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Who was the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California?	Earhart flies from Hawaii to California - Jan 11, 1935 - HISTORY.com Earhart flies from Hawaii to California Share this: Earhart flies from Hawaii to California Author Earhart flies from Hawaii to California URL Publisher A+E Networks In the first flight of its kind, American aviator Amelia Earhart departs Wheeler Field in Honolulu, Hawaii, on a solo flight to North America. Hawaiian commercial interests offered a $10,000 award to whoever accomplished the flight first. The next day, after traveling 2,400 miles in 18 hours, she safely landed at Oakland Airport in Oakland, California. On May 21, 1932, exactly five years after American aviator Charles Lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, Earhart became the first woman to repeat the feat when she landed her plane in Londonderry, Ireland. However, unlike Lindbergh when he made his historic flight, Earhart was already well known to the public before her solo transatlantic flight. In 1928, as a member of a three-member crew, she had become the first woman to cross the Atlantic in an aircraft. Although her only function during the crossing was to keep the plane’s log, the event won her national fame, and Americans were enamored with the modest and daring young pilot. For her solo transatlantic crossing in 1932, she was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross by the U.S. Congress. Two years after her Hawaii to California flight, she attempted with co-pilot Frederick J. Noonan to fly around the world, but her plane was lost on July 2, 1937, somewhere between New Guinea and Howland Island in the South Pacific. Radio operators picked up a signal that she was low on fuel–the last trace the world would ever know of Amelia Earhart. Related Videos	Amelia Earhart
In May 1941, who parachuted into Scotland from Germany claiming to be on a peace mission?	Earhart, Amelia Encyclopedia > People > Science and Technology > Aviation: Biographies Amelia Earhart Earhart, Amelia (ârˈhärt) [ key ], 1897–1937, American aviator, b. Atchison, Kans. She was the first woman to cross the Atlantic by airplane (1928) and the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic (1932). She was also the first person to fly alone from Honolulu to California and to solo nonstop from California to Mexico (both: 1935). In 1937, she attempted with a copilot, Frederick J. Noonan, to fly around the world at the equator, but her plane was lost on the flight between New Guinea and Howland Island. In 1992, a search party reported finding remnants of Earhart's plane on Nikumaroro (formerly Gardner Island), Kiribati, but their claims were disputed by people who had worked on Earhart's plane. Other artifacts that could be from Earhart's flight (but no clear evidence) have been found on Nikumaroro, and her fate remains a mystery. Geraldine Mock later became (1964) the first woman to complete Earhart's round-the-world route. Earhart was married (1931) to George Palmer Putnam , who wrote (1939) a laudatory biography of her. See biographies by M. S. Lovell (1989), D. L. Rich (1996), and S. Butler (1997, repr. 2009); T. E. Devine and R. Daley, Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident (1987); S. Ware, Still Missing (1993); C. Szabo, Sky Pioneer (1997); T. C. Brennan and R. Rosenbaum, Witness to the Execution: The Odyssey of Amelia Earhart (1999); K. Lubben and E. Barnett, ed., Amelia Earhart: Image and Icon (2007). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Aviation: Biographies Advertisement Advertisement	i don't know
What was the small British militant group responsible for a series of letter bomb attacks between 1970 and 1972, whose targets included banks, embassies and the homes of Conservative MPs?	The Angry Brigade : definition of The Angry Brigade and synonyms of The Angry Brigade (English) 8 External links History During the summer of 1968 there were a number of demonstrations in London against the American involvement in the Vietnam War, centred on the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square . One of the organisers of these demonstrations was the well known radical left wing LSE student Tariq Ali . He recalls being approached by someone representing the Angry Brigade who wished to bomb the embassy, he told them it was a terrible idea and no bombing took place. [1] The group were strongly influenced by anarchism and the Situationists ,[ citation needed ] and decided to launch a bombing campaign with small bombs to maximise media exposure to their demands while keeping collateral damage to a minimum. The campaign started in August 1970 and was sustained for a year until arrests were made the following summer. [2] Their targets included banks , embassies , the Miss World event in 1970 (or rather a BBC Outside Broadcast vehicle to be used in the corporation's coverage) and the homes of Conservative MPs . In total, 25 bombings were attributed to them by the police. The damage done by the bombings was mostly limited to property damage although one person was slightly injured. [2] Although the group purported to represent "the autonomous working class", [3] when the police arrested nine suspected members of the group, only one, (Jake Prescott, who was arrested in Notting Hill) came from the working class; the other eight, four men and four women (arrested together in Stoke Newington ) were middle class student drop-outs from the universities of Cambridge and Essex. [1] Aftermath Jake Prescott, a Scottish petty criminal, was arrested and tried in 1971 and given 15 years imprisonment, mostly spent in maximum security jails. Later he said he realised then that he "was the one who was angry and the people [he] met were more like the Slightly Cross Brigade". [4] The other members of the group from North East London, the "Stoke Newington Eight" were prosecuted for carrying out bombings as the Angry Brigade in one of the longest criminal trials of English history (it lasted from 30 May to 6 December 1972). As a result of the trial, John Barker , Jim Greenfield, Hilary Creek and Anna Mendleson received prison sentences of 10 years. A number of other defendants were found not guilty, including Stuart Christie , who had previously been imprisoned in Spain for carrying explosives with the intent to assassinate the dictator Francisco Franco , and Angela Mason who became a director of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights group Stonewall and was awarded an OBE for services to homosexual rights. [5] In March 2009, British family care activist and a best-selling novelist Erin Pizzey reportedly declined to comment on the temporary withdrawal by its publishers of the book Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain following her complaint it had falsely linked her to The Angry Brigade. [6] [7] Cultural influence The group is parodied in Doris Lessing 's The Good Terrorist (1985), in which a group of naive, young, communist squatters splits over whether or not to join the IRA . The group and trial feature in Jake Arnott 's 2006 novel Johnny Come Home . Howard Brenton's 1973 play Magnificence , about a group of far-left revolutionaries in a London squat, is partly inspired by the Angry Brigade. See also	The Angry Brigade
Which American expatriate poet and author was arrested by American soldiers in Italy in May 1945 for treason?	The Angry Brigade : definition of The Angry Brigade and synonyms of The Angry Brigade (English) 8 External links History During the summer of 1968 there were a number of demonstrations in London against the American involvement in the Vietnam War, centred on the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square . One of the organisers of these demonstrations was the well known radical left wing LSE student Tariq Ali . He recalls being approached by someone representing the Angry Brigade who wished to bomb the embassy, he told them it was a terrible idea and no bombing took place. [1] The group were strongly influenced by anarchism and the Situationists ,[ citation needed ] and decided to launch a bombing campaign with small bombs to maximise media exposure to their demands while keeping collateral damage to a minimum. The campaign started in August 1970 and was sustained for a year until arrests were made the following summer. [2] Their targets included banks , embassies , the Miss World event in 1970 (or rather a BBC Outside Broadcast vehicle to be used in the corporation's coverage) and the homes of Conservative MPs . In total, 25 bombings were attributed to them by the police. The damage done by the bombings was mostly limited to property damage although one person was slightly injured. [2] Although the group purported to represent "the autonomous working class", [3] when the police arrested nine suspected members of the group, only one, (Jake Prescott, who was arrested in Notting Hill) came from the working class; the other eight, four men and four women (arrested together in Stoke Newington ) were middle class student drop-outs from the universities of Cambridge and Essex. [1] Aftermath Jake Prescott, a Scottish petty criminal, was arrested and tried in 1971 and given 15 years imprisonment, mostly spent in maximum security jails. Later he said he realised then that he "was the one who was angry and the people [he] met were more like the Slightly Cross Brigade". [4] The other members of the group from North East London, the "Stoke Newington Eight" were prosecuted for carrying out bombings as the Angry Brigade in one of the longest criminal trials of English history (it lasted from 30 May to 6 December 1972). As a result of the trial, John Barker , Jim Greenfield, Hilary Creek and Anna Mendleson received prison sentences of 10 years. A number of other defendants were found not guilty, including Stuart Christie , who had previously been imprisoned in Spain for carrying explosives with the intent to assassinate the dictator Francisco Franco , and Angela Mason who became a director of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights group Stonewall and was awarded an OBE for services to homosexual rights. [5] In March 2009, British family care activist and a best-selling novelist Erin Pizzey reportedly declined to comment on the temporary withdrawal by its publishers of the book Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain following her complaint it had falsely linked her to The Angry Brigade. [6] [7] Cultural influence The group is parodied in Doris Lessing 's The Good Terrorist (1985), in which a group of naive, young, communist squatters splits over whether or not to join the IRA . The group and trial feature in Jake Arnott 's 2006 novel Johnny Come Home . Howard Brenton's 1973 play Magnificence , about a group of far-left revolutionaries in a London squat, is partly inspired by the Angry Brigade. See also	i don't know
In June 1952, a nuclear test was held in which US desert?	Operation Tumbler Franklin Evening Star - 16 April 1952 Troops Arrive for Atomic Maneuvers LAS VEGAS, Nev.. April 15 (INS) -Troops poured into Camp Desert Rock, on the edge of the Nevada test site, today in preparation for the atomic maneuvers to be held within the next few days. First units arrived by plane and truck yesterday and many hundreds more are due today. Seven thousand troops from three branches of the armed services are to take part in the exercise. It is an extension of the first atomic troop maneuvers conducted at the Nevada test site several months ago. Its purpose is to indoctrinate the troops in both offensive and defensive atomic warfare and also to further test weapons. To See Blast The blast which is to accompany the exercise is to he observed by members of Congress, governors, other officials and by newsmen representing press, radio and television. The first troops to arrive were members of the 82nd Airborne Division which took part in the just completed mock atomic exercise Longhorn at Fort flood, Tex. They were flown to the Indian Springs auxiliary air field, 20 miles from Camp Desert Rock. A convoy of the 31st transportation company arrived from Sixth Army headquarters in San Francisco. Due in today and tomorrow are selected units of the 31st Infantry Division and the 17th Infantry division. Franklin Evening Star - 23 April 1952 Assuming the famous mushroom formation, the atomic cloud of the first "public" test rises over the desert testing grounds near Las Vegas, Nev. Rocket measuring devices shoot up on the left of the cloud to test the radioactivity of the atmosphere. The bomb was the most powerful atomic weapon exploded in the United States and was the first ever shown to the public on television. Franklin Evening Star - 26 May 1952 Daring A-Bomb Maneuvers Set LAS VEGAS, Nev., May 26 - strategists and atomic scientists today turned their attention to plans for the most daring atomic troop maneuvers to date following successful completion of "Operation Jinx." Gen. Harry P. Storks. commander of Camp Desert Rock in Nevada. said troops will pour from foxholes and move tactically toward the target point within seconds after the nuclear device has been exploded in the next test. "Operation Jinx" which received its nickname after being postponed five times, finally was disposed of yesterday morning. In describing the next test to be conducted, Gen. Storks stated: "This will mark the first time during the AEC and Department of Defense joint testing program that the troops will leave their foxholes immediately after the detonation." Fifteen hundred army troops comprising the personnel of Camp Desert Rock will participate in the maneuver scheduled for come time this week. It will be the seventh and last experiment in the current series. "Operation Jinx" was completed al dawn yesterday when the Nuclear Device was detonated from a steel tower on Yucca Flat on t h Nevada proving ground 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas. It had been postponed once for mechanical failure and the other times because of poor weather. The explosion, brightest of the series, splashed a blinding light over hundreds of square miles of Nevada desert. Its orange fireball was vividly visible in Las Vegas. However, unlike some of the earlier explosions, it was not heard in Las Vegas and there was no later shock. Franklin Evening Star - 31 May 1952 Big Atomic Blast Set For Tomorrow Troops And Tanks Will Participate LAS VEGAS, Nev.. May 31 (INS) -The Atomic Energy Commission and the military worked today on final preparations for what have been announced as "the most realistic atomic land maneuvers yet." Weather permitting, the test will take place tomorrow morning on the Nevada proving grounds 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas. Brig. Gen. Harry P. Storke, commanding general of Camp Desert Rock. near the test site, said ISM troops and five M-6 General Patton tanks would take part in the exercise. To Go Into Area He earlier announced that for the first time the troops would move unto the blast area within seconds after the detonation. However, he explained that the safety factor would continue to be (stressed and that there would be no blind charge into the area. Page last revised 08/23/2008	Great Basin Desert
Norman Rockwell's illustration of which US iconic World War II heroine appeared on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post in May 1943?	Chapter 3: Bringing the Bombs Home, "KILLING OUR OWN", 1982 3 Bringing the Bombs Home In 1951 few people openly objected to the U.S. Government's announcement that it would begin exploding atomic bombs over Nevada along with continuing atmospheric tests in the Pacific. The reasons were couched in national-security terminology. The Korean War was well under way. Nuclear tests in Nevada would mean a far shorter supply line from weapons laboratories and materiel depots.[1] And continental testing meant diversified atomic war game scenarios for U.S. troops. These logistical and economic advantages all supported the government's decision to expand the nuclear test program by bringing it closer to home. A test site on the mainland, stated the AEC's director of military application, would serve as "a location where its basic security and general accessibility cannot be jeopardized by enemy action."[2] Rejecting alternative spots in New Mexico Utah, and North Carolina, the AEC's commissioners agreed upon the desert area northwest of Las Vegas.[3] The location in southern Nevada seemed almost ideal for the purpose at hand. The Nevada Test Site would be buffered from access by being placed within the Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range, which had already claimed over five thousand square miles. On the southern edge of the site the Air Force had already erected temporary buildings at Camp Mercury that could be handy in administering the nuclear tests. Government nuclear planners held a series of meetings to pinpoint "radiological hazards" involved with exploding atom bombs in Nevada. A secret conference of more than a score of officials--including Enrico Fermi and Edward Teller--at Los Alamos on August 1, 1950, discussed anticipated off-site safety aspects. Concern was raised for keeping the most densely populated areas out of the heaviest fallout zones. Official minutes of the meeting acknowledged "the probability that people will receive perhaps a little more radiation than medical authorities say is absolutely safe."[4] America plunged ahead with an intensive atomic bomb test program. During the 1950s and early 1960s more than two hundred nuclear weapons sent huge mushroom clouds of radioactivity into the atmosphere from the Pacific and Nevada. Total explosive force of those bombs, according to official figures, surpassed ninety thousand kilotons--ninety megatons--equivalent to more than seven thousand atomic bombs the size of the one dropped on Hiroshima.[5] Some people were in the way, living in the wrong places at the wrong time. 1. For description of Los Alamos Laboratory discussion that led up to establishment of a continental test site, see McPhee, Curve of Binding Energy, pp. 59 60. 2. "Location of Proving Ground for Atomic Weapons," AEC Memo 141/7, December 13, 1950, p. 2. 3. Meeting on December 12, 1950, the AEC approved recommendations for proceeding with plans to use the Nevada site, although some staff memoranda conceded that assumptions of safety for downwind residents were speculative. "These questions may be answered satisfactorily as test knowledge increases . . . but they're not satisfactorily answered at present," said one memo. (Uhl and Ensign, GI Guinea Pigs, p. 55.) For details of test-site selection, see Howard L. Rosenberg, Atomic Soldiers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1980), pp. 26-31. 4. "Meeting: Discussion of Radiological Hazards Associated with a Continental Test Site for Atomic Bombs," AEC, Los Alamos, New Mexico, August 1, 1950, pp. 13, 23, 24. Conferees concluded that "a tower-burst bomb having a yield of 25 kilotons could be detonated without exceeding the allowed emergency tolerance dose of 6-12 r [roentgens] outside a 180-degree test area sector 100 miles in radius." 5. Announced US Nuclear Tests; "Joint Force Seven, Report WT-933: Cloud Photography," U.S. Government, January 27, 1958--cited in York, The Advisors, p. 86. Downwind Residents Routinely, large atomic clouds blew from the Nevada Test Site to rural communities like Enterprise--a small town, more than one hundred miles away in southwestern Utah, surrounded by productive farms and arid grazing country dotted with sagebrush and juniper trees. The same year nuclear testing began, a boy named Preston Truman was born near Enterprise. His parents, ranchers and farmers, taught Preston to ride a horse at the same time he learned to walk. "I can remember," he would recall, "several times getting up with the rest of the family and driving out to my father's farm in the moments before dawn and watching the western sky light up with the flash from the bombs in Nevada approximately 112 miles away. I remember on occasion hearing the sound waves come over. I remember later in the mornings watching on a couple of occasions clouds come over. To a little child that didn't mean much. The atomic tests were very much a part of our lives."[6] When he was in high school, Preston Truman was diagnosed with a form of cancer called lymphoma. Chemotherapy and other medical treatment over the next thirteen years cost about $100,000. As was true for all other downwind residents, the government did not provide a penny. But Truman was relatively lucky. In 1980 he was in remission from the usually fatal lymphoma. Out of nine children who were his friends in the immediate area of Enterprise when he was a child, Truman was the only one who reached the age of twenty-eight. The rest died of leukemia or cancer.[7] The lethal potential of the nuclear tests was not immediately apparent to Truman and others. Especially in the first years of the A-tests there was confidence in the government's trustworthiness. "It was kind of almost a carnival atmosphere in the beginning with the radio telling us where the clouds were going, following the tests, and always assuring us there was no danger," Truman recalled. "But that wasn't the way it continued."[8] The incubation periods, from initial radiation exposure to the development of consequent diseases, began to expire. Always to remain vivid in Preston Truman's memory was a day when, five years old, he heard that all was not well for the young children of Enterprise. "I remember one morning going to the store with a friend of mine to cash in pop bottles, and listening to some people from the town talk about a boy our age who was dying of leukemia and listening to the details of the nose bleeds and the suffering he was going through. And this was a shock. I remember talking with my friend and wanting to know; we didn't know that little children could die, we had never seen that."[9] Forty miles east of Enterprise, in Cedar City, Blaine and Loa Johnson buried their twelve-year-old daughter in 1965. She died of leukemia. A total of seven leukemia cases occurred for people within a two-hundred-yard radius of their home, in the space of a dozen years.[10] In the next sizable town, twenty miles farther northeast along Interstate 15, residents in the devout Mormon community around Parowan were similarly hard hit. In 1978 Frankie Lou Bentley, whose mother and stepfather both died of cancer a year apart, listed more than 150 cancer victims in the Parowan-Paragonah-Summit area, which contained about fourteen hundred people during the nuclear tests in neighboring Nevada. The cancer was particularly startling because so few people smoked in the community. "It's amazing that there should be so many cancer cases in an area as small as this," she told a county newspaper. "It's to the point now where there's not a person in town who hasn't lost at least one relative or knows of several people who have died of cancer."[11] A coworker with Frankie Lou Bentley at the Bank of Iron County office in Parowan, Wilma Lamoreaux, watched her fifteen-year-old son Kenneth die of leukemia in 1960.[12] During a two-year period, leukemia struck four youngsters in Parowan and Paragonah,[13] an extremely high rate for towns with a combined population of about one thousand. Normally, not even one leukemia would have been expected by medical statisticians.[14] Eighteen years after her son's death from leukemia, Wilma Lamoreaux declared, "There's been wrong done. There's no relief in knowing your son died of negligence." She added: "I don't want to be a rabble-rouser or anything but I don't want another generation to go through this. Cancer is such a long, painful, drawn-out death.[15] In the nearby Escalante Valley cancer caused forty-eight of sixty-three "natural" deaths in official records since the atomic testing began--an extraordinarily high ratio.[16] And there were other worries. One fifth of the male high school graduates of the 1950s and early 1960s in Cedar City discovered they were sterile,[17] a particularly grievous condition in a Mormon culture which places great stress on holy edicts to raise large families. For those who became parents, there were fears of genetic damage. Elizabeth Catalan, who was a teenager while growing up in southwest Utah during the 1950s, lost her father to leukemia when he was forty-three, and a sister to complications from an enlarged thyroid. A surviving sister's daughter remained on her mind: "I watched my beautiful little niece, Kay's child, cope with the birth defect that left her with a ganglia that doubled the size of her tongue and wound around, like a weed, inside her neck and down into her shoulder."[18] Elizabeth Catalan thought too about girls she grew up with, now women, coping with aftermaths of miscarriages and physical abnormalities in their children. When Beth Catalan became pregnant, the fetus dissolved in utero. "One of the things I always wanted to be was a mother," she told a citizens' commission inquiry in Washington in 1980, adding that "you run a Geiger counter over my body and it'll click."[19] She decided not to take the risk of trying again to give birth to a baby. Nestled in a picturesque valley, Beth Catalan's hometown of St. George long enjoyed bounties of the land. Since the days that Brigham Young, elder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, wintered in St. George, the town seemed to epitomize reasons for Mormon references to the Utah region as "Zion." Benefiting from a warm winter climate, proudly sustaining a college, in the middle of the twentieth century St. George was a tranquil and in many ways idyllic place to live. On a sunny day about three decades after nuclear weapons testing began upwind, a seventy-three-year-old woman named Irma Thomas opened the front door of a trim house on East Tabernacle Street in St. George. She had grown accustomed to welcoming out-of-state researchers carrying notepads and tape recorders and cameras. Irma Thomas offered the visitors chairs in her living room, next to the shelves of ceramics she had made with her hands until disquiet with the gathering tragedies in the neighborhood had compelled her to put aside the potter's wheel. Few questions were necessary to prompt her to speak about painful realities: a town, and an entire region, devastated. "We're not numbers, we're not statistics, we're human beings," she said, motioning to her living-room wall covered with family photos, an acute blend of pain and fury and vulnerability seeming to lace her words as she spoke. She did not mention the skin cancer across her back. Sometimes she laughed, an irrepressible zest for life surfacing through outrage and anguish. She talked about the suffering of her cancer-ridden husband, of her daughter, whose nervous system was in the process of falling apart, of her children's blood damage, stillbirths, hysterectomies, and miscarriages, of her brother, destined to die of bone cancer less than a year after the interview.[20] And she pointed through the living-room walls toward the homes of neighbors in the residential area. She had compiled a list of thirty-one cancer victims who lived in the houses within a block radius;[21] smoking was rare in the heavily Mormon community. "They couldn't pay anyone for the loss of a child. I hope they realize that," she said, hands folded in her lap. "And the people of my generation are just dropping by the wayside."[22] Punctuated by her special kind of laughter, and silences, eyes often brimming with tears, Irma Thomas shared her perceptions about living in a town A-bombed by its own government: We accepted all this. It was our government and we accepted it. . . . We didn't connect it to people's cancer at first. It takes a while. . . . I've been at work on this for two years. I was concerned about it many years before that. The people of St. George, after the 1953 blast, some of the people got a little nervous . . . People had to have cars washed down . . . The AEC guys came by to soothe all the ruffled feathers. . . . And yet so many people died from that. You'd have to be blind, deaf, and dumb not to see it. And it's pretty horrendous.... I work to raise my children. And later I find out this has happened, it just infuriates me so I can hardly stand it. I get so upset and frustrated, I can hardly stand it . . . The victims are outraged. . . . Our earth is getting so filled with radioactive waste. And it doesn't go away. . . . One of my favorite sayings, "Oh too much talk, hit 'em on the head with a rock." . . . I'm going to keep pounding, here and there and everywhere, till somebody hears me. . . . All I can do is right here, in this house. All I can do is do what I can, the way I can. . . . Look how long we suffered, for thirty years. Nobody makes a peep. When the congressional hearings were happening last year, I told them it looks like a big show for the politicians. . . . At the hearings it came out, about the government trying to confuse us with "fission" and "fusion" [a secret directive from President Dwight Eisenhower]. That big old Army president we had. I'd like to dig him up and hit him in the head.[23] By 1980 recent national publicity had often left the impression that St. George and nearby towns were the main recipients of radioactive clouds from Nevada bomb blasts. But test fallout was not limited to the southern part of Utah. More than two hundred miles northeast of St. George, between the cities of Provo and Salt Lake City, is the town of Pleasant Grove, populated by several thousand people. Affidavits filed in federal court in 1980 cited ten leukemia deaths among people living in Pleasant Grove during the 1960s; seven of those leukemia fatalities were children.[24] Still farther away from the Nevada Test Site, in the Uinta Mountains of northeast Utah some four hundred miles from where the atom bombs exploded aboveground, severe impacts have been reported as well. The Uinta mountain range tended to have a "sweeping effect," bringing down fallout on grasslands in the dairy country below the Uinta peaks. In the summer of 1980 a U.S. District Court suit charged that the government should be held liable for radioactive contamination of milk in the area and resulting cancer.[25] One of the plaintiffs, David L. Timothy, grew up on a dairy farm in the mountainous region of northeastern Utah. When he was nineteen cancer was discovered in his thyroid--where radioactive iodine 131 from fallout is known to lodge. In 1981, after undergoing thyroid surgery eight times, Timothy angrily demanded to know "why the hottest spot in the state has been ignored by not only the officials but the news media too."[26] Rose Mackelprang also wondered about lack of attention to the town of Fredonia in northern Arizona, about two hundred miles from the nuclear test site. National journalists visiting St. George across the Utah border had not bothered to report what happened to Fredonia's residents in the wake of atomic fallout that regularly passed over their town. Soft-spoken, demure, devoted to the Mormon Church, Rose Mackelprang was willing to talk about what she could never forget. "My husband and I moved to Fredonia in 1948. It's just a little town, and we have a very happy atmosphere down there. We did rather, anyway. They raise their own gardens and most of 'em have their own cows, a lot of them do, and they have gardens and bottle their own food, put it up, store it, that's just the life of a small community."[27] Rose Mackelprang's husband, Gayneld, became a teacher in the public schools of Fredonia, where the lumber industry was assuming economic importance alongside farming and livestock. "At that time, when they started the testing in Nevada, it'd be at dawn when the tests would go off and we could see this big light and then the ground would shake, it'd billow up you could see the big mushroom cloud go way up and it was really quite exciting, it was different, we didn't really know that much about it. As far as we knew, why, it was really going to help us out, it was really something that our government was doing and it would be for our own good. We trusted the government, we figured that it was necessary because, after all, the government does look after us, and they're over the people and they will take care of anything that needs to be taken care of to see that it's healthy, or otherwise . . . So we didn't worry about it."[28] In 1960 the population of Fredonia was 643. By 1965 four had passed away from leukemia--a truck driver, who died at age forty-eight; a fourteen-year-old girl; a lumber crane operator, thirty-six; and Gayneld Mackelprang, by that time forty-three years old and superintendent of the Fredonia Public Schools. A secret memorandum by the U.S. Public Health Service's leukemia unit director, Dr. Clark W. Heath, Jr., noted, "This number of cases is approximately 20 times greater than expected."[29] In the entire previous decade 1950 to 1960 no cases of leukemia had been reported among Fredonia residents. The memo, dated August 4, 1966, and sent to the head of the federal agency's Communicable Disease Center, was marked "FOR ADMINISTRATIVE USE ONLY, NOT FOR PUBLICATION."[30] Soon after learning it was leukemia, Gayneld Mackelprang was dead. His widow recalled, "The doctors said it was a lot farther advanced than they ever guessed. It was a shock, I can tell you. We hardly knew what to do, no plans, no nothing. I had six children home, and I was expecting my seventh in six weeks."[31] Cancer became commonplace in Fredonia. Rose Mackelprang ticked off the names of the next towns north along Highway 89--Kanab, Orderville, Glendale--where cancer and leukemia had appeared. "Some of them have died with leukemia, we have a lot of cancer, and it's not the end of it. It's still going on." Federal agencies continued to deny responsibility. "One thing that really upsets me," she added, "is that instead of telling us it was dangerous, they have denied it all the time, they've said they're not at fault."[32] 6. Citizens' Hearings, pp. 8-9. 7. Preston Truman, interviews, February 1980, December 1980, June 1981. 8. Citizens' Hearings, pp. 8-9. 9. Ibid. 32. Ibid. AEC Denials In the 1950s few Americans knew of the health risks associated with bomb fallout. The test program had been cast in a patriotic light by the official releases that the press circulated. For those who feared ill effects from radiation, government assurances were profuse. Year after year media conveyed U.S. Atomic Energy Commission announcements to downwind residents: "There is no danger."[33] But sheep, thousands of them, abruptly sickened and died. Country dwellers noticed that wildlife, from deer to birds, thinned from expansive rangelands regularly dusted with fallout from the Nevada Test Site upwind. And in one small community after another, people died from diseases rarely seen there before: leukemia, lymphoma, acute thyroid damage, many forms of cancer. "My father and I were both morticians, and when these cancer cases started coming in I had to go into my books to study how to do the embalming, cancers were so rare," remembered Elmer Pickett, a lifelong resident of St. George, Utah. "In '56 and '57 all of a sudden they were coming in all the time. By 1960 it was a regular flood."[34] As latency periods came due, towns like St. George began to reap a grim harvest sown by the atomic whirlwinds. They were mostly populated by Mormons, devoutly obeying their Church's instructions not to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol. Cancer had never been a noticeable problem before. But, as the 1950s wore on, and for decades afterward, the ravaging effects came like a pestilence in serial form: the leukemias, usually quickest to result from radiation exposure, came first; numerous types of cancer, emerging in body organs or in bones, tended to arrive later. Despite its claims that neither the detonations nor fallout were harmful, the Atomic Energy Commission routinely waited until the winds were blowing in the "right" direction.[35] That meant away from big cities like Las Vegas and Los Angeles. Occasionally at the last minute shifting breezes dumped fallout on large metropolitan areas--Las Vegas was sprinkled with radioactivity in 1955, for example, and three years later fallout clouds dropped on Los Angeles. But for the most part America's continental nuclear tests went according to plan. The most deadly concentrations of fallout came down in rural areas of Nevada, Utah, and northern Arizona. After southern Utah sheepherders lost massive numbers of their livestock, they unsuccessfully brought suit against the federal government in 1955. In court the government response was that "a combination of factors including malnutrition, poor management, and adverse weather conditions" led to the animals' deaths.[36] (Two decades later complaints near the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania, the Rocky Flats weapons production facility in Colorado, and other atomic installations would meet similar explanations.) Internal memos to the contrary from AEC researchers were suppressed. Sworn statements by sheepherders, who testified such epidemics among their livestock had never happened until the mushroom clouds rose upwind, were discounted. However, the sheep were a kind of early-warning system for what was to follow. Starting in the mid-1950s, leukemia became a household word in Utah towns like St. George and Enterprise and Parowan; the same held true for communities like Tonopah in Nevada, Fredonia in Arizona. Children were especially vulnerable. As early as 1959 a study disclosed higher radioactive strontium 90 levels in young children living downwind of the atomic tests.[37] In 1965 another suppressed study--this one by U.S. Public Health Service researcher Dr. Edward Weiss--correlated radioactive fallout with an inordinately high leukemia rate among downwind Utah residents. Weiss's report concluded: "An examination of leukemia death records in southwestern Utah" during the years of heavy fallout "shows an apparently excessive number of deaths."[38] A joint AEC-White House meeting about the Weiss report took place in early September 1965; AEC representatives criticized the study. A week later the AEC's assistant general manager told AEC commissioners that researching such topics as downwind leukemia rates would "pose potential problems to the commission: adverse public relations, lawsuits and jeopardizing the programs of the Nevada Test Site."[39] Although atmospheric testing had been banned by then, underground tests were still releasing radioactivity into the air. And the AEC was gearing up for the civilian nuclear power program, predicated on the contention that low levels of officially permitted radiation were harmless. The White House shelved the Weiss report in 1965, and blocked any follow-up research.[40] In fact there were many nuclear-testing-related documents and AEC meeting minutes that remained secret until 1979, when they were made public by journalists or Senator Edward Kennedy.[41] For the Weiss study that meant staying locked up in federal vaults for a full thirteen years.[42] In 1979, however, University of Utah epidemiology director Dr. Joseph L. Lyon independently confirmed the validity of the Weiss report. In an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Lyon and associates documented that children growing up in southern Utah during the aboveground atomic weapons tests suffered a leukemia rate two and a half times higher than for children before the testing began and after it ended.[43] In early 1981 results of the federal executive branch's Interagency Radiation Research Committee inquiry were made public--stating that a profusion of childhood cancer in southern Utah "remains unexplained on grounds other than possible fallout exposure."[44] Health risks of living downwind from the nuclear tests were shared by Indians--particularly Duckwater Shoshones north of the test site, and Southern Paiutes to the east. Poor medical record-keeping has handicapped efforts to assess fallout effects. But in 1981 Paiute Tribe of Utah vice-chair Elvis F. Wall blamed the radiation for adding to health woes among tribe members.[45] Through it all, during three decades that started with the first mushroom clouds over Nevada in 1951, the U.S. Government nuclear weapons testing spokespeople continued to proudly observe that federal authorities had never lost a lawsuit based on radioactive fallout.[46] With about a thousand plaintiffs seeking damages in federal court as the 1970s ended, U.S. Justice Department attorneys were anxious to sustain their "perfect record" of eluding judicial pronouncements of atomic fallout culpability. In 1979 plaintiffs accused the federal government of failing to inform area residents that fallout from the tests could cause cancer. Federal statements filed in U.S. District Court in Salt Lake City denied the charges, stating that citizens were told "there was some risk associated with exposure to radioactive fallout" during the 1950s.[47] Those denials infuriated citizens, who produced numerous written proclamations distributed by the federal government throughout the 1950s, claiming the radioactive fallout posed no danger. One widely posted statement, dated January 1951 and signed by AEC project manager Ralph P. Johnson, read: "Health and safety authorities have determined that no danger from or as a result of AEC activities may be expected . . . All necessary precautions, including radiological surveys and patrolling of the surrounding territory, will be undertaken to insure that safety conditions are maintained."[48] In March 1957 the AEC distributed a booklet titled "Atomic Tests in Nevada" among downwind residents. "You people who live near Nevada Test Site are in a very real sense active participants in the Nation's atomic test program," the federal pamphlet said. "You have been close observers of tests which have contributed greatly to building the defenses of our country and of the free world. . . . Every test detonation in Nevada is carefully evaluated as to your safety before it is included in a schedule. Every phase of the operation is likewise studied from the safety viewpoint." Readers were assured that after six full years of open-air nuclear tests upwind, "all such findings have confirmed that Nevada test fallout has not caused illness or injured the health of anyone living near the test site."[49] And, in an effort to keep the local citizenry from looking too closely, the AEC included in its booklet a drawing of an unshorn, bowlegged cowboy raising his eyebrows at a clicking meter in his hand. "Many persons in Nevada, Utah Arizona, and nearby California have Geiger counters these days," the pamphlet counseled. "We can expect many reports that `Geiger counters were going crazy here today.' Reports like this may worry people unnecessarily. Don't let them bother you."[50] Few residents of Utah, or Nevada, or northern Arizona were surprised by the conclusions of a 1980 report issued by the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations: "The Government's program for monitoring the health effects of the tests was inadequate and, more disturbingly, all evidence suggesting that radiation was having harmful effects, be it on the sheep or the people, was not only disregarded but actually suppressed."[51] 33. Jack Willis and Saul Landau, Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang (New York: New Time Films, 1979), transcript p. 1. 34. Life, June 1980, p. 36. 35. This policy was reflected in numerous AEC deliberations and decisions; for example, commissioners' meetings of March 1 and March 14, 1955. 36. Life, June 1980, p. 38. 37. Washington Post, April 14, 1979. 38. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, and Senate, Labor and Human Resources Committee, Health and Scientific Research Subcommittee, and the Committee on the Judiciary, Health Effects of Low-Level Radiation, 96th Cong., 1st sess. Serial No. 96-42, April 19, 1979, Vol. 2, p. 2195 (hereafter cited as Health Effects of Low-Level Radiation). 39. Washington Post, April 14, 1979. 40. Deseret News, February 27, 1979; Washington Post, April 14, 1979. 41. See Health Effects of Low-Level Radiation, Vols. 1 and 2. 42. Washington Post, April 14, 1979. 43. Joseph L. Lyon, et al., "Childhood Leukemias Associated with Fallout from Nuclear Testing," New England Journal of Medicine, February 22, 1979, pp. 397-402. Lyons's study has been criticized by nuclear proponents because in spite of the increase in leukemia rate among children in Utah, the rate was still below the U.S. average. This attitude seems to assume that every area of the U.S. "deserves" to be as polluted as the East Coast, where synergistic effects of multiple carcinogens and wash-out of radioactive chemicals from contaminated clouds compound the health problems. 44. The Oregonian, Associated Press, January 1, 1981. 45. Elvis F. Wall, vice-chairperson, Interim Tribal Council, Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah, Cedar City, Utah, printed statement, undated, distributed May 1981. 46. Deseret News, February 15, 1979. 47. The Tribune (Salt Lake), December 17, 1979. 48. "WARNING," sign dated January 1951, obtained from Citizens' Call organization in Utah. 49. AEC, Atomic Tests in Nevada, March 1957, pp. 2, 4, 15. 50. Ibid., p. 23. 51. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, The Forgotten Guinea Pigs, 96th Cong., 2nd sess., Committee Print 96-1FC 53, August 1980, p. 37. Nevada Veterans In early January 1951 President Truman approved the first series of Nevada atomic tests scheduled to begin later that month. When the nuclear testing started there, little information--let alone consultation--had been accorded residents in the surrounding region. The first series of nuclear tests within North America was labeled "Operation Ranger." Over a period of ten days beginning January 27, 1951, five air-dropped A-bombs exploded over the Nevada Test Site, ranging from one to twenty-two kilotons. Sixty-five miles away, Las Vegas took the tests in stride; the only ostensible negative effects were a couple of broken windows resulting from an eight-kiloton blast code-named Baker-2.[52] As with the Pacific test program, no plans were incorporated to evaluate the impact of radiation on human beings. Rather, the Army chose to evaluate servicemen's psychological reactions to participating in atomic bomb tests. The plan got under way in the summer of 1951, financed by the Department of Defense and administered by George Washington University, under the heading of the "Human Resources Research Office."[53] The Pentagon also entered into a similar arrangement with the Operations Research Office of Johns Hopkins University. When soldiers arrived at Camp Desert Rock to participate in "Operation Buster-Jangle" in autumn 1951, they knew little about what they were in for. Introduction to the bare facilities at the Nevada Test Site came partly from an "Information and Guide" booklet distributed to incoming GIs. "The officers and men of this operation share with you the hope that your visit to Camp Desert Rock will prove an informative and revealing experience which you will always remember," read a greeting signed by U.S. Army Major General W. B. Kean.[54] Every page bore the inscription "RESTRICTED," and the booklet was replete with injunctions against talking too much. "To assist in maintaining the security of Exercise Desert Rock it is desired that you maintain secrecy discipline regarding classified information observed here. Everyone will want to know what you have seen--officials, friends, and the enemy."[55] The Army booklet handed to the first nuclear soldiers at the Nevada Test Site did not discuss atomic bomb radiation hazards. It did discuss possible hazards from indigenous reptiles and poisonous insects.[56] Scenarios for tactical war games, assuming an enemy invasion sweeping inland from the West Coast, postulated that "the decision has been made to employ an atomic weapon to effect maximum destruction of the enemy." The maneuvers, while testing numerous facets of infantrymen's responses to atomic weaponry exploding in their midst, were depicted as realistic dry runs for future combat situations.[57] "Indoctrination in essential physical protective measures under simulated combat conditions, and observation of the psychological effects of an atomic explosion are reasons for this desired participation," said a preparatory memorandum from the Pentagon's Military Liaison Committee to the AEC chairman. Added the Defense Department panel: "The psychological implications of atomic weapons used close to our front lines in support of ground operations are unknown."[58] The AEC ordered strict exclusion of the media during the forthcoming autumn nuclear tests in Nevada.[59] Like Army buddies with him in the engineers A Company and other servicemen who arrived at the Nevada Test Site that October of 1951, twenty-two-year-old private William Bires did not know that military authorities were placing major importance on gauging mental and emotional impacts of close-range atomic blasts on foot soldiers like himself.[60] Sleeping on the desert ground got very cold in October and November. ("We didn't even have decent sleeping bags. We froze our asses off.")[61] Of far more lasting significance was the actual experience of seeing half-a-dozen nuclear bomb detonations, ranging up to a thirty-one-kiloton blast code-named Easy. Bires participated in the series of atomic tests over a period of a few weeks, with the largest nuclear explosions coming from bombs dropped by aircraft. Several thousand men watched from about seven miles away as fierce atomic light slashed across the desert; some were marched to within half a mile of ground zero. After the indescribably vivid bright flash Bires took note of "bizarre effects of the bombs"--weird designs of permanent shadows left in the atomic wake, charred into test range buildings, vehicles, gun emplacements. Animals situated in calibrated proximities to the A-blasts were singed and sometimes pathetic. "I can still see this damn sheep with its rump burnt," Bires commented three decades later.[62] The Pentagon eagerly assessed behavior of GIs as they responded to orders soon after the half-dozen nuclear detonations, which totaled seventy-two kilotons. The more intimate, and more lasting, consequences apparently were not of great concern to the military brass. "I was then, and I still am," William Bires said in 1981, "living with the firsthand knowledge that we do indeed have within our power the ability to destroy ourselves. Most people have heard this, but have not been able to observe firsthand the effects of those terrible weapons."[63] When he filed the first in a series of claim statements with the Veterans Administration in 1978, Bires cited the psychological jolts left by his hitch at the Nevada nuclear tests. Recurrent fits of depression, the tenacious imagery of atomic weapons exploding close by, and an acutely painful spinal affliction came to plague him.[64] Less than five months after the first troop maneuvers in the shadow of a mushroom cloud over Nevada, the U.S. military was pushing for more daring escapades for GIs. The distance of seven miles from nuclear blasts seemed too remote, and tame, to high-ranking occupants of Pentagon offices along the banks of the Potomac River. In the future, declared Air Force Brigadier General A. R. Luedecke, a less cautious policy would be appropriate. In a secret letter to the AEC in early 1952 he attributed "unfavorable psychological effects" among soldiers "to the tactically unrealistic distance of seven miles to which all participating troops were required to withdraw for the detonation."[65] The Pentagon now suggested that soldiers be stationed a little less than four miles from the exploding nuclear weapons in subsequent tests. The AEC's director of biology and medicine, Dr. Shields Warren, didn't like the sound of it. "The explosion is experimental in type, and its yield cannot be predicted with accuracy," he warned. "Deviations from established safety practices would result . . . in larger numbers and more serious casualties the closer the troops were to the point of detonation."[66] Despite such in-house warnings from its own staff experts the AEC capitulated to the Pentagon plan. Commission chairman Gordon Dean promised the Department of Defense that the AEC "would enter no objection to stationing the troops at not less than 7,000 yards from ground zero."[67] All discussions leading to the decision that would affect thousands of soldiers were conducted in secrecy. The Pentagon had exercised its unwritten dominance over the AEC. In Nevada nearly eight thousand Army, Navy, Marine, and Air Force personnel were in the early stages of "Operation Tumbler-Snapper"--involving eight nuclear weapons dropped from airplanes or perched on towers, with total explosive force of over one hundred kilotons. During the largest blast of the series--a thirty-one-kiloton bomb air-dropped on April 22, 1952--selected reporters and television crews were allowed for the first time to record an A-bomb shot in progress.[68] At that test, and again the following month, soldiers were less than four miles from the explosions, often moving into the central blast area within two hours. Back in Washington, according to classified AEC minutes, Commission chairman Gordon Dean "commented that a popular article on fall-out to reduce the possibility of public anxiety resulting from lack of information might be helpful."[69] The kind of publicity the AEC sought did not come from Army veterans like James W. Yeatts, whose description of Operation Tumbler-Snapper would calm no public fears--neither at the time, nor twenty-eight years later, when Yeatts issued the following statement from his home in Keeling, Virginia: At the test site we had no protective clothing or equipment, not even a gas mask. When the bomb was detonated, we had our backs to the blast, kneeling with our hands over our eyes and our eyes closed. The flash was so bright we could see the bones in our hands. Then we turned to see the fire ball form. The shock wave hit us and knocked me backward. The dust was so thick that we could not see anything. After the dust settled we marched toward Ground Zero until the radiation got too hot. We then turned back and had a Geiger counter check for radiation. By the time we arrived back at Camp Desert Rock, most of us had severe headaches and were nauseated. We were told to lie down--that it would go away. Two days later, back at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, I was told to turn the uniform that I wore in the tests in to the stock room. It was put in a rubber bag. Nothing was said about how much radiation we had received.[70] Two months later Yeatts began having serious health problems--"rectal abscesses, headaches, nausea and severe back pains," which persisted into the 1960s. Ten years after his participation in the atomic testing Yeatts lost all his teeth. "They became so loose, I could pull them with no pain. About a year later I began having breathing problems." By the late 1970s Yeatts was unable to work. In 1980 his weight had declined to 103 pounds. "I can only walk a few steps. I am now losing control of my bowels and urine."[71] As far as the family was concerned, the aftermath of Operation Tumbler-Snapper did not end with James Yeatts. "My son was born in 1969, with many birth defects--the sutures in his head were grown together, a severe heart problem, an imperforate anus, he had only one kidney and an obstruction in the urinary tract. He had to have a colostomy at one day old. At three months old he had a `Pots procedure' operation on his heart. He had a ureterostomy at six months, which will be permanent. A pull through was done on his rectum at 2 years old. At the age of 5 he had open heart surgery. He cannot attend school and still suffers from these problems. . . ."[72] Ultimately Yeatts asked physicians at the M.C.V. Hospital in Richmond, Virginia, "if radiation exposure I had could cause my son's defects. The doctors asked me why I did not tell them about the radiation exposure when my son was born. They said my son would have to have close check-ups for other problems that could come up."[73] The Veterans Administration denied Yeatts any service-connected benefits. "It is not enough for the Government to use me for a guinea pig," he said, "but to cause something to children years later is more than I can take."[74] 52. Rosenberg, Atomic Soldiers, p. 34. 53. For detailed account of role played by Human Resources Research Office in the U.S. nuclear testing program, see Rosenberg, Atomic Soldiers. 54. U.S. Army, "Exercise Desert Rock Information and Guide," 1951, p. 1. 55. Ibid., p. 8. 74. Ibid., p. 14. Operation Upshot-Knothole As the U.S. Government prepared for "Operation Upshot-Knothole," slated for the spring and summer of 1953, civilian restraints over nuclear testing continued to erode. In a meeting between the AEC and the Department of Defense it was established that "in the forthcoming tests the usual limits of physical exposure to weapons effects would probably be exceeded." The AEC commissioners then acquiesced to a suggestion "that responsibility for the physical safety of the troops participating in the exercise be delegated to the DOD [Department of Defense] and that the DOD be informed of the possibility that exceeding the normal limits of exposure to radiation or pressure might endanger the participating personnel."[75] Servicemen at the atomic tests were thus left to the tender mercies of the Department of Defense. Official notes depicted AEC chairman Gordon Dean's view that "since the DOD apparently considered it necessary to conduct the exercises in this manner, the AEC was not in a position to recommend that the normal limits [of radiation exposure and blast pressure] be observed."[76] For good measure, the AEC commissioners endorsed plans for a joint announcement that the Defense Department would be taking responsibility for the safety of troops during the forthcoming series of atom bomb tests in Nevada.[77] As the newly elected President, Dwight Eisenhower, prepared to unveil his "Atoms for Peace" program, promoting use of nuclear energy for electric power, the AEC and Pentagon put finishing touches on Operation Upshot-Knothole. During the spring and early summer of 1953 a total of eleven nuclear test shots sent mushroom clouds over the Nevada desert, concluding with a sixty-one-kiloton explosion code-named Climax. In less than three months the Nevada blasts had unleashed a cumulative force of over 250 kilotons--about twenty times the power of the atom bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. About seventeen thousand military personnel participated in Upshot-Knothole. Routinely thousands were in trenches within two miles of ground zero as a nuclear bomb exploded; obeying orders, they moved toward the blast center inside of an hour after detonation in mock attack. The exercises even included, for the first time, direct charges immediately after detonation. The Pentagon had nearly doubled the AEC's prior theoretical limit for radiation exposure of the servicemen, raising it to six roentgens.[78] Meanwhile A-test overseers had been experimenting with nonhuman subjects as well--sheep, rabbits, and pigs confined at varying distances from the blast site. Scores of porkers were clothed with specially fitted "uniforms" made out of standard Army material, to test for protection of their skin. One of the more bizarre expenditures came when one set of pigs had to be refitted with new uniforms after they outgrew their originals while waiting for the weather to break.[79] Former Army sergeant Cecil G. Dunn, an Operation Upshot-Knothole veteran, recounted from his home in Pensacola, Florida, "After the blast, they marched us to ground zero. I will never forget the smell after that shot. I have no idea how much radiation was there. I know of no film badges. I don't remember seeing any of the men wearing any. I know I never had one." Recalling subsequent chronic headaches lasting years, followed by nosebleeds, a nervous breakdown, festering spots on his legs, and dizzy spells, Dunn said: "I feel like I am drunk all the time, but I don't drink. I tire very easily now. . . . All I have ever asked is to live like other people. But I cannot help blaming the Government for subjecting me to nuclear testing without warning me of the potential consequences and I will always wonder why it happened."[80] Outside the borders of the Nevada Test Site fallout clouds intensified as Operation Upshot-Knothole progressed. On April 25, 1953, four and half hours after a forty-three-kiloton[81] blast named Simon, a spot outside the Nevada Test Site boundaries registered 460 milliroentgens per hour along Route 93--nineteen miles north of the Nevada town of Glendale. The potential dose was far in excess of the current standards set by governmental agencies. Caught off guard, the federal government hastily set up roadblocks. A report by the U.S. Public Health Service estimated about fourteen hundred people were living in the immediate fallout area. Starting nine hours after the Simon explosion, for 150 minutes, traffic was stopped on major roads; out of some 250 vehicles stopped and checked for radiation, 40 were judged to require decontamination. A Greyhound bus, bound for Las Vegas with 30 passengers, gave off readings of 250 milliroentgens outside, 160 milliroentgens inside.[82] Three hours after the blast the tiny town of Riverdale registered readings of sixteen milliroentgens an hour.[83] An Armed Forces Special Weapons Project report, which was to remain secret for twenty-five years, commented: "The amount of fallout was expected to be much larger than usual. However, due to the fact that no populated communities were expected to be in its path, the decision was made to fire on schedule."[84] But the Simon fallout cloud also passed over Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania before it encountered a tumultuous thunderstorm over upstate New York, southern Vermont, and parts of western Massachusetts. It was one of the heaviest flash storms in memory, bringing down torrents of rain.[85] Two days after the Simon explosion a group of students at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York--twenty-three hundred miles from the blast--noticed Geiger counters at their school radiochemistry lab were registering high readings. They went outside to discover that the previous evening's rain had brought down large amounts of fallout. Radiochemistry Professor Herbert Clark called the AEC, where an official first thought Clark was joking.[86] But students systematically measured the area for radiation. Some samples from rain puddles showed 270,000 times more radioactivity than usually found in drinking water. Tests from city reservoir water showed levels 2,630 times higher than normal. Professor Clark and the Rensselaer students also discovered another problem. Radioactive fallout clung to the roof and walls despite hours of scrubbing; the surface radioactivity in Troy/Albany was comparable to measurements taken two hundred to five hundred miles from the point of the Simon detonation in Nevada.[87] In the mid-sixties that contamination would lead to a bitter controversy over health damage in the wake of bomb testing. 75. AEC Commissioners Meeting Minutes, December 23, 1952. 76. Ibid. 87. Ibid. "Dirty Harry" Some downwind residents became apprehensive after the Simon blast when they witnessed the official concern over fallout levels on the highways outside of the test site. But the worst was yet to come that spring when the U.S. Government detonated a thirty-two-kiloton atomic bomb from atop a tower at the Nevada Test Site. The code name was Harry; people downwind now remember it with bitterness as "Dirty Harry." As sixty-eight-year-old St. George resident William Sleight recorded the event in his diary: May 19, 1953: Beautiful morning. We left St. George at 4 a.m. for Las Vegas, Nevada. We were watching for the A-Bomb explosion on the desert north of Las Vegas. At 5 a.m., just dawn, we saw the flash which lit up the skies, a beautiful red, visible for hundreds of miles away. It was a beautiful sight, a hundred miles or more away from it. I had my car radio on and at 5:01 a.m. the announcer on KFI, Los Angeles, Calif., said at 5 a.m. the bomb had been exploded and that it was visible at that station, and also in Idaho. I drove for ten minutes, then stopped the car on the roadside, got out and soon after we heard the report of the blast. It rumbled as thunder, not quite the same as other blasts we have heard. This is the 9th in a series of ten, another next week. It makes me shudder when I think of what misery we may face when men start dropping these terrific bombs on our cities. Some fanatics are now clamoring for their use in Korea. After we came back on Highway 91, we were stopped and a young man examined our car with an instrument to see if we had picked up any radioactive dust while traveling on the Highway. Found none so we missed a free car wash (which would have been appreciated). . . . Returned to St. George in a high wind which seems to always follow these explosions.[88] Winds easily carried radioactive fallout the 135 miles to William Sleight's home in St. George. Atomic Energy Commission monitors picked up readings of six thousand milliroentgens in the town, where news bulletins broadcast the agency's sudden advice to stay indoors from 9:00 A.M. till noon. Monitoring crews stopped about one hundred cars heading north from St. George; many vehicles were washed down in an attempt at decontamination. The fallout was coming down so hard, AEC scientists later reported at a confidential government conference, that the commission's workers gave up on washing off the cars in St. George until the radioactive particles stopped falling.[89] The AEC, meanwhile, told area media that "radiation had not reached a hazardous level."[90] In St. George the blanket of fallout left a bad taste in many people's mouths--in more ways than one. Lifetime residents of the town reported, for the first time, an oddly metallic sort of taste in the air.[91] (This condition would surface again at Three Mile Island, twenty-six years later.) Forty miles farther east, according to another secret AEC report, at least five residents developed symptoms matching signs of radiation sickness from high doses. The classified AEC report also said that in the town of La Verkin, twenty miles northeast of St. George, goats turned blue after clouds of fallout wafted through their grazing area.[92] The day after Dirty Harry, downwind residents barraged the AEC with complaints. "Reverberations from the atomic tests in Nevada Tuesday echoed in Washington Wednesday as Southern Utah residents protested to Representative Douglas R. Stringfellow (R-Utah) about radiation contamination in the area," narrated The (Salt Lake) Tribune.[93] Congressman Stringfellow followed up by asking the AEC to stop the Nevada test program because of fallout. The AEC refused. (The next year Stringfellow lost his race for reelection.) Two days after the Harry explosion, while AEC commissioners discussed the heavy fallout dumped on St. George and vicinity, an AEC worker tried to obtain names of milk producers in the area and failed. "It was just as well," he reported in an agency memo. "I was afraid it would create a disturbance."[94] Rulan (Boots) Cox, operator of Cox Dairy in St. George for thirty years beginning in 1949, had radiation monitoring equipment at his dairy the entire time of atmospheric nuclear testing upwind. He sent samples to federal addresses on a regular basis, but was never informed of results.[95] New downwind samples of milk initially showed high levels of radioactivity. By the time the milk was boiled in Las Vegas and Los Alamos laboratories, AEC researchers found little radioactivity; the iodine 131 was being destroyed in the lab heating process.[96] After the Harry test the AEC was faced with a new problem. Commissioner Henry D. Smyth, according to agency minutes, "was concerned about the public relations aspects of the tests, especially in view of the St. George, Utah, incident and the large number of shots already fired." The other AEC commissioner in attendance, Eugene M. Zuckert, also perceived nascent difficulties. "A serious psychological problem has arisen, and the AEC must be prepared to study an alternate to holding future tests at the Nevada Test Site. In the present frame of mind of the public, it would take only a single illogical and unforeseeable incident to preclude holding any future tests in the United States."[97] The Pentagon, however, pushed hard for the AEC to stand firm. At a joint meeting in late May 1953, according to classified minutes, Defense Department representatives conveyed "the opinion that AEC is making a serious mistake in over-emphasizing the effects of fall-out resulting from recent tests." One general criticized official measures such as washing down cars and urging residents to stay indoors for a few hours after the Harry test; he complained that "the precautions taken by AEC were extreme and caused undue public concern."[98] Meanwhile, on the morning of May 27, AEC chairman Gordon Dean met with the Commander-in-Chief. President Eisenhower, Dean recorded in his diary, "expressed some concern, not too serious, but made the suggestion that we leave `thermonuclear' out of press releases and speeches. Also `fusion' and `hydrogen.'" In the wake of hydrogen explosions in the Marshall Islands during the past year, and with more sophisticated nuclear weapons tests scheduled, Eisenhower instructed the AEC's top executive to keep the public "confused as to `fission' and `fusion.'"[99] 88. William Sleight, diary, made available to authors with permission of family through Citizens' Call organization. 89. Chicago Tribune, April 1-5, 1979, published as booklet "Radiation," p. 11. 90. Washington County News (Utah), May 21, 1953. 91. Preston Truman, interview, February 1981. As state director of Citizens' Call and a lifelong resident of Utah, Truman said he had heard many accounts by St. George residents recalling a metallic taste after the Harry test. 92. Deseret News, September 5, 1979. 93. The Tribune (Salt Lake), May 21, 1953. 94. Chicago Tribune, April 1-5, 1979, "Radiation," p. 9. 95. Ibid. 96. Deseret News, September 5, 1979. 97. AEC Commissioners Meeting Minutes, May 22, 1953. 98. AEC-MLC Joint Meeting Minutes, May 28, 1953. At the same meeting Military Liaison Committee chairman Robert LeBaron said that the government "must avoid arousing public fears to the point of large-scale public opposition to the continental tests." 99. Gordon Dean, diary, May 27, 1953. Fallout on Livestock Downwind of the Nevada Test Site the epidemics of leukemia and cancer among residents would come later. Animals, however, were immediately affected. The AEC quietly paid a few hundred dollars to owners of some horses that suffered beta radiation burns in 1953.[100] But the concern about livestock burns was soon overshadowed as sheep began dropping dead--in unprecedented numbers and with unprecedented rapidity. One hundred fifty miles from the test site, on Wheeler Mountain land owned by George Swallow in Nevada, about seventeen hundred sheep grazed on tender grass. It was lambing time in spring 1953. On the third Tuesday morning in May, George Swallow, his brother Dick, and a ranch hand named Lee Whitlock watched a pink fallout cloud (from the Harry detonation) drift overhead, toward the Utah line, Air Force jets following behind. Within a few weeks five hundred of the females in the flock of seventeen hundred sheep were dead. Sixty-five percent of new lambs were stillborn.[101] The Swallows owned eleven sheep herds of the same size; the herd that sustained the high ratio of deaths and dead births was the one on Wheeler Mountain when the Harry blast fallout passed through.[102] George Swallow expressed his suspicions to the AEC. "We told Mr. Swallow that our experts have assured us that this sort of thing can't happen," AEC acting field manager Joe Sanders informed national headquarters.[103] But the AEC's own files were filled with classified descriptions of similar incidents throughout Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. One Utah sheepherder reported twenty-five hundred stillbirths. Cattle and horses developed lesions and severe sores in large numbers.[104] Dr. Stephen Brower was Iron County agricultural agent in southwestern Utah at the time. The Atomic Energy Commission stressed to Dr. Brower that the federal government had no intention of being held accountable for herd losses. Word first came from the chief of the AEC's Biology Branch of the Division of Biological Medicine, Dr. Paul B. Pearson. Brower recalled that Pearson "told me . . . that the AEC could under no circumstances afford to have a claim established against them and have that precedent set. And he further indicated that the sheepmen could not expect under any circumstances to be reimbursed for that reason."[105] In Cedar City, Utah, a U.S. Public Health Service veterinarian, Dr. Arthur Wolff, studied area sheep in June 1953. "My main concern was whether there was radioactivity involved," he recalled. "We autopsied a couple of animals, and I took some specimens back with me and took some [radiation] measurements. I was able to determine, yes, there was a relatively high level of radiation in the Iodine-131 in the thyroid and some radiation on the wool of these sheep.[106] Cedar City sheepherder Kern Bulloch described what happened with his herd in 1953 this way: We were over at Coyote Pass right next to the bomb site just herding our sheep. One morning we were sitting in the saddle there, and some airplanes come up and one of them dropped a bomb. Jesus, it was bright! I put my hands up like that and you could doggone near see your bones. And then that cloud come right over top of us, it mushroomed right over our camp and our herd. And we were sitting there--'course we didn't know a thing about radiation or bombs or anything else. Pretty soon here comes some jeeps with Army personnel, and they said to us, "My golly, you fellas are in a hot spot." We didn't even know what they were talking about. Then we started driving the sheep back to Cedar [City], and we just started losing them. We got them in the yard there to get their lambs out, and gosh, every time you'd go in there, there'd be 20 or 30 dead sheep. The lambs were born with little legs, kind of potbellied. Some of them didn't have any wool, kind of a skin instead of wool. We figure we lost between 1,200 and 1,500 head close to half our herd. Later, the scientists come, we took them up to a pile of bones and I remember putting a Geiger counter down. Somebody said, "Are they hot?" And one of the scientists said, "Hot? I'll say! This needle just about hit the post."[107] Kern Bulloch remembered, nearly three decades later, "we just started to losing so many lambs that my father--[who] was alive at that time--just about went crazy. He had never seen anything like it before. Neither had I; neither had anybody else."[108] Twenty-seven years passed before some semblance of the full story reached beyond the memories of downwind herders and officials privy to classified government files. In 1980 the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations provided the sort of overview kept from a national spotlight for decades. The committee reported that, at the time of the two heaviest fallout tests in Nevada during the spring of 1953, there were 11,710 sheep grazing in a zone from 40 miles north to 160 miles east of the test site. "Of these sheep, 1,420 lambing ewes (12.1 percent) and 2,970 new lambs (25.4 percent) died during the spring and summer of 1953."[109] This sheep mortality rate was considerably above normal.[110] But the government denied that there was anything amiss--refusing to admit radiation was involved. "It seemed like a policy decision had been made, and federal officials were there to implement it," Dr. Brower told us. "The government just wanted to cover up."[111] Although the AEC profusely insisted in its public statements throughout the 1950s and beyond that fallout had nothing to do with sheep ills, a different assessment later came from Dr. Harold Knapp, a scientist who served with the AEC Fallout Studies Branch in the early 1960s. "The simplest explanation of the primary cause of death in the lambing ewes is irradiation of the ewe's gastrointestinal tract by beta particles from all the fission products that were ingested by the sheep along with open range forage," Dr. Knapp concluded. Radiation doses to the sheep internal tracts "are calculated to be in the range of thousands of rads, even though the external gamma dose to the sheep was within the 3.9 r limit per test series established by the Atomic Energy Commission as acceptable for persons living in areas adjacent to the test site."[112] The 1980 House Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee report disclosed that its researchers had uncovered "substantial documentation from the files of the Government veterinarians and scientists assigned the task of investigating the 1953 sheep deaths, which revealed the Government's concerted effort to disregard and to discount all evidence of a causal relationship between exposure of the sheep to radioactive fallout and their deaths."[113] Recently declassified minutes of a secret June 10, 1953, AEC meeting verify that the commissioners were aware that "sheep grazing in an area approximately 50 miles from the site were determined to have beta burns in their nostrils and on their backs and 500-1,000 out of a total of approximately 10,000 were reported to have died while being moved to grazing lands in Utah."[114] But the AEC commissioners proved more concerned with publicity than health problems of either sheep or humans.[115] At a July 7 meeting Commissioner Henry Smyth observed that public concern could be allayed by comparing bomb fallout "to radiation incurred in the normal medical use of X-rays."[116] It was a public-relations angle that proved to be a favorite for the AEC, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and utilities operating nuclear power plants across the nation in future decades. But the analogy--comparing X rays with radioactivity from nuclear fission--is highly misleading. An atomic bomb, or a nuclear reactor, produces radioactive alpha and beta particles that can be deadly if inhaled or swallowed even in minute quantities; the alpha and beta "internal emitters" are not present in the penetrating X rays used for medical purposes. The comparison with X rays also falsely assumes that bomb fallout or emissions from nuclear plants are evenly distributed in the population. A number of factors--including weather conditions and radioactive contamination of the ecological food chain[117]--can subject some animals or people to higher amounts of radioactivity. Twenty-six years later the report by congressional investigators quoted from the AEC's conclusive press statement about the sheep, issued on January 6, 1954: On the basis of information now available, it is evident that radioactivity from atomic tests was not responsible for deaths and illness among sheep in areas adjacent to the Nevada Proving Grounds last Spring, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission reported today. The AEC findings, reached as the result of extensive research studies, was concurred in by the U.S. Public Health Service and the Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Prior to issuance by the AEC, the report was reviewed by the Department of Health, State of Utah. Special studies were conducted by veterinary and medical research scientists at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Hanford Works and the University of Tennessee to determine whether radioactivity contributed to the deaths.[118] But some of the AEC's own experts disagreed. Veterinarian Dr. Richard Thompsett, for example, reported that lesions on downwind sheep typified effects of beta radiation--and that the atomic tests had been a factor in the mass deaths of sheep.[119] Dr. Thompsett's report was never published. Dr. Stephen Brower recounted that Thompsett's "report was picked up--even his own personal copy--and he was told to rewrite it and eliminate any reference to speculation about radiation damage or effects."[120] Follow-up research by scientists at the Los Alamos lab--C. Lushbaugh, J. F. Spaulding, and D. B. Hale--concluded that among sheep downwind from the Nevada Test Site "the skin lesion was remarkably similar, histologically, to severe beta ray burns as demonstrated experimentally." The researchers added, "It would appear from these gross observations that this and similar lesions seen in the field . . . confirm well enough to a presumptive diagnosis of a radiation-produced lesion."[121] Publicly the AEC stuck to its story--a story that would be repeated time and again to farmers and ranchers downwind from nuclear facilities. In his role as county agricultural agent in southwest Utah, Dr. Brower accompanied sheep rancher Doug Clark to talk with federal administrators. "Doug raised some questions with the team of scientists, one of whom was a colonel," Dr. Brower remembered many years later. The colonel "seemed to be the leading spokesman to kind of press this issue that it couldn't have been radiation. Doug asked him some fairly technical questions about the effects of radiation on internal organs that he'd gotten from other veterinarians."[122] In response the colonel called Doug Clark a "dumb sheepman" and told him he was "stupid--he couldn't understand the answer if it was given to him, and for just 10 or 15 minutes, just kind of berated him rather than answer the question."[123] A week after the Atomic Energy Commission's unequivocal public denial that sheep had been harmed by atomic test fallout, AEC officials faced angry livestock owners in a conference room of the Cedar City firehouse. The January 13, 1954, meeting included a dozen or so federal officials and a roughly equal number of area livestock owners. "We know that practically all the sheep that range in that area had these effects," said a local rancher. "We fed these sheep corn and tried to keep them up. I couldn't keep my sheep up where they were able to raise a lamb. I had never seen it before.[124] "We would like to have an answer for you," responded AEC biological medicine chief Dr. Paul Pearson. "We don't have any explanation for it. There have been instances of disease coming in that caused different effects, we don't know what happened."[125] "There is very little protein in corn and they could be low in protein," interjected Leo K. Bustad, a General Electric Company envoy from the AEC-controlled Hanford Nuclear Reservation, prime production center for weapons-grade plutonium. "How was their flesh?"[126] Refusing to be drawn into a discussion about his sheep's flesh with the GE representative, the rancher said that his sheep got all the protein they needed from grazing. "Range is white sage and black sage. . . . Sage is very high in protein."[127] And so it went. "The body dose radiation that these sheep got is around five roentgens," explained GE's Bustad midway through the meeting. "You can get more roentgens from a fluoroscope or an X-ray machine than these sheep got through body radiation." Bustad failed to note that the sheep ingested radioactive particles into their bodies, which does not occur during an X ray. Nor did he mention that five roentgens is a hazardous dose in either case.[128] A year later the Bulloch family filed suit in federal court, suing the U.S. Government for the loss of fifteen hundred sheep because of fallout. When the case came to trial in 1956, the federal government presented testimony that the sheep died of natural causes.[129] During initial investigations the Bullochs had heard researchers attribute the sheep deaths to radiation. "A lot of those scientists that checked the sheep and admitted it, when they got to court they had a different story," commented McRae Bulloch.[130] The Bulloch family lost their court suit. Twenty-five years later no downwind rancher had been able to collect a penny from the federal government for a single dead sheep.[131] 100. Deseret News, February 15, 1979. 101. Chicago Tribune, April 1-5, 1979, "Radiation," p. 10. 102. Ibid. 129. Deseret News, February 20, 1979. 130. Life, June 1980, p. 36. 131. Bruce Findley of Salt Lake City (current attorney for downwind sheep ranchers), interview, March 1981; Deseret News, February 20, 1979. Unwanted Controversy Anxious to counter its increasing credibility problems, in 1954 the Atomic Energy Commission entered into an off-site radioactivity surveillance agreement with the U.S. Public Health Service.[132] Not until 1979 did the terms of the AEC-PHS arrangement become public knowledge. After award-winning journalist Gordon Eliot White, Washington correspondent for the Salt Lake City daily The Deseret News, dislodged more than fifteen thousand A-test documents he reported that "PHS furnished trained personnel who worked under AEC funding and under strict AEC control." Their mission was not to ensure public health, but rather "to protect the test site from controversy."[133] The 1954 pact prohibited the PHS from any public release of its radiation data or "dissemination of information connected with activities under this agreement, except as prescribed by the AEC . . ." At the end of the year AEC tossed in a stipulation that any unauthorized release of information to the public could subject "the Public Health Service, its agents, employees, or subcontractors, to criminal liability" under the Atomic Energy Act.[134] The AEC-PHS off-site monitoring agreement remained in effect not only during the last nine years (1954 to 1962) of atmospheric nuclear blasts at the Nevada Test Site, but also for the first eight years (1963 to 1970) of large underground nuclear bomb tests in Nevada.[135] Those underground detonations also spewed large quantities of radioactivity downwind for hundreds of miles.[136] Despite the intense and pervasive downwind fallout from the Nevada Test Site in 1953 Washington remained enthusiastic for more continental nuclear weapons detonations. The prevailing sentiment at the federal level was aptly expressed in a letter to the acting chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, Thomas E. Murray, written by AEC Biology and Medicine Advisory Committee head Dr. Elvin C. Stakman on March 25, 1954: Paraphrasing General Forrest's famous saying, "Victory goes to the nation that gits there fastest with the mostest and bestest weapons." This is no less true in the atomic age. It is therefore essential to continue the Nevada Proving Grounds in order to achieve maximum speed in the development of weapons. Speed is essential to national survival. In emergencies such as this some risks, immediate and long term, must be accepted. These risks should be frankly and publicly acknowledged. However, the policy of minimizing these risks must be continued in both the local and national interest.[137] Perhaps some unlikely victims of the Nevada test program were the Hollywood cast and film crew of Howard Hughes's production The Conqueror. In 1954 John Wayne, Susan Hayward, and Agnes Moorehead, and producer-director Dick Powell filmed on the sandy dunes outside of St. George, Utah. They were there for three months. A quarter century later John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, and Dick Powell had all died of cancer. Wayne, a heavy smoker, succumbed to cancer of his lungs, throat, and stomach in 1979; Hayward died of skin, breast and uterine cancer in 1975; Moorehead passed away from uterine cancer in 1974. Another star of the movie, Pedro Armendariz, developed kidney cancer in 1960 and was later struck with terminal cancer of the lymphatic system. Dick Powell died from lymph cancer when it spread to his lungs in 1963.[138] The coincidence of these cases was placed into a larger pattern when People magazine researched the subsequent health of the entire Hollywood entourage that had worked on location in St. George. They found that out of 220 people in the cast and crew, ninety-one had contracted cancer by late 1980, and half of the cancer victims had died of the disease.[139] (This survey did not include the couple of hundred local American Indians who served as extras in the film.) "With these numbers, this case could qualify as an epidemic," remarked University of Utah radiological health director Dr. Robert C. Pendleton.[140] For two decades Pendleton had been warning that radioactive "hot spots" remained in numerous Utah locations, even after atmospheric testing had ceased.[141] Added Dr. Ronald S. Oseas of the Harbor UCLA Medical Center: "It is known that radiation contributes to the risk of cancer. With these numbers, it is highly probable that the Conqueror group was affected by that additive effect."[142] Ellen Powell, Michael Wayne, and Susan Hayward's son Tim Barker had accompanied their parents to the set in 1954. Tim Barker told of his mother's protracted cancer: "She was in a fetal position, and she had lost her swallowing reflex, she had pneumonia and she had lost her hair." In 1968 he had a benign tumor removed from his mouth. Michael Wayne later suffered from skin cancer. Barker echoed the sentiments of many residents downwind from the test site when he asked, "If the Government knew there was a possibility of exposure, why didn't they just warn us?"[143] Federal nuclear authorities had long been aware of the deep resentment that had taken hold in numerous communities within a radius of several hundred miles of the Nevada Test Site. But the specter of culpability for the cancer deaths of such popular public figures caused concern at usually stolid government bureaus. At the Pentagon one official of the Defense Nuclear Agency responded to the news by murmuring, "Please, God, don't let us have killed John Wayne."[144] 132. Forgotten Guinea Pigs, p. 18; see also pp. 19-22. 133. Deseret News, April 5, 1979. 134. Ibid. Summarizing the agreement, White's article added that PHS "was not permitted to set up a Nevada office until AEC approved the security arrangements, even though PHS was ordered only to measure readings outside the proving grounds. AEC retained the right of full access, at any time of day or night, to the PHS offices so commission officers could determine `security obligations (to the AEC) are being met.' The ultimate responsibility for the off-site monitoring was retained by AEC . . ." 135. In 1970 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency assumed operational authority for monitoring outside the Nevada Test Site. What agreements the EPA endorsed in secret covenants--with the AEC and its successor atomic military agency, the U.S. Department of Energy--remained a subject of speculation for anyone except those with high security clearances. Critics noted that EPA's radiation monitoring program remained heavily staffed by former AEC officials as the 1980s began. 136. Underground nuclear test leaks information and references are in Chapter Five. 137. Dr. Elvin C. Stakman to Thomas E. Murray, March 25, 1954. 138. People, November 10, 1980, pp. 42-47. 139. Ibid., p. 42. 140. Ibid. 141. The Conqueror health statistics were especially startling because no atom bombs were exploded in Nevada the year that the movie was filmed (1954); cast and crew were exposed to residual radioactivity left by Nevada atomic tests in previous years (1951-1953). 142. People, November 10, 1980, p. 44. 143. Ibid., p. 46.	i don't know
In March 1971, who defeated boxer Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden?	Fight of the Century: Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier 1 \| Newsday Click here to read or post comments (Credit: AP) Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier, left, has challenged Muhammad Ali, right, on the ropes during the fourth round of their heavyweight title bout, Monday, March 8, 1971, New York. Fight of the Century: Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier 1 Updated June 3, 2016 1:38 PM Newsday.com Advertise here When Joe Frazier met Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971, the storyline went much deeper than two undefeated heavyweights clashing for the belt. Ali had refused induction in the U.S. Army, was considered radical chic and seemed to embody the culture of the 1960s. Frazier was cast as a champion fighting for the establishment. Frank Sinatra was a ring-side photographer for Life magazine. Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Hugh Hefner, Dustin Hoffman and Diana Ross were ringside. Burt Lancaster was part of the closed circuit broadcast team. All that, and the fight actually lived up to its billing as the "Fight of the Century." After 15 rounds of thrilling toe-to-toe action, Frazier won a unanimous decision. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS/ Anonymous) Muhammad Ali and his assistant trainer and friend Bundini Brown sing a song in the ring after Ali weighed in at 215 pounds for his bout at Madison Square Garden in New York with heavyweight champion Joe Frazier, March 8, 1971. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS) Title holder Joe Frazier extends his right army during physical examination in New York on March 8, 1971 before the "Fight of the Century" against Muhammad Ali. (Credit: AP) Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier, left, has challenged Muhammad Ali, right, on the ropes during the fourth round of their heavyweight title bout, Monday, March 8, 1971, New York. ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISE HERE (Credit: AP/ John Lindsay) Muhammad Ali, red trunks, and Joe Frazier, green trunks, are shown during of their bout in New York's Madison Square Garden, March 8, 1971. (Credit: AP/ John Lindsay) Muhammad Ali, red trunks, and Joe Frazier, green trunks, are shown during of their bout in New York's Madison Square Garden, March 8, 1971. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS) How big was Ali vs. Frazier 1 at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971? Frank Sinatra was a ringside photographer for Life Magazine at the "Fight of the Century." (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS/ Anonymous) Boxer Muhammad Ali crouches on the canvas after Ali slipped during the 11th round of the "Fight of the Century" against Joe Frazier on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden. (Credit: Getty Images/ AFP) Muhammad Ali gets knocked down by Joe Frazier in the "Fight of the Century" at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISE HERE (Credit: AP/ Anonymous) Muhammad Ali takes a left from Joe Frazier during the 15th round of their heavyweight title boxing bout in New York on March 8, 1971. Frazier won a unanimous decision. (Credit: AP) Joe Frazier, left, hits Muhammad Ali during the 15th round of their heavyweight title fight at New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. (Credit: Getty Images/ AFP) American heavyweight boxing champion Joe Frazier, left, against Muhammad Ali in the "Fight of the Century" at the Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS/ Anonymous) Joe Frazier lands a left to the jaw of Muhammad Ali during their title bout at New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. Frazier won on a unanimous decision and retained his heavyweight title. (Credit: Getty Images/ -) Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Frazier kept his title at the end of the "Fight of the Century" against Muhammad Ali at the Madison Square Garden, in New York on March 8, 1971. ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISE HERE (Credit: Getty Images/ AFP) Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier (L) kept his title at the end of the "Fight of the Century" against Muhammad Ali, at the Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS) Joe Frazier stands over Muhammad Ali in the 15th round of their heavyweight title fight at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. (Credit: AP/ Anonymous) Joe Frazier stands near the fallen Muhammad Ali as referee Art Mercante gestures at left during a boxing match at Madison Square Garden in New York on March 8, 1971. It was Frazier's heavyweight title that was on the line in the bout, but a lot of boxing fans still considered Ali the champion because he was stripped of the title and sent into boxing exile for refusing to be drafted. (Credit: AP/ Anonymous) Boxer Joe Frazier being directed to the ropes by referee Arthur Marcante after knocking down Muhammad Ali during the 15th round of the title bout at Madison Square Garden in New York on March 8, 1971 (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS) Muhammad Ali is down on the canvas after being floored by Joe Frazier in the 15th round of their heavyweight title fight at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. Frazier won on a decision. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS) A battered Muhammad Ali walks back to his corner as a triumphant Joe Frazier, background, celebrates his title defense after the 15th round of their title bout at New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS) Joe Frazier, right, is hugged by his manager, Yancey Durham, after Frazier defeated Muhammad Ali to retain his heavyweight title at Madison Square Garden in New York on March 8, 1971. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS/ Anonymous) A beaten Muhammad Ali is worked over by his handlers following his unsuccessful attempt to take the heavyweight title from Joe Frazier on March, 8, 1971. Frazier retained his title with a uninous decision. (Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS/ Anonymous) Joe Frazier, a little battered after his title defense against Muhammed Ali, talks with reporters after the fight in New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.	Joe Frazier
What was Thornton Wilder's play performed for the first time ever in 1938 in Princeton, New Jersey?	Muhammad Ali vs Joe Frazier I - March 8, 1971 - YouTube Muhammad Ali vs Joe Frazier I - March 8, 1971 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 11, 2014 The Fight of the Century (also known as The Fight) is the title boxing writers and historians have given to the boxing match between champion Joe Frazier (26-0, 23 KOs) and challenger Muhammad Ali (31-0, 25 KOs), held on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. In 1971, both Ali and Frazier had legitimate claims to the title of World Heavyweight Champion. An undefeated Ali had won the title from Sonny Liston in Miami Beach in 1964, and successfully defended his belt up until he had it stripped by boxing authorities for refusing induction into the armed forces in 1967. In Ali's absence, the undefeated Frazier garnered two championship belts through devastating knockouts of Buster Mathis and Jimmy Ellis. He was recognized by boxing authorities as the World's Champion. Unlike Mathis and Ellis, Frazier was plausibly Ali's superior, which created a tremendous amount of hype and anticipation for a match pitting the two undefeated fighters against one another to decide who was the true heavyweight champ. They were guaranteed purses of $2.5 million each, then a record for a single prizefight. Prior to the layoff, Ali had displayed remarkable, indeed uncommon speed and dexterity for a man of his size. He had exhibited a mastery over most of his opponents, often calling the round he was to stop them in prior to the fight. However, in the fight preceding the Frazier fight, Ali struggled at times during his 15th round TKO of Oscar Bonavena, an unorthodox Argentinian fighter who was prepped by Hall of Fame trainer, Gil Clancy. Frazier had an outstanding left hook, and was a tenacious competitor who attacked the body of his opponent with a ferocity that few before him, or since, have exhibited. Despite suffering from a serious bout of hypertension in the lead-up to the fight, he appeared to be in top form as the face-off between the two undefeated champions approached. SOURCE: Wikipedia	i don't know
Who made the 'I Am Prepared to Die' speech at the opening of the Rivonia Trial in April 1964?	“I Am Prepared to Die,” Speech of Nelson Mandela at trial in 1964 \| Conference on Ethics and Public Argumentation (CEPA) “I Am Prepared to Die,” Speech of Nelson Mandela at trial in 1964 On December 6, 2013 · 1 Comment Today the world mourns the death of Nelson Mandela, the icon for freedom and justice not only in South Africa but also around the world. There is no doubt that his speeches and statements are recognized exemplars of what we mean by ethical public argument. Perhaps his most eloquent statement on freedom and justice is represented by the opening statement he made in his defense at the Rivonia trial in Pretoria, South Africa, on April 20, 1964. As the speech by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King at the “March on Washington” delivered a year earlier is remember by a single, ringing phrase—“I Have a Dream”—so is the speech by Nelson Mandela remembered for its final phrase: “I Am Prepared to Die.” The white Nationalist Government of the Republic of South Africa had charged Mandela and seven others with sabotage and planning to overthrow the government. The defendants’ conviction led to the 27 years of imprisonment for Mandela and the others on Robben Island off Cape Town. The context for the trial was the formation of the organization, Umkontho we Sizwe (the “Spear of the Nation”), or MK for short, to initiate a campaign of sabotage against the infrastructure maintaining the Nationalist Party’s control of South Africa. Of course, the underlying context was that government’s policy known as Apartheid, begun in 1948 when the extremist white Nationalist party came to power (although official oppression of the African majority goes back to 1912 after the Afrikaners, or Boers, achieved power in the newly created Union of South Africa). The word means “separateness” in Afrikaans and its pronunciation, appropriately, is close to “Apart-hate.” After the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, Mandela and other leaders of the African National Congress, or ANC, the major nationalist organization for majority democratic rule in South Africa, determined that nonviolence was not working, as the white government met any nonviolent protest or demonstration with violent repression. The speech is lengthy and much of the first two-thirds is characterized by a carefully crafted rebuttal of the prosecution’s case: Mandela was, after all, an attorney. The arguments are noteworthy for their clarity and cogency. A major theme is that the African National Congress, founded in 1912, aims at the creation of a non-racial state, to be based on racial harmony. In addition, the ANC remains committed to non-violence, recalling the policy of the other famous lawyer who fought for justice in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi. The new organization, MK, was to remain separate from the ANC, although there would be overlap between memberships. The sabotage to be carried out by MK had to avoid causing loss of life—MK members performing operations were forbidden to carry weapons. The objective of MK was to make South Africa less attractive to foreign investors in order to bring economic pressure on the government. Mandela also deals with two specific claims by the government that the conspirators aimed at fomenting guerilla warfare and the ANC and MK were essentially communist movements. Mandela does admit that the leadership of MK discussed the possibility of guerilla war down the road should all other efforts at influencing the current government of South Africa be ineffectual. Regarding the organizations’ cooperation with the Communist Party of South Africa, Mandela maintains that such cooperation was due to the fact that these organizations aimed at the first goal of ending Apartheid and bringing about a democratic government with an empowered African majority. He points out that in the recent World War II, the US and Great Britain allied with and cooperated with the Communist regime of the Soviet Union, yet no one suggested that Churchill and Roosevelt were therefore Communists. This section of the speech leads into the concluding portion, which contains the most eloquent passages in defending the fight for justice and rights for the non-white population. Here Mandela contends, “Our fight is against real and not imaginary hardships or, to use the language of the State Prosecutor, ‘so-called hardships’. Basically, My Lord, we fight against two features which are the hallmarks of African life in South Africa and which are entrenched by legislation which we seek to have repealed. These features are poverty and lack of human dignity, and we do not need communists or so-called ‘agitators’ to teach us about these things.” The problem is not that whites are rich and Africans are poor, but that the current government intends by legislation to make that situation permanent. It was official government policy to keep education for African people elementary and to keep Africans from obtaining skills for any occupation other than menial. He quotes the Afrikaner Minister for Education in 1954, who stated, “When I have control of Native Education I will reform it so that Natives will be taught from childhood to realise [sic] that equality with Europeans is not for them.” [“Natives” was the standard word used by the government for African people; “Bantu” being an alternative.] Mandela recognizes that the whites in South Africa may well fear true democracy reasoning that they would be dominated by Africans, as they have dominated the non-whites. But, claims Mandela, “Political division, based on colour [sic] is entirely artificial and, when it disappears, so will the domination of one colour group by another.” Mandela concludes his statement with a stirring call for freedom and justice: “During my lifetime I have dedicated my life to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realised. But, My Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Speech text: http://db.nelsonmandela.org/speeches/pub_view.asp?pg=item&ItemID=NMS010&txtstr=prepared%20to%20die Sharpeville Massacre: http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/sharpeville-massacre-21-march-1960	Nelson Mandela
