sources of the medieval narrative - the monastic chroniclers - but from bardic sources. The bard played a prominent role in the household of a Welsh prince, having at least two primary functions. First, he disseminated detail of the heritage and, second, he eulogized his master or the head of another noble household. Below: two views of the bailey at Sycharth, (1) from the top of the motte and (2) from the farmhouse lane adjacent to the castle. Where Owain Glyndwr was concerned, no one was more prolific in his output than Iolo Goch, and many of his poems are available to us. Of particular reference to Sycharth is the poem "Owain Glyndwr's Court." In his book Iolo Goch: Poems, Dr Dafydd Johnston describes this poem as being "highly entertaining on the superficial level as a portrait of a fine house, but its real power lies in the symbolic significance of the description as a reflection of the ideal social order." The poem gives detailed attention to the structure of the castle and a description of its environs. What is more significant, however, is the picture that the poet gives us of a gracious, warm and inviting household, where every honest traveler is proffered a welcome with sustenance, shelter and social intercourse. One occasion, at least, when the hospitality offered at Sycharth would have been integrated into a grand occasion of ceremony and feasting would have been the marriage of Owain's daughter, Catrin, to Sir Edmund Mortimer. The date was the last day of November 1402, and the groom was Glyndwr's captive. Seized at the Battle of Pilleth in the previous June, this representative of one of the three most powerful noble houses in England had become disenchanted with Henry's acrimonious attitude to his capture. Soon after the wedding he publicly aligned himself with the Welsh cause which he served with honour until his death at the siege of Harlech Castle in 1409. The glory of Sycharth was not to survive much longer. In May, 1403, Prince Hal, at the age of 16 already showing the martial qualities that he would exhibit later as King Henry V at Agincourt, put both Glyndyfrdwy and Sycharth to the torch. Until its fall, Harlech (shown right) was to become Owain Glyndwr's centre of operations. After he was forced to resort to guerrilla warfare (until some time around 1415) he ephemerally disappeared from the historical stage.	Harlech
Name the alleged I.R.A. bomber who escaped from Brixton prison in December	Owain Glyndŵr You are here : Home / Owain Glyndŵr Owain Glyndŵr Image: Leader of a Welsh revolt against the English crown between 1400 and 1409 and the last to claim the title of an independent prince of Wales. What's this? 1 Childhood No name in the history of Wales is more recognisable than Owain Glyndŵr. Despite this, most of his life is a mystery. For example, no-one is exactly sure when he was born; there are three possible dates: 1349, 1354 and 1359. But one thing is certain: he was born to a rich family and an important lineage. His father, Gruffudd Fychan II, was descended from Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, the ruler of Powys in the eleventh century, and his mother, Elen ferch Tomos ap Llewylyn, was descended from Rhys ap Tewdwr of Deheubarth. Taking this into consideration, along with the death of Owain Lawgoch, the last of the male descendants of Gwynedd in 1378, Owain Glyndŵr was the obvious choice to be Prince of Wales. His family owned estates in Sycharth, Iscoed in the Teifi Valley which his mother inherited, and Glyndyfrdwy in the Dee Valley. It is believed Owain spent most of his childhood in Sycharth. Links with England Like many nobles in Wales, Owain was loyal to the English crown. He studied law in London, and was a member of King Richard II's army and fought on the border of Scotland and then in the Scottish and French campaigns of 1387. In 1383 he married Margaret Hamner, a woman of Anglo-Norman descent from the family of the Lords of March, who arrived with Edward I over a century earlier. Her father, Sir Dafydd Hamer, was a lawyer in London, and this is probably the reason Owain went to study law. In between his campaigns with the army, Owain lived a comfortable life as a country noble, and was in contact with a large number of the Marches nobles. So what was it that changed him from being a loyal subject of the crown and risk his high and respectable status by leading a revolt against England, and claiming the title Prince of Wales? The background of the revolt By the end of the fourteenth century, there were a number of things which were beginning to infuriate the Welsh. Taxes in Wales were higher than in England, and with peace with France, Welsh soldiers were out of work. The Welsh also suffered racial discrimination, especially in the world of commerce, and in appointments to key posts in the church and government. Many people in Wales believed they were exiles in their own country, and that they needed a leader. As far as Owain Glyndŵr is concerned, there are several suggestions why the revolt began. There was a dispute between him and his neighbour Reginald de Grey over a piece of land. Reginald de Grey was Third Baron Grey of Ruthin and Earl of Chester; he belonged to the Lords of March which separated England and Wales during Edward I's reign. The case went all the way to parliament in London, but Owain was unfairly treated because he was Welsh, and the case was refused. Glyndŵr's problems increased when de Grey used his status to blacken his name. He managed to trick Owain by preventing a call to join the new king, Henry IV's, campaign in Scotland in 1400. This was considered treason, especially as Glyndŵr had been so loyal to the previous king. Whatever caused the revolt, on 16 September 1400 Owain Glyndŵr was crowned Prince of Wales, and two days later Ruthin was razed to the ground, with many other towns in the north-east receiving the same treatment in the days which followed. By 26 September, Henry IV's army had reached Shrewsbury, and by the beginning of October had reached Bangor in north-west Wales. Owain Glyndŵr and the Welsh had disappeared into the mountains and were using guerilla tactics, which is how the revolt lasted as long as it did. 1400-1410 This is the decade of Owain Glyndŵr's revolt, which began as he was crowned Prince of Wales in 1400. He catured Conwy castle in 1401, and won the Battle of Hyddgen. The revolt reached its peak between 1403 and 1405, throughout Wales. English-owned castles and houses throughout Wales were attacked. In 1402 Carmarthen castle was captured, and Abergavenny and Usk castles were attacked. Cardiff and Chepstow castles were captured. In 1403 Caernarfon castle was attacked and was nearly taken. In 1404 Cricieth, Harlech and Aberystwyth castles were captured. During the same year, Glyndŵr's Parliament was held in Machynlleth with four men, one from each part of Wales. Agreements with France and Spain were drawn up, and Owain Glyndŵr was crowned King of Wales. French troops landed in Milford Haven and joined Glyndŵr's army. The second parliament was held the following year, and Glyndŵr's idea of splitting Wales and England into three parts was discussed. Mortimer would have the south and the west, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, would have the middle and north, and Owain himself would have Wales and the Marches. On 31 March 1406, to ensure extra help from France, Glyndŵr wrote a letter to King Charles VI from Pennal near Machynlleth. This is the famous Pennal Letter. In the letter Owain agrees to transfer the obedience of Welsh churches from the Pope in Rome to the Pope in Avignon. He did not receive a reply to the letter. Things went from bad to worse in 1408, when the English king captured Aberystwyth and Harlech castles, and Glyndŵr's family were imprisoned. Owain and his son Maredudd and others were forced to flee. There is not much information on Owain after this: he is named for the last time in parliamentary records in February 1416, but it is believed that he had already died by then. There is no record of his death, or where he was buried.	i don't know

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