In October 1973, who resigned as Vice President of the US, and then pleaded no contest to the charges of income tax evasion in a federal court in Baltimore?	The Nelson Mandela (Rivonia) Trial: An Account The Nelson Mandela (2010) Nelson Mandela It's "the trial that changed South Africa." In the fall of 1963, Nelson Mandela and ten other leading opponents of South Africa's apartheid regime faced trial for their lives. The charges, in what is often called "the Rivonia trial" for the Johannesburg suburb that was the location of the hideout for a militant wing of the African National Congress, were sabotage and conspiracy, and there was little doubt that but that Mandela and most of the other defendants would be found guilty. Desperate times had dictated desperate measures. Standing in the dock at the Palace of Justice in Pretoria, Mandela announced that "the ideal of a democratic and free society" is one "for which I am prepared to die ." Rivonia Discovered Lieutenant van Wyk his informant were a week into their search for what the informant insisted was the hide-away of the ANC and members of its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. Finally, as the two men traveled yet another road in Johannesburg's northern suburbs, the informant spotted a gabled house that he recognized. Down the next bend in the road, near a weathered sign bearing the name "Rivonia," the informant saw a gate that he said stood a few hundred yards from a farmhouse that was the secret meeting place of the leadership of South Africa's most determined anti-apartheid activists. The next day, July 11, 1963, fourteen police officers and a police dog piled into a laundry van and entered Lilliesleaf, an estate owned by Arthur Goldreich . The men leaped out as the van stopped in front of the homestead and then quickly surrounded the building. Inside the home the police found Denis Goldberg. In an thatched-roof outbuilding, police discovered two whites and one Bantu. More significantly, as their search of the room continued, they found a six-page typed document labeled " Operation Mayibuye ." When it was over, the raid would yield eight suspects: Goldberg, Rusty Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, Bob Hepple, Govan Mbeki, Arthur Goldreich, Ahmed Kathrada, and the man police considered their prize catch of the day, ANC leader Walter Sisulu. The police carted away dozens of documents--letters, pamphlets, Communist literature, and maps. They also took a radio transmitter and a duplicating machine. The prosecution's case in the Rivonia trial would, to a large extent, be built around what was found in the Rivonia raid. Authorities announced to the nation the Rivonia raid in exultant tones. Nelson Mandela Faces New Charges At the time of the Rivonia raid, Nelson Mandela was lodged in solitary confinement at a Pretoria jail serving a five-year prison term for leaving the country without a passport and inciting a strike. He began serving time in October 1962. Mandela played a key role in bringing the ANC to the view that force had to be met with force if black liberation were ever to come to South Africa. After calling for a general strike in May 1960, Mandela had vanished underground. The strike attracted less support than Mandela hoped, and he began telling friends "the days of nonviolent struggle were over." In June 1960, Mandela proposed to the ANC executive the undertaking of an armed effort against the South African government: "The attacks of the the wild beast cannot be averted with only bare hands," he said. The ANC executive initially decided, however, that the time was not ripe to take up arms. Eventually, Mandela's arguments won over the ANC, which voted to establish a separate and independent military organ, Umkhonto we Sizwe, or " Spear of the Nation " (or MK, for short). In June 1961, Mandela sent to South African newspapers a letter warning that a new campaign would be launched unless the government agreed to call for a national constitutional convention. Knowing that no such call would be forthcoming, Mandela retreated to the Rivonia hideout to began planning, with other supporters, a sabotage campaign. The campaign began on December 16, 1961 when Umkhonto we Sizwe saboteurs lit explosives at an electricity sub-station. Dozens of other acts of sabotage followed over the next eighteen months. (Indeed, the government would allege the defendants committed 235 separate acts of sabotage.) The sabotage included attacks on government posts, machines, and power facilities, as well as deliberate crop burning. Mandela spent much of the early months of the sabotage campaign at the Rivonia safe-house, where he went by the name of "David." At Rivonia, Mandela met with other leaders to shape strategy and plan a possible future guerrilla war against the South African government. His goal, he always said, was not to establish a government ruled by blacks, but to move to a multi-racial democracy that would abolish repressive laws that separated African families, restricted their travel, imposed curfews, and denied other basic human rights. In February 1962, Mandela left South Africa to garner support from foreign governments for the goals of the ANC and to receive six months of military training is Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Acting on a tip, probably from the CIA, South African officials arrested Mandela shortly after his return in October. In July 1963, Mandela learned of the Rivonia Raid when he was summoned to the office of a Pretoria prison and saw ten other men who, with him, sometimes would be called the " Rivonia 11 ." The men included seven captured at Rivonia, plus two who were previously detained (Andrew Mlangeni and Elias Motsoaledi), and James Kantor, an attorney. All the other men were being held under the new Ninety-Day Detention Law that allowed security officials to hold without charges for ninety days persons suspected of political crimes. During this ninety-day period, the men were denied the opportunity to consult with lawyers or see their families. Most were held in solitary confinement and some were tortured. Two other men that the state hoped to put on trial would not be. Harold Wolpe, lawyer for the ANC and a radical activist, had been arrested in a disguise near the Bechuanaland border as he attempted to flee South Africa a few days after the Rivonia raid. Arthur Goldreich, a noted painter and the owner of Lilliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, had been picked up in the July 11 raid. Both men had helped identify sabotage targets for Umkhonto we Sizwe. The two men avoided trial by pulling off the most dramatic escape in South African history. They convinced their financially hard-up prison guard to give them their cell keys and play the victim of a simulated assault in exchange for 2000 pounds. Wolpe and Goldreich slipped out of prison and disappeared into the midnight darkness. Eventually they made their way to a garden cottage in a Johannesburg suburb, where they stayed hidden for a week to let the search for them cool down. Finally, dressed as priests, they traveled overland to Swaziland where they chartered a flight to Bechuanaland. In Bechuanaland, South African agents blew up the plane that was scheduled to take them on to Tanganyika, but persons outside the country arranged for a small plane to fly into a remote airstrip and the two men finally landed in the safe haven of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika. The defendants first chance to meet with defense attorneys (Bram Fischer, Joel Joffe, George Bizos, and Arthur Chaskalson) did not come until October 8, 1963, the night before their trial was scheduled to begin. At the time, neither the lawyers nor the defendants knew what crimes the government would charge. Whatever the charges against them, nine of the defendants agreed, they would enter a joint defense. James Kantor, it was decided, needed his own counsel since he had no connection with the other defendants and was seemingly charged only as a proxy for his brother-in-law and law partner, Harold Wolpe. Bob Hepple had been pushed by authorities to become state's witness in return for immunity from prosecution, and announced to the group he was uncertain about whether to accept the state's offer. Clearly, Hepple had to find his own lawyer and be left out of future defense strategy sessions. The Trial Begins The next day at the Palace of Justice in Pretoria, in a segregated courtroom filled on one side with plain-clothed police officers and on the other side with relatives and friends of the accused, prosecutor Percy Yutar called the case of "State versus the National High Command and Others." He then produced an indictment charging the eleven defendants with two counts of sabotage and two counts of conspiracy. The defense, noting that they were just then seeing the indictment for the first time, asked Justice Quartus de Wet for a postponement. De Wet gave the defense three weeks to prepare for trial. When court reconvened three weeks later, Nelson Mandela led the parade of defendants up a staircase that opened into the center of the court, where a specially constructed dock had been built. Mandela gave the clenched fist salute to supporters that had become an ANC trademark. Mandela shouted, "Amandla!" (Power), and the crowd responded with the cry, "Ngawethu!" (It shall be ours). Defense attorney Bram Fischer led off the proceedings with an attack on the sufficiency of the indictment. He argued that the charges were vague, and failed to provide any indication as to which defendants carried out which alleged acts of sabotage. Instead, the government's indictment simply stated that details concerning the sabotage were "peculiarly within the knowledge of the accused." Justice de Wet, in his flowing red robes beneath a wooden canopy, found the defense arguments convincing. He told Yutar that the indictment seemed to presuppose guilt and provided almost no clue as to the nature of the offenses. The indictment, Justice de Wet announced, must be quashed. Got off guard, security officials rushed to re-arrest each of the defendants--except one. Yutar salvaged some favorable publicity for the prosecution by announcing that charges would be dropped against Bob Hepple and that he would be the state's first witness. In December, the remaining defendants were back in court to hear Yutar read the state's new charges. The defendants were accused of sabotage, ordering munitions, recruiting young men for guerrilla warfare, encouraging invasion for foreign military units, and conspiring to obtain funds for revolution from foreign states. The first accused, Nelson Mandela plead not guilty: "My Lord, it it not I, but the government that should be in the dock. I plead not not guilty." Each of the other defendants in turn entered not guilty pleas as well. Yutar delivered the opening statement for the prosecution: The accused deliberately and maliciously plotted and engineered the commission of acts of violence and destruction throughout the country. The planned purpose thereof was to bring about in the Republic of South Africa chaos, disorder and turmoil, which would be aggravated, according to their plan, by the operation of thousands of trained guerrilla warfare units deployed throughout the country at various vantage points....Their combined operations were planned to lead to confusion, violent insurrection and rebellion, followed, at the appropriate juncture, by an armed invasion of the country by military units of foreign powers. In the midst of the resulting chaos, turmoil and disorder, it was planned by the accused to set up a provisional revolutionary government to take over the administration and control of this country... Listening to Yutar's address, defense attorneys realized (as Joel Joffe later recounted in his book, The State vs. Nelson Mandela: The Trial That Changed South Africa) that "for most of the accused the only possible verdict was 'guilty.' The case was therefore, as far as we were concerned, a battle to prevent the death penalty from being carried out." The defendants had other goals, however. Many of them saw the trial as the first and last opportunity to explain to the nation why they felt compelled to do what they did for the sake of South Africa's oppressed. The first prosecution witness would not be, as earlier promised by Yutar, Bob Hepple. Bob Hepple had fled the country. From the safety of Kenya, Hepple told reporters that he never had any intention of testifying against the defendants, whose aims he shared. Instead, the star witness for the prosecution was Bruno Mtolo (known in court as "Mr. X"), a former Umkhonto we Sizwe saboteur. Mtolo told the court that, on orders from the National High Command, he had blown up a municipal office, a power pylon , and an electricity line. He testified that Mandela had given his Natal region MK comrades a pep-talk about their underground missions. He described the workings of bombs, grenades, land mines, and other weapons used by MK saboteurs. Mtolo also testified that he believed that the ANC and MK had become instruments of the Communist Party. He explained that financial and family reasons led him to abandon Umkhonto we Sizwe: Mtolo: They kept promising that I would be paid, and they were still making promises long after I had given all hope of ever getting anything from them. They didn’t care about me nor about the others, the recruits who were arrested. Yutar: Who did not care about them? Mtolo: The High Command. Mtolo's betrayal confused Mandela and the other defendants. In his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela wrote he was especially upset with Mtolo's willingness to implicate underground activists who were not charged in the case. Mandela considered this "inexcusable." The other critical piece in the prosecution case was Umkhonto we Sizwe's six-page plan of action, called " Operation Mayibuye ," confiscated in the Rivonia raid. The state contended the plan, which called for guerrilla warfare and an invasion of South Africa by supporting foreign military units, had been approved by the ANC executive and was the operating plan of Umkhonto we Sizwe. The defense, on the other hand, contended that Operation Mayibuye was just a draft of a possible plan of action and had not been approved by either MK or the ANC executive. In fact, the defense would argue, many of the defendants (including Nelson Mandela) believed the document to be "entirely unrealistic in its goals and plans." Yutar produced other damning documents, many of which he read dramatically in court. A document marked "Top Secret," in the handwriting of Goldreich and found at Rivonia, discussed "revolution" and mentioned possible support from people in the USSR, China, Germany, and Yugoslavia, among other countries. Methods of obtaining weapons, including explosives, were outlined in some detail. Documents such as these shocked many trial observers, but the defendants largely viewed their production with indifference--the defendants were ready to admit they talked openly about sabotage and armed struggle. Many of the prosecution witnesses in the Rivonia trial were ANC or MK recruits who testified only after enduring tough questioning while in detention, often in solitary confinement. Some of the recruits were physically mistreated. Knowing that their release from detention and escape from future prosecution depended on providing trial testimony that satisfied the demands of police and prosecutors, how reliable can their testimony be? From the standpoint of the defense, the answer was: "not very reliable at all." In his book about the Rivonia trial, defense attorney Joel Joffe entitles a chapter of his book, "Unreliable Prosecution Witnesses." Joffe provides numerous examples of witnesses lying or shading the truth to fill what would otherwise be weaknesses in the state's case. In one case, witness Cyril Davids , an attendee at a MK training camp, testified (incredibly, in the defense view) that defendant Denis Goldberg ended virtually every training lecture, whether on the use of duplicating machines or instruction in judo, by specifically telling them that their new skill would be used for guerrilla warfare. Another witness, the owner of a private taxi service, testified that he drove several saboteurs to an electricity sub-station and, after dropping them off, saw a flash and heard an explosion. While the defense conceded the taxi driver's testimony was largely accurate, it said that he wrongly placed defendant Raymond Mhlaba (a defendant for whom the state had little other incriminating evidence) in the back seat of his taxi. In fact, as the evidence would later show, Mhlaba wasn't even in the country at the time the sub-station was sabotaged. For some defendants, including Mandela, Sisulu , Mbeki, and Goldberg, the prosecution's evidence of guilt was strong or overwhelming. In the case of Goldberg, for example, several manufacturers and merchants testified that Goldberg had visited their factories and shops making inquiries about orders of large quantities of parts, such as castings, that had application only in weapon construction. For Goven Mbeki , thirteen separate documents directly implicated him in sabotage planning. For defendants Motsoaledi and Mlangeni, the evidence of guilt was less compelling, but likely to be sufficient given the political circumstances of the trial. Witnesses identified both men as involved either in the training of recruits or the transportation of recruits to receive training. For the other four defendants, the prosecution's cases ranged from weak to virtually non-existent. As mentioned above, the evidence connecting Mhlaba to sabotage of a sub-station was questionable at best. Ahmed Kathrada , the lone Indian among the defendants, was captured at Rivonia and said by a witness to have drafted a couple of pamphlets and taped a broadcast for ANC radio. Essentially the only evidence of Rusty Bernstein's guilt came from a witness to claimed to have seen Bernstein on the roof of a Rivonia building helping to erect a radio antenna. And for attorney James Kantor, the most incriminating--if it can be called that--evidence was that his office at the law firm might have been used by other persons in a manner that violated communication bans that they were subject to. Justice de Wet found the evidence against Kantor so convincing that, at the conclusion of the prosecution case, he dismissed all charges against him. The Defense Case ANC supporters leave court during the Rivonia trial After the state rested its case, the defense had five weeks to prepare for its presentation of evidence. When court convened on April 23, 1964, Bram Fischer delivered an opening statement. Fischer admitted that seven of the ten remaining defendants (all except Bernstein, Kathrada, and Goldberg) were members of the National High Command of Umkhonto we Sizwe, but denied that the High Command had made a decision to embark on a course of guerrilla warfare. Operation Mayibuye, Fischer said, "had not been adopted, and...would not have been adopted while their was some chance of having their objectives achieved by the combination of mass political struggle and sabotage." Fischer finished his address by announcing that the defense case would "commence with a statement from the dock by Nelson Mandela." Mandela chose to give a statement from the dock, even though forgoing cross-examination meant his testimony would be given little weight, because, in his words "I did not want to be limited" to the question-answer format in explaining why he and others found it necessary to undertake a campaign of sabotage against the South African government. Joel Joffe said the defense team recognized that the usual form of testimony would mean Mandela's arguments would lose power as they "came out in a jumble of bits and pieces." For two weeks, Mandela had spent nights in his cell drafting his unapologetic speech, a speech that Bram Fischer worried might earn him the death penalty. The decision to not put Mandela on the stand caught Percy Yutar by surprise. He jumped up from the prosecutor's table to cry, "My Lord! My Lord, I think you should warn the accused that what he says from the dock has far less weight than if he submitted himself to cross-examination." Justice de Wet looked at the prosecutor dryly and said, "I think, Mr. Yutar, that the counsel for the defense have sufficient experience to advise their clients without your assistance." Mandela began speaking in a quiet, even voice. He continue reading for the next four hours. "I am the first accused," Mandela said, and began telling the story of his life, the reasons he joined the struggle for racial equality, and of his gradually arrived at conclusion that non-violent protest must give way to more violent approaches if the goals of a multi-racial democracy in South Africa were ever to be achieved: At the beginning of June 1961, after a long and anxious assessment of the South African situation, I, and some colleagues, came to the conclusion that as violence in this country was inevitable, it would be unrealistic and wrong for African leaders to continue preaching peace and non-violence at a time when the Government met our peaceful demands with force. This conclusion was not easily arrived at. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle, and to form Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela concluded his speech by announcing he was ready to make the ultimate sacrifice for his cause: During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. Mandela sat down. In his autobiography, he describes the scene in the Pretoria courtroom. "The silence seemed to stretch for many minutes. But in fact it lasted probably no more than thirty seconds, and then from the gallery I heard what sounded like a great sigh, a deep, collective 'ummmm,' followed by the cries of women." Justice de Wet turned to Bram and announced in a gentle voice, "You may call your next witness." Walter Sisulu, former Secretary General of the ANC and a member of MK's National High Command, took the stand. Sisulu testified that Operation Mayibuye was the brain child of Arthur Goldreich, a member of the High Command and a former member of the Israeli underground movement. Sisulu said that the plan had not been adopted, in part because more time was needed "to condition the masses." The ANC and Umkhonto, Sisulu also told the court, were separate organizations. He testified that he agreed sabotage was necessary, but insisted that "the choice of targets makes the position perfectly clear that the intention was not to injure anybody at all." Pressed on this point by Justice de Wet, who pointed to the death of a passer-by when a bomb exploded at a post office, Sisulu conceded that accidents could happen, despite the precautions Umkhonto tried to take. In five days of cross-examination, Yutar tried to link the ANC and Umkhonto to the Communist Party and pushed Sisulu to identify others who played key roles in underground organizations. Despite warnings from the bench, Sisulu refused to name names. Over the course of the next week, each of the other seven defendants would take the stand, with five (Kathrada, Mhlaba, Bernstein, Mbeki, and Goldberg) subjecting themselves to cross-examination and two (Motsoaledi and Mlangeni) offering, like Mandela, prepared statements. For the several defendants for whom conviction was all but certain their time on the stand was an opportunity to explain to the nation why they did what they did. Elias Motsoaledi's brief statement provided one of the more moving moments of the trial. He ended his prepared remarks by telling the court, "What I did brought me no personal gain. What I did, I did for my people and because I thought it was the only way left to help my people. That is all I have to say." But he did have one more thing to say. Looking at the judge, Motsoaledi said: "In addition, my Lord, I want to say that I was assaulted by the Security Branch in an attempt to make me make a statement." For the three defendants for whom conviction was in some doubt (Kathrada, Mhlaba, and Bernstein), testifying offered a chance to rebut whatever weak evidence the prosecution had presented that tied them either to the sabotage or conspiracy charges. Raymond Mhlaba did himself no favor on the stand, according to Joel Joffe, who described the slow-answering, slow-moving man as having "made a rather unfortunate impression in the box." On the other hand, Rusty Bernstein was an "ideal witness," giving "clear, concise answers" in a "polite and unruffled manner" while conceding nothing. His testimony, quite likely, spared him the fate of the other defendants. Closing Speeches, Verdict, and Sentence Waiting for the sentence outside the Palace of Justice Closing arguments began in the Rivonia trial on May 20. Percy Yutar, for the state , said: " I make bold to say that every particular allegation in the indictment has been proved. There is not a single material allegation in the opening address that has not been proved. On the evidence it is clear that without the action of the police, South Africa might have found itself in a bloody civil war." Three weeks later, Justice de Wet announced his verdict. Only Rusty Bernstein was acquitted. Ahmed Kathrada was found guilty on one of the four counts. The other defendants: guilty on all counts. Justice de Wet told the assembled courtroom that he would deal with the question of sentencing the next morning. He released a 72-page summary of the evidence with findings. Justice de Wet concluded, among other things, that "beyond doubt Nelson Mandela had been the leading spirit behind the creation of Umkhonto we Sizwe" and that "Operation Mayibuye comprised a detailed plan for waging guerrilla war intended to culminate in full scale revolt against the Government of South Africa." There was still, however, one confrontation left for the trial. The defense asked to present testimony in mitigation of sentence from Alan Paton , author of the bestselling book, "Cry, the Beloved Country." Paton, a respected member of South Africa's moribund Liberal Party, commanded a huge following both in South Africa and the world as a whole. A packed courtroom awaited his testimony, included numerous representatives from foreign embassies and consulates. Paton told the court that he testified out of a sense of duty "because I love my country" and his belief that sparing the defendant's lives was "very important to our future." Paton did not apologize for what the defendants did, but called them men of courage with a "deep devotion to their people." They had no choice, he said, but either "to bow their heads and submit, or to resist by force." At times during Paton's testimony, Justice de Wet seemed barely to be listening. His mind had been made up. For weeks, international pressure to spare the defendants' lives--in the form of U. N. resolutions, protests, and secret diplomatic communications --had been building. After asking the defendants to rise, Justice de Wet pronounced sentence . "I have decided not to impose the supreme penalty," the judge said, even though it would normally be "the proper penalty for the crime." He concluded his brief statement: "The sentence in the case of all of the accused will be one of life imprisonment." Nelson Mandela and the other defendants, who had all decided that they would not appeal if sentenced to death, broke into smiles. They would live! Mandela gave a thumbs-up sign to the his supporters. Minutes later, the defendants were hustled into a van. As they drove off, to what for each would be more than two decades of imprisonment, the crowd in the streets outside the courthouse shouted, "Amandla! Nkosi Sikelel iAfrica!" Mandela answered by sticking his clenched fist through the bars of the van's window. Epilogue Robben Island Nelson Mandela spent the next eighteen years in a prison on Robben Island, just off Cape Town. He worked in a lime quarry and was allowed one letter and one visitor every six months. In 1982, authorities transferred Mandela and four other Rivonia defendants (Sisulu, Mlangeni, Mhlaba, and Kathrada) to Pollsmoor Prison in suburban Cape Town. The winds of change began to sweep South Africa in 1985. Denis Goldberg became the first of the Rivonia defendants to be released from prison. President P. W. Botha offered Mandela a deal: renounce violence and be freed. Mandela refused the offer: "Only free men can negotiate--a prisoner cannot enter into contracts." In November of 1985, the National Party government entered into secret negotiations with Mandela for what, it was hoped, might be an eventual transition to a multi-racial government. By the beginning of 1990, only Mandela among the Rivonia defendants remained imprisoned, now at a bungalow in Victor Verster prison where he continued his secret negotiations. In February 1990, President F. W. de Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela. The next year, Mandela was elected president of the ANC. In April 1994, South Africans of all races went to the polls. The ANC won 62% of the vote and on May 10, Nelson Mandela took the oath of office as the first black President of South Africa.	i don't know
In April 1946, Derby County beat which football team in the first FA Cup final since the end of the war?	The History Of Derby County The History Of Derby County The History Of Derby County PUBLISHED 00:22 19th May 2015 An in-depth look back at the history of the Rams, from 1884 to the present day. Derby County began life in 1884, as an off-shoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club - formed some 13 years earlier - with football growing more popular. In those days there was no Football League, so the Rams had to make do with a series of friendly matches and the FA Cup. Friendly matches were a way of building the team and the club up and the cup eventually provided some success in 1885, with an impressive victory going a long way to putting the town's football club on the map. In 1888 came the introduction of the Football League, a 12-team competition formed with clubs from across the midlands and the north-west. Preston North End, Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, West Bromwich Albion, Accrington FC, Everton, Burnley, Notts County, Stoke City, and of course, Derby County. Bolton were the first league opponents, a game Derby won 6-3 with doubles for Cooper, Bakewell, and Lawrence Plackett, but the Rams would ultimately finish tenth in the debut campaign. The following season saw improvement on the field - the County Ground, Derby's first home - as the club finished seventh. In 1889/90 Derby made their most significant signing thus far with the capture of England international John Goodall, a star of the Preston side that had won the double in league football's first season. 1890 to 1900 A clash with a race meeting meant that March 19 1892 went down in history as the day Derby County graced the Baseball Ground for the first time. They lost that game 1-0 to Sunderland and would eventually move to the BBG for the start of the 1895/96 season with race meeting clashes becoming more frequent. The 1890s was the decade that saw football's first superstar come to prominence. Steve Bloomer made his Derby debut, at the age of 18, on the opening day of 1892/93, and at the end of September he scored from the penalty spot in a draw with West Bromwich Albion. It was the first of 332 goals over a long and distinguished Rams career for the front-man, a tally that still stands today as the club's all-time highest. Bloomer was the leading scorer in 1893/94, the first of 13 consecutive seasons he led the chart. The Rams narrowly avoided relegation to the newly-formed Division Two in 1894/95 by beating Notts County in a Test match - these were the early equivalent to play-offs, though the format differed slightly to today's in that the bottom three from the First Division would take on the top three from the second tier. If you won, you were up, and if you lost you were down. 1895/96 was the most successful season so far of Derby's fledgling life. They finished second for the first time, four points behind Aston Villa, and also reached the semi-final of the FA Cup where they lost 2-1 to Wolves. Third spot and another semi-final defeat followed the next year, before in 1898 came the first of two successive FA Cup finals. Bloomer was on target in the Crystal Palace clash, but Derby went down 3-1 to Nottingham Forest. Twelve months later they were back at the Palace again but were beaten again, this time 4-1 by Sheffield United. 1900 to 1910 The turn of the century saw Derby maintain their position in the upper reaches of Division One while Bloomer was continuing to see off all who came up against him. He scored his 200th goal in November 1901, a figure only one other Derby player - Kevin Hector - has passed. Derby were back at Crystal Palace for another FA Cup final in 1903, but with Bloomer out injured and a goalkeeper also struggling, it wasn't to be. Bury's 6-0 success still stands today as the highest winning margin in an FA Cup final. And midway through the 1905/06 season came news that rocked Derby - Bloomer had been sold to Middlesbrough, and the following year his loss was felt as the club suffered relegation for the first time. Jimmy Methven was appointed manager in August 1906 and played the last of his 511 games for the club that season, but couldn't prevent them losing their Division One status. Derby gradually improved their Division Two position over the next three seasons and in 1909/10 they were a solitary point away from winning promotion, having been beaten by Oldham Athletic in game 36 of 38. Derby finished fourth on 53 points, tied with Hull City and Oldham, and it was the Latics who would celebrate top-flight football that year. In that very same season Alf Bentley became the first Derby player to reach the 30-goal mark - something even the great Steve Bloomer hadn't managed. 1910 to 1920 Steve Bloomer was back in a Derby shirt in October 1910 at the age of 35, and he made an immediate impact with two goals in a 5-0 victory over Lincoln City in his first game back. And the following season his impact was there for all to see as Derby won promotion back to Division One after finishing top of the table. Bloomer scored 18 league goals as the Rams clinched the championship thanks to a 2-0 win at Barnsley on the final day of the season, thanks to a superior goal average compared to second-placed Chelsea. On April 26 1913, Ernald Scattergood became the first - and so far the only - goalkeeper to score for Derby County, when he netted a penalty in a 1-1 draw at Manchester City on the final day of the season. Scattergood went on to net two more goals in a Rams shirt - both penalties. Bloomer remained a prolific scorer right up past his 40th birthday but he only played five times in 1913/14, scoring twice, as Derby finished bottom of Division One and suffered their second relegation. Bloomer scored 332 goals for the club in 525 games and is still Derby's leading all-time goalscorer, while only three players - Kevin Hector, Ron Webster and Roy McFarland - have made more appearances. Having dropped out of the top-flight in 1914, Derby bounced straight back the following season as they became Division Two champions again. The 1914/15 campaign was the last in league football until 1919/20, due to the First World War. When football resumed, the Rams comfortably held on to their top-flight status. 1920 to 1930 The turbulent run continued in 1920/21 as Derby, still under Jimmy Methven's management, dropped out of Division One again. Methven departed the Baseball Ground the following season following 31 years at the club, as player and manager, and a final 12th in Division Two was Derby's lowest-ever finish. A breeze of excitement blew through football across the country in 1922/23 with news that Wembley Stadium would host the FA Cup final for the first time. And the Rams, now under the control of Cecil Potter, fell just short of going all the way. Potter guided Derby all the way to the semi-final, a fine achievement for a team outside of the top-flight, but they were beaten 5-2 by West Ham United - who were also in Division Two. Derby finished third for two successive seasons, when both times they should have secured a top-two spot and promotion, but when George Jobey took over for the 1925/26 campaign they went one step better. Jobey's Derby finished second in the table and top-flight football returned to the Baseball Ground - now owned by the club after they purchased it from Francis Ley in 1924. The Baseball Ground was beginning to take shape and a then-record 30,557 packed in to see Derby take on Bolton Wanderers in December 1926, a couple of months after the new main stand on Shaftsbury Crescent was opened. Jobey's Rams were scoring goals for fun but they were also conceding them at an alarming rate too, though they were establishing themselves firmly in the upper-reaches of the top-flight. In 1929/30 they finished second in Division One for only the second time in their history, ten points behind eventual champions Sheffield Wednesday, having scored 90 and conceded 82 in 42 games. 1930 to 1940 Jack Bowers smashed the club's goalscoring record with 37 league goals in 1930/31 and 39 overall, at more than one per game. Derby were continuing to sit solidly in Division One, never threatening honours but not looking like going down, and in 1932/33 Bowers extended his goals-in-a-season record to 43 in all games. That tally still stands today. Derby were FA Cup semi-finalists that season, where they lost 3-2 to Manchester City, and in the quarter-final the Baseball Ground's attendance record was broken again when 34,218 witnessed a 4-4 draw with Sunderland. That figure was beaten once more the following season when Wolverhampton Wanderers were beaten 3-0 in front of 37,727 - this after a double-decker stand at the Osmaston End had been completed. Bowers suffered a knee injury in 1934/35 so Hughie Gallacher came in for what now seems a modest £2,750, but he was soon filling his boots with 23 goals in his 27 games that season. Derby finished second again the following year and the attendance record was smashed again as 37,830 were present to see Nottingham Forest beaten 2-0 in the FA Cup. The Baseball Ground was really coming to life with the Normanton End stand now open. Jobey was still in charge at the end of the decade as Derby finished sixth in 1938/39, only for football to be interrupted due to war once more. In September 1932, Jack Nicholas had embarked on a run that saw him play an amazing 328 out of 331 league games up to the end of 38/39. There was still more to come from the inspirational defender. FA CUP Winners 1946 With league football still suspended, the FA Cup restarted in 1945/46 and it saw Derby enjoy their finest moment since formation in the previous century. Ties were played over two legs that year and the Rams, now managed by Stuart McMillan, scored plenty of goals along the way as they saw off Luton Town, West Bromwich Albion, Brighton and Hove Albion and Aston Villa to earn themselves a tie against Birmingham City in the semi-final. The first game, played at Hillsborough, finished 1-1, setting up the Maine Road second leg nicely. Two goals each for Peter Doherty and Jack Stamps, coupled with a clean sheet at the other end, sent Derby through to their first FA Cup final since 1903 and their debut at Wembley. Charlton Athletic stood in the way of Vic Woodley, Jack Nicholas, Jack Howe, Jimmy Bullions, Leon Leuty, Walter 'Chick' Musson, Reg Harrison, Raich Carter, Jack Stamps, Peter Doherty and Dally Duncan. Almost 100,000 people witnessed a tight affair that looked destined for extra-time, before an own-goal by Charlton's Bert Turner put Derby in front with just minutes remaining. Turner, however, made immediate amends as his free-kick deflected in off Doherty to level the scores once more. Then came one of the most dramatic moments in FA Cup final history. Stamps found himself presented with a great chance to win the Cup for Derby and he looked to have done so with a shot that beat Charlton keeper Sam Bartram. Amazingly, the ball burst on its way to the goal, the first time it had ever happened in a cup final. Amazingly, it happened again in the following year's final, with Charlton once again involved. Extra-time came and Derby were in the ascendancy once more. Doherty added the second goal, and two strikes from Stamps gave the scoreline an emphatic look and it was left to skipper Nicholas to become the first - and so far only - Rams captain to get his hands on the FA Cup. Reg Harrison (second left, front row above) and Jimmy Bullions (back row, furthest left) are the only survivors from the team on duty that famous April day. 1946 to 1950 Derby threatened a return to Wembley in 1947/48 but lost 3-1 to Manchester United at Hillsborough, with their goal that day coming from Billy Steel. Steel had joined the Rams from Greenock Morton in 1947 for what was then a British record fee of £15,500, and Derby were starting to become big spenders. They splashed out £24,500 to break the record again in 1949, for Manchester United's Jonny Morris, who went on to score 13 goals in his first 13 games. That season Derby finished third, and it wasn't until the 1970s that they were up there again. The Baseball Ground's record was smashed in February 1950 with 38,063 crowding in for an FA Cup tie against Northampton Town, a figure that would stand for two decades. 1950 to 1960 The start of the 1950s saw Derby decline rapidly and after finishing 17th in 1952, their lowest position for over quarter of a century, they were relegated the following year. Stuart McMillan, who had guided the club to FA Cup glory in 1946, was sacked as manager in November 1953 with his current team struggling in Division Two. Jack Barker, a hero of the 1930s, took over, though he was unable to prevent Derby dropping to Division Three North in 1955 after they finished bottom of the table. Harry Storer took over for the 55/56 season and guided Derby to second in the table, on the back of a first-ever century of league goals, but it wasn't enough to take them back up again. Midland League side Boston United caused a major FA Cup shock in December 1955 by winning 6-1 at the Baseball Ground. In their side that day was one Reg Harrison, who had joined them the previous season and was the last of the 1946 heroes to leave Derby. Storer's side clinched the Division Three North championship in 1957, aided by Ray Straw's record-equalling 37 league goals, and Derby reached three figures again with 111 - one more than the previous campaign. Consolidation in Division Two followed, though they endured a difficult campaign in 59/60 that ultimately saw them finish fifth from bottom. They were beaten 7-1 at home by Middlesbrough - a scoreline that equalled their heaviest-ever home defeat, and was matched again in 1990/91. On the pitch that day, though not on the scoresheet, was a certain Brian Clough, whose influence would be felt greatly in the not-too-distant future. 1960 to 1970 Derby hovered around the middle to lower reaches of Division Two in the early part of the 60s and they made a managerial change at the start of 62/63 when Tim Ward took over from Harry Storer. Both had been former Derby players before being handed the top job. The first roots of the championship-winning squad began to grow with the emergence of local lad Ron Webster, and the signing of Welshman Alan Durban in 1963. Jack Parry and Geoff Barrowcliffe became the fourth and fifth members of the 500-game club, but Derby were pulling up few trees in the league and having little success in the FA Cup. Bobby Saxton became the first player to appear for the club as a substitute, replacing Barrowcliffe 14 minutes in to an opening-day game against Southampton in 1965. The Rams broke their own transfer record in September 1966 when they paid £40,000 for Kevin Hector, a 21-year-old striker from Bradford Park Avenue who already had over 100 league goals to his name. It would prove to be one of the most significant deals in the club's history. Another significant appointment came in the summer of 1967, when Brian Clough replaced Tim Ward in the manager's hot-seat. Clough installed Peter Taylor as his assistant and the pair embarked on a partnership that saw them enjoy unprecedented success at Derby. Clough guided Derby to the League Cup semi-final for the first time, though in the league they finished 18th - one place lower than Ward's last season in charge. Legendary Scotsman Dave Mackay arrived from Tottenham Hotspur in time for the 1968/69 campaign and he proved to be an inspiration as Clough's Derby romped to the Division Two title, seven points clear at the top. Mackay, despite playing outside of the top-flight, was named as the joint Footballer of the Year that season, such was his impact at the Baseball Ground. Derby ended the decade back up among the upper reaches of the English game once more. In 1969/70, their first season back in the top-flight, they finished fourth, behind champions Everton, runners-up Leeds United, and Chelsea. That would have qualified them for the UEFA Cup, only for a league disciplinary commission to deny them their first-ever appearance in European football after finding them guilty of administrative irregularities. The Baseball Ground was complete and housed a record 41,826 in September 1969 as the Rams thrashed Tottenham Hotspur 5-0. The figure was never beaten. That was Derby's record 22nd league game unbeaten, spread over two seasons. Their best in one season is 20. Derby also broke the £100,000-barrier for the first time with the signing of classy midfielder Terry Hennessey from Nottingham Forest. The greatest era in the club's history was just around the corner. 1970 to 1980 The Rams began the decade by winning silverware, the Watney Cup, an out-of-season invitational event, by beating Manchester United at the Baseball Ground. Their transfer record was raised again, to £170,000 for centre-half Colin Todd, though in 1970/71 Derby finished only ninth in Division One - little indication of what was to follow. Derby didn't lose a league game in 1971/72 until the middle of October, by which time they had established themselves among the chasing pack at the top of the division. As the season went on there was a feeling that maybe, just maybe, the club from what was then just a town could ruffle the feathers of the big-city outfits and claim the championship for the first time in its history. The title race went right to the wire and on May 1 1972, when Derby beat Liverpool in their final game of the season they were in pole position. However, it was out of their hands. Both Leeds United and Liverpool, still with a game to play, could overtake them at the top of the table. It was a nervous few days in Derby but the players - on an end-of-season trip to Majorca - had their dreams realised when both results went their way. Derby, runners-up three times, were the champions of England for the first time in their history. It also wasn't the only silverware they picked up during the season. The Rams claimed the Texaco Cup, while their reserves won the Central League, completing an unprecedented trophy treble for the club. They used only 16 players all season, of which just 12 could class themselves as regulars on the teamsheet, making their triumph even more remarkable. And so to the continent. European football came to Derby for the first time, and the Rams were dining at the top table of the European Cup. Portugese giants Benfica were drawn out in the second round for a trip to the Baseball Ground, and nothing could prepare them for what lay in wait. Even the legendary Eusebio was powerless as Roy McFarland, Kevin Hector and Jon McGovern sent the home fans into raptures with three first-half goals that put Derby in command. The second leg, at the intimidating Estadio du Luz, was one Derby had to defend in but they did their job superbly to return home with a 0-0 draw and a place in the quarter-final. Czechoslovakian champions Spartak Trnava were seen off and all of a sudden the Rams were just 180 minutes away from the European Cup final. Standing in their way was the Grand Old Lady of Turin, Juventus. The first leg over in Italy was a controversial affair. Juventus won it 3-1, but McFarland and Archie Gemmill picked up their second yellow cards of the tournament, ruling them out of the return. Derby gave it everything they had but it was not to be. Roger Davies was sent off, Alan Hinton missed a penalty, and their dreams of going all the way were over. In the league they finished ninth, and in October 1973 the club was in turmoil after the resignation of Brian Clough and Peter Taylor following disputes with the board. At a time when Derby County should have been establishing itself as one of the leading lights in the English game, they were back to the drawing board. If the fans couldn't keep Clough, then only one man could seriously be considered to take over - the man who had helped galvanise the club upon his arrival in 1968. Following in the footsteps of Clough and Taylor was never going to be easy, but Mackay - and his assistant Des Anderson - steadied the ship and indeed took Derby to third in 1973/74, earning them a place in the UEFA Cup. They, too, would have plenty more to come their way. In the summer of 74 they landed the experienced Francis Lee from Manchester City, and that would prove an inspired capture. The UEFA Cup adventure lasted as far as round three, and defeat by Velez Mostar of Yugoslavia, though in the previous round the Rams had gone to Spain and put out Atletico Madrid after a penalty shoot-out. Division One was tightly-fought all season and Derby were never too many points adrift of the leading pack, even if they weren't always part of it. Davies, Hector and Lee added 12, 13 and 12 league goals each, though Bruce Rioch's 15 from midfield would ultimately prove crucial. Davies, signed from non-league football a few years previously, netted all five in a win over Luton Town on March 29. By that time Derby were hitting their best form of the season and were unbeaten in their last nine games, winning six. A draw at Leicester in their penultimate game put Derby within touching distance of their second title in three years, and once again they weren't playing when they were crowned. Instead, the annual awards night was taking place when news broke that nearest challengers Ipswich Town had blown their chances and Derby were champions once more. A 0-0 draw at home to already-relegated Carlisle United on the final day of the season took none of the gloss away from what was another remarkable triumph. Club legends paraded on the pitch, the trophy was given pride of place on a lap of honour, and another glorious chapter was added to Derby County's history. Having been crowned champions again, the Rams splashed out £100,000 on Arsenal striker Charlie George - a bargain in the market. George made his debut at Wembley in the Charity Shield, which Derby won 2-0 against West Ham United thanks to goals from Roy McFarland and Kevin Hector. Derby had declined the opportunity to take part in the 1972 game. George would also go on to score arguably the most memorable hat-trick in the club's history. Another European Cup adventure got underway with victory over Slovan Bratislava, then came the ultimate glamour tie - Real Madrid, the true giants of the European game. And Derby were in dreamland with a first leg on October 22 that surpassed all expectations. George smashed home a wonderful first goal that sent the Baseball Ground crowd wild ten minutes in. Seven minutes later it was two when George fired in from the penalty spot, before Real pulled one back on 25. By half-time the Rams were 3-1 up thanks to David Nish and they received a stroke of good fortune in the second period when Real had a goal ruled out for offside - by the same Russian linesman who had awarded Geoff Hurst's effort off the bar in the 1966 World Cup final. George netted his second penalty of the night and third of the game with 12 minutes left to make it 4-1 to Derby. The return leg at the Bernabeu would always be tough but, sadly for Derby, Real turned on the style that had earmarked them as one of the great pioneers of the game. They raced into a three-goal lead to level the tie by 55 minutes, but by 62 the Rams were back in it through Charlie George to lead on aggregate. Derby were five minutes away from going through but a late Real goal forced the tie into extra-time, where Mackay's men had given their all but were beaten by another strike to go down 5-1 on the night and 6-5 on aggregate. It had been a marathon encounter and one that showcased all that was good about the game. Domestically, Derby were threatening to not only retain their title but add a first-ever Double in the club's history. But when Charlie George dislocated a shoulder in March, having already scored 24 goals in all competitions, their hopes took a big blow. Manchester United saw them off in the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough, 2-0, and Mackay's Rams won just two of their last six games. Still, finishing fourth was another fine achievement for the club from a provincial town in the East Midlands - Derby didn't even become a city until 1977. The Rams were back in Europe, this time in the UEFA Cup, and broke their all-time record victory with a 12-0 thrashing of Irish minnows Finn Harps - Kevin Hector with five, Charlie George and Leighton James with hat-tricks, Bruce Rioch completing the scoring. As had happened to Brian Clough and Peter Taylor, Dave Mackay and Des Anderson lasted just 18 months after winning the title before departing the club. Reserve-team coach Colin Murphy took over temporarily and was given the job permanently in February 1977 after an unsuccessful attempt to lure back Clough and Taylor, who were now at Nottingham Forest. Ron Webster broke the all-time appearances record with his 526th outing in April, but Derby dropped down to 15th in the table by the end of the season. Murphy lasted until September 1977 before being replaced by Tommy Docherty, who quickly began to usher in a new era as the title-winning team began to break up through Docherty's extensive transfer dealings. Docherty guided Derby to 12th in his first season but his much-changed team narrowly avoided relegation in 78/79 by finishing fourth from bottom, and Addison took over the reins for 79/80. But after such a glorious decade, Derby ended it on a low note by finishing second from bottom and dropping out of Division One. Twice champions, European Cup semi-finalists, that great night against Real Madrid - now the Rams were facing a return to the second tier. 1980 - 1990 Derby didn't threaten a return to the top-flight in the early years of the 1980s, instead they all too often looked like they would drop down again and end up in Division Three. John Newman took over from Colin Addison in January 1982 and with the help of former favourites Charlie George and Kevin Hector, both now back at the club, secured Derby's status for another season. Hector scored his 201st and final goal in his 589th and final game for the club on the last day of the season, a fitting way to bring a great career to an end. Nobody has played more games for Derby than the man known as the King, and only Steve Bloomer has scored more goals. Peter Taylor returned to the Baseball Ground - minus Brian Clough - with Derby in trouble in November 1982 as attendances dropped and results were getting worse. Their second win of the season didn't come until December, but a long unbeaten run from the end of January to the end of April secured their safety. The 1983/84 season saw an altogether different problem surface. The threat of relegation continued to hang over the Baseball Ground but the threat of extinction was growing by the week due to the club's financial difficulties. In April the club went to the High Court and after much work behind the scenes, Derby were saved and the winding-up petitions lifted. But on the field, there was no way back. The Rams ultimately finished third from bottom, five points adrift of safety, and nine years after winning the league they were in the third tier of the English game. Nine years after winning the FA Cup, in 1946, the same fate had fallen upon the club. Roy McFarland, a legend as a player, had taken over for the last nine games of the season but by then the situation was helpless. McFarland remained at the club as assistant to new manager Arthur Cox ahead of the 84/85 season, Derby's centenary year, as the club looked to rebuild. Cox steered Derby to seventh in Division Three, and with the opportunity to add more quality to his squad for 1985/86 he did the trick. The Rams finished third but there were no play-offs in those days so it was enough to earn them automatic promotion back to the second tier. That season they took on the likes of Newport County, York City, Bolton Wanderers and Wigan Athletic - how times can change in 20 years. And after taking Derby up once, Cox repeated the feat the following year as the Rams returned to the top-flight. Bobby Davison, having contributed 17 goals to the first promotion campaign, added a further 19 this time around and with valuable contributions from Phil Gee (15) and John Gregory (12), Derby romped to the title. They were promoted in their 40th game of 42 by beating Leeds United at the Baseball Ground, and clinched top spot on the final day with victory over Plymouth Argyle to go up with a six-point cushion over their nearest challengers. Robert Maxwell, who had helped rescue the club in 1984, took over as chairman, and the Rams began to splash the cash. England internationals Peter Shilton and Mark Wright arrived - Wright for a record-smashing fee - and quickly became two of the finest players to pull on a Derby County shirt. Goals were hard to come by in that first season back up, though the Rams finished a comfortable 15th despite suffering a record-equalling eight straight defeats midway through the campaign. To remedy that, the Rams broke the million-pound barrier for the first time with the signing of Welsh international striker Dean Saunders in October 1988. Saunders added five goals in his first four games to quickly become a hit with the Baseball Ground faithful, and he ended his debut season with 14 in 30. Derby finished fifth in the table, helped by memorable wins away to Manchester United and eventual champions Arsenal, but were once again denied European football due to the ban on English clubs imposed following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Rams needed to build on that but investment wasn't forthcoming and when Paul Goddard - the perfect foil for Saunders - was sold to Millwall in December 1989, it was a clear indication that Maxwell was cutting back. They flirted with relegation before eventually finishing 16th, though they did enjoy a double over Manchester United. Shilton and Wright starred in England's run to the semi-final of the 1990 World Cup as Shilton also became the world's most-capped international player during the tournament. The turn of the decade was, once again, ushering in a turn in the club's fortunes. 1999 to 2000 Derby began the new decade in decline and turmoil. Chairman Robert Maxwell had introduced a freeze on transfers and the Rams were only able to bolster their ranks with a couple of loan signings during 1990/91. That had a disastrous effect on the team's form, and Arthur Cox's men suffered a club record 20-game winless run. By the time they picked up three points on May 4, having not done so since December 1, they were, not surprisingly, already relegated. And off the field it was time for change too. Maxwell departed, paid off by the sales of Dean Saunders and Mark Wright to Liverpool for a combined fee of over £5m, and a new board of directors took over at the helm. Money was scarce until the November 1991 arrival of Lionel Pickering, a local multi-millionaire, who would ultimately oversee some dramatic changes at the club. On the field the Rams were looking for an immediate return to the top-flight, which would become the Premiership in 1992/93, and they came desperately close. The season reached its final day and Derby needed to beat Swindon Town at home, and hope Middlesbrough slipped up, so they could sneak into second. For a while things were going their way but while Derby did their part, Boro recovered and left the Rams in the play-offs. There they lost to Blackburn Rovers in the semi-final, and despite some considerable spending - including doubling the transfer record to £2.65m on Craig Short - the Rams never threatened a tilt at promotion in 1992/93. However, they did return to Wembley for the first time since 1975, in the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup. The competition was for teams in the second tiers of their national leagues, and Derby faced up against Serie B side Cremonese in March 1993. They fell behind early, Martin Taylor saved a penalty, Marco Gabbiadini equalised, and at half-time the 37,000-plus Rams fans were hoping for victory. It wasn't to be however as the Italians netted twice more after the break, but for many Derby followers it was the first chance to see their side play at the famous stadium. They were back at Wembley again the following season, but this time the prize was far greater. Arthur Cox had resigned in the early part of the campaign and his long-time assistant Roy McFarland, a legend as a player, was handed the top job. McFarland guided the Rams to sixth in what was now Division One, earning them a play-off place, and after semi-final victory over Millwall only Leicester City stood between Derby and the Premiership. It all looked so good when Tommy Johnson opened the scoring in front of over 73,000 fans on a baking hot May day, but Steve Walsh equalised for the Foxes just before half-time. The second half was a tense affair but late in the game, within the space of a couple of minutes John Harkes missed a sitter and Walsh won it for Leicester. Defeat was cruel on Derby, while for Leicester it was success at the third attempt having lost in the previous two finals. The play-off hangover was all too apparent as 1994/95 got underway and while Derby had their good runs during the season, they were never really up with the pace of the promotion challengers. Key players departed during the season and by the end, another era in the club's history had closed when McFarland's contract wasn't renewed. The Rams had finished ninth, and it was time for major change in the summer of 1995. After weeks of speculation about who would take over, in flew the Bald Eagle - the experienced Jim Smith was appointed boss, and one of his first moves was to bring in ex-Rams midfielder Steve McClaren as his assistant. Many of Cox's big-money signings left, though Smith was wily enough to often complete player-plus-cash deals to bolster his squad. But by October, there was the feeling that something was missing - a spark, an inspiration, that extra influence. And Smith, as was his way, delivered when it mattered. In came Croatian sweeper Igor Stimac for £1.57m, the second-highest fee in the club's history, and that despite competition from across the continent. "I want to play in the Premier League" were Stimac's prophetic first words, though his debut gave no clues as to what would follow - a 5-1 defeat at Tranmere Rovers on November 4. Twenty games later, on March 9, the Rams had embarked on an unbeaten run that had taken them to the top of the table. Defeat at Sunderland ended that run, a record inside one season, and Sunderland went on to claim the title. During the run it was also announced that the club would be leaving the Baseball Ground, its home for over a century, and moving to a new purpose-built facility on an up-and-coming city industrial unit called Pride Park. Nerves began to set in and it was all down to the penultimate game of the season. Derby County v Crystal Palace, second v third, and a win would be enough to send Smith's side up. Dean Sturridge opened the scoring early on, Kenny Brown levelled for Palace almost immediately, and there couldn't have been many tenser occasions in the Baseball Ground's history. Derby were back in front midway through the second half through a powerful header by Robbie van der Laan, the inspirational central midfielder signed by Smith and immediately installed as captain in the summer of 95. There was no more fitting a man to score the winning goal and when the final whistle blew, the Baseball Ground erupted to scenes of great celebration. Derby were heading to the Premiership - and with a new ground just over a year away, another exciting chapter in the club's history was getting going. Consolidation in the first season in the Premiership and the last at the Baseball Ground was the aim, and with the aid of some astute signings, Derby managed it comfortably. Republic of Ireland legend Paul McGrath arrived at the age of 36, barely trained during the week yet was a true rock come the weekend. At the other end of the scale, 20-year-old Costa Rican striker Paulo Wanchope joined in March 97 and made his debut in a memorable 3-2 win at Manchester United, where he scored one of the great Derby County goals of all-time. Arsenal were the last-ever league visitors to the Baseball Ground and somewhat spoiled the party by going away with a 3-1 win, but no matter - Derby were already safe, and looking forward to bringing the cream of the crop to their new home. Ashley Ward scored the Rams' last goal at their historic home, and then netted their first at Pride Park - which had been opened in July by Her Majesty The Queen at a ceremonial occasion. However, his record didn't remain in the books for long due to what was literally one of the darkest nights the club had faced. In August 1997 Derby led Wimbledon 2-1 when, 11 minutes after half-time, the floodlights failed and proceedings were abandoned - not how they wanted to mark their first league game in the new surroundings. Italian duo Francesco Baiano and Stefano Eranio arrived that summer, from Fiorentina and AC Milan respectively, and it looked as though the good times were heading back to Derby. Eranio went on to become the first Ram to net at the new home. The Rams produced some spectacular football in their first season at Pride Park and went unbeaten there until February 1998. A challenge for one of the European places was a realistic one until six defeats in the last ten games saw them ultimately finish ninth. The 98/99 campaign began solidly enough and six games unbeaten from the start left them second during the early weeks. But inconsistency proved a problem as the Rams were never quite able to match their sparkling form of the previous year, although they did record a memorable 2-1 win away at Liverpool in October 98. Soon-to-be-relegated Nottingham Forest were beaten at Pride Park in April by a late goal from Argentinian defender Horacio Carbonari, the club's new record signing at £2.7m, and the Rams went on to finish eighth - their highest placing under Smith. Representative football came to Pride Park for the first time in February 1999 when England U21 took on their French counterparts in front of 32,865 fans. A run to the quarter-final of the FA Cup suggested more progress, but the following season was a major step backwards. The disastrous August 99 signing of Argentinian striker Esteban Fuertes didn't help matters as he was refused re-entry to the country following a training break abroad after irregularities were found with his passport, just ten games into his Rams career. Only four wins in the first half of the season left Derby struggling near the bottom of the table so big bucks were spent. Seth Johnson and Lee Morris had already arrived for £3m and £2m respectively, then Branko Strupar and Craig Burley both came in for £3m - along with the loan signing of Giorgi Kinkladze. Belgian striker Strupar bagged the first goal of the new Millennium in English football, and looked a class player when fit. Derby hung on to their Premiership lives and survived by five points, having only secured their safety on the penultimate day of the season. Some good young players were starting to emerge, but it had been another difficult decade in the life of Derby County - and worse was to follow. 2000 to Present Day Derby began the 2000/01 season by scoring goals for fun but they were also conceding at an alarming rate and found themselves in big trouble early on, particularly once the scoring dried up. November 18 arrived and they were still without a win after 13 Premiership games, but they finally got off the mark by beating Bradford City 2-0. To say they never looked back would be generous, as the spectre of relegation was always hanging over their shoulder, but Derby's form did pick up from that point. Another astute signing by Jim Smith, Nigerian centre-half Taribo West, helped add experience and quality to the defensive ranks and his presence played a crucial role in developing Derby-born teenager Chris Riggott alongside him. Riggott went on to claim the player of the year award in his first season but it wasn't until the penultimate game that safety was assured. The task that day was immense - Manchester United at Old Trafford, already crowned as runaway Premiership champions. But Malcolm Christie's superb first-half goal was enough to give the Rams all three points, and keep them in the top-flight for another season. The prestige of full international football came Pride Park's way in May 2001 when England took on Mexico in front of a then-stadium record crowd. Goals from David Beckham, Robbie Fowler, Paul Scholes and Teddy Sheringham earned a star-studded Three Lions side a 4-0 win in a game that also saw former Rams favourite Chris Powell appear as a half-time substitute, to a great reception. It was, and still is, one of the stadium's most memorable occasions. Italian superstar Fabrizio Ravanelli arrived from Serie A giants Lazio in the summer of 2001 and scored on his debut, an opening-day win against Blackburn Rovers, but by the time another win arrived in November a lot had changed. Jim Smith, so inspirational in winning promotion at the first attempt and the man behind a great few years, had moved on after declining a role as director of football. In his place was Colin Todd, a legend as a player from the 70s, who had already been in place as Smith's assistant. But Todd's Derby won only four games and he too was soon gone, sacked in January after a bad run of results that also included the indignity of a 3-1 home defeat by Bristol Rovers in the FA Cup. It was the first time a Third Division side had beaten a Premiership club away from home in the FA Cup since the leagues were changed in 1992. Todd's replacement was another former club hero, John Gregory, who had played a starring midfield role in the 1980s revival. Gregory oversaw three wins and a draw from his opening six games, raising hope of survival, but after winning 3-1 at Bolton Wanderers on March 16 it all went wrong. That proved to be the Rams' last top-flight win and seven successive defeats later they were relegated, though their fate had been on the cards for a long time. An eighth defeat followed, though they did at least ensure they didn't go out of the Premiership on a losing note thanks to a 1-1 draw at Sunderland on the final day - Marvin Robinson with their last top-flight goal. Hopes of an immediate return the following season were raised on the opening day by a 3-0 thrashing of Reading in front of an almost-capacity crowd, but it was one of many false dawns. Most of the big-money signings of recent years stayed at the club, including Ravanelli, but Premiership outgoings on a Football League incoming were always going to be impossible to sustain. Many of the high earners were moved elsewhere during January - the first such transfer window for Premiership and international clubs - and with very little freedom in the market Gregory was forced to rely on some promising youngsters coming through. One of those was winger Lee Holmes, who became the club's youngest-ever player on Boxing Day at the age of 15 years and 268 days. Nine days later he achieved the same fate in the FA Cup as the competition's most youthful star. Another 15-year-old, midfielder Tom Huddlestone, had already been among the substitutes for league games but was not used. But throwing in the kids to a difficult situation is never preferable, and a run of nine games without a win - seven defeats - from February into March saw Derby in danger of another relegation. Gregory was suspended in March over allegations of "serious misconduct", plunging the club into even more turmoil with off-field financial difficulties really starting to bite. In came George Burley as interim manager with a simple brief of keeping Derby in the division during the final seven games of the season. Three wins were enough to achieve that aim, and they were enough to get Burley the job on a permanent basis when Gregory was sacked in the summer of 2003. Gregory launched an appeal but the matter was ultimately settled out of court. The 2003/04 season opened up in desperate style, a 3-0 home defeat to Stoke City, and by the end of October only three wins were on the board. 'The board' also turned into a key phrase during October as the Rams were taken over by a three-man consortium of businessmen in a surprise deal. The club went into temporary receivership, allowing the deal to take place, but the financial problems were worsening and fans were becoming concerned about what the future held. A long winter was shaping up on the field and it was clear the team was in a major relegation struggle. Loan players came and went, with only Everton midfielder Leon Osman a real success, though some smart late-season signings of experienced players helped the cause. One of those men, striker Paul Peschisolido, made an immediate impact and scored twice in a famous 4-2 win over local rivals Nottingham Forest - thanks to the legendary coffee cup incident. Forest keeper Barry Roche lined up a feet-only clearance after a back-pass but the ball bounced up off a rogue coffee cup sat on the pitch in front of him, Roche's clearance looped up into the air and Pesch gleefully tapped it in to an empty net. Safety was finally secured on the penultimate day of the season though the Rams ended up just a solitary point above the relegation zone. One positive was the emergence of Huddlestone, who appeared in all but three of the season's games - despite not turning 17 until late December 2003. In stark contrast, 2004/05 proved to be a memorable campaign for all of the right reasons - and it almost had a dream ending. George Burley raided the continental market to bring in Spanish midfielder Inigo Idiakez and Danish midfielder Morten Bisgaard, and domestically he snapped up former England U21 striker Tommy Smith and experienced Coventry centre-half Mo Konjic. Konjic's season was disrupted by injury but the other three proved inspired captures, as did Polish international striker Grzegorz Rasiak upon his September arrival. Rasiak went on to score 17 goals in all competitions and Idiakez showed all of his class from 300 games in La Liga as the Rams equalled their club record 12 away league wins. Along the way they secured a memorable Boxing Day success at Wigan Athletic, who went on to win promotion to the Premiership, along with a 3-0 Pride Park destruction of Nottingham Forest - who went on to be relegated to League 1. That helped them to fourth in the newly-formed Coca-Cola Championship, and a place in the play-offs, where they came up against Preston North End. But without Rasiak and Idiakez for the first leg they went down 2-0 at Deepdale, and although the pair returned - but were clearly not fit - for the return, Derby were up against it. Rasiak missed a late penalty in a heartbreaking 0-0 draw that saw Preston go through to Cardiff, where they lost to West Ham, while the Rams' dreams were shattered in cruel fashion. Grzegorz Rasiak strikes a post from the penalty spot in the 2005 play-off semi-final against Preston. That was Burley's last game in charge as he left soon afterwards, so once again Derby County were at a time of change despite having enjoyed a successful season. It was a season that also saw the passing of the club's most legendary boss of all-time, Brian Clough. The man who guided Derby to their first league championship in 1972 sadly passed away after illness in September 2004, which sparked emotional scenes as tributes were left in abundance at Pride Park. The stadium also hosted Clough's memorial service which was attended by thousands of fans, and friends and family of the great man. Gone but never forgotten - and the A52, which links Derby and Nottingham, has since been renamed Brian Clough Way in his honour. On the field but not football-related was the stadium's first concert in July 2005 when the legendary Rod Stewart performed to thousands of delighted fans. Next into the hot-seat after a summer of speculation was former Bolton Wanderers assistant boss Phil Brown. It was his first managerial role but after a promising start things quickly turned sour. An abysmal away record coupled with home form that wasn't much better, along with some less than successful loan signings, meant Brown's Derby were soon in trouble. They were drawing too many games for comfort, but following two humiliating defeats - 6-1 at Coventry City and 3-1 at League 1 side Colchester United in the FA Cup - Brown's time was up, just seven months after taking over. The board turned to Academy manager Terry Westley, who had helped nurture the club's young stars of recent years. Teenage defender Lewin Nyatanga had already made his senior breakthrough earlier on in the season and was about to become a record-breaking Welsh international, while one of Westley's first decisions was to throw in 17-year-old Giles Barnes for a full debut in his first game in charge. Barnes's emergence was a key factor in the club managing to stay just above the relegation zone, though fears of the drop hung over Pride Park until safety was secured with three games left. By that time director of football Murdo Mackay had left, as had chairman John Sleightholme, and the club was in the midst of a takeover battle. The battle was eventually won by a consortium of local businessmen, all Derby County fans, who completed the deal in time to be welcomed by the crowd before the final day of the season. Their arrival ushered yet another new era in, but their immediate impact was felt more off the field as the club's financial status - which had been worsening by the month - was secured, and Pride Park Stadium returned to local ownership. The managerial position was once again up for grabs and this time the club managed to secure the services of Preston North End's Billy Davies, who had been a target of the previous administration 12 months back. Before he and the players returned for pre-season training the stadium once more became a gig venue as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, one of the world's biggest bands, rocked to well over 20,000 revellers. Back to football and Davies - who had guided Preston to two successive play-offs and was in charge when they beat the Rams in 2005 - set about his rebuilding task. He began to re-shape the squad, bringing in his own players, and made an impressive start to his tenure. By December he had guided the Rams to second in the Championship, their highest position since falling out of the Premiership in 2002, and six wins from six in November earned him the manager of the month award. Davies also oversaw the club's first win at Leeds United since November 1974, which went down particularly well with the fans, and by the halfway point of the season they were still sitting in the top two. It got even better after Christmas for the Rams as they hit the top of the table on the back of a run of eight successive victories in all competitions, including six in the league for the second time during the season. Davies was rewarded as January's manager of the month as he continued to keep the Rams right in the hunt for promotion as the season went on. Indeed, at the start of February, following a 1-0 win at Southampton they opened up a six-point advantage at the top of the Championship. But it was never going to be straightforward in the race for the Premiership. Birmingham City were hot on Derby's tails and with Sunderland getting up a head of steam while on a remarkable run, the heat was on. Defeats away to both in the space of a fortnight at the end of February and the start of March meant that Derby sat second with nine games to go. A run of five games without defeat after the Birmingham reverse kept the Rams back in the hunt though they would ultimately rue four dropped points over Easter thanks to draws with Leicester and Coventry. Along the way it was announced that teenage ace Giles Barnes was the Powerade Coca-Cola Championship Player of the Month for March after an outstanding run of games. Sunderland and Birmingham took advantage of games in hand to move ahead at the top and when they both won over the final weekend of April, Davies's side knew they had to pick up three points of their own at Crystal Palace to keep the automatic promotion race alive. They went down 2-0 in the Sunday afternoon kick-off, sending the top two up to the Premiership, but that was the beginning of the story. Derby were already guaranteed third place in the Championship by the time they beat Leeds United 2-0 at Pride Park on the final day of the season, and results elsewhere meant they would face Southampton in the play-off semi-final. Steve Howard was the catalyst for victory in the first leg at the St Mary's Stadium. The big number nine, Derby's newly-crowned Player of the Year, netted with a superb header and a composed penalty to turn things around after the Saints took an early lead. Derby had the advantage going into the second leg, at Pride Park, and when Darren Moore scored after just 102 seconds it looked as though they were well on their way to Wembley. But Southampton had other ideas. Jhon Viafara equalised almost immediately, and he levelled the aggregate score early in the second half. Leon Best's own-goal swung the tie back Derby's way again and they were 90 seconds from victory when Polish striker Grzegorz Rasiak came back to haunt his old club, making it 3-2 on the night and 4-4 overall. Extra-time came and went, and with the rain pouring down penalties were required to separate the two sides. Best missed the first, and after the Rams scored their first four it was down to ex-Derby ace Inigo Idiakez to keep Southampton in the competition. The Spaniard is normally deadly from set-pieces but stepped up and blazed his kick high over the bar, sending Derby to Wembley and sparking off great celebrations at Pride Park. That meant a trip to the new national stadium, behind schedule and over budget but ultimately worth the wait. Dubbed the richest game in football, due to a reported £60m for the winners due to increased TV rights and other spin-offs, the Championship play-off final would be between Derby County and West Bromwich Albion for a place in the Premiership. Derby had beaten West Brom at Pride Park, West Brom had beaten Derby at the Hawthorns, and despite finishing eight points adrift of the Rams it was Tony Mowbray's Baggies who were the favourites. They perhaps had the better of the game in front of a near-75,000 crowd, but they reckoned without Derby's grit and resilience that had taken them to the brink of the Premiership. The crucial moment came just after the hour when January signing Stephen Pearson broke into the box to slide home the only goal of the game from Giles Barnes's low cross. It was the perfect time for the Scotsman to score his first goal in a Derby shirt and crown his return after being sidelined by a foot injury. Derby held firm and when the final whistle blew, the scenes were like few ever witnessed in the long and distinguished history of the club. Team skipper Matt Oakley and club captain Michael Johnson climbed the steps to jointly lift the play-off final trophy and signify Derby's return to the top-flight after five years away. The celebrations continued over the next few days with as many as 20,000 supporters lining the streets of the city and cramming on to the Pride Park pitch to greet their heroes a day later. Derby broke their transfer record over the summer of 2007 when they splashed £3.5 on Welsh international striker Robert Earnshaw, who arrived from Norwich City. But it was skipper Matt Oakley who scored the opening goal of the season, three minutes in to the first game at home to Portsmouth, with a fine finish from the edge of the box. And a Derby-born son of a Rams legend later equalised to earn a point on his debut - Andy Todd, whose father Colin won two championships in the 1970s, dived in to head home and secure a 2-2 draw. The first win of the season came in September as new signing Kenny Miller marked his debut with a spectacular strike to see off Newcastle United, but by the end of October it was still the only victory thus far. And there had been a number of changes in the boardroom over recent months. Jill and Peter Marples left during the summer, at the same time as Trevor Birch was appointed as chief executive having held similar roles at Everton, Chelsea and Leeds United. Birch departed in October and by the end of the month there was a change at the top with former Hull City owner Adam Pearson taking over as executive chairman, with previous incumbent Peter Gadsby remaining on the board of directors. The difficult time continued on the field and there was another change in the managerial hotseat at the end of November. Billy Davies left his position following a meeting with Adam Pearson, where it was decided that it was "mutually in the best interests of both parties" for Davies to depart. The hot-seat wasn't vacant for long however as just two days later, in came former Bradford City, Sheffield Wednesday and Wigan Athletic boss Paul Jewell. Jewell took unfancied Bradford and Wigan to the Premier League and kept them there, while also guiding Wigan to the Carling Cup final. His first game in charge was a gut-wrenching 1-0 defeat at Sunderland, thanks to a stoppage-time winner for the hosts, and two months into his tenure Jewell hadn't tasted a Premier League victory. That two-month mark was recognised with another change at the top - and it was possibly the most dramatic in the club's history. In came United States-based General Sports and Entertainment as the club's new owners after agreeing an investment partnership that aims to establish the Rams as a Premier League force of the future. The cash and management expertise invested in the club was in the form of cash, not debt, and the financial future of the club was under-pinned. It all meant a new look to the board led by Andy Appleby, the chairman of GSE and club chairman, Lionel Margolick (vice-chairman of GSE and club vice-chairman), Tom Glick (club president and chief executive), Adam Pearson (chairman of football), John Vicars (vice-president, operations), Timothy Hinchey (vice-president, commercial), and non-executive directors Don Amott and Roger Faulkner. But a miraculous escape couldn't be pulled off and the Rams' relegation was finally confirmed on March 29, following a 2-2 draw at home to Fulham coupled with Birmingham City's 3-1 win over Manchester City. A summer of ins and outs followed but Derby's start to the new 2008/09 season was a difficult one and it took them until the middle of September, and the visit of Sheffield United, for them to record their first victory of the campaign - and lay to rest a run without league success stretching back almost a year. That was the cue for Jewell's side to go on an impressive autumn run and lift themselves comfortably into mid-table, while also reaching the semi-finals of the Carling Cup for the first time since 1968. But the league form soon deserted Derby again and following the 1-0 defeat at home to Ipswich Town, Jewell resigned as boss, but the hot-seat wasn't empty for too long. In came Nigel Clough, fresh from a ten-year spell with Burton Albion that had seen the Brewers improve their position year-on-year and he left them sitting 13 points clear at the top of Blue Square Premier and in a strong position to claim a place in the Football League for the first time. It meant the Clough name lived on in Derby County circles with Nigel following some 42 years after his father Brian's arrival. Nigel watched from the Pride Park stands as his new charges earned themselves a 1-0 lead against Manchester United in the first leg of their Carling Cup semi-final, though they ultimately went down 4-2 at Old Trafford and 4-3 overall. However he did quickly oversee a pair of memorable victories away to Nottingham Forest - the Rams' first since the 1971/72 season under his late father. One came in the FA Cup, when Derby overturned an early two-goal deficit to win 3-2 in thrilling style, and the second inside three weeks was more routine as his side cruised to a 3-1 success. Injuries disrupted the remainder of the season and it wasn't until the penultimate weekend that survival was finally assured by Rob Hulse's header, his 18th goal of a first season with the club that also saw him crowned player of the year. With Championship status confirmed, Clough decided to give a nod to the future on the final day with second-half introductions for 19-year-old Mark Dudley and 16-year-old Mark O'Brien, on at centre-half before even joining as a full-time Academy scholar. And another prestigious event came Pride Park Stadium's way for the first time - the FA Women's Cup Final, which saw Arsenal claim their fourth successive victory in the competition with a 2-1 win over Sunderland in front of more than 23,000 people. The 2009/10 season saw the Rams finish the campaign in fourteenth spot, a very respectable finish considering the huge injury list Clough had to contend with. Season highlights included victories over local rivals Nottingham Forest (1-0) and Champions Newcastle United (3-0) at Pride Park Stadium. The following year saw the Rams amongst the top sides early in the campaign, but a poor run of form during the winter months saw them slide down the table and finish in 19th place, Youngsters John Brayford and James Bailey, signed from Crewe Alexandra the previous summer, both enjoyed excellent seasons while a number of players from the Academy - Callum Ball, Ross Atkins and Jeff Hendrick - featured in the remaining weeks of the season. The start of the 2011/12 campaign saw Derby record four wins from their first four games for the first time since 1905 as they surged towards the top of the Championship. 15-year-old Mason Bennett made his professional debut in a 2-0 defeat at Middlesbrough in October 2011 and became Derby County's youngest ever player at 15 years and 99 days old. The side went on to finish 12th in the table. In 2012/13 Derby had one of the best home records in the league and finished tenth in the table, with Academy product Will Hughes stepping into the first-team to become a regular. However, their poor away form denied them the chance to challenge for the top six. Clough departed after four and a half years in charge at the end of September 2013, and was replaced by former Ram Steve McClaren as Head Coach 48 hours later. This came after a slow start to the season and McClaren drafted in former Derby players Paul Simpson and Eric Steele to work alongside him on the coaching staff. In December 2013, Pride Park Stadium was renamed the iPro Stadium after Derby agreed a ten-year Naming Rights Deal deal worth £7 million with sports drink company iPro Sport. 2013/14 proved to be a record breaking season for Derby, who went on to finish third in the Sky Bet Championship and in the process they recorded a club record 85 points in a 46 game season. They also finished as the division's leading goalscorers with 84 goals and hit six more during the 6-2 Play-Off Semi Final aggregate scoreline against Brighton & Hove Albion, only to lose 1-0 to Queens Park Rangers in the Play-Off Final at Wembley Stadium. The following season, 2014/15, saw Derby miss out on a place in the Play-Offs by a single point, after a disappointing end to the season with two wins in their final 13 matches. During the campaign, the side equalled a club record six successive clean sheets in all competitions. On 25th May 2015 it was announced that McClaren's contract had been terminated. On 1st June 2015, it was announced that Paul Clement would become the Rams' new Head Coach after leaving Spanish giants Real Madrid, where he had acted as assistant coach to Carlo Ancelotti. Days later, local businessman Mel Morris, who joined the board 12 months previously, took over as chairman - before he went on to become the club's owner in September 2015, purchasing the club for an undisclosed sum. On 8th February 2016, it was announced that Clement was to leave with immediate effect and he was replaced by Academy Director Darren Wassall until the end of the season. Derby achieved a play-off place but were beaten 3-2 by Hull City on aggregate. At the end of May 2016, former Leicester City boss Nigel Pearson was appointed as Derby's new manager. On Saturday 8th October 2016, it was announced that Pearson left the Rams by mutual consent and it was confirmed a few days later that Steve McClaren had returned as manager on a contract until the end of the 2017/18 season. In November 2016, Derby confirmed that it had terminated its stadium naming rights deal with iPro and, as a result, the name Pride Park Stadium would return from January 2017. 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What became the name of the crime in which eleven thieves stole more than $2 million in a heist in Boston, Massachusetts, in January 1950?	Derby County F.C. - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics General Sports and Entertainment, LLC Chairman Current season Derby County Football Club is a professional football club based in Derby, England , currently playing in the Football League Championship . The club is notable as being one of the twelve founder members of the Football League in 1888 and is, therefore, one of only ten clubs to have competed in every season of the English football league . The club was founded in 1884, by William Morley, as an offshoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club and has spent all but four seasons in the top two divisions of the English football league. The club's competitive peak came in the 1970s when it had two spells as English League Champions and competed in major European Competition on four separate occasions , reaching the European Cup semi-finals, as well as winning several minor trophies. The club was also a strong force in the interwar years of the football league and won the first post WWII FA Cup in 1946. The club adopted its now traditional black and white club colours in the 1890s and appropriated its club nickname The Rams, a tribute to its links with The First Regiment of Derby Militia, which took a ram as its mascot and the song The Derby Ram as its regimental song [1] , at the same time. It currently plays its home games at the Pride Park Stadium , located in Pride Park , Derby, where it moved in 1997. The club's current manager is Nigel Clough , son of former Derby and Nottingham Forest manager Brian Clough , who was appointed in January 2009. The current club captain is Robbie Savage . Contents Main article: Derby County F.C. seasons Derby County F.C. was formed in 1884 as an offshoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club in an attempt to give players and supporters a winter interest as well as secure the cricket club extra revenue. The original intention was to name the club “Derbyshire County F.C.” to highlight the link, though the Derbyshire FA, formed in 1883, objected on the grounds it was too long. Playing their home matches at the cricket club’s the Racecourse Ground 1884/85 saw the club undertake an extensive programme of friendly matches, the first of which was a 6-0 defeat to Great Lever on September 13, 1884. The club’s first competitive match came in the 1885 FA Cup , where they lost 7-0 at home to Walsall Town . Steve Bloomer Arguably the most important result in the club’s history came in the following seasons FA Cup, when a 2-0 victory over Aston Villa , already an emerging force in English football, helped establish Derby County F.C. on the English football map, helping the club to attract better opposition for friendlies and, in 1888, an invitation into the inaugural Football League . The opening day of the first ever league season was September 8, 1888, when Derby came from 3-0 down away to Bolton Wanderers to win 6-3, though the club ultimately finished 10th out of 12 teams. They absorbed another Derby club, Derby Midland F.C. , who had been members of the Midland League , in 1891, leaving them as Derby's sole professional football club. Steve Bloomer , generally considered to be Derby County's best-ever player, joined the club in 1892. In 1895 the club moved to a new stadium, The Baseball Ground (so called because it was previously used for baseball ), which became their home for the next 102 years, and adopted their traditional colours of black and white. Although Derby were inconsistent in the league, though they did finish runners-up to Aston Villa on 1896 as well as achieving a number of third place finishes, they were a strong force in the FA Cup, appearing in three finals in six years around the turn of the 20th Century, though lost all three, in 1898 (3-1 to Nottingham Forest [2] , 1899 (4-1 to Sheffield United ) [3] and 1903 (6-0 to Bury [4] . Bloomer was sold to Middlesbrough , due to financial constraints, in 1906 and the club subsequently suffered its first ever relegation following season [5] , but under Jimmy Methven 's management they re-signed Steve Bloomer and regained their First Division place in 1911. [6] In 1914 they were relegated again, but instantly won the Second Division to get promoted [6] (though World War I meant that they had to wait until 1919 to play First Division football again). After two seasons, they were relegated yet again in 1921. However, the appointment of George Jobey in 1925 kick-started a successful period for the Rams and, after promotion in 1926 [7] the club became a formidable force, with high finishes from the late 1920s and all through the 1930s. [7] [8] , including finishing runners up twice. Derby were one of several clubs to close down during the Second World War but restarted in the early 1940s, in part due to the persistence of Jack Nicholas and Jack Webb. Aided by the adding of Raich Carter and Peter Doherty , who had both been stationed in Loughborough during the War, Derby were one step ahead of the opposition when competitive football resumed with the 1946 FA Cup and won their first major trophy with a 4-1 victory over Charlton Athletic [9] [10] The League restarted the following season after a break due to World War II and, under the management of Stuart McMillan, as well as twice breaking the British Transfer Record to sign Billy Steel and Johnny Morris to replace Carter and Doherty, finished fourth and third in the 1948 and 1949 seasons respectively, before a steady decline set in and the club was relegated in 1953, after nearly 30 years in the top flight, and again in 1955 to drop to the third tier of English football for the first time in their history. [11] Harry Storer led Derby back into the second tier at the second attempt in 1957 , though the club progressed no further over the next decade under either Storer or his successor, former Derby player Tim Ward . In 1967, Brian Clough took over and led them to their greatest glory. Having clinched the influential signing of Dave Mackay , Derby were promoted to the First Division in 1969, finished fourth in 1970 [12] , got banned from competing in Europe due to financial irregularities in 1971, and won their first ever Football League Championship in 1972 [13] . Though Derby did not retain their title the following season, they did reach the semi-finals of the European Cup . They lost to Juventus in a controversial match which was subject to subsequent allegations that the Italian club had bribed the match officials, leading Clough, to call the Italians "cheating bastards". [14] Clough's frequent outspoken comments against football's establishment eventually led to him falling out with the board of directors at the club, and Clough left in 1973. Despite the departure, Derby's League success was repeated in 1974-1975 season when they won the title under Dave Mackay . However, Derby's form declined towards the end of the 1970s and they went down to the Second Division in 1980. Though they challenged well in their first season, Derby's stay in the Second Division was not a happy one and they were relegated to the Third Division for only the second time in their history in 1984. Arthur Cox After the relegation, the club appointed Arthur Cox who turned the club around with successive promotions in the mid 1980s to get the club back into the old First Division in 1987. The financial backing of new Chairman Robert Maxwell saw starts such as Peter Shilton , Mark Wright , Dean Saunders and Ted McMinn bought to the club, and they finished fifth in the 1988-89 season However, English clubs were banned from European competition at the time following the Heysel Stadium Disaster , so the Rams missed out on their place in the UEFA Cup A lack of further investment from Maxwell lead to a decline shortly after. With Maxwell soon dead, the club was relegated back to the Second Division in 1991. At this time, local newspaper businessman Lionel Pickering became the majority shareholder of the club. In 1992 Derby paid £2.5 million for Notts County central defender Craig Short , at time - and for five years afterwards - the most expensive player to be signed by a club outside the top flight. Cox resigned in late 1993 citing health problems, and Roy McFarland returned as manager. McFarland failed to get the side anywhere near the top of the division apart from a defeat at the hands of Leicester City in the 1993-94 play-off final and was sacked in 1995. Jim Smith was then appointed as the club's new manager. Although the season started slowly, the signing of sweeper Igor Štimac in the early autumn proved pivotal. Throwing his brief of 'a top-half finish' out the window, Smith guided the Rams to a second-place finish and the Premier League , now the top flight of English football. After several seasons of progress, which also saw the club move into the new 30,000-seat Pride Park Stadium for the 1997-98 season , a sudden decline in form saw Smith resign, to be replaced by former players Colin Todd , who lasted just 3 months, and John Gregory and the Rams were relegated after a six year stay in the top flight, in 2002. Derby County's relegation saw the club enter a serious financial crisis, which forced them to sell many key players. Gregory was later suspended from his managerial duties over alleged misconduct and former Ipswich Town boss George Burley was brought in. The club was put into receivership then sold in October 2003 for £3 to a group led by Jeremy Keith . After finishing 20th in the 2003-04 season, a dramatic improvement in the 2004-05 season saw Derby finish 4th in the Football League Championship , qualifying for a promotion play-off spot, though they lost in the semi-finals to Preston North End . Soon afterwards, Burley resigned citing differences between himself and the board. He was replaced by Bolton first team coach, Phil Brown . Brown failed to find much success in the job, however, and was sacked in January 2006, after a bad run of results. Terry Westley, the academy coach at the time, took over first team duties until the end of the season and saved Derby from relegation. Former Rams Chairman Peter Gadsby In April 2006 a consortium of local businessmen led by former vice-chairman Peter Gadsby bought the club, reducing its debt and returning Pride Park Stadium to the club's ownership in the process. In June 2006, former Preston North End boss Billy Davies was appointed Derby County's new permanent manager. In his first season, Davies took Derby to the Championship play-offs , where they beat Southampton on penalties in the semi-finals before defeating West Bromwich Albion 1-0 with a second-half Stephen Pearson goal at the new Wembley Stadium to secure a return to the Premier League and the associated £60m windfall. In October 2007, Peter Gadsby stepped down as Chairman to be replaced by former Hull City owner Adam Pearson , who immediately began searching for investment from overseas. [15] After a poor start to the season, manager Billy Davies left by mutual consent in November. [16] He was succeeded by Paul Jewell , [17] who failed to save the club as Derby suffered the Premier League's earliest ever relegation, in March, [18] recorded the Premier League's lowest-ever points total, [19] and equalled Loughborough's 108-year Football League record of going through an entire season with only one win. In January, the club was taken over by an international investment group led by General Sports and Entertainment, with Pearson remaining as de-facto chairman. [20] Derby's match at home to Sheffield United on 13 September 2008 generated much media coverage as it was approaching a year since Derby's last league win, a run which saw the club break the English league record for most matches without a win. Just four days short of the anniversary of the 1-0 victory over Newcastle , Rob Hulse scored against his former club as Derby ran out 2-1 winners, earning Paul Jewell his first league win as Derby boss at his 27th attempt. Despite taking the club to the League Cup semi-final, the club's first major cup semi-final since 1978, where Derby lost 4-3 to Manchester United over two legs, Jewell resigned as manager in December 2008. [21] . He was replaced by Nigel Clough , son of the club's legendary manager Brian , who had successfully managed nearby non-league club, Burton Albion and steered the club to an 18th place league finish and safety. Club crest and colours Crest Derby County's badge from 1946-1971 Like most old football clubs, Derby County did not initially have any badge displayed on their shirts. Their first badge was introduced in 1924. The badge consisted of a circular shield spilt into three equally sized sections, representing the club, its fans and the area, in three equally sized sections, all containing items traditionally associated with the city of Derby: a Tudor rose and a crown in one section, a buck in a park in the second and a ram 's head in the final section. The badge was worn on the players' shirts for just two seasons before they reverted to plain shirts. By 1934, another badge had been introduced. This time it was a traditionally shaped shield, again with three sections. The buck in the park had been removed and the rose and the crown had been split up and now occupied a section each. The ram's head also remained and was now given the largest section of the shield. The badge never appeared on the players' shirts. The shield was modified in 1946 when the rose and crown were removed and replaced with the letters DC (Derby County) and FC (Football Club) respectively. The badge, right, was featured on to the player's shirts from its introduction onwards, though the ram's head on its own was used from the late 1960s (the full shield, however, remained the club's official logo). Derby County's badge from 1997-2007 A new club badge was introduced in 1971, featuring a more modern design that, with modifications, is still in use today. The badge was initially consisted of a stylised white ram facing left. The badge was first modified slightly in 1979 to include the text 'Derby County FC' under the ram (though the ram remained on its own on away kits). In 1982 the ram turned to face to the right and the text under it was removed. The ram was surrounded by a wreath of laurel and the text 'Centenary 1984-1985' was printed underneath for the club's centenary season. The laurel was removed and the text reading 'Derby County FC' returned from the next season. In 1993, the ram faced left again and the text was removed once more. From 1995, the ram faced right and was enclosed in a diamond, with a gold banner reading 'Derby County FC' underneath and the text '1884' (the year of the club's foundation) underneath that. The design was changed again in 1997 (see right): the ram faced now left and the golden banner now simply read 'Derby County'; the diamond and year of formation were removed. A decade later, in 2007, the badge was modified again (to the one seen at top of this article), with the ram (still facing left) and the text 'Est. 1884' now in the middle of a circular frame featuring 'Derby County Football Club' in gold lettering. Colours 1884 - 94 kit Derby County's original colours (left) were amber, chocolate and blue, though by the 1890s the club had adopted its now traditional colours of black and white, still in use today.1970's- 80's colours for home matches were white shirts with small blue or red touches (club badge, shirt makers insignia...), blue shorts and blue, red or white socks or a combination. [22] The colours of away kits have varied widely, and although they are usually yellow/gold or blue, the colour for the away kit for the 2008-09 season is fluorescent green, and was first shown to the general public on 12 August 2008 [23] . The club also introduced a surprise third kit on 30 August 2008. Similar in design to the club's away kit of the 1970s, being designed with blue and white stripes and reminiscent of the Argentina strip, the style was re-introduced following feedback from fans who said it was one of their favourite kits from the club's past. [24] Club mascot Derby County's mascot, Rammie Derby's mascot is a ram named Rammie. Rammie is a full time employee of the club who also works to maintain the clubs links with fans and the East Midlands in general, such as school visits to promote literacy and charity events. [25] [26] Rammie originally emerged as a more friendly option to the club's traditional links with the British Army . Rammie was the first full-time mascot in football [27] . Rammie's traditional activities include penalty shoot-outs with members of the crowd (from both the Home and Away ends) at half time, with Rammie as goalkeeper, and warming the crowd up before the match and encouraging them during it. Rammie is a very popular figure amongst Rams' fans [28] [29] and, in 2005, released his first DVD , which features the character reading from Aesop's Fables in the Derbyshire countryside. [27] Stadia See The Racecourse Ground , The Baseball Ground and Pride Park Stadium . As an offshoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club , Derby County’s first home stadium was County Cricket Ground , also known as the Racecourse Ground, where the club played it’s league and FA Cup matches between 1884 and 1895. Although the ground itself was good enough to hold the first FA Cup final match outside of London , when Blackburn Rovers beat W.B.A. 2-0 in the 1886 FA Cup final Replay [30] and a full England International , disputes over fixture clashed between the football and cricket clubs meant that when the opportunity to play at Sir Francis Ley’s Baseball Ground arose, the club accepted. [31] The Pride Park Stadium has been Derby's home since 1997 Commonly referred to amongst supporters as “The BBG”, the club moved to The Baseball Ground in 1885 and remained there for the next 102 years, despite opportunities to move in the 1920s and 1940s. [31] Derby had already played there, a 1-0 win over Sunderland during the 1891-92 season , as an alternate venue after a fixture clash at The County Ground. At it’s peak during the late 1960s, the ground could hold around 42,000 – the club’s record attendance achieved following the opening of the Ley Stand with a 41,826 crowd watching a 5-0 defeat of Tottenham Hotspur on September 20, 1969. [31] From this peak, the continued addition of seating saw the capacity drop over the next 15 years to 26,500 in 1985. Following the Taylor Report in 1989, and the legal requirement for all seater stadia, the ground’s capacity dwindled to just 18,500 by the mid-1990s, not enough for the then ambitious second tier club. Despite initially hoping to rebuild the Baseball Ground to hold 26,000 spectators, and rejecting the offer of two sites elsewhere in Derby, then-Chairman Lionel Pickering announced in February 1996 the intention to move to a new, purpose built stadium at the newly regenerated Pride Park , with the last ever first team game at the Baseball Ground being in May 1997, a 1-3 home defeat to Arsenal , though it continued to host reserve games until 2003. Derby's new ground, named Pride Park Stadium , was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 18 July, with a friendly against Sampdoria following on 4 August. Derby hold the unique distinction of being the only club to have had three home grounds host full England internationals. England beat Ireland 9-0 at the The Racecourse Ground in 1895, beat Ireland again, 2-1, at The Baseball Ground in 1911 and, most recently, Pride Park hosted England's 4-0 win over Mexico in May 2001. [32] Supporters and rivalry Derby is often acknowledged as a 'passionate football town' by rival supporters [33] and the press alike. For example, Tony Francis of The Daily Telegraph noted when discussing the East Midlands Derby "Derby is a passionate football town. Possibly more so than Nottingham... Even in Division Two, it's a reasonable bet that crowds at Pride Park would not fall far below 20,000. It's historical, it's geographical, it's in the blood. Some places have it, some don't." [34] During the 2007-2008 Premiership season Derby County fans were repeatedly referred to as the best in the country due to their loyalty despite the club's disastrous campaign. [35] Almost every home game at Pride Park Stadium was sold out by the Derby fans and the club also had a great following away from home. The recognition included them being named fans of the season in much national coverage of the season, even winning an award from Nuts Magazine [36] , and being named the most loyal supporters in the country in a 2008 survey by Sky Sports Magazine [37] Statistically, the club had the 12th highest average attendance in the country in both the 2007/08 [38] and 2008/09 seasons [39] despite only having the 15th largest club ground . Also in 2008/09 they had a larger average attendance than 9 Premiership clubs, and had the Championship's single largest attendance. Derby County's fiercest rivals are Nottingham Forest [40] , who are based in Nottingham , a city a few miles north-east of Derby. When the two sides meet it is known as the East Midlands Derby and the winners are awarded the Brian Clough Trophy . There are also smaller, but significant, rivalries with Leicester City , also based in the East Midlands, [41] and Leeds United who, despite not being as geographically near to Derby as Forest or Leicester, are disliked due to ongoing friction from the early 1970s when Derby and Leeds were two of the top English teams and the scarcely concealed hostility between their respective managers, Brian Clough and Don Revie. [41] The rivalry is documented in the novel and film The Damned United. Current Players First team squad As of 11 March 2010. [42] Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Kit Managers: Gordon Guthrie MBE ; Jonathan Davidson Performance Analyst: Paul Winstanley, Ross Taylor and Adam Brookes Managerial History Main article: List of Derby County F.C. managers Below is a list of all the permanent managers that Derby County have had since the appointment of Harry Newbould in 1900 [44] . In the 16 years prior to Newbould's appointment, the team was selected by club committee, a standard practice by football clubs at the time. The club's current manager, Nigel Clough , is their 26th in all, and was appointed in January 2009, as a successor to Paul Jewell who resigned in December 2008. 2009-: Non-Executive Directors : Don Amott, Roger Faulkner The club is owned by an international investment group led by General Sports and Entertainment LLC . [45] Club academy Moor Farm Derby County's academy, called Moor Farm, is a purpose-built complex situated near the city suburb of Oakwood . It was built in 2003, at a cost of £5m [46] , to replace the club's previous academy, The Ram-Arena, which was based at Raynesway. It covers 50 acres (200,000 m2) and features six full-sized training pitches plus an indoor pitch and includes a gym, restaurant, ProZone room and a laundry. [46] In April 2009 Clough announced his intention to restructure the academy, appointing former Derby players Darren Wassall and Michael Forsyth [47] and Wolves Academy director John Perkins to the backroom staff, to replace the departed Phil Cannon, David Lowe and Brian Burrows. [48] When opening the academy, then Chairman Lionel Pickering said that the intent was to have "at least eight players from the Academy... in the first-team within three years." [46] Although this wasn't achieved, a number of players have broken through to the first team squad. As of December 2009, the current squad includes Miles Addison ( England under-21 international), while Mark O'Brien , Greg Mills , Ross Atkins and Mark Dudley have been involved with the first team squad as substitutes. Other notable players produced by the academy include England international Tom Huddlestone , Welsh international defender Lewin Nyatanga , England under-21 internationals Lee Grant and Lee Camp and Giles Barnes , capped by ( England under-19 ) Academy Squad Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Main article: Derby County F.C. in European Competitions Derby first competed in Europe when they entered the 1972-73 European Cup after winning the 1971-72 First Division Title [62] , reaching the semi-final stages, were they lost 3-1 on aggregate to Juventus in controversial circumstances. They had qualified for the 1970-71 Fairs Cup after finishing the 1969-70 First Division in 4th, but were banned from entering the competition for financial irregularities. The 70s was the Derby County’s peak in English football and they qualified for Europe in three of the next four seasons, competing in the UEFA Cup or the European Cup in each of the three seasons between 1974-75 and 1976-77 . The club then declined rapidly and has not appeared in the top European competitions since, though it finished in 5th in the 1989 First Division which would have guaranteed entry into the 1989-90 UEFA Cup but English Clubs were banned from Europe following the Heysel Stadium Disaster . Outside of major competition, the club competed in the Anglo-Italian Cup between 1992-93 and 1994-95 , reaching the final in 1993, losing 3-1 to Cremonese at Wembley . Records and Statistics For more details on this topic, see List of Derby County F.C. records and statistics . Kevin Hector holds the record for Derby County appearances in all competitions, turning out 589 times in two separate spells with the club between 1966 and 1982. He sits ahead of Ron Webster who played 535 times for the club, often in the same team as Hector. Just counting league appearances, Hector is again in the lead, with 486 appearances, ahead of Jack Parry, who played 483 times for the club between 1948 and 1967. The club's all time top scorer is Steve Bloomer , often referred to as Football's First Superstar, who netted 332 goals for the club in two spells between 1892 and 1914. He is over 100 goals ahead of second in the list Kevin Hector , who netted 201 goals for the club. Jack Bowers holds the club record for most goals in a single season, when he scored 43 goals (35 in the league and a further 8 in the FA Cup ), during the 1932-33 season . The club's record attendance is 41,826, for a First Division match against Tottenham Hotspur at the Baseball Ground on 20 September 1969 , which Derby won 5-0. The record is unlikely to be broken in the near future as Derby's current stadium, Pride Park has a limit of 33,597 spectators. The record attendance at Pride Park for a competitive Derby County match is 33,378 for a Premier League match against Liverpool on 18 March 2000. The largest crowd to ever watch a Derby County game is 120,000 when Derby County played Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the 1975-76 European Cup . Derby hold several records in English football , most of them unwanted. The disastrous 2007-08 Premier League campaign saw the club equal Loughborough 's all time league record of just one win in an entire league season. They also equalled or set several Premier league records (1992-present), including Least Home Wins in a Season (1, joint with Sunderland ) and Least Away Wins in a Season (0, joint with 4 other teams) and Most Defeats in a Season (28, joint with Sunderland and Ipswich Town ). Records set included Fewest Points in a season (3 points for a win) with 11, Fewest Goals Scored (20) and Worst Goal Difference (-69). The club also holds the record for Most Consecutive League Games Without A Win, with 37 matches between 22 September 2007 and 13 September 2008, and the Record Defeat in an FA Cup Final, when they lost 6-0 to Bury in 1903. [63] References	i don't know
Who did Marilyn Monroe marry in January 1954?	Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio - Jan 14, 1954 - HISTORY.com Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio Share this: Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio Author Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio URL Publisher A+E Networks It was the ultimate All-American romance: the tall, handsome hero of the country’s national pastime captures the heart of the beautiful, glamorous Hollywood star. But the brief, volatile marriage of Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio–the couple wed on this day in 1954–barely got past the honeymoon before cracks began to show in its brilliant veneer. In 1952, the New York Yankees slugger DiMaggio asked an acquaintance to arrange a dinner date with Monroe, a buxom blonde model-turned-actress whose star was on the rise after supporting roles in films such as Monkey Business (1952) and a leading role in the B-movie thriller Don’t Bother to Knock (1952). The press immediately picked up on the relationship and began to cover it exhaustively, though Monroe and DiMaggio preferred to keep a low profile, spending evenings at home or in a back corner of DiMaggio’s restaurant. On January 14, 1954, they were married at San Francisco City Hall, where they were mobbed by reporters and fans. Monroe had apparently mentioned the wedding plans to someone at her film studio, who leaked it to the press. While Monroe and DiMaggio were on their honeymoon in Japan, Monroe was asked to travel to Korea and perform for the American soldiers stationed there. She complied, leaving her unhappy new husband in Japan. After they returned to the United States, tension continued to build, particularly around DiMaggio’s discomfort with his wife’s sexy image. One memorable blow-up occurred in September 1954, on the New York City set of the director Billy Wilder’s The Seven Year Itch. As Monroe filmed the now-famous scene in which she stands over a subway grate with the air blowing up her skirt, a crowd of onlookers and press gathered; Wilder himself had reportedly arranged the media attention. As her skirt blew up again and again, the crowd cheered uproariously, and DiMaggio, who was on set, became irate. DiMaggio and Monroe were divorced in October 1954, just 274 days after they were married. In her filing, Monroe accused her husband of “mental cruelty.” She married the playwright Arthur Miller in 1956, but their marriage also ended in divorce in January 1961, leaving Monroe in a state of emotional fragility. In February 1961, she was admitted to a psychiatric clinic; it was DiMaggio who secured her release, and took her to the Yankees’ Florida spring training camp for rest and relaxation. Though rumors swirled about their remarriage, they maintained their “good friends” status. When the 36-year-old Monroe died of a drug overdose on August 5, 1962, DiMaggio arranged the funeral. For the next two decades, until his own death in 1999, he sent roses several times a week to her grave in Los Angeles. Related Videos	Joe DiMaggio
In October 1960, Dr Michael Woodruff carried out the first successful transplant of what at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in the UK?	Marriages — The Official Site of Joe DiMaggio Contact Marriages The story of Joe DiMaggio’s personal life adds to the mystique that makes him the American icon he is today. People relate to this man who was not perfect, but lived life passionately and gracefully. It was January 1937 when Joe met actress Dorothy Arnold on the set of the film Manhattan Merry Go-Round, confirming his celebrity status outside of the baseball diamond. Joe and Dorothy married at St. Peter and Paul Church in North Beach. More than twenty thousand people crowded inside and outside of the church to see the famous couple. It was reported that people even climbed onto tree branches and rooftops to see Joe and Dorothy leave the church following the ceremony. While the couple had one son together—Joseph Paul DiMaggio II born on October 23, 1941—they were unable to make their marriage work. Joe and Dorothy divorced in 1944. A Great American Love Story The most publicized relationship for Joe began in 1952—a year after he had retired from the Yankees. A friend arranged a dinner date for Joe with up and coming actress Marilyn Monroe. They were at different places in their lives—Joe, retired, ready to settle down, and Marilyn, on her way to stardom, yet they commenced perhaps the greatest American love story with an 18-month courtship and then marriage on January 14, 1954 at San Francisco’s City Hall. The media called the union of Joe and Marilyn “The Marriage of the Century,” and their relationship captivated the nation. After the wedding, Marilyn joined Joe in his home near San Francisco’s Wharf where they were often seen walking along the pier or fishing off of Joe’s boat, the “Yankee Clipper.” Like many great love stories, the stars’ relationship had many complexities—loving yet tumultuous. Their differences in personalities led to disharmony in the relationship, and Joe and Marilyn divorced less than a year after their wedding day. The divorce did not mean an end to their story. Biographers have often noted that during difficult times in Marilyn’s life, even after she remarried, she would turn to Joe, because he was devoted, loving and dependable. There was speculation that the couple was reconciling prior to her death on August 5, 1962. Joe proved his honorable character and his great love for Marilyn when he claimed her body after her death, took over the funeral arrangements, and had a dozen red roses delivered three times a week to her crypt for twenty years. Joe’s marriage to Marilyn was his last and left an indelible mark on his life and American history. References:	i don't know
In 1974, what was the title of Stephen King's first published novel?	Carrie \| Stephen King Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia "Jesus watches from the wall, But His face is cold as stone, And if He loves me As she tells me Why do I feel so all alone?" - Words of Carrie White (describing both the crucified Jesus statuette and her loneliness in her poem/journal. (Carrie 1974) Carrie "Crash in her head with a rock, with a boulder. Crash in all their heads. Good. Good." - Carrie White fantasizing about getting revenge against the girls in the locker room. (Carrie 1974) Carrie is an American epistolary novel and author Stephen King's first published novel, released on April 5, 1974, with an approximate first print-run of 30,000 copies.[1] Set in the then-future year of 1979, it revolves around the eponymous Carrietta N. "Carrie" White, a misfit and bullied high school girl who uses her newly discovered telekinetic powers to exact revenge on those who torment her, while in the process causing one of the worst local disasters in American history. King has commented that he finds the work to be "raw" and "with a surprising power to hurt and horrify." It is one of the most frequently banned books in United States schools.[2] Much of the book is written in an epistolary structure, using newspaper clippings, magazine articles, letters, and excerpts from books to tell how Carrie destroyed the fictional town of Chamberlain, Maine while exacting revenge on her sadistic classmates. Several adaptations of Carrie have been released, including a 1976 feature film, a 1988 Broadway musical, a 1999 feature film sequel, a 2002 television movie, and a 2013 feature film remake. The book is dedicated to King's wife Tabitha: "This is for Tabby, who got me into it – and then bailed me out of it." Contents [ show ] Telekinesis (Psychokinesis) Carrie, was mysteriously born with extraordinarily strong and advanced telekinesis. Which gave her the psionic ability to move, manipulate, throw, and control things (a multitude of objects or people all at once) with her mind whenever she concentrated hard enough. Carrie refers to her telekinesis as "flexing". At first this seemed like a rare and special gift, a miracle in Carrie's eyes that she strictly kept to herself, not telling a soul. Despite Carrie's effort to keep it a secret, she subconsciously had one or two outbursts infront of few people who witnessed this phenomenon but chose to be in denial or simply ignore choosing to believe it simply didn't happen. Carrie thought her telekinesis was a blessing, but, in the end, it all turned into a curse as Carrie did not know how to control her powers inside. And Carrie finally let it take over her mind, body and spirit, which lead not only to her eventual demise but sadly many others also. In the book, Carrie was also telepathic and could sometimes read people's thoughts when they were near her, but had only been utilized once. Such as Ms. Desjardins, her Physical Education teacher, which were a mixed feeling of sympathy and disgust in all of her lying compassion. She also had the telepathic ability to let other people read her thoughts, specifically after the prank on the night of her prom, which people later said were of hatred, venom, and vengeance. Months after the incident and town tragedy occurred, one witness stated that, when he saw Carrie White on the street, he could read her thoughts rather clearly. The thoughts of which consumed her thinking she would never get the pig's blood off of her dress, and that she was going to pour blood on the town of Chamberlain Maine and make everyone pay. It is hinted that Carrie's deceased father was telekinetic in his own life, but never knew it or tapped into the full strength and potential his own telekinetic, telepathic abilities. It is arguably possible, he might have known he was telekinetic, if so, he kept it to himself like Carrie would. Despite her eventually turning into a homicidal, sadistic and destructive force to be reckoned with, Carrie was not a monster in the beginning. Throughout her story in both the book and the movie, Carrie was a loner, shown as a shy and timid young woman with no confidence. Carrie was a fractured young soul, in need of support and love. But it was only handed to her in small amounts, and at a very high cost. Carrie was a girl who had a traumatizing childhood and longed for a friend and someone who truly understood her pain and suffering. Alas, she let her powers get the better of her and this, coupled with all the abuse she suffered, caused her to undergo a villainous transformation. Notably, even after her descent into villainy and unfathomable madness, Carrie is usually shown to still not be completely bereft of redeeming qualities. In several versions, she spares Miss Desjardin's life due to appreciating the kindness she had shown to her earlier and also chooses to let Sue Snell live even when she does not forgive her. Finally, she sought comfort in her mother following her rampage, suggesting that she still loved her and wanted to be loved by her even after all of the abuse Margaret showed to her. Prior to snapping, Carrie was very sensitive and misunderstood. She would cry silently in her room late at night, dreading the next day of school. When she had her period for the first time, she was hysterically frightened, because she thought she was bleeding to death internally and was going to die. She appeared to be a mysterious student, who kept to herself much of the time and never bothered anyone. Thus, leaving an intriguing mystery which fascinated and intrigued many people long after her death, as everyone wondered "who was Carrie White, really?" A Stephen King Fairytale: While reading the original book, notice that it is Stephen King's version of Cinderella, there are many similarities in the horror story of King's that reflect as a metaphor to the classic fairytale of fairy godmothers and pumpkins transforming into carriages. For example: After the prank, Carrie rushes out of the school auditorium before midnight, just like Cinderella ran out of the castle ballroom as the clock stroke twelve and broke the magic's spell, turning Cinderella's beautiful ball gown back into old rags. And like Cinderella's glass slipper, a blood drenched Carrie loses both her prom slippers as well when fleeing down a flight of steps as the magic of that special night, for both characters is officially over. Sadly, unlike Cinderella, Carrie unluckily never got that second chance to have her own happily ever after. Crowned in Blood The story continued with carrie wearing a beautiful homemade dress of rich crushed red velvet that shows off her cleavage and is adorned with a matching corsage and high heels, Carrie White arrives at the Prom and at first is taken back by the glamour of it all. But things look as if they are turning around for her at last. She's accompanied by Tommy Ross, the most athletic and popular boy in school, who, surprisingly, forms a small crush for Carrie in secret. Carrie talks to some of the cool and popular kids and even cracks a few jokes, that makes her peers actually laugh with her and finally not just at her. The night seems to be going fairly well, as she gets complimented on her appearance. It is stated that Carrie looked really beautiful and normal for the first time in her short life. The social anxiety within her slowly begins to lift, letting Carrie radiate with high hopes and glow, as she was free to finally feel normal and out of her shell to enjoy herself. For Carrie this is a long awaited dream come true. For everyone else it will be a real life Nightmare. Carrie's wishful fantasy is ultimately shattered, as fate steps in, when she is tricked and humiliated by vindictive and sociopathic students into being elected as Queen of the Prom by one vote. Due to phony ballots, that were rigged in plans to successfully out number all the other contestants and runner ups, Carrie is crowned on stage with Tommy, as the audience below cheers and congratulates her as they all sing the school song. Strangely no one questions the surprising odds of Carrie winning. While sitting on the Queen's throne, suddenly a banging metallic sound is heard that cuts through the music. Seconds later, Carrie is showered in what feels to her at first like a cold, thick, wet blanket which comes to find out was very smelly rotting blood from a pig. After the blood is dumped on her from a metal bucket high above, Carrie is drenched from head to toe in front of the entire school, everything and everyone turns dead silent as time seems to stand still, as if in slow motion. Her red velvet dress she made for the special night is completely ruined. It is stated, that Carrie looked, as if someone had dipped her in a red bucket of paint. Carrie's date, Tommy Ross, unfortunately is also showered in pig's blood as he's beside Carrie sitting on the King's throne with a second bucket above as his own. There were two buckets above, one for the Queen, another for the King. Despite this Carrie gets soaked the worst. Still, Tommy's bucket falls later and hits him right on the top of his head. He is knocked out cold, hitting the floor unconscious and dies. She feels Tommy´s death. The prank was followed later by a rain of cruel laughter, yet the laughter crept in slowly at first, a chuckle here, a chuckle there. Then more began to follow after it, growing louder and louder, until it became one. Like a giant tidal wave of laughter that swallowed Carrie whole and ate her alive. Carrie's dream had been crushed by a reality beyond her worst nightmare. "Oh...I..., COVERED- with it, ....they're LOOKING at ME!" Carrie thinks to herself. (Carrie 1974) The laughter was only getting louder by the second, one voice after the other, like a chain reaction. A voice joined the first, and was followed by a third - girl's soprano giggle - a fourth, a fifth, six, a dozen, all of them, all laughing. The laughter was accompanied by even the teachers, including Ms. Desjardin, the teacher who was nice to Carrie, like a trusted friend before. Ms. Desjardin's face was still frozen, but Carrie could see it, she could see just the same as everyone else in the room, deep down, the laughter was in her also, hidden deep behind professionalism, but there just the same. Inside, she wanted to laugh. Ms. Desjardin tries to comfort Carrie who is reading her thoughts, which are of lying compassion, accompanied by a mixed with guilt and disgust. Carrie strikes out at Desjardin using her telekinetic energy without having to physically touch Desjardin, who flies across the gym room so very hard and so forcefully, she gets a bloody nose in the process of her fall. In utter embarrassment, Carrie then tries to flee the stage, and is reported to be hopping like a frog with her hands in front of her face, trying to hide the humiliation and shame. To add insult to injury, an anonymous student in the crowd of prom-goers sticks their foot out to trip Carrie as she passes by. Carrie's feet tangle together and lose coordination causing her to fall clumsily, leaving a big streak of blood behind her as she slides on all fours across the room and the laughter grows louder. Carrie then expects someone to kick her in the backside next, but no one does. While on the floor, Carrie looks up and into the faces of the many people crowded around her. Carrie knows everyone is hysterical and laughing uncontrollably. Some people are said to be laughing so hard they are crying and rolling on the floor holding they're tummies. But they are all dressed in glittering ball gowns and expensive tuxedos, with perfect hairdos, attractive smiles and clear skin. They are all wrapped within the warm, bright and luminous light of popularity and social acceptance, a rite of passage of belonging, a light that Carrie will never be a part of. Humiliated, Carrie is still on the floor, crawling like a pig. Carrie gets back up on her feet and runs out of the school so fast and ungainly that she loses her prom slippers like Cinderella on the way out. She finally makes it to the school's front lawn to collapse on the wet moist grass outside to catch her breathe as she realizes she has just been tricked and made a fool of once again. They tricked her again. Carrie's Venom While a barefoot Carrie is all alone outside in a state of utter shock, she tries to come to terms and accepts what has happened. Carrie plans to just slip away into the dark night and take the back streets, so no one will see her, but just as she decides to go home and admit to Momma that she was right, her mind snaps. Something snaps within Carrie's mind, like a dark epiphany. A psychological breaking point inside of her is released after so many years of repression. It quickly takes over Carrie, as she remembers her telekinesis. It's time to teach them all a lesson or two. So she pulls herself together, returning to the school with a deep and ruthless vengeance. It´s time to teach everyone a lesson. Carrie locks everyone inside the auditorium and turns on the sprinkler system to wet everyone and ruin their prom outfits and nice hairdos. What seems to be just innocent fun to Carrie, wetting everyone, the sprinklers water gets to close to all the electrical cords on the stage. Carrie looks in through the windows of the gymnasium doors and smiles, as she see's everyone inside panicking as sparks fly everywhere and people are getting electrocuted one by one. Carrie even laughs when one female student is electrocuted and her body moves like a crazed puppet as volts of electricity dance through her body. Students are still desperately trying to open the doors and even looking back at Carrie through the thick glass. As the building quickly catches fire and spreads. Carrie looks happy and smiling as she seeks her revenge and watches her fellow classmates and peers electrocuted to a crisp and ultimately burned alive before leaving to destroy the town next. Back in the gym, they were all trying to get out the doors again, the few who were not on fire or cooked yet. A dozen or so, pushing on the doors, like cockroach's trapped in a roach-motel. But she held the doors shut easily with her power. That alone was no strain. Some obscure sense tells that a few were getting out the fire doors, but let them. She would get them later. She would get all of them. Every last one of them! Carrie descends down the street and slowly approaching the town all while still holding the gymnasium doors closed. It was easy. For Carrie, all you had to do was see them in your mind being shut and held shut. The towns emergency whistle begins to go off as the entire school by this time is completely up in flames with only a few people inside left to die. For a moment the town whistle interrupts her train of flexing. Carries mind's eye lost sight of the gymnasium doors and some of them almost, just almost got out free. NO, NO!!! Naughty, naughty. Carrie slams them shut again, this time even tighter, catching somebody's fingers in the jamb and severing one of them. Good. Good. Carrie thinks... Only a few lucky students and one teacher survived the night of "The Black Prom." The Black Prom From "We Survived the Black Prom" by Norma Watson (Published in the August, 1980, issue of The Reader's Digest as a 'Drama in Real Life' article): "... and it all happened so quickly that no one really knew what was happening. We were all standing and applauding and singing the school song. Then - I was at the usher's table just inside the main doors, looking at the stage - there was a sparkle as the big lights over the stage apron reflected on something metallic. I was standing with Tina Blake and Stella Horan, and I think they saw it, too. All at once there was a huge red splash in the air. Some of it hit the mural and ran in long drips. I knew right away, even before it hit them, that it was blood. Stella Horan thought it was paint, but I had a premonition, just like the time my brother got hit by a hay truck. They were drenched. Carrie got it the worst. She looked exactly like she had been dipped in a bucket of red paint. She just sat there. She never moved. The band that was closest to the stage, Josie and the moonglows, got splattered. The lead guitarist had a white instrument, and it splattered all over it. I said: 'My God, that's blood!' When I said that, Tina screamed. It was very loud, and it rang out clearly in the auditorium. People had stopped singing and everything was completely quiet. I couldn't move. I was rooted to the spot. I looked up and there were two buckets dangling high over the thrones, swinging and banging together. They were still dripping. All of a sudden they fell, with a lot of loose string paying out behind them. One of them hit Tommy Ross on the head. It made a very loud noise, like a gong. That made someone laugh. I don't know who it was, but it wasn't the way a person laughs when they we something funny and gay. It was raw and hysterical and awful. At the same instant, Carrie opened her eyes real wide. That was, when they all started laughing. I did too, I admit, I confess...yes, I laughed at Carrie White. God help me. It was so...weird. When I was a little girl I had a Walt Disney storybook called Song of the South, and it had that Uncle Remus story about the tar baby in it. There was a picture of the tar baby sitting in the middle of the road, looking like one of those old-time Negro minstrels with the blackface and great big white eyes. When Carrie opened her eyes it was like that. They were the only part of her that wasn't completely red. And the light had gotten in them and made them glassy. God help me, but she looked for all the world like Eddie Cantor doing that pop-eyed act of his. That was what made people laugh. We couldn't help it. It was one of those things where you laugh or go crazy. Carrie had been the school goat, the butt of every prank and joke for so very long, and we all felt that we were part of something special that night. It was as if we were watching a person rejoin the human race, to be sent back into reality and put back in their proper place. I for one thanked the Lord for it. And that happened. That horror. And so there was nothing else to do. It was either laugh or cry, and who could bring himself to cry over Carrie White after all those years? She just sat there, staring out at them, at us, and the laughter kept swelling, getting louder and louder. People were holding their bellies and doubling up and pointing at her. Tommy was the only one, who wasn't looking at her. He was sort of slumped over in his seat, as if lied gone to sleep. You couldn't tell he was hurt, though he was splashed too bad. And then her face ... broke, I don't know how else to describe it. She put her hands up to her face and half-staggered to her feet. She almost got tangled in her own feet and fell over, and that made people laugh even more. Then she sort of ... hopped off the stage. It was like watching a big red frog hopping off a lily pad. She almost fell again, but kept on her feet. Miss Desjardin came running over to her, and she wasn't laughing any more, but it looked like she wanted to burst out at any given moment. She was holding out her arms to her. She went to hug Carrie, I think. But then she veered off and hit the wall really hard and fast, the wall beside that stage - It was the strangest thing. She didn't stumble or anything. It was as if someone had pushed her, but there was no one there. Carrie ran through the crowd with her hands clutching her face, and somebody put his foot out. I don't know, who it was, but she went sprawling on her face. leaving a long red streak on the floor. And she said, 'Ooof!' I remember that. It made me laugh even harder, hearing Carrie say Oof like that. She started to crawl along the floor like a dog and then she got up and ran out after looking up at everyone crowded around her. She ran right past me. You could smell the vile scent of that blood. It smelled like something sick and rotted. She went down the stairs two at a time and then out the doors. And was gone. The laughter just sort of faded off, a little at a time. Some people were still hitching and snorting. Lennie Brock had taken out a big white handkerchief and was wiping his eyes. Sally McManus looked all white, like she was going to throw up, but she was still giggling and she couldn't seem to stop. Billy Bosnan was just standing there with his little conductor's stick in his hand and shaking his head. Mr Lublin was sitting by Miss Desjardin and calling for a Kleenex. She had a bloody nose. You have to understand that all this happened in no more than two minutes. Nobody could put it all together. We were stunned. Some of them were wandering around, talking a little, but not much. Helen Shyres burst into tears, and that made some of the others start up. Then someone yelled: 'Call a doctor! Hey, call a doctor quick!' It was Josie Vreck. He was up on the stage, kneeling by Tommy Ross, and his face was white as paper. He tried to pick him up, and the throne fell over and Tommy rolled on to the floor. Nobody moved. They were all just staring. It's like everyone came to the realization that Tommy might have been a goner. I felt like I was frozen in ice. My God, was all I could think. My God, my God, my God. And then this other thought crept in, and it was, as if it wasn't my own at all. I was thinking about Carrie. And about God. It was all twisted up together, and it was awful. Stella looked over at me and said: 'Carrie's back.' And I said: 'Yes, that's right.' The lobby doors all slammed shut at the exact same time and it startled us all. The sound was like hands clapping. Somebody in the back screamed, and that started the stampede. They ran for the doors in a rush. I just stood there, not believing it. And when I looked, just before the first of them got there and started to push, I saw Carrie looking in, her face all smeared, like an Indian with war paint on. She was smiling. They were pushing at the doors, hammering on them, but they wouldn't budge. As more of them crowded up to them, I could see the first ones to get there being battered against them, grunting and wheezing. They wouldn't open. And those doors are never locked. It's a state law. Mr. Stephens and Mr. Lublin waded in, and began to pull them away, grabbing jackets, skirts, anything. They were all screaming and burrowing like cattle. Mr Stephens slapped a couple of girls and punched Vic Mooney in the eye. They were yelling for them to go out the back fire doors. Some did. Those were the ones who lived. That's when it started to rain ... at least, that's what I thought it was at first. There was water falling all over the place. I looked up and all the sprinklers were on, all over the gym. Water was hitting the basketball court and splashing. Josie Vreck was yelling for the guys in his band to turn off the electric amps and mikes quick, but they were all gone. He jumped down from the stage. The panic at the doors stopped. People backed away, looking up at the ceiling. I heard somebody - Don Farnham, I think - say: 'This is gonna wreck the basketball court.' A few other people started to go over and look at Tommy Ross. All at once I knew I wanted to get out of there. I took Tina Blake's hand and said, 'Let's run. Quick.' To get to the fire doors, you had to go down a short corridor to the left of the stage. There were sprinklers there too, but they weren't on. And the doors were open - I could see a few people running out. But most of them were just standing around in little groups, blinking at each other. Some of them were looking at the smear of blood where Carrie fell down. The water was washing it away. I took Tina's hand and started to pull her toward the exit sign. At that same instant there was a huge flash of fight, a scream, and a horrible feedback whine. I looked around and saw Josie Vreck holding on to one of the mike stands. He froze, he couldn't let go. His eyes were bugging out and his hair was on end and it looked like he was dancing. He looked like a scarecrow or a marionette doll with strings attached to his body...just wiggling all about, up and down. But it wasn't a funny type of wiggle dance, it was the dance of death. His feet were sliding around in the water and smoke started to come out of his shirt. He fell over on one of the amps - they were big ones, five or six feet high - and it fell into the water. The feedback went up to a scream that was head-splitting, and then there was another sizzling flash and it stopped. Josie's shirt was on fire. 'Run!' Tina yelled at me. 'Come on, Norma. Please!' We ran out into the hallway, and something exploded backstage - the main power switches, I guess. For just a second I looked back. You could see right out on to the stage, where Tommy's body was, because the curtain was up. All the heavy light cables were in the air, flowing and jerking and writhing like snakes out of an Indian fakir's basket. Then one of them pulled in two. There was a violet flash when it hit the water, and then everybody was screaming at once. Then we were out the door and running across the parking lot. I think I was screaming. I don't remember very well. I don't remember anything very well after they started screaming. After those high-voltage cables hit that water-covered floor." The Devil comes to Chamberlain, Maine By now Carrie's velvet dress is tattered and ripped to shreds. It is said, that she appeared, as if she had crawled out of a fatal car accident. Her feet are raw and bleeding and the blood that covers her body, has began to dry and clot. Carrie is now in a deep catatonic trance and has descended into complete madness. Carrie proceeded to go on a hellish rampage of rage and insanity while walking home to Momma. Destroying everything and anything in her path of rage. Witnesses see Carrie burning cars and houses with people trapped inside and blowing up gas stations. She knocks over electric poles causing sparks to fly into the smokey air and she even is seen breaking fire hydrants which flood the streets. Carrie sets a good majority of the small town of Chamberlain, Maine ablaze and kills as many people as she can rather if they are guilty or not. Innocent bystanders are running and screaming through the streets in all of the chaos and confusion throughout the town as fire trucks, cop cars and sirens wail. The wild fire in the town becomes uncontrollable as the high flames are so fierce that a bright orange glow can be seen high up into the sky even from a far off distance. Meanwhile, Carrie begins to think about God and believes, that this is all of his doing just as much as hers. Carrie then goes to pray at the town's Cathedral. Carrie then returns home finally, determined to kill her mother, and from her mother learns the truth about how she was conceived. Though at first Margaret appears to comfort her bloody distraught daughter, she tricks Carrie and brutally stabs her in the back, hitting an artery, which she had planned all along for being a witch and having gone to the Prom, which Carrie, deep down knew. Carrie defended herself and retaliated by stopping her mother's heart, until Margaret died from a heart attack. A tired and drained Carrie makes her way outside again to finish, what she started and kills the two main antagonists who were the ringleaders of the prank, Chris Hargensen and her boyfriend Billy Nolan. Chris and Billy know what Carrie has done, and underestimate her by stupidly attempting to kill her by running her over. Carrie uses her strongly advanced telekinesis once again and crashes the oncoming vehicle into the building of a nearby strip club and destroys it as the car explodes in flames of fire. After killing Chris and Billy, Carrie becomes drained of most her strength and loss of blood. She is found lying in the middle of a dirt road near the town by Sue Snell, her former classmate. Carrie is nearly dead by this point, but has a final deep conversation with Sue (via telepathy) before her dying minutes later. Carrie does not forgive Sue and chooses to hold a grudge. Carrie, however, does believe her when she states she had nothing to do with the prank at the Prom. Thus, Carrie leaves her alive showing her some mercy, but also shows Sue all of the soul crushing torment she received as an outsider throughout her life. Sue finally sees and feels the misery of Carrie's sad life, that she would not have ever known about otherwise, Sue's heart breaks for Carrie in a selfless and honest way. Carrie cries out loud for her mother, wanting to be comforted and held, as she dies in Sue's arms. Seconds later, as Sue gets up to call for help she strangely has her period on herself which was late, as the menstrual blood runs down her leg. Earlier in the story Sue believed she might have been pregnant with her boyfriend Tommy Ross's baby. But her period coming confirms she either had a miscarriage or she was never pregnant to began with. It hints that Sue received the "Curse of Blood" from Carrie as an act of forgiveness. Rather Sue's period coming at the exact same time of Carrie's death was coincidental or caused by Carrie's telepathic abilities herself is left to the unknown. The authorities found her later and took her body away for investigation after she was identified by Sue Snell. The cause of Carrie's death remains an open mystery. Carrie either died due to a combination of exhaustion, severe brain hemorrhaging from overusing her exceptionally strong telekinesis, blood loss from her wounds, or she used her telekinetic abilities to shut her own body down and committed suicide, after realizing what she had done. And the monster that she became. It also is very possible that Carrie couldn't live with herself knowing she killed her own mother, whom she loved unconditionally and died to possibly be with Margaret in the afterlife in either Heaven or Hell. The Aftermath 458 people died in the disaster, 99 of them were at the Junior-Senior Prom and 67 of them were Seniors. Carrie's controversial story becomes a widely discussed subject, one that is immediately taken to the Supreme Court, where witnesses are asked to tell everything they knew about Carrie or saw during the night of the tragedy. Some people insist it was a natural disaster and Carrie White was not a monster, yet simply at the wrong place at the wrong time, therefore being used as the scapegoat even in death. Others say it was a conspiracy of some sort with Carrie being used as a scapegoat. Finally others insist that Carrie was responsible for the wildfire, possessing a type of unexplainable strength and power. No one can prove this true nor false. If Carrie is truly guilty for the tragic deaths of so many people remains a cold case. Carrie's story becomes so popular that it is eventually made into a movie. This disgusts Sue, because she feels that the tragedy is being glamorized so people can forget about it. But Sue warns and advices everyone that forgetting Carrie White and tarnishing her memory may be a much bigger mistake than anyone may realize. Meanwhile, Chamberlain, Maine, is a nearly abandoned ghost town. The tragedy by now has made headlines across America. The Night of The Black Prom has hit the nation bigger than the JFK Assassination. Science begins to take telekinesis very seriously. Miss. Desjardin resigns as a teacher due to her guilt over Carrie as well as Principal Grayle and a heartbroken Sue Snell goes on to write a memoir about her high school experiences and her involvement with Carrie White. titled "My Name is Sue Snell". It is implied, she has begun embracing death because of the experience and the attempts of the White Commission to make her a scapegoat. The majority of the few survivors and their families are grieving over the tragic deaths of loved ones, who were killed at the prom, when Carrie White telekinetically locked everyone inside, or were caught in the chaos of the wildfire and explosions and didn't evacuate quick enough. They are also haunted by the guilt of having caused, one way or the other the rampage of Carrie and the fact of being seen as fools and assholes by the rest of the world makes matters even worse. Even looking at each other forces them to remember, what happened. After the funeral services are held for the dead, people are packing up and leaving town for good, never to return. Chamberlain therefore turns gradually into a ghost town. It is also implied, that the ghost town has become a tourist attraction since then for all those, who want to know everything regarding Carrie White. With all the destruction intact, it was also easy to achieve that. The White Commission, however, plays, to a certain extent, the catastrophe down and the book closes with a letter written by a woman in Tennessee, where it is implied her niece is developing very strong, advanced telepathic and telekinetic abilites of her own. This, however, could also indicate that Carrie's hurt and lonely spirit had been reborn and reincarnated into a more loving family to start over again in the hope of having a real friend. Cameo Appearance	Carrie
Who founded Tamla Motown Records in January 1959?	Carrie (novel) - Wikiquote Carrie (novel) Jump to: navigation , search Carrie (1974) is the first published novel by Stephen King about a shy high-school girl who uses newly discovered telekinetic powers to exact revenge on those who have tormented her. Quotes[ edit ] She wished forlornly and constantly that Ewan High had individual - and thus private - showers like the ones at Andover or Boxford. They stared. They always stared. Yet although she had swum and she had laughed when they ducked her (until she couldn't get her head up any more and they kept doing it and she got panicky and began to scream) and had tried to take part in the camp's activities, a thousand practical jokes had been played on ol' prayin' Carrie and she had come home on the bus a week early, her eyes red and socketed from weeping, to be picked up by Momma at the station, and Momma had told her grimly that she should treasure the memory of her scourging as proof that Momma knew, that Momma was right, that the only hope of safety and salvation was inside the red circle. 'For straight is the gate,' Momma said grimly in the taxi and at home she had sent Carrie to the closet for six hours The word that [Sue] was avoiding was expressed To Conform in the infinitive, and it conjured up miserable images of hair in rollers, long afternoons in front of the ironing board in front of the soap operas, while hubby was off busting heavies in an anonymous Office;..." Jesus watches from the wall, but his face is cold as stone. And if he loves me - as she tells me - why do I feel so all alone? Carrie's poem in English class. Your pimples are the Lord's way of chastising you. "Red," Momma murmured. "I might have known it would be red". Commenting on Carrie's dress. Boys. Yes, boys come next. After the blood the boys come. Like sniffing dogs, grinning and slobbering, trying to find out where that smell is. That...smell! But sorry is the Kool-Aid of human emotions. It's what you say when you spill a cup of coffee or throw a gutterball when you're bowling with the girls in the leage. True sorrow is as rare as true love. Carrie's mother: "I can see your dirty pillows. Everyone will. They'll be looking at your body. The Books says-" Carrie: "Those are my breasts, Momma. Every woman has them." God had turned His face away and why not? This horror was as much His doing as hers. Late at night I keep thinking: if I had only reached to that girl, if only, if only. Miss Desjardin in her note to the principal. People don't get better, they just get smarter. When you get smarter you don't stop pulling the wings off flies, you just think of better reasons for doing it. About[ edit ] I couldn’t see wasting two weeks, maybe even a month, creating a novella I didn’t like and wouldn’t be able to sell. So I threw it away … After all, who wanted to read a book about a poor girl with menstrual problems Very rarely in my career have I explored more distasteful territory. This is for Tabby, who got me into it—and then bailed me out of it.	i don't know
In Britain, the Education Act of March 1944 provided free what in schools to all children in the UK under the age of 18?	Education in England - Timeline Education in England: Chapter 13 2010-2015 Gove v The Blob this is a draft of a chapter which will form part of the revised version currently in preparation BA Hons Editorial Services Gillian Rathbone copy-edits Education in England: a brief history. If you're writing an essay, article, dissertation or thesis and would like to consider using her services, send her an email. Education in England: a brief history Derek Gillard ï¿½ copyright Derek Gillard 2011 Education in England: a brief history is my copyright. You are welcome to download it and print it for your own personal use, or for use in a school or other educational establishment, provided my name as the author is attached. But you may not publish it, upload it onto any other website, or sell it, without my permission. Citations You are welcome to cite this piece. If you do so, please acknowledge it thus: Gillard D (2011) Education in England: a brief history www.educationengland.org.uk/history In accordance with the conventions set out by the Society of Authors and the Publishers Association, you should seek my permission to reproduce any extract of more than 400 words; a series of extracts totalling more than 800 words, of which any one extract has more than 300 words; and an extract or series of extracts constituting a quarter or more of the original work. For shorter extracts you do not need my permission, provided the source is acknowledged as shown above. ï¿½ Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. Timeline education acts, white papers, reports and other key events Notes Prime Ministers (from 1801 onwards) are listed in red Ministers of Education (1945-1964) and Secretaries of State for Education (since 1964) are listed in blue HM Chief Inspectors (HMCI)/Heads of Ofsted (from 1994 onwards) are listed in green Where a number of items are shown in a single year I can't guarantee that I have listed them in the correct chronological order within that year, although I have tried to do so. Where a document is shown as a link, the full text is available online. 600-1800 Beginnings 597 St Augustine arrived in England. 598 First grammar school established at Canterbury. 600s More grammar schools established at Dorchester, Winchester, Hexham, Malmesbury, Lichfield, Hereford and Worcester. 700s Venerable Bede: Ecclesiastical History. 776 Alcuin established school at York. 866 Viking invasions began. 871 Alfred became king of Wessex and showed 'concern for education'. 925 Dunstan born. 1016 Canute became king of England: concerned about the education of poor boys. 1066 Norman invasion: French replaced English as vernacular medium for teaching Latin. 1096 Oxford: evidence of teaching. 1209 Cambridge: scholars arrived from Oxford. 1214 Oxford: post of Chancellor established. 1226 Cambridge: post of Chancellor established. 1249 Oxford: University College established, followed by Balliol 1260, Merton 1264. 1384 Grammar school opened at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire: first chantry school. 1382 Winchester founded: independent school. 1440 Eton founded: independent school. 1486 Renaissance: Pico della Mirandola's De hominis dignitate. 1509 Henry VIII became king. 1515 Roger Ascham born (d. 1568): called for greater care and respect for education. 1517 Reformation: Luther's protest. 1535 Tyndale's English Bible placed in churches. 1540 Dissolution of the monasteries. 1541 Canterbury grammar school refounded. 1562 Elizabethan Statute of Artificers. 1632 Comenius: Didactica magna championed universal education. 1642 Samuel Hartlib: A Reformation of Schooles. 1693 Locke: Some Thoughts concerning Education. 1660 Restoration of the monarchy: Oxford and Cambridge discriminate against Nonconformists. 1670 Dissenting Academies: established to teach law, medicine, commerce, engineering and the arts. 1700 Charity Schools for the poor. 1760s Thomas Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb opened in Edinburgh. 1775 Industrial Revolution began to create demand for mass education. 1780 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing The Education of the Human Race interesting historical text by the influential German philosopher, poet, dramatist and art critic. 1791 School of Instruction for the Indigent Blind established in Liverpool. 1799 School of industry opened at Kendal. 1800-1860 Towards a state system of education 1801 Henry Addington (Tory) 1804 William Pitt 'The Younger' (Tory) 1806 Lord Grenville (Whig) 1807 Parochial Schools Bill: made provision for the education of 'the labouring classes'. 1807 Mill Hill School: founded by Congregationalists. 1809 Spencer Percival (Tory) 1811 National Society: CE organisation aimed to provide a school in every parish. 1812 Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool (Tory) 1814 British and Foreign School Society: founded by liberal Anglicans, Roman Catholics and Jews as an alternative to the National Society. 1816 Robert Owen opened first infant school in New Lanark, Scotland. 1824 David Stow founded the Glasgow Normal School. 1825 Liverpool Institute opened: other proprietary day schools followed (King's College School 1829, University College School 1830 etc). 1825 Universities Act 1825 : behaviour of Oxbridge students. 1827 George Canning (Tory) 1827 Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich (Tory) 1828 Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington (Tory) 1828 Thomas Arnold: head of Rugby School. 1830 Earl Grey (Whig) 1832 Representation of the People Act (The Reform Act) gave one million people the right to vote. 1833 Treasury Minute 29 August: set out rules regarding the distribution of the government's first ï¿½20,000 grant for education. 1834 William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne (Whig) 1834 Sir John Peel (Tory) 1835 William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne (Whig) 1836 Home and Colonial Institution (later Society): founded to establish infant schools. 1836 Central Society of Education: aimed to keep religion out of schools altogether. 1836 Thomas Wyse: Education reform or the necessity of a national system of education. 1837 Normal School of Design established in London. 1839 Orders in Council 10 April: created the Committee of the Privy Council on Education; 3 June: approved the Committee of Council on Education's report on the distribution of funds for public education. 24 September 1839 : regulations governing the appropriation of grants. 25 August and 21 December 1846 : appointment of inspectors; teachers' qualifications and pensions; education of pupil teachers and stipendiary monitors; support for Normal Schools. 6 August 1851 : grants to certificated teachers in training schools. 23 July 1852 : grants to assistant teachers in elementary schools. 20 August 1853 : Queen's Scholars, apprentices and certificated teachers. 2 June 1856 : admission of Queen's Scholars and annual examination of students in training colleges. 4 May 1859 : cancelled Section 9 in the Minute of 20 August 1853. 1840 Grammar Schools Act 1840 : allowed endowment funds to be spent on modern and commercial subjects. 1841 Sir John Peel (Tory) 1841 Five School Sites Acts passed between 1841 and 1852 facilitated the purchase of land for school buildings and allowed for 'Parliamentary Grants for the Education of the Poor': 1841 Cheltenham College established, followed by other boarding schools (Marlborough 1843, Rossall 1844, Radley 1847, Wellington 1853 etc). 1843 Governesses' Benevolent Institution: campaigned for better education for girls and women. 1846 Lord John Russell (Liberal) 1846 Committee of Council on Education made grants to schools of industry. 1846 Government began making annual grants to Baptist and Congregationalist schools. 1846 College of Preceptors. 1847 Government began making annual grants to Wesleyan Methodists and the Catholic Poor School Committee. 1847 Asylum for Idiots established at Highgate. 1848 Woodard Society: provided Anglican boarding schools. 1848 Queen's College in Harley Street: for women. 1851 Great Exhibition revealed lack of facilities for technical education in England. 1851 Cripples Home and Industrial School for Girls founded at Marylebone. 1852 Earl of Derby (Conservative) 1852 Department of Practical Art created under the Board of Trade. 1852 Earl of Aberdeen (Tory) 1853 Government began making annual grants to Manchester Jewish community school. 1853 Edward Thring: head of Uppingham School. 1854 Literary and Scientific Institutions Act 1854 (pdf 487kb) facilitated the establishment of institutions for the promotion of literature, science and the arts. 1855 Lord Palmerston (Liberal) 1855 School Grants Act 1855 (pdf 76kb) laid down stricter conditions relating to Parliamentary grants for education. 1856 Education Department Act 1856 single-paragraph Act which created the post of Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education. 1857 Oxford Local Examinations. 1857 Oxford University Act 1857 (pdf 115kb) extended the powers of the Commissioners for Oxford University and St Mary's College Winchester. 1858 Earl of Derby (Conservative) 1858 Cambridge Local Examinations. 1859 Lord Palmerston (Liberal) 1859 Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1859 (pdf 135kb) amended previous Acts relating to Oxford and Cambridge. 1860-1900 Class divisions 1860 Oxford University Act 1860 (pdf 106kb) matters relating to Craven scholarships and testamentary documents. 1861 Newcastle Report: recommended provision of 'sound and cheap' elementary education, led to 1870 Elementary Education Act. 1862 Revised Code : introduced 'payment by results'. Minutes and Regulations of the Committee of the Privy Council on Education; Instructions to HMI: advice on the administration of the Revised Code. 1862 Oxford University Act 1862 (pdf 132kb) extended the university's power to make statutes. 1864 Clarendon Report on public (independent) schools: led to 1868 Public Schools Act. 1864 Schools Inquiry Commission: ( Volume 1 Chapter 6 Girls' schools ) 1865 Lord John Russell (Liberal) 1865 Oxford University, Vinerian Foundation, Act 1865 (pdf 78kb) empowered the university to make statutes relating to the Vinerian Foundation. 1865 Home for Crippled Boys opened in Kensington. 1865 Girls admitted to Cambridge Local Examinations. 1866 Earl of Derby (Conservative) 1866 College for the Blind Sons of Gentlemen opened at Worcester, later became Worcester College for the Blind. 1868 Benjamin Disraeli (Tory) 1868 William Gladstone (Liberal) 1868 Endowed Schools Act 1868 : paved the way for the 1869 Endowed Schools Act. 1868 Public Schools Act 1868 : made various changes at Eton, Harrow, Winchester etc as recommended by the 1864 Clarendon Report. 1868 Taunton Report: recommended a national system of secondary education based on the existing endowed schools, led to 1869 Endowed Schools Act. 1869 Endowed Schools Act 1869 : made changes to endowed schools as recommended by the 1868 Taunton Report. 1869 Headmasters' Conference established (independent schools). 1870 Elementary Education Act 1870 : the 'Forster Act' introduced compulsory universal education for children aged 5-13 but left enforcement of attendance to school boards. 1870 Girls admitted to Oxford Local Examinations. 1871 Code of Regulations: created an infant stage below Standard 1 for the 5-7 age range. 1871 College Charter Act 1871 (pdf 29kb) amended the law relating to the granting of charters. 1871 Universities Tests Act 1871 (pdf 80kb) removed certain religious requirements. 1872 Royal Normal College and Music Academy for the Blind opened at Crystal Palace: soon moved to larger premises in Upper Norwood. 1873 Elementary Education Act 1873 : amended various provisions of the 1870 Elementary Education Act. 1873 Endowed Schools Act 1873 : extended and amended the 1869 Endowed Schools Act. 1880 Elementary Education Act 1880 (the 'Mundella Act'): tightened up school attendance laws. 1884 Samuelson Report: Royal Commission on Technical Instruction. 1885 Marquis of Salisbury (Conservative) 1886 William Gladstone (Liberal) 1887 Technical Schools (Scotland) Act 1888 Local Government Act 1888 (pdf 2.6mb): created county councils and county borough councils which later became the framework for educational administration. 1888 Cross Commission: reviewed the working of the 1870 Act and recommended public funding for the secular curriculum in church schools (implemented in the 1902 Education Act). 1888 Victoria University Act 1888 (pdf 29kb) extended employment rights to graduates of Victoria University (Manchester). 1889 Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act 1889 (pdf 291kb) wide-ranging Act including restrictions on the employment of children. 1889 Technical Instruction Act 1889 : sought to improve the provision of technical and industrial training. 1891 Custody of Children Act 1891 (pdf 45kb) included a section on religious education. 1891 Army Schools Act 1891 (pdf 29kb) a brief Act extending certain endowments to army schools. 1891 Schools for Science and Art Act 1892 William Gladstone (Liberal) 1892 Betting and Loans (Infants) Act 1892 (pdf 82kb) made it illegal to encourage children to bet or borrow money. 1892 Technical and Industrial Institutions Act 1892 (pdf 60kb) new rules to facilitate the expansion of technical and industrial training. 1892 Technical Instruction Amendment (Scotland) Act 1893 School leaving age raised to 11. 1893 Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act 1893 : required school authorities to make better educational provision for blind and deaf children. 1894 Earl of Rosebery (Liberal) 1895 Marquis of Salisbury (Conservative) 1895 Bryce Report Royal Commission on Secondary Education reviewed the progress made since the report of the Schools Inquiry Commission in 1868. 1896 Consultative Committee Report on The registration of teachers. 1896 International conference of socialists: delegates (including Keir Hardie) argued that all working people should receive a full education. 1902 Arthur Balfour (Conservative) 1901 Trade School for Furniture and Cabinet-making: founded at the Shoreditch Technical Institute. 1902 University of Wales Act 1902 (pdf 29kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Wales. 1902 Education Act 1902 : the 'Balfour Act' established a system of secondary education integrating higher grade elementary schools and fee-paying secondary schools; abolished school boards and established local education authorities (LEAs). 1904 Regulations for Secondary Schools : Board of Education document defining a four-year subject-based course 1904 Consultative Committee Report on Examinations in secondary schools (exact title currently unknown). 1904 University of Liverpool Act 1904 (pdf 29kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Liverpool. 1904 Leeds University Act 1904 (pdf 33kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Leeds. 1905 Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal) 1905 Board of Education report by women inspectors on the admission of infants to public elementary schools. 1906 Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906 : allowed LEAs to provide meals for undernourished elementary school children. 1906 Dyke Report Questions Affecting Higher Elementary Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): made recommendations regarding the role, staffing and curriculum of Higher Elementary Schools. 1907 Elementary Code: improved quality and aims of elementary education. 1907 Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907 : among other things, this Act introduced a scholarship/free place system for secondary education and required LEAs to provide medical inspections of elementary school children. 1908 Herbert Asquith (Liberal) 1908 Acland Report School Attendance of Children Below the Age of Five (Board of Education Consultative Committee): made recommendations regarding the provision and content of nursery school education. 1908 Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded. 1909 Acland Report Attendance, Compulsory or Otherwise, at Continuation Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): argued that LEAs should be empowered to require under 17s to participate in some form of post-elementary education. 1910 Education (Choice of Employment) Act: foundation of careers service. 1911 Acland Report Examinations in Secondary Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): this was the Consultative Committee's second report on exams (the first - not online - was published in 1904). It argued that the existing system needed simplifying. 1911 Edmund Holmes What is and what might be . 1911 Central schools opened. 1913 Acland Report Practical Work in Secondary Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): argued that secondary schools should provide teaching in 'some branches of Educational Handwork', and should make them an integral part of the curriculum. 1913 Board of Education Regulations for new category of 'Junior Technical Schools'. 1913 Mental Deficiency Act. 1913 London County Council appointed psychologist Cyril Burt. 1914 Elementary Education (Defective and Epileptic) Act. 1914 Sheffield University Act 1914 (pdf 33kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Sheffield. 1914 Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1914 : extended the powers of local education authorities to provide meals for undernourished elementary school children. 1916 David Lloyd George (Liberal) 1916 Consultative Committee Report Scholarships for higher education. 1917 Secondary Schools Examination Council: established to administer the new School Certificate and Higher School Certificate. 1917 Lewis Report Juvenile education in relation to employment after the war : Departmental Committee report proposed a school leaving age of 14 with no exemptions, followed by attendance for at least 8 hours a week or 320 hours a year at 'day continuation' classes up to age 18. 1918 Education Act 1918 (Fisher) (pdf 748kb): wide-ranging Act extending education provision in line with recommendations of 1917 Lewis Report. 1919 Burnham Committee: established to decide on teachers' pay. 1919 Ministry of Health Act 1919 (pdf 205kb) created the Ministry of Health and transferred to it some of the powers of the Board of Education. 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act: government given power to link benefits to training but no national funding allocated for training courses, which were instead developed locally. 1920 Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920 (pdf 220kb) enacted the conventions agreed at the 1919 meeting of the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations. 1920 Report of the Departmental Committee on Scholarships and Free Places (Young Report): argued that 'practically all children, except the subnormal' were capable of profiting by full-time education up to 16 or beyond. 1921 Education Act 1921 : consolidated all previous laws relating to education and raised school leaving age to 14. 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) 1924 Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) 1925 Universities and College Estates Act 1925 (pdf 651kb) updated property rules relating to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities, Eton and St Mary's Winchester. 1926 Hadow Report The Education of the Adolescent : proposed junior and senior schools with transfer at age 11, secondary education for all, and increase in school leaving age to 15. 1927 Child Guidance Council established: beginnings of recognition of maladjustment. 1928 The New Prospect in Education Board of Education Pamphlet No. 60: set out the Board's response to the 1926 Hadow Report. 1928 Hadow Report Books in Public Elementary Schools . 1929 James Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) 1929 Wood Report Report of the Mental Deficiency Committee : made recommendations regarding the classification and education of 'mentally defective' children. 1929 Local Government Act 1929 (pdf 4.6mb) wide-ranging Act including the provision of education. 1929 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 (pdf 2.0mb) wide-ranging Act including the provision of education. 1931 Hadow Report The Primary School : set out the committee's vision of primary education. 1932 Royal Commission on Unemployment Insurance: recommended that 'Attendance at a Junior Instruction Centre or at a Course of Instruction should everywhere be regarded and enforced as a normal condition in respect of unemployment, whether through the Insurance Scheme or in the form of Unemployment Assistance.' 1932 Universities (Scotland) Act 1932 (pdf 143kb) extended the powers of the Courts of Scottish universities. 1933 Hadow Report Infant and Nursery Schools : the last of the six Hadow Reports. 1935 Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) 1936 Education Act 1936 : raised school leaving age to 15 and authorised building grants of up to 75 per cent for new denominational 'Special Agreement' senior schools. 1937 Neville Chamberlain (Conservative) 1937 Education (Deaf Children) Act. 1937 Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937 (pdf 1.6mb) wide-ranging Act covering child protection, employment, criminal proceedings and children in care. 1937 Physical Training and Recreation Act 1937 (pdf 250kb) provided for National Advisory Councils and a National College of Physical Training. 1937 Factories Act 1937 (pdf 22.8mb) wide-ranging Act including limitations on the employment of young people in hazardous environments. 1939 Education (Scotland) (War Service Superannuation) Act 1939 (pdf 102kb) teachers' war service to be reckoned for superannuation. 1940 Winston Churchill (Conservative) 1941 Board of Education Green Paper Education after the war. 1941 Rab Butler (Conservative) appointed President of the Board of Education. 1943 Norwood Report Curriculum and Examinations in Secondary Schools : backed the tripartite system recommended by the 1938 Spens Report. 1943 White Paper Educational Reconstruction : formed the basis of the 1944 Education Act. 1943 Universities and Colleges (Trusts) Act 1943 (pdf 131kb) provisions regarding trust property at Oxford, Cambridge and St Mary's College Winchester. 1944 Fleming Report The Public Schools and the General Educational System : considered how independent boarding schools might be integrated into the post-war education system. 1944-1951 Post-war reconstruction July 1945 Clement Attlee (Labour) July 1945 Ellen Wilkinson 1944 Education Act 1944 (pdf 1.8mb) the 'Butler Act' set the structure of the post-war system of state education. 1945 Education (Scotland) Act 1945 (pdf 1.5mb) the Scottish version of the 1944 Act. 1945 Model Articles: set out duties of school governors. 1945 Percy Report: made recommendations regarding technological education in colleges and universities. 1945 Scotland's Advisory Council on Education recommended a comprehensive system for all secondary pupils aged 12 to 16 with a common core curriculum and a common leaving exam. 1945 The Nation's Schools: government publication explaining tripartite system of secondary schools. 1946 Barlow Report: recommended more university places for science students. 1946 Education Act 1946 (pdf 280kb): set out arrangements for the management of voluntary and controlled schools. 1946 Education (Scotland) Act 1946 further enactments building on the Education (Scotland) Act 1945. 1946 Free milk provided for all pupils. February 1947 George Tomlinson 1947 The New Secondary Education: government publication reiterating its commitment to tripartite system of secondary schools. 1947 Clarke Report School and Life : the first report of the newly-created Central Advisory Council for Education (England) was an inquiry into the transition from school to independent life. 1947 School leaving age raised to 15. 1947 Area Training Organisations: 13 ATOs were established in England and one in Wales to coordinate teacher training. 1947 Education (Exemptions) (Scotland) Act 1947 made temporary provision for children to miss school to help with harvesting the potato crop. 1947 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (pdf 5.9mb) wide-ranging Act (including provisions relating to education) consolidating previous Acts and amendments. 1947 Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947 a major Act of the Northern Ireland Parliament setting out arrangements for the education system. 1948 Employment and Training Act: established the Youth Employment Service. Training would not be a condition of benefits. 1948 Local Government Act 1948 (pdf 1.9mb) wide-ranging Act (including provisions relating to education) consolidating previous Acts and amendments. 1948 Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1948 (pdf 292kb) laid down new rules on various administrative matters. 1948 Children Act 1948 made provision for the care and welfare of children without parents or whose parents were unfit or unable to take care of them. 1948 Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948 (pdf 200kb) laid down rules for the regulation and inspection of child minders. 1948 Clarke Report Out of School : the second report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) looked at facilities for out-of-school activities. 1948 British Nationality Act: gave Commonwealth citizens recognition as British subjects. 1949 Education (Scotland) Act 1949 made various amendments to the Education (Scotland) Act, 1946. 1949 Adoption of Children Act 1949 (pdf 295kb) made amendments to the Adoption of Children Act 1926. 1951 General Certificate of Education (GCE) introduced. 1951-1970 The wind of change October 1951 Winston Churchill (Conservative) November 1951 Florence Horsbrugh 1952 Children and Young Persons (Amendment) Act 1952 (pdf 209kb) made amendments to the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 and the Criminal Justice Act 1948. 1953 Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953 (pdf 424kb) laid down new rules on various administrative matters. 1953 University of St Andrews Act 1953 provided for the re-organisation of University education in St. Andrews and Dundee. 1953 School Crossing Patrols Act 1953 allowed school crossing patrols to control traffic. 1954 Horsbrugh stopped LCC from closing Eltham Hill Girls' Grammar School and transferring pupils to the new (comprehensive) Kidbrooke School. 1954 National Advisory Council on the Training and Supply of Teachers (NACTST) fourth report: training of special needs teachers. October 1954 Sir David Eccles 1954 Gurney-Dixon Report Early Leaving : a report by the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) which examined the problem of premature school-leaving in England. May 1955 Anthony Eden (Conservative) 1955 Underwood Report Maladjusted Children : the committee appointed by Minister of Education George Tomlinson in October 1950 recommended that LEAs should set up Child Guidance Services. 1956 Children and Young Persons Act 1956 dealt with escapes from approved schools and remand homes etc. 1956 Teachers (Superannuation) Act 1956 (pdf 572kb) amended previous legislation relating to teachers' pensions in England and Wales and in Scotland. 1956 Education (Scotland) Act 1956 made various amendments to the Education (Scotland) Act, 1946. 1956 Colleges of Advanced Technology: selected technical and FE colleges were upgraded to this status. In the mid-1960s most of these became the 'new universities'. 1956 Jameson Report An Inquiry into Health Visiting. January 1957 Harold MacMillan (Conservative) January 1957 Viscount Hailsham 1957 'Leicestershire experiment' began: reorganisation of schools. 1958 Carr Report: employers overwhelmingly opposed to vocational instruction provided by schools. 1958 White Paper Secondary Education for All: A New Drive. 1958 Matrimonial Proceedings (Children) Act 1958 sought to protect the interests of children in divorce cases. 1958 Local Government Act 1958 (pdf 1.9mb) wide-ranging Act including provisions relating to education. 1958 Children Act 1958 made new provisions for the protection of children living away from their parents and amended the law relating to adoption. 1959 Primary Education : Suggestions for the consideration of teachers and others concerned with the work of Primary Schools. Ministry of Education publication. 1959 Younghusband Report Social Workers in the Local Authority Health and Welfare Services. 1959 Mental Health Act. 1959 Education Act 1959 (pdf 68kb) gave the Minister greater powers relating to grants and loans to aided schools and special agreement schools. October 1959 Sir David Eccles 1959 Crowther Report 15-18 : recommended raising the school leaving age to 16 and the provision of further education for 15-18 year olds, questioned the value of day release provision for apprenticeships. 1960 Beloe Report Secondary School Examinations other than the GCE : the report of a Committee appointed by the Secondary School Examinations Council which led to the introduction of the Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) in 1965. 1960 Teacher training course: extended from two years to three. 1960 Indecency with Children Act 1960 (pdf 61kb): strengthened the law relating to sexual offences against children, especially young girls. July 1962 Sir Edward Boyle 1962 Education Act 1962 (pdf 240kb): required LEAs to provide students with grants for living costs and tuition fees; placed legal obligation on parents to ensure that children received a suitable education at school or otherwise - failure to comply could result in prosecution; made LEAs legally responsible for ensuring that pupils attended school. 1962 Education (Scotland) Act 1962 (pdf 2.6mb): major Act consolidating previous legislation relating to education in Scotland. 1962 Curriculum Study Group: set up by the Minister. Opposition to it led to the establishment of the Schools Council in 1964. 1963 Newsom Report Half our Future : the education of 13-16 year olds of average and less than average ability. October 1963 Alec Douglas-Home (Conservative) 1963 Robbins Report Higher education : recommended a massive expansion of higher education to cater for all who had the necessary ability. (See also Dearing 1997 and Browne 2010) 1963 Middle schools: championed by West Riding of Yorkshire CEO Alec Clegg. 1963 Remuneration of Teachers Act 1963 gave the Minister powers relating to the remuneration of teachers. 1963 Education (Scotland) Act 1963 miscellaneous provisions relating to examinations and teachers' salaries and pensions. 1963 London Government Act 1963 (pdf 5mb) abolished London County Council (LCC) and replaced it with the Greater London Council (GLC). 1963 Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (pdf 1020kb) extended LEAs' responsibilities for the welfare of children. 1964 Labour manifesto promised to abolish selection. 1964 DES: The Ministry of Education was renamed the Department of Education and Science and the Minister became the Secretary of State. 1964 Universities and College Estates Act 1964 (pdf 164kb) amended the law relating to university and college property. 1964 Education Act 1964 (pdf 64kb) the 'Boyle Act' allowed the creation of middle schools. April 1964 Quintin Hogg October 1964 Harold Wilson (Labour) October 1964 Michael Stewart 1964 Lockwood Report: established the Schools Council to disseminate ideas about curricular reform in England and Wales. 1964 Industrial Training Act: central government became directly involved in employers' training practices. 1964 Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) established. January 1965 Anthony Crosland 1965 Education (Scotland) Act 1965 amended the Education (Scotland) Act 1963. 1965 Circular 10/65 : requested LEAs to submit proposals for comprehensivisation. (Withdrawn later by Circular 10/70). 1965 Circular 600: Scotland's version of Circular 10/65. 1965 Teaching Council (Scotland) Act 1965 (pdf 336kb) provided for the establishment of a General Teaching Council for Scotland. 1965 Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) introduced in England and Wales (see the 1960 Beloe Report). 1966 DES Circular 10/66 School building programmes: set out government proposals for 1967-70. 1966 Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 (pdf 356kb) provided for the reconstitution of the universities of St Andrew's, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh and for the foundation of the University of Dundee. 1966 Local Government Act 1966 (pdf 880kb): made various changes in funding between central government and LEAs. Section 11 dealt with the funding of education for immigrant children. 1966 Polytechnics established. August 1967 Patrick Gordon-Walker 1967 Plowden Report Children and their Primary Schools : arguably the best known of all education reports, it promoted child-centred education and was much maligned by traditionalists. 1967 Education Act 1967 (pdf 68kb) gave the Secretary of State greater powers in relation to grants and loans to aided and special agreement schools etc. April 1968 Edward Short 1968 Newsom Report The Public Schools Commission: First Report : like Fleming in 1944, made recommendations about integrating private boarding schools into the state education system. 1968 Summerfield Report Psychologists in Education Services : the first government-commissioned report on the work of psychologists. 1968 Dainton Report Science and technology in higher education: prompted by reduction in numbers of science students. 1968 School Meals Agreement: teachers were no longer obliged to supervise children at lunchtimes. 1968 Teachers Superannuation (Scotland) Act 1968 (pdf 262kb) amended teachers' superannuation arrangements. 1968 Education Act 1968 (pdf 180kb): laid down rules about changing the character of a school (eg to comprehensive). 1968 Education (No. 2) Act 1968 made further provision for the government of colleges of education, other further education institutions and special schools maintained by local education authorities. 1968 Middle schools: the first opened in Bradford and the West Riding of Yorkshire. 1969 Haslegrave Report: promoted technical and business education. 1969 Education (Scotland) Act 1969 amended various laws relating to education in Scotland, especially the 1962 Education (Scotland) Act. 1969 Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (pdf 2.2mb): gave LEAs responsibilities for children not receiving education or in need of care and control. 1969 Fight for Education: A Black Paper edited by CB Cox and AE Dyson. 1969 Black Paper Two: The Crisis in Education edited by CB Cox and AE Dyson. 1970 Donnison Report The Public Schools Commission: Second Report : considered the part independent day schools and direct grant grammar schools might play in a state education system which was in the middle of comprehensive reorganisation. 1970-1979 Recession and disenchantment June 1970 Ted Heath (Conservative) June 1970 Margaret Thatcher 1970 Circular 10/70: Conservative government circular withdrawing Labour's circular 10/65. LEAs were no longer compelled to go comprehensive. (Withdrawn later by Circular 4/74). 1970 Education (School Milk) Act 1970 extended the provision of free school milk to junior pupils in middle schools. 1970 Education (Handicapped Children) Act 1970 (pdf 60kb): transferred responsibility for education of severely handicapped children from health authorities to LEAs. 1970 Durham Report The fourth R: Church of England report on church schools and religious education. 1970 Black Paper Three: Goodbye Mr Short edited by CB Cox and AE Dyson. 1971 Teaching Council (Scotland) Act 1971 (pdf 64kb) allowed General Teaching Council for Scotland fees to be deducted from salaries. 1971 Education (Scotland) Act 1971 amended the law relating to free education and the charging of fees in Scotland. 1971 Education (Milk) Act 1971 : limited the provision of free milk in schools (and led to the jibe 'Thatcher, Thatcher, milk snatcher). 1972 White Paper Education: A Framework for Expansion: promoted diversification and rationalisation. 1972 Local Government Act: reduced the number of LEAs from 146 to 104 (implemented in 1974). 1972 Children Act 1972 (pdf 44kb) the minimum age at which children could be employed was not to be affected by changes in the school leaving age. 1973 Russell Report: adult education. 1973 Education Act 1973 (pdf 296kb) provisions relating to certain educational trusts and local education authority awards. 1973 Education (Work Experience) Act 1973 (pdf 52kb): allowed LEAs to organise work experience for final year school students. 1973 Employment of Children Act 1973 (pdf 144kb): new regulations and supervision by local authorities. 1973 National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973 (pdf 2.4mb) transferred the school health service from LEAs to Area Health Authorities, but LEAs still responsible for dental and medical inspections. 1973 Employment and Training Act 1973 (pdf 1.5mb): required LEAs to set up careers services; established the Manpower Services Commission (MSC) under the Department of Employment, the Employment Service Agency and the Training Services Agency. 1973 Education (Scotland) Act 1973 increased the powers of the Secretary of State in relation to the employment of teachers. 1973 School leaving age raised to 16. 1973 Circular 7/73: halved the number of places for student teachers. February 1974 Harold Wilson (Labour) March 1974 Reginald Prentice 1974 Circular 4/74 reaffirmed the Labour government's intention to proceed with comprehensivisation. 1974 The William Tyndale Affair: chaos at a badly managed school gave ammunition to the writers of the 'Black Papers' and helped prepare the way for Callaghan's 1976 Ruskin Speech. 1974 Finer Report: special needs of one parent families. 1974 Swann Report The flow into employment of scientists, engineers and technologists. 1974 Assessment of Performance Unit (APU) established by the DES to 'promote the development of methods of assessing and monitoring the achievement of children at school'. 1974 Local Government Act 1974 (pdf 2.2mb) wide-ranging Act including some provisions relating to education. 1974 Education (Mentally Handicapped Children) (Scotland) Act 1974 (pdf 123kb) required Scottish education authorities to provide for the education of mentally handicapped children. June 1975 Fred Mulley 1975 Education Act extended the provisions of the 1962 Education Act relating to student grants. 1975 Bullock Report A language for life : major report on the teaching of English. 1975 Education Act 1975 amended the law relating to local education authority grants, awards to students at adult education colleges, and increased central government funding for aided and special agreement schools. 1975 Sex Discrimination Act (pdf 1.8mb) had effects on school admissions, appointments and curricula. 1975 Children Act 1975 (pdf 1.8mb) wide-ranging Act relating to the adoption, custody and care of children. 1975 Direct Grant Grammar Schools (Cessation of Grant) Regulations: indicated how grants for these schools were to be phased out. 1975 Black Paper 1975: The Fight for Education edited by CB Cox and R Boyson. April 1976 Jim Callaghan (Labour) September 1976 Shirley Williams 1976 Race Relations Act. 1976 Education (School-leaving Dates) Act 1976 (pdf 56kb): a minor amendment to section 9 of the 1962 Education Act. 1976 Education (Scotland) Act 1976 miscellaneous provisions relating to school starting and leaving dates, supply of milk etc. 1976 Race Relations Act 1976 (pdf 1.3mb) new laws relating to discrimination and race relations with implications for schools and education authorities. 1976 Education Act 1976 (pdf 148kb) gave the Secretary of State the power to ask LEAs to plan for non-selective (ie comprehensive) secondary education (repealed by the Conservatives in 1979). 1976 Court Committee's report Fit for the future: Child Health Services. 1976 School Education in England: problems and initiatives : the so-called 'Yellow Book', prepared by the DES, set out the state of school education in England in the mid-1970s. 1976 Jim Callaghan's Ruskin College speech began 'The Great Debate' about education. 1976 Neville Bennett's paper Teaching styles and pupil progress attacked 'progressive' education. 1976 Layfeld Committee local government finance. 1977-82 Matters for Discussion A series of 15 discussion documents from HMI: 15 The New Teacher in School (1982) 1977 Education in schools: a consultative document : green paper requesting LEAs to review their curriculum policies as part of the 'Great Debate'. 1977 Taylor Report A New Partnership for Our Schools : recommended major changes in the management of schools, implemented in the 1980 Education Act. 1977 Black Paper 1977 edited by CB Cox and R Boyson. 1978 Education (Northern Ireland) Act 1978 facilitated the establishment in Northern Ireland of integrated schools for pupils of different religious affiliations. made illegal the making and distribution of indecent photographs of children. 1978 Oakes Report: management of higher education. 1978 Sneddon Report Learning to Teach : a report of the General Teaching Council for Scotland. 1978 Warnock Report Special Educational Needs : major report on provision for children and young people with special needs. 1978 Waddell Report School Examinations : recommended a single exam at age 16 to replace the GCE O Level and CSE. (The first GCSE exams were taken in 1988). 1978 Youth Opportunities Programme introduced for 16-18 year olds. 1978-85 HMI surveys: In response to Plowden's suggestion that the quality of education in England should be reviewed every ten years, HMI produced, between 1978 and 1985, five major surveys covering the whole school age range: 1979-1990 Thatcherism: the marketisation of education May 1979 Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) May 1979 Mark Carlisle 1979 Education Act 1979 (pdf 40kb) repealed Labour's 1976 Act - allowed LEAs to retain selective secondary schools. 1979 Mansell Report A basis for choice: recommended rationalising provision of non-specific vocational courses for school leavers. 1979 LEA Arrangements for the School Curriculum: required LEAs to publish curriculum policies. 1979 Aspects of secondary education in England: see 1978-85 HMI surveys above. 1980 Child Care Act 1980 (pdf 1.6mb) wide-ranging Act largely consolidating previous legislation relating to the role of local authorities and voluntary organisations. 1980 Foster Children Act 1980 (pdf 373kb) consolidated previous legislation relating to foster children. 1980 Education Act 1980 (pdf 1mb) instituted the assisted places scheme (public money for children to go to private schools), gave parents greater powers on governing bodies and over admissions, and removed LEAs' obligation to provide school milk and meals. 1980 Education (Scotland) Act 1980 (pdf 2.1mb) wide-ranging Act largely consolidating previous legislation. 1980 A Framework for the School Curriculum HMI publication. 1980 ORACLE survey (Galton and Simon) Observational research and classroom learning: important investigation into teaching and learning. 1980 White Paper A new training initiative: a programme for action set out the first plans for the Youth Training Scheme (YTS). September 1981 Sir Keith Joseph 1981 Rampton Report West Indian Children in our Schools : interim report of the Committee of Enquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. (The final report was Swann 1985 - see below). 1981 Education (Scotland) Act 1981 (pdf 1.3mb) wide-ranging Act including the provision of assisted places at private schools. 1981 Education Act 1981 (pdf 496kb): based on the 1978 Warnock Report, gave parents new rights in relation to special needs. 1981 The School Curriculum DES publication advising LEAs on curriculum development. 1981 Circular 6/81 : required LEAs to review curriculum policies in the light of what was said in The School Curriculum (1981). 1981 Employment and Training Act: abolished the Employment Service Agency and the Training Services Agency. 1982 Cockcroft Report Mathematics counts : major report on the teaching of maths. 1982 Thompson Report: review of the Youth Service. 1982 Employment and Training Act: removed trades unions from decisions about the costs of training to employers. 1982 Industrial Training Act: set up a regulatory framework for industrial training boards. 1982 Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI) launched: aimed at 14-18 year olds, administered by MSC. 1982 Children's Homes Act 1982 (pdf 250kb) provided for the registration, inspection and conduct of homes for children in local authority care. 1983 TVEI: pilot schemes began. 1983 Circular 8/83 : required LEAs to report on progress in developing curriculum policy as requested in Circular 6/81. 1983 Youth Training Scheme (YTS): one year scheme introduced. 1983 Education (Fees and Awards) Act 1983 (pdf 36kb) provisions relating to university fees and grants for non-UK students. 1983 9-13 Middle Schools: see 1978-85 HMI surveys above. 1984 Education (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 1984 (pdf 37kb) gave the Secretary of State power to control the use of dangerous materials or apparatus in Scottish schools. 1984 Education (Grants and Awards) Act 1984 (pdf 88kb): introduced Education Support Grants (ESGs) - central government funds given to LEAs for specific purposes. 1984 Child Abduction Act 1984 (pdf 258kb) amended the criminal law relating to the abduction of children. 1984 Foster Children (Scotland) Act 1984 (pdf 549kb) consolidated previous legislation. 1984 Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE) established to set standards for initial teacher training courses. 1984 Schools Council abolished: its work was shared between School Examinations Council (SEC) (nominated by the Secretary of State) and School Curriculum Development Council (SCDC) (not to 'concern itself with policy'). 1984 Green Paper Parental influence at school: proposed more parent power. 1984-9 Curriculum Matters : A series of 17 discussion documents from HMI: 1985 Better Schools - A Summary : DES booklet summarising the White Paper. 1985 Education 8-12 in Combined and Middle Schools: see 1978-85 HMI surveys above. 1985 Quality in Schools: Evaluation and Appraisal : DES publication based on surveys by HMI of practice in a small number of schools and LEAs. 1985 Swann Report Education for All : final report of the Committee of Enquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups (interim report was Rampton 1981 - see above). 1985 Green Paper Education and training for young people: announced major expansion of YTS from April 1986. 1985 Further Education Act 1985 (pdf 193kb) empowered local authorities to supply goods and services through further education establishments; amended sex discrimination rules relating to PE teachers. 1985 Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 (pdf 623kb) enabled the UK to ratify international Conventions relating to child abduction and custody decisions. 1985 Jarratt Report Report of the Steering Committee for Efficiency Studies in Universities : a report commissioned by the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals. May 1986 Kenneth Baker 1986 GLC: abolished on 31 March. (Thatcher had wanted to abolish ILEA at the same time but was persuaded that the London Boroughs were not yet ready to take on responsbility for education). 1986 General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE): common 16+ exam system replaced GCE O Level and CSE. 1986 Education (Amendment) Act 1986 (pdf 37kb) brief Act increasing education support grant limits and removing payment for lunch duties from the 1965 Remuneration of Teachers Act. 1986 Protection of Children (Tobacco) Act 1986 (pdf 57kb) banned the sale of tobacco to under-16s. 1986 Education Act 1986 (pdf 92kb): required LEAs to give governors information on funding. 1986 Education (No. 2) Act 1986 (pdf 1.6mb): required LEAs to state policies, governors to publish annual reports and hold parents' meetings; laid down rules on admissions, political indoctrination and sex education; abolished corporal punishment; ended Secretary of State's duty to make annual reports. 1986 National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) established. 1986 YTS extended to two years. 1987 Specific Grants for INSET (In-Service Training). 1987 The National Curriculum 5-16 : the consultation document in which the government set out its plans for the introduction of the national curriculum and associated assessment procedures. 1987 Teachers' Pay and Conditions Act 1987 abolished the negotiating procedures set up by the 1965 Act - Secretary of State imposed teachers' pay and conditions until 1991. 1987 White Paper Higher education. 1988 Youth Training Guarantee: all 16 and 17 year olds were to be in education, employment or training. 1988 Black Report National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing (TGAT) (pdf 889kb): set out structure of tests and school league tables. 1988 Higginson Report Advancing A Levels : its recommendations for broadening the sixth form curriculum were rejected by the Thatcher government. 1988 Kingman Report: The Teaching of English Language . 1988 Local Government Act 1988 (pdf 9.0mb) included the notoriously homophobic Section 28 (which was repealed by New Labour in November 2003). 1988 Employment Act 1988 (pdf 229kb): introduced bridging allowance for young people waiting to take up YTS place. MSC renamed the Training Commission. 1988 Education Reform Act 1988 (pdf 45.9mb): major act establishing the National Curriculum, testing regime, Local Management of Schools (LMS) etc. 1988 Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts by Children) Act 1988 (pdf 205kb) made compulsory the use of rear seat belts by children. 1988 School Boards (Scotland) Act 1988 (pdf 3.6mb) required Scottish local authorities to establish School Boards. 1988 White Paper Top-up loans for students. 1989 Cox Report English for ages 5 to 16 : the report which formed the basis of the English component of the new National Curriculum. 1989 Elton Report Discipline in Schools . July 1989 John MacGregor 1989 Employment Act 1989 (pdf 352kb): abolished the Training Commission. 1989 Self-Governing Schools etc. (Scotland) Act 1989 (pdf 1.4mb) the Tories' failed attempt to get Scottish schools to opt out of local authority control: only two did so and they both later reversed their decision. 1989 Children Act 1989 (pdf 6.0mb) wide-ranging Act covering local authority services, children's homes, fostering, child minding and adoption. 1990 ILEA abolished (1 April): responsibilities transferred to London boroughs. 1990 Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (pdf 116kb): introduced 'top-up' loans for higher education students and so began the diminution of student grants. 1990 Rumbold Report Starting with Quality : Committee of Inquiry report on the education of 3 and 4 year olds. 1990 YTS renamed Youth Training. 1991 Motor Vehicles (Safety Equipment for Children) Act 1991 (pdf 61kb) an amendment to the Road Traffic Act 1988. 1991 Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991 (pdf 115kb) increased the penalties for selling tobacco to young people, banned the sale of loose cigarettes etc. 1991 Child Support Act 1991 (pdf 823kb) tightened up the law on maintenance payments. 1991 School Teachers' Pay and Conditions Act 1991 (pdf 172kb): established a review body but gave the Secretary of State the final say. 1991 Religious Education: A Local Curriculum Framework : a National Curriculum Council paper offering advice to LEAs. 1991 Parents' Charter: gave parents the right to information about schools and their performance (updated in 1994). 1991 Training Credits/Youth Credits (Employment Department): pilot schemes began. 1991 Polytechnics: granted university status. 1991 White Paper on higher education: recommended expansion of student numbers. 1992 Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (pdf 1.6mb): removed FE and sixth form colleges from LEA control and established Further Education Funding Councils (FEFCs), unified the funding of higher education under the Higher Education Funding Councils (HEFCs), introduced competition for funding between institutions, abolished the Council for National Academic Awards. 1992 Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 (pdf 1.7mb) new arrangements for the funding and management of colleges in Scotland. 1992 Education (Schools) Act 1992 (pdf 4.2mb) new arrangements for the inspection of schools led to the creation of Ofsted (Office for Standards in Education). 1992 Discussion paper Curriculum Organisation and Classroom Practice in Primary Schools: A discussion paper (popularly known as the 'Three Wise Men Report'): commissioned by Kenneth Clarke. April 1992 John Patten 1992 DFE: the Department of Education and Science was renamed the Department for Education. 1992 White Paper Choice and Diversity: A new framework for schools : formed the basis of the 1993 Education Act. 1993 Spiritual and Moral Development : a discussion paper produced by the National Curriculum Council. 1993 Education Act 1993 (pdf 19.1mb): changed the funding of GM schools, laid down rules for pupil exclusions and for 'failing' schools, abolished NCC and SEAC and replaced them with the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority (SCAA), defined special educational needs. 1993 National Commission on Education (independent of government): published final report Learning to succeed: a radical look at education today and a strategy for the future. 1994 University of London Act 1994 (pdf 61kb): made new provision for the making of statutes for the University. 1994 Warwick Evaluation Implementation of English in the National Curriculum : within a year of its introduction, concerns about National Curriculum English prompted this investigation. 1994 Dearing Review The National Curriculum and its Assessment: Final Report : the Tories' National Curriculum and assessment arrangements were hopelessly complicated. Ron Dearing was called on to sort out the mess. July 1994 Gillian Shephard September 1994 Chris Woodhead became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 1994 Education Act 1994 (pdf 3.7mb) established the Teacher Training Authority (TTA) and laid down new regulations relating to student unions. 1994 Labour Party Opening doors to a learning society : education policy document prepared for the party's annual conference in 1994 - Tony Blair's first as leader. 1994 Code of Practice on the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs came into force. 1994 Modern Apprenticeships: pilot schemes announced. 1995 Modern Apprenticeships introduced. 1995 Youth Credits introduced - Youth Training name dropped. 1995 DfEE: the DFE was renamed the Department for Education and Employment. 1995 Child Support Act 1995 (pdf 459kb) made provisions relating to child support maintenance and other maintenance. 1995 Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (pdf 3.4mb) wide-ranging Act covering adoption, relationships between parents/guardians and children and children's homes. 1998 Green Paper Teachers: meeting the challenge of change New Labour's first Green Paper on the teaching profession. 1998 Education (Student Loans) Act 1998 (pdf 88kb): transferred provision of student loans to the private sector. 1998 Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (pdf 836kb): established the General Teaching Council (GTC), abolished student maintenance grants and required students to contribute towards tuition fees. 1998 School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (pdf 940kb): encouraged selection by specialisation, changed the names of types of schools, limited infant class sizes, established Education Action Zones etc. 1998 Crick Report Education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools (pdf 430kb): recommended that citizenship education should be a statutory entitlement in the school curriculum. 1998 Select Committee Report Disaffected Children: looked at the 14-19 age group. 1998 Education Action Zones: the first 12 EAZs were established. 1998 National Literacy Strategy: launched in September. 1999 Modern Apprenticeships expanded to 82,000 places. Investors in Young People developed further and renamed ConneXions. 1999 Moser Report Improving literacy and numeracy: a fresh start (summary and recommendations only) (pdf 131kb): set out National Literacy Strategy and National Learning Targets. 1999 The National Curriculum: Handbook for primary teachers in England (pdf 1.6mb) information and advice for teachers from the DfEE and the QCA. 1999 Protection of Children Act 1999 (pdf 86kb) provided for a list to be kept of persons considered unsuitable to work with children. 1999 Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA): pilot schemes aimed at greater take-up of and achievement in post-16 education. 1999 Fresh Start scheme: aimed to revitalise 'failing' inner-city schools. 1999 Excellence in Cities (EiC): three year initiative began. 1999 National Numeracy Strategy: launched in September. 2000 Ripon Grammar School: survived the first parental ballot on selection. 2000 Care Standards Act 2000 (pdf 430kb) wide-ranging Act including provisions relating to children; created the post of Children's Commissioner for Wales. 2000 City academies: David Blunkett announced the government's intention to create a network of academies - effectively private schools paid for by the state. 2000 Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (pdf 66kb) made provisions about the assessment of carers' needs and services to help carers etc. 2000 Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (pdf 594kb) wide-ranging Act amending various laws. 2000 Learning and Skills Act 2000 (pdf 484kb): established the Learning and Skills Councils for England and Wales, allowed city technology colleges to be renamed city academies. 2000 Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 (pdf 78kb) more duties for local authorities, replacing section 24 of the 1989 Children Act. 2000 King's Manor School, Guildford: first state school to be privatised (September). 2000 Chris Woodhead resigned as HMCI/Head of Ofsted (November). December 2000 Mike Tomlinson became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 2001 Green Paper Schools: building on success (pdf 1.4mb): New Labour's rewriting of the history of the comprehensive school. 2001 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (pdf 799kb) amended Part 4 of the 1996 Education Act - made further provision against discrimination on grounds of disability. 2001 Children's Commissioner for Wales Act 2001 (pdf 123kb) made further provisions relating to the role of the Commissioner. June 2001 Estelle Morris 2001 DfES: the education department was renamed the Department for Education and Skills. 2001 White Paper Schools: achieving success (pdf 1.5mb): formed the basis of the 2002 Education Act. 2001 The Learning Country (pdf 508kb): the National Assembly for Wales announced its intention to create a fully comprehensive system of secondary schools. May 2002 David Bell became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 2002 Green Paper 14-19: extending opportunities, raising standards (pdf 1.8mb) set out proposals for the 14-19 curriculum. 2002 Education Act 2002 (pdf 6.4mb) wide ranging Act which implemented the proposals in the 2001 white paper. 2002 Adoption and Children Act 2002 (pdf 3.8mb) wide-ranging Act restating and amending the law relating to the adoption of children. 2002 Education (Middle School) (England) Regulations 2002 (pdf 45kb): specified whether middle schools would be classified as either primary or secondary schools. 2002 City academies: the first 3 opened. 2002 Languages for all: languages for life: the government's strategy for the teaching of foreign languages. October 2002 Charles Clarke 2003 White Paper The future of higher education (pdf 627kb): controversially proposed allowing universities to charge variable top-up fees and formed the basis of the 2004 Higher Education Act. 2003 Green Paper 14-19: opportunity and excellence (pdf 4.6mb) set out proposals for the 14-19 curriculum taking into account responses to the 2002 Green Paper. 2003 City academies: 9 more opened. 2003 Workforce remodelling: government initiative aimed at reducing teachers' workload by employing more unqualified classroom assistants. 2003 Green paper Every Child Matters: led to the 2004 Children Act. 2003 Ofsted/Audit Commission Report School place planning : The influence of school place planning on school standards and social inclusion (pdf 98kb): warned of social divisiveness of parental choice. 2004 (January) MPs voted - by a small majority - to allow universities to charge variable top-up fees (see 2004 Higher Education Act). 2004 Smith Report Making Mathematics Count (pdf 926kb): report of Professor Adrian Smith's inquiry into post-14 mathematics education. 2004 Building Schools for the Future: massive schools rebuilding programme launched (the website has been removed from the web by the Cameron government). 2004 Child Trust Funds Act 2004 (pdf 119kb) made provisions regarding child trust funds and related matters. 2004 Higher Education Act 2004 (pdf 196kb): allowed universities to charge variable top-up fees. 2004 Children Act 2004 (pdf 280kb): based on the 2003 green paper Every Child Matters. 2004 Welsh education minister Jane Davidson announced that tests for 11 and 14 year olds would be scrapped in Wales. 2004 Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners (pdf 1.2mb): formed the basis for the 2005 white paper Higher standards, better schools for all. 2004 Academies (the 'City' had now been dropped): 5 more opened. 2004 Tomlinson Report 14-19 Curriculum and Qualifications Reform (pdf 920kb). 2004 Scottish Executive A curriculum for excellence (pdf 229kb) report of the Curriculum Review Group. 2004 Building Bulletin 98 (pdf 7mb) Briefing Framework for Secondary School Projects (DfES). 2004 Building Bulletin 99 (pdf 5mb) Briefing Framework for Primary School Projects (DfES). December 2004 Ruth Kelly 2005 White paper 14-19 Education and Skills (pdf 524kb): rejected most of 2004 Tomlinson Report's recommendations. 2005 White paper Higher Standards, Better Schools for All (pdf 964kb): proposed independent trust schools. Led to 2006 Education and Inspections Bill. 2005 Child Benefit Act 2005 (pdf 147kb) redefined those entitled to child benefit. 2005 Education Act 2005 (pdf 648kb) mostly concerned with changes to the inspection regime. 2005 Steer Report Learning behaviour (pdf 979kb). May 2006 Alan Johnson 2006 Equality Act 2006 (pdf 406kb) established the Commission for Equality and Human Rights with implications for schools. 2006 Children and Adoption Act 2006 (pdf 201kb) made provisions regarding contact with children, family assistance orders, risk assessments etc. 2006 Childcare Act 2006 (pdf 381kb) new rules relating to the provision, regulation and inspection of childcare. 2006 Education and Inspections Act 2006 (pdf 1.0mb): very controversial - passed only with Tory support. 2006 Primary National Strategy (pdf 922kb): Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics. 2006 University top-up fees: UCAS revealed that 15,000 fewer students had started university compared with the previous year. October 2006 Christine Gilbert became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 2008 Sale of Student Loans Act 2008 (pdf 86kb) allowed the government to sell off student loans. 2008 Special Educational Needs (Information) Act 2008 (pdf 61kb) amended the 1996 Education Act in relation to the provision and publication of information about children with special educational needs. 2008 Children and Young Persons Act 2008 (pdf 228kb) new arrangements for the provision of social work services. 2008 Education and Skills Act 2008 (pdf 672kb) raised the education leaving age to 18; Key Stage 3 SATs effectively abolished. 2008 Education for All: final report of the Nuffield Review of 14-19 education and training . 2008 Testing and Assessment (pdf 631kb): report by the House of Commons Children, Schools and Families Committee (CSFC). 2008 NUT members staged one-day strike over pay (24 April). 2008 Ofqual (Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator): launched on 16 May, led by Kathleen Tattersall. 2008 National Challenge launched by Balls: targeted 638 'failing' state secondary schools. 2008 SATs fiasco: widespread IT problems; delayed and inaccurate results; QCA chief executive Ken Boston resigned. 2008 Academies: 51 opened in September. 2008 Tories' free schools policy announced by Michael Gove (shadow education secretary). 2008 IRPC Interim Report Interim Report of the Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum (pdf 2.1mb). 2008 School Admissions Code: revised version published in December. 2009 Cambridge Primary Review Towards a New Primary Curriculum (interim reports): Past and Present (pdf 623kb) and The Future (pdf 737kb). 2009 Homophobic bullying in Britain's schools : report by Stonewall. 2009 CSFC Report National Curriculum (pdf 1.5mb) report by the House of Commons Children, Schools and Families Committee. 2009 IRPC Final Report Final Report of the Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum (pdf 3.3mb). 2009 Steer Report Learning Behaviour: Lessons Learned (pdf 2.1mb): follow-up to the Steer committee's first report Learning Behaviour (2005). 2009 Macdonald Report Independent Review of the proposal to make Personal, Social, Health and Economic (PSHE) education statutory (pdf 983kb). 2009 SATs: boycott proposed by NUT and NAHT. 2009 DIUS abolished after just two years: responsibilities transferred to new Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). 2009 Eleven plus abolished in Northern Ireland, but grammar schools (mostly Roman Catholic) vow to set their own tests. 2009 Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 (pdf 1.0mb): created a statutory framework for apprenticeships. 2009 Liberal Democrats Equity and Excellence (pdf 246kb) set out LibDem education policies for discussion at the party's spring conference. 2009 White Paper Your child, your schools, our future (pdf 2.2mb): wide-ranging proposals including the removal of central government prescription of teaching methods and reduction in the use of the private consultants to improve schools. 2009 A New Framework for Higher Education (Department of Business, Innovation and Skills): set out ten to fifteen year strategy. 2010 Cambridge Primary Review Children, their World, their Education: final report. 2010 Steer Report Behaviour and the role of Home-School Agreements (pdf 1.1mb): advice on implementing changes to home-school agreements as specified in the Children, Schools and Families Bill. 2010 Academies Act 2010 (pdf 106kb) (27 July): provided for massive and rapid expansion of academies. 2010 Building Schools for the Future project scrapped (July). 2010 Browne Report Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education (pdf 799 kb) (October): recommendations mostly ignored. (See also Robbins 1963 and Dearing 1997) 2010 White paper The Importance of Teaching (pdf 1mb) (24 November): wide-ranging document covering teaching, leadership, behaviour, new schools, accountability etc. 2010 Higher education: fewer places and vastly increased tuition fees, the latter despite Liberal Democrat pre-election promises (December). 2011 CESC Behaviour and Discipline in Schools (pdf 430kb) (3 February): a report by the Commons Education Select Committee. 2011 Green Paper Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability (pdf 1.5mb) (March): proposed the abolition of statementing and advocated personal budgets. 2011 Wolf Report Review of Vocational Education (pdf 2.5mb) (March): backed Gove's view of education as academic excellence for a few and vocational training for the rest. 2011 Bew Report Independent Review of Key Stage 2 testing, assessment and accountability (pdf 340kb) (June): recommended that published test results should be more comprehensive and seen as a part of a bigger picture. 2011 DfE Training our next generation of outstanding teachers (pdf 336kb) (June) discussion document. 2011 APPGE Report of the Inquiry into Overcoming the Barriers to Literacy (pdf 328kb) (July): report of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Education criticising the government's approach to the teaching of reading. 2011 DfE Teachers' Standards (pdf 188kb) (July): came into force in September 2012. 2011 CESC Participation by 16-19 year olds in education and training (pdf 844kb) (19 July): report by the Commons Education Select Committee criticising the govenment's decision to abolish the Education Maintenance Allowance. 2011 CESC The English Baccalaureate (pdf 725kb) (28 July): report by the Commons Education Select Committee on the government's proposals. 2011 Education Act 2011 (pdf 700kb) (15 November): increased schools' powers relating to pupil behaviour and exclusions, further diminished the role of local authorities, further expansion of academies etc. 2011 DfE Training our next generation of outstanding teachers (pdf 336kb) (November); set out the government's implementation plan. 2011 DfE The Framework for the National Curriculum (pdf 946kb) (December): the report of the advisory panel chaired by Tim Oates. 2011 Henley Report Music Education in England (pdf 827kb) (undated). See also the government's response to the review (pdf 152kb) (undated) and The Importance of Music (pdf 348kb) (undated): A National Plan for Music Education. 2012 New Admissions Code (1 February): 2012 White Paper Reform of provision for children and young people with Special Educational Needs (pdf 958kb) (September): its recommendations formed the basis of Part 3 of the 2014 Children and Families Act (see below). 2012 Lingfield Report Professionalism in Further Education (pdf 438kb) (October): the final report of the Independent Review Panel. 2012 NAO Managing the expansion of the Academies Programme (pdf 520kb) (20 November): National Audit Office report criticising the ï¿½1bn overspend on academies in two years. 2012 Henley Report Cultural Education in England (pdf 733kb) (undated): an independent review by Darren Henley for the DfE and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. 2013 CESC From GCSEs to EBCs: the Government's proposals for reform (pdf 1.6mb) (31 January): the Commons Education Select Committee criticised Gove's proposal to phase out GCSEs. 2013 NAO Capital funding for new school places (pdf 569kb) (15 March): National Audit Office report warning of a 256,000 shortfall in school places by 2014. 2013 CPAC Department for Education: Managing the expansion of the Academies Programme (pdf 975kb) (15 April): the Commons Public Accounts Committee criticised the DfE for its management of the academies programme. 2013 The School Food Plan (pdf 1.7mb) (July): prepared for the government by Henry Dimbleby and John Vincent. 2013 DfE Revision of National Curriculum (July): 2014 CESC Underachievement in Education by White Working Class Children (pdf 922kb) (18 June): a report by the Commons Education Select Committee. July 2014 Nicky Morgan 2014 Sense and Instability (pdf 1.1mb) (October): City & Guilds Report examining how changing government policies have affected the skills landscape over the past three decades. 2014 SMCPC Cracking the code: how schools can improve social mobility (pdf 1.4mb) (October): report by the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission said schools were letting down many children from poorer families. 2014 NAO Academies and maintained schools: Oversight and intervention (pdf 680kb) (30 October): National Audit Office report criticised the government for creating a confused array of inspection regimes and unclear systems for raising standards. 2014 NAO Investigation into the Education Funding Agency's oversight of related party transactions at Durand Academy (pdf 201kb) (13 November): National Audit Office report on the use of public money by academy trusts. 2015 CESC Academies and free schools (pdf 754kb) (27 January): report by the Commons Education Select Committee said academies and free schools had had little or no effect on improving standards. 2015 CESC Life lessons: PSHE and SRE in schools (pdf 1.6mb) (17 February): report by the Commons Education Select Committee said sex education should be compulsory in all primary and secondary schools. 2015 House of Lords Make or Break: The UK's Digital Future (pdf 3.7mb) (17 February): House of Lords Digital Skills Committee report argued for greater emphasis on the teaching of digital skills. 2015 Warwick Commission Enriching Britain: Culture, Creativity and Growth (pdf 475kb) (February): argued that creativity, culture and the arts were being systematically removed from the education system. 2015 CESC Apprenticeships and traineeships for 16 to 19 year-olds (pdf 868kb) (9 March): report by the Commons Education Select Committee argued for better quality apprenticeships which would not be seen as a 'second class option'.	Milk
In March 1951, which comic strip by Hank Ketcham appeared in newspapers accross the US for the first time?	Education in England - Timeline Education in England: Chapter 13 2010-2015 Gove v The Blob this is a draft of a chapter which will form part of the revised version currently in preparation BA Hons Editorial Services Gillian Rathbone copy-edits Education in England: a brief history. If you're writing an essay, article, dissertation or thesis and would like to consider using her services, send her an email. Education in England: a brief history Derek Gillard ï¿½ copyright Derek Gillard 2011 Education in England: a brief history is my copyright. You are welcome to download it and print it for your own personal use, or for use in a school or other educational establishment, provided my name as the author is attached. But you may not publish it, upload it onto any other website, or sell it, without my permission. Citations You are welcome to cite this piece. If you do so, please acknowledge it thus: Gillard D (2011) Education in England: a brief history www.educationengland.org.uk/history In accordance with the conventions set out by the Society of Authors and the Publishers Association, you should seek my permission to reproduce any extract of more than 400 words; a series of extracts totalling more than 800 words, of which any one extract has more than 300 words; and an extract or series of extracts constituting a quarter or more of the original work. For shorter extracts you do not need my permission, provided the source is acknowledged as shown above. ï¿½ Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. Timeline education acts, white papers, reports and other key events Notes Prime Ministers (from 1801 onwards) are listed in red Ministers of Education (1945-1964) and Secretaries of State for Education (since 1964) are listed in blue HM Chief Inspectors (HMCI)/Heads of Ofsted (from 1994 onwards) are listed in green Where a number of items are shown in a single year I can't guarantee that I have listed them in the correct chronological order within that year, although I have tried to do so. Where a document is shown as a link, the full text is available online. 600-1800 Beginnings 597 St Augustine arrived in England. 598 First grammar school established at Canterbury. 600s More grammar schools established at Dorchester, Winchester, Hexham, Malmesbury, Lichfield, Hereford and Worcester. 700s Venerable Bede: Ecclesiastical History. 776 Alcuin established school at York. 866 Viking invasions began. 871 Alfred became king of Wessex and showed 'concern for education'. 925 Dunstan born. 1016 Canute became king of England: concerned about the education of poor boys. 1066 Norman invasion: French replaced English as vernacular medium for teaching Latin. 1096 Oxford: evidence of teaching. 1209 Cambridge: scholars arrived from Oxford. 1214 Oxford: post of Chancellor established. 1226 Cambridge: post of Chancellor established. 1249 Oxford: University College established, followed by Balliol 1260, Merton 1264. 1384 Grammar school opened at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire: first chantry school. 1382 Winchester founded: independent school. 1440 Eton founded: independent school. 1486 Renaissance: Pico della Mirandola's De hominis dignitate. 1509 Henry VIII became king. 1515 Roger Ascham born (d. 1568): called for greater care and respect for education. 1517 Reformation: Luther's protest. 1535 Tyndale's English Bible placed in churches. 1540 Dissolution of the monasteries. 1541 Canterbury grammar school refounded. 1562 Elizabethan Statute of Artificers. 1632 Comenius: Didactica magna championed universal education. 1642 Samuel Hartlib: A Reformation of Schooles. 1693 Locke: Some Thoughts concerning Education. 1660 Restoration of the monarchy: Oxford and Cambridge discriminate against Nonconformists. 1670 Dissenting Academies: established to teach law, medicine, commerce, engineering and the arts. 1700 Charity Schools for the poor. 1760s Thomas Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb opened in Edinburgh. 1775 Industrial Revolution began to create demand for mass education. 1780 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing The Education of the Human Race interesting historical text by the influential German philosopher, poet, dramatist and art critic. 1791 School of Instruction for the Indigent Blind established in Liverpool. 1799 School of industry opened at Kendal. 1800-1860 Towards a state system of education 1801 Henry Addington (Tory) 1804 William Pitt 'The Younger' (Tory) 1806 Lord Grenville (Whig) 1807 Parochial Schools Bill: made provision for the education of 'the labouring classes'. 1807 Mill Hill School: founded by Congregationalists. 1809 Spencer Percival (Tory) 1811 National Society: CE organisation aimed to provide a school in every parish. 1812 Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool (Tory) 1814 British and Foreign School Society: founded by liberal Anglicans, Roman Catholics and Jews as an alternative to the National Society. 1816 Robert Owen opened first infant school in New Lanark, Scotland. 1824 David Stow founded the Glasgow Normal School. 1825 Liverpool Institute opened: other proprietary day schools followed (King's College School 1829, University College School 1830 etc). 1825 Universities Act 1825 : behaviour of Oxbridge students. 1827 George Canning (Tory) 1827 Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich (Tory) 1828 Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington (Tory) 1828 Thomas Arnold: head of Rugby School. 1830 Earl Grey (Whig) 1832 Representation of the People Act (The Reform Act) gave one million people the right to vote. 1833 Treasury Minute 29 August: set out rules regarding the distribution of the government's first ï¿½20,000 grant for education. 1834 William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne (Whig) 1834 Sir John Peel (Tory) 1835 William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne (Whig) 1836 Home and Colonial Institution (later Society): founded to establish infant schools. 1836 Central Society of Education: aimed to keep religion out of schools altogether. 1836 Thomas Wyse: Education reform or the necessity of a national system of education. 1837 Normal School of Design established in London. 1839 Orders in Council 10 April: created the Committee of the Privy Council on Education; 3 June: approved the Committee of Council on Education's report on the distribution of funds for public education. 24 September 1839 : regulations governing the appropriation of grants. 25 August and 21 December 1846 : appointment of inspectors; teachers' qualifications and pensions; education of pupil teachers and stipendiary monitors; support for Normal Schools. 6 August 1851 : grants to certificated teachers in training schools. 23 July 1852 : grants to assistant teachers in elementary schools. 20 August 1853 : Queen's Scholars, apprentices and certificated teachers. 2 June 1856 : admission of Queen's Scholars and annual examination of students in training colleges. 4 May 1859 : cancelled Section 9 in the Minute of 20 August 1853. 1840 Grammar Schools Act 1840 : allowed endowment funds to be spent on modern and commercial subjects. 1841 Sir John Peel (Tory) 1841 Five School Sites Acts passed between 1841 and 1852 facilitated the purchase of land for school buildings and allowed for 'Parliamentary Grants for the Education of the Poor': 1841 Cheltenham College established, followed by other boarding schools (Marlborough 1843, Rossall 1844, Radley 1847, Wellington 1853 etc). 1843 Governesses' Benevolent Institution: campaigned for better education for girls and women. 1846 Lord John Russell (Liberal) 1846 Committee of Council on Education made grants to schools of industry. 1846 Government began making annual grants to Baptist and Congregationalist schools. 1846 College of Preceptors. 1847 Government began making annual grants to Wesleyan Methodists and the Catholic Poor School Committee. 1847 Asylum for Idiots established at Highgate. 1848 Woodard Society: provided Anglican boarding schools. 1848 Queen's College in Harley Street: for women. 1851 Great Exhibition revealed lack of facilities for technical education in England. 1851 Cripples Home and Industrial School for Girls founded at Marylebone. 1852 Earl of Derby (Conservative) 1852 Department of Practical Art created under the Board of Trade. 1852 Earl of Aberdeen (Tory) 1853 Government began making annual grants to Manchester Jewish community school. 1853 Edward Thring: head of Uppingham School. 1854 Literary and Scientific Institutions Act 1854 (pdf 487kb) facilitated the establishment of institutions for the promotion of literature, science and the arts. 1855 Lord Palmerston (Liberal) 1855 School Grants Act 1855 (pdf 76kb) laid down stricter conditions relating to Parliamentary grants for education. 1856 Education Department Act 1856 single-paragraph Act which created the post of Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education. 1857 Oxford Local Examinations. 1857 Oxford University Act 1857 (pdf 115kb) extended the powers of the Commissioners for Oxford University and St Mary's College Winchester. 1858 Earl of Derby (Conservative) 1858 Cambridge Local Examinations. 1859 Lord Palmerston (Liberal) 1859 Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1859 (pdf 135kb) amended previous Acts relating to Oxford and Cambridge. 1860-1900 Class divisions 1860 Oxford University Act 1860 (pdf 106kb) matters relating to Craven scholarships and testamentary documents. 1861 Newcastle Report: recommended provision of 'sound and cheap' elementary education, led to 1870 Elementary Education Act. 1862 Revised Code : introduced 'payment by results'. Minutes and Regulations of the Committee of the Privy Council on Education; Instructions to HMI: advice on the administration of the Revised Code. 1862 Oxford University Act 1862 (pdf 132kb) extended the university's power to make statutes. 1864 Clarendon Report on public (independent) schools: led to 1868 Public Schools Act. 1864 Schools Inquiry Commission: ( Volume 1 Chapter 6 Girls' schools ) 1865 Lord John Russell (Liberal) 1865 Oxford University, Vinerian Foundation, Act 1865 (pdf 78kb) empowered the university to make statutes relating to the Vinerian Foundation. 1865 Home for Crippled Boys opened in Kensington. 1865 Girls admitted to Cambridge Local Examinations. 1866 Earl of Derby (Conservative) 1866 College for the Blind Sons of Gentlemen opened at Worcester, later became Worcester College for the Blind. 1868 Benjamin Disraeli (Tory) 1868 William Gladstone (Liberal) 1868 Endowed Schools Act 1868 : paved the way for the 1869 Endowed Schools Act. 1868 Public Schools Act 1868 : made various changes at Eton, Harrow, Winchester etc as recommended by the 1864 Clarendon Report. 1868 Taunton Report: recommended a national system of secondary education based on the existing endowed schools, led to 1869 Endowed Schools Act. 1869 Endowed Schools Act 1869 : made changes to endowed schools as recommended by the 1868 Taunton Report. 1869 Headmasters' Conference established (independent schools). 1870 Elementary Education Act 1870 : the 'Forster Act' introduced compulsory universal education for children aged 5-13 but left enforcement of attendance to school boards. 1870 Girls admitted to Oxford Local Examinations. 1871 Code of Regulations: created an infant stage below Standard 1 for the 5-7 age range. 1871 College Charter Act 1871 (pdf 29kb) amended the law relating to the granting of charters. 1871 Universities Tests Act 1871 (pdf 80kb) removed certain religious requirements. 1872 Royal Normal College and Music Academy for the Blind opened at Crystal Palace: soon moved to larger premises in Upper Norwood. 1873 Elementary Education Act 1873 : amended various provisions of the 1870 Elementary Education Act. 1873 Endowed Schools Act 1873 : extended and amended the 1869 Endowed Schools Act. 1880 Elementary Education Act 1880 (the 'Mundella Act'): tightened up school attendance laws. 1884 Samuelson Report: Royal Commission on Technical Instruction. 1885 Marquis of Salisbury (Conservative) 1886 William Gladstone (Liberal) 1887 Technical Schools (Scotland) Act 1888 Local Government Act 1888 (pdf 2.6mb): created county councils and county borough councils which later became the framework for educational administration. 1888 Cross Commission: reviewed the working of the 1870 Act and recommended public funding for the secular curriculum in church schools (implemented in the 1902 Education Act). 1888 Victoria University Act 1888 (pdf 29kb) extended employment rights to graduates of Victoria University (Manchester). 1889 Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act 1889 (pdf 291kb) wide-ranging Act including restrictions on the employment of children. 1889 Technical Instruction Act 1889 : sought to improve the provision of technical and industrial training. 1891 Custody of Children Act 1891 (pdf 45kb) included a section on religious education. 1891 Army Schools Act 1891 (pdf 29kb) a brief Act extending certain endowments to army schools. 1891 Schools for Science and Art Act 1892 William Gladstone (Liberal) 1892 Betting and Loans (Infants) Act 1892 (pdf 82kb) made it illegal to encourage children to bet or borrow money. 1892 Technical and Industrial Institutions Act 1892 (pdf 60kb) new rules to facilitate the expansion of technical and industrial training. 1892 Technical Instruction Amendment (Scotland) Act 1893 School leaving age raised to 11. 1893 Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act 1893 : required school authorities to make better educational provision for blind and deaf children. 1894 Earl of Rosebery (Liberal) 1895 Marquis of Salisbury (Conservative) 1895 Bryce Report Royal Commission on Secondary Education reviewed the progress made since the report of the Schools Inquiry Commission in 1868. 1896 Consultative Committee Report on The registration of teachers. 1896 International conference of socialists: delegates (including Keir Hardie) argued that all working people should receive a full education. 1902 Arthur Balfour (Conservative) 1901 Trade School for Furniture and Cabinet-making: founded at the Shoreditch Technical Institute. 1902 University of Wales Act 1902 (pdf 29kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Wales. 1902 Education Act 1902 : the 'Balfour Act' established a system of secondary education integrating higher grade elementary schools and fee-paying secondary schools; abolished school boards and established local education authorities (LEAs). 1904 Regulations for Secondary Schools : Board of Education document defining a four-year subject-based course 1904 Consultative Committee Report on Examinations in secondary schools (exact title currently unknown). 1904 University of Liverpool Act 1904 (pdf 29kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Liverpool. 1904 Leeds University Act 1904 (pdf 33kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Leeds. 1905 Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal) 1905 Board of Education report by women inspectors on the admission of infants to public elementary schools. 1906 Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906 : allowed LEAs to provide meals for undernourished elementary school children. 1906 Dyke Report Questions Affecting Higher Elementary Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): made recommendations regarding the role, staffing and curriculum of Higher Elementary Schools. 1907 Elementary Code: improved quality and aims of elementary education. 1907 Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907 : among other things, this Act introduced a scholarship/free place system for secondary education and required LEAs to provide medical inspections of elementary school children. 1908 Herbert Asquith (Liberal) 1908 Acland Report School Attendance of Children Below the Age of Five (Board of Education Consultative Committee): made recommendations regarding the provision and content of nursery school education. 1908 Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded. 1909 Acland Report Attendance, Compulsory or Otherwise, at Continuation Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): argued that LEAs should be empowered to require under 17s to participate in some form of post-elementary education. 1910 Education (Choice of Employment) Act: foundation of careers service. 1911 Acland Report Examinations in Secondary Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): this was the Consultative Committee's second report on exams (the first - not online - was published in 1904). It argued that the existing system needed simplifying. 1911 Edmund Holmes What is and what might be . 1911 Central schools opened. 1913 Acland Report Practical Work in Secondary Schools (Board of Education Consultative Committee): argued that secondary schools should provide teaching in 'some branches of Educational Handwork', and should make them an integral part of the curriculum. 1913 Board of Education Regulations for new category of 'Junior Technical Schools'. 1913 Mental Deficiency Act. 1913 London County Council appointed psychologist Cyril Burt. 1914 Elementary Education (Defective and Epileptic) Act. 1914 Sheffield University Act 1914 (pdf 33kb) extended employment rights to graduates of the University of Sheffield. 1914 Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1914 : extended the powers of local education authorities to provide meals for undernourished elementary school children. 1916 David Lloyd George (Liberal) 1916 Consultative Committee Report Scholarships for higher education. 1917 Secondary Schools Examination Council: established to administer the new School Certificate and Higher School Certificate. 1917 Lewis Report Juvenile education in relation to employment after the war : Departmental Committee report proposed a school leaving age of 14 with no exemptions, followed by attendance for at least 8 hours a week or 320 hours a year at 'day continuation' classes up to age 18. 1918 Education Act 1918 (Fisher) (pdf 748kb): wide-ranging Act extending education provision in line with recommendations of 1917 Lewis Report. 1919 Burnham Committee: established to decide on teachers' pay. 1919 Ministry of Health Act 1919 (pdf 205kb) created the Ministry of Health and transferred to it some of the powers of the Board of Education. 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act: government given power to link benefits to training but no national funding allocated for training courses, which were instead developed locally. 1920 Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920 (pdf 220kb) enacted the conventions agreed at the 1919 meeting of the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations. 1920 Report of the Departmental Committee on Scholarships and Free Places (Young Report): argued that 'practically all children, except the subnormal' were capable of profiting by full-time education up to 16 or beyond. 1921 Education Act 1921 : consolidated all previous laws relating to education and raised school leaving age to 14. 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) 1924 Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) 1925 Universities and College Estates Act 1925 (pdf 651kb) updated property rules relating to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities, Eton and St Mary's Winchester. 1926 Hadow Report The Education of the Adolescent : proposed junior and senior schools with transfer at age 11, secondary education for all, and increase in school leaving age to 15. 1927 Child Guidance Council established: beginnings of recognition of maladjustment. 1928 The New Prospect in Education Board of Education Pamphlet No. 60: set out the Board's response to the 1926 Hadow Report. 1928 Hadow Report Books in Public Elementary Schools . 1929 James Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) 1929 Wood Report Report of the Mental Deficiency Committee : made recommendations regarding the classification and education of 'mentally defective' children. 1929 Local Government Act 1929 (pdf 4.6mb) wide-ranging Act including the provision of education. 1929 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 (pdf 2.0mb) wide-ranging Act including the provision of education. 1931 Hadow Report The Primary School : set out the committee's vision of primary education. 1932 Royal Commission on Unemployment Insurance: recommended that 'Attendance at a Junior Instruction Centre or at a Course of Instruction should everywhere be regarded and enforced as a normal condition in respect of unemployment, whether through the Insurance Scheme or in the form of Unemployment Assistance.' 1932 Universities (Scotland) Act 1932 (pdf 143kb) extended the powers of the Courts of Scottish universities. 1933 Hadow Report Infant and Nursery Schools : the last of the six Hadow Reports. 1935 Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) 1936 Education Act 1936 : raised school leaving age to 15 and authorised building grants of up to 75 per cent for new denominational 'Special Agreement' senior schools. 1937 Neville Chamberlain (Conservative) 1937 Education (Deaf Children) Act. 1937 Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937 (pdf 1.6mb) wide-ranging Act covering child protection, employment, criminal proceedings and children in care. 1937 Physical Training and Recreation Act 1937 (pdf 250kb) provided for National Advisory Councils and a National College of Physical Training. 1937 Factories Act 1937 (pdf 22.8mb) wide-ranging Act including limitations on the employment of young people in hazardous environments. 1939 Education (Scotland) (War Service Superannuation) Act 1939 (pdf 102kb) teachers' war service to be reckoned for superannuation. 1940 Winston Churchill (Conservative) 1941 Board of Education Green Paper Education after the war. 1941 Rab Butler (Conservative) appointed President of the Board of Education. 1943 Norwood Report Curriculum and Examinations in Secondary Schools : backed the tripartite system recommended by the 1938 Spens Report. 1943 White Paper Educational Reconstruction : formed the basis of the 1944 Education Act. 1943 Universities and Colleges (Trusts) Act 1943 (pdf 131kb) provisions regarding trust property at Oxford, Cambridge and St Mary's College Winchester. 1944 Fleming Report The Public Schools and the General Educational System : considered how independent boarding schools might be integrated into the post-war education system. 1944-1951 Post-war reconstruction July 1945 Clement Attlee (Labour) July 1945 Ellen Wilkinson 1944 Education Act 1944 (pdf 1.8mb) the 'Butler Act' set the structure of the post-war system of state education. 1945 Education (Scotland) Act 1945 (pdf 1.5mb) the Scottish version of the 1944 Act. 1945 Model Articles: set out duties of school governors. 1945 Percy Report: made recommendations regarding technological education in colleges and universities. 1945 Scotland's Advisory Council on Education recommended a comprehensive system for all secondary pupils aged 12 to 16 with a common core curriculum and a common leaving exam. 1945 The Nation's Schools: government publication explaining tripartite system of secondary schools. 1946 Barlow Report: recommended more university places for science students. 1946 Education Act 1946 (pdf 280kb): set out arrangements for the management of voluntary and controlled schools. 1946 Education (Scotland) Act 1946 further enactments building on the Education (Scotland) Act 1945. 1946 Free milk provided for all pupils. February 1947 George Tomlinson 1947 The New Secondary Education: government publication reiterating its commitment to tripartite system of secondary schools. 1947 Clarke Report School and Life : the first report of the newly-created Central Advisory Council for Education (England) was an inquiry into the transition from school to independent life. 1947 School leaving age raised to 15. 1947 Area Training Organisations: 13 ATOs were established in England and one in Wales to coordinate teacher training. 1947 Education (Exemptions) (Scotland) Act 1947 made temporary provision for children to miss school to help with harvesting the potato crop. 1947 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (pdf 5.9mb) wide-ranging Act (including provisions relating to education) consolidating previous Acts and amendments. 1947 Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947 a major Act of the Northern Ireland Parliament setting out arrangements for the education system. 1948 Employment and Training Act: established the Youth Employment Service. Training would not be a condition of benefits. 1948 Local Government Act 1948 (pdf 1.9mb) wide-ranging Act (including provisions relating to education) consolidating previous Acts and amendments. 1948 Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1948 (pdf 292kb) laid down new rules on various administrative matters. 1948 Children Act 1948 made provision for the care and welfare of children without parents or whose parents were unfit or unable to take care of them. 1948 Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948 (pdf 200kb) laid down rules for the regulation and inspection of child minders. 1948 Clarke Report Out of School : the second report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) looked at facilities for out-of-school activities. 1948 British Nationality Act: gave Commonwealth citizens recognition as British subjects. 1949 Education (Scotland) Act 1949 made various amendments to the Education (Scotland) Act, 1946. 1949 Adoption of Children Act 1949 (pdf 295kb) made amendments to the Adoption of Children Act 1926. 1951 General Certificate of Education (GCE) introduced. 1951-1970 The wind of change October 1951 Winston Churchill (Conservative) November 1951 Florence Horsbrugh 1952 Children and Young Persons (Amendment) Act 1952 (pdf 209kb) made amendments to the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 and the Criminal Justice Act 1948. 1953 Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953 (pdf 424kb) laid down new rules on various administrative matters. 1953 University of St Andrews Act 1953 provided for the re-organisation of University education in St. Andrews and Dundee. 1953 School Crossing Patrols Act 1953 allowed school crossing patrols to control traffic. 1954 Horsbrugh stopped LCC from closing Eltham Hill Girls' Grammar School and transferring pupils to the new (comprehensive) Kidbrooke School. 1954 National Advisory Council on the Training and Supply of Teachers (NACTST) fourth report: training of special needs teachers. October 1954 Sir David Eccles 1954 Gurney-Dixon Report Early Leaving : a report by the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) which examined the problem of premature school-leaving in England. May 1955 Anthony Eden (Conservative) 1955 Underwood Report Maladjusted Children : the committee appointed by Minister of Education George Tomlinson in October 1950 recommended that LEAs should set up Child Guidance Services. 1956 Children and Young Persons Act 1956 dealt with escapes from approved schools and remand homes etc. 1956 Teachers (Superannuation) Act 1956 (pdf 572kb) amended previous legislation relating to teachers' pensions in England and Wales and in Scotland. 1956 Education (Scotland) Act 1956 made various amendments to the Education (Scotland) Act, 1946. 1956 Colleges of Advanced Technology: selected technical and FE colleges were upgraded to this status. In the mid-1960s most of these became the 'new universities'. 1956 Jameson Report An Inquiry into Health Visiting. January 1957 Harold MacMillan (Conservative) January 1957 Viscount Hailsham 1957 'Leicestershire experiment' began: reorganisation of schools. 1958 Carr Report: employers overwhelmingly opposed to vocational instruction provided by schools. 1958 White Paper Secondary Education for All: A New Drive. 1958 Matrimonial Proceedings (Children) Act 1958 sought to protect the interests of children in divorce cases. 1958 Local Government Act 1958 (pdf 1.9mb) wide-ranging Act including provisions relating to education. 1958 Children Act 1958 made new provisions for the protection of children living away from their parents and amended the law relating to adoption. 1959 Primary Education : Suggestions for the consideration of teachers and others concerned with the work of Primary Schools. Ministry of Education publication. 1959 Younghusband Report Social Workers in the Local Authority Health and Welfare Services. 1959 Mental Health Act. 1959 Education Act 1959 (pdf 68kb) gave the Minister greater powers relating to grants and loans to aided schools and special agreement schools. October 1959 Sir David Eccles 1959 Crowther Report 15-18 : recommended raising the school leaving age to 16 and the provision of further education for 15-18 year olds, questioned the value of day release provision for apprenticeships. 1960 Beloe Report Secondary School Examinations other than the GCE : the report of a Committee appointed by the Secondary School Examinations Council which led to the introduction of the Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) in 1965. 1960 Teacher training course: extended from two years to three. 1960 Indecency with Children Act 1960 (pdf 61kb): strengthened the law relating to sexual offences against children, especially young girls. July 1962 Sir Edward Boyle 1962 Education Act 1962 (pdf 240kb): required LEAs to provide students with grants for living costs and tuition fees; placed legal obligation on parents to ensure that children received a suitable education at school or otherwise - failure to comply could result in prosecution; made LEAs legally responsible for ensuring that pupils attended school. 1962 Education (Scotland) Act 1962 (pdf 2.6mb): major Act consolidating previous legislation relating to education in Scotland. 1962 Curriculum Study Group: set up by the Minister. Opposition to it led to the establishment of the Schools Council in 1964. 1963 Newsom Report Half our Future : the education of 13-16 year olds of average and less than average ability. October 1963 Alec Douglas-Home (Conservative) 1963 Robbins Report Higher education : recommended a massive expansion of higher education to cater for all who had the necessary ability. (See also Dearing 1997 and Browne 2010) 1963 Middle schools: championed by West Riding of Yorkshire CEO Alec Clegg. 1963 Remuneration of Teachers Act 1963 gave the Minister powers relating to the remuneration of teachers. 1963 Education (Scotland) Act 1963 miscellaneous provisions relating to examinations and teachers' salaries and pensions. 1963 London Government Act 1963 (pdf 5mb) abolished London County Council (LCC) and replaced it with the Greater London Council (GLC). 1963 Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (pdf 1020kb) extended LEAs' responsibilities for the welfare of children. 1964 Labour manifesto promised to abolish selection. 1964 DES: The Ministry of Education was renamed the Department of Education and Science and the Minister became the Secretary of State. 1964 Universities and College Estates Act 1964 (pdf 164kb) amended the law relating to university and college property. 1964 Education Act 1964 (pdf 64kb) the 'Boyle Act' allowed the creation of middle schools. April 1964 Quintin Hogg October 1964 Harold Wilson (Labour) October 1964 Michael Stewart 1964 Lockwood Report: established the Schools Council to disseminate ideas about curricular reform in England and Wales. 1964 Industrial Training Act: central government became directly involved in employers' training practices. 1964 Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) established. January 1965 Anthony Crosland 1965 Education (Scotland) Act 1965 amended the Education (Scotland) Act 1963. 1965 Circular 10/65 : requested LEAs to submit proposals for comprehensivisation. (Withdrawn later by Circular 10/70). 1965 Circular 600: Scotland's version of Circular 10/65. 1965 Teaching Council (Scotland) Act 1965 (pdf 336kb) provided for the establishment of a General Teaching Council for Scotland. 1965 Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) introduced in England and Wales (see the 1960 Beloe Report). 1966 DES Circular 10/66 School building programmes: set out government proposals for 1967-70. 1966 Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 (pdf 356kb) provided for the reconstitution of the universities of St Andrew's, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh and for the foundation of the University of Dundee. 1966 Local Government Act 1966 (pdf 880kb): made various changes in funding between central government and LEAs. Section 11 dealt with the funding of education for immigrant children. 1966 Polytechnics established. August 1967 Patrick Gordon-Walker 1967 Plowden Report Children and their Primary Schools : arguably the best known of all education reports, it promoted child-centred education and was much maligned by traditionalists. 1967 Education Act 1967 (pdf 68kb) gave the Secretary of State greater powers in relation to grants and loans to aided and special agreement schools etc. April 1968 Edward Short 1968 Newsom Report The Public Schools Commission: First Report : like Fleming in 1944, made recommendations about integrating private boarding schools into the state education system. 1968 Summerfield Report Psychologists in Education Services : the first government-commissioned report on the work of psychologists. 1968 Dainton Report Science and technology in higher education: prompted by reduction in numbers of science students. 1968 School Meals Agreement: teachers were no longer obliged to supervise children at lunchtimes. 1968 Teachers Superannuation (Scotland) Act 1968 (pdf 262kb) amended teachers' superannuation arrangements. 1968 Education Act 1968 (pdf 180kb): laid down rules about changing the character of a school (eg to comprehensive). 1968 Education (No. 2) Act 1968 made further provision for the government of colleges of education, other further education institutions and special schools maintained by local education authorities. 1968 Middle schools: the first opened in Bradford and the West Riding of Yorkshire. 1969 Haslegrave Report: promoted technical and business education. 1969 Education (Scotland) Act 1969 amended various laws relating to education in Scotland, especially the 1962 Education (Scotland) Act. 1969 Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (pdf 2.2mb): gave LEAs responsibilities for children not receiving education or in need of care and control. 1969 Fight for Education: A Black Paper edited by CB Cox and AE Dyson. 1969 Black Paper Two: The Crisis in Education edited by CB Cox and AE Dyson. 1970 Donnison Report The Public Schools Commission: Second Report : considered the part independent day schools and direct grant grammar schools might play in a state education system which was in the middle of comprehensive reorganisation. 1970-1979 Recession and disenchantment June 1970 Ted Heath (Conservative) June 1970 Margaret Thatcher 1970 Circular 10/70: Conservative government circular withdrawing Labour's circular 10/65. LEAs were no longer compelled to go comprehensive. (Withdrawn later by Circular 4/74). 1970 Education (School Milk) Act 1970 extended the provision of free school milk to junior pupils in middle schools. 1970 Education (Handicapped Children) Act 1970 (pdf 60kb): transferred responsibility for education of severely handicapped children from health authorities to LEAs. 1970 Durham Report The fourth R: Church of England report on church schools and religious education. 1970 Black Paper Three: Goodbye Mr Short edited by CB Cox and AE Dyson. 1971 Teaching Council (Scotland) Act 1971 (pdf 64kb) allowed General Teaching Council for Scotland fees to be deducted from salaries. 1971 Education (Scotland) Act 1971 amended the law relating to free education and the charging of fees in Scotland. 1971 Education (Milk) Act 1971 : limited the provision of free milk in schools (and led to the jibe 'Thatcher, Thatcher, milk snatcher). 1972 White Paper Education: A Framework for Expansion: promoted diversification and rationalisation. 1972 Local Government Act: reduced the number of LEAs from 146 to 104 (implemented in 1974). 1972 Children Act 1972 (pdf 44kb) the minimum age at which children could be employed was not to be affected by changes in the school leaving age. 1973 Russell Report: adult education. 1973 Education Act 1973 (pdf 296kb) provisions relating to certain educational trusts and local education authority awards. 1973 Education (Work Experience) Act 1973 (pdf 52kb): allowed LEAs to organise work experience for final year school students. 1973 Employment of Children Act 1973 (pdf 144kb): new regulations and supervision by local authorities. 1973 National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973 (pdf 2.4mb) transferred the school health service from LEAs to Area Health Authorities, but LEAs still responsible for dental and medical inspections. 1973 Employment and Training Act 1973 (pdf 1.5mb): required LEAs to set up careers services; established the Manpower Services Commission (MSC) under the Department of Employment, the Employment Service Agency and the Training Services Agency. 1973 Education (Scotland) Act 1973 increased the powers of the Secretary of State in relation to the employment of teachers. 1973 School leaving age raised to 16. 1973 Circular 7/73: halved the number of places for student teachers. February 1974 Harold Wilson (Labour) March 1974 Reginald Prentice 1974 Circular 4/74 reaffirmed the Labour government's intention to proceed with comprehensivisation. 1974 The William Tyndale Affair: chaos at a badly managed school gave ammunition to the writers of the 'Black Papers' and helped prepare the way for Callaghan's 1976 Ruskin Speech. 1974 Finer Report: special needs of one parent families. 1974 Swann Report The flow into employment of scientists, engineers and technologists. 1974 Assessment of Performance Unit (APU) established by the DES to 'promote the development of methods of assessing and monitoring the achievement of children at school'. 1974 Local Government Act 1974 (pdf 2.2mb) wide-ranging Act including some provisions relating to education. 1974 Education (Mentally Handicapped Children) (Scotland) Act 1974 (pdf 123kb) required Scottish education authorities to provide for the education of mentally handicapped children. June 1975 Fred Mulley 1975 Education Act extended the provisions of the 1962 Education Act relating to student grants. 1975 Bullock Report A language for life : major report on the teaching of English. 1975 Education Act 1975 amended the law relating to local education authority grants, awards to students at adult education colleges, and increased central government funding for aided and special agreement schools. 1975 Sex Discrimination Act (pdf 1.8mb) had effects on school admissions, appointments and curricula. 1975 Children Act 1975 (pdf 1.8mb) wide-ranging Act relating to the adoption, custody and care of children. 1975 Direct Grant Grammar Schools (Cessation of Grant) Regulations: indicated how grants for these schools were to be phased out. 1975 Black Paper 1975: The Fight for Education edited by CB Cox and R Boyson. April 1976 Jim Callaghan (Labour) September 1976 Shirley Williams 1976 Race Relations Act. 1976 Education (School-leaving Dates) Act 1976 (pdf 56kb): a minor amendment to section 9 of the 1962 Education Act. 1976 Education (Scotland) Act 1976 miscellaneous provisions relating to school starting and leaving dates, supply of milk etc. 1976 Race Relations Act 1976 (pdf 1.3mb) new laws relating to discrimination and race relations with implications for schools and education authorities. 1976 Education Act 1976 (pdf 148kb) gave the Secretary of State the power to ask LEAs to plan for non-selective (ie comprehensive) secondary education (repealed by the Conservatives in 1979). 1976 Court Committee's report Fit for the future: Child Health Services. 1976 School Education in England: problems and initiatives : the so-called 'Yellow Book', prepared by the DES, set out the state of school education in England in the mid-1970s. 1976 Jim Callaghan's Ruskin College speech began 'The Great Debate' about education. 1976 Neville Bennett's paper Teaching styles and pupil progress attacked 'progressive' education. 1976 Layfeld Committee local government finance. 1977-82 Matters for Discussion A series of 15 discussion documents from HMI: 15 The New Teacher in School (1982) 1977 Education in schools: a consultative document : green paper requesting LEAs to review their curriculum policies as part of the 'Great Debate'. 1977 Taylor Report A New Partnership for Our Schools : recommended major changes in the management of schools, implemented in the 1980 Education Act. 1977 Black Paper 1977 edited by CB Cox and R Boyson. 1978 Education (Northern Ireland) Act 1978 facilitated the establishment in Northern Ireland of integrated schools for pupils of different religious affiliations. made illegal the making and distribution of indecent photographs of children. 1978 Oakes Report: management of higher education. 1978 Sneddon Report Learning to Teach : a report of the General Teaching Council for Scotland. 1978 Warnock Report Special Educational Needs : major report on provision for children and young people with special needs. 1978 Waddell Report School Examinations : recommended a single exam at age 16 to replace the GCE O Level and CSE. (The first GCSE exams were taken in 1988). 1978 Youth Opportunities Programme introduced for 16-18 year olds. 1978-85 HMI surveys: In response to Plowden's suggestion that the quality of education in England should be reviewed every ten years, HMI produced, between 1978 and 1985, five major surveys covering the whole school age range: 1979-1990 Thatcherism: the marketisation of education May 1979 Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) May 1979 Mark Carlisle 1979 Education Act 1979 (pdf 40kb) repealed Labour's 1976 Act - allowed LEAs to retain selective secondary schools. 1979 Mansell Report A basis for choice: recommended rationalising provision of non-specific vocational courses for school leavers. 1979 LEA Arrangements for the School Curriculum: required LEAs to publish curriculum policies. 1979 Aspects of secondary education in England: see 1978-85 HMI surveys above. 1980 Child Care Act 1980 (pdf 1.6mb) wide-ranging Act largely consolidating previous legislation relating to the role of local authorities and voluntary organisations. 1980 Foster Children Act 1980 (pdf 373kb) consolidated previous legislation relating to foster children. 1980 Education Act 1980 (pdf 1mb) instituted the assisted places scheme (public money for children to go to private schools), gave parents greater powers on governing bodies and over admissions, and removed LEAs' obligation to provide school milk and meals. 1980 Education (Scotland) Act 1980 (pdf 2.1mb) wide-ranging Act largely consolidating previous legislation. 1980 A Framework for the School Curriculum HMI publication. 1980 ORACLE survey (Galton and Simon) Observational research and classroom learning: important investigation into teaching and learning. 1980 White Paper A new training initiative: a programme for action set out the first plans for the Youth Training Scheme (YTS). September 1981 Sir Keith Joseph 1981 Rampton Report West Indian Children in our Schools : interim report of the Committee of Enquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. (The final report was Swann 1985 - see below). 1981 Education (Scotland) Act 1981 (pdf 1.3mb) wide-ranging Act including the provision of assisted places at private schools. 1981 Education Act 1981 (pdf 496kb): based on the 1978 Warnock Report, gave parents new rights in relation to special needs. 1981 The School Curriculum DES publication advising LEAs on curriculum development. 1981 Circular 6/81 : required LEAs to review curriculum policies in the light of what was said in The School Curriculum (1981). 1981 Employment and Training Act: abolished the Employment Service Agency and the Training Services Agency. 1982 Cockcroft Report Mathematics counts : major report on the teaching of maths. 1982 Thompson Report: review of the Youth Service. 1982 Employment and Training Act: removed trades unions from decisions about the costs of training to employers. 1982 Industrial Training Act: set up a regulatory framework for industrial training boards. 1982 Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI) launched: aimed at 14-18 year olds, administered by MSC. 1982 Children's Homes Act 1982 (pdf 250kb) provided for the registration, inspection and conduct of homes for children in local authority care. 1983 TVEI: pilot schemes began. 1983 Circular 8/83 : required LEAs to report on progress in developing curriculum policy as requested in Circular 6/81. 1983 Youth Training Scheme (YTS): one year scheme introduced. 1983 Education (Fees and Awards) Act 1983 (pdf 36kb) provisions relating to university fees and grants for non-UK students. 1983 9-13 Middle Schools: see 1978-85 HMI surveys above. 1984 Education (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 1984 (pdf 37kb) gave the Secretary of State power to control the use of dangerous materials or apparatus in Scottish schools. 1984 Education (Grants and Awards) Act 1984 (pdf 88kb): introduced Education Support Grants (ESGs) - central government funds given to LEAs for specific purposes. 1984 Child Abduction Act 1984 (pdf 258kb) amended the criminal law relating to the abduction of children. 1984 Foster Children (Scotland) Act 1984 (pdf 549kb) consolidated previous legislation. 1984 Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE) established to set standards for initial teacher training courses. 1984 Schools Council abolished: its work was shared between School Examinations Council (SEC) (nominated by the Secretary of State) and School Curriculum Development Council (SCDC) (not to 'concern itself with policy'). 1984 Green Paper Parental influence at school: proposed more parent power. 1984-9 Curriculum Matters : A series of 17 discussion documents from HMI: 1985 Better Schools - A Summary : DES booklet summarising the White Paper. 1985 Education 8-12 in Combined and Middle Schools: see 1978-85 HMI surveys above. 1985 Quality in Schools: Evaluation and Appraisal : DES publication based on surveys by HMI of practice in a small number of schools and LEAs. 1985 Swann Report Education for All : final report of the Committee of Enquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups (interim report was Rampton 1981 - see above). 1985 Green Paper Education and training for young people: announced major expansion of YTS from April 1986. 1985 Further Education Act 1985 (pdf 193kb) empowered local authorities to supply goods and services through further education establishments; amended sex discrimination rules relating to PE teachers. 1985 Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 (pdf 623kb) enabled the UK to ratify international Conventions relating to child abduction and custody decisions. 1985 Jarratt Report Report of the Steering Committee for Efficiency Studies in Universities : a report commissioned by the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals. May 1986 Kenneth Baker 1986 GLC: abolished on 31 March. (Thatcher had wanted to abolish ILEA at the same time but was persuaded that the London Boroughs were not yet ready to take on responsbility for education). 1986 General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE): common 16+ exam system replaced GCE O Level and CSE. 1986 Education (Amendment) Act 1986 (pdf 37kb) brief Act increasing education support grant limits and removing payment for lunch duties from the 1965 Remuneration of Teachers Act. 1986 Protection of Children (Tobacco) Act 1986 (pdf 57kb) banned the sale of tobacco to under-16s. 1986 Education Act 1986 (pdf 92kb): required LEAs to give governors information on funding. 1986 Education (No. 2) Act 1986 (pdf 1.6mb): required LEAs to state policies, governors to publish annual reports and hold parents' meetings; laid down rules on admissions, political indoctrination and sex education; abolished corporal punishment; ended Secretary of State's duty to make annual reports. 1986 National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) established. 1986 YTS extended to two years. 1987 Specific Grants for INSET (In-Service Training). 1987 The National Curriculum 5-16 : the consultation document in which the government set out its plans for the introduction of the national curriculum and associated assessment procedures. 1987 Teachers' Pay and Conditions Act 1987 abolished the negotiating procedures set up by the 1965 Act - Secretary of State imposed teachers' pay and conditions until 1991. 1987 White Paper Higher education. 1988 Youth Training Guarantee: all 16 and 17 year olds were to be in education, employment or training. 1988 Black Report National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing (TGAT) (pdf 889kb): set out structure of tests and school league tables. 1988 Higginson Report Advancing A Levels : its recommendations for broadening the sixth form curriculum were rejected by the Thatcher government. 1988 Kingman Report: The Teaching of English Language . 1988 Local Government Act 1988 (pdf 9.0mb) included the notoriously homophobic Section 28 (which was repealed by New Labour in November 2003). 1988 Employment Act 1988 (pdf 229kb): introduced bridging allowance for young people waiting to take up YTS place. MSC renamed the Training Commission. 1988 Education Reform Act 1988 (pdf 45.9mb): major act establishing the National Curriculum, testing regime, Local Management of Schools (LMS) etc. 1988 Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts by Children) Act 1988 (pdf 205kb) made compulsory the use of rear seat belts by children. 1988 School Boards (Scotland) Act 1988 (pdf 3.6mb) required Scottish local authorities to establish School Boards. 1988 White Paper Top-up loans for students. 1989 Cox Report English for ages 5 to 16 : the report which formed the basis of the English component of the new National Curriculum. 1989 Elton Report Discipline in Schools . July 1989 John MacGregor 1989 Employment Act 1989 (pdf 352kb): abolished the Training Commission. 1989 Self-Governing Schools etc. (Scotland) Act 1989 (pdf 1.4mb) the Tories' failed attempt to get Scottish schools to opt out of local authority control: only two did so and they both later reversed their decision. 1989 Children Act 1989 (pdf 6.0mb) wide-ranging Act covering local authority services, children's homes, fostering, child minding and adoption. 1990 ILEA abolished (1 April): responsibilities transferred to London boroughs. 1990 Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (pdf 116kb): introduced 'top-up' loans for higher education students and so began the diminution of student grants. 1990 Rumbold Report Starting with Quality : Committee of Inquiry report on the education of 3 and 4 year olds. 1990 YTS renamed Youth Training. 1991 Motor Vehicles (Safety Equipment for Children) Act 1991 (pdf 61kb) an amendment to the Road Traffic Act 1988. 1991 Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991 (pdf 115kb) increased the penalties for selling tobacco to young people, banned the sale of loose cigarettes etc. 1991 Child Support Act 1991 (pdf 823kb) tightened up the law on maintenance payments. 1991 School Teachers' Pay and Conditions Act 1991 (pdf 172kb): established a review body but gave the Secretary of State the final say. 1991 Religious Education: A Local Curriculum Framework : a National Curriculum Council paper offering advice to LEAs. 1991 Parents' Charter: gave parents the right to information about schools and their performance (updated in 1994). 1991 Training Credits/Youth Credits (Employment Department): pilot schemes began. 1991 Polytechnics: granted university status. 1991 White Paper on higher education: recommended expansion of student numbers. 1992 Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (pdf 1.6mb): removed FE and sixth form colleges from LEA control and established Further Education Funding Councils (FEFCs), unified the funding of higher education under the Higher Education Funding Councils (HEFCs), introduced competition for funding between institutions, abolished the Council for National Academic Awards. 1992 Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 (pdf 1.7mb) new arrangements for the funding and management of colleges in Scotland. 1992 Education (Schools) Act 1992 (pdf 4.2mb) new arrangements for the inspection of schools led to the creation of Ofsted (Office for Standards in Education). 1992 Discussion paper Curriculum Organisation and Classroom Practice in Primary Schools: A discussion paper (popularly known as the 'Three Wise Men Report'): commissioned by Kenneth Clarke. April 1992 John Patten 1992 DFE: the Department of Education and Science was renamed the Department for Education. 1992 White Paper Choice and Diversity: A new framework for schools : formed the basis of the 1993 Education Act. 1993 Spiritual and Moral Development : a discussion paper produced by the National Curriculum Council. 1993 Education Act 1993 (pdf 19.1mb): changed the funding of GM schools, laid down rules for pupil exclusions and for 'failing' schools, abolished NCC and SEAC and replaced them with the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority (SCAA), defined special educational needs. 1993 National Commission on Education (independent of government): published final report Learning to succeed: a radical look at education today and a strategy for the future. 1994 University of London Act 1994 (pdf 61kb): made new provision for the making of statutes for the University. 1994 Warwick Evaluation Implementation of English in the National Curriculum : within a year of its introduction, concerns about National Curriculum English prompted this investigation. 1994 Dearing Review The National Curriculum and its Assessment: Final Report : the Tories' National Curriculum and assessment arrangements were hopelessly complicated. Ron Dearing was called on to sort out the mess. July 1994 Gillian Shephard September 1994 Chris Woodhead became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 1994 Education Act 1994 (pdf 3.7mb) established the Teacher Training Authority (TTA) and laid down new regulations relating to student unions. 1994 Labour Party Opening doors to a learning society : education policy document prepared for the party's annual conference in 1994 - Tony Blair's first as leader. 1994 Code of Practice on the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs came into force. 1994 Modern Apprenticeships: pilot schemes announced. 1995 Modern Apprenticeships introduced. 1995 Youth Credits introduced - Youth Training name dropped. 1995 DfEE: the DFE was renamed the Department for Education and Employment. 1995 Child Support Act 1995 (pdf 459kb) made provisions relating to child support maintenance and other maintenance. 1995 Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (pdf 3.4mb) wide-ranging Act covering adoption, relationships between parents/guardians and children and children's homes. 1998 Green Paper Teachers: meeting the challenge of change New Labour's first Green Paper on the teaching profession. 1998 Education (Student Loans) Act 1998 (pdf 88kb): transferred provision of student loans to the private sector. 1998 Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 (pdf 836kb): established the General Teaching Council (GTC), abolished student maintenance grants and required students to contribute towards tuition fees. 1998 School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (pdf 940kb): encouraged selection by specialisation, changed the names of types of schools, limited infant class sizes, established Education Action Zones etc. 1998 Crick Report Education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools (pdf 430kb): recommended that citizenship education should be a statutory entitlement in the school curriculum. 1998 Select Committee Report Disaffected Children: looked at the 14-19 age group. 1998 Education Action Zones: the first 12 EAZs were established. 1998 National Literacy Strategy: launched in September. 1999 Modern Apprenticeships expanded to 82,000 places. Investors in Young People developed further and renamed ConneXions. 1999 Moser Report Improving literacy and numeracy: a fresh start (summary and recommendations only) (pdf 131kb): set out National Literacy Strategy and National Learning Targets. 1999 The National Curriculum: Handbook for primary teachers in England (pdf 1.6mb) information and advice for teachers from the DfEE and the QCA. 1999 Protection of Children Act 1999 (pdf 86kb) provided for a list to be kept of persons considered unsuitable to work with children. 1999 Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA): pilot schemes aimed at greater take-up of and achievement in post-16 education. 1999 Fresh Start scheme: aimed to revitalise 'failing' inner-city schools. 1999 Excellence in Cities (EiC): three year initiative began. 1999 National Numeracy Strategy: launched in September. 2000 Ripon Grammar School: survived the first parental ballot on selection. 2000 Care Standards Act 2000 (pdf 430kb) wide-ranging Act including provisions relating to children; created the post of Children's Commissioner for Wales. 2000 City academies: David Blunkett announced the government's intention to create a network of academies - effectively private schools paid for by the state. 2000 Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (pdf 66kb) made provisions about the assessment of carers' needs and services to help carers etc. 2000 Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000 (pdf 594kb) wide-ranging Act amending various laws. 2000 Learning and Skills Act 2000 (pdf 484kb): established the Learning and Skills Councils for England and Wales, allowed city technology colleges to be renamed city academies. 2000 Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 (pdf 78kb) more duties for local authorities, replacing section 24 of the 1989 Children Act. 2000 King's Manor School, Guildford: first state school to be privatised (September). 2000 Chris Woodhead resigned as HMCI/Head of Ofsted (November). December 2000 Mike Tomlinson became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 2001 Green Paper Schools: building on success (pdf 1.4mb): New Labour's rewriting of the history of the comprehensive school. 2001 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (pdf 799kb) amended Part 4 of the 1996 Education Act - made further provision against discrimination on grounds of disability. 2001 Children's Commissioner for Wales Act 2001 (pdf 123kb) made further provisions relating to the role of the Commissioner. June 2001 Estelle Morris 2001 DfES: the education department was renamed the Department for Education and Skills. 2001 White Paper Schools: achieving success (pdf 1.5mb): formed the basis of the 2002 Education Act. 2001 The Learning Country (pdf 508kb): the National Assembly for Wales announced its intention to create a fully comprehensive system of secondary schools. May 2002 David Bell became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 2002 Green Paper 14-19: extending opportunities, raising standards (pdf 1.8mb) set out proposals for the 14-19 curriculum. 2002 Education Act 2002 (pdf 6.4mb) wide ranging Act which implemented the proposals in the 2001 white paper. 2002 Adoption and Children Act 2002 (pdf 3.8mb) wide-ranging Act restating and amending the law relating to the adoption of children. 2002 Education (Middle School) (England) Regulations 2002 (pdf 45kb): specified whether middle schools would be classified as either primary or secondary schools. 2002 City academies: the first 3 opened. 2002 Languages for all: languages for life: the government's strategy for the teaching of foreign languages. October 2002 Charles Clarke 2003 White Paper The future of higher education (pdf 627kb): controversially proposed allowing universities to charge variable top-up fees and formed the basis of the 2004 Higher Education Act. 2003 Green Paper 14-19: opportunity and excellence (pdf 4.6mb) set out proposals for the 14-19 curriculum taking into account responses to the 2002 Green Paper. 2003 City academies: 9 more opened. 2003 Workforce remodelling: government initiative aimed at reducing teachers' workload by employing more unqualified classroom assistants. 2003 Green paper Every Child Matters: led to the 2004 Children Act. 2003 Ofsted/Audit Commission Report School place planning : The influence of school place planning on school standards and social inclusion (pdf 98kb): warned of social divisiveness of parental choice. 2004 (January) MPs voted - by a small majority - to allow universities to charge variable top-up fees (see 2004 Higher Education Act). 2004 Smith Report Making Mathematics Count (pdf 926kb): report of Professor Adrian Smith's inquiry into post-14 mathematics education. 2004 Building Schools for the Future: massive schools rebuilding programme launched (the website has been removed from the web by the Cameron government). 2004 Child Trust Funds Act 2004 (pdf 119kb) made provisions regarding child trust funds and related matters. 2004 Higher Education Act 2004 (pdf 196kb): allowed universities to charge variable top-up fees. 2004 Children Act 2004 (pdf 280kb): based on the 2003 green paper Every Child Matters. 2004 Welsh education minister Jane Davidson announced that tests for 11 and 14 year olds would be scrapped in Wales. 2004 Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners (pdf 1.2mb): formed the basis for the 2005 white paper Higher standards, better schools for all. 2004 Academies (the 'City' had now been dropped): 5 more opened. 2004 Tomlinson Report 14-19 Curriculum and Qualifications Reform (pdf 920kb). 2004 Scottish Executive A curriculum for excellence (pdf 229kb) report of the Curriculum Review Group. 2004 Building Bulletin 98 (pdf 7mb) Briefing Framework for Secondary School Projects (DfES). 2004 Building Bulletin 99 (pdf 5mb) Briefing Framework for Primary School Projects (DfES). December 2004 Ruth Kelly 2005 White paper 14-19 Education and Skills (pdf 524kb): rejected most of 2004 Tomlinson Report's recommendations. 2005 White paper Higher Standards, Better Schools for All (pdf 964kb): proposed independent trust schools. Led to 2006 Education and Inspections Bill. 2005 Child Benefit Act 2005 (pdf 147kb) redefined those entitled to child benefit. 2005 Education Act 2005 (pdf 648kb) mostly concerned with changes to the inspection regime. 2005 Steer Report Learning behaviour (pdf 979kb). May 2006 Alan Johnson 2006 Equality Act 2006 (pdf 406kb) established the Commission for Equality and Human Rights with implications for schools. 2006 Children and Adoption Act 2006 (pdf 201kb) made provisions regarding contact with children, family assistance orders, risk assessments etc. 2006 Childcare Act 2006 (pdf 381kb) new rules relating to the provision, regulation and inspection of childcare. 2006 Education and Inspections Act 2006 (pdf 1.0mb): very controversial - passed only with Tory support. 2006 Primary National Strategy (pdf 922kb): Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics. 2006 University top-up fees: UCAS revealed that 15,000 fewer students had started university compared with the previous year. October 2006 Christine Gilbert became HMCI/Head of Ofsted 2008 Sale of Student Loans Act 2008 (pdf 86kb) allowed the government to sell off student loans. 2008 Special Educational Needs (Information) Act 2008 (pdf 61kb) amended the 1996 Education Act in relation to the provision and publication of information about children with special educational needs. 2008 Children and Young Persons Act 2008 (pdf 228kb) new arrangements for the provision of social work services. 2008 Education and Skills Act 2008 (pdf 672kb) raised the education leaving age to 18; Key Stage 3 SATs effectively abolished. 2008 Education for All: final report of the Nuffield Review of 14-19 education and training . 2008 Testing and Assessment (pdf 631kb): report by the House of Commons Children, Schools and Families Committee (CSFC). 2008 NUT members staged one-day strike over pay (24 April). 2008 Ofqual (Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator): launched on 16 May, led by Kathleen Tattersall. 2008 National Challenge launched by Balls: targeted 638 'failing' state secondary schools. 2008 SATs fiasco: widespread IT problems; delayed and inaccurate results; QCA chief executive Ken Boston resigned. 2008 Academies: 51 opened in September. 2008 Tories' free schools policy announced by Michael Gove (shadow education secretary). 2008 IRPC Interim Report Interim Report of the Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum (pdf 2.1mb). 2008 School Admissions Code: revised version published in December. 2009 Cambridge Primary Review Towards a New Primary Curriculum (interim reports): Past and Present (pdf 623kb) and The Future (pdf 737kb). 2009 Homophobic bullying in Britain's schools : report by Stonewall. 2009 CSFC Report National Curriculum (pdf 1.5mb) report by the House of Commons Children, Schools and Families Committee. 2009 IRPC Final Report Final Report of the Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum (pdf 3.3mb). 2009 Steer Report Learning Behaviour: Lessons Learned (pdf 2.1mb): follow-up to the Steer committee's first report Learning Behaviour (2005). 2009 Macdonald Report Independent Review of the proposal to make Personal, Social, Health and Economic (PSHE) education statutory (pdf 983kb). 2009 SATs: boycott proposed by NUT and NAHT. 2009 DIUS abolished after just two years: responsibilities transferred to new Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). 2009 Eleven plus abolished in Northern Ireland, but grammar schools (mostly Roman Catholic) vow to set their own tests. 2009 Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 (pdf 1.0mb): created a statutory framework for apprenticeships. 2009 Liberal Democrats Equity and Excellence (pdf 246kb) set out LibDem education policies for discussion at the party's spring conference. 2009 White Paper Your child, your schools, our future (pdf 2.2mb): wide-ranging proposals including the removal of central government prescription of teaching methods and reduction in the use of the private consultants to improve schools. 2009 A New Framework for Higher Education (Department of Business, Innovation and Skills): set out ten to fifteen year strategy. 2010 Cambridge Primary Review Children, their World, their Education: final report. 2010 Steer Report Behaviour and the role of Home-School Agreements (pdf 1.1mb): advice on implementing changes to home-school agreements as specified in the Children, Schools and Families Bill. 2010 Academies Act 2010 (pdf 106kb) (27 July): provided for massive and rapid expansion of academies. 2010 Building Schools for the Future project scrapped (July). 2010 Browne Report Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education (pdf 799 kb) (October): recommendations mostly ignored. (See also Robbins 1963 and Dearing 1997) 2010 White paper The Importance of Teaching (pdf 1mb) (24 November): wide-ranging document covering teaching, leadership, behaviour, new schools, accountability etc. 2010 Higher education: fewer places and vastly increased tuition fees, the latter despite Liberal Democrat pre-election promises (December). 2011 CESC Behaviour and Discipline in Schools (pdf 430kb) (3 February): a report by the Commons Education Select Committee. 2011 Green Paper Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability (pdf 1.5mb) (March): proposed the abolition of statementing and advocated personal budgets. 2011 Wolf Report Review of Vocational Education (pdf 2.5mb) (March): backed Gove's view of education as academic excellence for a few and vocational training for the rest. 2011 Bew Report Independent Review of Key Stage 2 testing, assessment and accountability (pdf 340kb) (June): recommended that published test results should be more comprehensive and seen as a part of a bigger picture. 2011 DfE Training our next generation of outstanding teachers (pdf 336kb) (June) discussion document. 2011 APPGE Report of the Inquiry into Overcoming the Barriers to Literacy (pdf 328kb) (July): report of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Education criticising the government's approach to the teaching of reading. 2011 DfE Teachers' Standards (pdf 188kb) (July): came into force in September 2012. 2011 CESC Participation by 16-19 year olds in education and training (pdf 844kb) (19 July): report by the Commons Education Select Committee criticising the govenment's decision to abolish the Education Maintenance Allowance. 2011 CESC The English Baccalaureate (pdf 725kb) (28 July): report by the Commons Education Select Committee on the government's proposals. 2011 Education Act 2011 (pdf 700kb) (15 November): increased schools' powers relating to pupil behaviour and exclusions, further diminished the role of local authorities, further expansion of academies etc. 2011 DfE Training our next generation of outstanding teachers (pdf 336kb) (November); set out the government's implementation plan. 2011 DfE The Framework for the National Curriculum (pdf 946kb) (December): the report of the advisory panel chaired by Tim Oates. 2011 Henley Report Music Education in England (pdf 827kb) (undated). See also the government's response to the review (pdf 152kb) (undated) and The Importance of Music (pdf 348kb) (undated): A National Plan for Music Education. 2012 New Admissions Code (1 February): 2012 White Paper Reform of provision for children and young people with Special Educational Needs (pdf 958kb) (September): its recommendations formed the basis of Part 3 of the 2014 Children and Families Act (see below). 2012 Lingfield Report Professionalism in Further Education (pdf 438kb) (October): the final report of the Independent Review Panel. 2012 NAO Managing the expansion of the Academies Programme (pdf 520kb) (20 November): National Audit Office report criticising the ï¿½1bn overspend on academies in two years. 2012 Henley Report Cultural Education in England (pdf 733kb) (undated): an independent review by Darren Henley for the DfE and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. 2013 CESC From GCSEs to EBCs: the Government's proposals for reform (pdf 1.6mb) (31 January): the Commons Education Select Committee criticised Gove's proposal to phase out GCSEs. 2013 NAO Capital funding for new school places (pdf 569kb) (15 March): National Audit Office report warning of a 256,000 shortfall in school places by 2014. 2013 CPAC Department for Education: Managing the expansion of the Academies Programme (pdf 975kb) (15 April): the Commons Public Accounts Committee criticised the DfE for its management of the academies programme. 2013 The School Food Plan (pdf 1.7mb) (July): prepared for the government by Henry Dimbleby and John Vincent. 2013 DfE Revision of National Curriculum (July): 2014 CESC Underachievement in Education by White Working Class Children (pdf 922kb) (18 June): a report by the Commons Education Select Committee. July 2014 Nicky Morgan 2014 Sense and Instability (pdf 1.1mb) (October): City & Guilds Report examining how changing government policies have affected the skills landscape over the past three decades. 2014 SMCPC Cracking the code: how schools can improve social mobility (pdf 1.4mb) (October): report by the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission said schools were letting down many children from poorer families. 2014 NAO Academies and maintained schools: Oversight and intervention (pdf 680kb) (30 October): National Audit Office report criticised the government for creating a confused array of inspection regimes and unclear systems for raising standards. 2014 NAO Investigation into the Education Funding Agency's oversight of related party transactions at Durand Academy (pdf 201kb) (13 November): National Audit Office report on the use of public money by academy trusts. 2015 CESC Academies and free schools (pdf 754kb) (27 January): report by the Commons Education Select Committee said academies and free schools had had little or no effect on improving standards. 2015 CESC Life lessons: PSHE and SRE in schools (pdf 1.6mb) (17 February): report by the Commons Education Select Committee said sex education should be compulsory in all primary and secondary schools. 2015 House of Lords Make or Break: The UK's Digital Future (pdf 3.7mb) (17 February): House of Lords Digital Skills Committee report argued for greater emphasis on the teaching of digital skills. 2015 Warwick Commission Enriching Britain: Culture, Creativity and Growth (pdf 475kb) (February): argued that creativity, culture and the arts were being systematically removed from the education system. 2015 CESC Apprenticeships and traineeships for 16 to 19 year-olds (pdf 868kb) (9 March): report by the Commons Education Select Committee argued for better quality apprenticeships which would not be seen as a 'second class option'.	i don't know
The Treaty of where established the European Economic Community in March 1957?	The Treaty of Rome (1957) - The history of the European Union and European Citizenship The Treaties of Rome (1957) The signing of the Treaties of Rome On 25th March 1957, two treaties were signed in Rome that gave birth to the European Economic Community (EEC) and to European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) : the Treaties of Rome. The signatories of the historic agreement were Christian Pineau on behalf of France, Joseph Luns from the Netherlands, Paul Henri Spaak from Belgium, Joseph Bech from Luxemburg, Antonio Segni from Italy and Konrad Adenauer from the Federal Republic of Germany. The Treaties were ratified by National Parliaments over the following months and came into force on 1st January 1958. The Treaty establishing the EEC affirmed in its preamble that signatory States were "determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe". In this way, the member States specifically affirmed the political objective of a progressive political integration. In fact, the brand new institution was a customs union. As a consequence, the EEC was colloquially known as "Common Market". The member countries agreed to dismantle all tariff barriers over a 12-year transitional period. In view of the economic success that freer commercial exchanges brought about, the transitory term was shortened and in July 1968 all tariffs among the EEC States were abrogated. At the same time, a common tariff was established for all products coming from third countries. As a matter of fact, the common market meant exclusively free circulation of goods. Free movement of persons, capitals and services continued to be subject to numerous limitations. It was necessary to wait until the Single European Act , in 1987, when a definitive boost was given to establish a genuine unified market. This brought about the European Union Treaty in 1992. The other essential agreement included in the Treaty of Rome was the adoption of a Common agricultural policy (CAP) . Essentially, the CAP enacted a free market of agricultural products inside the EEC and established protectionist policies that guaranteed sufficient revenues to European farmers, avoiding competition from third countries' products by guaranteeing agricultural prices. With the aim of financing the CAP, the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) was established in 1962. The CAP has continued absorbing most of the community budget, and its reform has been one of the most badly needed in recent years. The Treaty of Rome also established the prohibition of monopolies, some transport common policies, and the grant of some commercial privileges to the colonial territories of the member States. The Treaty of Rome signified the triumph of a very realistic and gradualist approach to building the EU. This method was personified by Jean Monnet . The failure of the CED demonstrated that tremendous obstacles lay in the path of the final construction of a political union. Consequently, the new strategy sought to adopt a process of integration that gradually incorporated diverse economic sectors and that established supranational institutions with increasingly political competences.. The EEC from its birth was based on a series of institutions: the European Commission , the European Commission , the European Assembly, later known as European Parliament , the Court of Justice and the Economic and Social Committee , whose competences were enlarged and modified in the diverse agreements and treaties that succeeded the Treaty of Rome. To sum up, a process put in motion in which progressive economic integration was paving the way to the long term objective, the political union. The Treaty that instituted the EURATOM tried to create the conditions for developing a strong nuclear industry. It was much less important than the treaty that brought into existence the EEC and, in fact, when people speak about the treaties of Rome refer, incorrectly, to the one which established the EEC. The "British problem" and the enlargement of the EEC in 1973 The absence of the United Kingdom constituted the main political problem that the EEC had to face in its early years. The British government refused to participate for different reasons: The importance of its commercial, political and, even, sentimental bonds with its colonies and former colonies, most of them integrated in the Commonwealth; Its refusal to join a customs union. The British government defended the establishment of a free trade area, in which the internal customs rights were abolished, but national governments would maintain their competences of enacting their own tariffs with regard to third countries; The fact that Britain was totally opposed to embarking on a project whose long-term aim was to surrender the sovereignty of national states to supranational European institutions. In other words, the British were, and many of them still remain, very far from the objective of an European political union. After negotiations to integrate Britain in the EEC broke down, the British government proposed the foundation of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Austria and Portugal joined to that new organisation. It fell far short of any project of political integration, and constituted a mere free trade area. Shortly, Britain realized its mistake. Whereas the EEC witnessed a spectacular economic growth, with growth rates in the sixties clearly superior to those in America, Great Britain continued its downward trend in relation to the Continent. Therefore, in August of 1961 the British Prime Minister requested the beginning of negotiations on accession to the EEC. However, after starting negotiations, the French leader, Charles De Gaulle , in 1963 vetoed British accession to the EEC. He was resolved to build up a Europe of the homelands that would become a third superpower between the USA and the USSR, and was suspicious of the Britain�s close bonds with Washington. In 1967, when British Labour prime minister, Harold Wilson, again requested to join the EEC, the French general once more banned the accession of the United Kingdom. Charles De Gaulle De Gaulle , in spite of defending a strong Europe before USA and USSR, never believed in a politically united Europe. In his view, the national independence of France, the country that he tried boldly to maintain in a role of power, was an non-negotiable question. De Gaulle 's nationalism brought about the empty chair crisis in 1966 that kept paralysed the Community for seven months and that, finally, concluded with the Commitment of Luxemburg. France resumed its place in the Council in return for keeping the unanimity vote when major interests were at stake. Only the resignation of De Gaulle in 1969, for reasons of home affairs, opened up the possibility of British accession. After overcoming the tough opposition of a significant section of the British public that claimed to maintain an anti-European stance, negotiations came to an end in 1972. Eventually the United Kingdom joined the EEC. Denmark and Ireland accompanied it. The Europe of the Nine was born. Edward Heath, British prime minister signs the accesion to the EEC (1973) The Norwegian people, contradicting their own government's opinion, voted against entering the EEC. Henceforth, Norway has since stayed apart from the Community. Progress in European integration and the enlargement to the "Europe of the Twelve" (1973-1986) The 1973 economic crisis put an end to a period of impressive economic growth that European countries had enjoyed for a long time. Unemployment, inflation and crisis of traditional industrial sectors characterized the economic landscape of the EEC in the second half of the 70es and early 80s. In spite of the fact that some journalists coined the terms euroscepticism and eurosclerosis to refer to an integration process that seemed to fade, the fact was that, over these years, important advancements took place. Not only was a higher level of integration achieved, but the process of enlargement proceeded. These were the key advancements: From 1975 the denominated European Council was instituted as a periodical meeting of Heads of State or Government. This was tobe the institution where major long-term decisions would be agreed. In 1979, the European Monetary System (EMS) came into force. At the same time, the European Currency Unit (ECU), direct predecessor of the Euro, was born. Member countries' currencies were tied in a narrow 2.5% band of fluctuation and national governments committed to coordinate their monetary policies. It was the first significant step toward monetary union. First elections to the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage were held in 1979. The end of military dictatorships in Greece (1974), Portugal (1974) and Spain (Franco died in 1975) 3. made possible the accession of these nations. Greece, in 1981, and Spain and Portugal, in 1986, became new members of the EEC. The Community was enlarged toward the Mediterranean Europe. Spain managed to accomplish an old aspiration. Spain's representatives signing the accesion to EEC (1986) In 1984, a group of European MPs, chaired by the Italian Altiero Spinelli , introduced in Parliament a project of Treaty of the European Union. They intended to obtain the approval of a new treaty that substituted the old one signed in Rome and that constituted a great advancement in the European integration. In spite of not being passed by the governments, the scheme�s merit was that it anticipated the debate on the main advancements that would take place in the 90s. Altiero Spinelli In 1985, the three countries of the Benelux, France and Germany signed the Schengen Agreement . Most of the member States would join in subsequent years. It constituted the beginning of an ambitious initiative to guarantee the free movement of persons and the gradual removal of frontiers among the community States. In the second half of the 80s, the integration process received an important political impulse, largely due to Jacques Delors . A French socialist, he was elected president of the European Commission in 1985. The first step was the enacting of the Single European Act in 1986. Search WWW	Rome
What was the name of the Coca-Cola Company's first diet drink, launched in 1963?	Rome Treaty \| Home Mountainlair Ballrooms This public celebration will recognize the 50th Anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome that established the European Economic Community (EEC) on March 25, 1957. Fifty years later, it is a unique opportunity for West Virginia University to join in this celebration. This program is also an occasion to better understand the present of the European Union and to look towards its future. Deputy Chiefs of Missions of EU Embassies will talk about the experience of living together within the EU. The signature of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957 created the European family. Fifty years later, Europe is coming ever closer together. While remaining diverse in culture, language and traditions, European unity is based on common values: freedom, democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, and equality.	i don't know
In a Los Angeles court, in March 1969, who admitted killing presidential candidate Robert Kennedy?	Robert F. Kennedy shot - Jun 05, 1968 - HISTORY.com Robert F. Kennedy shot Publisher A+E Networks At 12:50 a.m. PDT, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a presidential candidate, is shot three times in a hail of gunfire in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Five others were wounded. The senator had just completed a speech celebrating his victory in the California presidential primary. The shooter, Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan, had a smoking .22 revolver wrested from his grip and was promptly arrested. Kennedy, critically wounded, was rushed to the hospital, where he fought for his life for the next 24 hours. On the morning of June 6, he died. He was 42 years old. On June 8, Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, also the final resting place of his assassinated older brother, President John F. Kennedy. Robert Kennedy, born in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1925, interrupted his studies at Harvard University to serve in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was legal counsel for various Senate subcommittees during the 1950s and in 1960 served as the manager of his brother’s successful presidential campaign. Appointed attorney general by President Kennedy, he proved a vigorous member of the cabinet, zealously prosecuting cases relating to civil rights while closely advising the president on domestic and foreign issues. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, he joined President Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration but resigned in 1964 to run successfully in New York for a Senate seat. Known in Congress as an advocate of social reform and defender of the rights of minorities, he also voiced criticism of the war in Vietnam. In 1968, he was urged by many of his supporters to run for president as an anti-war and socially progressive Democratic. Hesitant until he saw positive primary returns for fellow anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy, he announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination on March 16, 1968. Fifteen days later, President Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection, and Vice President Hubert Humphrey became the key Democratic hopeful, with McCarthy and Kennedy trailing closely behind. Kennedy conducted an energetic campaign and on June 4, 1968, won a major victory in the California primary. He had won five out of six primaries and seemed a shoo-in for the Democratic nomination and, some thought, the presidency. Shortly after midnight, he gave a victory speech to his supporters in the Ambassador Hotel and then, while making his way to a press conference by a side exit, was fatally wounded by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. Sirhan was arrested at the scene and indicted for first-degree murder. A mentally unstable drifter, his motives in killing Kennedy have never been clear. Some journalists have alleged that Sirhan was part of a larger assassination conspiracy, supposedly brought on by Kennedy’s promise to end the Vietnam War if elected president. These conspiracists cite forensic evidence and witness testimony that they say proves the existence of additional shooters who were not detained. In 1969, Sirhan Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to die. In 1972, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty. Since 1983, he has repeatedly been denied parole by prison officials who consider him a serious threat to public safety. More on This Topic	Sirhan Sirhan
Published in August 1953, what is the name of the Report on 'Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female'?	Bobby Kennedy Conspiracy (2009) - YouTube Bobby Kennedy Conspiracy (2009) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 29, 2011 Los Angeles (CNN) -- Sirhan Sirhan, convicted of the 1968 assassination of presidential candidate Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, should be freed from prison or granted a new trial based on "formidable evidence" asserting his innocence and "horrendous violations" of his rights, defense attorneys said in federal court papers filed this week. In a U.S. District Court brief, Sirhan's lawyers also say that an expert analysis of recently uncovered evidence shows two guns were fired in the assassination and that Sirhan's revolver was not the gun that shot Kennedy. Attorneys William F. Pepper and Laurie D. Dusek also allege that fraud was committed in Sirhan's 1969 trial when the court allowed a substitute bullet to be admitted as evidence for a real bullet removed from Kennedy's neck. The attorneys further assert that Sirhan was hypno-programmed to be a diversion for the real assassin and allege that Sirhan would be easily blamed for the assassination because he is an Arab. Sirhan, 67, is a Christian Palestinian born in Jerusalem whose parents brought him and his siblings to America in the 1950s. Sirhan "was an involuntary participant in the crimes being committed because he was subjected to sophisticated hypno programming and memory implantation techniques which rendered him unable to consciously control his thoughts and actions at the time the crimes were being committed," court papers said. The California Attorney General's office declined to comment Saturday on Sirhan's court filings, said spokeswoman Lynda Gledhill. Court papers filed by Sirhan's attorneys say the state "refuses to acknowledge that hypno programming/mind control is not fiction but reality and has been used for years by the U.S. military, Central Intelligence Agency and other covert organizations. "Though the practices of hypno programming/mind control is hardly new, the public has been shielded from the darker side of the practice. The average person is unaware that hypnosis can and is used to induct antisocial conduct in humans," Sirhan's court filings say. Pepper and Dusek represented Sirhan earlier this year in his unsuccessful request for parole from Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California, 200 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles. He is serving a life sentence. Sirhan was convicted of killing Kennedy and wounding five other people during the June 5, 1968, shooting inside the kitchen service pantry of the former Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Three bullets struck Kennedy's body while a fourth bullet passed harmlessly through the shoulder of his suit coat. Kennedy, the most seriously wounded of the six victims, died the next day. The other five people survived their wounds. The substitute bullet was introduced in the trial as the actual bullet removed from Kennedy's neck and alleged to have been matched to Sirhan's gun, Pepper said. Pepper and Dusek are requesting a hearing to present dramatic new findings that they say show a kitchen crossfire in the hotel. An analysis of a recently uncovered audiotape of the assassination shows that in addition to the eight gunshots fired by Sirhan's Iver-Johnson handgun, five other shots were fired by a second gun from the opposite direction, Sirhan's attorneys said. The sound recording "clearly showed that 13 shots were fired in the pantry, and Sirhan's gun had only eight shots, so it definitely means there was a second shooter," Pepper told CNN. The tape was made 40 feet away from the crime scene by freelance newspaper reporter Stanislaw Pruszynski and is the only known recording of the gunshots fired in Robert Kennedy's assassination. The recording was uncovered in 2004 by CNN's Brad Johnson, who had it independently examined by two experts, Spence Whitehead and Philip Van Praag. They concluded, individually, that more than eight shots were captured in the tape. Watch Johnson's 2009 CNN "Backstory"report on the experts' separate findings... http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/inte... In their court filings, Pepper and Dusek are focusing on Van Praag's analysis. Van Praag concludes that the Pruszynski recording is authentic and reveals that, over a five-second period in the pantry, two guns fired 13 shots, exceeding the capacity of the eight-shot Iver-Johnson Cadet -- the only gun that Sirhan possessed and had no opportunity to reload. Van Praag rules out the possibility that any of the 13 shots were echoes, ricochets or non-gunshot sounds. He also finds that some of the shots were fired too rapidly, at intervals too close together for all the shots to have come from Sirhan's inexpensive handgun. Van Praag further concludes that the five shots fired opposite the direction of Sirhan's eight shots displayed a "frequency anomaly" indicating the second gun's make and model were different from Sirhan's weapon.	i don't know
Who became Prime Minister of Britain in April 1955?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 5 \| 1955: Sir Winston Churchill resigns 1955: Sir Winston Churchill resigns Sir Winston Churchill has resigned as prime minister of Britain due to his failing health. The news was announced in a statement from Buckingham Palace this afternoon. It said: "The Right Honorable Sir Winston Churchill had an audience with the Queen this evening and tendered his resignation as Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury, which Her Majesty was graciously pleased to accept." Sir Winston Churchill's resignation follows a dinner party held at 10 Downing Street last night attended by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh and a number of the prime minister's past and present government colleagues. Tributes to the 80-year-old premier, who will be replaced by Sir Anthony Eden tomorrow, have poured in from around the world. 'Blood, toil, tears and sweat' Sir Winston Churchill's political career began in 1900 as Conservative MP for Oldham but in 1906, disillusioned with his party, he defected to the Liberal party. He first became prime minister, as a Conservative again, in 1940 and led the wartime Coalition Government during World War II. During this time he inspired courage throughout the entire British nation even though he had promised nothing more than "blood, toil, tears and sweat." After the war the Coalition Government broke up and Winston Churchill resigned the office of prime minister on 23 May 1945. He was immediately asked by the King to form a new government and his second tenure as prime minister, this time of a caretaker government, began. But Churchill, although regarded as a superb wartime leader, was regarded less favourably in peacetime and in the general election which followed in July 1945 he was heavily defeated. A Labour government, led by Clement Attlee, took the reins of power until 1951 when Winston Churchill once again became prime minister at the age of 77. In 1953 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Garter in recognition of his services to his country. Sir Winston will continue to sit in the House of Commons as member for Woodford.	Anthony Eden
Women compete for the Corbillon Cup in which sport?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 27 \| 1955: Election victory for Tories under Eden 1955: Election victory for Tories under Eden The Conservatives have won the general election with a clear majority, ending a five-year political stalemate. The British public has reinforced its support for prime minister, Sir Anthony Eden, who took over the reigns of power in April after the resignation of Sir Winston Churchill. The final results revealed the Conservatives won 324 out of a total of 630 seats. Combined with those of their Associates the Conservatives have an overall majority of 60 seats - the largest majority for five years. In 1951 the Conservatives won with just a 17-seat majority and in 1950 Labour, led by Clement Attlee, were elected with a majority of just 13. 'Peace and progress' Sir Anthony received an ovation as he arrived at Conservative Party Headquarters this evening. In a televised address he thanked the British public for its continued support. He said: "I am told that we have made history on this occasion, in the sense that it is something like 100 years since any government ever asked the country for a reinforced support for the work it had to do and received a larger majority. "For that we are grateful. You have generously accorded us the working majority for which we asked." The large majority in this election is evidence from the British public that it has confidence in the Conservative government to carry out its pre-election promises. The Conservative manifesto, entitled "United for Peace and Progress", began with a personal statement from the prime minister: "Twice in a lifetime," it read, "my generation has seen its world shaken, and almost destroyed, by a world war. "Our civilisation could not hope to survive a third. It has been my work to do all I can to prevent such a catastrophe, and this will remain my firm resolve for the whole time I serve you." But, although the Conservatives said production of the hydrogen bomb would continue as a deterrent and protection to the UK, they have pledged to strive for unity between east and west and eventually bring about total world disarmament. The Tories also promised to continue their programme for prosperity, developing a property-owning democracy and strengthening personal freedom and national unity. They have vowed to build on the successes of the past four years, which include the steady increase in prosperity and economic strength and high employment and production. But Labour say the cost of living has increased under the Conservatives, production has been slower and tax relief has favoured the rich. Labour is calling for fairer distribution of wealth and a more vigorous drive for housing, education, health and opportunities for recreation.	i don't know
What is the colouring agent E102 also known as?	Sunset Yellow (E110) :: JuicingTheRainbow.com Email Sunset Yellow is a dye also known as E110, Orange Yellow S, FD & C Yellow 6, and C.I. 15985. In Asia it is sometimes added to fermented soybean products. In the rest of the world, it’s used to add coor to marzipan, apricot jam, lemon curd, energy drinks, soup mix, and bread crumbs. It is also the iconic color of the popular brand of corn chips/crisps known as Doritos. Sunset Yellow is added to juices to enhance brown tones in apple juice and cider and to color lemon juice. Hundreds of thousands of people report that consuming foods and beverages made with Sunset Yellow aggravates allergies, triggers skin reactions, and makes managing kids who have ADHD almost impossible. Hundreds of learned experts insist that these symptoms are all in their minds. What the learned experts don’t know, and can’t test for, is the additive effect of Sunset Yellow with other “azo” red and yellow food dyes (especially tartrazine ), aspirin, and aspirin-like substances that occur naturally in cranberries, cloudberries, ligonberries, apples , greengate plums, prunes, dill, oregano, peppermint, and wintergreen, among other foods and spices. It might be that you can take a baby aspirin and not experience an allergic reaction. But if you take a baby aspirin and drink a glass of prune juice, maybe your skin with start itching. Or if you take a baby aspirin and eat a package of Doritos, your face will break out. Or if you eat a whole jar of cloudberry jam while hiking in the woods of northern Sweden, your skin will erupt in hives. Only about 1 person in 300 is sensitive to Sunset Yellow at all. But adverse effects usually result form a combination of Sunset Yellow and other food dyes or aspirin. The “experts” usually don’t take this into account and simply advise that coloring agents are safe, even when they are really not. You can always scrutinize juice labels and package labels and product literature for Sunset Yellow under one of its many names. Or you can just make your own juice that you know is free of Sunset Yellow and other artificial additives. Especially if you love apple juice or apple cider or you make a lot of lemonade, a juice extractor can add flavor to your favorite beverages and save you a great deal of grief with allergic reactions some doctors will tell you don’t exist. Top 10 FREE Juice & Smoothie Recipes Instant Access! Fruit & vegetable recipes with nutrition info, facts & trivia. Download now! GET STARTED!	Tartrazine
What is the name of Israel's secret intelligence agency?	Tartrazine: A Real Yellow Menace - Practicalhippie.com (formerly practicalhippie.com) article archive Note: the information on this page originally appeared on its own website, but I have decided to bring it together with my other work. I started the original page in the year 2000 after a negative personal experience with tartrazine and was overwhelmed by the positive response from Internet users all over the world. I continue to get email thanking me for this information almost every day. The experience was the beginning of my own journey into an awareness of health and social issues which has led me down a path (and a passion) for information activism. Tartrazine: A Real Yellow Menace Tartrazine (also known as "FD&C Yellow Number 5" or " E-102 " in Europe) is a coal-tar derivative that is used to color foods, cosmetics, and other products. It is literally industrial waste. I have a strong sensitivity to this substance, and believe there are many others out there as well who (perhaps unknowingly) have the same problem. If you get mysterious hives or sometimes wake up with swollen eyelids, this could be the culprit. Tartrazine is also reputed to be a catalyst in hyperactivity /ADD, other behavioral problems, asthma , migranes , thyroid cancer , and lupus ! Have you noticed how many children are being diagnosed as "hyperactive" these days? There is research that shows there might be a link (and that dietary changes can help.) Many of the children on Ritalin or other behavioral drugs are probably just eating a diet rich in toxic food additives that are approved by the government as safe. Some schools have noticed a major difference in pupils' behavior after banning snacks with tartrazine. Ironically enough, some of the drugs for these conditions contain tartrazine and are probably just making the problem worse! I stop just short of declaring it a conspiracy on the drug companies' part, but it's something to think about. Why do food companies use it? It's simply cheaper than natural alternatives. The important nutrient beta carotene can be used to achieve a similar color, but it costs more for the manufacturer. Can you imagine having the idea to put coal tar waste into food as a coloring? As with many of the evils in this world, it all comes down to "the bottom line" (aka greed.) What products contain tartrazine? Here is a list of some of the things that often (but not always!) contain tartrazine: prescription and non-prescription pharmaceutical drugs skim milk birth control pills aspirin This is only a partial list of things to look out for tartrazine in. It's hiding in all kinds of places you wouldn't expect such as chocolate pudding and even caviar, so watch out and check those labels! In the United States, manufacturers are required to indicate that a product contains tartrazine on the label. In Canada, labels are only required to say "colour." In the United Kingdom and Europe, tartrazine is referred to as "E-102" though it has been banned in Norway and Austria. There is currently a petition at the FDA to have tartrazine BANNED in the USA! Please email your comments and experiences with this toxic substance to the US government (no matter what country you live in!) Sometimes products (especially those imported from Asia) have tartrazine that isn't declared on the label! This example of an FDA enforcement report mentions several labeling violations. My Story For about 10 years, I had mild eczema on one of my hands which came and went. I used a prescription cortizone cream which helped the itching some, but never got rid of the skin problem completely. When the condition started appearing on my face and neck, I started to worry. Every few weeks, I would get red circles and swelling around my eyes and mouth, as well as spots on my neck. These red spots would appear in the same places every time, and take up to 5 days to heal. After a few months, the redness never healed completely, it just varied in severity. The first doctor I saw gave me a weaker cortizone to put on my face which burned my skin and did not help the healing. The second doctor I saw told me I had "idiopathic" hives, which meant there was no discernable cause. He offered to give me a pill regimen to "suppress my immune system." I decided I needed my immune system more than ever and declined. The third doctor I saw gave me allergy tests which came up negative. He gave me a long list of food items to avoid and said to re-introduce them one at a time so I would know which had been the problem. I realized that it had been the vitamins I was taking , which contain tartrazine. The time period I had been ill matched up perfectly with the amount of time I'd been taking the pills. When I started avoiding tartrazine my face finally cleared up and my hand healed completely for the first time in several years! I am happy that I now know what the problem is, but the prolonged daily exposure from the vitamins has made me extra-sensitive to tartrazine. I have learned which foods to avoid in general, but every once in awhile something sneaks through and the symptoms come back. Unfortunately, now even a small amount of tartrazine triggers a painful (and unattractive) reaction that lasts for five days. In many ways, I am glad this happened to me, because it has made me adopt a much more natural diet, which has had a profound influence on my health. I have also become an almost-vegetarian (I eat fish once in awhile) after learning about the additives and hormones put into animal feed. Chickens are often fed dyes to make the eggs and flesh look nicer! I encourage everyone to eat less meat , consider giving up red meat and poultry, or eat organic meats and free-range eggs. (I do not believe that eating meat is morally wrong, but I do believe that the way most modern farm animals are treated and drugged up is.) Look into it and educate yourself, then make up your own mind. Links The Feingold Diet ( cached ) this newsletter from the Feingold diet (used to combat hyperactivity) contains some very interesting information about tartrazine, such as the fact that its chemical composition often doesn't meet government regulations. Visit the Feingold Association's Homepage for more information about the popular alternative to giving psychoactive drugs to kids. Tartrazine and Vitamins ( cached ) this article says that tartrazine causes problems because it interferes with the body's absorption of Zinc and Vitamin B6. I take supplements of these vitamins when I feel the symptoms coming on. The rest of the time I avoid synthetic supplements and try to eat foods rich in these nutrients.	i don't know
What was the name of the judge, known as 'The Hanging Judge', in the Bloody Assizes of 1685?	Judge Jeffreys of the "Bloody Assizes" (England, 1685) Judge Jeffreys of the "Bloody Assizes" (England, 1685) Was his reputation as an egregious courtroom bully deserved? Copyright � 2003 by Hugo S. Cunningham First posted 20030215 Sir George Jeffreys, Recorder of London 1678-80. Painting by an unknown artist. (National Portrait Gallery) Source of photo -- frontispiece of P. J. Helm, Jeffreys. We scanned the head only from a 3/4 length seated portrait. Index The Whig view , prevalent in literature a moderate view by Whig historian G.M. Trevelyan (1904) ferociously partisan contemporary pamphlets The Merciful Assizes (heavy-handed satire) the unabashedly partisan (but eloquent) Lord Macaulay (1848) Revisionist views: P.J. Helm Biographical summaries Jeffreys, George, first Baron Jeffreys (1644-1689) educated at St. Paul's School, at Westminster, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, was lord chief justice, 1682. He presided at the trial of Titus Oates, and is chiefly notorious for his brutality and as the judge who held the 'Bloody Assizes.' He was arrested in 1688 and died in the Tower after petitioning for a pardon. Source: editor Sir Paul Harvey, The Oxford Companion to English Literature 4th Edition, 1967; p. 428. From BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/guides/halloffame/historical/judge_george_jeffreys.shtml George Jeffreys was born at Acton Park in 1648, the son of John Jeffreys and Margaret Ireland. His grandfather was a judge in North Wales and George eventually decided on a career in law much to his parents' disapproval. Educated at Shrewsbury and St Paul's Westminster and Cambridge. He began his studies in the Inner Temple in 1663 and was acting as an advocate before he was officially called to the bar. He entered Gray's Inn. He was appointed Solicitor General to the Duke of York later James II and was knighted in 1677. He became recorder of London in 1678. At the age of 33 he became Lord Chief Justice of England and a privy counsellor and two years later Lord Chancellor. In 1683 he was created Baron Jeffreys of Wem. He is known as Hanging Judge Jeffreys because of the punishment he handed out at the trials of the supporters of the Duke of Monmouth. In 1688 when James II fled the country, Jeffreys was placed in the Tower of London for his own safety. He died there the following year aged 44 of kidney disease. --Courtesy Wrexham County Borough Council In 1685, Charles II died and his Catholic brother James II succeeded to the throne. He expressed no intention to impose Catholicism on an intensely anti-Catholic England, but militant Whigs distrusted him anyways. Some supported a revolt by Charles II's illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth (1685), but it was speedily suppressed, confined to the southwest of England. James II send Judge Jeffreys (and a couple of others) to try the defeated rebels; the resulting "Bloody Assizes," especially as written up by Macaulay (see below ), would make Jeffreys's reputation in history. James II now overplayed his hand, dismissing Parliament (1685), appointing Catholics as officials, allying himself with the cruelly despotic Louis XIV of France, dismissing Anglican clergyman who did not support his Catholic policy, and mobilizing large armies in both Ireland (largely Catholic, hence inspiring intense English distrust) and just outside London. In particular, his attack on the Anglican Church neutralized much of his support amoung "Tories." The 1685 execution of the rebel Duke of Monmouth united Whig opinion behind the only remaining Protestant claimant to the throne, William of Orange, husband of James II's daughter Mary. In 1688, Whigs and disaffected Tories invited him to invade England, drive out James II, and assume the English throne with Queen Mary. Since the Whigs won, they got to write English history. Those who had suppressed Whig rebels (eg Judge Jeffreys) now were illegitimate. Jeffreys, lodged in prison and soon dying of ill-health anyways, was also used as a convenient scapegoat by the exiled James II (still hoping for an eventual restoration), as well as James's principal advisor the Earl of Sunderland. Conflicting views of Judge Jeffries and the "Bloody Assizes" http://www.strecorsoc.org/macaulay/m05f.html Macaulay on the character of Judge Jeffreys: He was a man of quick and vigorous parts, but constitutionally prone to insolence and to the angry passions. When just emerging from boyhood he had risen into practice at the Old Bailey bar, a bar where advocates have always used a license of tongue unknown in Westminster Hall. Here, during many years his chief business was to examine and crossexamine the most hardened miscreants of a great capital. Daily conflicts with prostitutes and thieves called out and exercised his powers so effectually that he became the most consummate bully ever known in his profession. Tenderness for others and respect for himself were feelings alike unknown to him. He acquired a boundless command of the rhetoric in which the vulgar express hatred and contempt. The profusion of maledictions and vituperative epithets which composed his vocabulary could hardly have been rivalled in the fishmarket or the beargarden. His countenance and his voice must always have been unamiable. But these natural advantages,--for such he seems to have thought them,--he had improved to such a degree that there were few who, in his paroxysms of rage, could see or hear him without emotion. Impudence and ferocity sate upon his brow. The glare of his eyes had a fascination for the unhappy victim on whom they were fixed. Yet his brow and his eye were less terrible than the savage lines of his mouth. His yell of fury, as was said by one who had often heard it, sounded like the thunder of the judgment day. These qualifications he carried, while still a young man, from the bar to the bench. He early became Common Serjeant, and then Recorder of London. As a judge at the City sessions he exhibited the same propensities which afterwards, in a higher post, gained for him an unenviable immortality. Already might be remarked in him the most odious vice which is incident to human nature, a delight in misery merely as misery. There was a fiendish exultation in the way in which he pronounced sentence on offenders. Their weeping and imploring seemed to titillate him voluptuously; and he loved to scare them into fits by dilating with luxuriant amplification on all the details of what they were to suffer. Thus, when he had an opportunity of ordering an unlucky adventuress to be whipped at the cart's tail, "Hangman," he would exclaim, "I charge you to pay particular attention to this lady! Scourge her soundly man! Scourge her till the blood runs down! It is Christmas, a cold time for Madam to strip in! See that you warm her shoulders thoroughly!"(230) He was hardly less facetious when he passed judgment on poor Lodowick Muggleton, the drunken tailor who fancied himself a prophet. "Impudent rogue!" roared Jeffreys, "thou shalt have an easy, easy, easy punishment!" One part of this easy punishment was the pillory, in which the wretched fanatic was almost killed with brickbats.(231) Macaulay offers immortal quotes from Judge Jeffreys: This [the trial of Alice Lisle for aiding a fugitive traitor] was the first case of treason on the circuit; and there seemed to be a strong probability that his prey would escape him [Judge Jeffries]. He stormed, cursed, and swore in language which no wellbred man would have used at a race or a cockfight. One witness named Dunne, partly from concern for Lady Alice, and partly from fright at the threats and maledictions of the Chief Justice, entirely lost his head, and at last stood silent. "Oh how hard the truth is," said Jeffreys, "to come out of a lying Presbyterian knave." The witness, after a pause of some minutes, stammered a few unmeaning words. "Was there ever," exclaimed the judge, with an oath, "was there ever such a villain on the face of the earth? Dost thou believe that there is a God? Dost thou believe in hell fire. Of all the witnesses that I ever met with I never saw thy fellow." Still the poor man, scared out of his senses, remained mute; and again Jeffreys burst forth. "I hope, gentlemen of the jury, that you take notice of the horrible carriage of this fellow. How can one help abhorring both these men and their religion? A Turk is a saint to such a fellow as this. A Pagan would be ashamed of such villany. Oh blessed Jesus! What a generation of vipers do we live among!" "I cannot tell what to say, my Lord," faltered Dunne. The judge again broke forth into a volley of oaths. "Was there ever," he cried, "such an impudent rascal? Hold the candle to him that we may see his brazen face. You, gentlemen, that are of counsel for the crown, see that an information for perjury be preferred against this fellow." [...] A prisoner affirmed that the witnesses who appeared against him were not entitled to credit. One of them, he said, was a Papist, and another a prostitute. "Thou impudent rebel," exclaimed the Judge, "to reflect on the King's evidence! I see thee, villain, I see thee already with the halter round thy neck." Another produced testimony that he was a good Protestant. "Protestant! " said Jeffreys; "you mean Presbyterian. I'll hold you a wager of it. I can smell a Presbyterian forty miles." One wretched man moved the pity even of bitter Tories. "My Lord," they said, "this poor creature is on the parish." "Do not trouble yourselves," said the Judge, "I will ease the parish of the burden." [...] A still more frightful sentence was passed on a lad named Tutchin, who was tried for seditious words. He was, as usual, interrupted in his defence by ribaldry and scurrility from the judgment seat. "You are a rebel; and all your family have been rebels since Adam. They tell me that you are a poet. I'll cap verses with you." The sentence was that the boy should be imprisoned seven years, and should, during that period, be flogged through every market town in Dorsetshire every year. The women in the galleries burst into tears. The clerk of the arraigns stood up in great disorder. "My Lord," said he, "the prisoner is very young. There are many market towns in our county. The sentence amounts to whipping once a fortnight for seven years." "If he is a young man," said Jeffreys, "he is an old rogue. Ladies, you do not know the villain as well as I do. The punishment is not half bad enough for him. All the interest in England shall not alter it." As it turned out, however, Tutchin came down with smallpox, which caused his sentence to be postponed. It was ultimately remitted "in return for a bribe which reduced the prisoner to poverty.] Revisionist Views	George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys
David Balfour is the hero of which Robert Louis Stevenson novel?	George Jeffreys: The Hanging Judge \| dr dud's dicta George Jeffreys: The Hanging Judge / Mrs Dud LAST WEEK I made mention in a footnote of George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys of Wem, otherwise known as ‘The Hanging Judge’. Well, I thought I would elaborate. Was the ‘hanging judge’ a fair description of the fellow? And who was he? His grandfather was John Jeffreys who had been Chief Justice of the Anglesey circuit of the Great Sessions, and his father, also John Jeffreys, served as High Sheriff of Denighshire. His brother, Thomas, was the English Consul in Spain, and his other brother, William, became Vice-Dean of Canterbury. So authority and ambition was certainly in the family. George went to Trinity College, Cambridge, but only lasted a year, leaving without a degree. He entered Inner Temple (remember ‘My Cousin Ralph’, a couple of posts ago?) in 1663 and began his legal career in 1668. George Jeffreys (1645-89) In 1671 he was appointed Common Serjeant-at-Law of London (what?) [1]. Trust me , pretty fast promotion. He was knighted in 1677 and became Recorder of London [see fn 1, if you haven’t already] the following year. By 1680 he had become Chief Justice of Chester and Counsel for the Crown at Ludlow and Justice of the Peace for Flintshire. Charles II created him a baronet in 1681, and by 1683 he was Chief Justice of the King’s Bench and a member of the Privy Council. He was a busy boy (I would say he didn’t ‘hang around’ but that’s an awful pun bearing in mind his nickname … so I won’t say it). It was when Jeffreys became Lord Chief Justice from 1683 that his conduct began to cause some unease. He presided over the trial of one Algernon Sydney who had been charged with conspiracy to assassinate King Charles II under the Rye House Plot. To establish treason two witnesses were required but the prosecution only had one. However, this didn’t seem to bother Jeffreys much and he ruled that Sydney’s own writings on republicanism were a sufficient ‘second witness’. Sydney was found guilty and executed. Good old 17th century justice. Jeffreys as Lord Chancellor, 1685 By 1685 he had been appointed Lord Chancellor and this is when he picked up the ‘Hanging Judge’ tag. But really due to no fault of his own. He was also made a peer, Baron Jeffreys of Wem (Wem is near Shrewsbury in Shropshire … but you knew that). In Autumn of 1685, in Taunton, he presided over the trials of the rebels of the Monmouth Rebellion (a West Country plot to overthrow James II – Charles II had died in February of that year). Of the 1381 defendants, it has been suggested that some 700 were found guilty and sentenced to death. In fact, it appears that the more likely figure is between 160 and 170. Regardless, Jeffreys sentenced them all to hang and this event became known as The Bloody Assizes. Baron Jeffreys of Wem Why ‘The Hanging Judge’ tag is a little unfair is because Jeffreys had no choice but to sentence them to hang as that was the law at the time for punishment for treason. If anything, the tag should be aimed at (I was going to say ‘hung on’, but …..) the king, James II. He had the Royal Prerogative to reprieve the sentences (which was not unusual) but he chose not to use it on this occasion. Jeffreys was a very able lawyer but he did have a bit of a reputation as a bad tempered vindictive individual who was often a little worse for wear in court due to drink. He had a painful kidney disease which his doctor suggested he take alcohol to dull the pain (my kind of doctor!) and this may account for his behaviour. I mentioned the Glorious Revolution in the Outlander post (last month). This is where Parliament passed legislation to prevent a Roman Catholic ruling as king of England and so deposing James II. Well, this took place in 1688 and was not good for Jeffreys, being a ‘James II man’. He tried to escape but was captured disguised as a sailor outside the ‘Town of Ramsgate’ public house in Wapping in London. He was sent to the Tower of London and died of his kidney disease the following year. So, George Jeffreys, ‘The Hanging Judge’ – fair or what? You judge ……. . Footnote [1] The Common Serjeant-at-Law of London is one of the High Officers of the City of London (established in 1291 – the title not London). He is the second most senior permanent judge of the Central Criminal Court after the Recorder of London, acting as deputy to that office, and sitting as a judge in the trial of criminal offences. The 81st incumbent is His Honour Judge Richard Marks, QC, who was appointed on 3rd March 2015. . Artemus Smith’s Notebooks I have discovered another volume of Artemus’ notebooks (followers will recall Dr Artemus Smith was an archaeologist of great courage, determination and fiction). Here is another extract: One of my students was telling me that neither he nor his parents had ever left their small village until last year. They had saved money to travel to Oxford for the son’s interview. It was their very first time in a city. They visited a shopping mall and while the mother was shopping, the father and son were standing in awe in front of a lift (or elevator as some call it), having no idea what it was. As they watched, an elderly lady walked into the strange silver doors and the doors closed. The father and son watched as the numbers went up, and then back down. When the doors opened a beautiful young woman walked out. My student said that his father leaned over and whispered to the him, “Son, go get your mother!”	i don't know
The Maskelyne Award is associated with which branch of entertainment?	BAFTA: Home of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Guru BAFTA Guru BAFTA Guru is BAFTA’s content hub for career starters packed full of inspirational videos, podcasts and interviews. Whether you’ve taken your first steps in the industry or are just starting out, you’ll find plenty here to motivate and help you along the way. Kids BAFTA Kids BAFTA’s destination for youngsters to come and discover the magical worlds of film, television and games. Enter challenges, watch videos, and take part in our annual vote to decide the best film, TV show and game of the year. YGD Young Game Designers BAFTA Young Game Designers YGD is a gaming initiative for 10-18 year olds which explores how games are made and the skill required to make them through workshops, a video series and an annual competition. 195 Piccadilly BAFTA 195 Piccadilly Situated in the heart of London's West End, BAFTA 195 Piccadilly is the home of BAFTA worldwide, as well as an award-winning venue for hire that offers outstanding hospitality and a suite of flexible event spaces, which can be crafted to suit any occasion.	Magic
Malpensa Airport serves which European city?	BAFTA: Home of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Guru BAFTA Guru BAFTA Guru is BAFTA’s content hub for career starters packed full of inspirational videos, podcasts and interviews. Whether you’ve taken your first steps in the industry or are just starting out, you’ll find plenty here to motivate and help you along the way. Kids BAFTA Kids BAFTA’s destination for youngsters to come and discover the magical worlds of film, television and games. Enter challenges, watch videos, and take part in our annual vote to decide the best film, TV show and game of the year. YGD Young Game Designers BAFTA Young Game Designers YGD is a gaming initiative for 10-18 year olds which explores how games are made and the skill required to make them through workshops, a video series and an annual competition. 195 Piccadilly BAFTA 195 Piccadilly Situated in the heart of London's West End, BAFTA 195 Piccadilly is the home of BAFTA worldwide, as well as an award-winning venue for hire that offers outstanding hospitality and a suite of flexible event spaces, which can be crafted to suit any occasion.	i don't know
Its name shared by a species of goose, what are the marine crustaceans which live attached to submerged surfaces, such as the bottoms of boats?	barnacle - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related words barnacle WordNet 3.6 n barnacle European goose smaller than the brant; breeds in the far north n barnacle marine crustaceans with feathery food-catching appendages; free-swimming as larvae; as adults form a hard shell and live attached to submerged surfaces * Barnacles Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary Interesting fact: A barnacle has the largest penis of any other animal in relation to its size n Barnacle A bernicle goose. Barnacle (Far) An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus restraining him. "The barnacles . . . give pain almost equal to that of the switch." n Barnacle (Zoöl) Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle. Barnacle Spectacles; -- so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. * Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia Interesting fact: The animal that tends to cling to rocks and boats are barnacles. n barnacle A species of wild goose, Anser bernicla or Bernicla leucopsis, also called barnacle-goose or bernacle-goose. It is one of several species of the genus Bernicla, inhabiting the northern parts of Europe, and occasionally appearing as a straggler in North America. It is smaller than the various wild geese of the genus Anser proper, has dark-brown or blackish upper parts, and a black neck and head, with large white patches. It is related to the common wild goose of North America, B. canadensis, and still more closely to the brent- or brant-goose, Bernicla brenta. This bird, which was known in the British islands only as a visitor, became the subject of a curious popular fable, not yet extinct, being believed to be bred from a tree growing on the sea-shore, either from the fruit of the tree or as itself the fruit (hence called tree-goose), or from a shell-fish which grew on this tree (see def. 2), or from rotting wood in the water. n barnacle A species of stalked cirriped, Lepas anatifera, of the family Lepadidæ, found hanging in clusters by the long peduncle to the bottoms of ships, to floating timber, or to submerged wood of any kind; the goose-mussel, fabled to fall from its support and turn into a goose (see def. 1). The name is sometimes extended or transferred to various other cirripeds, as the sessile acorn-shells or sea-acorns of the family Balanidæ, such as Balanus tintinnabulum. See Balanus. This is the usual sense of the word, except in Great Britain. n barnacle Anything resembling a barnacle (in sense 2). Any anomalous growth or extraneous adhering matter or arrangement tending to impede progress. n barnacle A person holding on tenaciously to a place or position; one who is a useless or incompetent fixture in an office or employment; a follower who will not be dismissed or shaken off. n barnacle [Cf. barnard.] A decoy swindler. barnacle To fix or attach, as a barnacle upon the bottom of a ship. n barnacle A kind of bit or muzzle used to restrain an unruly horse or ass; now (usually in the plural), an instrument consisting of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, placed on a horse's nose to restrain him while being shod, bled, or dressed. n barnacle Hence An instrument of torture applied in a similar way to persons. n barnacle plural Spectacles. barnacle To apply barnacles to: as, to barnacle a horse. * Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary Interesting fact: The penis of a barnacle may reach up to 20 times its body size n Barnacle bär′na-kl a shellfish which adheres to rocks and the bottoms of ships: a companion who sticks closely n Barnacle bär′na-kl an instrument consisting of two branches joined by a hinge, placed on the nose of horses to keep them quiet: n Barnacle bär′na-kl (pl.) a colloquial term for 'spectacles.'—adj. Bar′nacled. *	Barnacle
A lachrymator is a substance that irritates which part of the body?	Wildlife of the Galápagos \| IGTOA \| Galápagos Islands Travel & Tours Wildlife of the Galápagos Close-Up Animal Encounters Birds that have lost the ability to fly. Reptiles that look like little knights in chain mail. Sea “dragons” that spit salt instead of fire. And giants that walk among smoldering volcanoes. The abundance of wonderfully odd and strangely beautiful wildlife makes the Galápagos Islands the perfect destination for nature and animal lovers. And making a trip to the archipelago even more fascinating is that there is no other place on the planet where you can get as up-close and personal with such creatures. That’s because, in the Galápagos, the fauna has no natural fear of humans. Because the Galápagos Islands were never connected to the mainland, the ancestors of every native animal species had to find a way here from somewhere else. Flotation rafts of natural vegetation, winds, and ocean currents all provided passage. Boobies, cormorants, giant tortoises, land iguanas, and pelicans arrived from South America. Fur sea lions and penguins rode the Humboldt Current north from the Antarctic thousands of years ago. Darwin’s finches and pink flamingos came in from the Caribbean. Some land mammals even waited to hitch a ride on human vessels. Today, as with the plants of the Galápagos, many wildlife species are struggling with the challenges that come with living in the islands. But conservation efforts have made astounding turnabouts in what were once thought to be insurmountable obstacles to the continuance of some species. Many thought to be at the brink of extinction now have significant population numbers. And tourism continues to play a big part in preserving the wildlife of the Galápagos. Use the wildlife checklist provided below to gain an overview of just some of the wildlife you are likely to spot on your own adventure in the Galápagos! Birds Surrounded by thousands of miles of open ocean, the Galápagos are a hotbed of seabird activity. Blue- and red-footed boobies, flightless cormorants, and a northern penguin will delight you with their incongruities and unusual appearances — and some fancy dance steps. The islands’ land birds, too, play a unique role in the biota of the archipelago. For it was the little birds now known as “Darwin’s finches” that helped to form Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution — a concept that rocked the world. In addition to those that prefer the sea and those that inhabit the land are the birds that have taken to the coasts. These shoreline denizens have found a way to intelligently adapt to the in-between niche overlooked by their water and rock-and-soil counterparts. Coastal Birds: Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) With their pink to vermilion plumage, long legs, and statuesque height, greater flamingos are striking to look at and instantly recognizable. Standing at four feet to almost five feet tall, the greater flamingo’s coloration varies with the amount of carotinoid pigment consumed in its diet of crustaceans and microorganisms filtered out of the saline waters of the coastal lagoons where it typically feeds. The flamingo’s bill is pink with a black tip and curved downward; when feeding, it is inverted and used as a filter. Its legs and feet are pink, gray, or flesh-colored. The young are much paler. Nests are constructed out of mud and shaped like flat cones, seven to ten inches high. Both adults incubate a single egg for about thirty days. Fledging takes sixty-five to ninety days. The call of the greater flamingos is a soft, goose-like honk. They are easily disturbed and will take flight if approached noisily. The birds may live to be eighteen to twenty-four years old. The greater flamingo population in the Galápagos is thought to number less than five hundred individuals. Where to see them: On Floreana, Isabela, Rábida, Santa Cruz, and Santiago Islands. Yellow-Crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violacea) As its name suggests, this medium-sized heron is mainly active at night when it goes hunting for beetles, locusts, other insects, centipedes, crabs, and scorpions. It has a distinctive yellow crown with long, cream-colored plumes. Its head is mainly black but has a broad, white stripe running back from the underside of its large, yellow-orange eyes. Its body is predominantly gray, with some brown and black feathers. Yellow-crowned night herons breed in single pairs and build nests year-round in mangroves or under rocks. A clutch of two to four, blue-green eggs is incubated for about twenty-four days by both parents. Fledging occurs in four weeks. Where to see them: Yellow-crowned night herons are common and widespread in the islands, though by day individuals are usually found in the shade of shrubs or rocks or in shaded areas along the coasts of the islands. Land Birds: Darwin’s Finches Probably the most famous of the Galápagos land birds are Darwin’s finches, so named in the 1930s because of their importance to Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution. Darwin was fascinated not only with the diversity of the thirteen species but by how quickly they evolved from a common ancestor to adapt to the type of food supply on each of their islands — and even within an island based on vegetation zone. These adaptations are mainly manifested in the shape and size of their beaks. Two species (the mangrove and the woodpecker finch) even use tools — twigs or cactus spines — to extract insect larvae from holes in dead tree branches. All thirteen species of this sparrow-sized bird are colored mottled gray, brown, black, or olive. Because of these superficial similarities, they are often hard to distinguish from one another in the field. There are four species of ground finches, three tree finches, two cactus finches, a mangrove finch, a vegetarian finch, a woodpecker finch, and a warbler finch (which may be split into two species: one found mainly in the lowlands and the other mostly in the highlands). During courtship, a male will build several side-entrance nests, hoping that one of them will please a female. After examining a male’s construction skills and selecting her mate, the female may want yet another “house.” So the two will build one more nest. In a further demonstration of his affections, the male feeds the female prior to egg laying and after incubation. The thirteen’s species of Darwin’s finches are: Cactus Finch (Geospiza scandens) Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea) Woodpecker Finch (Cactospiza pallidus) Where to see them: Darwin’s finches can be found just about everywhere in the Galápagos. Although they may have originally evolved in isolation, the different species are now often together in various combinations on the islands, with a few exceptions: The mangrove finch once was found in dense mangrove swamps on Fernandina and Isabela. However, it has now disappeared from Fernandina, and less than one hundred of the birds are thought to remain in three tiny mangrove patches on Isabela. Of the islands with visitor stops, Española and Genovesa are the only ones with the large cactus finch. The Santa Cruz Highlands are a good place to spot tree finches as well as the woodpecker finch. Galápagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) The endemic Galápagos hawk is known for its fearlessness. The birds will often investigate visitors, approaching within a few yards. They have no natural enemies, but humans have taken their toll. Hunters caused their extinction on several islands, including Baltra, Daphne, Floreana, and San Cristóbal. They were extinct on Santa Cruz for a time, but have since returned to that island’s highlands. There are thought to be only 120 to 150 pairs and about eight hundred individuals remaining in the Galápagos. Galápagos hawks are the only raptors that breed in the islands. They are dark brown, with yellow legs, feet, and ceres (an enlarged, fleshy area at the base of the bill), and they have much broader wings than similarly sized seabirds. The female is generally larger than the male, and the young are lighter in color than the adults and heavily mottled. With sharp eyesight, the Galápagos hawk — both a predator and a scavenger — can detect its prey from a great distance. It will eat live boobies, finches, flycatchers, iguanas, lizards, and snakes; and dead fish, marine iguanas, seabirds, and sea lions. Breeding occurs year-round, but is most frequent from May to July. Nests are made in trees or on rocky outcrops; and at each breeding attempt, the nests grow larger with new twigs added. Up to three young may be raised at a time. The birds practice what’s termed cooperative polyandry, where a single female will mate with as many as four males, and all will help in caring for the eggs and young. Where to see them: Galápagos hawks may be seen on Bartolomé, Española, Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Fé, Santiago, and South Plaza Islands. Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus galapagoensis) With its long wings and low, flapping flight, the short-eared owl may be mistaken for the Galápagos hawk. Colored dark brown above and paler underneath, the bird — in contrast — has some lighter streaking above with dark markings below. Its dark facial disc emphasizes its yellow eyes. The bill is dark, and the legs are feathered. The short ear tufts may be difficult to see. The short-eared owl feeds mainly on small birds and particularly preys on mice, rates, storm petrels, and some larger insects. The owl nests on open ground on all the major islands, with the exception of Fernandina. It prefers the highlands. Three or four eggs are typically laid, although normally only two chicks survive to fledging. Where to see them: Short-eared owls are most likely to be seen hunting and in flight. They are present on almost all of the major islands. Good opportunities to see them occur on Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, San Cristóbal, or in the Santa Cruz Highlands. Seabirds: Blue-Footed Booby (Sula nebouxii) With its bright blue feet, the appropriately named blue-footed booby is perhaps the most famous of the Galápagos birds and is often the first type of booby most visitors see. Large colonies live on Española and Seymour and are present throughout the year. Blue-footed boobies have brown plumage above, white below, and darker brown wings. The young are completely brown. The female is slighter larger than the male, appears to have a larger eye pupil, and generally has darker blue feet. During courtship, a female will honk, while the male emits a whistle. Their diet is almost exclusively made up of fish, which they catch by plunge diving. They often start their dives from fifty feet or more in the air and accelerate as they fly towards the water, folding their wings in to become arrow-like. Because they hit the water with such force, they have developed air sacs in the skull that serve as built-in shock absorbers. Blue-footed boobies have proportionally longer tails than Nazca or red-footed boobies, which act as rudders and allow them to make these bullet-like dives into less than two feet of water. Thus, they can feed closer to shore. These boobies nest in dispersed colonies close to the sea. During the courtship ritual, each blue foot is lifted alternately in a dance, almost as if they are showing off enormous clown shoes. A pair will then “skypoint,” a posture in which they point their tails and beaks vertically upwards, half opening their wings and honking or whistling according to their sex. Breeding takes place at any time of the year when the food supply is abundant. Up to three eggs are laid in the nest — which is actually a scrape on the ground surrounded by guano — and incubated by both parents for about forty-two days. The chicks are covered with fluffy, white down that can make them look larger than their parents. In a good year, all three offspring may survive; otherwise, the strongest one or two will outcompete the weakest, which subsequently dies of starvation. The young fledge at 102 days and start breeding after three to four years. It is estimated that there are about twenty thousand pairs in the Galápagos, which is approximately half of the world’s population. They live fifteen to twenty years. Where to see them: Blue-footed boobies are found throughout the islands and breed on all the islands south of the Equator, though on occasion they also breed on Genovesa. There are large colonies on Española and Seymour. Nazca Booby (Sula granti) The Nazca booby is the largest of the three species of booby found in the Galápagos Islands. It measures three feet in length and has a wingspan of five to six feet. The adult is almost entirely white with a black tail and black ends to the primary feathers on the wing. The bill is yellow (male) to pale yellow (female). The skin at the base of the bill is black, thus giving the bird a “masked” appearance. Its feet are a dull, gray-green. Male and female calls have different sounds: The smaller males whistle, while the females utter a loud quack. A young Nazca booby is mostly brown on top and pale underneath. As with the other boobies, the Nazca booby feeds almost entirely on fish, which it catches by plunge diving. Unlike the blue-footed booby, however, the Nazca booby fishes farther offshore and so is less frequently observed fishing. Breeding for this bird, unlike with the other boobies, takes place on an annual cycle that varies from island to island. The courtship ritual is almost the same as for the blue-footed booby, but it is far less elaborate. Two eggs are laid in a shallow depression on the ground that is surrounded by a circle of pebbles or other debris, but even in a good year with plenty of food the older sibling will eject the younger from the nest so that only one survives. Sibling murder ensures that the parents never have to feed two chicks for any length of time and allows them to raise young as frequently as possible. Because they are large birds, they often nest near cliff tops in order to take advantage of winds during takeoff. On Genovesa Island, the Nazca boobies arrive in May; followed by courtship, mating, and nest building. Eggs are laid from August to November. Most of the young have fledged by February, and the colony goes out to sea until May. On Española, however, the colony is present from September to May, with egg laying occurring from November to February. There are about twenty-five thousand Nazca boobies in the Galápagos. Where to see them: You may find Nazca boobies at sea and at the breeding colonies on the steep slopes of Española and Genovesa. You may also see them on San Cristóbal. Red-Footed Booby (Sula sula) The red-footed booby is the smallest of the Galápagos boobies, with a length of 2.5 feet and a 4.5-foot wingspan. It is easily identified by its bright-red feet and blue bill with a red base. The red-footed booby has two distinct plumage phases. In the brown phase, which is by far the commonest in the Galápagos, the bird is almost entirely colored a medium brown, with red feet and legs. In the white phase, the red-footed booby is almost totally white, apart from the tips of the primary feathers and the tail, which are black. An intermediate plumage stage can also occur. The females make a quacking sound, which is higher pitched and more nasal than the sound emitted by males. The red-footed booby is the most numerous of the Galápagos boobies, but it is also the least frequently seen. That’s because it is found only on the outlying islands, such as Genovesa, where a sizable colony exists, estimated at 140,000 pairs. Semi-nocturnal, the red-footed booby feeds far out to sea, avoiding competition with the blue-footed booby (which feeds closer inshore) and the Nazca booby (which feeds in the intermediate zone). The breeding cycle of the red-footed booby can last for twelve months or more. Courtship, which is performed in trees, involves head shaking and “skypointing,” but it is not as dramatic as with the blue-footed booby. A single egg is laid in a rudimentary nest in a tree, as opposed to the guano-ringed scrapes or shallow depressions on the ground of the other boobies. The egg is incubated by both parents for forty-five days. The chick fledges after 130 days, but it is still dependent upon the adults for ninety more days. Where to see them: You may see red-footed boobies at sea; and where the population breeds on Genovesa, San Cristóbal, and Seymour Islands. Flightless Cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi) Aptly named due to its complete inability to fly, the rare, endemic flightless cormorant is the only cormorant found in the Galápagos Islands. Its wings are no more than vestigial appendages that appear to serve no useful purpose. This large, thirty-seven-inch-long, six- to eleven-pound, dark brown to black bird is unmistakable when seen hanging its stubby wings out to dry after coming ashore. They have large, black, webbed feet with very short but sturdy, black legs. When in the water, their bodies are almost entirely submerged with just their snake-like heads and necks visible. The flightless cormorant has brilliant, turquoise eyes and a long bill with a pronounced hook at the tip. The males are noticeably larger than the females. These birds feed on eels, small fish, and octopuses, which they catch close to shore. They dive from the surface with a jackknife-like movement and use their large, powerful webbed feet to pursue prey. Flightless cormorants nest in small colonies close to shore and have an elaborate courtship ritual, which normally starts in the water with a “dance.” They hold their necks in an S shape in a pose known as “snake necking.” The birds then swim back and forth past each other. The male will eventually lead the female ashore, where he turns his back to her and again forms an S with his neck. The dance is continued on land; and then, as part of the courtship process, a large, bulky nest made of seaweed and other flotsam is presented to the female by the male. Breeding takes place year-round, though most eggs are laid between May and October. Normally, three eggs are laid, but typically only one chick survives. Incubation by both parents takes about thirty-five days, and initially both parents feed the young. If, however, the food supply is good, the female may leave and mate with another male, while the first male continues to look after and feed the young for up to nine months. Today, flightless cormorants are vulnerable. Only about six hundred to eight hundred pairs are estimated to live on the islands of Fernandina and Isabela. Where to see them: Flightless cormorants are found only on Fernandina and northern and western Isabela. Frigatebirds: Magnificent (Fregata magnificens) and Great (Fregata minor) Frigatebirds are often called pajaro pirata in Spanish, or the “pirate birds.” They eat a wide range of foods, including small crustaceans, fish, and newly hatched Galápagos green turtles, which they pick up off the beach almost as soon as they emerge from the nest. Frigatebirds will frequently chase blue-footed boobies or red-billed tropicbirds and force them to disgorge their recent catches, often by holding their tail feathers and shaking them until they regurgitate. The frigatebird will then catch the bolus before it hits the water. In their defense, however, frigatebirds have a very small preening gland and are therefore not able to secrete enough oils to waterproof their feathers. So unlike other birds, they cannot dive underwater to catch prey and must snatch it from the surface with their hooked beaks or take it from other birds. With their black bodies; long, scimitar-shaped wings; and forked tails, frigatebirds have been likened to sinister kites hanging in the wind. They are able to hold a single position in the sky as if suspended from invisible strings. From such an airy perch, they harry other birds. These large, almost-four-foot-long, elegant, streamlined seabirds have wingspans of nearly eight feet and weigh from one to four pounds — the largest wingspan to weight ratio of any bird on the planet. There are two different species of frigatebirds in the Galápagos. Distinguishing the all-black males is difficult. The magnificent frigatebird is slightly larger than the great frigatebird — a difference that is almost impossible to detect in the field. Also, the male magnificent has a metallic-purplish sheen to its back, whereas the male great frigatebird has a greenish hue. The females are easier to set apart. Magnificent females have a thin, blue-green eye-ring, and the white feathers of their abdomens and breasts extend up to their throats. In great females, the white feathers reach up to their chins; and they have reddish eye-rings. If you can identify the females, of course, you can assume that their mates are of the same species. Immature magnificent frigatebirds have a white head, neck, and breast. Juvenile great frigatebirds have rust-colored patches on their heads and breasts. As with so many Galápagos seabirds, the frigatebirds’ courtship display is spectacular. It is the females who do the conspicuous searching out and selecting of their mates. The males have a scarlet throat pouch, which is only visible during the breeding season. During courtship, several males will sit together in a tree and inflate their throat pouches to football-sized proportions. They then display them skyward by lifting their heads in an attempt to attract a female passing overhead. The male will call a shrill, ululating trill. Once a pair is formed, they will then engage in an acrobatic aerial exercise. The two will build an insubstantial nest of twigs in a low tree or shrub close to shore, often using sticks stolen from other frigatebirds’ nests. A single egg is laid, which is incubated by both parents for forty-two days for the magnificent frigatebird and fifty-five days for the great frigatebird. The magnificent frigatebird’s young will fledge after ninety days but are often looked after for up to six months by the parents. A great frigatebird will look after its offspring for up to eighteen months. Where to see them: Although there are colonies on many of the islands, Seymour has a constantly active, magnificent frigatebird colony and affords some of the best viewing opportunities. Great frigatebirds tend to go farther out to sea to feed and are found more often on the outer islands, such as Genovesa. Galápagos Penguin (Sphensicus mendiculus) Penguins are most often associated with the colder regions of the Southern Hemisphere, so finding one at the Equator can seem surprising. The cool Humboldt Current in the Galápagos, however, flowing from Antarctica along the South American coast, enables this penguin — the most northerly in the world — to live here. It is the only one of the eighteen penguin species to occur north of the Equator and nest entirely within the tropics. The Galápagos penguin is one of the smallest penguins in the world; it is only about nineteen inches in length and fourteen inches tall when standing upright. Adults have black wings and upper parts with white underneath. There is an irregular dark band along the flanks and across the upper breast. The head is black with a white eye-stripe extending around to the throat. The bill has a dark upper mandible; while the lower mandible has a dark tip and pale mid-section, gradually turning to pale orange at the base. Galápagos penguins breed at any time of the year when the food supply is abundant, but most commonly from May to January when the water temperature is 74 degrees Fahrenheit or below. They choose a mate for life and nest in small colonies in holes or crevices in the rocks close to shore. The normal clutch is two eggs, of which only one chick generally survives. Incubation takes about forty days and is performed by both parents, who look after the chick for sixty days more before it is able to fend for itself. After becoming independent, the chick may stay with its parents for a longer period of time. Feeding mainly on small fish and crustaceans, including herring, mullet, and piquitingas, Galápagos penguins sleep on land and look for food during the day, returning to shore between 4:00 and 6:30 p.m. Penguins’ clumsiness on land belies their skill and speed underwater. Their wings evolved for use as fins, and one of the best ways to appreciate their agility is to snorkel with them. A penguin underwater is amazingly quick — they can reach speeds of up to twenty-five miles per hour. Where to see them: Galápagos penguins are found mainly on Fernandina and the northern and western sides of Isabela, although they do breed in small numbers on Bartolomé, Floreana, and possibly on Santiago. They are seen occasionally elsewhere in the islands, such as on Sombrero Chino. Lava Gull (Larus fuliginosus) Thought to be the most rare gull in the world, the endemic lava gull is found only in the Galápagos. Though few in number (about four hundred pairs), it is widely distributed around the coasts of the archipelago. The adult is dark gray, with an almost black head and upper neck, which forms a “hood.” Its white eye-ring contrasts sharply with this hood, as does its scarlet gape (inside of its mouth). Its eyelids are red. The young have brown in their plumage. The lava gull is a highly territorial species and will attack anything that comes near its nesting sites, using its feet to hit what it thinks is an aggressor. The long, loud, “laughing” call of the lava gull often helps to pinpoint this dusky-colored bird among the lava rocks. The call is used as a threat display to members of its own species and denotes territorial ownership. Lava gulls are solitary nesters, laying two, olive-green-and-speckled-brown eggs in a scrape near a lagoon, on a sandy beach, or on a rock spit. The lava gull is primarily a scavenger, though it will also catch small fish from the sea surface. Lava gulls will also take other seabirds’ eggs and newly hatched iguanas and turtles. Where to find them: Lava gulls are found on the coastal areas of the central islands and on Genovesa. The densest populations are around the more populated ports, where there is always an abundance of fish and some waste in the harbor, and their propensity for scavenging pays off. Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) One of the world’s most magnificent and mysterious birds is the waved albatross, endemic to the Galápagos, which spends years at sea without ever touching land. It is the largest bird that breeds in the islands, with a wingspan reaching up to eight feet. It averages three feet in length and six to eight pounds in weight. Apart from a few pairs which breed on Isla de la Plata off the coast of Ecuador, the waved albatross is only found on Española Island (with another recent possibility of Genovesa). There are estimated to be about twelve thousand breeding pairs, which translates to about thirty to thirty-five thousand individuals. The upper body of the waved albatross, as well as the wings and tail, are dark brown; the underside is light brown, becoming paler at the breast with gray, wavy barring — hence its name. It has a creamy-colored head and nape, and its neck is off-white. The large bill is yellow with dark tips. Females are noticeably smaller than males, and the young lack the yellow bill. The waved albatross engages in one of the most spectacular, ritualized courtship “dances” of any bird, which tends to take place at the end of the preceding breeding season. October is the busiest month, but you may see it anytime that a colony is occupied. The display involves a perfectly choreographed routine of up to twenty minutes of bowing, swaying and freezing, bill circling and clacking, and a cow-like “moo” with bills positioned vertically. A single egg is laid on the bare ground between mid-April and late June. Incubation by both parents takes about sixty days. While the reason is unknown, parents roll the egg around every day, despite the risk of its cracking. The young are fed with pre-digested oil manufactured by the parents’ stomachs from fish and squid, the principal constituents of their diets. Fledging takes place about 170 days after hatching. Adults and young leave the island in December. When a young bird leaves, it does not return to land for four or five years. From January to March, all the birds remain at sea. In general, a waved albatross lives a long life, about forty to fifty years. However, because it has a low reproductive rate and breeds in basically one location, the waved albatross is a vulnerable species. Where to see them: Waved albatrosses are easily recognized in the air by their size and long, straight wings. On water, they are often in large groups (called rafts). They may be seen at sea in the southern half of the archipelago or on Española, where you may spot them flinging themselves off the cliff to fish in an area appropriately nicknamed the “Albatross Airport.” In very recent years, small groups of waved albatrosses have been spotted on Genovesa. Cetaceans Cetaceans, a scientific order of entirely aquatic mammals, are divided into two major groups: baleen whales and toothed whales. Baleen whales tend to be larger, and they feed on plankton and other small marine animals that they sieve from the water using their “baleen,” or triangular pieces of whalebone that hang down from their upper jaws in transverse plates. Toothed whales — which include the orca, sperm whale, and all the dolphins and porpoises — feed on fish, squid, other cetaceans, and marine mammals, such as sea lions and fur seals. About twenty-four species of whales and dolphins have been recorded in the Galápagos, and it is almost certain that other species are present. Identification, however, is often difficult and sometimes impossible. Most visitors will see at least one species, the bottlenose dolphin. But if you’re lucky — and patient — others may reveal themselves to you. Baleen Whales: Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) The blue whale is the largest animal on the planet, and it regularly visits the Galápagos. It is similar in appearance to the sei whale, but it is noticeably bigger. The blue whale’s skin is blue-grey and somewhat mottled with paler spots, giving this whale a shiny or silvery appearance when seen from a distance. When a blue whale surfaces and blows, it has a very tall spout of at least thirty feet coming from a double blowhole. It has a long, rolling back that appears after the head has submerged, followed by a small, stubby dorsal fin set well to the rear, near the tail. Like all baleen whales, blues are seasonal feeders; and it eats mostly in summer. It will lunge into a school of prey — mostly copepods (small crustaceans) — swelling its throat to four times the normal width. It closes its mouth, expels the water, and swallows the thousands of food items retained by the baleen. Blue whales travel at speeds of up to twenty-nine miles per hour, which helped them to survive until the arrival of steam-powered whale catchers in the 1800s. They weigh 100 to 175 tons. How to identify the blue whale: The blue whale can be recognized by its huge size; very tall spout; long, gently arching, mottled blue-gray back; and small, set-to-the-back dorsal fin. It has a large tail — up to twenty-five feet wide. Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni) Of all the baleen whales, the Bryde’s whale is the one you are most likely to see in the Galápagos. It is smaller than the sei whale. The head of the Bryde’s whale has three distinctive ridges. It dives deep and often shows its head on surfacing, followed by an arched roll of its blue-gray back. It can weigh up to forty-four tons. Bryde’s whales are rapid swimmers, changing speed and direction frequently. How to identify the Bryde’s whale: The Bryde’s whale rarely shows its flukes when it dives. The crescent-shaped dorsal fin is up to a foot-and-a-half long, and it has a point. This whale has a narrow spout that may be thirteen feet high. Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) The humpback whale is one of the more easily identified whales in the Galápagos. It has a broad, round head and a string of fleshy tubercles or knobs that form a median ridge. The edges of its jaws also have rows of knobs. Its body is dark-blue or black, and it has white throat grooves. The humpback is heavily built and narrows rapidly to the tail. It has the longest flippers of any animal, and the leading edges are heavily scalloped. The spout is a broad balloon up to ten feet high. The humpback’s dorsal fin is short and squared and appears only as the body humps up to dive. The tail flukes, which are white underneath, are also scalloped on the trailing edge and are often raised high when diving. The humpback frequently breaches, leaping clear of the water. Humpbacks like to “spy-hop,” raising their heads vertically out of the water and twisting around to get a good look. They weigh thirty-five to forty-five tons. How to identify the humpback whale: The humpback whale has a knobby head, humped back, and long flippers. It has a fatty pad at the base of the dorsal fin, which varies in shape from almost flat to tall and triangular. It shows its flukes when diving, and its spout is broad and rises to a height of ten feet. Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) The minke is the smallest of the baleen whales. It has a laterally flat and pointed head and distinct white patches on its flippers. Its dorsal fin is slightly hooked and appears at the same time as its indistinct spout, which is only six-and-a-half-feet high. Its back is strongly arched when blowing, and the flukes are never seen except when it breaches. It weighs eight to ten tons. How to identify the minke whale: The dolphin-shaped minke whale is small with a pointed head and sharp snout. The dorsal fin appears at the same time as a minimal spout from its double blowhole. There are white patches on the flippers, and it strongly arches its back when diving. The fin and flukes only show when the whale is breaching. Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) The slender sei whale has a dark, steel-grey back with a pale chest and pleated throat. The sei feeds close to the surface and when it blows, it does not arch its back or show its flukes. It gently appears and disappears. It has a single, distinct ridge on its head. It weighs about forty-nine tons. How to identify the sei whale: Look for a slow, gentle blow. There will be no roll and no flukes shown. The spout is an inverted cone that is nine to ten feet high. The sei has a single ridge on its head and a slightly downward-curved jawline. Its dorsal fin is distinctively tall and pointed. Toothed Whales: Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncates) While not indigenous, bottlenose dolphins are often observed in the Galápagos. They are likely to appear in groups while the boat is underway and are known to ride the bow waves of ships and yachts, putting on “shows.” Their distance from the boat will vary; some will leap alongside and others will perform flips in the distance. They sometimes school with common dolphins and short-finned pilot whales. Bottlenose dolphins are dark gray or black on the back and paler underneath. Their name stems from their short beaks. The dorsal fin is six to eight inches high and shaped like a sickle, curving backwards. When seen at night, the dolphins may seem to glow as they stir up thousands of tiny, phosphorescent creatures causing bioluminescence. If they are close to the boat, you may hear their high-pitched squeaking. They weigh about 1,100 pounds. How to identify the bottlenose dolphin: Look for the short beak, a back-curved dorsal fin, and a boundless sense of playfulness. Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) The common dolphin is smaller and sleeker than the bottlenose dolphin. It has a dark-gray back and undertail. While the underside is mostly white, there is an elaborate pattern of pale gray and buff markings on the flanks, which can vary by individual but generally have an hourglass shape. A dark stripe runs forward from the flipper to the chin. The common dolphin has a large dorsal fin that is more upright than that of a bottlenose dolphin and more pointed than that of the striped dolphin. It has a longer beak than the bottlenose dolphin. These dolphins travel in large groups — often several hundred strong. They may weigh as much as 297 pounds. How to identify the common dolphin: Look for a long beak, buff-and-gray flank markings, an upright dorsal fin, and lots of speed and maneuverability. Orca (or Killer Whale) (Orcinus orca) The most frequently viewed, toothed whale in the Galápagos is the orca, sometimes called the “killer whale.” An orca is a versatile predator and will eat dolphins, fur seals, penguins, sea lions, and other large animals. The orca has a blunt, round head and is clearly identifiable by its jet-black-and-white coloration. The back, apart from a gray “saddle” behind the dorsal fin, is black; while the throat, belly, and flank behind the dorsal fin are white. Its flippers are large and paddle-shaped. There is a conspicuous white patch around and behind the eyes. In the adult male, the dorsal fin can be six feet tall and may appear to lean forward. It is larger than in any other whale. In the female, it is a bit smaller and curved backward. Orcas generally travel in family groups called “pods.” They like to spy-hop and porpoise. They weigh eight to eleven tons. How to identify the orca: Look for the black-and-white coloration; powerful, stocky body; and a large dorsal fin. Short-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) The short-finned pilot whale is the only pilot whale found in the Galápagos. You may see groups of up to thirty or forty individuals cruising on the surface of the sea. The short-finned pilot whale is shorter and much slimmer than the orca. It is almost all black, apart from a gray, anchor-shaped blaze on the belly and white streaks behind the dorsal fin and each eye. It has a round, melon-shaped head and a round, long, back-curving dorsal fin. Short-finned pilot whales weigh from one to three tons. How to identify the short-finned pilot whale: Look for a bulbous forehead; a large, rounded, back-curving dorsal fin; and large numbers of them cruising on the surface. Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) During the 1800s as the Industrial Revolution demanded more and more oil, the sperm whale was hunted to the brink of extinction for its blubber. When humans began extracting oil from the earth, however, the sperm whales were spared. The sperm whale has an unmistakable profile with an enormous, square-ended head, which emerges first from the water. Its body is colored a dark steel-gray, and its skin is corrugated. Its head is often covered with large, circular scars, a result of encounters with the giant squid, the whales’ main food source. The sperm whale is the world’s largest carnivore. The dorsal fin on this whale is almost nonexistent and is more of a low, rounded hump, followed by four or five smaller lumps. The flippers are very small, but the tail is large and always thrown clear of the water as the whale dives. Its spout is nine to sixteen feet in height and is directed forward at an angle of 45 degrees and to the left because the blowhole is located on the front of the head, offset from the median line. It weighs fifteen to forty-five tons. How to identify the sperm whale: Due to its extremely deep dives, it is rare that visitors encounter a sperm whale close-up, but it is not uncommon to see its spout on the horizon or its giant tail rise out of the water in the distance as the whale dives. Look for a large, square head; an angled spout; and a minimal dorsal fin. Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) In size, the striped dolphin falls between the larger bottlenose dolphin and the smaller common dolphin. But it is less frequently seen than the other two and rarely bow rides. A distinct and striking color pattern with a complex of bold and thin stripes, one which extends from the eye to the flipper and another set of stripes that run down the sides of the body to the rear flanks, distinguishes them from other cetaceans and is the origin of their common name. Their beaks, tapered flippers, tails, and backs are colored a dark blue-gray. Their undersides are mostly white. The beak of the striped dolphin is shorter than that in the bottlenose and common dolphins. The striped dolphin weighs between 330 to 350 pounds. How to identify the striped dolphin: You can distinguish a striped dolphin from a common dolphin by its more rounded dorsal fin. The dark line running forward from the flipper goes to the eye and not the chin, as it does in the common dolphin. Unlike the bottlenose, the striped dolphin almost never bow rides. Where to see cetaceans: Sperm and Bryde’s whales, the orca, and common and bottlenose dolphins are present year-round. The blue whale and humpback whale are seasonal. Cetaceans tend to be more in the western waters, especially between Isabela and Fernandina, due to the upwelling of the Cromwell Current. Fish: Cartilaginous and Bony Because water temperatures in the Galápagos can fluctuate from 68 degrees Fahrenheit to 76 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the time of year and the location, the islands have a mix of temperate and tropical types of fish. The fish are divided into two main groups: cartilaginous — which includes sharks and rays — and bony. Close to thirty shark species are found in Galápagos waters. They range from the giant (up to forty feet) but harmless whale shark to the small (5.5-foot) Port Jackson shark. Some common species are the hammerhead shark, the horn shark, the tiger shark, and the whitetip and blacktip reef sharks. In sheltered bays, you may find small rays such as the spotted eagle ray and the golden ray. In open water are larger eagle rays and manta rays. You’re most likely to catch sight of a manta ray as it leaps out of the water and falls back with a loud slap, due to its maximum spread of twenty-five feet. Stingrays are common at some beaches. Because they favor hanging around the sandy bottoms of the shallows and can inflict an extremely painful wound to waders and paddlers, it’s a good idea to enter the water by shuffling your feet. This gives stingrays the chance to swim away before you step on them. More than four hundred species of fish from 112 families have been recorded in the Galápagos. About forty-one species are endemic, while about 60 percent have their origins in the tropical eastern Pacific. Since some of these fish can change color in a few seconds depending upon their mood — and some change shape and color with age and sex — identification is often difficult. Commercially caught fish include grouper (called bacalao), bonitos, herring, tuna, and anchovies. Snorkeling in the Galápagos is the best way to see schools of thousands of tropical fish. Your naturalist guides can help you identify the more common species, which include blue parrotfish, blue-eyed damselfish, concentric puffer fish, hieroglyphic hawkfish, large-banded blenny, white-banded angelfish, yellow-bellied triggerfish, and yellow-tailed surgeonfish. Less frequently, you may spot the dramatic Moorish idol, a white-and-yellow fish with vertical dark bands and a long, white streamer trailing out from its dorsal fin. Where to see them: Near the beaches or while snorkeling. Insects and Spiders Two-thirds of the invertebrates (animals lacking a backbone) found in the Galápagos Islands are insects — more than seventeen hundred species. However, only a very small percentage of these are likely to be seen by visitors. The arid, almost desert-like climate of much of the archipelago provides an inhospitable environment for most insect species. Many are present in numbers only after heavy rains or at nighttime. Probably some of the most easily seen and most attractive insects are the butterflies. There are ten species or subspecies resident in the islands, three of which are thought to be endemic. There are several species of ants, beetles, centipedes, cockroaches, crickets, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths, and spiders. There are only a few wasps and one species of bee and praying mantis, each. There are two scorpions in the Galápagos. The scorpions are rarely encountered; and though their sting can be painful, they are not normally dangerous. Where to see them: In dark, humid places; after heavy rains; or at night. Intertidal Life The first invertebrate that you’re most likely to encounter on your Galápagos adventure is the Sally Lightfoot crab. This small resident is bright red on top and blue underneath. Found on almost every rocky beach, these beautiful, colorful crabs offer a striking contrast on black lava. Juvenile Sally Lightfoots are almost all black with small orange spots, which helps to camouflage them against predators. The neon adults, however, stand out on the dark rocks and must rely heavily upon their alertness to escape from predators. If you approach them, they will quickly scurry away; they are even capable of running across the surface of the water in tide pools. While Sally Lightfoots are very alert to moving objects, they will approach you if you sit very still, a strategy employed by herons. Often, you will see a lava heron standing motionless on a rocky beach. When a crab comes within reach, the bird will lunge forward and, if successful, will shake and bang the crab against rocks until its legs fall off before devouring it. Another crab species you may run into in the Galápagos is the pale-colored ghost crab. You are actually more likely to see their burrows, tracks and “sand balls” (pellets of sand that they have sorted through for microorganisms) than the crabs themselves. Named for their elusive nature, speed, and mostly nocturnal activity, you might catch one peering out of its burrow at you, its eyes extended vertically at the end of movable stalks. In tide pools, look for the hermit crab, which lives in an abandoned snail shell that it carries around on its back. Lacking the hard, external skeleton typically associated with crustaceans, these “hermits” live in discarded houses. As a young hermit crab grows, it finds successively larger shells to fit into. At low tide, many marine invertebrates and cephalopods — such as barnacles, chitons, marine snails, octopuses, sea anemones, and starfish — wait to be discovered in the pools. As you go further into the water with a mask and snorkel, you may find many more species, including sea cucumbers; sea stars; and crowned, green, pencil-spined, and white sea urchins. Where to see them: You’ll find such species on the beach, in the intertidal zone, and while snorkeling. Marine Mammals: Galápagos Fur Seal and Galápagos Sea Lion Because the long journey to the Galápagos was difficult for mammals, there are only six species that are indigenous to the islands. Of those, two are rice rats and two are types of bats. The other two are the Galápagos fur seal and the Galápagos sea lion. Millions of years ago, the ancestors of the Galápagos fur seal and the Galápagos sea lion were land creatures who hunted the coastlines for food. While they adapted to life in the water, unlike other marine mammals such as whales and dolphins, they did not become completely independent of the land. Graceful under the waves, they still possess extreme maneuverability in pounding surf and along jagged rocks. Galápagos Fur Seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) Despite its confusing name, the endemic Galápagos fur seal is not a true seal. Technically, it’s a fur sea lion. Both fur seals and sea lions have small but visible ears and use their front flippers for swimming. The fur seal differs from the sea lion in that it is smaller (77 to 165 pounds); it has large, prominent eyes; its ears stick out more; the front flippers are relatively larger for climbing; and it has a shorter snout, giving the head a bear-like appearance. Its Latin name, in fact, means “bear head” (Arcto = bear; cephalus = head). Because Galápagos fur seals are so secretive, researchers can only guess at their numbers. Twenty-five thousand are thought to inhabit the rocky shores of the archipelago. They prefer places where there is deep water immediately offshore. Sea lions, on the other hand, frequent sandy beaches and shallower water. And a fur seal’s thick coat — an outer layer of long hairs and an inner layer of short, dense fur — makes it love the shade more than the sun, in opposition to the sea lion. Galápagos fur seals feed on fish and squid, diving to depths of up to 330 feet. The animals like to hide out in cool caves and grottos formed on steep shores during the heat of the day, and they hunt mainly at night to avoid shark attacks. The breeding season is from August to November. A cow will mate immediately after giving birth, but fertilization of the egg doesn’t take place for another few months due to delayed implantation. At best, one pup manages to survive every two years, owing in part to competition with older siblings. In contrast, sea lions typically are able to raise a pup a year. Fur seals were almost hunted to extinction during the nineteenth century because of their dense and luxuriant fur. They have made a remarkable comeback. Where to see them: Because of their secretive habits, Galápagos fur seals are seen less frequently than Galápagos sea lions. They will always be on rocky coasts; never on sandy beaches. Found on Fernandina, Genovesa, Isabela, Santiago, and Seymour Islands. Galápagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebacki) The largest animal found on land in the Galápagos is the endemic sea lion. Bulls grow to be up to seven feet in length and eight hundred pounds. There are currently about fifty thousand of them in the Galápagos. The territorial bulls, which have a discernable bump on their heads — distinguishing them from females — are aggressive and have been known to chase swimmers out of the water. They have well-defined territories that they guard jealously, especially during the mating season. Territory tenure lasts anywhere from a few days to as much as three months, when the bull will be ousted by a fresher, better-rested male. The females and young, on the other hand, are extremely playful and will often swim around you if you snorkel. The mating season may vary from island to island, but it is generally from June to September. A dominant bull’s harem consists of several cows, immature sea lions, and pups. Mating normally takes place in the water and within four weeks of the cow giving birth. Because of delayed implantation, however, the egg is not implanted in the womb for another two months. Gestation takes about nine months. The mother will nurse her single pup for almost a week before returning to the water to feed. The pup grows rapidly on the mother’s very rich milk. A cow and her pup recognize each other by smell and bark. The pups start fishing for themselves at about five months. In the meantime, they stay with other pups in a “nursery,” but they are allowed to swim and play in shallow water — often with Galápagos visitors. Sea lions can dive up to five hundred feet, and the majority of their diet consists of sardines. They can live up to twenty years of age. Unfortunately, sea lions are especially vulnerable to human activity. Their inquisitive and social nature makes them more likely to approach areas inhabited by humans and thus to come in contact with human waste, fishing nets, and fishing hooks. Where to see them: Galápagos sea lions may be found at sea, anywhere around the islands, and on sandy beaches. Snorkeling and kayaking with the playful pups is often the highlight of a visit to the Galápagos. Reptiles One of the most astonishing aspects to the wildlife of the Galápagos Islands is that the land animals are predominantly reptiles; whereas in most of the world, mammals are dominant. In 1845, Charles Darwin wrote that the Galápagos seemed like a “paradise” for reptiles. He was right: The islands are dry and hot for much of the year, conditions reptiles favor. Cold-blooded and with a slow metabolism, reptiles do not need a lot of food. Their scaly skin is an effective protection against the sun, and rock crevices provide the right amount of shade when it gets too hot. And since native mammals on the archipelago are few, they face minimal competition and predators. A benefit for travelers is that these iconic reptiles are easily approached. Galápagos Giant Tortoise (Geochelone spp.) and Lonesome George It’s often said that of all the Galápagos Islands’ wildlife, it is the giant tortoise that most symbolizes the place. Part of that is due to their complicated history with us. In fact, the word galápago is an Old Spanish word for saddle, referring to the shape of some of the giant tortoises’ shells. While there is only one species of giant tortoise, fourteen (or possibly fifteen) subspecies evolved — each in some way adapted to the vegetation of the island of its residence. On Isabela, five subspecies evolved: one for each major volcanic region. Specific adaptations can be seen in the shape of the shell. The saddle shape — with an elevated, arched front end, which is found on tortoises from Española, Fernandina, Pinta, and Pinzón — allowed the animals to stretch out their long necks in order to reach for tall vegetation on these drier islands. On the other hand, a dome shape — with a shorter profile and blunt front end for pushing through dense brush; found on tortoises on Isabela and Santa Cruz — most often occurs on islands with lush highlands. Because they live on drier islands with less food, saddleback tortoises tend to be smaller than those with dome-shaped shells. Of the varieties of Galápagos giant tortoise, three are extinct: those that once lived on Fernandina, Floreana, and Santa Fé. Today, many experts believe that the fourteen or fifteen races are actually distinct species. Giant tortoises, which may weigh up to 550 pounds, are vegetarians, and they can fast for long periods of time. These facts made it possible for the tortoises to make the long voyage to the Galápagos on rafts of tangled vegetation; and once on land, to survive the arid conditions on many of the islands. They eat grass, leaves, lower parts of bushes, and the cactus pads of the prickly pear. During the wet season, they wade in mud ponds. At night, they hide under shrubs. Their first reaction when threatened is to retract head and legs inside their shells, accompanied by their emitting a conspicuous hiss of escaping air. A turtle that gets rolled upside down finds it difficult to get back on its legs and then becomes vulnerable. Unfortunately, buccaneers and whalers took advantage of the tortoise’s attributes. Over the course of the years of their visits, they managed to carry off two hundred thousand of the reptiles, knowing they would survive in their ships’ holds without food or water for up to a year and thus provide a ready source of fresh meat. The tortoises were also killed for the oil that can be made by rendering down their fat reserves. Today, it is thought that only fifteen thousand individuals exist. Rate of growth for these giants is determined by the availability of food, with wetter years producing faster growth. The scutes of the carapace have annual growth bands, but they are not a good indicator of age since the outer layers are rubbed off in the normal wear and tear of living. Most giant tortoises reach sexual maturity at about twenty to twenty-five years of age. Mating typically takes place in March and April. Males will mock fight and shove other males in contests of dominance, and then try to seek out a suitable female. During copulation, the males make loud snoring or grunting noises, often described by those who live and work in the islands as the loudest noise in the bush. Having mated, the female will look for a dry area with a reasonable amount of sand or depth of earth where she can make a nest. Egg laying lasts from June to December. The female will dig a shallow pit of about one foot deep with her hind legs, a process that may take five to twelve hours. About two to sixteen, tennis-ball-sized eggs are laid and then covered up. She then urinates on the nest and tamps it down with her plastron (the underside of her shell) as additional protection. The eggs take four to five months to develop. After struggling to the surface, the hatchlings quickly locate cover to hide themselves from predators, such as hawks and feral cats and dogs. Most of the young die within the first ten years of life. Once it reaches adulthood, however, a giant tortoise may have a lifespan of about 150 years. Today, an on-going, tortoise-breeding project at the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz rears giant tortoises from collected eggs and reintroduces them to their native islands when their shells become strong enough to withstand the threat of natural and introduced predators. Of the eleven species that were once endangered, ten have been brought up to guarded levels. The most noted success story is on Española. When the project began, that island’s population of giant tortoises consisted of two males and eleven females. Amazingly, a third male was discovered at the San Diego Zoo. All were brought to the Charles Darwin Research Station. Today, these thirteen tortoises are the parents of more than a thousand young — now roaming free on Española. Island	i don't know
Mutter is the Indian term for which type of foodstuff?	Indian food Glossary - Indian food hindi names, telugu names, tamil names and kannada names Indian Food Glossary Achar: Any kind of pickle Aloo: Potato Biryani : A fancy rice casserole, often containing meat, poultry, seafood or vegetables Chapati/Roti: Thin bread cooked on the griddle Dal: Any kind of legume--beans, peas, or lentils Dosa: Crispy, crepe-like southern Indian specialty filled with potatoes or vegetables Korma : Braised meats in a thick, mild creamy sauce Kulcha: Tender, pita-like bread cooked in the tandoor Lassi: A refreshing, creamy yogurt drink that can be sweet or salty Masala: Spice blend Naan: Flat, oval bread cooked in the tandoor Pakora: Fritter dipped in a spicy chickpea batter; can be made with vegetables, cheese, chicken or seafood Paneer: Cheese Paratha: Flaky bread fried on the griddle Poori: Airy, deep-fried bread Pulao : An aromatic rice pilaf Raita : A yogurt-based condiment usually containing vegetables Rasam: A thin, spicy broth Saag: Spinach, but can also refer to other greens Sambar: An extremely spicy broth popular in southern India Samosa: Flaky, pyramid-shaped pastry stuffed with potatoes or ground meat; a traditional Indian snack Tandoor: A deep, clay oven that has very high temperatures Tandoori : Any dish cooked in a tandoor Vindaloo : An extremely spicy curry dish that's a regional specialty of Goa A to Z Glossary Aachar: Indian Pickles are mainly made with vegetables and fruits like mango, lime, green chilies etc. Made mostly during the summer in India, they are a spicy and delightful addition to the Indian meal. One has to get aquatinted with the strong flavors of most pickles, so do try one. Appam: Wafer thin, round and flat. They are usually made out of rice, potato and/or various lentil flours Aloo: Potato Am chur: Mango powder. A sour flavoring agent. Appam: Wafer thin, round and flat. They are usually made out of rice, potato and/or various lentil flours Ata (Atta): Chapatti flour . Fine whole meal flour used in most Indian breads. Avial: Vegetable curry from the south of India __________________________________ Bandai: Aniseed stars. Badam: Almond Bagar or Tadka or Chounk: Spices and herbs are added one at a time to hot oil and this tempering is either done as the first step in the cooking process, before adding the vegetables for example, or as the last, pouring the tempered oil over a cooked dish. The oil extracts and retains all the sharp flavors of the spices and flavors the entire dish. Balchao as in the Goan recipe Prawn Balchao where the shrimp is marinated in a brine sauce: a Goan specialty where vegetables like aubergines or seafood like prawns are "pickled" in sugar, vinegar and spices for a day or two before eating. Barfi: A dessert made from milk that has been cooked slowly and reduced to a fudge-like consistency. This sweet is flavored with either saffron, vanilla essence, cocoa, rose water, etc. Sometimes nuts and fresh coconut is added. Eaten and served in bite-sized pieces "Barfi" is a very popular after dinner dessert. Just like bringing a bottle fine wine when you visit someone for the first time, a decorative box filled with different kinds of "Barfi" is a traditional gift in India. Basmati rice: Basmati rice is authentic Indian long grained white rice, which has unique nutty flavor. Basmati rice is very popular in India and all over the world. A wide variety of rice dishes are made with Basmati rice. They are: plain steamed rice, pulaos, pilafs, biryanis or just different types of fried rice which include meat, vegetables, nuts, and even fruits sometimes. Gourmet cooks prefer to use Basmati rice for its fragrant flavor. Special occasion rice dishes are mostly made with Basmati rice. Besan: Chickpea flour. Bhaaji or Sabji: Deep-fried vegetable dipped in a seasoned batter usually made with onion. Bahare: Stuffed Bharta: A spicy vegetable dish, with a pulp like consistency. A commonly made bharta is a "baingan" (eggplant) bharta. Bhel Puri: One of Bombays favorite snacks. It is a mixture of puffed rice, "sev", "puri", lentils, finely chopped onions, chopped coriander topped with two kinds of chutneys; one is the sweet tamarind date chutney and the other is the spicy cilantro chutney. Bhuna or Bhunao: is to saut� or stir-fry. Usually onions, tomatoes, ginger, garlic and green chilies are fried in oil, but to make sure that this doesnt stick, burn or cook unevenly, a small amount of liquid is added, repeatedly. After the oil separates from the mixture, the main ingredient (meat or vegetable) is added and cooked. Biryani: Elaborate dish made from spiced saffron rice cooked with pieces of lamb, chicken or vegetables. It is usually made on special occasions since it takes a long time to make a biryani, but it is surely worth the effort. It always tastes better the next day since the spices marinate and flavor the meat and rice. Bombay Duck: A smallish fish native to the Bombay area known locally as Bommbil. It is dried and appears on the table as a crispy shallow-fried starter or as an accompaniment to a curry. Bondas or Vadas: Round deep-fried savory snack made in different varieties usually from lentils, potatoes etc. eaten with a chutney. Boti Kebab: Marinated boneless cubes of meat cooked in a tandoor. Brinjol: Eggplant __________________________________ Cassia Bark: A corky bark with a sweet fragrance similar to cinnamon and is used extensively in Northern Indian cookery. Cayenne pepper: A type of chili powder. Ceylon curry: Usually cooked with coconut, chili, and lemon. Chaamp: Chop. Chakla Belan: A special rolling pin and board. Chamcha: Spoon or ladle. Chaat: Salty snacks served with an array of sweet and spicy chutneys. Chai: Indian tea. Chapatti: Unleavened Indian flatbread made with wheat flour, water, oil and salt. Usually cooked on a "tava" or thick griddle and brushed with "ghee". Chaval: Rice. Chhalni: Sieve Chili: There are a great many species of chilies, which are the fleshy pods of shrub-like bushes of the capsicum family. Chilies range from large to small and colors include green, white, purple, pink, and red. Chilies are the most important heat agent in Indian cooking. They vary in hotness from mild to incendiary-like potency. Most commonly used are the small, fresh green or red chilies. Red chilies can be dried and used whole, and chili powder is made from grinding dried chilies. Chimta: Tongs Chutney: Fresh relishes made with fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Curry : To Indians, the term curry means gravy or sauce, Curries are what made Indian cuisine famous all over the world, the most famous of all is the Chicken Curry. Residents of the rest of the world, however, have come to think of "curry" as simply a thick creamy yellow sauce or any dish seasoned with a curry-powder blend, whether it has a sauce or not. An authentic Indian curry is an intricate combination of a stir-fried wet masala (mixture of onion, garlic, ginger, and tomatoes), various spices and seasonings with which meat, poultry, vegetables or fish is prepared to produce a stew-type dish. Curry leaves: (Not to be confused with the curry spice blend) The curry leaf plant is a tropical tree of the citrus family. The long slender leaflets that look a little like bay leaves are dark green on top and paler underside. The leaves have a strong, warm curry (combination of nuts and lemons) aroma when bruised or rubbed. __________________________________ Dahi: Yogurt Dal: Dal is an Indian word, which includes dried peas, beans, and lentils that are red, yellow orange, or pink, plus split peas and other legumes. Dal can also be used to describe a soup like dish prepared with lentils. Dals are the primary source of protein in a vegetarian diet. Dals are cooked whole or pureed, depending on the dish. Ground powdered dal is used in unleavened breads and crackers, and even in spice mixtures Dalchini or Darchim: Cinnamon Dewa: Lentils. There are over sixty types of lentils. The most common types are masoor, channa, and urid. Dhansak: Traditional chicken or meat dish cooked in lentil and vegetable puree. Doroo: Celery Dosa: A popular delicacy from southern India made from rice and "urad" dal. They are usually made very thin and pancake-like and sometimes filled with a spiced potato mixture. Served with chutney and "sambar". Dum: A way to steam foods in a pot with a tightly covered lid or a sealed pot. A popular spiced vegetable dish is "Dum Aloo". In the olden days, the utensil was sealed with atta (dough) to capture the moisture within the food as it cooked slowly over a charcoal fire. Some coal was placed on the lid to ensure even cooking. The food continued to cook in its own steam, retaining all its flavor and aroma. Dum means, "to steam" or "mature" a dish. __________________________________ Elaichi: Cardamom __________________________________ Feni: The Goan drink made from cashews or coconut is the perfect beach drink. It was originally a very basic and local drink, much like toddy. __________________________________ Goor or gur: Jaggery (palm sugar) or molasses. Gosht: Lamb Gulab Jamun: Deep-fried cake balls served with aromatic syrups. Gurda: Kidney. __________________________________ Haldi or Huldi: Turmeric. Haldi is a very important Indian spice. It is the basis for all Indian curry spice blends. Halvah: Indian sweet made from a variety of finely grated vegetables, milk, and sugar and flavored with cardamom. The consistency is that of a thick pudding. Among the popular halvah is the "Gajar Halvah". Hing: Asafetida is the dried gum resin of an East Indian plant. It has a strong odor and the flavor is a little like "spicy garlic. Usually just a pinch is used for cooking mainly fish, vegetables and making "Indian pickles". It is available in a yellow powdered form. __________________________________ Idli: South Indian steamed rice cakes: a very popular snack from the south of India. Generally eaten with "sambar" and "chutney". Imli: Tamarind. Jaifal or Taifal: Nutmeg Jal frezi: Saut� or stir-fry. Jalebi: These sweet crisp round whirls, made from plain flour and water deep-fried and then dipped in sugar syrup, served hot or cold, make a favorite Indian dessert. Kala jeera: Black cumin seeds. Kala namak: Black salt. Kaleji: Liver. Kalongi: Nigella, similar to wild onion seeds. Karanji: Pastries made out of whole-wheat flour and filled with a cooked mixture of freshly grated coconut and sugar. It is a Maharashtrian delicacy. Karela: Small, dark green, knobby vegetable of the gourd family. Kashmir Chicken: Whole chicken stuffed with minced meat. Katori: Small serving bowls which go on a thaali (tray). Kebabs: Marinated and spiced small pieces of any meat, poultry, fish, ground meat, vegetables, skewered and grilled in a tandoor/oven or over a grill. Kebabs can also be shallow fried over a pan. Keema: Ground meat, raw or cooked. Kheer: Essentially a rice pudding, made with rice, milk and sugar flavored with cardamom. Sometimes nuts are added. Served either hot or cold. Khoya: Also known as "mawa" is made by bringing milk to a boil in a pot and stirring continuously thereafter on a low flame. It is then reduced and thickened to the consistency of soft cream cheese. Used widely in the making of many Indian desserts and sweet meats. Khurzi: Lamb or chicken, whole with spicy stuffing. Kish mish: Sultanas Koftas: Spiced meat or vegetable balls deep-fried and served with a curry sauce. Kokum: A variety of plum, pitted and dried. They are very sour. Korma: Rich sauce thickened with yogurt, nuts or poppy seeds, fragrantly seasoned with aromatic spices. Kulcha: Flatbread often stuffed with onion or potatoes and seasoned with cilantro. Kulfi: Sweet, aromatic ice cream made from cream, milk, and sugar flavored with mango, pistachios, saffron etc. __________________________________ Lasan: Garlic Lassi: A tall cool drink made from yogurt and water and made either sweet or salty. Lavang: Cloves Makhani: A traditional dish. Tandoori chicken is cooked in ghee and tomato sauce. Makke: Corn flour Maiai: Cream Masala: Spices, herbs and other seasonings ground or pounded together. When wet ingredients like water, vinegar, yogurt etc. are added to the spice mixture it is appropriately called a "wet masala". Dry spice mixtures are also called "Garam masala" or commonly known in the world as "Curry powder". Indian cooks generally don't use pre-prepared curry powder (originally a British invention to approximate Indian seasoning) but prefer making their own ever-changing blends. Malaya: The curries of Malaya are traditionally cooked with coconut, chili, and ginger. Mama: Puffed basmati rice. Masala Dabba: Spice box containing the commonly used dry spices and is always kept near the cooking range for easy and quick access. A spoon is included for ease of use. Masoor: Red lentil with a green skin. Mattar or Mutter: Green peas. Mattar Paneer or Mutter Paneer: Curried peas with cubes of fried homemade cheese. Methi: Fenugreek. Mirch: Pepper. For centuries the most important spice, gaining the title king of spices. It grows on vines that flower triennially and produce clusters of berries, which are picked and dried which then become peppercorns. Green, black, and white are not different varieties. All peppercorns are green when picked and must be bottled or freeze-dried at once to retain the color. Black pepper is the dried berry. White pepper is obtained by soaking off the black skin of the berry. Peppercorns are a heat agent and can be used whole or ground. Mollee: Fish dishes cooked in coconut and chili. Moong: One of the more commonly used lentils. It has a green skin and can be used whole, split or polished to make various dals. Munacca: Raisins Murgh: Chicken Murgh Masala: A specialty dish of whole chicken, marinated in yogurt and spices for 24 hours then stuffed and roasted. __________________________________ Naan: Indian flat bread made from wheat and baked in a tandoor. Naan keema: Baked naan bread, stuffed with a thin layer of minced meat curry Naan peshwari: Baked naan bread stuffed with almonds and or cashews and or raisins. Nargis kebab: Indian scotch egg spiced minced meat around a hard-boiled egg. Namak: Salt Nimboo: Lime __________________________________ Paan: Betel leaf stuffed with supari (betel nut), quick lime paste, kathechu paste, gulukand (rose petal preserve), fennel seeds and dried grated coconut. Paan is eaten usually after a meal and has known to aid in digestion. Paan connoisseurs always add tobacco in their paan. The paan is garnished with edible thin silver foil called "Varak". Pakoras: Popular Indian crispy and spicy snack served usually hot out of the frying pot along with coriander chutney. A popular teatime snack served with Indian tea. Slices of different vegetables like potatoes, onion, chilies, spinach leaves, eggplant etc dipped in a batter made out of chickpea flour and a few dry spices and deep-fried. Palak or sag: Spinach or green leafy vegetable Paneer: Cheese (aka Indian cottage cheese) made from bottled milk that can be fried and curried. Papdams (Papad): Thin wafer like discs about 4 to 8 inches in diameter made from a variety of lentils, potato, shrimp, rice etc. The discs are deep-fried or dry roasted on an open flame and served as a crispy savory appetizer. Served in many Indian restaurants complimentary before a meal. Paratha: Whole-wheat unleavened flatbread. It is sometimes filled with cooked ground meat or a vegetable mixture. Slightly larger than a Chapatti and shallow fried to perfection. Pasanda: Meat, usually lamb, beaten and cooked in one piece.` Raita: A cooling chutney of vegetables and yogurt. Rajama: Red kidney beans. Rassgulla: One of the most famous Indian sweets that originated from east India. The walnut-size balls of semolina and milk are cooked in a light sugar syrup, flavored with cardamom. Rogan Josh gosht: Rich lamb curry, literally meaning "red juice lamb". It is a traditional Northern Indian dish of lamb that is marinated in yogurt, then cooked with ghee and spices and tomato. It should be creamy and spicy but not too hot. Roti: is Bread in Hindi. "Tandoori roti" is bread that is baked in a tandoor, "Rumali Roti" or literally meaning handkerchief bread is a kind of a thin and flaky partha made up of many layers. Ruh gulab: Rose water Sag or saag: Spinach Sagzi: The generic term for vegetables. Sambhar or sambar: Lentil curry from the south of India. Served as an accompaniment with "idli"and "dosa". Samosas: The celebrated triangular deep-fried pastry appetizers filled with vegetable or meat mixtures. Sarson ka sag: Mustard leaves Saunf or souf: Aniseed. Seekh Kebab or sheek kebab: The word "Seekh" in Hindi means skewer. Seekh kebab simply means kebabs on a skewer. Kebabs are usually made out of ground lamb mixed with various spices, cooked in a "tandoor". Seenl: Allspice. Related to the clove family. Sev: Thin string-like fried snack preparation made out of gram flour. Used in the preparation of "Sev puri" and "Bhel Puri" or can be enjoyed just plain. Nowadays there are many spicy and non-spicy varieties of "sev" available in specialty Indian stores. Shahi: means "Royal" in Hindi Shami kebab: Round minced meat rissoles. Shashlik: Cubes of skewered lamb. Sonf: Fennel seed. Sont or Sonth: Dried ginger. Supari: Mixture of seeds and sweeteners for chewing after a meal. It usually includes aniseed or fennel, shredded betel nut, sugar balls, marrow seeds, etc. __________________________________ Tadka: A garnish of spices and fried onions. Tadka dal: Fried lentils and spices garnished with spices and onions. Tandoor: The traditional Indian clay oven is called the "Tandoor". A Tandoor is a clay pot usually sunken neck deep in the ground. Charcoal is put on the flat bottom of the pot. The heat generated by the hot charcoal in and on the sides of the clay pot is used for cooking. Long iron rods, long enough to reach the bottom of the pot, are used in the cooking process. It is probably the most versatile kitchen equipment in the Indian kitchen. Barbecues, breads, dal, gravies made in them acquire a unique taste, very different from the food cooked on the regular kitchen oven. Tandoori Murgh: This is the bright red world famous Tandoori Chicken. Chicken marinated with spices, dried red peppers, and yogurt, cooked in a tandoor. Tej patia: Bay leaf. Thaali: A tray that holds the complete meal served in individual bowls (katori). Tikka: Skewered boneless meat cubes cooked in a tandoor. Toor or toovar: A type of lentil. Tusci: Basil.	Pea
The Abominable Snowman is said to inhabit which mountain range?	Six Easy Basic Indian Gravies For the Beginner \| iDiva facebook twitter reddit twitter 151SHARES Are you constantly being teased for your impressive skills in boiling milk and making 2-minute noodles? Does the very idea of spice ratios and stir-fries make you go all shivery and weak in the legs? You should know though that your grandmother wasn't being completely truthful, when she told you cooking Indian food is really complicated and there are many masalas that you need to keep track of. At the risk of sounding like a garam masala ad, it is quite easy to floor your guests if you master some basics. Here's a list of five easy basic Indian gravies which is all that you need to get the hang of in order to earn your name as a fabulous cook. And these are pretty fuss-free recipes, for sure. Just make the gravy and improvise as you please. Either throw in some mixed vegetables, fried potatoes, chicken, mutton or egg and each addition will give you a new wonderful dish. It's that simple! Check it out. Basic Onion-Tomato Gravy Mutter Paneer, Image Courtesy - Pinterest This basic onion-tomato gravy is the base for most curries across all states, whether it be a butter chicken, butter paneer masala, chettinad chicken or an egg curry. Master this and you unlock the key to at least 80% of the subjis made in India. It's sacrilege not to know how to make this, but the best part is its real easy-peasy. Make this gravy and thrown in some fried paneer and green peas for a simple earthy Mutter Paneer. Or cook it with chicken pieces or hardboiled eggs for a basic chicken/egg curry. This is also the gravy used for chole and the restaurant style dum-aloo (just add deep fried potato halves). Check out the recipe here. Brown Onion Gravy Mutton Roganjosh, Image courtesy-Shutterstock This fabulous, finger-licking gravy has all the caramelised goodness of deep fried onions. And if you are making two or three curries to impress your guests, then make sure to include this among them because it has a distinctive taste that really stands out and makes the eaters keep coming back for more. Cook this gravy with mutton pieces and a simple addition of saunf powder and voila! You've got Kashmiri Mutton Roganjosh. Of course, if you are a vegetarian, or don't eat mutton, then it's no problem. Just add fried paneer or vegetables or koftas and you could even add boiled kabuli chana to make ‘Chole with a Twist'. Do try this recipe and you won't come up disappointed, we promise. Palak Gravy Palak Paneer, Image courtesy-Shutterstock This is a no brainer and it's really healthy too. Of course, you know that you can make palak paneer from this basic gravy. But did you know you can also include boiled chana to it to make chana palak or pour this over cooked chicken or mutton. Mutton Palak is something that many people think can be found only in restaurants. But whip this restaurant-style recipe at home and you will surely win some hearts. Also, if you lay off the garam masala, substitute the curd for milk and add more garlic, you have a continental style spinach soup ready! Isn't that awesome? Check out this recipe here. Goan Curry Goan Prawn Curry, Image courtesy- Pinterest The beauty of a goan curry is the addition of coconut milk to it, rendering this spicy curry a tad mellow and giving it a beautiful coconuty after-taste. Like Thai curries, there is a red and green version too, but the red version is used in popular goan staples like goan fish curry and goan prawn curry among others. But there is no reason why you shouldn't make a vegetarian or an egg version with it, if it pleases your fancy. Better yet, add in fried ladies-finger (okra) for a gorgeous lift in flavor to the curry. This recipe of goan prawn curry that we are posting actually combines fried okra with golden prawns. Check it out. Salan Bagara Baingan, Image courtesy- Pinterest You are probably thinking of Mirch-ka-Salan here, the famous accompaniment to Hyderabadi Dum Biryani and you are quite right. The salan is the basis of Hyderabadi cuisine and while Hyderabadi Muslims don't eat biryani everyday, because it's too rich and heavy on the system, they do prepare various kinds of salan on a regular basis to be eaten with steamed rice. Mirch-ka-salan is a fabulous presentation dish, but deseeding the chillies is a chore. You can do what the Hyderabadis do and swap the chillies for fried small brinjals, which gives you the famous Bagara Baingan. Or just simply include hard-boiled and lightly fried eggs for Ande ka Salan or fried okra or even chicken for some good old protein. The tamarind in this gravy recipe will give a new twist to the chicken and acts as a natural meat tenderiser. Basic White Gravy Methi Mutter Malai, Image Courtesy- Pinterest This is a delicious gravy with all the creamy richness of ground cashewnuts and poppyseeds. You can swap the fresh cream for milk, if you want to keep its calorie count low. But this easy gravy tops the ‘must-learn' list as it has the power to change a simple meal into gourmet fare. This white gravy forms the basis for indulgences like Malai Kofta, Methi Mutter Malai and that famous Rajasthani royal dish, Safed Maas (mutton). They go one step further in Safed Maas to keep it all white by adding white pepper powder instead of the usual red chilli powder. But that shouldn't be an issue. Make this gravy well and you have officially arrived as a chef. The recipe is simple, the rewards numerous. Check it out.	i don't know
How many square yards in a UK acre?	Convert square yards to acres, acres to square yards - Area Conversions Area Conversions Advertisement Convert square yards to acres, acres to square yards - Area Conversions Online calculators to convert square yards to acres (yd2 to ac) and acres to square yards (ac to yd2) with formulas, examples, and tables. Our conversions provide a quick and easy way to convert between Area units. Conversion Calculators Enter your value in one of the conversion calculators below: Convert yd2 to acres « More Area Conversions How to convert yd2 to acres : Use the conversion calculator titled "Convert yd2 to acres". Enter a value in the yd2 field and click on the "Calculate acres" button. Your answer will appear in the acres field. How to convert acres to yd2 : Use the conversion calculator titled "Convert acres to yd2". Enter a value in the acres field and click on the "Calculate square yards" button. Your answer will appear in the yd2 field. Conversion Definitions The following is a list of definitions relating to conversions between square yards and acres. What is a square yard (yd2)? A square yard is a unit of area in both US Customary Units as well as the Imperial System. The symbol for square yard is yd2 or sq yd. There are 4,840 square yards in an acre. A square yard is calculated as the area of a square that has 1 yard on each side. What is an acre (ac)? An acre is a unit of area in both US Customary Units as well as the Imperial System. The symbol for acre is ac. There are 0.00020661 acres in a square yard. Conversion Formulas Let's take a closer look at the conversion formulas so that you can do these conversions yourself with a calculator or with an old-fashioned pencil and paper. The formula to convert from ft2 to acres is: acres = ft2 ÷ 4,840 The formula to convert from acres to ft2 is: ft2 = acres x 4,840 Conversion Examples Next, let's look at some examples showing the work and calculations that are involved in converting from square feet to acres (ft2 to ac) or converting from acres to square feet (ac to ft2). Square Feet to Acres Conversion Example Task: Convert 50,000 square feet to acres (show work) Formula: ft2 ÷ 4,840 = acres Calculations: 50,000 ft2 ÷ 4,840 = 10.33057851 acres Result: 50,000 ft2 is equal to 10.33057851 acres Acres to Square Feet Conversion Example Task: Convert 20 acres to square feet (show work) Formula: acres x 4,840 = ft2 Calculations: 20 acres x 4,840 = 96,800 ft2 Result: 20 acres is equal to 96,800 ft2 Conversion Tables For quick reference purposes, below are conversion tables that you can use to convert from ft2 to acres, and acres to ft2. Square Feet to Acres Conversion Chart square feet (ft2)	four thousand eight hundred and forty
An aileron is found on which part of an aircraft?	Convert yards to acres - Conversion of Measurement Units ›› More information from the unit converter How many yards in 1 acres? The answer is 4840. We assume you are converting between yard and acre. You can view more details on each measurement unit: The SI derived unit for area is the square meter. 1 square meter is equal to 1.1959900463 yards, or 0.000247105381467 acres. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between yards and acres. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! ›› Want other units? You can do the reverse unit conversion from acres to yards , or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: I'm feeling lucky, show me some random units . ›› Definition: Acre An acre is a measure of land area in Imperial units or U.S. customary units. It is equal to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or 160 square rods. The precise meaning of this depends on the exact definition adopted for a foot: the international acre is 4 046.856 422 4 mï¿½ (for the UK, see). For measurements based specifically on the US survey foot the US survey acre is ca. 4 046.872 610 mï¿½. ›› Metric conversions and more ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!	i don't know
In needlework, what is the technique in which pieces of fabric are attached to another piece of material for decoration?	Embroidery Designs \| Embroidery \| Lifestyle Australia Select Page satin stitch_ Embroidery designs take into account a combination of affects, materials and styles. A sating stitch is a series of (usually parallel) flat stitches that are used to completely cover a section of fabric. Satin stitch will follow the contour of a shape as the machine works. For broad areas longer than what the machine can mechanically stitch, rows of satin stitch can be compounded to form a brick stitch or a split satin stitch. Using satin stitch results in a semi three-dimensional look by way of how semi three-dimensional look by way of how the light is reflected by the natural twill of the embroidery thread. fill stitch_ A fill stitch is used to cover a large area with embroidery. A fill stitch is made up of a series of running stitches that pass back and forth across the shape to be formed. Unlike split satin stitch, fill stitch is less susceptible to pulling and is also used where additional shapes are to be embroidered over the top. This type of embroidery design is used for items that require additional shapes & designs. chain stitch_ Used mainly as a decorative trim, a chain stitch is a running series of custom programmed stitches designed to create a shape that is repeated along the sewing path. This is a common type of embroidery for consistent designs and themes applique_ In the context of sewing, an applique refers to a needlework technique in which pieces of fabric, embroider,, or other materials are sewn onto another piece of fabric to create designs, patterns or pictures. More specifically in embroidery, applique refers to securing pieces of fabric to a garment using a satin stitch edge. This technique is used in instances where applying a fill stitch to the area would be either too time consuming or too costly. reverse applique_ Similar to normal applique, reverse applique has the fabric attached to the underside of the garment. Once attached the garment fabric is cut away to reveal the previously hidden fabric. Reverse applique is used mainly on fashion garments. 3d embroidery_ 3d embroidery is a technique where a dense foam pad is applied to the surface of the fabric prior to stitching a satin stitch. As the needle penetrates the foam it acts like a knife, cutting the foam as it goes. The density of the foam causes the satin stitch to remain raised much higher than if foam wasn’t used. Foams of varying thicknesses can be utilised in a single decoration to give the impression of multiple levels. 3D embroidery is increasingly being used to illustrate and increase the impact promotional products and branded merchandise can deliver. quilting_ Quilting takes applique to the next level. Before laying down the applique fabric, a layer of wading is first applied. Once the top layer of fabric is stitched down a series of patterns are applied in a thread colour to match the fabric. The wading causes the fabric to puff up where stitching is not applied, but not to the same extent as 3D embroidery.	Appliqué
What is the croup of an animal, such as a horse?	Related Resources - Quilts and Quiltmaking in America, 1978-1996 \| Digital Collections \| Library of Congress Related Resources Glossary of Quilt Terms Appliqué -- A needlework technique in which a piece of cloth is sewn onto a larger piece. Backing -- A piece of cloth forming the underside of a quilt. May be several pieces seamed together. Batting -- see Filler. Bell thread -- A brand of commercial thread sometimes used to tack, or tie, quilts. Bias -- The diagonal direction on a piece of woven cloth. Cloth stretches more along the bias than in the directions parallel to the woven threads. Binding -- One of a number of techniques for encasing the raw edges of a quilt. "Binding" also refers to a separate strip of fabric used to bind the edges of a quilt. Block -- A basic unit of quilt construction, usually in the form of a square, which is typically repeated and combined in rows to form a quilt top. Cards -- A pair of wooden paddles with rows of wire teeth designed to "card" raw cotton or wool, that is, to align the fibers and even out the fluffiness so that the fiber can be used as quilt batting or spun into yarn. Cathedral Window -- A novelty technique in which squares of fabric are folded and sewn together in such a way that small pieces of contrasting fabric may be inserted to form a design of interlocking curves when many squares are sewn together. This technique, very popular during the late 1970s, creates a fancy, finished bedcover which does not require quilting. Comfort -- see Comforter. Comforter -- A thick, heavy quilt, designed to provide warmth. Counterpane -- A general term for a bedspread, that is, a textile intended to serve as the visible top layer when a bed is made up with several layers of bedcovers. Countypin -- A variant term for counterpane. Crazy -- A patchwork technique in which irregularly shaped pieces of fabric are attached to a cloth foundation. Crazy quilts may be decorated with embroidered designs. Cutaways -- Remnants from apparel factories, usually forming irregular shapes. Factories sometimes sell cutaways to quiltmakers, often by mail order. Diamond dye -- A brand of commercially manufactured dyes for home use. Domestic -- A term sometimes used for unbleached muslin, dating from the nineteenth century when printed fabrics were generally imported and plain fabrics were generally manufactured domestically. Drafting -- The process of drawing a quilt design, often from a picture or an existing quilt, rather than using ready-made templates or patterns. Fan -- A quilting design of repeated concentric arcs that forms an all-over stitching design usually unrelated to the design of the quilt top. Popular during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fan quilting is considered by some observers to be old-fashioned and undesirable in contemporary quiltmaking. Fancy quilting -- A relative term for the process of making quilts in which the decorative function is paramount. Fancy quilts are usually considered by their makers to have value and meaning beyond their use as warm bedcovers. See also Plain quilting. Feed bags -- see Sacks. Filler -- The middle layer of a quilt, usually a fluffy layer of cotton, wool, or polyester, which makes a quilt warm and gives it a characteristic puffy look and feel. Frame -- A device, usually made of lengths of wood, for holding the layers of a quilt taut so that they can be quilted together smoothly, without folds or puckers. In a full frame, the entire quilt is stretched out at the beginning and the side rails are rolled up in the quilt as portions are quilted. Other frames are designed to maintain a constant distance between the side rails, so that the quilt must be rolled and unrolled like a scroll until the quilting is completed. Quilt frames are sometimes hung by ropes from the ceiling so that they can be raised out of the way when not in use. French knot -- An embroidery stitch formed by wrapping yarn around a needle as it is drawn through the cloth. Hoop -- A large pair of wooden rings sized so that one fits inside the other, which is sometimes used instead of a frame to keep the layers of a quilt taut and even during the quilting process. A hoop is more portable than a quilt frame. It is similar to an embroidery hoop, although larger. Lining -- see Backing. Linsey -- A type of coarse, home-woven fabric typically having a cotton warp (lengthwise threads) and a wool weft (crosswise threads). Marking -- One of various methods for transferring a design for quilting stitches onto a quilt top. Mountain Mist -- A brand of commercial quilt batting available since the mid-nineteenth century and still sold by the Stearns & Foster Company of Cincinnati, Ohio. Quilt patterns were printed on the paper wrapped around the batting, providing quilters with a source of new patterns. Muslin -- Historically, a fine cotton fabric used for clothing and home furnishings. In the twentieth century, the term "muslin" usually refers to an inexpensive woven fabric that has not been dyed and is available bleached (white) or unbleached (natural off white). Unbleached muslin has been very popular for quilt backing. Padding -- see Filler. Patchwork -- Usually refers generally to the process of combining fabrics to make a quilt top. Sometimes the term refers specifically either to appliqué or to piecing, but more often it includes both processes. Pattern -- Refers generally to the elements repeated in the design of a quilt, and a particular quilt pattern typically has one or more names. The term is also used more specifically to refer to the set of templates (often paper or cardboard) with which the individual pieces of cloth are cut to form a particular patchwork design. Piecing -- a needlework technique in which two pieces of cloth are joined together with a seam. Plain quilting -- A relative term applied to the process of making quilts that are intended more for practical use as warm bedcovers than for decoration. Even plain quilts, however, typically display some aesthetic appreciation of color and pattern. See also Fancy quilting. Quilt -- A textile bedcover typically formed of three layers: a decorated top, a plain backing, and a fluffy filling between them. The layers of a quilt are usually sewn together with stitches through all the layers; alternatively, they may be tied or "tacked" together with yarn knots. Quilting -- Specifically, a needlework process in which layers of a quilt are attached to each other with continuous stitches, either by hand or with a sewing machine. More generally, the term refers to the entire process of making a quilt. Roebuck catalog -- see Sears, Roebuck. Running stitch -- A hand-needlework technique in which the needle accumulates several stitches on it before needle and thread are drawn through the cloth. The running stitch is used in both piecing and quilting. Sacks -- Cloth containers in which animal feed, flour, sugar, salt, or other bulk commodities have been sold, which are then taken apart so that the fabric can be used for clothing, quilts, or other needs. Sashing -- One term for the strips of fabric that are sometimes used to separate and join the blocks of a quilt. Sears, Roebuck -- A company which pioneered mail-order merchandising in the late nineteenth century. Quiltmakers often used the pages from Sears catalogs as foundations for string patchwork. Secret tacking -- A quilting technique in which the needle and thread travel through the filler between stitches. Secret tacking forms stitches that are farther apart than those produced by a running stitch, but closer together and less visible than the knots produced by tacking. Silk -- Technically, silk is a protein fiber made by a particular type of caterpillar; however, the term also has been used to refer to synthetic fabrics, usually rayon, that imitate the luster of silk and were often marketed as "manmade silk." String patchwork -- A utility needlework technique in which long, narrow sewing remnants are sewn to a paper or cloth foundation. String patchwork is similar to crazy patchwork, except that the "strings" are generally longer and narrower than pieces in a crazy quilt. Strip -- A construction technique in which long, narrow pieces of cloth are joined lengthwise, sometimes with long rows of quilt blocks, to form a quilt top. The term "strip" is also used to describe the long pieces of fabric between blocks (see Sashing) or to describe the small, narrow remnants used in string patchwork. Tacking -- Tying the layers of a quilt or comforter together with yarn knots. Thick bedcovers are often tacked instead of quilted. Template -- A precisely measured, reusable model, often of paper or cardboard, which is used to size the individual pieces of cloth when they are cut for patchwork or to mark designs for quilting on a finished quilt top. Thimble -- A small, dimpled cap, usually of metal, designed to fit over the end of the finger to protect it from injury as it repeatedly pushes a needle through cloth during sewing or quilting. Top -- The uppermost layer, or "front," of a quilt, which is usually intended to be seen. Tying -- see Tacking. Wadding -- see Filler. Wall hanging -- A quilt, usually smaller in size than a bedquilt, designed to be displayed vertically as a decorative element. Whole cloth -- A bedcover or quilt in which the top is a single piece of cloth (or lengths of cloth joined together), rather than being made of patchwork. The top may be a printed fabric or decorated in some way. Yo-yo -- a novelty technique in which circles of fabric are gathered into flat pouches and sewn together to make bedspreads or other items. The technique has roots in nineteenth-century handwork, but became very popular in the twentieth century. Selected Bibliography American Quilt Study Group. Uncoverings: The Research Papers of the American Quilt Study Group 1- (1980 ). An annual interdisciplinary journal. Atkins, Jacqueline Marx. Shared Threads: Quilting Together, Past and Present. New York: Viking Studio Books, 1994. Barker, Garry G. The Handicraft Revival in Southern Appalachia, 1930-1990. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. Brackman, Barbara. Encyclopedia of Pieced Quilt Patterns. Paducah, Ky.: American Quilter's Society, 1993. Eiler, Lyntha Scott, Terry Eiler, and Carl Fleischhauer. Blue Ridge Harvest: A Region's Folklife in Photographs. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1981. Ferrero, Pat, Elaine Hedges, and Julie Silber. Hearts and Hands: The Influences of Women and Quilts on American Society. San Francisco: Quilt Digest Press, 1987. Freeman, Roland L. A Communion of the Spirits: African-American Quilters, Preservers, and Their Stories. Nashville: Rutledge Hill, 1996. Horton, Laurel. "In Search of the Appalachian Quilt." Then and Now 6, no.3 (Fall 1989): 19-21. Horton, Laurel, ed. Quiltmaking in America: Beyond the Myths. Nashville: Rutledge Hill, 1994. Ice, Joyce, and Linda Norris. Quilted Together: Women, Quilts, and Communities. Delhi, N.Y.: Delaware County Historical Association, 1989. Johnson, Geraldine N. "'Plain and Fancy': The Socioeconomics of Blue Ridge Quilts." Appalachian Journal 10, no. 1 (Autumn 1982): 12-35. Johnson, Geraldine N. Weaving Rag Rugs: A Woman's Craft in Western Maryland. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. Jones, Michael Owen. Craftsman of the Cumberlands: Tradition and Creativity. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989. Kiracofe, Roderick. The American Quilt: A History of Cloth and Comfort, 1750-1950. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1993. Orlofsky, Patsy, and Myron Orlofsky. Quilts in America. New York: McGraw Hill, 1974. Reprint, New York: Abbeville Press, 1992. Oshins, Lisa Turner. Quilt Collections: A Directory for the United States and Canada. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books in association with the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, 1987. Przybysz, Jane. "Sentimental Spectacle: The Traffic in Quilts." Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1995. Roberson, Ruth Haislip, ed. North Carolina Quilts. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Waldvogel, Merikay. Soft Covers for Hard Times: Quiltmaking and the Great Depression. Nashville: Rutledge Hill, 1990. What's American about American Quilts? Proceedings of a Research Forum on Regional Characteristics. March 18-19, 1995. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. Selected General Interest Periodicals All American Crafts, Inc. Traditional Quilter: The Leading Teaching Magazine for Creative Quilters. 1989- . Published bimonthly. Altamont Press. Fiberarts: The Magazine of Textiles. 1974- . Published five times a year. American Quilt Study Group. Uncoverings. 1980- . Published annually. American Quilter's Society. American Quilter. 1985- . Published quarterly. Meredith Corp. American Patchwork and Quilting. 1993- . Published six times a year. Oliver Press. Professional Quilter: Your Source of Information for the Business of Quilting. 1983- . Published quarterly. Primedia Special Interest Publications. Quilter's Newsletter Magazine: The Magazine for Quilt Lovers. 1969- . Published ten times a year.	i don't know
A caryatid is a supporting column or pillar of a building carved in the shape of what?	Caryatid synonyms, caryatid antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com Caryatid synonyms, caryatid antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com http://www.freethesaurus.com/caryatid Also found in: Dictionary , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . noun a supporting column carved in the shape of a person Related Words Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Write what you mean clearly and correctly. References in periodicals archive ? The exhibition was dominated by sculptures for the proposed Temple of Kosovo designed by Mestrovic: caryatids and standing figures depicting heroes and victims connected with the Serbian national myth of victimhood and resurrection, the Battle of Kosovo of 1389. 'It seems extraordinary that this great artist is so little known': Gavin Stamp on the architecture of Ivan Mestrovic Bought with the aid of the Pilgrim Trust, the Dilettanti Society, the Caryatid Fund and the Sharpe Bequest. Nicola Pisano's Arca di San Domenico and Its Legacy As this narrator's adventures on his trolley rides grow ever crazier, as the eccentrics and paranoiacs become more burdensome, as his encounters grow more outlandish and oppressive--that is how much funnier the book becomes, chapter by chapter, until it culminates in an unexpectedly tender, quiet love scene, although (this is Jonke) it takes place between himself, a regular human being, and a caryatid, one of those stone columns in the shape of a woman that are seen all over Vienna (translated and published in this issue). Gert Jonke But we must also research like adults: be prepared at least to look up the etymologies to the senses of gust, or to entertain the possibility that the dandelion with its gray globe of crowded seeds still intact may be both a caryatid and that needle which supported the angels of the Schoolmen. Summerfest/Dance '97 Only a look shot my way from the rigid face of a stone woman, a caryatid, whose hands were holding the balcony of a building hoisted toward the sky in such a way that she could have hurled it at any time. Heaven Street--Earth Mound Square: two chapters Dr Simon Thurley, English Heritage chief executive, who travelled to Liverpool for the launch, described the Small Concert Room, with neo-classical caryatid figures shouldering its balconies as ``fantastic''. World-class heritage for all to see; Heritage Open Days are here again, with the public invited to visit beautiful, unusual and just plain odd buildings and places for free. Peter Elson reports The specialist shops with their elegant frontages and distinctive caryatid figures and the pavement cafes and bars looking across the street to Montpellier Gardens have a stylish Continental atmosphere.	Woman
Name the Italian-born American film producer (of Death Wish, Barbarella, and Hannibal) who died in November 2010 age 91?	Caryatid : definition of Caryatid and synonyms of Caryatid (English) Ancient usage The Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion , Athens , 421–407 BC Some of the earliest known examples were found in the treasuries of Delphi , dating to about the 6th century BC, but their use as supports in the form of women can be traced back even earlier, to ritual basins, ivory mirror handles from Phoenicia , and draped figures from archaic Greece. The best-known and most-copied examples are those of the six figures of the Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion on the Acropolis at Athens. One of those original six figures, removed by Lord Elgin in the early 19th century, is now in the British Museum in London. The Acropolis Museum holds the other five figures, which are replaced onsite by replicas. The five originals that are in Athens are now being exhibited in the new Acropolis Museum , on a special balcony that allows visitors to view them from all sides. The pedestal for the Caryatid removed to London remains empty. As of 2011, they are being cleaned by a specially constructed laser beam , which removes accumulated soot and grime without harming the marble's patina . Each Caryatid is cleaned in place, with a television circuit relaying the spectacle live to museum visitors. Although of the same height and build, and similarly attired and coiffed, the six Caryatids are not the same: their faces, stance, draping, and hair are carved separately; the three on the left stand on their right knee, while the three on the right stand on their left knee. Their bulky, intricately arranged hairstyles serve the crucial purpose of providing static support to their necks, which would otherwise be the thinnest and structurally weakest part. The Romans also copied the Erechtheion caryatids, installing copies in the Forum of Augustus and the Pantheon in Rome , and at Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli . Another Roman example, found on the Via Appia , is the Townley Caryatid . Renaissance and after St. Gaudens ' caryatids In Early Modern times, the practice of integrating caryatids into building facades was revived, and in interiors they began to be employed in fireplaces , which had not been a feature of buildings in Antiquity and offered no precedents. Early interior examples are the figures of Herculkes and Iole carved on the jambs of a monumental fireplace in the Sala della Jole of the Doge's Palace, Venice , about 1450. [1] In the following century Jacopo Sansovino , both sculptor and architect, carved a pair of female figures supporting the shelf of a marble chimneypiece at Villa Garzoni, near Padua. [2] No architect mentioned the device until 1615, when Palladio 's pupil Vincenzo Scamozzi included a chapter devoted to chimneypieces in his Idea della archittura universale. Those in the apartments of princes and important personages, he considered, might be grand enough for chimneypieces with caryatid supporters, such as one he illustrated and a similar one he installed in the Sala dell'Anticollegio, also in the Doge's Palace. [3] In the 16th century, from the examples engraved for Sebastiano Serlio 's treatise on architecture, caryatids became a fixture in the decorative vocabulary of Northern Mannerism expressed by the Fontainebleau School and the engravers of designs in Antwerp . In the early 17th century, interior examples appear in Jacobean interiors in England; in Scotland the overmantel in the great hall of Muchalls Castle remains an early example. Caryatids remained part of the German Baroque vocabulary (illustration, right) and were refashioned in more restrained and "Grecian" forms by neoclassical architects and designers, such as the four terracotta caryatids on the porch of St Pancras New Church , London (1822). Many caryatids lined up on the facade of the 1893 Palace of the Arts housing the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago . In the arts of design, the draped figure supporting an acanthus -grown basket capital taking the form of a candlestick or a table-support is a familiar cliché of neoclassical decorative arts. The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota has caryatids as a motif on its eastern facade. In 1905 American sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens created a caryatid porch for the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York in which four of the eight figures (the other four figures holding only wreaths) represented a different art form, Architecture, Painting, Sculpture, and Music . [4] Late Baroque caryatid and atlantid hemi-figures at Sanssouci , Frederick the Great 's schloss at Potsdam Origins The origins of the term are unclear. It is first recorded in the Latin form caryatides by the Roman architect Vitruvius . He stated in his 1st century BC work De architectura (I.1.5) that the female figures of the Erechtheion represented the punishment of the women of Karyæ , a town near Sparta in Laconia , who were condemned to slavery after betraying Athens by siding with Persia in the Greco-Persian Wars . However, Vitruvius' explanation is doubtful; well before the Persian Wars, female figures were used as decorative supports in Greece [5] and the ancient Near East. The ancient Karyæ (" Walnut Trees") supposedly was one of the six adjacent villages that united to form the original township of Sparta , and the hometown of Menelaos ' queen, Helen of Troy . Girls from Karyæ were considered especially beautiful, tall, strong, and capable of giving birth to strong children. A caryatid supporting a basket on her head is called a canephora ("basket-bearer"), representing one of the maidens who carried sacred objects used at feasts of the goddesses Athena and Artemis . The Erectheion caryatids, in a shrine dedicated to an archaic king of Athens , may therefore represent priestesses of Artemis in Karyæ, a place named for the "nut-tree sisterhood" – apparently in Mycenaean times, like other plural feminine toponyms , such as Hyrai or Athens itself. The later male counterpart of the caryatid is referred to as a telamon (plural telamones) or atlas (plural atlantes) – the name refers to the legend of Atlas , who bore the sphere of the heavens on his shoulders. Such figures were used on a monumental scale, notably in the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Agrigento , Sicily . Gallery	i don't know
What island nation suffered a serious cholera outbreak in late 2010, partly as a consequence of a major earthquake in January the same year?	ALNAP \| Haiti Earthquake 2010 - Evaluative resources Home » Haiti Earthquake 2010 - Evaluative resou... Haiti Earthquake 2010 - Evaluative resources Resource type Full report Haiti is party to several international conventions concerning international disaster response. However, although ratified international conventions are self-executing in Haitian law, in practice, the Haitian State has yet to adopt the administrative, legisla- tive and regulatory measures required to implement them. Current legislation concerning international disaster response is fragmented across various legal instruments, and numerous legal provisions were adopted in an ad hoc manner in the aftermath of the earthquake. The National Risk and Disaster Management Plan and the Emergency Response Plan are the main instruments for disaster management in Haiti, although they are not legally binding. They must be considered in conjunction with the State of Emergency Law of April 2010 (repealing the State of Emergency Law of September 2008). Full report As Haiti faces the daunting task of recovery after the devastating earthquake, past experiences provide some lessons. Making a crucial difference to the effectiveness of actions seem to be the nature of the immediate response, diagnosis, project design and supervision, use of local capacity, private sector links, coordination among partners, including within the World Bank Group. Many of the lessons from previous episodes are relevant now; yet Haiti's distinct country conditions must also be kept in mind. Indeed, several factors make the response in Haiti especially overwhelming: the breakdown of social order and a fragile security situation, the near-complete loss of governance structures, and the failure to impose even minimum quality standards on the construction industry. Complicating matters will be the unprecedented scale of the charitable donations earmarked for emergency relief, and the arrival of many agencies new to the country, tending to prioritize unilateral action over coordination. Full report This case study outlines the IFRC's work in Haiti following the 2010 Earthquake. A distinctive feature in their approach is the use of technology to enhance and expand communication and feedback loops. It primarily focuses on two-way communication and feedback processes in IFRC’s Return and Relocation Programme, which supports people displaced by the Earthquake to move out from the crowded camps and informal settlements into safe housing. This resource is part of a larger ALNAP and CDA research project on the effectiveness of feedback mechanisms for affected populations in humanitarian contexts. Full report The main objective of this exercise will be to use our experience in Haiti to help CARE identify shortcomings, recognize good practices, and improve upon CARE's humanitarian policy framework and how CARE International approaches emergency response at a global organizational level in a way that we can apply these lessons to large-scale humanitarian crises we may face in the future. Terms of reference Objectives: The main objective of this exercise will be to use our experience in Haiti to help CARE identify shortcomings, recognize good practices, and improve upon CARE's humanitarian policy framework and how CARE International approaches emergency response at a global organizational level in a way that we can apply these lessons to large-scale humanitarian crises we may face in the future. Similar to the last organization-wide review undertaken for the 2004 tsunami, it is anticipated that the Haiti Earthquake Reflections Workshop will review: Roles & relationships: Clarify roles and responsibilities, accountability, coordination, and management oversight. How successful we were at getting the right people at the right time, including deployment modalities,staffing transitions, etc. Programme design and absorptive capacity. Emergency preparedness planning, capacity assessments,strategic planning and transition from relief to development Performance in core sectors (food security, shelter and/or WASH) and integration of cross-cutting issues(gender, DRR, etc.) given that CARE's response needs to be based not only on needs but also on itstechnical and absorptive capacity How effectively was the transition managed between successive phases (e.g. relief to recovery) Effectiveness of programme support, humanitarian accountability, fundraising, and media and communications – all of which influence the quality and timelines of an emergency response Methodology: Workshop: 25 to 35 full-time participants with representation at a managerial and technical level from CARE Haiti, CARE International Members, various functional units of the Lead Member (CARE USA), and the CARE Emergency Response Working Group Contact: Jock Baker, [email protected], and Sarah Ralston, [email protected] Toby Gould and Martin McCann CEO of RedR Shelter project updates: David Sanderson and Bill Flynn, CENDEP Annie Devonport , DEC 9 months on Haiti: House building in Haiti, Neill Garvie, Christian Aid Commercial Partnering to Improve Programme Strategy and Delivery Ian Pearce, Habitat for Humanity and Victoria Bachelor, Arup. Legal Rights: Housing Land and Property Rights, and Urbanisation Kate Crawford, CARE International The impact of the floods on access and availability of bamboo and timber Rick Bauer, Oxfam. Group Discussion Topics: Chaired by Annie Devonport, DEC A study on ‘Urban Disaster Response’ as a terms of reference, to include a framework for political/social/economic and technical response. Chaired by Kate Crawford, Care International: How do we negotiate doing nothing? How do you find out what you should be doing? What is a good solution? Chaired by John Leach, Shelter Box and Toby Gould, RedR: Are there enough shelter managers? Full report This review draws on desk research, interviews in Haiti and written and telephone communication with informants. It is not an evaluation of the effectiveness of the shelter response following the earthquake of January 2010 although it reflects the opinions of some informants on this issue. The review's primary aim is to identify lessons and provide recommendations for the IFRC and the Shelter Cluster on coordination in future emergencies. UN-Habitat’s situational analysis of metropolitan Port-au-Prince provides a thorough background to the city’s situation in terms of urban development and planning, and presents a way forward for future planning of the metropolitan area. This publication makes a case for a participatory approach engaging all key stakeholders in urban development. Such an approach is especially needed in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince, where municipalities are asking for support from central government to develop and implement local planning and to deliver basic services. Another key area is the need for institutional capacity building to better enable municipalities and their partners to deliver basic urban services to the city’s residents. The Citywide Strategic Planning approach presents the key steps for initiating and implementing a strategic planning process in support of sustainable urban development. It attempts to address three strategic planning questions: Where are we today? Where do we want to be? How do we get there? The publication also covers the wider aspects of housing and urban infrastructure as well as the socio-economic situation which constitute key components for achieving sustainable urbanization. Full report This report assesses the protection work of member agencies and how they dealt with accountability issues during the earthquake response. It was produced by lead authors Eric James and Julie R. Dargis who are independent consultants and was based on research carried out in and around Port au Prince in Haiti in January 2013. The study reached five main conclusions: NGO staff were aware of the issues and sought practical approaches to providing protection and ensuring accountability. Community representation occurred in some unexpected ways and NGOs should approach community partnerships with a critical eye to local power relations. There was evidence that standards from the Humanitarian Accountability and Sphere projects were being used. NGOs need to more consistent in conducting detailed initial assessments and creating baselines. Definitions of protection are often different between field staff and their home office colleagues, partners or donors and a common understanding is required. The report highlight examples of what it regarded as good practice such as: ActionAid delivering aid through existing management structures and partnerships to build on local knowledge and capacities. Oxfam monitoring that identified some members of the community were seeking to appropriate cash grants intended for vulnerable children and women, allowing corrective action to be taken. Christian aid built advocacy on preventing sexual abuse and other protection issues into its emergency programmes with local partners. Age International created a network of older volunteers to ensure the most vulnerable older people were able to get a share of the aid being offered by other agencies. Integrated Community Resettlement and Recovery Program Full report In 2014, the Adapting to an Urban World project was developed in order to modify assessment methods and tools for urban contexts. The project is co-led by the global Food Security Cluster and the World Food Programme, supported by a Steering Committee made up of cluster partners. By 2016, with a completed desk review and 5 country case studies, the project has compiled a variety of lessons and recommendations. A stock taking exercise has been conducted to consolidate the lessons and to identify gaps and priorities. These have been organised by technical area, and resulted in a number of priority action points. This document is intended for humanitarian practitioners engaged in urban assessments, researchers working on urban specific issues, and donors developing or refining urban strategies. Full report The Port au Prince case study is part of the Adapting to an Urban World project. The Adapting project was developed to address an identified gap in urban assessment tools. The aim of the project is to develop food security and vulnerability assessment guidance and tools specifically designed for use in urban contexts. In order to achieve this objective, the project will examine a number of different urban contexts with food insecure populations. The specific objectives of the Port au Prince case study are as follows: Improve understanding of the factors defining vulnerability (at geographic and household level) within Port au Prince Test new methods of sampling in a context with limited census date Analyze standard food security indicators (food consumption, income, expenditure, coping, etc) to see if they accurately depict the condition of households in Port au Prince Analyze urban livelihoods Identify food security indicators that could potentially contribute to an urban monitoring system in Haiti Contribute to overall Adapting to an Urban World project learning Full report Although human trafficking has gathered momentum and several international organizations have developed approaches to address it, the phenomenon remains a serious crime, with grave human rights concerns, that is largely overlooked in crisis situations. In addition, human trafficking is typically not considered a direct consequence of crisis. This misplaced assumption, coupled with the fact that counter-trafficking efforts are not necessarily understood as an immediate life-saver in crisis, often hampers the humanitarian response to human trafficking cases, particularly in terms of identification of and assistance to victims. In reality, as this IOM report reveals these efforts are a matter of life and livelihood for victims of trafficking and should therefore be considered with as much priority as for any other crisis-affected population and be addressed at the outset of a crisis. The report recommends that human trafficking in times of crisis be urgently included in the humanitarian community, with support from both emergency and development donor communities. Full report Although human trafficking has gathered momentum and several international organizations have developed approaches to address it, the phenomenon remains a serious crime, with grave human rights concerns, that is largely overlooked in crisis situations. In addition, human trafficking is typically not considered a direct consequence of crisis. This misplaced assumption, coupled with the fact that counter-trafficking efforts are not necessarily understood as an immediate life-saver in crisis, often hampers the humanitarian response to human trafficking cases, particularly in terms of identification of and assistance to victims. In reality, as an IOM report reveals these efforts are a matter of life and livelihood for victims of trafficking and should therefore be considered with as much priority as for any other crisis-affected population and be addressed at the outset of a crisis. The report recommends that human trafficking in times of crisis be urgently included in the humanitarian community, with support from both emergency and development donor communities. This document summarises the key findings of the full report, which is available here . 2007, and based on the value chain development framework, the Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) toolkit was designed to help staff to understand, work with and support critical markets in sudden onset emergencies. Oxfam GB (OGB) and the International Rescue Committee (IRC) have now used this assessment tool in a number of emergency responses. This case study looks at the EMMA that was undertaken in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake, and the emergency responses implemented as a result of this, by both the IRC and OGB. Full report This evaluation reviewed the work of the Action of Churches Together Alliance from the 2010 Haiti earthquake to November 2011. The external evaluation team found the Alliance response to be a model of an integrated and holistic response based on clear principles of human dignity and respect within the framework of a long-term engagement. Full report The 7.0 magnitude earthquake that struck the south of Haiti on January 12th 2010 triggered the largest humanitarian response since the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004. Hundreds of international agencies launched emergency responses, and local organisations, the Haitian diaspora, the private sector and many thousands of individuals also poured energy, money and time into finding ways to help. The earthquake was unfortunately not the only serious emergency to strike Haiti in 2010. The outbreak of cholera in the town of St Marc on October 18th 2010 brought a new, highly infectious and deadly disease to a country with weak sanitation and health systems, and no knowledge or understanding of this illness. The response of communication actors from the first hours was essential to the survival of potentially thousands of people, whose ability to recognise symptoms and take prompt action was literally the difference between life and death. This paper attempts to capture some of the communication work implemented by a whole range of partners, and to identify what was delivered from the perspectives of those affected by these two major but very different emergencies. The purpose of this exercise is to inform the continuing response in Haiti and to provide practical case studies and analysis of best practice models that may be useful elsewhere. L’étude présentée dans ce rapport se base sur une recherche d’un mois de terrain à Port-au-Prince, du 19 août au 21 septembre 2012. Elle cherche à définir ce qu’est l’approche communautaire en milieu urbain. Pour cela, la recherche s’attache à éclaircir la notion de communauté en Haïti, et à éclairer les questions opérationnelles liées à l’approche communautaire. L’étude se consacre donc d’une part à un exposé des différentes relations de solidarité et liens « communautaires » en Haïti, accompagnés de recommandations qui permettent de mieux appréhender le terrain. Annex Objectives and scope: The evaluation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the activities implemented by the SHO organisations5 in 2010 and to assess their results. The individual organisations are either part of an international network organisation (e.g. Oxfam Novib) or channel all or some of their contributions to an international organisation. This is for instance the case for UNICEF Nederland, which channels its entire financial contribution to UNICEF Headquarters in New York. The Netherlands Red Cross has channelled some of its contribution through the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and part through self-implementation. This implies that these two SHO organisations have been contributing to very large programmes implemented by these international organisations and their partners in the field. Other SHO organisations provide direct support either through self-implementation or in collaboration with national implementing counterparts. The evaluation has taken these different modalities into consideration. The evaluation covers the programmes and projects implemented in the period 13 January - 31 December 2010. It includes all SHO organisations and their affiliates active in Haiti, and pays specific attention to those having the largest share of the expenditure in 2010. The evaluation covers all sectors receiving support. The first year of SHO support to Haiti was mainly characterised by emergency relief.7 This is also reflected in the mix of activities implemented by the SHO organisations and their partners. The boundary between emergency relief and early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation is not always clear. Where appropriate and feasible, the latter are already supported in the emergency phase. Consequently, the evaluation has also covered activities related to recovery and rehabilitation, such as education and health programmes (e.g. rebuilding or refurbishing schools or clinics and hospitals), livelihood programmes (e.g. food-for-work and cash-for-work programmes or the provision of small loans to families and small enterprises), and the establishment of sustainable housing (e.g. the provision of transitional or semi-permanent shelter). Finally, though the evaluation mainly focused on activities taking place in the hardest hit urban areas it also included a number of interventions located in rural or peri-urban areas to which earthquake victims had fled. Full report L’objectif de cet exercice, réalisé avant la mission sur le terrain, est de faire un état des lieux des conclusions communes aux principales évaluations conduites jusque là par la communauté internationale. Il s'appuie aussi sur la connaissance du terrain accumulée par l’équipe d’évaluation du Groupe URD. Full report The international aid response to the earthquake in Haiti is often spoken of as being unprecedented in its scale and in the nature of the challenges it faced. This paper in HPG’s “livelihoods and institutions” series suggests that most of the issues faced in Haiti were in fact common, if present to an unusual degree. This makes the aid response in Haiti a useful case study for understanding how aid agencies cope when emergency needs occur in the real, and highly imperfect, world. Much of the aid was aimed at providing shelter, given the enormous number of people made homeless, and one of the challenges often blamed for delaying the response was ensuring land rights were respected in a country where it is almost impossible to know who owns what. The study focuses on how agencies grappled with the almost Kafka-esque world of Haitian land administration, and found that the response of agencies was to create their own world of rules and standards rather than engage with the uncertain and complex reality that Haitians themselves lived in. As a result, though there were significant achievements, the aid effort was limited in its impact, more expensive than necessary and did not give enough support to helping people achieve their own solutions. There has been important progress in the way in which the humanitarian world appreciates and tackles land tenure issues in recent years. This study argues, though, that there are underlying reasons why agencies struggle to cope with local institutions like those of land. Unless these reasons are faced directly, it is likely that the same failings will continue to be repeated in each humanitarian crisis. Full report This report describes the experience of Catholic Relief Services Haiti in employing a new mobile phone–based banking service, T-Cash. This service was adopted on a pilot basis to improve CRS’ Cash for Work (CfW) payment system in the Port-au-Prince area. The CfW program ended in late 2011. For its conceptual framework, the study relied on three evaluation criteria— relevance, efficiency and effectiveness—put forth by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development–Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC). Using qualitative and quantitative methods, investigators collected data from CfW program managers, senior CRS Haiti leadership, CRS Haiti’s finance department and CfW beneficiaries. Overall, the findings indicate that the T-Cash pilot project was generally successful in achieving its intended results. Full report Each channel of communication requires careful consideration in light of context; face-to-face can be effective but resource intensive, while mass communication tools reach larger geographic areas at the touch of a button.This document highlights the work that needs to be undertaken internally within the Red Cross Red Crescent to mainstream this approach; including experimenting,training, strengthening and building on already established two-way communication mechanisms. To realize this crucial approach existing systems and processes will also need to reflect how two-way communication can be achieved in the response, recovery and developmental phases of programming. Prepositioning approaches with National Society partners, identifying and establishing preferred communication channels within country context and introducing two way mechanisms and tools to effectively respond is critical. This document highlights the work that needs to be undertaken internally within the Red Cross Red Crescent to mainstream this approach; including experimenting, training, strengthening and building on already established two-way communication mechanisms. To realize this crucial approach existing systems and processes will also need to reflect how two-way communication can be achieved in the response, recovery and developmental phases of programming. Prepositioning approaches with National Society partners, identifying and establishing preferred communication channels within country context and introducing twoway mechanisms and tools to effectively respond is critical. Objectives: The primary objective of this evaluation is to assess the impact of beneficiary communications activities, campaigns and messages in Haiti, whilst gaining a better understanding of peoples’ information needs and the most effective channels to use. The evaluation also aims to identify ways for the Red Cross to increase two-way communication to increase accountability and engagement with beneficiaries. This evaluation focuses on the beneficiary communications activities of the Haitian Red Cross (HRC) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Socities (IFRC), looking specifically at activities through the eyes of the beneficiaries to gage perceptions and impact of the Red Cross. Published: 7 June 2010 Articles Cities are fast becoming new territories of violence.† The humanitarian consequences of many criminally violent urban settings are comparable to those of more traditional wars, yet despite the intensity of the needs, humanitarian aid to such settings is limited. The way in which humanitarian needs are typically defined, fails to address the problems of these contexts, the suffering they produce and the populations affected. Distinctions between formal armed conflicts, regulated by international humanitarian law, and other violent settings, as well as those between emergency and developmental assistance, can lead to the neglect of populations in distress. It can take a lot of time and effort to access vulnerable communities and implement programmes in urban settings, but experience shows that it is possible to provide humanitarian assistance with a significant focus on the direct and indirect health consequences of violence outside a traditional conflict setting. This paper considers the situation of Port-au-Prince (Haiti), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Guatemala City (Guatemala). Full report The purpose of this document, prepared prior to the field work, is to take stock and learn from the common conclusions of the main evaluations carried out by the international humanitarian community to date. It also builds on the evaluation team’s direct knowledge from the field. Executive summary This is a review of the deployment of a mass sanitation module by the British Red Cross to Haiti after the January 2010 earthquake. The module is intended to provide sanitation facilities for up to 20,000 people; a self-contained team of trained delegates and pre-packed sets of standardised equipment can be deployed to work with host national society counterparts to mobilise volunteers from the community, providing rapid training for delivery of both hardware and software components of the module. The module is intended to provide safe disposal of excreta, solid waste, waste water, and medical waste; vector control; facilities for hand washing, bathing, and laundry; household water treatment; promotion of good hygiene practices; and advice on the management of dead bodies. Full report This is the final evaluation report of British Red Cross' Urban Regeneration and Reconstruction Programme in Haiti. This major five year recovery programme was implemented in Port-au-Prince in response to the Haiti earthquake in 2010. The independent evaluation report highlights some salient lessons learned which are relevant to other contexts of post-disaster urban recovery programmes and not only response to earthquakes. The specific objectives of the evaluation were: To provide a summation of the extent to which BRC’s engagement in Haiti achieved its objectives across different interventions. To assess the effectiveness and impact of the integrated approach adopted in URRP in Port-au-Prince’s Delmas 19 area. To identify lessons (positive and negative) for improved programming and to inform strategic policy and planning. To inform management decision-making for ongoing and future work. Full report This is an independent evaluation of the challenges and achievements of the British Red Cross Haiti 2010 Earthquake recovery programme. Overall, the report seeks to summarise the extent to which the project achieved it's objectives, assess the effectiveness and impact of the integrated approach to programming, identify lessons for future programming and inform management decisions for future programmes. Full report Information about the displacement of people after disasters is crucial in determining the scale and impact of the emergency, and is vital for conducting humanitarian needs assessment on the ground. Methods to forecast or detect such migration are however very limited at present. The use of geo-referenced mobile phone call data to understand post-disaster movements of affected people has been demonstrated in two studies, in the aftermath of the Haiti (2010) and Christchurch, New Zealand (2011) earthquakes. These studies, matched against aid agencies’ recurring information needs in disaster response operations, suggest that this type of data has potential to be a useful new method to forecast and locate people who have been displaced and therefore in need. The Haiti and New Zealand studies showed that pre-disaster mobile phone usage patterns are highly predictive of where people will move when displaced by an emergency. Analysis of basic mobile call records (known as CDRs) is a practical method for inferring these migrations, to a useful degree of accuracy. The acceleration of mobile phone usage in developing countries should enable the practical use of call data in this way in many disaster incidents; however they have not yet been used as such since 2011. This is because, probably, the methods require substantial technical resources and, crucially, ready access to call data sets from mobile network operators: such cooperation is costly in time and effort and there are a number of institutional obstacles to be overcome, notably involving gaining access to the data, before data can be shared and used as envisaged. Oxfam has been working in Haiti since 1978, with both permanent programmes and humanitarian aid. In response to the 2010 earthquake, Oxfam International decided to focus on water and sanitation, shelter, food security, livelihoods and the provision of Non- Food items (NFIs) in the metropolitan area and some affected areas outside Port au Prince. The voucher programme was part of the second phase of the response, with preparations beginning in late June 2010 and implementation taking place in September - October. The objective of the programme was to improve health conditions in the area of Carrefour Feuilles by facilitating access to hygiene kits for vulnerable families. Beneficiaries were selected from an existing canteen project which was providing daily hot meals to displaced families. In order to deal with the massive challenge and security risks of ‘classical’ in-kind distributions in an urban context, Oxfam decided to pilot a voucher programme for beneficiaries to access hygiene items through local shops. Full report As a result of the 12th January 2010 earthquake 2.3 million people were displaced resulting in over 1300 camps, with 1.6 million residents. The camps vary in terms of size (from a few tents to up to 50,000 people); how they were formed (while some were planned the majority formed spontaneously after the earthquake); and level of support and management from NGOs and agencies (it is estimated that around 30% have camp management agencies). A factor common to many camps, however, is the presence of some form of camp committee, or as in the case of some camps, multiple camp committees. As in all contexts, NGOs and aid agencies are accountable to a number of different stakeholders, but in particular to those women, men, girls and boys they are seeking to assist. In brief, accountability can be defined as the means through which power is used responsibly. It involves taking account of, and being held accountable by, those affected by the emergency. For humanitarian organisations, accountability to affected-people helps programmes to meet people’s needs, and reduces the possibility of errors, abuse and corruption. This results in more effective and better quality programmes, and enables organisations themselves to perform better. The HAP 2007 Standard in Humanitarian Accountability and Quality Management, was adopted in 2007 to define in more detail what accountability means in practice, and identifies what matters most in the way agencies work with affected-communities. In assessing how, following the earthquake in Haiti, agencies could strengthen their accountability, the camp committees were identified as playing a key role. This tool can be used in both rural and urban, camp and non-camp situations to engage with affected populations. Full report After the earthquake, the British Red Cross (BRC) established a programme to subsidise the school fees of 8,000 children displaced by the earthquake to the southern rural area of Les Cayes. BRC staff had recorded the phone numbers of all participants during the assessment (including designated community leaders where people did not have phones), and the team decided to use SMS as the only way to simultaneously inform everyone of the decision. This paper describes the implementation process. Full report Shortly after the outbreak of cholera in October 2010, Communications with Disaster Affected Communities (CDAC) Haiti initiated a multi-agency process to survey levels of knowledge of cholera, and of its prevention and treatment. Organisations felt that they needed indicators on information needs around the disease. This report summarizes the implementation process. The Koute Ayiti caravan project (Kreyol for ‘Listen to Haiti’) was developed by Communications with Disaster Affected Communities (CDAC) Haiti to address several systemic gaps in communication. This paper describes the feedback of the project atendees. Full report Chimen Lakay (Kreyol for ‘The Way Home’) is a radio project run and developed by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), originally in partnership with commercial network Radio Ginen and now with the community station Radio Boukman based in Cité de Soleil in Port au Prince. Unlike other radio shows, Chimen Lakay was initially broadcast daily live from the camps, changing location each day. From the start the show took an experimental open mike approach to allow people to share views and generate discussion on camp issues. This study summarizes the lessons learned during the project implementation and the opinions of the locals about it. The Ministry of Public Health in Haiti launched a communication response to the outbreak of cholera as soon as the disease was confirmed on October 21st 2010. This paper describes the communication process. This paper describes the communication process in efforts to provide options available to camp residents after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Full report The Canadian Red Cross (CRC) began developing information kiosks in response to the need to improve information sharing between the organisation and camp/community residents with whom they were working, particularly with regard to shelter. This report decribes the process of implementation and the feedback received. Full report Enformasyon Nou Dwe Konnen – ENDK (Kreyol for ‘News You Can Use’) is a daily humanitarian news and information programme produced by media development organisation, Internews, and broadcast through a network of radio stations across Haiti. ENDK is based on similar broadcast models developed after emergencies in Indonesia and Pakistan to provide actionable information and advice on the response to a disaster. This paper describes the implementation of the programme. Full report Very early on in the project the team working on ENDK realised that some kind of system for audience feedback, and to enable listeners to ask questions, was essential. This was especially important in an environment where travelling to earthquake-affected areas near the office was so difficult. This paper descreibes the system implementation in Haiti. Full report A few weeks into the cholera outbreak, the Haitian Red Cross (HRC) psychosocial section organised an initial series of nine discussion and awareness-raising groups on cholera in four earthquake affected areas where they were already working. This paper analyses the content of group discussions and the study about the information shared through the prevention campaign. Full report The management of the IFRC camp for impoverished and densely populated people after the Haiti earthquake in 2010 faced difficult and potentially very divisive decisions over allocation of shelter, in a camp where tensions were already high. IFRC developed a communication strategy to address these issues. This paper overviews the implementation of the strategy and the feedback received. This paper overviews the implementation of a call centre established in the shelter project in the Annexe de la Mairie camp in Cité de Soleil, Haiti. IFRC Haiti established the organisation’s first-ever dedicated beneficiary communication unit. This paper describes the unit. Full report The most comprehensive and successful partnership between aid providers and a telecoms company to emerge from Haiti is that between the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and local provider Trilogy International Partners, who owns the Voila network in Haiti. This paper presents the partnership and the benefits for the community. Full report The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) communication unit was originally intended to be a conventional public relations/public information department. The initiative to expand into, and ultimately focus on the area of communication with disaster-affected communities was the work of the individual hired to establish the unit, under conventional terms of reference as a public information officer. This paper desribes the building of the unit. Full report Since the earliest days of the response, the Jenkins/Penn Haiti Relief Organisation (JPHRO) managed the spontaneous camp on the golf course of the Petionville Club in Port au Prince, home to an estimated 50,000 internally displaced people. From the start, JPHRO implemented a philosophy of dialogue, of offering camp residents a choice of options, and of framing communication work as an opportunity for camp residents to ask questions and discuss their circumstances. This paper describes the 'information kiosk' system implemented. Full report From a production perspective, one of the most interesting communication projects carried out in Haiti in 2010 was a soap opera produced by the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). The drama series, entitled ‘Under The Sky’, was designed to reflect life in camps while weaving in messaging around issues such as registration, gender-based violence, child vulnerability, post-earthquake traumatic distress and hygiene. This paper describes the implementation process and the results achieved. The Noula project (Kreyol for ‘We are Here’) was a web-based system for mapping local needs and sources of assistance. This paper describes the system implementation process. Full report Radio 1 is one of the biggest radio stations in Haiti. It broadcasts nationwide and online to a diaspora audience. One of the first staff members to go back to the station in the hours after the disaster was music manager and DJ Carel Pedre, a well-known Haitian broadcaster and social media enthusiast with a strong Facebook presence and a Twitter feed followed by thousands. This report describes Carel’s visibility on international media and broadcasts on Radio 1. Full report This case study published by infoasaid captures practical case studies and best practice in communications with affected communities during the 2010 responses in Haiti. It is a part of case study collection 'Best Practice and Lessons Learned in Communication with Disaster Affected Communities'. Full report Signal FM is one of the most important news radio stations in Haiti’s capital, Port au Prince, and prior to the earthquake had built a reputation of breaking many political stories. It was also one of the few unscathed by the earthquake (all the staff also survived) and which carried on broadcasting throughout the first hours of the disaster. This paper describes the facilitating role of this radio station. Full report The Canadian Red Cross (CRC) is one of the few organisations that implemented local-level radio work with their weekly broadcast in Leogane. Starting in March 2011, they began hosting a weekly 30-minute long interactive radio show about their work on Radio Belval. The programme grew out of challenges in January 2011 in Leogane when people, unhappy with NGO services (who had not communicated effectively with local communities), started disrupting projects. CRC recognised this as a communication problem and began negotiations with Radio Belval. Broadcasting kicked off on March 7th and by the second edition they were receiving more calls than they could handle. This report describes the implementation process. This paper desribes Twitmobil - a system of receiving Twitter feeds on a mobile phone by subscribing to a specific feed. Full report After the Haiti earthquake in 2010, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) realised that an effective method of two-way communication with disaster affected people was needed. It decided to base its mobile communication system on SMS text messaging. This paper describes the implementation process and the lessons learned. Within days of the January 12th earthquake in Haiti, the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and the Ministry of Public Works began discussing plans for a large-scale project to evaluate every building affected by the disaster. The project designer recognised the need for technical support in communication. From the start communication work focused on community mobilisers, tasked with house-to-house visits to explain the project and pave the way for technical assessments by engineers. This paper describes the communication in more detail. Full report This document was a result of interviews with the following 17 organizations in Haiti (UNDP, WFP, Oxfam, Save the Children, ALL Hands, Fosac, Mercy Corps, Christian Aid, Catholic Relief Services, American Red Cross, British Red Cross, Lutheran World Foundation, Fonkoze, Unibank, Voila, Digicel, and ACTED) in Feb 2011.These interviews were conducted over a two week period in Feb 2011 and constituted the first part of the fact-finding mission for the UNDP Lessons Learned in Cash Programming in Haiti. The second mission, which is by far the larger mission will spend 2 months in Haiti on the next phase of the fact finding, focusing on filling in gaps, and undertaking an understanding of the impact of cash programming, evaluation work and gaps in policy. This mission is expected to take place in Haiti in May and June 2011. The Final Report will be published later in 2011. In the immediate aftermath of the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the CDAC Network undertook its first ever ground initiative. This initiative, which came to be known as CDAC Haiti, was funded largely through the OCHA’s ERRF with some additional short-term funding in 2011 from the global CDAC Network and the World Health Organisation (WHO). In total, CDAC Haiti received US $615,000. This Learning Review aims to document CDAC Haiti’s activities, assess achievements, and contribute knowledge about what worked, what didn’t, and why. A key component of the Review is the identification of lessons from this ‘new’ area of humanitarian coordination that can be drawn for other emergency operations. The Review was conducted between October 2011 and January 2012. Lessons papers This study mainly looks for the root causes of those challenges which are faced by the humanitarian agencies during emergency response in Haiti and Chile. And try to focus those in detail with the support of secondary data. This paper took Haiti and Chile earthquake as a case study and tries to bring out the lessons which can be applicable for Dhaka or Chittagong for disaster management. And bring out the limitation of the legal framework and disaster management plan in urban areas by GOB with workable solutions. Full report This report takes stock of the main achievements in responding to the immediate needs of children and those who care for them – but also highlights the serious gaps and challenges that still exist to ensuring the large numbers of survival and protection of children affected by the earthquake. Presentations One day conference hosted by Groupe URD on 26 April 2011. The conference focuses on fragility in built and urban environments in the context of the 2010 Haiti earthquake and on the challenges of humanitarian and reconstruction operations in these environments. These issues has been explored via the following topics: Urban fragility and vulnerability The challenges and specific characteristics of humanitarian aid in cities The reconstruction process in urban environments Full report This research report asserts that the prospects for climate change resilience in Haiti are now intricately tied to post-earthquake reconstruction. As Haiti turns its attention to preparing for more disasters and rebuilds significant portions of its infrastructure, it is essential to seize this opportunity to integrate climate resilience into these efforts. Oxfam Research Reports are written to share research results, to contribute to public debate and to invite feedback on development and humanitarian policy and practice. They do not necessarily reflect Oxfam policy positions. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of Oxfam. Full report This paper, a review of an Internews humanitarian-information radio program launched in Haiti after the January 2010 earthquake that devastated the country, argues that information provision should be a core component of any humanitarian assistance or development program. Radio is a cost-effective, ubiquitous, widely used and credible news source in Haiti. The Internews program, Enfomasyon Nou Dwe Konnen (News You Can Use, or ENDK), reported directly on concerns that members of the affected population identified as most important to them in the year after the earthquake, a year that included a destructive hurricane, a cholera epidemic and election violence. We therefore argue that ENDK has “closed the loop” on assistance provision by connecting it directly to the information needs of the affected population. Full report On January 12, 2010, Haiti endured its strongest earthquake in 200 years. Homes, schools and businesses crumbled, government services came to a standstill and security deteriorated. The Haitian government reported that more than 200,000 people lost their lives. Survivors were left traumatized. Internally displaced people spontaneously formed some 1,280 camps, which became home to a total of 255,500 households. Although the camp population decreased from 1.5 million people to 580,000 people by the end of September 2011, the remaining camp residents are considered to be the most vulnerable. In addition, hundreds of thousands live in unsafe houses, tents or rudimentary shelters in devastated neighborhoods. Full report Based principally on three cases studies (Pakistan, Haiti, and the Horn of Africa), the objective of this comparative study is to draw on lessons learnt for better coordination of cash transfer programmes (CTP) in future emergencies and to help build the CaLP’s advocacy strategy on cash coordination at global level. This study has been commissioned by the CaLP and conducted by Groupe URD. Ordre du jour : 1. Présentation du Programme Coupons Fruits Frais (Fresh Food Vouchers, en anglais) par Julie MAYANS, Coordonnatrice de sécurité alimentaire à l’ACF. 2. Présentation par Emmet Murphy de l’ACDI/VOCA de l’approche « EMMA » d’Analyse et de Cartographie des Marchés en situation d’Urgence (Emergency Market Mapping Analysis, en anglais). 3. Autres questions d’intérêt. Full report This report describes Concern Worldwide’s approach to disaster risk reduction (DRR) in urban contexts. This context was chosen to showcase Concern’s approaches to addressing hazards common to urban areas – conflict, criminality, discrimination and marginalisation, unemployment, price spikes, contagious diseases, floods, and fires. To outline how Concern reduces risk in urban contexts, this report compares Concern’s work in four different urban areas: Port au Prince, Haiti; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Nairobi, Kenya; and Freetown, Sierra Leone. Concern’s work in these areas falls into three categories: preparedness and response to crisis; direct services provision; and building social inclusion. These categories are interrelated yet distinct, and interventions need to be integrated with each other. Published: 2014 Websites The image of the humanitarian sector and the confidence that people have in it determine the quality of aid, the security of humanitarian staff and the possibility of having a positive impact in the long term. These are vital issues which need to be taken into account in a difficult context like Haiti which has experienced periods of violence and which is confronted today with enormous challenges following a large-scale disaster. Understanding of the context, coordination mechanisms and perceptions of the relations between humanitarians, the government and the army are key factors which need to be analysed to understand the image of aid. Full report This report presents the results of an evaluation of the humanitarian assistance programming (both through multilateral and bilateral channels) of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) from April 2005 to April 2011. It was designed as both an exercise in accountability, as required by the Government of Canada Treasury Board Policy on Evaluation, as well as an opportunity for institutional learning. It covers issues of relevance, design and delivery and performance. Full report The crisis and the response - The US military's post-earthquake management of entry to Haiti prioritised US flights and expensive search and rescue missions and delayed the response of experienced actors. - An influx of small, often in-experienced, INGOs reduced the quality of the humanitarian response. - It has proven uniquely challenging to determine the number of humanitarian actors, the total level of funding and to prepare accurate 3W (who does what, where) information. - OCHA's ability to undertake basic post-emergency tasks was undermined by low capacity and sidelining of the HCT. - The cluster system was weakened by the number of actors and failure to sufficiently involve the Haitian state or civil society. This accountability framework, drawing from CRS’ guiding principles, Catholic social teaching and other recognized accountability frameworks, defi nes what CRS Haiti is working toward in terms of being accountable to our program participants and communities where we work. It is applicable to emergency and development programs and relevant for all staff. CRS’ mission is one of solidarity, serving the most vulnerable overseas. The principles of CRS necessitate that CRS continuously integrates accountability into its work. The six commitments outlined here are key to ensuring that programming respects and refl ects CRS’ guiding principles. The framework is designed to be measurable and to provide clear direction so that staff can easily identify what has been achieved and what needs to be improved. In order for our programs to be successful, the commitments in the accountability framework need to be refl ected in (1) policy, guidelines, systems, structures and capacity strengthening initiatives, (2) staff skills and knowledge and (3) CRS and partner programs. Table of contents The purpose of this document is to share findings and recommendations from the RTE conducted in June 2010, as well as Catholic Relief Services (CRS) - Haiti program's discussion in August 2010 on how to move those recommendations forward. Annexes include additional extractions from the RTE report, including a timeline of the first months of the response, findings from CRS' Tsunami response based out of Aceh, and staff perspectives that were gathered during the consultant's findings workshop held in June. Table of contents The Humanitarian Response Index (HRI) 2010 provides an independent and objective assessment of how well the world’s main donor governments are supporting aid efforts. The report reveals increasing politicization and militarization of humanitarian aid by governments, which is compromising aid efforts to assist vulnerable populations and endangering humanitarian workers. The report urges donor governments to adopt a more principled approach in their assistance, and respect the Good Humanitarian Donorship principles as an essential step to make humanitarian aid more effective. Part One: The Humanitarian Response Index 2010 The Humanitarian Response Index (HRI) report, published by DARA since 2007, examines responses to crises to assess how the world´s main donor governments – 23 members of the OECD´s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) – face the challence of ensuring that their aid money is used effectively and efficiently in order to maximize the benfits for those affected. Part Three: Crisis Reports Crisis reports specifically illustrate the constraints and challenges that humanitarian actors face within the context of each crisis studied, with the inherent goal of identifying where improvements are needed in the global provision of humanitarian aid. Full report The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 was a disaster of unparalleled proportions, devastating the lives and livelihoods of millions of people across 14 countries. It also prompted an international response that was unprecedented in its scale. Billions of dollars were raised for relief and reconstruction, and thousands of people and hundreds of aid agencies from around the world were directly involved in recovery efforts. The response sought not just to reinstate what the tsunami had destroyed, but to leave the communities it had affected better, fairer, stronger and more peaceful than they had been before the disaster struck. As former US President Bill Clinton put it in his capacity as UN Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery: ‘We need to make sure that this recovery process accomplishes more than just restoring what was there before’. This aspiration – encapsulated in the phrase ‘build back better’ – quickly became the recovery effort’s mantra, guiding principle and enduring promise. Within months, the recovery came to be regarded as a means not only to rebuild assets indand capacities directly affected by the disaster, but also to bring to an end long-running civil conflicts in Aceh and Sri Lanka; build the capacity of institutions; expand access to services such as health and education; reduce poverty and strengthen livelihood security; advance gender equality; and empower and open up spaces for civil society. Urban vulnerability and displacement: a review of current issues (pages S1–S22) Sara Pantuliano, Victoria Metcalfe, Simone Haysom and Eleanor Davey Displacement in urban areas: new challenges, new partnerships (pages S23–S42) Jeff Crisp, Tim Morris and Hilde Refstie Protecting people in cities: the disturbing case of Haiti (pages S43–S63) Elizabeth Ferris and Sara Ferro-Ribeiro Shelter strategies, humanitarian praxis and critical urban theory in post-crisis reconstruction (pages S64–S86) Lilianne Fan Moving from the ‘why’ to the ‘how’: reflections on humanitarian response in urban settings (pages S87–S104) Elena Lucchi Aid in a city at war: the case of Mogadishu, Somalia (pages S105–S125) François Grünewald Jockeying for position in the humanitarian field: Iraqi refugees and faith-based organisations in Damascus (pages S126–S148) Tahir Zaman Full report Despite a history of violence and high vulnerability to natural disasters, Haiti has never remained at the centre of attention of humanitarian donors for too long. While in particularly critical years official government donors’ funding has risen dramatically, the volume of financial resources committed to Haiti has always been relatively modest in comparison with the scale of the humanitarian situation in the country. For many years Haiti has been the poorest country in the Western hemisphere, where an estimated half of the population survive on less than a dollar a day. It is also a country of great political instability and significant economic and social turmoil. Food insecurity is chronic, and Haiti is highly dependent on international aid and the import of goods for its subsistence. Almost 30% of the state budget and 60% of household income are destined for the purchase of food. Objectives: To explore and evaluate user understanding of the EMMA toolkit; to look at how practitioners perceive its strengths and weaknesses in order to gauge where EMMA sits within practice. Published: March 2014 Conference, training & meeting documents This recording was made on 11 March 2014 at ALNAP's 29th Annual Meeting, focusing on engagement of crises-affected people. It was a panel specifically focusing on engagement in urban areas. Presentations were made by British Red Cross, Mukuru Slums Development Projects and IFRC and followed by a Q&A session. Bonaventure Sokpoh from Groupe URD was the chair. Full report The Haiti Earthquake in 2010 is one of the largest urban disasters in recent times. Issues of limited social cohesion, lack of space, gang control of camps and the huge numbers of people in need combined to pose major challenges to the IFRC in how to deliver traditional emergency response activities like hygiene promotion and shelter provision. Unable to rely on traditional community structures like the village committees and tribal chiefs, the Red Cross turned to technology like SMS systems, radio broadcasts and automated hotlines to ensure people could access the information they need, ask questions and provide their feedback on Red Cross programmes. Full report Capturer la mémoire du premier mois de la réponse à une catastrophe a très rarement pu être réalisé par le secteur de l’évaluation. Si les déploiements militaires ou ceux de la sécurité civile conduisent régulièrement des retours d’expérience (RETEX), les évaluateurs arrivent souvent bien après, c’est- à-dire alors que les équipes des premières heures et semaines ont depuis longtemps été remplacées et que le retour à la normale a modifié les perceptions et les enseignements de cette première phase. Le Groupe URD essaye depuis longtemps de faire converger et de promouvoir les exercices d’évaluation de cette phase de la réponse d’urgence extrême. Les efforts faits après l’ouragan Mitch en 1998-99 et après les événements du Kosovo, d’Afghanistan et le Tsunami ont permis de justifier l’importance de cette démarche. Les Nations Unies ont repris cette posture sous le nom de « Evaluation en Temps Réel » (ETR). La difficulté de mobiliser dans les premiers jours des moyens et des équipes prêtes et aguerries à ce genre d’exercice fait que l’équipe ETR arrive souvent plusieurs mois après l’évènement. Le Groupe URD conduit depuis plusieurs mois un travail de recherche soutenu par la Délégation aux Affaires Stratégiques du Ministère de la Défense sur la thématique des « risques non intentionnels » (catastrophes naturelles, technologiques et sanitaires) à l'horizon des trente ans. A l’occasion de la présentation du rapport intermédiaire de ce projet de recherche au Comité de Pilotage interinstitutionnel (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Ministère de la Défense, Ministère de l’Intérieur et des collectivités locales, centres de recherche spécialisés, etc.), quelques jours après le tremblement de terre, il a été confié à François Grünewald, en complément de cette étude en cours, une consultance sur La gestion de la crise en Haïti après le séisme du 12 janvier 2010, sous la forme d'une mission d'évaluation en temps réel. L'objectif de cette consultance était de: 1. Faire un état des lieux, le plus factuel et le plus neutre possible, des acteurs et des structures locales, nationales et internationales, mises en place pour gérer la crise. 2. Evaluer la cohérence entre les besoins et les actions d'aide d'urgence. L'étude apportera un regard critique sur l'adéquation entre les besoins des populations affectées, la délivrance de l'aide d'urgence par les acteurs civils et militaires et les contraintes propres à ce contexte d'intervention. Les conclusions de cette analyse devront orienter les décisions futures en matière d'anticipation et de planification de la gestion de crise pour les acteurs français, tant dans un cadre national que face aux enjeux multilatéraux. 3. Interroger la population bénéficiaire de l'aide d'urgence et essayer de comprendre leur perception de la gestion de la crise, leur appréciation de la qualité de l'aide et de ses acteurs, ainsi que leur représentation du futur. 4. Analyser cette gestion sous l’angle défense et sécurité en dégageant, via l'action de la MINUSTAH, le déploiement militaire américain et l’imbrication des interventions militaires extérieures, les leçons apprises et les savoir-faire requis. Après cette mission, il s'agira dans un second temps d'analyser de façon factuelle et critique la gestion institutionnelle de cette crise dans un espace temporel compris entre le 12 janvier 2010, date du déclenchement de la catastrophe, et début mars 2010. L'analyse à froid de la réponse institutionnelle à la crise portera sur le dispositif français, les dispositifs étrangers nationaux les plus significatifs et les dispositifs multinationaux (BCAH de l'ONU, la MINUSTAH, l'Union Européenne, les Organisations internationales et régionales…). Full report Comunicar con los beneficiarios tiene muchas ventajas para una operación humanitaria, pues permite salvar vidas, promover la dignidad y la confianza en la operación, así como dar voz a la gente en las decisiones, lo que a su vez mejora la eficiencia y efectividad de los programas. La Operación Terremoto en Haití cambió la forma en que la Cruz Roja comunica con sus beneficiarios asignando recursos a la elaboración de un programa de comunicaciones con los beneficiarios que aprovecha al máximo la nueva tecnología y apoya a la organización en la rendición de cuentas a los mismos. En la presenta evaluación se procura comprender la repercusión de dicho programa a través de la mirada de los beneficiarios y, a la vez, entender mejor las necesidades y los canales de información haitianos. Terms of reference Objectives: El principal objetivo de la evaluación es establecer recomendaciones y sacar conclusiones en torno a la gestión en su totalidad de la respuesta de emergencia ante el evento del terremoto del 12 de Enero de 2010 (comunicación, captación de fondos, el diseño de la intervención, su ejecución, el alcance de los objetivos y la medición de resultados.). Además se quiere valorar el vínculo entre la ayuda de emergencia la rehabilitación y desarrollo (LRRD por sus siglas en inglés) y su incorporación y aplicación en los procesos de rehabilitación iniciados tras la primera respuesta de emergencia. En referencia al LRRD se manejarán tres ejes partiendo de los imperativos humanitarios y las perspectivas de desarrollo que son: como se conjugan las iniciativas de la población afectada y de las instituciones públicas con las iniciativas de Solidaridad Internacional. En relación a las razones estratégicas para la evaluación, se pretende mejorar la calidad de la intervención, incorporar los aprendizajes a la toma de decisiones, generar capacidades y, a través de la rendición de cuentas al equipo de Solidaridad Internacional, fomentar la cultura de la evaluación así como profundizar en la coherencia de la intervención en relación al contexto regional y la experiencia de intervención de Solidaridad Internacional en el área en este sector de intervención. Annex L’évaluation finale du projet DEV 200150 (2012-2014) « Projet d’appui au programme national de cantines scolaires », qui s’est déroulée d’août à décembre 2014, avait pour objectifs de : i) rendre compte des résultats et ii) tirer des enseignements utiles pour l’avenir. Elle s’articule autour de trois questions principales : 1) la pertinence ; 2) les résultats (efficience, efficacité, impact et pérennité) ; et 3) les facteurs, internes et externes, qui expliquent les résultats. Le projet vise à augmenter l’accès équitable à l’éducation ; à stabiliser ou réduire la sous-nutrition y compris les carences en micronutriments ; et à renforcer l’appropriation et les capacités du Gouvernement. Full report Le présent rapport publie les résultats du programme d’Evaluation de l’Assistance Humanitaire en Haïti suite au séisme du 12 janvier 2010, dirigé conjointement par la Disaster Resilience Leadership Academy de l’Université de Tulane et par l’Université d’Etat d’Haïti. Le projet a bénéficié du soutien financier de la Fondation Bill & Melinda Gates. Nous avons élaboré et mis en place un processus de recherche dynamique, qui a permis à notre équipe d’analystes d’examiner les thèmes de la résilience et de l’aide humanitaire sous l’impulsion de nos partenaires haïtiens, et dans le contexte d’un débat animé par des groupes de travail qui réunissaient des participants locaux issus des communautés affectées. Guidée par ces discussions, notre équipe d’analystes a pu développer un schéma de résilience qui conjugue 7 critères de résilience (niveau de ressources, endettement et crédit, comportements d’adaptation, capital humain, réseaux communautaires, protection/sécurité, ainsi que santé psycho-sociale).Nous avons eu recours à des données primaires recueillies au moyen de plusieurs enquêtes nationales auprès des ménages ainsi que d’observateurs essentiels parmi les communautés. Notre objectif était de mesurer les corrélations entre le séisme, la résilience préalable des Haïtiens, l’accès à l’aide humanitaire, et la résilience finale. Les critères de résilience ont été évalués au niveau des ménages mais aussi des individus. Notre évaluation a démontré que l’aide humanitaire mise en oeuvre par les Haïtiens et la communauté internationale n’a pas eu d’effet bénéfique notable au regard des 7 critères de résilience : voire qu’elle a pu dans certains cas aller de pair avec des dynamiques négatives. De plus, notre analyse souligne l’impératif d’agir de concert avec les communautés affectées dès le départ, afin que les stratégies, les choix politiques, et leur mise en oeuvre sur le terrain reflètent une compréhension judicieuse des mécanismes de résilience et d’adaptation locaux. Ceux-ci doivent être intégrés au coeur de chaque étape de la planification humanitaire, dès l’irruption de la déstabilisation et jusqu’au terme du processus de relèvement. Nous espérons que le schéma de mesure de la résilience que nous avons défini et utilisé dans le cadre de la présente étude pourra stimuler la poursuite des débats concernant la résilience haïtienne, voire qu’il permettra d’affiner les stratégies d’évaluation continue dans le cadre de la reconstruction d’Haïti. Cependant, cela ne pourra passer que par l’augmentation des ressources consacrées au développement des capacités du pays dans ce domaine, afin qu’Haïti soit en mesure de développer plus avant des méthodes et mesures d’évaluation (en particulier concernant le suivi des flux de ressources tout au long des chaînes de distribution, jusqu’aux destinataires parmi les organisations et populations haïtiennes). Seule une dynamique de ce type permettra de mieux comprendre les conditions de la résilience, et de produire les informations nécessaires au développement d’une planification guidée par les données du terrain. De fait, un des obstacles principaux rencontrés par notre équipe d’évaluation réside dans le fait que les flux de ressources restent trop opaques pour permettre une information et une analyse complètes – tandis que de nombreuses organisations humanitaires hésitent à promouvoir une meilleure transparence. Le renforcement des capacités dans ce domaine permettrait aux protagonistes haïtiens des secteurs public et privé de suivre, analyser, et surtout cibler et gérer plus efficacement les efforts humanitaires et de reconstruction, afin d’améliorer la résilience du pays. Pour conclure, il est important de souligner que les observations de l’Evaluation de l’Assistance Humanitaire en Haïti reflètent les points de vue et les perceptions des Haïtiens eux-mêmes. Les recommandations que nous proposons dans les pages qui suivent ont pour objectif de suggérer au peuple et au gouvernement haïtien des pistes qui leur permettent de tisser des partenariats plus efficaces avec la communauté internationale, afin de travailler de concert vers des lendemains plus heureux – car plus résilients. Executive summary La communication avec les be´ne´ficiaires est cruciale dans le cadre d’une ope´ration humanitaire. Elle sauve des vies, pre´serve la dignite´ des personnes affecte´es et renforce leur confiance dans l’action mene´e en leur nom. En les associant aux prises de de´cisions, elle contribue en retour a` accroi^tre l’efficience et l’efficacite´ des programmes. L’ope´ration Tremblement de terre en Hai¨ti a profonde´ment modifie´ le mode de communication de la Croix-Rouge avec ses be´ne´ficiaires. Gra^ce a` un programme dote´ de ressources spe´cifiques qui met a` profit les dernie`res technologies, l’organisation est de´sormais en mesure de conformer mieux que jamais auparavant ses interventions aux attentes et priorite´s de ses be´ne´ficiaires. La pre´sente e´valuation a pour but d'analyser l’impact de ce programme a` travers les yeux des be´ne´ficiaires et d’ame´liorer notre compre´hension des besoins et moyens de communication en Hai¨ti. Full report Dans le cadre des règlements communautaires et au vu de l’ampleur des fonds mobilisés sur Haïti depuis 2008, une évaluation opérationnelle et stratégique a été conduite de novembre 2010 à avril 2011. La mission de terrain du 28 janvier au 28 février, réalisée par une équipe pluridisciplinaire de quatre experts, a couvert les réalisations du programme DIPECHO, du Plan Global, de la réponse au séisme du 12 janvier ainsi qu’à celle de la crise du choléra. Elle complète un dispositif prospectif plus complet qui a donné lieu, sur la période janvier à mai 2011, à la production de plusieurs produits : une note sur le lien entre l’urgence, la réhabilitation et le développement (LRRD), une revue documentaire approfondie ainsi qu’une série de restitutions visuelles en format vidéo. Full report Le présent rapport résume la deuxième phase de l’évaluation interorganisations en temps réel de l’intervention consécutive au tremblement de terre, vingt mois après la catastrophe, exécutée par le Comité permanent interorganisations. Le tremblement de terre qui a frappé Haïti le 12 janvier 2010 a eu des effets dévastateurs sur les capacités nationales tant humaines qu’institutionnelles des secteurs public et privé. On estime que 230 000 personnes ont perdu la vie; 300 000 autres ont été blessées et plus d’un million se sont trouvées sans abri1. La situation humanitaire désastreuse a été aggravée par la vulnérabilité intrinsèque du pays et le haut niveau de pauvreté chronique. En réaction, la communauté internationale a déployé un massif effort de secours et cinquante cinq donateurs se sont engagés à verser 4,59 milliards de dollars sous forme de dons pour 2010 et 2011 en vue de la reconstruction du pays. Étant donné l’ampleur de la catastrophe et de l’intervention humanitaire qui a suivi, le comité permanent interorganisations a lancé une initiative à phases multiples pour demander aux décideurs aux niveaux national et au Siège, de tirer les enseignements utiles et d’apporter les rectifications nécessaires. L’équipe de pays humanitaire devrait être l’utilisatrice la plus directement concernée par le retour d’informations et les recommandations émanant de l’évaluation. La première phase de l’évaluation interorganisations terminée en mai 2010 a porté sur la réponse initiale. La deuxième phase avait été d’abord envisagée pour octobre 20103 et s’orientait d’une manière prospective sur les questions de coordination interorganisations ou sur les difficultés opérationnelles rencontrées durant la phase de transition. Les opérations ont été différées en raison de l’épidémie de choléra qui s’est déclarée en octobre 2010 et des retards dans le démarrage de la phase de transition. Full report Le 12 Janvier 2010, un tremblement de terre d’une magnitude de 7.0 sur l’échelle de Richter frappe la capitale d’Haïti, Port-au-Prince et les zones avoisinantes. Ce séisme a eu des effets dévastateurs: plus de 230,0001 personnes ont été tuées et plusieurs dizaines de milliers blessées2. Plus de 2 millions de déplacés3 ont cherché refuge dans des camps informels dans et autour de la capitale, auprès de proches et dans les zones rurales. Les pertes matérielles représentent, selon les estimations, plus de 100% des ressources nationales. La situation humanitaire à Port-au-Prince et dans les provinces reste largement exacerbée par le haut niveau de pauvreté chronique préexistant au séisme en Haïti. L’échelle du désastre est comparable au tsunami qui a touché l’océan Indien en 2004, mais cette fois, le désastre se concentre sur une zone très limitée. Full report Le Groupe URD a été mandaté par Action Contre la Faim afin de réaliser l’évaluation externe finale du volet WaSH des interventions d’urgence en réponse au séisme du 12 janvier 2010, menées dans l’aire métropolitaine de Port au Prince, ainsi que les communes de Léogane et Gressier de janvier 2010 à décembre 2010. Le montant de ce volet s’élève en décembre 2010 à plus de 9 millions d’Euros. Les activités mises en oeuvre concernent les camps de déplacés et consistent principalement en un approvisionnement en eau d’urgence (station de potabilisation, approvisionnement par camion-citerne, réservoirs souples, rampes de distribution), la mise en place de dispositifs de gestion des excrétas d’urgence (latrines à fosse et latrines de chantier, avec système de vidange) et un volet promotion de l’hygiène conséquent. De plus, en Mai 2010, ACF a repris le programme d’approvisionnement en eau par camion citerne (Water Trucking) de la DINEPA. Trois semaines à Port au Prince en novembre-décembre 2010 étaient consacrées au processus d’évaluation, avec des entretiens, discussions de groupe et visites. Cette évaluation est basée sur les critères du DAC de l’OCDE. Elle émane de la volonté propre d’ACF qui souhaite tirer les leçons de cette expérience, afin de participer à l’amélioration de la qualité des projets menés dans des urgences comparables dans d’autres pays, ainsi que dans la phase de reconstruction en Haïti. Terms of reference The objective of the evaluation is to draw lessons learned and recommendations regarding the relevance of the “double-sided” approach used in the urban context that is Port-au- Prince, after the January 12th earthquake. This approach consists of: First, blanket supplementary feeding (BSF) for families with children from 6 to 59 months and/or lactating and pregnant women; secondly, Fresh Food Vouchers distributions to the general population where eligible BSF families are located. The evaluation will contribute to the technical and methodological capitalisation for this type of intervention. The evaluation should as well look at program definition and implementation and propose specific and concrete recommendations, both as a response to the emergency and to the longer term needs facing the affected population. Full report Le projet « Réduction de l'impact des excrétas humains dans le département du Nord-Ouest, République d'Haiti » a été élaboré et exécuté par un consortium composé des ONG françaises Action contre la Faim (ACF) et Initiative Développement (ID) et de l'ONG haïtienne Ansam pou yon Demen Miyó en Ayiti (ADEMA), dans la période comprise entre septembre 2008 et mars 2011 (31 mois). Les objectifs du projet ont été formulés comme suit : Objectifs généraux : 1. Préserver les ressources naturelles dans le département du Nord-Ouest. 2. Réduire la mortalité et la morbidité liées à un assainissement insuffisant dans le département du Nord-Ouest. 3. Améliorer les conditions socio-économiques des populations du Nord-Ouest et renforcer leur dignité. Objectif spécifique : Renforcer les capacités des acteurs et des élus de 4 communes du département du Nord-Ouest à gérer l'eau potable et les excrétas humains, à prévenir les maladies liées à l'eau et l'assainissement. Full report ACF est intervenue à Port au Prince suite au séisme survenu le 12 janvier 2010 en couvrant les besoins alimentaires, en eau, en assainissement, grâce à un programme de support à l’allaitement maternel exclusif, des conseils et recommandations en hygiène, un soutien psychosocial pour une population affectée, privée d’habitats, dépourvue des moyens basiques de subsistance. Le projet baby-tente s’inscrit au centre d’une approche intégrée et pluridisciplinaire. Articulé à deux autres projets BSF et CNF (Coupon Nourriture Fraîche) l’organisation a tenté de répondre à la première phase de l’urgence en couvrant une population plus vulnérable composée de familles et de personnes déplacées dans des camps ne bénéficiant pas de l’accès à l’eau, à l’assainissement, et ne pouvant accéder à l’achat de vivres de première nécessité. Le projet babytente initié par ACF a couvert une population de femmes allaitantes, d’enfants de zéro à deux ans, de femmes enceintes ainsi que de bénéficiaires affectés psychologiquement par les conséquences de la catastrophe naturelle. L’approche intégrée et donc pluridisciplinaire des soins nutritionnels et des soins psychosociaux a permis de réduire et maîtriser les risques d’aggravation de la malnutrition tant d’un point de vue médical que psychologique en promouvant et soutenant l’allaitement maternel exclusif pour les enfants de moins de six mois ainsi que la poursuite ou la reprise de l’allaitement avec des compléments alimentaires jusqu’à l’âge de deux ans. Full report À la suite d'un précédent programme de distribution de coupons de produits frais (FFV) réalisé à Port-au-Prince en 2010, ACF a conçu un projet de prévention de la malnutrition chez les ménages très vulnérables à l'insécurité alimentaire via la promotion d'une consommation alimentaire diversifiée. Ce projet comportait trois volets: 1. La distribution de FV aux ménages vulnérables; 2. Le renforcement des compétences commerciales de petits commerçants qui vendent des produits alimentaires par le biais d'une formation; 3. Des activités de maraichage urbain pour que les bénéficiaires aient accès à une alimentation diversifiée grace à leur propre production agricole. Cette évaluation avait pour but d'évaluer le projet en fonction des critères établis par le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE). Full report Le projet mis en oeuvre par ACF s'intitule "Réponse d'urgence suite a l’éruption de choléra dans les zones affectées par l'épidémie". L'objectif est de limiter et prévenir la propagation de l'épidémie de choléra dans les zones affectées (250 000 bénéficiaires). Au moment de la déclaration de l'épidémie en octobre 2010, ACF a choisi d'intervenir sur une première réponse d'urgence d'une période d'environ 5 mois. L'évaluation finale externe permet d'apprécier les actions accomplies et les résultats obtenus. La prise de recul et l'impartialité vis-à-vis du projet et de ses acteurs permettent d'approfondir la réflexion et l'apprentissage en commun, aboutissant à l'élaboration de recommandations sur la logique d'intervention future au vu du contexte, des problématiques et des capacités et faiblesses des différentes parties prenantes. Ce rapport d'évaluation est le compte-rendu des investigations et des conclusions de l'évaluation finale externe menée dans le pays du 8 au 27 mars 2011. Terms of reference Purpose: This evaluation will examine OCHA’s response policies, structures and processes and their overall effectiveness in execution of OCHA’s core coordination functions. It is expected that the evaluation will contribute to organizational thinking about emergency response in OCHA and derive lessons for improving future humanitarian response operations. The conclusions and recommendations shall be discussed by the SMT. A management response matrix shall be prepared within three months of the finalization of the report. Objectives: 1. Examine whether meaningful results were achieved and whether OCHA successfully identified and performed its core coordination functions; 2. Examine the timeliness, relevance, effectiveness and efficiency of OCHA’s response to Haiti earthquake and produce lessons for improving future OCHA operations; 3. Review performance of all processes and structures employed during OCHA Haiti response; 4. Examine the extent to which the operation represents an appropriate response from OCHA in view of its mandate and priorities as laid out in the Strategic Framework; 5. Assess adequacy and utilization of existing OCHA policies and procedures in guiding the emergency response. Annex SDC assessed SDC’s response in crisis situations. The evaluation considered the Emergency Relief (Immediate Response, Survival Assistance and Early Recovery) and covered the different results of bilateral and multilateral projects, programmes, contributions financed or co-financed by SDC’s funds. The main purpose of this evaluation was to investigate some specific processes and results, learn lessons, improve policy and practice and enhance accountability, concerning the Emergency Relief. The evaluation analysed the SDC Emergency Relief programmes/projects/contributions in: humanitarian aid (HA) crisis situations representative of SDC HA responses to natural disasters (Haiti and Sumatra), and HA crisis situations representative of SDC HA responses to conflicts (Gaza and Sudan). Terms of reference Objectives: The main objective of the Evaluation is to provide insight in the effects of the support provided by the SHO partners to Haiti during 2010 aiming to provide lessons for them and the SHO as a whole and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The evaluation also serves an accountability purpose by reporting how the funds provided by the Ministry and the general public in the Netherlands have been put to use and to what effect. In order to serve its accountability function for the Haitian stakeholders the final report will also be provided in French language. Following the earthquake of January 2010, the emergency response in Haiti has been particularly difficult due to the intensity of the disaster in a long term environmentally, educationally, economically and governance impoverished nation and which also directly affected those responsible for the response. HelpAge had had a regionally managed very small presence in Haiti for a year when the emergency shifted the management of the Haiti intervention to HelpAge’s World Wide Emergency department. Traditionally, DEC funding covers two phases of an emergency, Phase 1 for 6 months and a Phase 2 for up to one year. Due to the large quantity of funds raised, the Haiti response included a third phase, also for up to a year. HelpAge submitted proposals for each phase for a total of 30 months. This evaluation occurred during the 20th month and is effectively a midterm evaluation of what started as an emergency response but has evolved into a recovery and development phase as HelpAge intends to remain active in Haiti after the DEC response. Phase 1, which ran for 6 months between February and July 2010 provided critical relief services to 24,000 OPs in 212 IDP ‘camps’ (out of the nearly 2,000) and to 417 OPs in the area’s 8 nursing homes. The effort cost £816,874 from the DEC and £1,074,016 from other sources and concentrated on the delivery of food and NFIs, appropriate healthcare including mental health/psychosocial support and home care and support. This also included the production and broadcasting of radio programs, the training of medical and paramedical staff on OP care and distribution of 5,300 ToughStuff solar kits. Phase 2.1 ran for 12 months between August 2010 and July 2011 and provided post relief services to more than 12,000 OPs in 68 camps in 12 communes through the creation of 101 OPAs and the use of 203 community HBCs. The effort cost £2,174,700 from the DEC and £43,988 from other sources and concentrated on the 3 objectives of providing increased protection and empowerment to advocate for OP rights and most pressing needs, improving OP livelihoods primarily through cash transfers and access to appropriate healthcare including mental health support primarily through contracted service providers. Additional activities included additional radio and TV programming, the distribution of 6,655 mobile phones, more training (DRR, psycho-social) and access to transitional shelters. Phase 2.2 is underway for 12 months between August 2011 and July 2012 and has for objectives to strengthen and increase the self-reliance the OPAs, to increase the training, networking, advocating for and supporting of DRR activities, and access to shelter, healthcare and legal services. This includes the distribution of 3,634 additional ToughStuff kits. The evaluation lasted one month and is based on the information acquired from project documentation, 171 sampled beneficiaries in and around camps in 4 localities, attendance at a day-long joint meeting of all the OPA committees, 4 focus group discussions with OPA committees, 6 FGD with OPA members, 7 HelpAge Haiti staff, 8 staff from the HelpAge London office and 6 external key informants in Haiti, 5 direct observations at OPA offices and in one camp. Full report When the earthquake hit Haiti in January 2010, CAFOD responded through international Caritas agencies committed to Haiti in two critical areas: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and shelter. In the first months, activities included providing water, public pit latrines, hygiene kits and hand washing stations to about 50,000 people in 12 camps. Phase 2 ran for 18 months between August 2010 and January 2012 and had a strong development component by implementing a 100 house pilot project in rural communities in order to ensure permanent rural house reconstruction. The evaluation lasted one month and is based on the information acquired from project documentation gathered from the 4 agencies, 33 sampled WASH beneficiaries in 2 CRS urban neighbourhoods (CRRPs), 4 WASH beneficiary focus group discussions, 2 WASH Committee members focus group discussions, 2 house beneficiary focus group discussions, 1 house builders focus group discussion, KII with 6 CAFOD staff from the London office and 8 Haiti partner staff in Haiti, 6 visits for direct observation in the field of 2 WASH neighbourhoods, 2 ex-WASH camps and 2 Shelter villages. Full report This is the inception report for an evaluation of the Emergency Relief Response Fund (ERRF) in Haiti. It notes two clarifications about the scope of the evaluation as described in the terms of reference. It includes a review of stakeholder responsibilities, the methodology to be used, the timeframe, the tentative field mission plan, the proposed table of contents for the final report, a list of key contacts, the evaluation questions and the methods to be used to answer them, a stakeholder map, the questions for the planned survey, and the interview guide for key informants. Objectives: The purpose of the evaluation is to take stock of the ERRF since its 2008 activation in Haiti and to provide feedback on its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and connectedness to stakeholders, with the aim of highlighting ERRF operational strengths and areas for improvement while also noting anecdotal evidence on results that may be directly attributed to the ERRF. The evaluation is a part of the requirement set under the ERRF donor agreement conditions. The evaluation will explore how the ERRF is contributing towards a more timely, predictable, effective and accountable humanitarian response. It will assess both the management processes and operational aspects of the fund. The objectives of the evaluation are to: 1) Assess to what extent the ERRF was able to meet its primary objective of supporting humanitarian organizations and local authorities in responding to natural disasters by providing rapid and flexible funding to partners to implement projects to meet unforeseen needs, as well as additional objectives of strengthening coordination mechanisms (including the role of HC and of the clusters), supporting joint initiatives, and strengthening links with the long term development processes; 2) Identify strengths and weaknesses in operational processes (i.e. governance, project selection,decision making process for fund allocations); 3) Review standard ALNAP criteria including: the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, connectedness and cross-cutting issues (such as gender and vulnerable groups); 4) Identify (a) any improvements that would help strengthen the functioning of the ERRF, and (b) areas working particularly well which might be systematized and applied in other ERRF contexts. Terms of reference The purpose of this external evaluation is to assess the performance and whenever possible the outcome and impact of the activities carried out by IOM, with a main focus on funding received from Sida, in order to identify lessons learnt and good practices for IOM’s implementation of projects and management. The evaluation was planned to take place during the implementation in order to provide IOM Haiti programme managers with useful inputs that could be used as suggestions before the end of the project itself and for the implementation of other projects. The evaluation specific objectives are: To assess the projects through evaluation criteria (relevance of the intervention to the humanitarian situation, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability. A particular attention will be paid to the coverage, coherence, connectedness, coordination among other subjects) with a particular focus on the results (Results-Based Evaluation) and in particular to identify the lessons learnt and related recommendations based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of results in terms of the changes occurred in the lives of beneficiaries and the degree to which the level of previous living condition have improved. To identify best practices that could be applied on a wider scale in the activities implementation, taking into account the particular profile and vulnerability of the target beneficiaries. The evaluation should also serve as accountability purposes towards the donor, in particular towards the Sida-IOM agreement’, and partners and providing transparent information between programmes and IOM units allowing improvement in the planning and management of current and future projects. Full report The Haiti Emergency Relief and Response Fund (ERRF) was activated in 2008 (with start-up funding by Sweden) with the goal of enabling the international community to better support local authorities by providing rapid and flexible funding to meet unforeseen needs in the event of natural disasters. It received approximately $85.2 million from more than 40 donors beginning August 2008. The evaluation found that against a background of overwhelming constraints, the main strengths of the Haiti ERRF include flexibility, proximity, approachability, alignment inside the cluster architecture (fostering coordination), visibility for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, and ability to leverage $163 million in additional funds (indicating that approved projects were worth more than three times their weight). The evaluation found ERRF weaknesses to be bound more by the design of the mechanism than its manifestation in Haiti. They include internal contradictions such as the simultaneous emphasis on lifesaving and recovery/development and a design for field-based efforts outside the CAP, but subject to 50 per cent redirection by exceptional decisions made at a higher level. Other weaknesses are weak support to government and national NGOs and inadequate monitoring and communication. Full report This report is an external evaluation of the Rental Support Cash Grant Approach/Return and Relocation Programs (RSCGA or RS) in Haiti implemented by Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Concern Worldwide, International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), International Organization for Migration (IOM), J/P Haitian Relief Organization (J/P HRO) and World Vision (WVI). The evaluators find that the RSCGA represents a tremendous achievement. It has illustrated the courage to undertake a sensitive operational challenge, developed a methodology that ensured order over potential chaos, delivered on the promises it made to its stakeholders and beneficiaries, while ensuring that grantees were supported in making informed choices about their future. Full report On January 12th 2010, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale struck Haiti’s capital Port-au--Prince and its surrounding areas. The earthquake was devastating. More than 220,000 people were killed, with many more left injured and homeless. Due to unplanned urban development and poor construction quality, the level of material destruction was unprecedented. The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies responded to the emergency and some of its members have implemented livelihood interventions. IFRC Technical Movement Coordination commissioned this evaluation. It was envisaged as a learning exercise and an assessment of the current situation in terms of accountability. The evaluation analyzed information according to OECD/DAC criteria: relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, coverage and connectedness, accountability, sustainability and impact and complies with ALNAP ethical guidelines and with key evaluation principles. The evaluation took place in October 2012 and had a first phase of data collection based on documentation, followed by a field visit in Haiti where interviews were carried--out as well as two field visits to project sites with focus group discussions. Terms of reference This document outlines the Terms of Reference for the evaluation of ACF's emergency response following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The general objective of the response was to meet the immediate needs of the population affected by the earthquake and support building reconstruction. Specifically, the activities aimed to ensure access to safe drinking water and provide sanitation for 75,000 affected people; to meet the immediate needs for food and non-food products of the affected populations; to promote and support breastfeeding amongst children under 12 months; and to provide psycho-social support for people in distress and to enhance their coping mechanisms. Terms of reference This document outlines the Terms of Reference for the evaluation of ACF's "Emergency Intervention in Nutrition and Mental Health" programme implemented after the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The general objective of this ACF programme was to prevent mortality among the earthquake-affected population. For this purpose, the programme aimed to provide psychological and/or nutritional support to young children, as well as pregnant and lactating women and people in distress. This entailed the following activities: Coordination with partners and advocacy for breastfeeding promotion, as well as adequate use of infant formula with respect to the “International Code on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes” Installation of “baby friendly tents” providing support to breastfeeding mothers and infants feeding (using RUIF for infants who cannot be breastfed), and psychological support for children and caretakers Sensitisation about breastfeeding and psychosocial issues in the “baby friendly tents”, and at gathering points of earthquake affected people (sensitisation of key persons, diffusion of radio messages) Full report The purpose of this evaluation is to assess the three-month deployment of ACF in response to the needs of the Haitian population following the January 12, 2010 earthquake which affected the urban area of Port- au-Prince and surrounding areas, and its ability to maintain its current activities on the other regions of Haiti. The evaluation will cover five key areas relating to ACF’s emergency response in Haiti: Programmes (including the timeliness and appropriatedness of the response as well as the integration of lessons learned from previous responses) Systems (including Human Resources management, logistics, administrative and security aspects) Funding Terms of reference The objective of this evaluation is to assess ACF’s emergency response to the cholera outbreak following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The evaluation will focus on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the response including: The programme's design and implementation; Human resources mobilisation (expatriate and national) and the adjustment of the HR organisation of the mission to the emergency; and funding mobilisation (including the way the co-funding of the project has been designed). ACF-IN promotes and uses evaluation as a tool to enhance operational performance as well as a way to increase ACF-IN accountability towards beneficiaries, partners and donors. The evaluation conducted must always comply with donor requirements and / or ACF evaluation policies. Full report A magnitude 7 earthquake which struck near Port au Prince on 12 January 2010 caused wide spread death and destruction in the nation’s capital and surrounding cities. It also caused a large-scale displacement of persons to areas not affected by the quake, particular area of origin. As a follow-up to an immediate cash for work (CFW) response in support of IDPs and host families, ACF planned and proposed a project which entailed proving food vouchers to particularly vulnerable households in association with sensitisation and training designed to improve household knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) with regard to the consumption of nutritious foods rich in important micro-nutrients as part of a varied diet. The training also sought to improve hygiene practices among family members. Finally the project sought to consolidate the organisation of local sanitation committees (CLA in French) along with their capacity to produce chlorine for use in treating water for drinking and cooking. The project was also expected to spur increased demand for fresh, local produce, which would over time spur an increase in local production to the benefit of rural dwellers/communities. Full report HAP-International is a partnership of humanitarian agencies dedicated to building a system of self-regulation based upon quality management and accountability principles, with a specific commitment to making humanitarian action accountable to its intended beneficiaries. In addition to providing capacity building support to members and other agencies enrolled in the certification scheme, contributing to research on the cost effectiveness of quality management of humanitarian action, and establishing a system of quality management certification, HAP-International seeks to demonstrate to the “humanitarian system” more widely the potential for improving humanitarian outcomes through quality management and quality assurance. As part of HAP-International’s annual report we seek to record the experiences and perceptions of disaster- affected persons on the quality and accountability of aid that they received in the past year. This year we are planning a series of focus group discussions in a number of locations in PaP to capture this information in relation to the earthquake response. As a results of this work, we will be able to share issues that are consistently raised by aid recipients and to highlight some of the general themes and trends of aid efforts in Haiti, with particular focus on quality and accountability as expressed by those affected by the earthquake. The information will provide an insight into beneficiaries’ perceptions of the quality and accountability of aid within various locations and will be used for learning purposes, to help shape future responses of HAP member and non-member agencies. Full report Over the last two decades there have been 7,837 natural disasters in over 200 countries. These disasters have cost US$1.6 trillion in damage and affected 4.4 billion people. The destruction and devastation that natural disasters cause cannot be underestimated. Disasters can range in severity and the number of people that are affected can depend on various factors including the density of the population where the disaster occurs, the quality of existing infrastructure, the provision of basic social services and the speed of response. Although many natural events such as earthquakes and tsunamis are currently almost impossible to predict, the areas of the world where they occur have been very well mapped out for risk of occurrence. Others, such as floods, cyclones and some droughts are regular, year on year. Preventing either of these from turning from events to disasters can be mitigated through effective planning, preparedness and infrastructure development. Full report This document is for formal humanitarian entities that are interested in collaborating with V&TCs. It will best fit the needs of organizations that have had exposure to V&TCs and their work, and now seek practical advice on proceeding with a deployment. The guid- ance aims to ensure that actors understand the dynamics of working with V&TCs, better formulate requests and maximize the benefits of such collaboration. This document does not attempt to resolve ongoing discussions about verification, reliability, the added value of crowdsourcing, privacy and other issues, which are being addressed in other forums. We extend our gratitude to the individuals within the humanitarian organizations and V&TCs who shared their insight, knowledge and experience on drafts of this document. Full report This report intends to share with the general public, the people of Haiti, and our supporters a detailed breakdown of how the funds donated to MSF for the earthquake emergency relief effort have been used to meet the needs of the Haitian people in the year since the earthquake hit. It attempts to outline the choices made by MSF in deploying its operations, the challenges we faced, the lessons we learned, and our plans and perspectives for the future. The report is broken into three sections. The first covers MSF’s operations in Haiti from January 12, 2010 to October 31, 2010 in three phases: the emergency (January 12 through April 30); the post-emergency (May 1 through October 21); and the cholera emergency (October 22 through the present). The second section provides a breakdown of the financial resources spent by MSF in the first year of the emergency. The final section discusses the current challenges and MSF’s future plans. Full report Face aux besoins majeurs résultant des impacts des désastres qui se sont succédés depuis le séisme du 12 Janvier 2010 en Haïti, la Chaîne du Bonheur (CdB) a pu soutenir les efforts de ses ONG partenaires qui se sont fortement engagées sur le terrain, où certaines étaient par ailleurs présentes depuis longtemps. Les programmes de 8 ONG, objet de 80% du fonds Séisme Haïti de la CdB sur la phase reconstruction, ont couvert des secteurs clés pour les populations : reconstruction des habitats et des écoles, approvisionnement en eau, mitigation des risques liés à l’assainissement et à l’érosion des sols, sécurité économique alimentaire. Ces programmes ont fait l’objet d’un mécanisme de suivi-évaluation itérative, dont 5 ONG pour des programmes de reconstruction (Armée du Salut, Caritas Suisse, Croix-Rouge suisse, EPER et Medair), 3 ONG pour des programmes eau, assainissement et hygiène (Croix-Rouge suisse, EPER, Medair), l’ONG Helvetas pour des programmes de réduction des risques et 2 ONG pour l’appui à la relance économique (« livelihood », Terre des Hommes Suisse et ADRA). Full report The magnitude of the 2010 earthquake and the resulting relief and recovery operations have changed Haiti irrevocably. Over the last four years, amidst overwhelming suffering and destruction, the Haitian people have worked tirelessly to rebuild their homes, communities and lives. The Red Cross Red Crescent has been a proud partner in this process. Providing basic support such as food, water, shelter and health care has been essential but it is the long-term projects, aimed at helping communities meet their own needs, which are finally coming to fruition. This report spans the Red Cross Red Crescent operations from January 2010 to September 2013, with a focus on the fourth year of the operation during which thousands of people have moved to more-secure, sustainable accommodation, communities country-wide have started to adopt safer health practices and families have taken important steps towards recovering their income sources and, ultimately, their independence. The Haitian Red Cross has also been transformed and is now bigger and stronger, and is reaching more vulnerable people than it has done ever before. Ensuring the National Society is able to sustain the increase in operational capacity that has been built through earthquake operations is critical. This will include maintaining a high level of support to the Government, through the National Society’s auxiliary role, to ensure the public authorities are also well equipped to meet the needs of vulnerable people in years to come. Sadly, despite these achievements, there are still thousands of people who remain in great need and there is undoubtedly much more to be done. But the combined force of the Haitian people, along with the Red Cross Red Crescent, means that together we are well placed to do it. Terms of reference Purpose: In addition to joint fundraising, the Humanitarian Coalition members made a commitment to working together to improve program delivery and accountability standards. A significant effort has been given to the development of joint programming standards, a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and comprehensive financial accountability protocols. As a part of this commitment the Humanitarian Coalition is organizing its first Real Time Review (RTR). Implementing a joint RTR in the first phase of a response requires a very flexible approach from the RTR team in order to fit in with the demands and challenges facing the members’ team/s, partners and the affected population. Full report This report spans the Red Cross Red Crescent operations from January 2010 to November 2011, with a focus on the second year of the operations, marking the end of the prolonged emergency phase and a transition into more sustainable, community-driven solutions. The emergency distributions of tarpaulins, hygiene kits and safe drinking water that dominated the Red Cross Red Crescent operation during the first year have given way to financial support to small businesses, vocational training to help people back into the job market, a large camp decongestion programme offering rental support and relocation grants, and the provision of transitional shelters to tens of thousands of people. The winding down of relief distributions in 2011 marks the end of one chapter but the story of Haiti’s recovery is far from over. Basic humanitarian needs remain for many of Haiti’s most vulnerable communities, including the thousands who remain in camps. Supporting families to move home is a priority but this will take time and the needs of the most vulnerable must not be forgotten. Through 2012 and beyond, the Red Cross Red Crescent remains committed to continuing to work side by side with local communities to build resilience, strengthen recovery and protect livelihoods. Full report The agricultural cluster strategy in the aftermath of the earthquake is a living document, prepared, shared and discussed by the cluster member Organizations in order to guide in a participatory manner the work of the cluster. The cluster’s primary aim is, in coordination with the Government, to support the food production and job creation of the people of Haiti after the 12th January earthquake that devastated Port au Prince, Jacmel, Leougane and the rural areas in the surroundings and between these cities. With strong interconnections between the rural and urban areas, the earthquake’s destruction in important urban centres has rapidly transmitted in a radial manner to rural areas. The earthquake effects could be classified into two different broad categories: • Direct effects through the destruction of houses, death of relatives, destruction of job places • Indirect or spill over effects. The normalization of the Haitians’ life, will largely depend to a large extend on the ability to restore destroyed livelihoods, food production and income opportunities. Before January 12, many Haitians already struggled to make ends meet. According to the United Nations and the World Bank: • More than 70 percent of Haitians lived on less than $2 a day. • There were roughly 2.5 doctors per 10,000 Haitians. • One in three Haitians lacked access to safe, drinkable municipal water. • Fewer than one in five people had access to adequate sanitation. • Most of Haiti—or 95 percent—was deforested, undermining agriculture and greatly increasing vulnerability to natural disasters. After January 12, the challenges facing Haitians have grown exponentially. The Red Cross has responded and is providing: • Cash grants and loans to help 220,000 people. • Medical services for nearly 217,000 patients. • Safe, drinkable water for 317,000 people every day. • Disaster preparedness training and other activities that have reached almost 72,000 people. This report provides a summary of the 10 day assignment carried out by Kubilay Hicyilmaz and Kathy Gibbs from Arup on behalf of Oxfam GB between 24 February and 6 March 2010. Both are chartered structural engineers with 10+ years experience including specialist expertise in damage assessment and seismic design. They were commissioned through Arup International Development which operates on not-for-profit basis. The aim of this assignment was to contribute to the emergency response and recovery by providing technical guidance on how to conduct rapid damage assessment of residential buildings that had been damaged by the earthquake. This is important in order to encourage families to return home to houses which are habitable and/or repairable rather than linger incamps. More specifically Arup's objectives were: Review existing residential building typologies and how they responded to the earthquake Develop rapid and detailed evaluation procedures to enable local engineers, builders and architects to identify seismic damages to residential buildings based on ACT-20-1 Field Manual: Post earthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings: Second Edition. Make recommendations on how to categorize safety risk Provide recommendations for safe construction practice when demolishing unsafe buildings. Full report This quick guide for humanitarian policy makers and practitioners distils key findings and emerging lessons from a selection of available evaluations on the response to Haiti’s earthquake in January 2010 which killed 220,000 people. Much went well. Haitians themselves responded immediately with life-saving initiatives and moved to areas of relative safety and security where assistance was, or could be made, available. There was a phenomenal response from a wide range of actors in the international community. Many lives were saved and livelihoods restored. Not all, however, went well. Old mistakes were repeated and new ones made. The report is organised around the evaluation criteria of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), as adapted for the humanitarian community by ALNAP.2 These criteria are relevance and appropriateness; connectedness; coherence; coverage; efficiency and effectiveness.3 This structure helps to reinforce evaluative thinking about the programmes and projects carried out (or underway) in Haiti. The report highlights emerging lessons and presents supporting findings. Full report This report of the Haiti Humanitarian Assistance Evaluation of the 2010 earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12th was undertaken by Tulane University’s Disaster Resilience Leadership Academy in partnership with the State University of Haiti (UEH) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The research process was dynamic, allowing the evaluation team to explore the theme of resilience and humanitarian assistance led by and between Haitians in stakeholder workshops in impacted communities. Guided by these discussions, the evaluation team developed a resilience framework based upon 7 dimensions of resilience (wealth, debt and credit, coping behaviors, human capital, community networks, protection and security, and psychosocial) and used primary data collected through a national household and community key informant surveys, to measure the relationship between the earthquake, Haitian resilience, and exposure to humanitarian assistance and resilience outcomes. Resilience outcomes were measured at the household and individual levels. This evaluation found that humanitarian assistance provided by the national and international community did not make a detectable contribution as defined by the 7 dimensions of resilience and in some instances, may have been associated with undesirable outcomes. Furthermore, this evaluation demonstrates the importance of engaging the impacted community from the on-set of the disaster to lead strategy, policy, and implementation based upon a thorough understanding of resilience and coping mechanisms that should be integrated into humanitarian programming starting at the beginning and continuing through the recovery process. The framework for measuring resilience defined and used in this evaluation can serve as a catalyst for future discussions related to Haitian resilience and to support and refine the monitoring and evaluation strategy for Haiti’s recovery. However, more resources are needed to strengthen Haitian capacity to further develop evaluation methods and metrics (particularly metrics that track resources through the value chains to Haitian end user organizations and beneficiaries) that will allow for a deeper understanding of resilience and provide evidence to support data driven programming. A major constraint of the evaluation was the inability of the evaluation team to capture fully and analyze resource flows and a reluctance of many aid organizations to assist in this effort. Strengthening capacity in this regard will allow Haitian public and private institutions to more easily track, analyze, and ultimately target and manage humanitarian and recovery assistance to promote resilient outcomes. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the findings in the Haiti Humanitarian Assistance Evaluation reflect the views and perceptions of Haitians themselves and that the recommendations provided in this evaluation, serve to guide the people of Haiti, and their government, to more effectively partner with the international community to work towards a brighter and more resilient future. Full report The second edition of the Observatory Newsletter includes a number of contributions. The first article explores the question of internal migration and institutional weaknesses which exacerbated the effects of the earthquake of January 12 2010. It develops the idea that the disaster was not only natural but was also caused by the absence of planning over several decades, both in rural and urban areas. The second article deals with the issue of rural housing reconstruction in terms of the choice between an emergency response which does not take cultural specificities into account and a more personalised response which is better adapted to rural ways of life. The third article briefly presents the micro-zoning studies which have been launched since the earthquake.mThese aim to map risks in terms of geological factors.The fourth article focuses on the lessons from cash transfer programmes implemented after the earthquake. The urban response led to the large-scale development of cash transfer programmes and new operational methods. The article refers to several reports published in recent months on this subject. Lastly, the fifth article refers to a collective study of the medical response in the first three months after the earthquake coordinated by the Pan-American Health Organisation (PAHO). Executive summary The International Housing Coalition’s (IHC) Haiti Shelter Sector Assessment (HSSA) reviews the progress and obstacles facing the recovery of the shelter sector after Haiti’s devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010. The HSSA is based on the prevailing shelter conditions one year after the earthquake. The principal objective of the HSSA is to provide USAID with a broad perspective on support to the shelter recovery process. Recovery from such a devastating earthquake will take many years. Therefore, the Assessment takes a medium to long-term perspective on the process. The assessment identifies critical Haitian shelter sector issues, analyzes their current context and recommends appropriate actions to be taken or facilitated by USAID through its assistance program. The following Executive Summary of the HSSA provides a brief background on Haiti, USAID’s shelter program in Haiti, as well as the five priority recommendations the IHC believes are critical to moving shelter and livelihood reconstruction forward. The Executive Summary then presents the full set of recommendations of the IHC. Full report Haiti exhibited a dramatic escalation in criminal violence with Haitians reporting declining confidence in police institutions during the last six months (August 2011 to February 2012). For the first time since 2007, the incidence of violent crime and victimization has shown a consistent increase, and confidence in public institutions appears to be dropping quickly. Random household surveys conducted on a monthly basis between August 2011 and February 2012 indicate that violent crime is increasingly common, particularly over the past few months in the densely packed ‘popular’ zones of Haiti’s largest urban centers. This assessment is based on a longitudinal survey using random sampling methods. Specifically, households in the urban areas of Port-au-Prince, Les Cayes, Cap Haitien, Gonaives, St. Marc, Jacmel and Leogane were randomly selected and surveyed about their experiences with criminality and faith in public institutions. The survey sought to measure their exposure to insecurity and opinions regarding future safety. Collectively, these surveys demonstrate an increasing dissatisfaction with the government of Haiti after five years of growing confidence as well as fears that political uncertainty and turmoil will increase crime. Full report For the Red Cross Red Crescent, the Haiti earthquake response was the first time a dedicated beneficiary communications delegate was deployed – and beneficiary communications activities included in the overall strategy – from the very beginning of an operation. Embracing new technology and mass-media tools such as radio, SMS and other tele- communications technology, the Red Cross Red Crescent beneficiary communications programme in Haiti has aimed to use these to reach more people, more quickly and more effectively than ever before. This review looks at how these tools have been deployed, how effective they have been, and suggests some next steps for furthering their impact in the future, both in Haiti and around the world. Full report Avant la tragédie de janvier, Haïti figurait parmi les pays d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes les plus mal lotis en ce qui concerne l’accès à l’eau potable et parmi les moins bien équipés du monde en termes d’assainissement. Le tremblement de terre n’a fait qu’aggraver une situation déjà très médiocre. Le présent rapport met l’accent sur un secteur d’activité particulier: la fourniture de services d’assainissement. L’assainissement combine l’ensemble des défis et opportunités que présente la réponse à cette terrible catastrophe sur le plan, par exemple, des services de santé et des abris, tout en étant souvent négligé au regard de l’approvisionnement en eau, un secteur étroitement complémentaire qui reçoit généralement davantage d’attention et bénéficie de la majeure partie des fonds disponibles. C’est pourquoi le présent rapport insiste sur la nécessité d’accorder aujourd’hui et à l’avenir une attention égale à l’amélioration des systèmes d’assainissement en Haïti. Cela sera absolument déterminant pour faire reculer les maladies, améliorer la santé et garantir la dignité de tous ceux dont les existences ont été bouleversées par la tragédie du tremblement de terre. Full report Antes del terremoto, el acceso al agua potable era uno de los más bajos de América Latina y el Caribe, mientras que el acceso al saneamiento figuraba entre los más bajos del mundo. El terremoto no hizo más que empeorar la situación. El presente informe se centra en una sola esfera de labor: la prestación de servicios sanitarios. El saneamiento no solo revela todas las dificultades y oportunidades que trae aparejadas la respuesta a este pavoroso desastre en términos de servicios de salud, alojamiento, etc., sino también el hecho de que en muchos casos es el mellizo desatendido del suministro de agua que, por lo general, recibe más atención y la mayor parte de los fondos disponibles. En el presente informe se hace el llamado crucial de poner el mismo énfasis en mejorar las instalaciones sanitarias en Haití, tanto ahora como en el futuro. Esa mejora será fundamental para reducir la incidencia de enfermedades y asegurar un futuro saludable, así como la dignidad de los damnificados por la tragedia del terremoto. Full report Less than 500 miles from the coast of the United States lies the poorest country in the Western hemisphere. Marked by decades of political instability, poverty and humanitarian disasters, Haiti presents one of the world’s most complex development challenges. In spite of this difficult environment, the momentum to capture the Haitian people’s spirit of the enterprise and incredible potential has been building within Haiti and the international community. Since 2006 CHF has been undertaking the largest USAID- funded jobs and infrastructure creation program in Haiti. With about 180 staff in the field, we are uniquely positioned to assist in the country’s reconstruction efforts. When the earthquake that killed more than 230,000 people hit, we were already on the ground to provide immediate assistance and relief. Full report In Haiti, providing clean water and sanitation services is an enormous task. Before the earthquake, safe water access was amongst the lowest in Latin America and the Caribbean, whilst access to sanitation was amongst the lowest in the world. The earthquake has made a bad situation so much worse. This report focuses on one area of work; the provision of sanitation services. Sanitation demonstrates all the challenges and opportunities of responding to this catastrophic disaster in terms of health services, shelter etc. So often the neglected twin of water provision – which generally receives more attention and most of the available funding – effective sanitation is vital. A key call of this report is that equal emphasis must be given both now and in the future to improving sanitation facilities. This will be instrumental in reducing disease, ensuring a healthy future and assuring the dignity of those whose lives have been affected by the tragedy of the earthquake. Full report As a result of the 12th January 2010 earthquake 2.3 million people were displaced resulting in over 1300 camps, with 1.6 million residents. The camps vary in terms of size (from a few tents to up to 50,000 people); how they were formed (while some were planned the majority formed spontaneously after the earthquake); and level of support and management from NGOs and agencies. For the humanitarian response, a focus on, and sufficient level of, accountability is necessary to meet people’s needs, and reduces the possibility of errors, abuse and corruption. Such a focus results in more effective and better quality programmes, and enables organisations themselves to perform better. For the purpose of improving accountability at the operational level and to highlight it on the humanitarian agenda in Haiti, a HAP deployment was conducted from March to September. This deployment was established as a part of an overall quality and accountability presence that incorporated the expertise of both HAP and The Sphere Project, and was hosted by the joint initiative of RedR Uk and Bioforce, DRSS. The team worked to seek improvement in how the international community shared information and involved the disaster-affected communities in the response, and supported the establishment of well-functioning complaint mechanisms to hold agencies and individuals accountable for their actions. Achievements of the six-month deployment included the design and implementation of impact-oriented training for national and international agencies, the development of a widely applicable tool to assess the role of camp committees, initiation of a joint complaints mechanism, and establishment of a forum to exchange knowledge and joint initiatives. The team worked closely with HAP members, non-affiliated agencies, the UN, national NGOs and national and international media. Though this phase of HAP presence in-country has ended, the material developed and analyses conducted are continuing to influencing the humanitarian response in both Haiti and beyond. Full report This paper serves as a living document which considers the experiences of host community assessments, needs and interventions in both Haiti and elsewhere to develop multi-sectoral guidelines for organisations and agencies in Haiti to support both directly and indirectly earthquake affected areas in Haiti. It should be considered a first step in formulating guidelines for hosting support in Haiti and to be used in future emergencies. Next steps will be determined by the Host Family Working Group and involve updating information, analysing lessons learned, and applying them in this guideline format to be distributed at an inter-cluster level. Full report On 12 January 2010 at 4.50 pm local time (the middle of the night in Europe), the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault awoke. The earth began to shake, thick white dust rose above Port-au-Prince while a terrifying noise echoed out. Complete silence followed only to be broken by the screaming and crying of hundreds of thousands of Haitians. When the news reached us at Groupe URD we were in the process of sending the six country reports of the Cluster II evaluation. We had written the Haiti country report for this evaluation in late 2009. In the end, we could not send it - no one was left on the Haitian side to receive it. Since then, we have been constantly mobilized. On 13 January we posted advice for actors and our assessment of the context on our site. Since then, we have been to Haiti to conduct eight evaluation and organizational support processes and several research projects. We have tried to share lessons at every opportunity via numerous articles and participation in conferences. A great deal is at stake: since 2003 and the Bam earthquake in Iran, no year has passed without a major disaster (tsunami, earthquake, flood, cyclone, etc.) erasing fragile advances in development and calling into question certain paradigms of humanitarian action. There are no two ways about it: we need to learn quicker, improve institutions, revise work methods and do all we can to avoid repeating the mistakes that have been made in Haiti. We owe as much to the dead and to the living. Full report This paper analyses the role of the private sector in humanitarian action in Haiti, with a particular focus on the response to the devastating earthquake that struck Port-au-Prince in 2010. During the response, international and Haitian businesses participated in humanitarian efforts – both directly assisting populations and working with aid agencies – for commercial and philanthropic reasons. Numerous businesses provided goods, services and technical assistance to aid agencies through commercial and pro-bono arrangements and collaborated with humanitarian organisations on the design and implementation of interventions. Much of this private sector engagement revolved around cash transfer programming and mobile communication. Aid agencies, financial institutions and mobile network operators worked together to provide cash and vouchers, and text messaging was used to channel information from humanitarian agencies to people affected by disaster, as well as to solicit information from them on their needs 2 Learning the lessons of Haiti 4 Surveying Haiti’s post-quake needs: a quantitative approach 7 Coordination and the tenure puzzle in Haiti 10 Mobile field hospitals in the Haiti earthquake response 13 The United Nations Humanitarian Civil–Military Coordination (UN–CMCoord) response to the Haiti earthquake 15 Smart and just: involving children and young people in post disaster needs assessment 18 The work of the Education Cluster in Haiti 20 Water, sanitation and public health in post- earthquake Haiti: reflections on Oxfam’s experience 23 The Haiti earthquake: breaking new ground in the humanitarian information landscape 25 Emergency food assistance in Haiti: lessons learnt from a post-earthquake GTZ operation in Leogane 27 Building back a better Haiti Practice and policy notes 29 Productivity and cash-for-work in Niger: GOAL’s experience 31 Peacekeeping and the protection of civilians: an issue for humanitarians? 34 A role for Civil Affairs in community conflict resolution? MINURCAT’s Intercommunity Dialogue Strategy in eastern Chad 36 Addressing the challenge of compliance: Tearfund’s Quality Standards 39 Guidelines for working with community volunteers and committees in humanitarian emergencies 42 Acts of God(s): the role of religion in Disaster Risk Reduction 45 NGO engagement with the Consolidated Appeal Process in Zimbabwe: is it worth the effort Humanitarian action in the Middle East 2 The humanitarian challenge in the Middle East 4 Restricting aid: access and movement constraints in the occupied Palestinian territory 7 Supporting women in a difficult policy environment: the ICRC’s programmes for women-headed households in Iraq 9 Iraqi refugees: making the urban approach context-specific 12 Working with local organisations in Jordan 14 Addressing mental health needs in Lebanon 17 MSF in the Middle East: a challenging context Practice and policy notes 19 What cash transfers tell us about the international humanitarian community 21 Local NGOs in Myanmar: vibrant but vulnerable 23 Christian faith communities and HIV in humanitarian settings: the cases of South Sudan, DRC and Kenya 26 Developing interagency DRR tools at field level: World Vision’s experience in Bolivia 29 A market-integrated response to an emergency in Kyrgyzstan 32 Ending isolation: solar solutions in Haiti 33 Integrating conflict mitigation into the INEE Minimum Standards for Education Full report This edition, co-edited with ALNAP’s John Mitchell and Paul Knox-Clarke, is dedicated to accountability in humanitarian action. In their overview article our co- editors reflect on the underlying rationales – both moral and practical – we use to justify our commitments to improving accountability, and whether our understanding of accountability has changed in the decade since the ‘accountability revolution’ last featured in Humanitarian Exchange. Humanitarian accountability 3 Reflections on the accountability revolution 5 United we stand? Collective accountability in the humanitarian sector 8 Only as strong as our weakest link: can the humanitarian system be collectively accountable to affected populations? 10 Real Time Evaluations: contributing to system-wide learning and accountability 13 NGO certification: time to bite the bullet? 15 Accountability – don’t forget your staff 18 Humanitarian leadership and accountability: contribution or contradiction? 22 The role of donors in enhancing quality and accountability in humanitarian aid 24 Accountability: the DEC’s experience 27 A framework for strengthening partnering accountability and effectiveness 31 Community feedback and complaints mechanisms: early lessons from Tearfund’s experience 34 Sexual exploitation and abuse by UN, NGO and INGO personnel: a self-assessment 36 Corruption in the NGO world: what it is and how to tackle it 39 Delivering communications in an emergency response: observations from Haiti 42 Local perspectives of the Haiti earthquake response 44 NGO accountability: findings from South Sudan New learning in cash transfer programming 3 Bigger, better, faster: achieving scale in emergency cash transfer programmes 5 ‘More than just another tool’: a report on the Copenhagen Cash and Risk Conference 8 Cash transfers and response analysis in humanitarian crises 10 A deadly delay: risk aversion and cash in the 2011 Somalia famine 13 Institutionalising cash transfer programming 15 New technologies in cash transfer programming and humanitarian assistance 18 Innovation in emergencies: the launch of ‘mobile money’ in Haiti 21 Lessons learnt on unconditional cash transfers in Haiti 24 Fresh food vouchers: findings of a meta-evaluation of five fresh food voucher programmes Practice and policy notes 28 Bridging the gap between policy and practice: the European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid and Humanitarian Principles 30 Humanitarian financing and older people 33 The rehabilitation response in Haiti: a systems evaluation approach 35 Working with Somali diaspora organisations in the UK 37 Applying conflict-sensitive methodologies in rapid-onset emergencies Full report This document provides the results of the evaluation which included 15 out of 21 National Societies participating in the Club 25 initiative supported by the Finnish Red Cross and the Federation Secretariat in the Americas since 2007. The structure of the evaluation was based on five principal elements: Quality, Effectiveness, Coverage, Limitations and Sustainability of the Club 25 initiative in the Americas. The evaluation was designed to be applied as follows: Survey of all Club 25 national leaders attending a Club 25 continental meeting held in Panama, in December 2009. Based on meeting attendance the survey data does not include information from Brazil, Cuba, Guyana, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Suriname. All National Societies implementing Club 25 in 2009 were invited to participate in the meeting. Key findings Ushahidi Haiti Project is interested in assessing the effectiveness of the mobilization of the Ushahidi technology platform following the recent earthquake in Haiti, in particular during the initial disaster response phase. The deployment was based out of and managed by students from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, a graduate school of international affairs based at Tufts University. The evaluation will look at how widely the Ushahidi Haiti platform was used by different organisations, how effectively it was implemented, and how it was communicated to people on the ground. Furthermore, the evaluation will address the appropriateness of Ushahidi Haiti Project’s work; does this form of deployment addresses the real needs of the situation and add value to the response? The evaluation will take place in Boston and Haiti. The time period being evaluated is January 12 through January 26, the immediate emergency response period. Evaluation Goal: To understand the effect that the Ushahidi Haiti deployment had in the humanitarian crisis response effort in Haiti from January 12 to January 26, 2010 in order to inform future actors that may consider utilizing the crisis mapping platform. Evaluation objectives: This evaluation will have three objectives: 1) effectiveness, 2) efficiency, and 3) relevance. These objectives are defined in the OECD DAC evaluation terminology. Terms of reference Objectives: The purpose of this joint evaluation is to provide to participating organizations a measure of the effect of their post earthquake’s emergency intervention in Haiti within the first 7 months and to draw clear recommendations for longer term programming for the coming 5 years. Specific Objectives a) To provide an assessment of the relevance and timeliness of the humanitarian response to the earthquake so far using the DAC criteria of: Relevance /appropriateness Coherence Coverage b) To draw out key lessons to inform agencies recovery plans, with consideration given to implementation according to benchmarks and targets in each agency’s accountability framework Commitment to agreed humanitarian principles, standards and behaviours in addition to performance in each organization core sectors and in cross-cutting issues (protection, gender equality, local context, participation of primary stakeholders). How far have agencies built on local capacity? Accountability to beneficiaries: to what extent the affected population has been involved in all stages c) To determine to what extent agencies are building on lessons learnt from similar humanitarian responses, specifically previous earthquake responses. d) To determine to what extent synergies, cooperation and integration have occurred. e) What are the negative impacts of the early response, especially for the longer term (such as increased concentration of power, authority and economic resources or focusing on sites instead of communities). Is the “do no harm” approach applied? f) Advocacy: to what extent the organizations used their network to promote key priorities of the affected population at the highest level. g) To highlight any unmet needs or unnecessary overlap that should be addressed further during the response. Full report The aim of this review was to examine three broad areas of action primarily related to relief and recovery assistance to the Haitian Government and people: (1) internal U.S. Government coordination; (2) partner coordination; and (3) response effectiveness. The timeframe of the report is from the date of the event, 12 January, through 30 June 2010. All data collected and analyzed correspond to this timeframe. The report draws on more than one hundred and fifty interviews and several hundred documents to identify lessons learned in the first six months of the response. Many of these lessons are shortcomings and need changes in the system, but many are successes. If the report focuses on the shortcomings, it is to learn from mistakes and make the management of catastrophes a little easier in the future than it was this time around. Full report This review was conducted from November 2010 to February 2011. While following an evaluative approach, it did not constitute a full-scale evaluation aimed at exhaustively documenting the results UNICEF achieved or did not achieve for children and women in Haiti or the many factors that have affected its response since this extraordinary disaster. Rather, it focused more narrowly on identifying key internal systemic factors that helped or hindered UNICEF’s response in the first three months after the earthquake. Its recommendations thus concentrate on the operational performance of UNICEF’s internal system for emergency response. Overall, the review team found UNICEF’s early response to be marked by rapid reaction in the earthquake’s immediate aftermath, followed by inconsistent performance soon thereafter. UNICEF-led clusters were activated immediately – but, with the exception of the water, sanitation, and hygiene cluster, their leadership remained weak and unclear. The INSARAG Haiti Earthquake After Action Review Meeting was held in Geneva, Switzerland on 02-03 June 2010 with more than 110 participants from 36 countries and 12 organizations. The meeting was hosted by the Government of Switzerland and co-organized by OCHA’s Field Coordination Support Section, in its capacity as the INSARAG Secretariat. The meeting was chaired by Ambassador Toni Frisch, Chairman of INSARAG. Keynote presentations were given by Ms. Marie Alta Jean-Baptiste, Director of Civil Protection, Government of Haiti, Mr. Rudolf Müller, Chief, Emergency Services Branch, OCHA Geneva, Mr. Rene Carrillo, USAID-ODFA Regional Advisor on behalf of the Chairman of the INSARAG Americas Regional Group, and Mr. Jesper Lund, Officer-in-Charge of the Field Coordination Support Section of OCHA Geneva. The list of participants (Annex G) and the agenda of the meeting are attached (Annex F). As the humanitarian coordination body of the United Nations, the mandate of Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is to ensure efficient and coordinated response to emergencies. This mandate requires coordination amongst all the humanitarian actors, especially at the very first phase of an emergency. As one of OCHA’s primary partners in the critical life-saving phase of emergency response, the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group was once again at the forefront of the international rescue and relief operations following the devastating earthquake which struck Haiti on 12 January 2010. OCHA - as the provider of the INSARAG Secretariat and custodian of many of the international community’s first response tools, such as the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS), the Virtual On-Site Operations Coordination Centre and the United Nations Disaster Assessment & Coordination (UNDAC) team - worked around the clock to facilitate information sharing amongst all responders. OCHA immediately deployed a team of UNDAC members – many travelling to the disaster site with international urban search and rescue (USAR) teams - to support operational coordination of USAR teams on the ground throughout the rescue phase and to jumpstart OCHA’s humanitarian coordination activities of the international humanitarian response. The INSARAG network grew out of lessons learned from earthquake response. The 1988 Armenia Earthquake was the trigger for its creation. International urban search and rescue teams rushed to assist the country in its rescue efforts, but there was no communication, no system of coordination. Teams worked wherever they found a need, rather than be directed to where there were priority requirements for the kinds of technical expertise and equipment they possessed. Recognising that this was not an effective way to respond, INSARAG was created in 1991, to set up a system of operational coordination, to foster minimum standards, to work to common methodology and guidelines. The work of INSARAG and its methodology was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 57/150 of 2002 on “Strengthening the Effectiveness and Coordination of International Urban Search and Rescue Assistance”. First on the ground, USAR teams work hand-in-hand with local response teams, bringing additional expertise and technology to assist where needed, where local resources may be lacking. In addition to search and rescue support, INSARAG USAR teams provide medical support and are often providers of the first assessments, the first information to come out of a disaster site, the first indication of needs and priorities. This information is shared with the international community, through the Virtual OSOCC and on the ground, to assist planning and targeting of international humanitarian relief efforts. When the rescue phase draws to a close, INSARAG teams move to recovery activities, helping extract bodies for burial – so important to families and loved ones – rubble removal, structural evaluations, always in support of local teams, always in coordination with other response efforts. INSARAG has always collectively evaluated its response, recognising the importance of sharing experience to bring improvements to the INSARAG Guidelines and methodology. Thus, the Haiti Earthquake After-Action Review Meeting took place in Switzerland on 02-03 June 2010, hosted by the Swiss Government. This publication is an example of how INSARAG methodology is taken forward as a living process, summarizing the many recommendations to come out of the USAR community’s experiences in Haiti with the aim of enhancing the quality of collapsed structure disaster response. Full report La sécurité en Haïti compte parmi les sujets de controverses et de divergences les plus importants au sein et entre les organisations internationales. En effet, les perceptions de l’insécurité varient diamétralement d’un acteur à l’autre, et notamment entre les organisations humanitaires et les ONG de développement. L’étude présentée dans ce rapport apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les fondements des regards portés sur la violence et la criminalité dans l’Aire métropolitaine de Port-au-Prince, ainsi que sur le bien-fondé des mesures sécuritaires mises en place en réponse au problème de l’insécurité ou du sentiment d’insécurité. Cette étude a pour ambition de fournir aux organisations humanitaires soucieuses de revoir leur approche de la sécurité en Haïti des éléments susceptibles de les aider dans cette démarche. Pour cela, il est nécessaire d’élargir et d’approfondir le débat sur la sécurité des humanitaires au-delà des approches technocratiques de « gestion du risque » qui dépolitisent le phénomène de l’insécurité et du sentiment d’insécurité. Terms of reference The IA RTE will be multi-phased and provide snapshots of current situations, including real-time feedback and learning to the UN Country Team (UNCT) and to the IASC locally. The main objective of the IA RTE is to assess the response at multiple phases to inform management decision making in the field, and enable both field and headquarters staff to undertake corrective actions in real time as the response evolves. Actions taken during the first weeks and months after a disaster have a major impact on the recovery process that follows. Accordingly, the first IA RTE team will be deployed during the initial phase. A subsequent mission will allow for reflection on uptake of lessons learned and further reflect upon the direction of the response. The results of the IA RTE in Haiti are envisaged to support the ongoing operational planning of the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT), which will be the most immediate user of the IA RTE process and its recommendations. In the transition to recovery phase of the IA RTE, primary users include those involved in the post-disaster needs assessment (PDNA) and recovery framework (RF) development processes, senior management and support functions within agencies involved in the response, donors, and others. Full report The Inter-Agency Standing Committee held a real-time evaluation (RTE) of the response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake that included three phases, the first of which was implemented between April and May 2010. The three-week country mission included workshops with key stakeholders, in-depth data analysis, and debriefings in Port-au-Prince. The process of gathering information and recording local people’s perceptions was carried out as rigorously as possible on the basis of a typology of different sites and zones via semi-structured face-to-face interviews and focus groups. The fieldwork was followed by a series of debriefings and additional data collection exercises in New York, Geneva, and London. Full report This report summarises the second phase of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Inter-Agency Real-Time Evaluation of the response to the Earthquake, twenty months after the disaster event. The earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12th 2010 had a drastic effect on the country’s human and institutional public and the private sector capacity. An estimated 230,000 people lost their lives; 300,000 more were injured and over 1 million were left homeless. The devastating humanitarian situation was compounded by Haiti’s underlying vulnerabilities and high level of chronic poverty. In response, the international community mounted a massive humanitarian relief effort and fifty-five donors pledged a total of $4.59 billion in grants for 2010 and 2011 towards the rebuilding of the country. Given the scale of the disaster and subsequent hum anitarian response, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) launched a multiphase exercise to inform decision makers at national and headquarters levels, to draw lessons and allow corrections to be made where necessary. The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) is intended to be the most immediate user of the feedback and recommendations of the evaluation. The first phase of the Inter-Agency Real-Time Evaluation, completed in May 2010, covered the initial response. The second phase was initially foreseen to take place in October 20103 and focus in a forward-looking manner on inter-agency coordination problems or operational challenges during the transition phase. The process was postponed, due to the October 2010 cholera outbreak and the delays in starting the transition phase. This second phase sought to: Analyze and provide lessons for the ongoing response, with a particular focus on coordination between different actors involved; Examine options for linking humanitarian response structures with longer-term and/or governmentestablished mechanisms; and Analyse the extent to which the findings and recommendations from the first phase of the Inter-Agency Real-Time Evaluation have informed the evolving humanitarian response in Haiti. The evaluation found that the key achievements of the response have been: mainstreaming of disaster preparedness; an effective response in camps, with populations largely free of cholera; recent progress on the rate of rubble removal; implementation of integrated neighbourhood-based approaches; and progress in improving water and sanitation in the longer term. The main shortcomings include: durable solutions; livelihoods; accommodation; communication; and provision of continued support to address remaining needs. The evaluation has also identified many areas where data collection, needs analysis, consultation and communication, inter-agency action, and action with government need to be strengthened so that gains made are not lost as agencies phase out. The response in Haiti has been more expensive than in other recent emergencies (e.g., Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and has far exceeded initial estimates, with projects reported as exceeding projected costs by 2.5 to 3 times. Transition is on the agenda but needs a vision, a strategy, a plan, and leadership. There is a need for defining and understanding new roles and clarifying responsibilities in the move towards transition and development. Note that the data one cover page of the report is incorrectly given as January 2011 rather than January 2012, although the final file data is March 2012. Full report Cash-based transfers have a long history in the support of people on the move. Cash or vouchers have been an element of the International Organization for Migration’s resettlement support for people moving to new countries, or returning to countries they had to leave. Increasingly over the last decade, IOM has applied and refined the lessons learned to deliver cash quickly and at scale in humanitarian emergencies, including protracted crises; and continued programming involving cash-based transfer in early recovery and reparations. This series of case studies demonstrate the range and breadth of IOM’s cash programming. The objective is to demonstrate lessons to be learned, with the recognition that all projects should take into consideration the local context and needs of the affected population, which will differ in every case. Full report Under a blazing Caribbean sun, Sandra Félicien stood in front of a crowd of impoverished people, who like herself, have been homeless since the earthquake of 12 January 2010. After spending months living in tents or makeshift shelters, their patience was at breaking point. We called it the Tanbou Project after the Creole word for the Haitian drums whose beat can be heard day and night across Port au Prince. There are now over 140 such Information booths scattered amongst the 1,300 camps where over 1.5 million homeless people had been living since the quake. The booths are a spinoff of a program funded last year by the USAID Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) to encourage two-way communication with the displaced.	Haiti
The UK Conservative Party HQ in London, trashed during student protests in November 2010, is known by its address of 30 'what' ?	Press Releases - Operation Blessing International Press Releases Press Releases Operation Blessing Press Release Archive For members of the press, or others looking for more information regarding Operation Blessing’s humanitarian efforts, you can find links to several years’ worth of press releases below. From natural disaster response to refugee aid and water initiatives, these press releases highlight our commitment to the poor and needy. If you have a question about one of these press releases, please contact our media team . 2017 Press Releases Operation Blessing Activating “Snow Buddies” Volunteer Snow Removal Program In Conjunction With The City Of Norfolk Emergency Management And The City Of Virginia Beach Emergency Management Volunteers Needed Starting Sunday Morning; Hotline Set Up For Residents Needing Help VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (January 6, 2017) – Operation Blessing, the international humanitarian organization with its headquarters in Virginia Beach, is activating its “Snow Buddies” volunteer snow removal program and is calling for local volunteers to help residents in need throughout Norfolk, Virginia Beach and Chesapeake starting Sunday morning. The region is currently under a Winter Storm Warning from the National Weather Service, with up to a foot of snow possible starting late Friday. Working in conjunction with the City of Norfolk Emergency Management and the City of Virginia Beach Emergency Management, Operation Blessing will be coordinating volunteers and accepting requests from residents who need help removing snow from their property (see details below). The Operation Blessing team is currently pre-staging heavy equipment at the CBN headquarters including a CAT 924 front-end loader, snow plow, fleet of heavy duty trucks & SUVs, a mobile kitchen that will serve hot meals to volunteers and first responders as needed, a construction trailer and box truck full of volunteer tools and supplies, and a mobile command center. Also today, Operation Blessing is delivering blankets and snacks for the city’s winter emergency shelter program for the homeless. In 2015, Operation Blessing activated the Snow Buddy program with the City of Norfolk Emergency Management twice in February and processed 335 requests. “Snow Buddies” Volunteer Snow Removal Operations Need Help / Want to Help Information NEED HELP: (Phone Lines Open Saturday Morning) Work Order Phone Line (Residents Needing Help): 757.274.8650 (This will be operational Saturday Morning at 9:00 AM and manned 9AM – 7 PM Daily) Please Note: Priority will be given based on elderly, sick, disabled, single-moms, patients needing to make it to medical appointments/treatment, etc. and will be based on volunteer availability. WANT TO HELP: VOLUNTEERS NEEDED TO HELP SHOVEL SNOW FOR THE VULNERABLE POPULATIONS (Phone Lines Open Today) Volunteer Phone Line: 757.374.0944 (Operational Now; Manned 9 AM – 5 PM Thursday & Friday then 9 AM – 7 PM Saturday – Monday) Volunteers Needed: Sunday & Monday (January 8th & 9th) Orientation Times: 8:30 AM & 1:00 PM each day Operation Blessing will provide snow shovels, tools and work order coordination. We ask that volunteers provide their own transportation to and from the job sites each day. For all-day and morning volunteers, OB will provide lunch free of charge on site. Please wear snow boots/hard soled shoes and weather appropriate clothing. Operation Blessing will provide volunteers with an Operation Blessing T-shirt. Where: Meet at the Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center on the CBN Campus at 977 Centerville Turnpike Virginia Beach, VA. Proceed to the parking lot of The Corporate Support Building (the building Facing Centerville Turnpike with the satellite dishes on the side.) ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing humanitarian services such as strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries in the last year. Forbes currently ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. * * * Operation Blessing International Deploys US Disaster Relief Team To Fayetteville, NC Volunteers Needed For Daily Flood Cleanup Efforts Starting Tuesday October 11 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (October 11, 2016) – One of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, Operation Blessing International, has deployed its US Disaster Relief team to the hard-hit area of Fayetteville, NC, and will begin coordinating daily volunteer efforts starting Tuesday, October 11 to help residents whose homes have been damaged by Hurricane Matthew. Specializing in disaster relief and logistics, Operation Blessing’s US Disaster Relief team arrived late Monday and met with local emergency management officials and partner organizations. A convoy of disaster relief equipment from the organization’s warehouse in Ocala, FL arrived yesterday, including a mobile command center, a mobile kitchen equipped to serve 2,000 meals per day, a construction trailer full of tools and equipment, 2 box trucks full of emergency food and construction supplies, a shower trailer for volunteer housing. Starting today, Operation Blessing will begin coordinating daily volunteer efforts to clean out homes, remove sheetrock, salvage belongings, etc. VOLUNTEER INFORMATION: Operation Blessing will be accepting volunteers daily at 8:00 AM (Monday – Saturday) starting Tuesday, October 11, 2016 at Covenant Love Church in Fayetteville, NC (420 Dunn Road). Orientation will begin at 8:30 AM and teams will be sent out from there. Volunteers must be at least 18 years old and also provide their own transportation to and from the work site. Operation Blessing will provide work assignments, management and tools. For more information on volunteering, please contact 757-374-0944 or via email at [email protected] Volunteer Housing: Operation Blessing will be providing FREE volunteer housing soon. Please call National Volunteer Manager, Kerry Dodson, at 757.226.3407 or via email at [email protected] to get more information. Please note that volunteers needing housing must register in teams of at least 2 people, they must register 24-48 hours in advance, and have a confirmed reservation prior to arrival. RESIDENTS CAN REQUEST FREE VOLUNTEER HELP: Residents are invited come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at Covenant Love Church (420 Dunn Road) from 9:30am – 4:30pm daily (except Sunday). All residents must sign a work order form in person giving volunteer teams permission to access to your property. Volunteers will not be able to do work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority is given based on need (elderly, sick, disabled, etc) and is based on volunteer availability. For more information please call 757-274-8650. For more information on Operation Blessing International please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing humanitarian services such as strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries in the last year. Forbes currently ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING HAITI PREPARING FOR POSSIBLE TSUNAMI OF CHOLERA FOLLOWING HURRICANE MATTHEW PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI (October 3, 2016) – Operation Blessing International’s team in Haiti (OB Haiti) is preparing for a direct hit by Hurricane Matthew, a huge category 4 storm that is expected to bring not only massive flooding to the densely populated country, but also an equally devastating increase in cholera. “Hurricane Matthew’s flood waters will likely kill innocent Haitians twice: first with raging flood waters in the next 48 hours and then with the disease of cholera that will last for weeks following the storm,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International. “Based on the rainfall predictions and how slow this storm is moving, we fear that Matthew will bring a tsunami of cholera cases unseen since post-earthquake days.” A recognized leader in providing safe water solutions following natural disasters, team leaders at the OB Haiti headquarters in Port au Prince have ramped up chlorine production in advance of the storm. OB Haiti can produce 1,200 gallons of chlorine per day, which will be used for surface disinfection on a large scale and to sanitize water for drinking. According to OB Haiti, 1,200 gallons of chlorine can potentially disinfect up to 3.6 million gallons of drinking water; however, much of the chlorine is expected to be utilized for surface disinfection. “OB Haiti is well positioned to provide massive quantities of life-saving chlorine to hospitals, clinics, schools, orphanages, churches and residents,” adds Horan. “Chlorine kills the cholera bacteria on contact. We can save an untold number of lives, but we need funding to help us distribute chlorine on a massive scale immediately following the storm’s passing.” In addition to producing chlorine, the OB Haiti team is purchasing quantities of emergency supplies such as emergency rations and tarps, as many homes in Haiti are made of dried mud that will not survive the storm. OB Haiti has also prepared a boat for rescue operations, and the charity has also set up both of the school buildings it owns as emergency shelters. Operation Blessing has been working in Haiti since 2009, preceding the earthquake that devastated the tiny Caribbean nation. When the 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck, the humanitarian organization mobilized its international disaster relief teams and provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, Operation Blessing donated over 2.4 million pounds of emergency supplies, food, water and medicine, ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium and deployed over 30 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti. Operation Blessing was also a first responder to the cholera outbreak, installing water purification units throughout the country to provide millions of gallons of safe water for drinking and sanitation. Additionally, Operation Blessing also built a home for abandoned children and children with disabilities – Zanmi Beni – that is run in conjunction with Partners in Health. OB Haiti also established the largest fish farm in Haiti, which provides food and jobs for Haitians. OB Haiti regularly hosts medical teams from the Mayo Clinic, and the charity partnered with Greif Corp and the Clinton Foundation to build a school and help a village near Lake Azuei. To donate to the relief efforts in Haiti: https://secure.ob.org/site/Donation2?df_id=7963&7963.donation=form1 For more information about Operation Blessing: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing humanitarian services such as strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries in the last year. Forbes currently ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. * * * Vice President, Media and Development Operation Blessing International Volunteers Needed For LA Flood Cleanup Starting Wednesday, Aug 17 -Operation Blessing International Coordinating Volunteers In Denham Springs Area- -Residents Whose Homes Damaged Can Request Free Volunteer Help- Baton Rouge, LA (August 16, 2016) – One of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, Operation Blessing International will begin coordinating volunteer efforts to help residents whose homes were flooded in the Denham Springs area starting Wednesday, August 17. Operation Blessing deployed its U.S. Disaster Relief team to Louisiana yesterday and has set up a base of operations at the Denham Springs campus of Healing Place Church (569 Florida Ave SW). The charity has brought in a convoy of disaster relief equipment including a construction trailer loaded with tools, a box truck full of volunteer equipment and supplies, a mobile kitchen capable of serving 2,000 hot meals each day, and a shower trailer for volunteers. Specializing in disaster relief and logistics, Operation Blessing will begin coordinating volunteer cleanup efforts and are calling for volunteers to assist residents with cleanup of homes and recovery of personal items. The organization is also asking residents whose homes have been damaged to fill out a request for free volunteer help. VOLUNTEER INFORMATION: “WANT TO HELP” Operation Blessing will be accepting volunteers daily (Monday–Saturday) at 8:00 AM at the Denham Springs campus of Healing Place Church (569 Florida Ave SW). Orientation will begin at 8:30am. Volunteers must be at least 18 years old, dress appropriately for work in the field, and also provide their own transportation to and from the work site. Operation Blessing will provide lunch, work assignments, management and tools. For more information on how to volunteer, please call the OB Volunteer Hotline: 757.374.0944. Volunteer Housing: A limited amount of volunteer housing will be made available soon. Volunteers that need lodging must register 24-48 hours in advance. Please contact National Volunteer Manager, Kerry Dodson, to register for lodging at 757.226.3407 or via email at [email protected]. RESIDENT INFORMATION: “NEED HELP” Residents are invited come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at the Denham Springs campus of Healing Place Church (569 Florida Ave SW), from 9:30 am – 4:30pm daily (except Sunday), or by calling 757.274.8650. All residents must sign a work order form and a release form in person allowing volunteer teams access to your property. Volunteers will not be able to do work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority is given based on need (elderly, sick, disabled, etc) and is based on volunteer availability. For more information please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing humanitarian services such as strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries in the last year. Forbes currently ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. * * * For all MEDIA INQUIRIES please contact: Chris Roslan (212) 966-4600 [email protected] Operation Blessing International Deploys U.S. Disaster Relief Team To Louisiana For Flood Relief Volunteers Needed For Flood Cleanup Starting Later This Week VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (August 15, 2016) – One of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, Operation Blessing International has deployed its U.S. Disaster Relief team to Louisiana to assist residents with cleanup from catastrophic flooding that has left more than 2,700 homes underwater, more than 20,000 rescued and at least 6 fatalities. The federal government has declared a major disaster in Louisiana and the area remains under a state of emergency. An advance team is currently en route to Baton Rouge and will be meeting with local emergency management officials and church (or local) partners. Operation Blessing’s convoy of disaster relief equipment will depart from the organization’s Ocala, FL warehouse early tomorrow and includes a construction trailer loaded with tools, a box truck full of volunteer equipment and supplies, a mobile kitchen capable of serving 2,000 hot meals each day, and a shower trailer for volunteers. For this relief effort, Operation Blessing will team up with longtime partner, Healing Place Church, with campuses in Baton Rouge and Denham Springs. Specializing in disaster relief and logistics, Operation Blessing will begin coordinating volunteer cleanup efforts later this week. Stay tuned for more information. Operation Blessing expects to host overnight volunteer crews. For more information on volunteer housing please contact National Volunteer Manager, Kerry Dodson by calling 757.226.3407 or via email at [email protected]. For more information please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing humanitarian services such as strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries in the last year. Forbes currently ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # Cell: 917-538-5629 [email protected] April 22, 2016 - HOUSTON FLOOD RESPONSE: OB TO BEGIN COORDINATING VOLUNTEER EFFORTS STARTING SATURDAY, APRIL 23RD AT 8AM Houston Flood Response: Operation Blessing To Begin Coordinating Volunteer Efforts For Flood Cleanup Starting Saturday, April 23 at 8am Brookshire-Area Homeowners Can Request Free Volunteer Help HOUSTON, TX (April 22, 2016) – Starting tomorrow, the humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International will begin coordinating volunteer flood cleanup efforts in and around Brookshire, TX. Anyone wishing to volunteer to help should meet at Powerhouse Church (1818 Katyland Drive, Katy, TX) at 8am on Saturday, April 23 (see important info below). Operation Blessing also announced that local homeowners whose homes were damaged can request free volunteer help starting today (see info below). One of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, Operation Blessing International specializes in disaster relief and logistics. The organization deployed its U.S. Disaster Relief team to Brookshire earlier this week including a convoy of disaster relief equipment from the organization’s headquarters in Virginia Beach and a warehouse in Ocala, Florida. Team leaders met with local officials and will begin coordinating daily volunteer efforts (except Sundays) to clean out homes, remove sheetrock, salvage belongings, etc. VOLUNTEER INFORMATION: Operation Blessing is accepting volunteers daily (except Sunday) at 8:00am at Powerhouse Church (1818 Katyland Drive, Katy, TX). Orientation will begin at 8:30 AM and teams will be sent out from there. Volunteers must be at least 18 years old, dress appropriately for work in the field, and also provide their own transportation to and from the work site. Operation Blessing will provide work assignments, management and tools. To volunteer, please contact 757-374-0944. Volunteer groups that need overnight housing should contact Kerry Dodson at 757-226-3407. Overnight housing will be available starting this Monday at Powerhouse Church. RESIDENTS CAN REQUEST FREE VOLUNTEER HELP: Residents are invited come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at Powerhouse Church (1818 Katyland Drive, Katy, TX) from 8:30am – 4:30pm daily (except Sunday), or by calling 757-274-8650. All residents must sign a work order form and a release form in person allowing volunteer teams access to your property. Volunteers will not be able to do work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority is given based on need (elderly, sick, disabled, etc) and is based on volunteer availability. For more information on Operation Blessing International please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # For interviews with the Operation Blessing team, please contact: Chris Roslan Cell: 917-538-5629 [email protected] April 21, 2016 - OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL DEPLOYS U.S. DISASTER RELIEF TEAM TO HOUSTON AREA FOR FLOOD RELIEF Operation Blessing International Deploys U.S. Disaster Relief Team To Houston Area For Flood Relief Volunteers Needed For Flood Cleanup Starting Saturday, April 23 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 21, 2016) – One of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, Operation Blessing International has deployed its U.S. Disaster Relief team to the Houston, Texas area to assist residents with cleanup from flooding caused by upwards of 17 inches of rain. So far, there have been seven fatalities reported and more than 1,000 homes flooded. An advance team is en route and is expected to arrive this evening. A convoy of disaster relief equipment will depart this afternoon from Operation Blessing’s warehouse in Ocala, FL including a construction trailer loaded with tools, a box truck full of volunteer equipment and supplies, a mobile kitchen capable of serving thousands of hot meals each day, while the organization’s mobile command center will leave the Operation Blessing warehouse in Chesapeake, VA early tomorrow. Specializing in disaster relief and logistics, the Operation Blessing team will meet with local emergency management officials and set up a base of operations to coordinate volunteer cleanup efforts beginning on Saturday, April 23. Stay tuned for further updates. For more information on volunteering please contact National Volunteer Manager, Kerry Dodson by calling 757.226.3407 or via email at [email protected] . For more information please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # Volunteers Needed For Flood Cleanup In Robert, Louisiana Operation Blessing Coordinating Daily Volunteer Efforts VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (March 16, 2016) – One of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, Operation Blessing International is coordinating daily volunteer efforts in Robert, Louisiana, to help residents whose homes have been damaged by the recent flooding. Specializing in disaster relief and logistics, Operation Blessing deployed its U.S. Disaster Relief team to Robert this week including a convoy of disaster relief equipment from the organization’s headquarters in Virginia. Team leaders met with local officials and are now coordinating daily volunteer efforts to clean out homes, remove sheetrock, salvage belongings, etc. “There are thousands of flooded homes in the region and we need everyone’s help to get the recovery started,” said Jody Gettys, vice president of U.S. Disaster Relief & Programs for Operation Blessing International. “Spending a day as a volunteer and helping your neighbors can make a huge difference in their lives and is very rewarding, personally.” VOLUNTEER INFORMATION: Operation Blessing is accepting volunteers daily (except Sunday) at 8:00am at Crossgate Church (22494 U.S. 190). Orientation will begin at 8:30 AM and teams will be sent out from there. Volunteers must be at least 18 years old, dress appropriately for work in the field, and also provide their own transportation to and from the work site. Operation Blessing will provide work assignments, management and tools. For more information on volunteering please contact National Volunteer Manager, Kerry Dodson by calling 757.226.3407 or via email at [email protected]. RESIDENTS CAN REQUEST FREE VOLUNTEER HELP: Residents are invited come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at Crossgate Church (22494 U.S. 190) from 8:30am – 4:30pm daily (except Sunday). All residents must sign a work order form and a release form in person allowing volunteer teams access to your property. Volunteers will not be able to do work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority is given based on need (elderly, sick, disabled, etc) and is based on volunteer availability. For more information on Operation Blessing International please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # Cell: 917-538-5629 [email protected] February 12, 2016 - OBI EXPANDS EFFORTS TO FIGHT ZIKA IN EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, PERU AND HAITI Operation Blessing International Expands Efforts To Fight Zika In El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru And Haiti Tiny Mosquito-Eating Fish Are Part Of Efforts To Eradicate VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (February 12, 2016) – The global humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International has ramped up its fight against the Zika virus in Central America and the Caribbean through efforts including the distribution of bed nets to pregnant women, pre-natal care, educating the public about how to avoid getting infected, fumigation of homes, as well as the use of tiny fish to eat mosquito larvae in standing water in and around homes and villages. Operation Blessing first announced initial Zika efforts last month in El Salvador and Haiti, and has since added Peru, Guatemala and Honduras. In El Salvador, Operation Blessing has partnered with a facility specializing in Sambo Fish, which live in the waters around El Salvador and eat mosquito larvae. The fish are caught in the wild and transferred to the facility, where Operation Blessing is providing food and tools to help keep them. The charity will also assist with distributing the fish into standing water in and around homes and villages in the weeks to come. (Video of the fish rearing facility: http://www.ob.org/sambo-fish-and-how-they-can-stop-zika/) Operation Blessing leaders are also working with the El Salvador government to identify other varieties of mosquito-eating fish in the country that can be easily propagated in massive numbers in local hatcheries and distributed nationwide. Operation Blessing has used mosquito-eating fish to great success in post-Katrina New Orleans, where the city credited the charity for helping to avert an outbreak of the deadly West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis after Operation Blessing volunteers stocked the fish into more than 5,500 abandoned swimming pools following the hurricane. “All around the world, communities with mosquito-borne diseases have long used tiny fish to help eradicate or slow the spread of mosquitoes,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing. “By using fish species already in each country, there no risk to the ecosystem of introducing an invasive species: the fish are already there. We are working with local governments and community leaders, offering our expertise and willingness to raise and distribute massive numbers of fish in areas where they can have the greatest impact on reducing the mosquito population. We are excited about this project, as these little fish have proven themselves time and again.” Operation Blessing has also purchased 650,000 doses of acetaminophen that are being shipped to El Salvador, and has secured a donation of 8,870 long lasting insecticide treated nets from Japan that will be distributed to pregnant women. In addition, Operation Blessing has purchased four portable ultra-sound machines that will be sent to rural health clinics for pre-natal care. Further, Operation Blessing is partnering with the Mayo Clinic’s Program for Underserved Global Health (PUGH) to create a public service announcement that will educate the public about the Zika virus: who is considered high risk and how to avoid getting infected. The PSA will air on local media in El Salvador. In Honduras, where the Ministry of Health has reported 4473 cases of Zika, Operation Blessing will offer prevention training to hundreds of pregnant women and children. The charity helped to train its 37 Honduran community health workers last week on the life cycle of the mosquito and how it transmits Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue, as well as identifying the symptoms of Zika. The workers are currently going from house to house, to schools and churches, distributing bed nets, insect repellant and teaching people how to decrease the risk of mosquito breeding by eliminating standing water in and around their homes. In Guatemala, Operation Blessing has partnered with the Ministry of Health to assist with fumigation efforts around homes in Izabal. The organization will also purchase and distribute bed nets and insect repellant to pregnant women in the coming week. In Haiti, the charity has distributed insect repellant to a village at Lac Azuei and the Higher Ground communities. Later this week, Operation Blessing will pick up 800 bed nets from the Dominican Republic and will begin distributing them in Haiti. Team leaders will provide community training to health workers and are currently writing training curriculum in Haitian Creole for local health workers. Operation Blessing has also partnered with two maternity organizations with networks in other parts of Haiti: Midwives for Haiti (Central Plateau) and Mamababy Haiti (Cap Haitien) to distribute bed nets, repellant and educational materials. Although there are no cases of Zika in Peru yet, the Operation Blessing team is already training community health workers in Iquitos on how to identify the mosquito, how the disease is transmitted, symptoms, and how to prevent infection. They will soon distribute nets to pregnant women and distribute fliers around the area for education. For more information please visit: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries around the world on an ongoing basis. In 2015, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # (212) 966-4600 [email protected] January 28, 2016 - OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL RESPONDING TO ZIKA VIRUS OUTBREAK WITH EFFORTS IN EL SALVADOR AND HAITI Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL RESPONDING TO ZIKA VIRUS OUTBREAK WITH EFFORTS IN EL SALVADOR AND HAITI VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (January 28, 2016) – Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the largest charities in America, has launched efforts to combat the Zika virus outbreak in Central America and the Caribbean with concentrated efforts in El Salvador and Haiti. Bill Horan, president of OBI, made the announcement today. According to health officials in El Salvador, the country has confirmed 492 cases of Zika. Officials are advising all women of reproductive age delay pregnancy until 2018 over concerns about birth defects resulting from the virus. In El Salvador, Operation Blessing has purchased more than 1,250 mosquito nets that are being distributed by teams of volunteers to pregnant women in order to reduce the risk of microcephaly. The charity has also partnered with the Ministry of Health to provide funding for the government’s fumigation efforts in areas identified to have the greatest amount of Zika cases and other mosquito-borne illness. Additional planned efforts for El Salvador include the purchase of a portable prenatal ultrasound machine that will be shipped from the USA and used to help monitor pregnant women who have been infected with the Zika virus, as well as mass distributions of pain relief medicine and mosquito spray. Further, Operation Blessing is partnering with the Mayo Clinic’s Program for Underserved Global Health (PUGH) to create a public service announcement that will educate the public about the Zika virus: who is considered high risk and how to avoid getting infected. The PSA will air on local media in El Salvador. Operation Blessing is also exploring the possibility of setting up a fish hatchery to rear native Gambusia minnows, which eat mosquito larva are used globally to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Operation Blessing has used Gambusia to great success in post-Katrina New Orleans, where the city credited OBI for helping to avert an outbreak of the deadly West Nile disease. OB El Salvador leaders are currently meeting with the Ministry of Agriculture to identify native Gambusia species in El Salvador. In Haiti, Operation Blessing has purchased 800 treated mosquito nets, sourced in the Dominican Republic, which will be shipped to Haiti and distributed to pregnant women. For more information please visit: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 37 countries around the world on an ongoing basis. In 2015, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # Click here to download PDF For Immediate Release Operation Blessing International’s David Darg Nominated For Academy Award For Documentary Filmed In Liberia: Body Team 12 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (January 14, 2016) – A short documentary that David Darg, Vice President of International Operations for the Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International, filmed in Liberia has been nominated for an Academy Award. Darg filmed Body Team 12 while he was in Liberia in 2014 at the height of the Ebola outbreak. Darg was directing Operation Blessing’s efforts on the ground to set up the first chlorine production facility in that country’s history. Chlorine, which kills the Ebola virus on contact, was in critically short supply before Operation Blessing set up the facility. The team produced tens of thousands of gallons of chlorine which was distributed to the Liberian government and to Lutheran Hospital, the largest public health institution in Liberia, to ten Ebola clinics in Monrovia and also used to set up hand washing stations all around the country. The President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, visited the facility in October 2014 and honored Operation Blessing for these efforts. The gripping film chronicles a team of body collectors working with the Liberian Red Cross who remove dead bodies from homes and villages, take them to the local crematorium and burn the bodies so as to prevent further spread of the virus. Darg served as director and co-producer with Bryn Mooser. Executive Producers are Paul Allen and Olivia Wilde, with Operation Blessing’s President, Bill Horan, as an associate producer along with Martha Rogers and Gareth Seltzer. “I was astonished at the bravery of Liberia’s Ebola body teams, and in particular, Garmai Sumo, the female body collector featured in Body Team 12,” said Darg. “I was immediately inspired by her – by her fearlessness, determination and love for her community, and I knew I needed to tell this story as a tribute to this courage.” Operation Blessing continues to work in Liberia, even though the Ebola outbreak has waned. Today, the charity is running an Ebola Orphan Program to help thousands of children whose parents died of Ebola. The organization currently helps 171 children by providing them with a daily meal, school scholarships, clothing and home visits. Garmai Sumo, the star of the documentary, now runs that program for Operation Blessing. To date, the film has helped to raise $60,000 for Operation Blessing’s Ebola Orphan Program. Body Team 12 will be broadcast nationally on HBO in early March. This is Darg’s first “Oscar” nomination, although other films he has directed/produced have won prestigious awards at major film festivals. Prior films – all stemming from his humanitarian work with Operation Blessing – include The Rider and the Storm (Hurricane Sandy), Baseball in the Time of Cholera (Haiti) and Sun City Picture House (Haiti). The 88th Academy Awards will be presented on February 28, 2016 in Los Angeles. For more information on Operation Blessing’s Ebola Orphan Program and where to donate: http://www.ob.org/helping-orphans-amid-the-ebola-crisis/ To watch a video about the Ebola Orphan Program: http://www.ob.org/aftermath-of-a-terror-orphans-in-liberia/ For more information on Body Team 12: http://ryot.org/bodyteam12/ # # # For Immediate Release Operation Blessing Deploying U.S. Disaster Relief Team To Columbia, SC VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (October 5, 2015) – Operation Blessing International (OBI) is deploying its U.S. Disaster Relief team to Columbia, South Carolina to assist with flood relief after parts of the region received 25 inches of rain over the weekend. An advance team led by Dan Moore, director of U.S. Disaster Relief, departed from Hampton Roads overnight and arrived in Columbia at 10am. Team leaders are meeting with local officials to assess the damages and determine the greatest areas of need. Operation Blessing expects to call for volunteers to begin the cleanup as early as Wednesday. A convoy of Operation Blessing vehicles will depart from the charity’s Chesapeake warehouse this afternoon and includes a high tech mobile command center with computers and communications equipment, a mobile kitchen that is capable of serving up to 2,000 meals a day and is stocked with enough food for 3,000 meals, a dehumidifier trailer equipped with moisture meters, commercial dehumidifiers, fans, and blowers to dry out flooded homes, 2 construction trailers packed full of tools and equipment to support volunteer operations, and other support vehicles including tractor trailers and box trucks containing bottled water, thousands of MRE meals, tool, protective equipment and additional food items. When the convoy arrives arrive, the OBI team will set up at Christian Life Church (2700 Bush River Rd., Columbia, SC). Please stay tuned for information on how to volunteer. For more information on Operation Blessing International, please visit www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 292 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $4.2 billion. # # # For Immediate Release Operation Blessing International Deploying U.S. Disaster Relief Team To San Marcos, TX VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (May 27, 2015) – Operation Blessing International’s U.S. Disaster Relief team is deploying to San Marcos, TX to help following historic flooding of the Blanco River. An advance team led by Dan Moore, director of U.S. disaster relief for the organization, departed from Norfolk this morning and will arrive mid-day. They will meet with local emergency management officials and expect to coordinate a volunteer effort starting tomorrow (Thursday). Operation Blessing has deployed its mobile command center from the Chesapeake warehouse, a construction trailer from Ocala, FL, and volunteer supplies will be sent from the charity’s Dallas warehouse where they are kept pre-staged for disaster response in the region. For anyone wishing to donate to the relief efforts in San Marcos, TX, please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # –Residents Whose Homes Are Damaged Can Request Free Help– –Volunteers Are Needed Starting Wednesday, May 13 — VAN, TX (May 12, 2015) – The Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International will coordinate volunteer efforts in the wake of a deadly, EF3 tornado that struck earlier this week. Specializing in disaster relief and logistics, and one of the largest charities in America, Operation Blessing International sent an advance team on Monday to assess the damages and meet with local emergency management authorities. The charity also deployed disaster relief equipment from its Ocala, FL warehouse and will be sending additional supplies from its Dallas, TX distribution facility. Operation Blessing will coordinate volunteer efforts in Van and take free work order requests from residents whose homes were damaged by the tornado. Volunteer assignments will include: debris removal, installing tarps on roofs, chain saw work, helping salvage and pack personal belongings, and general labor. Volunteers are needed beginning Wednesday morning, May 13 (see details below). Operation Blessing has established telephone hotlines for residents who need help, as well as for people who wish to volunteer to help. The information is as follows: RESIDENTS NEEDING HELP For residents needing help, Operation Blessing is accepting FREE volunteer work requests at the OB Command Center located at Van United Methodist Church, 326 W. Main Street, Van. Please call: 757.274.8650 Phones will be manned tomorrow from 8AM-5PM All homeowners must sign a work order form and a release form allowing volunteer teams access to your property. If you cannot come to the Operation Blessing Command Center to fill out the form, you must MAKE SURE you are home when the volunteers arrive to sign the work order form. We will not be able to do any work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority is given based on need (elderly, sick, disabled, etc) and is based on volunteer availability. WANT TO HELP? VOLUNTEERS Meet at the Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center at Van United Methodist Church, 326 W. Main Street, Van Beginning on Wednesday, May 13 at 8am sharp. Local volunteer hotline: 757.374.0944 Phones will be manned tomorrow from 8AM-5PM Volunteers must be at least 18 years old, dress appropriately for work in the field, and also provide their own transportation to and from the work site. Operation Blessing will provide work assignments, management and tools. For more information or to donate to the effort, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF -Charity Sets Up Chlorine Production Facility In Kathmandu- Virginia Beach, VA (May 4, 2015) – Operation Blessing International (OBI) delivered tons of emergency supplies and food, and much needed chlorine, to hundreds of families in rural villages and towns in Nepal this weekend, some of which had not yet received any aid in the aftermath of the April 25th earthquake that killed over 7,000 people. The OBI team, led by Vice President of International Operations, David Darg, traveled to several villages and towns this weekend that were “completely destroyed and the residents had not received any aid as of yet,” said Darg. The team distributed tons of rice, lentils, tea, oil, sugar, energy bars for children, plastic tarps for shelters, flashlights, blankets, plus hygiene and cleaning supplies to hundreds of families that had lost everything in the disaster. The team also set up community water stations using H2Go units, hand-held portable chlorine generators that will disinfect up to 80 gallons of water using only common table salt and a single battery charge. In one town, Bhaktapur, which suffered severe damage and many deaths, residents are getting their water from a contaminated well, so Operation Blessing deployed a team to be on site at the well to disinfect the water as it is extracted. “Safe water is a major concern in every village we have visited,” said Darg. “The majority of quake victims are getting their water from contaminated sources, so OB’s chlorine program will have a far reaching and lifesaving impact.” In addition to the distributions of emergency food and supplies in rural villages, the Operation Blessing team successfully set up a chlorine production facility in Katmandu, using two Severn Trent Sanilec 6 chlorine generation units that were shipped from the USA. Each unit is capable of producing up to 110 gallons of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in 24 hours, which can then be used for surface disinfection and/or to make safe water. As of Tuesday, Operation Blessing will be producing 220 gallons of chlorine a day, which is capable of disinfecting over 600,000 gallons of water. The charity has hired local men to distribute the chlorine by motorcycle to strategic points throughout the city and affected villages. Operation Blessing, one of the largest international humanitarian organizations, is already a recognized leader in providing safe water to millions of people around the world in some of the harshest conditions imaginable. From intensive efforts to disinfect millions of gallons of drinking water in Haiti before and after the earthquake and cholera outbreak, to digging thousands of water wells all over the world, to building municipal water systems in Latin America, Africa and Sichuan, China, OBI has always utilized leading-edge equipment and an expertise in hydrology and logistics to provide safe water on a massive scale. PHOTO & VIDEO LINK: http://roslancampion.com/press/OB/Nepal.zip For more information, please visit, www.ob.org < http://www.ob.org >. # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH DAVID DARG ON THE GROUND IN NEPAL, PLEASE CONTACT: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 25, 2015) – Operation Blessing International, one of the largest charities in America, has deployed its Vice President of International Operations, David Darg, to Nepal in the wake of a 7.8-magnitude earthquake that struck near the capital city of Katmandu. Darg, who is en route to Nepal, will meet with local authorities and join with Operation Blessing’s partner organization, Nepali Rescue Project (http://nepalirescueproject.com) to determine the greatest areas of needs such as safe water, food, medical or emergency supplies. Once those needs are determined, Operation Blessing will source materials, locally if possible, using cash donated by supporters in the USA and in some of the other 26 countries the charity works in daily. Operation Blessing International has been working in Nepal with the Nepali Rescue Project since 2013 on a number of anti-human trafficking efforts. Darg is expected to arrive in Nepal by Sunday evening, Eastern Time. He has previously been a first responder to some of the world’s worst disasters of the last decade, including Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013), the Japan earthquake and tsunami (2011), the Earthquake in Haiti (2010) and the Sichuan, China earthquake (2008). For more information or to donate to the Nepal earthquake relief efforts, please visit: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 27 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH DAVID DARG ON THE GROUND IN NEPAL, PLEASE CONTACT: Chris Roslan Operation Blessing International Calling For Volunteers In Advance of Major Winter Storm For Immediate Release Operation Blessing International Calling For Volunteers In Advance of Major Winter Storm HAMPTON ROADS, VA (February 25, 2015) – With a Winter Storm Warning issued by the National Weather Service for the Hampton Roads area tonight — meaning that over 6 inches of snow is possible — Operation Blessing International has put out a call for volunteers in advance to help residents in Norfolk, Virginia Beach and Chesapeake who need help to remove snow from their homes starting tomorrow morning. The charity is asking for volunteers to help starting Thursday, February 26th at either 8:30am or 1:30pm (see details below). This marks the second time this month that Operation Blessing has activated the Snow Buddy program in Hampton Roads. Last week, the charity received over 200 requests from local residents who were unable to remove the snow themselves. Operation Blessing coordinated volunteers four days until all the snow was removed. The “Snow Buddy” program is in partnership with the City of Norfolk. Operation Blessing will be able to respond based on the number of volunteers as well as the needs of the homeowner – priority is given to the elderly, sick, disabled, single-moms, or others needing assistance. Operation Blessing has established a telephone hotline for people who wish to volunteer to help, as well as a hotline for homeowners who need help. The information is as follows: WANT TO HELP? VOLUNTEERS Meet at the Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center @ 8:30am or 1:30pm on Thursday, February 26 Lowes parking lot at 1081 N Military Hwy, Norfolk Local volunteer hotline: 757.374.0944 Phones are currently open to receive calls. Volunteers please bring snow shovels IF you have them, otherwise they will be provided. RESIDENTS NEEDING HELP If you need assistance with shoveling snow from your home, driveway, and/or residential area and do not have the resources to accomplish this yourself, we can help based on available volunteer labor. Please either call: 757.274.8650 or, if possible, come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at the following location: Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center, located at Lowes parking lot, 1081 N Military Hwy, Norfolk Phones will be manned starting tomorrow at 7AM All homeowners must sign a work order form and a release form allowing volunteer teams access to be on your property. If you cannot come to the Operation Blessing Command Center to fill out the form, you must MAKE SURE you are home when the volunteers arrive to sign the work order form giving the teams permission to be on your property. We will not be able to do any work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority will be given based on elderly, sick, disabled, single-moms, etc., and will based on the number of volunteers. For more information or to donate to the effort, please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. ABOUT TEAM NORFOLK: Established in 2012, Team Norfolk is a City of Norfolk lead collaboration between public, private, non-profit, higher education and military organizations. Team Norfolk meets monthly to synchronize disaster plans to address potential issues before, during and after an incident. # # # Operation Blessing International & City of Norfolk To Activate “Snow Buddy” Program To Help Residents Needing Snow Removal Phone Hotline Set Up For Residents Needing Help: 757.274.8650 NORFOLK, VA (February 16, 2015) – The Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International has partnered with the City of Norfolk for a second year to activate their “Snow Buddy” volunteer program to help residents who need snow removal but do not have the resources or ability to do so. This is in response to a major snowstorm that is forecasted to hit on Monday night, which could bring 3-5 inches of snow to the region. Operation Blessing will coordinate the volunteer effort and take work order requests from residents. The charity is deploying its disaster relief staff from its Virginia Beach headquarters and will also be utilizing some of its heavy equipment if needed. Volunteers are needed Tuesday and possibly Wednesday to help remove snow from homes. Operation Blessing has established telephone hotlines for residents who need help, as well as for people who wish to volunteer to help. The information is as follows: RESIDENTS WHO NEED HELP If you need assistance with shoveling snow from your home, driveway, and/or residential area and do not have the resources to accomplish this yourself, we can help based on available volunteer labor. Please either call: 757.274.8650 or, if possible, come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at the following location: Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center, located at Lowes parking lot at 1081 N Military Hwy, Norfolk Phones will be manned tonight from 7PM-9PM and tomorrow from 7AM-7PM All homeowners must sign a work order form and a release form allowing volunteer teams access to be on your property. If you cannot come to the Operation Blessing Command Center to fill out the form, you must MAKE SURE you are home when the volunteers arrive to sign the work order form giving the teams permission to be on your property. We will not be able to do any work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority will be given based on elderly, sick, disabled, single-moms, etc., and will based on availability of volunteers. Meet at the Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center @ 8:00 AM on Tuesday and possibly Wednesday Lowes parking lot at 1081 N Military Hwy, Norfolk Local volunteer hotline: 757.374.0944 Phones will be manned tonight from 7PM-9PM and tomorrow from 7AM-7PM Volunteers please bring snow shovels IF you have them, otherwise they will be provided. In addition to preparing for snow removal, Operation Blessing is also assisting the City of Norfolk with a warming center that is set up at Maury High School (322 Shirley Ave). The team is serving hot food and snacks to roughly 50-60 residents who have taken refuge from the cold. For more information or to donate to the effort, please log on to www.ob.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2014, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management marking 8 years the charity has received this prestigious ranking. Forbes also ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. ABOUT TEAM NORFOLK: Established in 2012, Team Norfolk is a City of Norfolk lead collaboration between public, private, non-profit, higher education and military organizations. Team Norfolk meets monthly to synchronize disaster plans to address potential issues before, during and after an incident. # # # Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (September 17, 2014) – Operation Blessing International, one of the largest charities in America, began relief operations in the city of Erbil, Iraq today, helping thousands of Christians that have been displaced and are living in tent camps, churches and abandoned buildings. Under the direction of David Darg, vice president of international operations for Operation Blessing International, a team of volunteers distributed food staples today including rice, cooking oil, noodles, salt, sugar, tea, beans, lentils, tomato paste and powdered milk. Today, the team also served a camp of 2,000 displaced Christians with fresh foods including eggs, yogurt and cheese. Over the next several days, Operation Blessing International will deliver stoves, blankets, diapers and truckloads of more food supplies to camps in and around Erbil. “These Iraqi Christians are some of the most beautiful and loving people I have ever met,” said Darg. “They have gone through unimaginable persecution are now living in very tough conditions. For Operation Blessing to be here providing them food and essential relief supplies and letting them know they are not alone is such a privilege.” For more information on Operation Blessing International please visit www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (August 25, 2014) – One of the largest charities in America, Operation Blessing International (OBI) has deployed team leaders from its US Disaster Relief team to the Napa, CA area following a 6.0 earthquake early Sunday. According to media reports, the quake destroyed 90-100 homes in the area, 33 buildings in the city of Napa, cut-off electricity to 70,000 customers, caused gas leaks, broke 60 main water pipes and sparked several fires. Dan Moore, Director, U.S. Disaster Relief for Operation Blessing International, deployed from Virginia Beach Sunday afternoon with an advance team. They arrived last night and will be meeting with local leaders and emergency management officials today to determine the areas of greatest need and how OBI may be able to assist. Operation Blessing International’s US Disaster Relief Team is a first responder to dozens of major disasters in the USA each year. Specializing in logistics, mass volunteer coordination, safe water and hunger relief, OBI USDR works with local authorities and emergency management officials in response to tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, snowstorms and other related events. As first responders OBI has disaster relief equipment strategically pre-staged at warehouses in Chesapeake, VA, Dallas, TX and Ocala, FL including a state of the art mobile command center, a CAT924 front-end loader, a 20-ton crane, portable kitchens that can feed over 1,000 hot meals a day, construction trailers full of tools and protective gear to equip thousands of volunteers, shower trailers, skid steers, cots and tents, electrical generators, roofing supplies, and thousands of tons of non perishable food and drinks via OBI’s Hunger Strike Force. Stay tuned to www.ob.org for more information and updates. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Human Trafficking At World Cup Target Of New Documentary & Relief Efforts By International Humanitarian Group, Operation Blessing International –1 Real Outreach Set To Bring Trafficking Awareness To The Forefront — (VIRGINIA BEACH, VA.) June 17, 2014 – The World Cup is not only one of the biggest international sporting events on the planet, it is also, unfortunately, a huge magnet for human trafficking, often targeting vulnerable children, says Bill Horan, president of the global humanitarian organization, Operational Blessing International. To help fight trafficking in Brazil, host country of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Operation Blessing International (OBI) has created 1 Real: The Other Side of the Coin, a documentary that is being shown in all 12 World Cup match cities in order to educate families and to help them protect their children from human trafficking. Says OBI president Horan, human trafficking is a billion dollar industry that exacts a heavy toll, especially on innocent children. “When large sporting events come to town, young girls are at heavy risk. Not far from where a FIFA World Cup match will be played, a family member or sex trafficker will sell a young child to a predator for as little as fifty cents, or 1 Real, the currency of Brazil,” says Horan. The 1 Real documentary cites a governmental report which states that some 40,000 children and adolescents disappear annually in Brazil, with roughly 15% of these cases going unsolved. David Darg, vice president of international operations for OBI, says “Operation Blessing is focused on the six thousand children each year who are never found; many are known to have been abducted for the trafficking industry.” 1 Real features an interview with a trafficking perpetrator who explains how he targeted young girls, and also includes interviews with several young victims of sex trafficking. A trailer for the documentary can be viewed at: http://www.ob.org/1-real-50-world-cup-anti-trafficking-documentary-trailer/ In 8 of the 12 World Cup venue cities, OBI is conducting additional anti-trafficking awareness, prevention, and intervention efforts, in addition to hosting screenings of the film. These vulnerable communities are Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Fortaleza, Natal, Recife, Salvador, and Rio de Janeiro. To raise awareness for the 1 Real outreach, OBI will engage in the following activities: — Distribute copies of 1Real film via DVDs and Flash Drives — Create flash mobs in the red light districts in all eight cities, where food and a “Hope Bag” will be given to the girls on the streets. (The goal is to halt prostitution and trafficking for one night in these areas and alert girls to where they can turn for help). — Show the film where tourists frequent — Volunteers will travel around via an OBI bus and will wear iPads around their necks to show the film trailer, available in different languages –5,000 stickers for taxis and cars. 25,000 Red Card flyers (used in soccer, to indicate expulsion from game) saying, “No to sexual exploitation.” There will be a number on the back to call in Brazil to report sexual exploitation — 25,000 promo cards explaining the documentary — Volunteers wearing T-shirts that say, “persons are not for sale,” to promote the film and to make a viral impact. Local churches are supporting OBI in every city, providing housing, logistics, permits and food for the volunteers. OBI is partnering with local volunteer groups’ Makanudos, YWAM kickoff, 27 Million, Stop the Traffik, and UN.GIFT. OBI is helping to train churches, organizations and volunteers who can reach out to those on the streets. In addition, a special video geared towards the girls and young women who are working the streets has been produced and explains what trafficking is, how to search out a safe place, and how to denounce the practice. Another film, geared toward potential predators, sets out to dissuade them from purchasing sex. Throughout Latin America and in other countries around the world, Operation Blessing is helping survivors of trafficking by partnering with shelters to provide a safe place to stay and education for the victims. OBI is also helping with training programs to teach victims marketable skills so they can secure gainful work or eventually start their own business. Through local schools, OBI teams are meeting with students, teaching them how to avoid dangerous situations and taking a stand against abuse. This unique school outreach includes two award-winning documentaries, as well as other material and guidelines designed to help victims. For more information please visit www.ob.org , or for the film, www.1real.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF Operation Blessing International Helps Nigerian School Reopen Following Nearby Boko Haram Kidnapping & Bombing VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (June 16, 2014) — Operation Blessing International (OBI) is helping a boarding school in northeastern Nigeria reopen after it closed in April following the kidnapping of nearly 300 schoolgirls by terrorist group Boko Haram at another school in the region. David Darg, vice president of international operations for Operation Blessing International, visited the boarding school with a heavily armed security detail as classes resumed for the first time last week. The school is located in the same region where 270 girls were kidnapped and also where a Boko Haram suicide bomber killed more than 40 people recently. To help better secure the school compound and protect the 200 children who attend, Operation Blessing provided razor wire for the perimeter wall. And to ensure nutritious meals for those returning, OBI donated much needed staples including rice, oil, milk powder and sugar. Additionally, Operation Blessing provided new computers to the school as well as books to start a library. Operation Blessing will continue aiding the students by providing a well for the school and making improvements to the children’s dorms. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # NOTE: Photos and broadcast-quality b-roll are available. Media Contact: Roslan & Campion Public Relations LLC (212) 966-4600 Operation Blessing International Sending Four Million Doses Of Essential Medicine To Haiti In Response To New Virus Sweeping Caribbean VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (June 2, 2014) — Responding to reports of a new painful mosquito-borne virus that’s spreading rapidly through the Caribbean – the Chikungunya virus – the global humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) is flying four million doses of medicine into Haiti that treats high fever and reduces pain. The medicine, Paracetamol, better known as acetaminophen in the United States, is considered “the drug of choice” by the World Health Organization to decrease the symptoms of the virus. OBI has been in Haiti since 2009, preceding an intense earthquake that devastated the tiny Caribbean nation. For about four years, OBI has been conducting numerous relief and recovery efforts and rebuilding programs including a home for abandoned children and children with disabilities – Zanmi Beni – built by OBI that is run in conjunction with Dr. Paul Farmer and Partners in Health, establishing the largest fish farm in Haiti that provides food and jobs for Haitians, hosting medical teams from the Mayo Clinic, partnering with Greif Corp and the Clinton Foundation to build a school and help a village near Lake Azuei, and providing safe water throughout the country, just to name a few. On delivering the medicine, Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “We will utilize our extensive distribution network in Haiti to get the medicine into clinics, especially to those serving the poor in rural areas, and to the clinics treating children and the elderly who are at increased risk due to dangerously high-fever associated with the virus.” According to Horan, the medical shipment is coming from OBI’s supplier in the Netherlands and will be able to treat more than 125,000 people, given the recommended dosage by the World Health Organization. In addition to fever, the Chikungunya virus – more commonly found in Africa and Asia – is transmitted by the same daytime-biting mosquitoes that also carry the deadly dengue fever. The virus causes painful headaches and excruciating pain to the bones and joints, according to news reports. The virus was first detected in the eastern Caribbean five months ago, and in Haiti in early May, according to news reports. Since its outbreak, the virus has jumped from island to island, sending thousands of patients to the hospital and health officials scrambling to respond to the surge of patients. There is no vaccine or treatment that can cure the virus, but the virus is usually not deadly to healthy adults although it is dangerous for children and anyone with preexisting health issues. Symptoms typically begin to dissipate within a week. Stay tuned to www.OB.org for more details to come. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Operation Blessing International Deploys Disaster Relief Team To “Life-Threatening Flooding” In Pensacola, FL – Charity Currently Has Disaster Relief Teams In Tupelo, MS (Tornados) & Pensacola, FL (Floods) – VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 30, 2014) – Operation Blessing International, one of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, has deployed a second domestic disaster relief team in just two days, this one to Pensacola, Florida to help in the wake of what has been deemed, “life-threatening flooding.” According to reports, upwards of 24 inches of rain fell in a 26-hour period, with five inches of rain in a single hour. Dozens of drivers were stranded as up to 3 feet of water inundated city streets. An advance team led by Dan Moore, director of U.S. disaster relief for Operation Blessing, has arrived and will be assessing the damages and meeting with local emergency management authorities. A construction trailer full of tools, debris removal and flood cleanup equipment is en route, along with a state of the art mobile command center and a mobile kitchen capable of feeding thousands of hot meals a day to residents and emergency responders. OB has set up a base camp at Brownsville Assembly of God church and will begin coordinating volunteer efforts as early as Thursday. Yesterday, an OB disaster relief team arrived in Tupelo, MS to help in the aftermath of tornadoes that destroyed over 100 homes and businesses there. The Operation Blessing Team set up a base of operations at the Word of Life Church (1984 Cliff Gookin Blvd, Tupelo) and is coordinating volunteer efforts to help residents whose homes were damaged. Anyone interested in volunteering, or residents needing help, should report to the Word of Life Church at 8:00am Monday through Saturday. In addition to the disaster relief teams on the ground in Tupelo and Pensacola, Operation Blessing yesterday deployed three tractor-trailer truckloads containing thousands of pounds of bottled water, food and relief supplies. These were sent to Arkansas and Tennessee, which were both struck by deadly tornadoes since the weekend. The relief supplies will be distributed to residents in need by Operation Blessing International’s local partner organizations. Stay tuned to www.OB.org and the local media for more details to come. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF -Charity Also Delivering Thousands of Pounds of Food, Bottled Water & Relief Supplies To Arkansas & Tennessee- VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 29, 2014) – Operation Blessing International, one of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, has deployed its domestic disaster relief team to Tupelo, MS in the wake of tornadoes on Monday that destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses. OBI team leaders flew out of Norfolk early this morning. A convoy of disaster relief equipment is also currently en route. The convoy includes two construction trailers full of tools and clean-up supplies, a state-of-the-art Mobile Command Center and a skid-steer. The Operation Blessing Team will set up a base of operations at the Word of Life Church (1984 Cliff Gookin Blvd, Tupelo) and will begin assessing the damages, meeting with local emergency management authorities and coordinating volunteer efforts to help residents with clean-up. Based on the need, Operation Blessing is expected to call for local volunteers to help in the cleanup efforts. Residents whose homes were damaged will be able to submit work order requests for free volunteer help. Stay tuned to www.OB.org and the local media for more details to come. In addition to the disaster relief team in Tupelo, Operation Blessing has also deployed three tractor-trailer truckloads containing thousands of pounds of bottled water, food and relief supplies. These are currently en route to Arkansas and Tennessee, which were both struck by deadly tornadoes since the weekend. The relief supplies will be distributed to residents in need by Operation Blessing International’s local partner organizations. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # For Immediate Release Operation Blessing International & City of Norfolk To Launch “Snow Buddy” Program To Help Residents Needing Snow Removal Phone Hotline Set Up For Residents Needing Help: 757.274.8650 NORFOLK, VA (January 30, 2014) – The Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International has partnered with the City of Norfolk for a “Snow Buddy” volunteer program to help residents who need snow removal but do not have the resources or ability to do so. This is in response to a major snowstorm that hit the region on Tuesday night, which left up to ten inches of snow on the ground and frigid temperatures in its wake. Operation Blessing will coordinate the volunteer effort and take work order requests from residents. The charity is deploying its disaster relief staff from its Virginia Beach headquarters and will also be utilizing some of its heavy equipment including a Cat loader, skid steers and other equipment. Volunteers are needed Friday and Saturday to help remove snow from homes in the city. Operation Blessing has established telephone hotlines for residents who need help, as well as for people who wish to volunteer to help. The information is as follows: RESIDENTS WHO NEED HELP If you need assistance with shoveling snow from your door step, driveway, and/or residential area and do not have the resources to accomplish this yourself, we can help based on available volunteer labor. Please either call: 757.274.8650 or, if possible, come in person to fill out a work request for FREE volunteer help at the following location: Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center, located at Lowes parking lot at 1081 N Military Hwy, Norfolk All homeowners must sign a work order form and a release form allowing volunteer teams access to be on your property. If you cannot come to the Operation Blessing Command Center to fill out the form, you must MAKE SURE you are home when the volunteers arrive to sign the work order form giving the teams permission to be on your property. We will not be able to do any work without a form SIGNED BY THE HOMEOWNER. Priority will be given based on elderly, sick, disabled, single-moms, etc., and will based on the availability of volunteers. WANT TO HELP? VOLUNTEERS Meet at the Operation Blessing Mobile Command Center @ 8:00 AM on Friday and/or Saturday Lowes parking lot at 1081 N Military Hwy, Norfolk Local volunteer hotline: 757.374.0944 Volunteers please bring snow shovels IF you have them Since rock salt is in short supply in the entire region due to the severity of the storm, Operation Blessing has just purchased 40,000 pounds of rock salt in Ocala, Florida, which is currently being loading onto one of the charity’s tractor-trailer trucks there. The salt will arrive in Norfolk tomorrow morning and will be used in the volunteer snow removal efforts. Jody Herrington-Gettys, vice president of US disaster relief and programs for Operation Blessing International said, “While ten inches of snow is nothing for cities up north, that amount can be crippling here in the south. When Norfolk city officials reached out to us this morning to help residents to remove snow, Operation Blessing did not hesitate to offer our full assistance.” “We’re thrilled to have Operation Blessing and Lowe’s as our Team Norfolk partners,” said Jim Redick, Director Emergency Operations and Preparedness. “This is just one more example of Team Norfolk coming together to make Norfolk a more resilient community.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. ABOUT TEAM NORFOLK: Established in 2012, Team Norfolk is a City of Norfolk lead collaboration between public, private, non-profit, higher education and military organizations. Team Norfolk meets monthly to synchronize disaster plans to address potential issues before, during and after an incident. # # # Click here to download PDF Operation Blessing International Disaster Relief “Advance Team” En Route To Washington, IL To Assess Tornado Damage VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (November 18, 2013) – The humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has sent an advance team to the Washington, IL area today following deadly tornadoes over the weekend. The OBI team is currently en route and will arrive this afternoon to assess the damage and to determine if the charity will deploy its full disaster relief team and equipment, and possibly coordinate volunteers. In early 2012, OBI coordinated more than 3,000 volunteers and over 23,000 volunteer hours for relief efforts in partnership with the Harrisburg, IL Emergency Manager and Illinois State Emergency Management (IEMA) following tornadoes in Harrisburg, IL. Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of domestic disaster relief for the charity, said, “The news reports we’ve seen of the damage vary widely, from a few neighborhoods to hundreds of homes destroyed. We decided to send our advance team to see what the situation is on the ground and then we’ll make a decision as to whether we deploy from here or not.” Should OBI decide to respond, it will send its Mobile Command Center and a construction trailer full of tools for debris removal and supplies for volunteers. Even if the domestic disaster relief team is not deployed, OBI will still partner with local churches and other groups in order to assist with their efforts through grants and donations. “Operation Blessing International will still be helping those who’ve lost their homes, even if we don’t fully deploy,” added Herrington-Gettys. Anyone wishing to donate to the relief efforts can do so at www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. For interviews contact: Click here to download PDF –Charity Sending State-Of-The-Art Chlorine Generators To Philippines From Chesapeake Warehouse Today– VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (November 11, 2013) – Operation Blessing Foundation Philippines, the local outreach of Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International (OBI), has deployed disaster relief teams in multiple locations following massive devastation from Typhoon Haiyan. Some 40 staff members from Operation Blessing Philippines are currently in Tacloban City and across the province of Leyte, the provinces of Ilo-ilo, Aklan and Eastern Samar. Due to the severe damage to roads, teams will be involved in clearing operations so that relief goods and personnel can be brought in the hardest hit areas. OB also now has medical personnel on the ground and will begin medical missions shortly. Also today, Operation Blessing International will be shipping several state-of-the-art water purification devices to the Philippines from its warehouse in Chesapeake, VA. The first device is a SAN6 chlorine generator that can produce enough food-grade chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) to disinfect over 300,000 gallons of water each day. OBI will also be sending five portable chlorine generators, each the size of a briefcase. These portable units can run off of a car battery and each unit can provide enough food-grade chlorine to disinfect 60,000 gallons of water a day. The devices are scheduled to arrive on Wednesday and once set up, the chlorine will be distributed in the hardest hit areas in order to disinfect water, treat water wells and also be used for surface disinfection. In addition, David Darg, Operation Blessing’s vice president of international operations, is en route to the disaster area. David will be training the local teams in the use of the chlorine generators and assisting with the Operation Blessing Philippines team’s efforts. Typhoon Haiyan slammed into the Philippines this on November 8 with sustained winds in excess of 195mph and gusts as high as 235mph, making it perhaps the strongest cyclone to hit land in recorded history. According to reports, at least 10,000 are feared dead from the storm. Operation Blessing International began working in the Philippines in the early 1980s by pioneering fresh water programs to the residents of the trash dump known as “Smokey Mountain.” In 1996, Operation Blessing Foundation Philippines was created and has worked to fight hunger, disease, unemployment, illiteracy, abuse, and to respond to major disasters ever since. Under the direction of Dr. Kim April C. Pascual, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, more than a million Filipinos have been helped through various humanitarian outreaches spearheaded by OB or in collaboration with OB partner agencies such as non-profit organizations, local government units, the Department of Health, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), and the Armed Forces of the Philippines. In recognition of OB’s efforts, it was awarded as NGO of the Year for Peace Efforts by the Philippines government in 2002 and 2003, and as NGO of the Year in 2006 and 2007. For more information or to donate to the relief efforts, please visit www.ob.org . # # # Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (November 8, 2013) – The Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International (OBI) is set to deploy first responder teams to help with disaster relief operations following Typhoon Haiyan. Typhoon Haiyan slammed into the Philippines this morning with sustained winds in excess of 195mph and gusts as high as 235mph, making it perhaps the strongest cyclone to hit land in recorded history. The storm is expected to last until early Saturday morning before heading out to sea. OBI’s Philippines’ arm, Operation Blessing Foundation Philippines, had pre-staged teams and emergency supplies and equipment in advance of the storm. As soon as Haiyan fully passes, disaster relief team leaders will begin to assess the damage and respond as needed. Efforts are expected to include providing clean water and food, emergency shelter materials and medical assistance. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, said, “Due to the power of this super storm, we are expecting massive damage to buildings, homes and roads. The most critical need in the immediate aftermath will be providing clean water, and Operation Blessing is ready to deploy mobile filtration and disinfection units that will enable us to provide clean water for tens of thousands of people each day. In the meantime, we will also position medical teams in the hardest hit areas and later coordinate volunteer efforts to begin the cleanup.” Operation Blessing Foundation Philippines has provided humanitarian efforts in the Philippines for over 14 years. Under the direction of Dr. Kim April C. Pascual, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, the charity works to fight hunger, disease, unemployment, illiteracy, abuse, and to respond to major disasters. To date, more than a million Filipinos have been helped through various humanitarian outreaches spearheaded by OB or in collaboration with OB partner agencies such as non-profit organizations, local government units, the Department of Health, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), and the Armed Forces of the Philippines. In recognition of OB’s efforts, it was awarded as NGO of the Year for Peace Efforts by the Philippines government in 2002 and 2003, and as NGO of the Year in 2006 and 2007. For more information or to donate to the relief efforts, please visit www.ob.org . # # # Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH AND TOKYO (October 10, 2013) – Global humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) announced today the official launch of its Japan bureau, Operation Blessing Japan (OBJ). Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, and Don Thomson, president of Operation Blessing Japan, made the joint announcement from the Foreign Correspondents Club in Tokyo. The establishment of OBJ follows two years of humanitarian relief efforts in Japan by Operation Blessing International, one of the largest charities in America. A first responder to the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, OBI delivered tons of relief supplies and equipment to thousands of survivors in the immediate aftermath of the disaster. Since then, OBI has provided many ongoing relief efforts including community support groups for survivors and microenterprise projects. One area of concerted efforts has been to help the Japanese fishing industry recover from the devastation, which wiped out thousands of boats and seaweed/oyster cultivation efforts. To help, OBI commissioned and distributed 30 new boats made specifically for Japanese fishermen, secured and distributed 60 used boats from around Japan that were donated to fishermen, and donated 20 industrial-grade electrical generators along with $650,000 worth of seaweed and oyster cultivation equipment to the Urato Islands, including anchors, rope, shells used for cultivating oysters, floats, nets, small trucks, and computers, to help get the oyster fishing industry there back in operation. Due to OBI’s swift action, the oystermen were able to harvest in the same year as the tsunami, a timeline that was unthinkable by most in the community. In recognition of this achievement, the Mayor of Shiogama City honored OBI for getting them back on their feet so quickly. Operation Blessing Japan is registered as a Japanese non-profit (NPO) in Miyagi Prefecture. The organization’s headquarters are located in Sendai, with a second office in Tokyo. The organization will focus on three areas of activity: “Remember Tohoku” – continued relief efforts in the Tohoku disaster zone including projects related to reviving the fishing industry, providing community support groups for survivors to share their stories and heal from the emotional damage caused by the disaster, and also an outreach in Fukushima Prefecture that will provide buses to transport children living there to areas that are safe for playing outdoors (due to high levels of radiation in Fukushima). Contribute to Japan – OBJ seeks to also contribute to Japanese society and will be responding to humanitarian needs as they arise in other parts of Japan. “Touch the World from Japan” – OBJ is launching a program to introduce OBI humanitarian projects around the world to the Japanese people, should they wish to support those efforts. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, stated, “Operation Blessing International arrived in Japan to help in the aftermath of the 2011 disaster and we have been here ever since with a number of ongoing efforts. After these two years, the fact remains that the people of Tohoku still need help so that they may recover their livelihoods and become financially independent once again.” Don Thomson, president of Operation Blessing Japan, stated, “Operation Blessing Japan is committed to helping the people of Japan as well as serving as a bridge to deliver the goodwill of the Japanese people to areas of need all around the world.” For more information please visit www.ob.org or (in Japanese) www.objapan.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (September 24, 2013) – In response to the recent disaster that hit Mexico, Operation Blessing International (OBI) and its team based in Mexico City are in Guerrero, the state hardest hit by flooding, providing food and supplies, health and medical personnel, water purification systems and clean-up crews, said Scott Hill, OBI’s Latin America director. To date, more than 150 people are feared dead, an estimated 200,000 left without homes, tens of thousands of homes damaged, and some 60,000 people evacuated, as the result of two tropical storms that have wreaked-havoc on this country since mid-September. The storms hit both Mexico’s west and east coasts causing flooding and landslides. According to news reports, Mexico had not been hit simultaneously by two powerful storms like this since 1958. Since arriving, OBI has secured and distributed the following: Food and Supplies — 4 mobile kitchens set-up that have initially provided 2350 hot meals over the past weekend — 240 families, to date, have received food supply bags Health and Medical — An initial medical team in place, which treated 75 people over the weekend — Four towns with a total of 1400 people have been treated for parasites due to infected water. OBI has donated 200,000 doses of anti-parasite medicine and is working with the local authorities to quickly distribute them. Cleanup Teams –A volunteer center has been set-up with a goal of mobilizing 10 cleanup teams, including a chain saw crew, a construction team, and two paint teams. The first team with a construction background arrived from Mexico City and is now deployed, helping victims. Water Purification — In Oaxaca, OBI is working with its partner, Water Missions International, to install four water purification units to the north where more than 14 communities and some 148,000 people are affected. Each unit can generate 10,000 gallons of potable water each day. — One water purification unit is being installed in one of the hardest hit suburbs of Acapulco. –Today, OBI deployed a staff member from Virginia Beach with two additional water purification devices. The first is a SAN6 chlorine generator that can produce enough food-grade chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) to disinfect over 300,000 gallons of water each day. The second device is a portable chlorine generator that is the size of a briefcase, can run off of a car battery, and can provide enough food-grade chlorine to disinfect 60,000 gallons of water a day. Once set up, OBI will be treating water wells and providing food grade chlorine to flood victims for the purpose of disinfecting water. Here is a B-roll/photo link — Acapulco Flood Relief: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/7bdoig7hxzvggiy/eLaAnVhcqd ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: http://bwww.ob.org/global-impact/ # # # Click here to download PDF FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (September 10, 2013) – Operation Blessing International (OB) has issued the following statement in response to the malicious allegations in the film Mission Congo: The premise of the so-called “documentary,” Mission Congo, is based on alleged events of almost 20 years ago. Indeed, the film relies heavily on reports from 1) one local newspaper whose reporter has never, to our knowledge, even stepped foot in the region in question, and 2) is also based on interviews with individuals who were either not directly involved with the charity’s operations or not aware of the intricacies of those operations. We find it necessary to respond to not only the overall theme that Dr. Robertson somehow profited “on the back of a non-existent aid project,” as was erroneously reported in the media, but also to clear up specific falsehoods about Operation Blessing’s activities and other malicious and defamatory comments that have been made in the film by the filmmakers. The following is a point-by-point refutation of some of the major misstatements in the movie and associated media reports: -In Zaire, Operation Blessing was responsible for the medical needs of approximately 100,000 refugees from Rwanda. To launch this effort, Dr. Robertson personally paid to charter a DC8 airplane to ship 80,000 pounds of medicine to Goma. Over the following year, additional shipments of medicines and medical equipment were sent elsewhere in the country including one shipment with 12 tons of medicine that was donated to the government of Zaire on May 17, 1995. -Operation Blessing’s relief efforts at the time were under the supervision of Bob Fanning, a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel who served as Executive Vice President and CEO of the organization. He personally oversaw the medical shipments and the teams of doctors and other medical staff in Zaire during this crisis. Without question, the work of OB in Zaire was exemplary and resulted in the relief of much human suffering. -Jessie Potts, who was oddly referenced in the film as being the “operations manager for Robertson in Goma in 1994,” was not an employee of Operation Blessing. Our records indicate he was a volunteer, and only for a short time. -Mr. Potts’ quote about the medications that OB provided as not being useful (“too much Tylenol”) is completely unfounded. OB records confirm that hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of emergency medicines (including many different varieties of antibiotics, anti-malarial drugs, anti-diarrheal medications, oral rehydration salts) along with other medical equipment (intravenous equipment, x-ray machines, lab equipment, bandages, forceps, syringes, etc) were flown into the country by Operation Blessing on multiple occasions. Interestingly, OB records do not show any Tylenol being sent by the organization. -A further allegation claims that Operation Blessing only had one tent and seven doctors on the ground in Goma. In fact, the organization sent at least six medical relief teams to Goma between July and December 1994. The medical relief teams ranged in size from approximately seven to seventeen persons and included doctors, nurses and paramedics. The first team arrived in Goma on July 24, 1994. On the same day, OB arranged for 66,000 pounds of medicine and supplies to arrive in Goma on an aircraft it had chartered from Amsterdam. -Regarding school and farm in Dumi that were originally built by Operation Blessing, they are both thriving today. When Operation Blessing left the country in 1997 due to political unrest and violence, the school and farm were given to the National Baptist Community (CBCO). CBCO operated both of these until another American relief organization took over operation in 2008. -Under its new operators, the school now has many new upgrades including solar powered lighting, new paint and repaired furniture. It currently has over 100 students registered for the fall term. This was confirmed this week by Jon Cassel, CBN’s director of French African operations who was on the ground in Zaire with Operation Blessing in the 1990s and has returned multiple times to meet with the current operators. -The farm is also thriving today, although it did struggle the first several years due to the learning curve involved with cultivation in Africa. Today, more than 1250 acres are under cultivation and its produce helps to feed many families in the area. The farm and the school, first founded by Operation Blessing, are a permanent legacy of the organization’s work in the region. -While Operation Blessing partners with other aid groups on humanitarian efforts all around the world on a daily basis, we are not aware of any instance in which we made use of another organization’s photos or videos without accompanying explanation. In fact, due to its affiliation with CBN, Operation Blessing always travels with its own cameras and would have no reason to use someone else’s videos. -Roughly twenty years ago, Operation Blessing purchased three World War II used airplanes for aid relief in Africa. A short time later, a personal business entity of Dr. Robertson’s called the African Development Corporation (ADC), bought one of the planes from OB for full market value and the price paid by OB. All three planes were shipped across the Atlantic to the Congo. In addition to paying for all the operating expenses for the ADC flights, Dr. Robertson made substantial contributions from personal funds to help OB cover the costs of its flight operations in Zaire. -The planes turned out to be unreliable, were constantly breaking down and it became difficult to secure spare parts for them. So the missions were occasionally overlapped using whatever plane(s) was/were working. The ADC plane was partly used to haul humanitarian supplies for OB, while the OB planes were partly used to haul freight for ADC. All usage of the OB planes for ADC purposes was fully paid for by ADC. -Robert Hinkle, referred to in the film as being “the chief pilot for Operation Blessing” in Zaire in 1994, never worked for Operation Blessing. -When the planes did not work out as expected, Dr. Robertson personally donated $400,000 to OB to cover its costs of acquiring the two airplanes. -The total take in the diamond mining operation was exactly one stone weighing about an eighth of a carat. The effort was a total failure and was abandoned, with Dr. Robertson donating the equipment to the African church that owned the river concession. The operations of ADC resulted in a substantial personal financial loss to Dr. Robertson. Media reports suggesting that Dr. Robertson “enriched” himself by diamond mining are grossly false. -The Virginia Attorney General’s office conducted an exhaustive study of Bill Sizemore’s allegations and found no evidence of wrongdoing by Pat Robertson or Operation Blessing. The report was jointly signed by four Deputy and Assistant’ Attorneys General. Click here to read the Attorney General’s Report. Click here for the Commonwealth of Virginia Letter to the Va. Pilot. -As for “fraudulent and deceptive statements” attributed to Dr. Robertson by the Virginian Pilot, the Attorney General found that of all the references to the Congo activities on The 700 Club, there was one instance of an inaccurate statement, but it was deemed as inadvertent and no funds were raised based on this statement. Further, a letter* written by the Commissioner of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service of the Commonwealth of Virginia to the Editor of the Virginian Pilot, dated July 21, 1999, scolded that newspaper for its “inaccurate” reporting of the story. The Commissioner expressly agreed with the Attorney General’s findings, saying, “Anyone who has read both reports will conclude that the state’s lawyers checked out the issues thoroughly and applied the facts to the law. I am satisfied with their conclusion that there was no evidence of intent to defraud.” -The allegations stemming from the Virginian Pilot were also brought to the attention of the Internal Revenue Service, which examined the facts and took no action. -As for allegations that authorities chose not to prosecute because of campaign donations made by Dr. Robertson, those are ridiculous and completely without merit. Multiple assistant Attorneys General reviewed the matter and the 38-page report was signed by the Chief Deputy Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Senior Assistant Attorney General, and the Assistant Attorney General, none of whom received any donation from Dr. Robertson or Operation Blessing. The fact remains that Operation Blessing has grown into one of the largest charities in America. Founded by Dr. Robertson in 1978, the organization continues to provide strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. For seven years in a row (2005-2011), OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management, a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: http://www.ob.org/global-impact/ # # # Click here to download PDF Operation Blessing International Deploying Disaster Relief Team To Moore, Oklahoma VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (May 21, 2013) – The domestic disaster relief team from Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the largest humanitarian organizations in America, is deploying to Moore, Oklahoma, where a massive tornado struck yesterday. Late last night, an advance team led by Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. disaster relief for Operation Blessing International, deployed from Granbury, Texas where they had been helping with tornado relief following last week’s storm there. OBI coordinated more than 500 volunteers in that effort including many from longtime partner, The Home Depot. A caravan of OBI emergency equipment is currently en route to Moore, including a construction unit, mobile command center, trucks full of tools and supplies, and a team of construction foremen. The caravan is expected to arrive by noon local time. Bill Horan, president of OBI, departed from Norfolk early today and will be meeting with local emergency management officials and partner agencies to begin the coordination of relief efforts. To donate to the relief effort or for updates on the response, please visit www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: https://vimeo.com/57154374 CONTACT: Click here to download PDF “Compassion 2013” Charity Event In Norfolk To Help Hundreds Of Local Families With Free Groceries, Health Screenings And More NORFOLK, VA (May 1, 2013) – On Saturday, May 18 (9:00am-Noon), a charity event called “Compassion 2013: Satisfying the Hungry” will help hundreds of Norfolk families in need. Presented by The Storehouse, a community food pantry run by The New Life Christian Center (3921 Pleasant Ave, Norfolk), and sponsored by Operation Blessing International and Bon Secours Virginia Health System, the event will provide free groceries to families in need, health screenings, cooking demos and more. For the event, Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) will provide 10,000 pounds of groceries – enough to feed hundreds of families — including canned vegetables, meats and sauces, cereal, granola bars, oatmeal, drinks and dried beans. OBI will also have its mobile kitchen onsite and will be providing meals and free cooking demonstrations to those in attendance. Bon Secours Health System will also be onsite at The Storehouse, providing free healthcare screenings including blood pressure, body mass index, body fat, waist circumference for adults and pulse, respiration, blood pressure, height and weight for children. “Compassion 2013” will mark roughly three years since Operation Blessing International and the Bon Secours Virginia Health System collaborated to revitalize, rebuild and expand the Storehouse after it was severely damaged by a 2009 Nor’easter. Following the storm, Operation Blessing International and the Bon Secours Healthy Communities Initiative led the construction effort and coordinated volunteer management to expand the structure from 600 square feet to over 1,000 square feet, and also installed a renovated kitchen, a new deck and a renovated playground. In addition to construction and volunteer management, OBI supported the effort by filling the pantry with more than 40,000 lbs of food, providing a $10,000 donation, and adding The Storehouse to Operation Blessing International’s Hunger Strike Force to receive ongoing deliveries. The East Ocean View section of Norfolk was selected to be the first community in which Bon Secours would establish the Bon Secours Healthy Communities Initiative. The primary goal of the outreach effort is to work alongside leaders to improve the overall health of the community. “At Bon Secours our mission is to bring good help to those in need. We know that good help extends much further than providing access to exceptional health care,” said Michael K. Kerner, CEO, Bon Secours Hampton Roads Health System. “Good help also means working alongside others to impact positive changes and improve the overall health of our community. Our partnership with organizations like Operation Blessing, New Life Christian Center, Ocean View Medical and Dental Center, and others in the East Ocean View community is an excellent example of how focused collaboration can make a positive impact for those we serve.” Bon Secours Healthy Communities has also helped to make many positive changes like the Storehouse program, the development of a community garden to encourage healthy nutrition, neighborhood beautification projects and supporting local sports activities for local youth. The Storehouse is one of Operation Blessing’s many efforts to help feed the local and regional community. Since March 2012, the charity has provided more than 1 million pounds of food and relief aid to 35 ministry partners helping Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Hampton and Newport News; the 7 cities that make up Hampton Roads VA. In addition, Operation Blessing also distributed more than 2 million additional pounds of food and relief aid to ministry partners throughout the rest of the state of Virginia during this same time period. “Operation Blessing helps people in more than 20 countries each year, but we also help tens of thousands of people in our own hometown of Virginia Beach,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International. “The Storehouse has been one such story, and a huge help in easing the burden of providing food for many local families.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: https://vimeo.com/57154374 For more information on OB, please visit: www.ob.org About Bon Secours Virginia Health System Bon Secours Virginia Health System (BSV), the fourth-largest and only faith-based health system in Virginia, is comprised of Bon Secours Richmond and Bon Secours Hampton Roads. BSV includes seven award-winning hospitals: four in Richmond and three in Hampton Roads. Bon Secours brings together an expanding network of hospitals, primary care practices, ambulatory care sites and continuing care facilities to provide high-quality health care and wellness services to thousands of Virginians. The not-for-profit Catholic health system employs nearly 12,000 people. Bon Secours Virginia hospitals offer a full range of services, including cardiac, women’s, children’s, orthopaedics, emergency services, oncology, neurosciences and surgery. # # # Click here to download PDF Virginia Beach-Based Humanitarian Organization Drilled Wells, Facilitated Donation of Water Disinfection/Filtration System With Partner, Severn Trent Services VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 25, 2013) – Global humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) is playing a role in the opening of an important new teaching hospital in Haiti that will fill a huge void for Haitians who previously had limited access to quality health care. The Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais (HUM), in Mirebalais, Haiti, created by Partners In Health, will host a Celebration of Partnership event on April 28 to recognize the generous contributions of its partner organizations to the construction of the new hospital. The 205,000-square foot, 300-bed facility will provide primary care services to about 185,000 people in Mirebalais and two nearby communities. But patients from a much wider area—all of central Haiti and areas in and around Port-au-Prince—also will be able to receive secondary and tertiary care. In addition to providing healthcare services, HUM will also provide high-quality education for the next generation of Haitian nurses, medical students, and resident physicians. For the hospital, Operation Blessing International, who first came to Haiti in 2009 at the request of Partners In Health, has drilled five water wells including the primary hospital well (8″ x 300′) and backup (6″ x 200′), an off-site well for hospital staff housing (4″ x 200′), and at the request of Partners In Health, two community wells (4″ x 100′) for public use. While the primary well was being drilled, OBI also funded construction of the hospital’s cistern and delivered several truckloads of water every day for over a month. In addition to the wells and water delivery, OBI also facilitated the donation of a water disinfection/filtration system through the charity’s longtime partner, Severn Trent Services. The system is capable of producing up to six pounds of sodium hypochlorite per day, which can disinfect some 165,000 gallons of water daily for the hospital. The system also will filter the water to ensure it is free of any particulate. OBI shipped the materials for the water system to Haiti, received them in the OBI Port-au-Prince warehouse and transported them to Mirebalais for the installation. OBI staff worked together with a Severn Trent technician to install and commission the system. OBI continues to provide technical support and maintenance for the water system, and will continue to do so to ensure the hospital has water available at every tap that meets the US standards for water quality. “When Paul Farmer and Partners In Health asked if Operation Blessing would help to provide clean water for the new hospital, we jumped at the chance to help our longtime friend,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International. “We are also grateful to our friends at Trent Severn Services, who graciously donated a water system that will disinfect and filter the water from the wells and supply the entire hospital.” Operation Blessing first came to Haiti in the fall of 2009 in order to assist Partners In Health (Zanmi Lasante) in providing running potable water at their network of 12 hospitals. When the earthquake struck in January 2010, OBI deployed its first-response disaster relief team. OBI partnered with IsraAID to run an emergency medical facility that helped thousands, OBI installed water purification equipment all around the city, and delivered hundreds of tons of relief supplies, transported to Haiti via the US Navy, for months after the disaster. The OBI team also responded to the subsequent cholera outbreak, providing life saving water purification equipment to the hard-hit areas. Since the quake, OBI continues to work on many ongoing projects in Haiti, including operating the Zanmi Beni home for children with disabilities in partnership with Partners In Health, hosting medical teams from the Mayo Clinic regularly, installing and operating a major fish farming operation that provides jobs to Haitians and much needed protein to the children at Zanmi Beni and other children’s homes, installing clean water systems at the St. Damien’s Children’s Hospital and helping to fund a cholera treatment center there, partnering with Greif and the Clinton Foundation to install rainwater catchment systems and to build a school in villages surrounding Lake Azuei, and many more. For more information on Operation Blessing please visit: www.ob.org For more information about Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais (HUM), please visit the Partners In Health website: www.pih.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. ABOUT PARTNERS IN HEALTH: PIH is a global health organization relentlessly committed to improving the health of the poor and marginalized. We build local capacity and work closely with impoverished communities to deliver high quality health care, address the root causes of illness, train providers, advance research and advocate for global policy change. Ninety-three percent of the funds we raise go to our programs in the ten countries where we work, including Haiti, Rwanda, Russia, Peru and the United States. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: With Spring Warm-up Expected To Jump-Start Tornado Season, Operation Blessing International Offers Free 7-Day Family Disaster Planning Guide VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 8, 2013) – The U.S. Disaster Relief team of the global humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International (OBI), has published a free 7-Day Family Disaster Planning Guide to help families prepare for the onset of peak tornado season and other disasters. Historically, March marks the beginning of the peak tornado season in the USA. However, due to much colder temperatures than normal this winter, there were only 17 tornadoes in the month of March, the lowest in 35 years. In 2012, for example, there were 154 tornadoes in March. But with the return of warm temperatures now in place, forecasters are calling for an increase in the likelihood of tornado activity in the coming weeks. Operation Blessing International’s free 7-Day Family Disaster Planning Guide is available for downloading at www.ob.org. Originally created for OBI’s “Prepared Kids” instructional program for school children, the guide will help families “Plan, Prepare and Protect” against the threat posed by tornadoes, hurricanes or other disasters. The guide is divided into seven daily steps, including gathering critical documents (insurance info, medication list, birth certificates, contact info, etc), preparing and organizing a “family emergency go-kit” (non-perishable foods, water, flashlight, first aid kit, toiletries, etc), preparing shopping lists, practicing the plan, and even suggesting fun activities to keep young family members occupied during or after a storm (board games, books, crafts, etc). OBI’s U.S. Disaster Relief team responds to dozens of disasters each year, including recent tornadoes in Joplin, Illinois, Alabama and Dallas, hurricanes’ Isaac, Irene, Katrina, and most recently, OBI spent four months helping thousands of residents recover from the devastation of Hurricane Sandy in Breezy Point, NY, the Lower East Side of Manhattan, Coney Island, Staten Island and coastal New Jersey. Normally arriving on site within 24-hours of a disaster, the OBI team provides thousands of hot meals, delivers tens of thousands of pounds of supplies with its fleet of semi trucks, coordinates hundreds of volunteers, provides specialized heavy equipment for debris removal. “In our experience responding to dozens of disasters each year, we see firsthand that most families are just not prepared,” says Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. Disaster Relief. “The result is frequently stress and grief, trying to cope with the situation at hand. However, if your family would commit to investing just two hours a day for one week, you can help to prepare them for most any disaster and to create a family tradition of preparedness that can be passed down for generations to come.” Download Operation Blessing International’s 7-Day Family Disaster Planning Guide at www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: https://vimeo.com/57154374 # # # Operation Blessing International’s Top 5 Tornado Safety Tips From Jody Herrington-Gettys, Director, US Disaster Relief 1. Heed tornado warnings – when a warning is posted, that should trigger your family to take cover 2. Designate a “safe room” in your home or nearby location – go there if a tornado warning is issued 3. Prepare a “family emergency go-kit” — with enough food, water and supplies to sustain your family for at least 3-5 days. 4. Make sure all of your important documents are kept in one place in a waterproof container or bag (birth and marriage certificates, home and vehicle insurance policies, prescriptions, medical cards, and photo IDs/Passports) 5. Keep your medications close — have duplicate copies of your prescriptions in your go-kit. # # # For more information or to schedule an interview with Jody Herrington-Gettys, please contact: Chris Roslan On Second Anniversary Of Japan Quake/Tsunami, Operation Blessing International And SAP Group To Deliver More Boats To Japanese Fishermen Intl. Effort To Help Out-Of-Work Fishermen Includes USA, Germany, Singapore, China, Japan Custom Made Boats To Be Presented On March 10, 2013 In Shiogama, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (March 6, 2013) -– Operation Blessing International (OBI) and SAP AG, the world leader in enterprise application software, will present six new and four used fishing boats to Japanese fishermen whose livelihoods were ruined in the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. The six custom-made, new boats were commissioned last December by OBI as part of the Virginia Beach-based organization’s ongoing efforts to help Japanese fishing communities devastated by the disaster. The 23-foot-long boats were built by a Chinese boat-maker in Henan Province, and the project was funded by a generous donation from SAP APJ (Asia Pacific Japan) in Singapore, through SAP Japan’s Tohoku Earthquake Aid and Relief Strategy (TEARS) humanitarian program. SAP Japan’s CSR TEARS (Tohoku Earthquake Aid and Relief Strategy) team and OBI staff will officially present the new mini-fleet to fishermen in ceremonies on March 10 at the Koshinoura Fishing Harbor, facing the beautiful and picturesque Matsushima Bay (considered to be one of the top three beauty spots in Japan) in Shiogama, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the day before the two-year anniversary of the disaster. Tomitaro Anzai, President of SAP Japan commented, “It is a great pleasure for us that we could be of some help to the recovery efforts in the disaster-hit area through TEARS, our volunteer project. Last year, together with Operation Blessing, we donated some boats to Sanriku coastal area in Miyagi, and this time in addition, we are able to donate the boats to Shiogama city, in Miyagi. We will continue these efforts consistently to support recovery efforts as much as possible.” “We are so thankful for SAP’s continued generous sponsorship of OBI’s fishing boat program,” said Bill Horan, OBI president. “There remains a tremendous need for fishing boats here because Japanese boat builders are still overwhelmed, two years after the disaster. The delivery of these ten boats will mean a lot to this entire community,” said Horan. OBI is committed to help multiple fishing communities, as thousands of boats were lost in the tsunami. Following this presentation, OBI will have purchased and provided 20 new boats made in the U.S., 10 new boats made in China and 61 used boats sourced within Japan, since the disaster. In other projects helping the fishing community, OBI provided laptop computers to the JF Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative, for the fishermen to reach out to the nation via their own website. Since the project’s launch, the cooperative received orders worth several million dollars for seafood that have already been delivered all over Japan. OBI also provided $650,000 worth of seaweed and oyster cultivation equipment to the Urato Islands, which are famous for oysters, including anchors, rope, shells used for cultivating oysters, floats, nets, small trucks, and computers. Due to OBI’s swift action, the oystermen were able to harvest in the same year as the tsunami, a timeline that was unthinkable by most in the community. In recognition of this achievement, the Mayor of Shiogama City honored OBI for getting them back on their feet so quickly. One of the first relief organizations on the ground in Japan, arriving hours after the earthquake struck, OBI has delivered tons of relief supplies and equipment to tens of thousands of survivors through the charity’s Tohoku Operations Center in Tomiya, north of Sendai, Japan. For more information log on to: www.ob.org. In Japanese, go to: www.objapan.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. Currently, Forbes ranks OBI as one of its “100 Largest Charities” with an efficiency rating of 99%, and Consumers Digest also named OBI as one of “America’s Top Charities” in 2012. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 255 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. To see an electronic press kit of OBI’s work please visit: https://vimeo.com/57154374 ABOUT SAP: As market leader in enterprise application software, SAP (NYSE: SAP) helps companies of all sizes and industries run better. From back office to boardroom, warehouse to storefront, desktop to mobile device – SAP empowers people and organizations to work together more efficiently and use business insight more effectively to stay ahead of the competition. SAP applications and services enable more than 232,000 customers (includes customers from the acquisition of Sybase) to operate profitably, adapt continuously, and grow sustainably. For more information, visit www.sap.com CONTACT: Roslan & Campion Public Relations Inc (212) 966-4600 Click here to download PDF MEDIA ALERT! CHARITIES TEAM UP TO PROVIDE THANKSGIVING FEAST TO HURRICANE SANDY HARD-HIT FAMILIES AND FIRST RESPONDERS IN BREEZY POINT, NY –Operation Blessing International And Friends Of Firefighters To Provide Turkey With All The Trimmings On Wednesday, 11am-3pm– WHAT: Operation Blessing and Friends of Firefighters have teamed up to cook up a full Thanksgiving feast for first responders and residents of Breezy Point who have been hard-hit by Hurricane Sandy. The menu includes turkey, dressing, mashed potatoes with gravy, green beans, sweet potato casserole, and apple and peach cobblers. The event is made possible by the generous donations from people all across the country to Operation Blessing International to help Hurricane Sandy relief efforts. Several hundred people are expected to attend. To make the event festive, volunteers from OBI and Friends of Firefighters have dressed up large army tents to include round tables, centerpieces, banners and Christmas lights. “Many of the residents of this hard-hit community are firefighters and police, and many of them have lost their homes and belongings,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing Intl. “These folks have been there when others were in need, especially during 9/11. So it is fitting and proper that we are with them, now.” WHO: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America. Its disaster relief first responders arrived in NYC area on Tuesday, October 30. To date, OBI has aided storm victims in Manhattan, Breezy Point, Far Rockaway and several towns in coastal New Jersey, delivering over 240,000 pounds of food, bottled water and relief supplies (toiletries, cleaning supplies, diapers) to local residents from five semi-trailer trucks from OBI’s Hunger Strike Force fleet, based in Virginia Beach, VA. The team also set up its Mobile Kitchen that has served over 2,000 hot meals. Bill Horan, president of OBI, will be on hand with staff and volunteers from the charity. Friends of Firefighters, Inc. (FoF) is a New York City not-for-profit corporation that began as a community-based group in response to the events of September 11, 2001. Friends of Firefighters is dedicated to addressing the physical, mental health, and wellness needs of New York City’s firefighters and their families. Our ongoing mission is to provide long-term support and services through confidential counseling, wellness services, and other assistance required by firefighters and their families. WHEN: Wednesday, November 21st 11am-3pm WHERE: 204-26 Rockaway Point Blvd, Breezy Point, NY. (Intersection of B 204 & Rockaway Point Blvd.) MEDIA CONTACT: FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Operation Blessing International Named As One Of “America’s Top Charities” By Consumers Digest VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (November 8, 2012) – Consumers Digest has named the Virginia Beach-based Operation Blessing International as one of “America’s Top Charities.” Consumers Digest published the information in its December issue and on ConsumersDigest.com. Two hundred and twenty one charities out of 2,400 were ranked in seven categories: development/distribution, educational/cultural, environment/wildlife, health, humanitarian, human services and religiously affiliated. According to Consumers Digest, the rankings are based on charities’ spending efficiency—that is, the percentage of generated income that’s spent on their mission and not on other costs, such as fundraising, marketing and administration. A charity had to distribute at least 65 percent of its total funds to its program(s) to make Consumers Digest’s list. Operation Blessing International was named among the top three charities in the Humanitarian category, due to the organization’s 98.83% efficiency rating. “We are honored to be recognized by Consumers Digest as one of ‘America’s Top Charities,’” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International. Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In the United States, the organization is currently helping victims of hurricane Sandy in the New York City and coastal New Jersey area, providing more than 240,000 pounds of emergency food and supplies and serving upwards of 2,000 hot meals to residents. In addition to these efforts, the charity’s Hunger Strike Force currently delivers more than 2 million pounds of free food and relief supplies each week to a network of more than 120 community-based partners across the U.S. The products are then distributed by the partner organizations to roughly 4,400 local food pantries, where they are given to people in need. Since its inception, Operation Blessing International has distributed 1.3 billion pounds of food and relief aid, supplemented over 865 million meals, and transported some 35,000 truckloads that have driven over 28 million miles. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 264 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. For more info log on to www.ob.org < http://www.ob.org > # # # # Click here to download PDF MERCURY ONE/GLENN BECK PARTNERS WITH OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL FOR HURRICANE SANDY RELIEF EFFORTS IN NYC & NJ NEW YORK, NY (November 5, 2012) – Mercury One, the charity founded by Glenn Beck, has partnered with the humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) to provide relief to Hurricane Sandy victims in New York City and coastal New Jersey. Mercury One has provided substantial funding for OBI’s efforts including the distribution of food, bottled water and relief supplies in addition to construction and clean-up efforts. Since arriving in New York City and New Jersey area last Tuesday evening, the OBI team has aided storm victims in Manhattan, Far Rockaway (NY), and several towns in coastal New Jersey. In the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the team set up in a low-income neighborhood last Friday morning that had been without electricity for four days. The OBI-Mercury One team distributed more than 160,000 pounds of food, bottled water and relief supplies (toiletries, cleaning supplies, diapers) to local residents. The supplies filled four semi-trailer trucks that had been shipped via Operation Blessing International’s Hunger Strike Force fleet, based in Virginia Beach, VA. The team also set up a Mobile Kitchen on site that served 950 hot meals on Friday, the first hot meals residents had in days. Yesterday, the team set up in Far Rockaway, NY and distributed an additional 40,000 pounds of relief supplies to residents from a semi-trailer truck. In NJ, OBI continues to coordinate volunteers in order to help homeowners’ cleanup efforts and to help salvage belongings in coastal communities including Bayville and Mystic Island. “Mercury One has answered the call to help hurricane victims in New York and New Jersey by providing substantial funding that will enable Operation Blessing to expand efforts to help more storm victims,” said Bill Horan, president of OBI. Previously, the two charities teamed up as part of Mercury One’s Restoring Love event, held at Cowboys Stadium in Dallas in July. That event raised more than 300,000 pounds of donated food which Operation Blessing delivered to 11 cities via it’s fleet of Hunger Strike Force semi-trailer trucks. For more information about Mercury One, please log on to www.mercuryone.org < http://www.mercuryone.org > . For more information on Operation Blessing International, log on to www.ob.org < http://www.ob.org > . ABOUT MERCURY ONE Mercury One is a non-profit 501(c)3 founded in November, 2011 in the vision of its founder Glenn Beck. Focusing on building communities, Mercury One has three main missions under which all of their initiatives fall: Restore- rather than fundamental transformation, we must bring America back to the values that made her exceptional. Faith- You cannot fix the country through politics, but rather by turning back to God and the Judeo-Christian principles that always provide answers. Entrepreneurship- Not just in the business sense, but Mercury One empowers individuals to change the communities around them. Since its inception, Mercury One has raised over $500,000 in less than 48 hours for tornado relief, raised thousands of dollars for the Holocaust Museum of Houston, planned a women’s conference, planned a Day of Service for over 25,000 people, launched a nationwide food drive to 11 cities. To learn more, please visit mercuryone.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 264 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. For more info log on to OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL’S DISASTER RELIEF TEAMS ARRIVE IN MANHATTAN AND COASTAL NEW JERSEY -Assisting in cleanup efforts in NJ, Volunteers Needed starting Saturday -Truckloads of food, water and hygiene products to arrive in Manhattan this evening VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (November 1, 2012)–The disaster relief team from Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the largest charities in America, has deployed to New York City and coastal New Jersey to help with relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy devastated the region on Monday. Following initial relief efforts in its Virginia Beach hometown on Tuesday, the team, under the direction of Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. disaster relief, deployed a caravan of construction equipment and supplies to New Jersey, which began arriving yesterday. These include a state of the art Mobile Command Center with satellite communication equipment, multiple construction trailers filled with tools and safety equipment, box trucks filled with cots, ready-to-eat meals and water, a shower trailer and an 80kw generator unit. Currently, OBI’s construction team is involved with cleanup efforts and helping residents salvage belongings in the hard-hit area of Bayville in Ocean County, New Jersey. Under the direction of Raymond McGregor, deployment manager for OBI, the construction team will set up a Cleanup Operations Center in Tuckerton, NJ, later today that will be used to coordinate large numbers of volunteers starting on Saturday at 8:30am. The charity is calling for local volunteers to help with major cleanup efforts including debris removal and gutting of homes (more info to follow). The Cleanup Operations Center is located at the Living Water Christian Center (1103 Radio Road, Tuckerton, NJ). In Manhattan, OBI has partnered with seven local churches and will be setting up a point of distribution on the Lower East Side, at Public School 34/Franklin D. Roosevelt School (730 east 12 street). Three 53-foot semi-trailer trucks from OBI’s Hunger Strike Force fleet will arrive from Virginia Beach this evening filled with food, water, 150 indoor kerosene heaters and hygiene supplies that will be provided to residents in need. OBI will set up its mobile kitchen that has the capacity to feed 2,000 hot meals per day at the school this evening (aiming for 6pm). Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, said, “Operation Blessing has responded to the biggest disasters in the United States and Hurricane Sandy rivals all of them. I can’t recall ever seeing such widespread devastation as we’re now seeing along the East Coast. This is truly an historic event. Hopefully the people in the United States that are not affected by this will be generous in their support of the victims.” For more info log on to www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 264 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. OBI’s domestic disaster relief team responds to dozens of major disasters each year in the United States. # # # HURRICANE SANDY: OPERATION BLESSING PREPARES DOMESTIC DISASTER RELIEF TEAM IN VIRGINIA Group Will Pre-Stage In Virginia Beach In Case Local Effort Needed, With Eye To The North VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (October 26, 2012) – The domestic disaster relief team of Operation Blessing International (OBI) is preparing for relief efforts as Hurricane Sandy sets its course on the East Coast. The team is pre-staging equipment, staff and supplies at its Virginia Beach headquarters in case relief efforts are needed in the Hampton Roads area, with the possibility of a deployment in the north should that be needed. The equipment includes: –Mobile Kitchen – Capacity to feed approx. 2,000 meals per day with enough provisions on board for 6,000 meals before new supplies are needed –Mobile Command Center with communication technology such as VHF radio, satellite, satellite news feed, and a base of operations for the team –2 Construction Trailers with tools and safety equipment to equip our construction foremen and volunteers with the tools needed for debris removal, tarping roofs, flood clean-up and gutting homes –Box Truck with 100 cots, tarps and firing strips for 50 homes, water, MREs, and kerosene heaters –CAT 924 Loader for debris removal –100 heaters in the event that cold weather comes in during power outages –OBI’s fleet of Semi-Trailer Trucks (75 trailers and 18 power units) from its Hunger Strike Force are also standing by and will be utilized as needed –Shower Trailer for volunteers The team, under the direction of Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. disaster relief, will monitor the storm over the weekend and decide on Sunday where to deploy based on the projected track of the storm. “Our first priority is to serve the Hampton Roads community,” said Herrington-Gettys. Should deployment be needed further north, however, OBI has already planned with partner organizations in NY, NJ and Rhode Island. Operation Blessing’s Haiti office is currently responding to massive flooding in that country after then-Tropical Storm Sandy dumped upwards of 12 inches of rain. Today, OBI will deliver food, water filtration units, chlorine, and toiletries to 55 families that lost their homes due to severe flooding along the river Grise near Croix de Mission, Haiti. For more information, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 264 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # For Interviews with Jody Herrington, contact: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF Charity Producing Chlorine Around The Clock To Help Avert Cholera Outbreak Port au Prince, Haiti (October 24, 2012) – With Tropical Storm Sandy expected to bring flooding rains to Haiti, the American humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has ramped up efforts to avert another cholera outbreak. Haiti is currently home to the world’s largest cholera epidemic, which has claimed over 7,000 lives in 24 months. Operation Blessing International, which has been working in Haiti since before the 2010 earthquake, has increased its production of sodium hypochlorite (food-grade bleach), utilizing their ClorTec CT-75 generation system. This device has the capability to produce 1200 gallons of liquid sodium hypochlorite daily, enough chlorine to disinfect 3.6 million gallons of drinking water each day. OBI is distributing this chlorine to hospitals, cholera clinics, orphanages, and tent city locations for the disinfection of drinking water, the treatment of gray water, surface disinfection and for general sanitation purposes. “The heavy rains that are expected to begin in the next 24 to 36 hours will cause flooding and will spread cholera again,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International. “Since Haiti has no effective water disposal system, it is imperative that we deliver as much chlorine as possible to avert this silent killer.” Since its arrival in Haiti in 2009, a main focus of OBI has been water purification. The charity installed potable water systems in the country’s hospital system and has drilled dozens of wells. After the earthquake, OBI brought in 35 WMI large-scale purification units, each unit having the capacity of providing 10,000 gallons of safe drinking water per day. Many units are still deployed in tent camps and strategic locations in Port Au Prince. At the height of the relief efforts, Operation Blessing was providing safe drinking water to over 100,000 people every day. OBI was also a first responder to the cholera outbreak in October 2010 with water purification equipment, liquid chlorine and Lifesaver Jerrycans to the Artibonite region. OBI still operates five purification units in the region providing up to 50,000 gallons of safe water per day. The relief organization also worked with St. Damien’s/St. Luc’s children’s hospital in Tabarre to construct a cholera treatment center. The center has so far treated over 20,000 cholera victims. For more information on OBI’s efforts in Haiti, or to make a donation to these efforts, please visit: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 264 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $3.3 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE OPERATION BLESSING INTL. SETS UP TWO LOCATIONS IN GREATER NEW ORLEANS AREA FOR RESIDENTS IN NEED OF HELP — Call Out for Volunteers, Now — NEW ORLEANS, LA (August 31, 2012) – Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the largest international humanitarian organizations, has set up locations in Braithwaite and Arabi where residents in the greater New Orleans area impacted by Hurricane Isaac can receive help. Moreover, OBI is calling for volunteers, who should go to the following location by 8A. tomorrow, Sat., Sept. 1 in order to receive their assignment: -Living Cornerstone, 714 W. St. Bernard Parkway, Braithwaite. The locations for residents needing help are: -Living Cornerstone, 714 W. St. Bernard Parkway, Braithwaite, which is on the border of St. Bernard Parish & East Plaquemines Parish. This will serve the Braithwaite community. -ACF Outreach-Operation Blessing Command Center, 7451 West Saint Bernard Highway, Arabi. Services at the Living Cornerstone location include: -Work requests for local homeowners needing assistance will be provided, free, by volunteers in such areas as minor roof repair, blue roof/tarps, debris removal, and chain saw work -A shower trailer with hot/cold showers for residents, who will be working on their homes in the future. Services at the ACF/OBI Command Center in Arabi include: -The only location that will serve a daily lunch at noon and a hot dinner at 6P. – Work requests for local homeowners needing assistance will be provided, free, by volunteers in such areas as minor roof repair, blue roof/tarps, debris removal, and chain saw work. On Thursday, some 2,223 meals were served at the Arabi site in a little over 2 hours, according to Jody Herrington-Gettys, OBI’s Director of U.S. Disaster Relief. “We set up the kitchen and have started spreading the word. We estimated 500 to 1000 people, but the response and need has been incredible.” Anyone interested in volunteering can call OBI at 757-374-0944. Log on to www.ob.org for the latest information About Operation Blessing International Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF (August 30, 2012) – Operation Blessing International, one of the largest international humanitarian organizations, has deployed its domestic disaster relief team to the greater New Orleans area following Hurricane Isaac. Under the leadership of Jody Herrington-Gettys, Director of U.S. Disaster Relief, the OBI team pre-staged staff and equipment in Hattiesburg, MS in advance of the storm. Since the beginning of the storm, Herrington-Gettys has been speaking with local and national emergency management officials in addition to its network of nearly 300 partner organizations throughout the region to determine the area of greatest need. Based on those reports, OBI set up a base of operations for equipment and volunteer housing in St. Bernard Parish last night. Today, OBI team members will assess damage in Plaquemines Parish, the hardest hit area. They have also been asked by the State EOC to serve hot meals in St. Bernard Parish, so they will be setting up their mobile kitchen, which is capable of serving 2,000 hot meals per day. Serving meals will start at 6 pm. The OBI team on the ground currently includes a number of staff and equipment including a mobile command center, mobile kitchen, 2 construction trailers full of supplies, tools and clean-up supplies for over 100 volunteers, 1 Skid Steer for debris removal, a supply truck full of tarps, roofing supplies, 100 cots, ready-to-eat meals and water, a shower trailer, and an 80 KW generator. A 20-foot crane and CAT 924 loader have been deployed and will arrive on the ground tomorrow. In addition to this equipment, OBI also has an 18-ton crane, skid steer and a 20 Cubic Yard Dump Truck that can be deployed from the organization’s three national warehouses (Chesapeake, VA, Ocala, FL, and Grand Prairie, TX) if needed. As part of its “Need Help/Want Help” program, Operation Blessing International will provide free volunteer labor to local residents who need assistance with the following services: blue roof tarps, debris removal, or chainsaw work. Residents can fill out work order requests either by calling 757-274-8650 or go to the ACF Outreach-Operation Blessing command center at 7451 West Saint Bernard Highway in Arabi. OBI, which specializes in mass volunteer management, will be calling for volunteers shortly to take part in relief efforts including debris removal, roof repair, and more. OBI will also begin accepting work requests (for free) from local homeowners whose houses were damaged. Please stay tuned for more information, or log on to www.ob.org < http://www.ob.org > for the latest information. Anyone interested in volunteering can call 757-374-0944. Operation Blessing Intl. is very familiar with New Orleans, having spent some two-and-a-half-years in the city following Hurricane Katrina. The charity, which was a first responder to that storm, provided a $60 million relief effort that included 265,000 hours of volunteer service, running a free medical and dental clinic and pharmacy that served over 30,000 people with free doctor care and free prescriptions, saving the city from a mosquito-born disease outbreak by treating thousands of stagnant swimming pools with mosquito-eating fish, preparing over 1 million free meals to emergency responders and volunteers, donating an entire fleet of busses to St. Bernard Parish for transportation of relief workers and volunteers, and providing roughly $5 million in cash grants to local nonprofit organizations’ relief efforts. For their efforts, OBI has received many accolades from the city, state, and federal governments. “We’re sorry to see our friends in New Orleans go through a hurricane again,” said Herrington-Gettys. “There is a lot of heartbreak that this is really happening again. A lot of the people whose homes are full of water are the same people who just rebuilt their homes from Katrina.” About Operation Blessing International Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTL. TO OPEN MAJOR DISTRIBUTION CENTER IN GRAND PRAIRIE, TX FOR DONATED FOOD AND RELIEF SUPPLIES GRAND PRAIRIE, TX (June 21, 2012) – Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the largest charities in America, will open a major distribution center for donated food and relief supplies in Grand Prairie, Texas on June 27. This location will serve as the humanitarian organization’s newest staging point for transfers of millions of pounds of donated food and relief aid from the Southeast to the Southwest and will also serve as a regional headquarters for domestic disaster relief efforts. OBI also operates major distribution centers in Chesapeake, VA, Ocala, FL and Bristol, VA. The new Grand Prairie facility features 45,000 square-feet of storage space with nine loading docks for tractor-trailer trucks and one loading dock with a drive-up ramp. It will provide several jobs locally, including 2-3 warehousemen and a driver. Operation Blessing International projects that, within the next several years, some 30 million pounds of food and relief aid (750 tractor-trailer truckloads) will travel through this new facility, which will impact more than 1 million people each month. OBI’s domestic hunger relief program currently delivers more than 2 million pounds of free food and supplies each week to a network of more than 120 community-based partners in dozens of cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, Washington DC, Tampa, Nashville, Asheville, Buffalo, and many more. The products are then distributed by the partner organizations to roughly 4,400 local food pantries, where it is given to people in need. Since its inception, Operation Blessing International has distributed 1.3 billion pounds of food and relief aid, supplemented over 865 million meals, and transported some 35,000 truckloads that have driven over 28 million miles. Steve O’Grady, vice president of operations and logistics for OBI, said, “Operation Blessing has identified Grand Prairie as an ideal hub for the expansion of our food distribution and disaster response programs. Given the increasing numbers of families in Texas and the surrounding states that are struggling in these tough economic times, Operation Blessing is now better positioned to meet their needs.” The Grand Prairie facility will also serve as a pre-staging location for OBI’s domestic disaster relief team, which is a first-responder to dozens of major disasters each year. The facility will house supplies and equipment including a portable kitchen that can feed over 1,000 hot meals a day, enough tools and protective gear to equip 100 volunteers immediately after a disaster, a shower trailer, hundreds of cots and a large tent, an 80kW generator, and enough roofing supplies to fix 100 homes. Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of domestic disaster relief, said, “By having our equipment centrally located in Texas, it gives us the ability to respond to disasters across the heartland of America and the West Coast within 24 hours.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2010, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row, a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. For more information please log on to www.ob.org # # # Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL DEPLOYING U.S. DISASTER RELIEF TEAM TO TEXAS TORNADO AREA VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 4, 2012) – Humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has deployed its domestic disaster relief team to the Dallas, TX area to help with tornado relief efforts. An advance team led by U.S. disaster relief director Jody Herrington arrived in Dallas last night and will begin assessing damages this morning and meeting with local officials to determine the greatest needs. Also today, OBI is deploying equipment and supplies from the organization’s warehouses in Chesapeake, VA, Ocala, FL, and Grand Prairie, TX including a mobile command center, multiple construction trailers, a mobile kitchen capable of feeding thousands each day, a skid steer for debris removal, and a truck filled with tarps and roofing supplies. The team just recently returned from a 3-week long deployment in Harrisburg, IL to help with tornado relief. There, OBI coordinated more than 3,100 volunteers removing debris, cleaning homes and preparing thousands of meals for local residents. OBI also hosted members of the St. Louis Rams football team for cleanup efforts there, partnered with Future Farmers of America for farm cleanup, in addition to surprising a young mother, daughter and newborn baby with a renovated home, which made national headlines. Stay tuned to www.ob.org for updates and more information. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. * Jody Herrington, director of US disaster relief for the organization, will be available live from the disaster area via Skype later today… Photos and b-roll will also be available… CONTACT: Roslan & Campion Public Relations LLC (212) 966-4600 Click here to download PDF FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE St. Louis Rams Team Up With Operation Blessing Intl. To Help With Harrisburg, IL Tornado Relief Effort On Friday, March 9 HARRISBURG, IL – Players from the St. Louis Rams, along with cheerleaders, the team’s official mascot, Rampage, and members from the front office staff will head to Harrisburg on Friday to help humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International with its tornado cleanup efforts and to spend time with local high school students and residents. The group will arrive in Harrisburg Friday morning and will team up with Operation Blessing International to volunteer with various ongoing cleanup efforts. In the afternoon, the group will converge at the Harrisburg High School and will appear at the school assembly with 600 students. This event is also open to the public. The players will sign autographs afterwards. “Our entire team, including the players, cheerleaders, mascot and staff, is looking forward to teaming up with Operation Blessing to bring some much needed assistance and hope to the Harrisburg community,” said Molly Higgins, vice president of corporate communications and civic affairs, St. Louis Rams. “The Rams pride ourselves on being great community partners and we consider our neighbors in Illinois to be part of our community. We hope our efforts help those impacted by the recent tornado and inspire others to join in the effort to clean up and rebuild this community.” Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of US disaster relief for Operation Blessing Intl., said, “With a little more than a week having passed since the Leap Day tornadoes, life has been incredibly serious for so many, especially the children. Our hope is that this event would bring smiles and laughter to all.” Operation Blessing Intl. was a first responder to the tornadoes, deploying its U.S. disaster relief team to Harrisburg within hours of the storm. Working in cooperation with Saline County Emergency Management, the humanitarian organization has coordinated more than 2,100 volunteers since Saturday removing debris, cleaning homes and preparing thousands of meals for local residents. For more information or to donate to the efforts, please log on to www.ob.org CONTACT: Click here to download PDF For Immediate Release FIFTEEN LOCAL HIGH SCHOOLS PARTNER WITH FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA, OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL, AND SALINE COUNTY OFFICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT TO CLEAN UP LOCAL FARMLAND ON WEDNESDAY, MARCH 7 HARRISBURG, IL (March 6, 2012) – Student volunteers from fifteen local high schools will converge on Saline County’s farmland on Wednesday to remove debris left in the wake of last week’s tornadoes. Upwards of 350 students will meet on Wednesday morning (8:30am) at the Operation Blessing Intl. mobile command center, located at “The Foundation Building” at the Southeastern Illinois College Foundation Center (corner of Commercial Drive & Seright Street). Representatives from the humanitarian organization Operation Blessing Intl., which is coordinating local volunteer efforts in cooperation with the Saline County Office of Emergency Management, will divide the students in groups and manage theday-long effort. “With the spring season approaching, it’s critical that the farmer’s fields be ready for planting,” says Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. disaster relief for Operation Blessing International. “While we are also focusing on helping residents who have lost or damaged homes, we want the farmers to know they also have out support and we’ll do whatever we can to assist them.” Students will be traveling around the county in school buses, stopping to assist farmers in multiple locations. The students attend fifteen local high schools at take part in the Future Farmers of America (FFA) program. Some of the FFA schools involved include Harrisburg, Eldorado, Galatin County, Albion, West Richland, Nashville, Galatia, Hamilton, Ohley, Greyville, Sparta, Woodlawn, Cisne and West Frank. Operation Blessing Intl. was a first responder to the tornadoes, deploying its U.S. disaster relief team to Harrisburg within hours of the storm. Working in cooperation with Saline County Emergency Management, the humanitarian organization has coordinated more than 1,800 volunteers since Saturday removing debris, cleaning homes and preparing thousands of meals for local residents. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. For more information please log on to www.ob.org CONTACT: OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL DEPLOYING U.S. DISASTER RELIEF TEAM TO TORNADO AREA –Relief Organization Mobilized– VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (March 1, 2012) – Operation Blessing International (OBI) is dispatching equipment, supplies and personnel to Illinois to provide relief to those impacted by the recent tornadoes. According to reports, a severe storm system moved across the Midwest and Western/Central plains on Wednesday, February 29, bringing tornado & severe weather damage to several states. Officials have confirmed several fatalities and more than 100 injuries with homes and businesses either damaged or destroyed. Under the direction of Jody Herrington-Gettys, OBI dispatched personnel to the disaster area by Wednesday evening with additional staff, equipment and supplies to arrive later today. The equipment arriving today includes a construction trailer packed with tools and volunteer supplies, the OBI Mobile Command Center, a skid steer to remove debris, and a mobile kitchen that is capable of serving thousands of hot meals per day. In addition, OBI has other heavy equipment on standby including a CAT924 front-end loader and a 20-ton crane, as well as a box truck full of cots and volunteer housing supplies. The equipment will be deployed as needed for the relief effort. OBI will meet with local emergency management officials and will set up a base of operations. Once established, the organization will begin accepting work requests from local residents needing help and will also put out a call for volunteers wishing to help the cleanup efforts under the coordination and management of OBI team leaders. Stay tuned to www.ob.org for more information. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. * Click here to download PDF Operation Blessing Int’l And SAP Solidarity Fund To Deliver 10 New Boats To Japanese Fishermen Devastated By Tsunami Custom Made Boats, Built by Maine Company, to be Presented on March 10 in Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (February 27, 2012) – Operation Blessing International (OBI) and multinational software company, SAP, will present 10 new fishing boats to Japanese fishermen whose livelihoods were ruined in the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. As part of the Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization?s ongoing efforts to help Japanese fishing communities devastated by the disaster, OBI commissioned 20 boats to be built by General Marine of Biddeford, ME. The first 10 boats were funded by a generous donation from SAP Solidarity Fund through its Tohoku Earthquake Aid and Relief Strategy (SAP TEARS) humanitarian program. SAP Japan?s CSR TEARS (Tohoku Earthquake Aid and Relief Strategy) team and OBI staff will officially present the new 10-boat mini-fleet to fishermen in ceremonies on March 10 in Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the day before the one-year anniversary of the disaster. “We are so thankful for SAP?s generous sponsorship of these first ten boats of OBI?s program,” said Bill Horan, OBI president. “The delivery of the 10 boats will be most helpful, since there remains a critical need. Today, there is a waiting list as long as a year, even longer, because Japanese boat builders are simply overwhelmed. We hope this will ease the burden for some,” said Horan. OBI is committed to help multiple fishing communities, which estimate 5,000 boats were lost in the tsunami. Since the 2011 disaster, OBI has been scouring Japan and has found more than 50 reliable used boats and motors that the charity purchased and delivered to selected families. Since those boat donations were „a drop in the ocean of need? due to thousands of fishermen without work and boats, Horan and OBI commissioned General Marine to build the 20 new boats, which are based on a design that OBI developed in consultation with the local fishermen. In addition to fishing, the boats will be used for oyster and seaweed cultivation, harvesting shellfish and catching octopus. In another project, OBI provided laptop computers to the JF Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative, for the fishermen to reach out to the nation via their own Web page. Since the project?s launch, the cooperative has received pre-orders worth several million dollars for seafood to be delivered when the industry is revitalized. OBI also provided $650,000 worth of seaweed and oyster cultivation equipment to the Urato Islands, which are famous for oysters. OBI provided anchors, rope, scallop shells used for cultivating oysters, floats, nets, small trucks, and computers. Due to OBI’s swift action, the oystermen were able to harvest in the same year as the tsunami, a timeline that was unthinkable by most in the community. In recognition of this achievement, the Mayor of Shiogama City honored OBI for getting them back on their feet so quickly. Recently, OBI placed an order with a Chinese manufacturer to produce a special rope used by seaweed cultivators that is currently hard to find in Japan because of huge demand since the disaster. By delivering this rope, OBI is determined to help cultivators along the coast get back to work and see the return of income. In the coming months, OBI hopes to continue its boat donation program and has found a manufacturer in China to produce a 23-foot fishing boat similar to a model favored by local Japanese fishermen. “We will be launching a new sponsorship program where community groups, churches and other organizations across Japan and elsewhere will be able to donate to the cost of building new boats for fishing families.” One of the first relief organizations on the ground in Japan, hours after the earthquake struck, OBI has delivered tons of relief supplies and equipment to tens of thousands of survivors through the charity?s Tohoku Operations Center in Tomiya, north of Sendai, Japan. To date, OBI has provided assistance to victims in Shiogama, Urato Islands (Katsurajima, Nonoshima, Sabusawa), Ishinomaki, Onagawa, Ogatsu, Tome, Minami Sanriku, Kessenuma, Watari, Yamamoto , Rikuzentakata, Otsuchi, Yamada, and Miyako, an area stretching 184 miles along the tsunami devastated coastline of Miyagi and Iwate Prefectures. For more information log on to www.ob.org In Japanese, go to www.objapan.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2010, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator?s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row, a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. ABOUT SAP: As market leader in enterprise application software, SAP (NYSE: SAP) helps companies of all sizes and industries run better. From back office to boardroom, warehouse to storefront, desktop to mobile device – SAP empowers people and organizations to work together more efficiently and use business insight more effectively to stay ahead of the competition. SAP applications and services enable more than 183,000 customers (includes customers from the acquisition of Sybase) to operate profitably, adapt continuously, and grow sustainably. For more information, visit www.sap.com . CONTACT: Roslan & Campion Public Relations Inc (212) 966-4600 HAITI MAKING PROGRESS AS 2ND ANNIVERSARY OF QUAKE NEARS — Operation Blessing International still present, while many others have left — VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (January 10, 2012) – On Jan. 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter less than 20 miles from Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince, killed an estimated 316,000, injured a million, made homeless 1.5 million to 1.8 million, and either collapsed or severely damaged an estimated quarter-million commercial buildings and residences. Some 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater were recorded within 12 days following the initial quake. As the 2nd anniversary of this major disaster approaches, a progress report by Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the relief organizations still on the ground in the impoverished Caribbean nation still working and aiding the victims, shows that significant progress is being made but there is still a great need for support. According to OBI’s president, Bill Horan, while Haiti remains the poorest nation in the hemisphere, many positive and encouraging things are happening, including: –Better basic infrastructure development emerging especially in the water sector –There is a better government in place and more people around the world are aware of Haiti’s struggle and are willing to help –Humanitarian groups have started many new initiatives, fueled by quake relief donations. But what is needed most today, aside from more housing for those in tent camps, is what was needed before the quake hit. Yet, while Horan states there are positives, he also says there are a number of areas that still need improvement in Haiti: –Sufficient access to basic resources still limited to the majority of the population –Smoother importation procedures, as bureaucracy is hindering foreign interest in investing in new businesses because of lengthy waits and expense of clearing shipments through Customs. –Haiti needs better security. The police need modern communication equipment; there is no 911-type emergency service. –Many humanitarian organizations that exhausted their quake funds have left, with only a few remaining, including OBI. “For many Haitians, life has returned to normal, but for those who lost homes, life is still completely upside down,” said Horan. “For those who want to help, support only the relief organizations that are getting traction and can prove it.” Horan cited several of the numerous projects undertaken and still in progress by OBI including: –OBI constructed a Tilapia Aquaculture facility in Port Au Prince. This tilapia farm will have a yearly output of up to 50,000 lbs. of fish — very important for Haiti where many people, especially children, suffer from protein deficiencies. Fish is highly desired, but stocks have declined from over fishing, meaning most fish consumed is imported, and expensive. An added bonus to this project is that excess water will irrigate a field of vegetables alongside the tanks. This water has a high level of nutrients and will decrease or eliminate the amount of additional fertilizer necessary for plant growth. –Home for disabled orphans, Zanmi Beni, built by OBI that is run in conjunction with Dr. Paul Farmer’s Partners in Health. This is a home for some 50-orphaned children with varying degrees of disability. –OBI hosts U.S. medical teams every month. The first of these were groups of doctors and nurses from Mayo Clinic that provided support to the cholera clinic and outpatient clinic at St. Luc’s Hospital. Teams have also included specialist surgical teams who provided essential surgeries in the St. Damien’s surgical facility. –Completed construction of a multipurpose emergency / surgical medical facility at St. Luc’s Family Hospital. This facility will house an emergency department with numerous patient bays, two surgical suites, and both pre and post operative care rooms. –OBI partnered with the Clinton Foundation to install a number of donated tanks for rainwater catchment in villages surrounding Lake Azuei. OBI will build community centers in these villages that will double as a rainwater collection system, channeling the water to connected storage tanks for villager use. This project will begin soon –A main focus of OBI has been water purification with 35 large units shipped in following the quake. Each unit has the capacity of providing 10,000 gals. of safe drinking water per day. Many units are still deployed in camps and strategic locations in Port Au Prince. At the height of the relief efforts, Operation Blessing was providing safe drinking water to over 100,000 people everyday. –OBI was a first responder to the Cholera Outbreak in October 2010 with water purification equipment, liquid chlorine and Lifesaver Jerrycans to the Artibonite region. OBI still operates five purification units in the region providing up to 50,000 gals. of safe water per day. The relief org. also worked with St Damien’s / St Luc’s hospital in Tabarre to construct a cholera treatment center. The center has so far treated over 20,000 cholera victims. –Installed a ClorTec CT-75 sodium hypochlorite generation system that has the capability to produce 1200 gals. of liquid sodium hypochlorite (food grade bleach), daily. This is enough chlorine to disinfect 3.6 million gals. of drinking water each day. OBI immediately began distributing this chlorine to hospitals, cholera clinics, orphanages, etc. for the disinfections of drinking water, the treatment of gray water, surface disinfection and for general sanitation purposes. Severn Trent Services donated the ClorTec unit to OBI. –Installed a complete water treatment system at St. Damien’s Children’s Hospital –Drilled over 30 wells since the earthquake in various communities and camps. The well drilling program is about to increase significantly with the purchase of a new drilling rig. –Built a large multipurpose building at Zanmi Beni children’s home. The facility includes a large kitchen for meal preparation, large dining hall with seating for 100, two-storage depots, and a room being outfitted as a bread bakery. Construction was completed in June, with the bakery to go online in December. OBI also built a 30 bedroom, two-story dorm to house the children. –Distributed 3,400 wheelchairs through ongoing partnership with the Free Wheelchair Mission. –OBI partnered with various pharmaceutical companies to ship over $150,000,000 worth of medicine for distribution through the national ministry of health hospital network. –Partnered with the U.S. Military to bring free medical care to three villages in the Artibonite region, the same region heavily affected last year by the cholera outbreak. The clinics lasted 10 days in each village, and included free checkups, medicines and dental care. People treated varied from 700-1000 per day. –Distributed over 20,000 pairs of Toms shoes to children in various camps and orphanages throughout the country. For more information on OBI’s efforts in Haiti, or to make a donation to these efforts, please visit: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # OBI RESPONDING TO DEADLY EARTHQUAKE IN EASTERN TURKEY OBI and longtime partner, The German Charity Humedica, Team-Up To Provide Relief VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (October 26, 2010) — Operation Blessing International (OBI) and its longtime disaster relief partner, the German charity Humedica, are in Turkey to provide relief for victims of a 7.2.magnitude earthquake that hit the eastern part of the nation last Sunday (Oct. 23). To date, more than 430 have died with some 1,352 reported injured, as rescue teams continue to search for survivors beneath the rubble. Turkey is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes because it sits on major geological fault lines, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). OBI and a Humedica medical team arrived in the city of Van on Tuesday evening (10/25) and then set up a field hospital at a local gym in Ercis. Both OBI and Humedica are working with Turkish government medical teams to help victims. Today, OBI secured and distributed two truckloads of bottled water, 3,500 ready to eat meals, diaper kits and other materials to a camp with some 170 displaced families. Here are brief video reports and photo galleries on initial relief efforts: Video #1: http://www.ob.org/_video/video_player.asp?videoName=dr_102611_Turkey Photo Gallery: Hopes in Turkey’s Tent Cities: http://www.flickr.com/photos/operationblessing/sets/72157627852997041/show/ Photo Gallery: Relief for Turkey Quake Victims: http://www.flickr.com/photos/operationblessing/sets/72157627985779982/show/ According to news reports, an aftershock with a magnitude of 5.4 shook the province of Van. The Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute said the epicenter of the aftershock was Degirmenozu, between Van and Ercis, which was worst hit. For more information or to donate, please log on to www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # Operation Blessing Intl. Providing 40 Boats To Japanese Fishermen Idled Since Quake-Tsunami — Delivery set for Sept. 4th – VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (Sept. 1, 2011) – Japanese fishermen whose way-of-life was severely impacted following the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami, are getting help from the American humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International (OBI), who will deliver 40 fishing boats to local fishermen in Hikado Fishing Harbor (Kessenuma, Japan) who have been out of work since the disaster. The boat delivery is the first of what could be a donation of hundreds of boats by OBI in the coming weeks to several months. When the 8.9 magnitude earthquake struck, the most powerful known to hit the island nation and one of the five most powerful ever since modern day record-keeping began, Japan’s fishing industry was nearly decimated as thousands of boats and entire seaweed and shellfish cultivation operations were destroyed. “The earthquake wiped out the means of making a living for thousands of traditional seaweed, shellfish, and conventional fishing families,” said OBI president Bill Horan. “Many of the boat builders were also destroyed, so there is currently an extended waiting time for new boats to be built – up to a year. That is simply too long of a wait for these hard-working fishermen, so we combed the country and found good used boats and motors that met our standards. Come Sept. 4 we will deliver 40 boats and motors to selected families, all with children,” said Horan. But this is just the first step. Horan said he found a boat builder in the U.S.A. who specializes in workboats, and it is very likely that OBI will be able to place an order for at least 20 boats, possibly more. “If this pilot project works, we’ll be in a position to offer our donors the opportunity to adopt boats for Japanese fishermen and their families,” Horan said. One of the first relief organizations to arrive, hours after the earthquake struck, OBI delivered tons of food, water and kerosene to survivors in devastated areas. In addition, the charity delivered industrial grade generators, refrigerators and washing machines to the isolated Urato Islands lying off the coast of Miyagi. More recently, the charity has focused on helping fishing communities that lost homes, workplaces, boats, fishing equipment, nets, oyster and seaweed cultivation apparatus to the tsunami. In one project, OBI provided laptop computers to the JF Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative, for the fishermen to reach out to the nation via their own Web page. Since the project’s launch, the cooperative has received pre-orders worth several million dollars for sea produce to be delivered when the industry is revitalized. In another ongoing project, OBI provided fishermen on the Urato Islands with oyster and seaweed cultivation equipment and gill nets. The gill net fishermen are already producing good catches of flatfish and other varieties that are being sold at the reopened Shiogama Fish Market, one of four major fishing ports on the Miyagi Coast, and the only port able to reopen since the earthquake. On June 1, OBI opened its Tohoku Operations Center in the town of Tomiya, just north of Sendai, strategically located to provide quick access for OBI teams reaching out to various parts of the disaster zone. From April through August, Operation Blessing conducted eyeglass clinics in 18 locations along the coast of Miyagi and Iwate Prefecture providing free eye exams and prescription glasses to almost 2,000 survivors living in shelters and temporary housing. This unique program provides glasses to survivors who lost their glasses to the tsunami. To date, the organization has provided assistance to disaster victims in Shiogama, Urato Islands (Katsurajima, Nonoshima, Sabusawa), Ishinomaki, Onagawa, Ogatsu, Tome, Minami Sanriku, Oya, Motoyoshi, Kessenuma, Rikuzentakata, and Otsuchi. For more information log on to www.ob.org or, in Japanese, www.objapan.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL PREPARED FOR MAJOR HURRICANE RESPONSE IN HAMPTON ROADS AREA VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (August 26, 2011) – Operation Blessing International (OBI) is prepared for a major relief effort should Hurricane Irene strike the Hampton Roads area as predicted. The humanitarian organization’s domestic disaster relief team, which has its headquarters in Virginia Beach, has pre-staged staff and equipment in order to provide disaster relief resources immediately after the storm passes and a level of support during the storm. The team, led by Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. disaster relief for OBI, has partnered with local officials including the Virginia Beach Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and the Virginia Beach Emergency Manager to coordinate response. To prepare for a rapid response, OBI has pre-staged an array of heavy equipment from Ocala, Florida at its headquarters near the Christian Broadcasting Network and Regent University campuses. Current in place or en route are: -Mobile Command Center -Mobile kitchen equipped to feed 2500+ meals per day -70 KW Generator with the wiring needed to power entire buildings. -Two Clean-up/Construction Trailers packed full supplies, tools, and equipment to coordinate/manage volunteer teams to help residents recover their belongings and clean-up their property -40K Square Ft. of roofing material including tarps and wood -Shower Trailer – Equipped with 8 showers (hot and cold water) which be available for residents, volunteers and/or staff -Skid Steer -Used to clear debris from roadways and private property -Box truck full of relief supplies such as MREs, water, hygiene kits, and more -CAT 924 Loader: Used for clearing roadways for emergency personnel and home owners -20 Ton Peterbuilt Crane Additionally, OBI’s Chesapeake warehouse is stocked with some 200 cots, a 40′ X 60′ large tent, several 10 X 20 tents, food and many other supplies that will augment volunteer operations, including setting up a POD (Point of Distribution) and feeding operations. Jody Herrington-Gettys said, “Operation Blessing is a first responder to disasters all over the world, providing life sustaining resources within hours. Now we are faced with a potentially historic hurricane right here at home. Our equipment and seasoned staff are safely positioned in Virginia Beach and ready to provide the same life sustaining resources to the Hampton Roads community immediately after the storm passes.” VOLUNTEERS NEEDED: Should there be extensive damage in the Hampton Roads community, OBI will be accepting volunteers in teams of three or more people (no individuals) to help remove debris, repair homes and serve hot meals. Volunteers must provide their own transportation to and from job sites and OBI will provide lodging, food, tools, work order coordination and management. Out-of-Town Volunteers wishing to help must call OBI’s office of National Volunteer Management at 757.226.3407 or via e-mail at [email protected]. Out-of-Town Volunteers must register at least 48 hours in advance. For more information on volunteer opportunities please stay tuned to www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the 7th year in a row (2011), a feat that only 2% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. So far in 2011, OBI’s domestic disaster relief team has responded to tornadoes in Joplin, MO, Deltaville, VA and Birmingham, AL. During those efforts, the charity has coordinated more than 36,000 volunteer hours, delivered more than 91,000lbs of food, provided nearly 29,000 meals and led efforts with partner organizations including The Home Depot on a number of rebuilding projects. # # # # Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL TO DELIVER HUMANITARIAN AID TO SOUTH SUDAN NEXT WEEK VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (JULY 21, 2011) – The international humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) will deliver critical relief supplies to the new country of South Sudan starting next week. Bill Horan, president of the charity, made the announcement today. Operation Blessing International has worked in Darfur and South Sudan for several years offering medical, educational and other relief efforts. Representatives from the charity were invited to the Celebration of Independence event in Juba earlier this month, where officials of the new South Sudan government requested that OBI donate certain medicines and supplies to be used for emergency medical relief for refugees in and around Juba. OBI is responding by sending: -750,000 doses of Mebendazole, a highly effective medication in the fight against internal parasites. Intestinal worms pose serious health problems in developing countries where food is hard to come by. In many cases, the parasites consume as much as 25 percent of the food that an infested person eats, thus depriving the body of nutrition. Young children are exceptionally at risk. Other results of worm infestation are a weakened immune system, chronic sickness, stunted growth, a reduced cognitive ability, headaches and stomach pains. -Two complete World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Health Kits. Each kit, as designed by the WHO, includes all the components necessary to operate a field medical clinic for 10,000 people for 90 days. Each emergency kit contains ten identical boxes, each one meant for 1000 people, and each consisting of a basic and supplementary unit. The basic unit is intended for use by primary health care workers with limited training and located in remote areas. It contains non-injectable medications, medical supplies and some essential equipment, accompanied by simple treatment guidelines. The supplementary unit contains medication, renewable supplies and equipment needed by doctors working in first- or second-referral health facilities. Basic equipment in the kits includes a complete sterilization set and items to help provide for clean water at the health facility. -In addition to the medical supplies, Operation Blessing is sending a shipment of nonfood items such as tents, blankets, jerry cans, water purification tablets, sanitary packs, and soap. -OBI is flying in a chlorine generator capable of producing enough sodium hypochlorite (food grade chlorine) to disinfect 360,000 gallons of water a day. This generator was requested by the teaching hospital in Juba, since potable water is a problem there. OBI currently uses similar generators in both Haiti and Mexico, providing clean drinking water to thousands of people daily. OBI president Bill Horan and David Darg, director of international disaster relief and special projects for the charity, will travel to South Sudan next week to meet with government leaders to discuss future humanitarian relief efforts. “South Sudan has turned an important new page in its history by becoming its own nation, however there is still a significant humanitarian need here that needs to be addressed,” said Bill Horan. “Operation Blessing looks forward to working with the new government to continue offering assistance where it is needed.” About Operation Blessing International: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # NOTE- The OBI team will have a BGAN satellite unit and can offer b-roll video from efforts in South Sudan. For interviews with Bill Horan or David Darg from Juba, please contact: Chris Roslan OPERATION BLESSING INTL. ARRIVES IN DEVASTATED JOPLIN FOR TORNADO RELIEF Volunteers Needed For Cleanup Efforts Beginning Friday VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (May 27, 2011) – The Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has arrived in Joplin, MO for tornado relief efforts. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, made the announcement today. The charity’s domestic disaster relief team, under the direction of Jody Herrington-Gettys, arrived on Wednesday and set up a base of operations at The Bridge, a Joplin youth ministry (3405 S. Hammons Blvd.). Here, OBI staff are partnering with The Bridge distributing relief supplies, coordinating volunteers and accepting work order requests from local homeowners. The charity has also set up a work order intake station at the FEMA Disaster Relief Center to accept work orders from residents whose homes were damaged by the tornado. The charity has already delivered three trailer-truckloads containing over 90,000 pounds of ready-to-eat meals, drinks, canned foods, pasta and hygiene items that are being distributed by hundreds of teen volunteers at The Bridge. OBI is also transporting a caravan of equipment from Birmingham, Alabama, where it has spent the last several weeks helping local residents recover from the tornadoes that struck there late April. The convoy includes a CAT924 front end loader, 20-ton crane, skid steer, 2 construction and clean-up trailers packed with tools and volunteer supplies, the OBI Mobile Command Center, a mobile kitchen that is capable of serving thousands of hot meals per day, and a box truck full of cots and volunteer housing supplies. “As we drove into Joplin, the scenes of destruction where unimaginable,” said Jody Herrington-Gettys. “But once we saw how the faith-based community here has rallied together to help those in need, our spirits soared. Hundreds of volunteers are providing comfort to local residents who have lost everything, not only through relief supplies, but also through sharing love and hope.” Residents Needing Help: Residents needing help cleaning up their homes and/or blue roof installation can submit work requests with Operation Blessing International at either the FEMA Disaster Relief Center (First United Methodist Church, 501 W Byers) or The Bridge (3405 S. Hammons Blvd). For more information please phone 757.274.8650. Want to Help: The charity will be accepting out-of-town volunteer teams (two or more people) beginning on Monday. Volunteers must provide their own transportation to and from job sites and OBI will provide lodging, food, tools, work order coordination and management. Out-of-Town Volunteers wishing to help must call Jolyn Turner, National Volunteer Manger, at 757.226.3407 or via e-mail at [email protected]. Out-of-Town Volunteer must register at least 48 hours in advance. Local volunteers (Joplin area) please meet at The Bridge (3405 S. Hammons Blvd) beginning Friday by 8:15 AM. Work assignments and orientation will take place at 8:30 AM. The volunteer/work day will be 8:30AM-4:30PM. For questions please call OBI’s on-site volunteer coordinator at 757.374.0944. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH JODY HERRINGTON-GETTYS PLEASE CONTACT: Chris Roslan OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL HELPING TORNADO RELIEF IN BIRMINGHAM SUBURB OF PRATT CITY, ALABAMA Relief Group Seeking Volunteers; Local Homeowners Can Submit Work Request Orders VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (May 2, 2011) – Operation Blessing International’s (OBI) domestic disaster relief team has deployed to Pratt City, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham that was devastated by tornadoes. OBI left its Virginia Beach, VA headquarters on Thursday (April 28) and arrived in Birmingham later that evening. The convoy included a mobile command center, mobile kitchen that is capable of serving thousands of hot meals daily, along with a 20-ton crane, Cat 924 loader, 20 cubic yard dump truck, construction trailer and skid steer. Under the direction of Jody Herrington-Gettys, director of U.S. disaster relief for Operation Blessing International, the team is working directly with the Jefferson County Emergency Operations Center. OBI has set up a base of operations at Westwood Baptist Church and has served over 7,765 meals to first responders and search and rescue teams from its mobile kitchen on the site. NEED HELP: OBI is currently accepting work orders from homeowners. Requests can be submitted at Daniel Payne Middle School (1500 Daniel Payne Hwy Birmingham). If you need help with debris removal and cleanup in the Pratt City area, please call 757.274.8650 or come to the school to fill out a work request form from 8:30AM–4:00PM Monday–Saturday. WANT TO HELP: If you would like to volunteer with Operation Blessing to help residents in the Pratt City area, please call 757.226.3407. Alternately, you can volunteer on-site Monday–Saturday by arriving at Daniel Payne Middle School at 8:15AM. The volunteer workday is from 8:30AM–4:30PM. The charity has limited lodging availability for out-of-town volunteers, however they must register by calling 757.226.3407 at least 48 hours in advance of arrival. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH JODY HERRINGTON-GETTYS PLEASE CONTACT: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF Operation Blessing Did Not Import Gambusia Holbrooki Fish Into Haiti; Haitian Government Allowed Group to use Gambusia Affinis VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 26, 2011) – A widely circulating blog containing false and erroneous information prompted Bill Horan, president of the charitable relief organization Operation Blessing International (OBI), to issue the following statement regarding its relief effort and its mosquito control program in Haiti: “There is false and misleading information currently circulating on the Internet, and it is important to correct and set the record straight. Operation Blessing International did NOT bring gambusia holbrooki fish into Haiti. As we have done with every mosquito control project we undertake, we painstakingly researched the presence of different species of gambusia in Haiti?s waters. We do this to ensure that only fish already present are introduced. OBI did this research in Haiti and never introduced gambusia holbrooki as is being incorrectly reported,” said Horan. Moreover, Horan noted that OBI?s partner on the project is Dr. Val Abe, an esteemed Haitian aquaculture expert, founder of the Haitian charity Caribbean Harvest, and one of Time Magazine?s 100 Most Influential People 2010. “Dr. Abe specifically requested gambusia affinis, since his research showed that the affinis had previously been introduced into Haiti?s waters and also because they are the most effective at mosquito control,” Horan said. Furthermore, both Haiti?s Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Environment spent over a year thoroughly vetting the charitable relief organization?s plan to bring gambusia affinis into Haiti. Both Ministries approved the plan in writing, giving OBI full permission to import the gambusia affinis. “OBI?s intention is to only release the fish into mosquito-infested water that will completely dry out in the warm weather, such as drainage canals, large puddles and standing water around tent camps. OBI has no plan to distribute the fish into open water systems such as rivers and lakes,” Horan said. Operation Blessing International?s mosquito fish program in Haiti is modeled after its successful “Bug Busters” program in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. Beginning in 2006, OBI staff and volunteers worked with local and federal authorities to raise and stock gambusia in thousands of stagnant swimming pools around the city. As a result of this project, OBI was credited by the City of New Orleans as having averted an outbreak of West Nile Virus. In fact, a portion of OBI?s program in New Orleans is ongoing, five years after Katrina, now being managed by The City of New Orleans Mosquito Control. Steve Sackett, retired City of New Orleans entomologist and marine biologist for the State of Louisiana said, “New Orleans came to a standstill after Hurricane Katrina. Operation Blessing came in, offered to help with mosquito control using an environmentally friendly approach, and knocked the ball out of the park with its „Bug Busters? program.” Horan concludes; “The fact is gambusia affinis are the most effective in controlling mosquitoes and are used in many countries around the world to help relieve human pain and suffering from malaria and other diseases on a large scale, which speaks directly to the mission of Operation Blessing International.” For more information please visit www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator?s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # For interviews with Bill Horan, please contact: Chris Roslan OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL RESPONDING TO LOCAL VIRGINIA TORNADOES -Charity Asking For Local Volunteers To Help With Cleanup- VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 18, 2011) – Operation Blessing International, the 6th largest international charity, is responding to a devastating series of tornadoes right in its own backyard, with a disaster relief team deployed to Deltaville, Virginia. Deltaville is a small community of roughly three thousand residents. Some 25 homes were completely destroyed by the storms, with another 40 severely damaged. The team, led by the charity’s director of U.S. disaster relief Jody Herrington-Gettys, left its Virginia Beach headquarters yesterday with a convoy including a mobile command center, a portable kitchen that can feed thousands, a utility trailer, a skid steer and other debris removal equipment. They immediately set up the portable kitchen at the Philippi Christian Church (17276 General Puller Highway) to provide free hot meals to storm victims and emergency responders last night and all day today. Also today, the OBI team is using heavy equipment to help with debris removal. OBI will be accepting volunteers Tuesday (April 19) through Saturday (April 23) to help residents clean debris. Anyone interested in volunteering should meet at Philippi Christian Church (17276 General Puller Hwy, Deltaville) at 8:30am each day. All volunteers should wear long pants (jeans OK) with closed-toe shoes. OBI will provide lunch, tools, and management. Each day will wrap up by 4:30pm. Volunteers needing more information please phone (757) 374-0944. Residents needing help with clean up should phone (757) 274-8650, or go to Philippi Christian Church (17276 General Puller Hwy, Deltaville) to fill out a work request form. Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “I just got back from Japan where OBI is serving tsunami victims and a few days later, here we are assisting fellow Virginia residents who are victims of this weekend’s tornadoes. The damage in Japan is more widespread, but the pain of losing one’s home is hard to put into words in any language.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # VIDEO FOOTAGE AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD: Address: \\159.26.243.253 LET THERE BE LIGHT: OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL TO DEPLOY 20 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL GENERATORS TO THE URATO ISLANDS, JAPAN Leesburg, Florida Company, PowerTech, Manufacturing Generators; Will Ship From Orlando To Japan On Friday, April 8 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (April 6, 2011) – The international humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has purchased 20 industrial-grade electrical generators from Leesburg, Florida-based PowerTech Generators that will ship from Orlando to Japan this Friday, April 8, 2011. The generators will be deployed around the Urato Islands, a fishing community consisting of four islands. The earthquake and tsunami destroyed the oyster cultivation equipment and seaweed farms the residents depend on for their livelihood. Plus, the underwater electrical cable supplying the four islands was badly damaged and is not expected to be repaired for six months. On a trip to the Urato Islands last week, Operation Blessing International president Bill Horan learned about the need for electricity and acted quickly to provide the generators. Using funds given by the charity’s donors specifically for Japanese disaster relief, OBI purchased the twenty, 6.6-kilowatt diesel generators from Leesburg-based PowerTech. “We looked all over Japan for diesel generators, but they were sold out everywhere. It became clear that the fastest way to acquire them would be to have them built in the USA. PowerTech, a leader in the manufacturing of industrial generators, was ready and able to build the units at lightning speed and at the custom voltage needed for use in Japan. Our longtime partner DHL also agreed to transport the units at cost.” The 20 generators will be flown from the Orlando airport to Tokyo this Friday and delivered to the islands on April 12th. The units will be deployed around the four islands and will supply enough electricity to provide strategic needs including ice making, refrigeration, lights and communication equipment, since communication with the islands is currently not possible with the electricity out of service. Said Horan, “Besides the physical benefits these generators will provide, they will also provide hope in the hearts of those stricken by the disaster. Donors from all over America are bringing light to a dark place through Operation Blessing. We are living our faith in a most significant way.” Operation Blessing International was a first responder to the disaster, with David Darg, the charity’s director of international disaster relief, arriving roughly 72 hours after the March 11th earthquake and tsunami. To date, OBI has delivered emergency relief supplies including thousands of pounds of rice, bread, fruit, warm clothing, cooking stoves, candles and canned food, bottled water, hygiene supplies, and kerosene that have helped thousands of survivors in cities including Rikuzen Takata, Shiogama, and Ishinomaki. The charity also hosted three eye care clinics in Shiogama that provided over 450 survivors with free eyeglasses. To donate to this effort or learn more about Operation Blessing International’s relief efforts in Japan or humanitarian work in 23 other countries, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF NEW EYEGLASSES FOR 1,400 JAPAN QUAKE/TSUNAMI SURVIVORS: OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL HOSTING THREE FREE EYE CLINICS THIS WEEKEND SHIOGAMA, JAPAN (March 30, 2011) – The Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International will be providing 1,400 survivors of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan with free prescription eyeglasses and reading glasses this weekend when the charity hosts three free eye clinics. The clinics will take place on Friday (10am-4pm), Saturday (9am-4pm) and Sunday (9-4pm) in Shiogama. On hand at each clinic will be an optometrist, a lens technician, and a leadership team from Operation Blessing International including president Bill Horan, director of international disaster relief David Darg, and Japan disaster relief manager Don Thomson. Patients will have the option to choose from 5 different frames. OBI will initially be offering free prescription glasses to 800 people and free reading glasses to 600 people. Operation Blessing International was a first responder to the disaster, with David Darg, the charity’s director of international disaster relief, arriving roughly 72 hours after the March 11th earthquake and tsunami. To date, OBI has delivered emergency relief supplies including thousands of pounds of rice, bread, fruit, warm clothing, cooking stoves, candles and canned food, bottled water, hygiene supplies, and kerosene that have helped thousands of survivors in cities including Rikuzen Takata, Shiogama, and Ishinomaki. “In addition to our distributions of vital supplies such as food and fuel, we found out that there was a need for everyday items such as eyeglasses,” said Darg. Many tsunami victims lost all their possessions including prescription glasses, some as they fled from the wave, others when their homes were destroyed. Being able to see clearly is a good first step in helping the survivors to deal with their loss and begin to look forward to recovery.” Darg added, “Thanks to the generosity of our donors, Operation Blessing International has been able to purchase the 1,400 pairs of glasses needed for this effort.” To donate to this effort or learn more about Operation Blessing International’s relief efforts in Japan or humanitarian work in 23 other countries, please log on to www.ob.org or www.myowneye.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH BILL HORAN OR DAVID DARG IN JAPAN PLEASE CONTACT: Chris Roslan OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL DELIVERS 4 TONS OF RELIEF SUPPLIES TO SHELTERS, HOSPITAL IN ISHINOMAKI, JAPAN –Charity Purchases 1.5 Tons Of Rice From Local Farmer For Distribution In Hard-Hit Areas– ISHINOMAKI, JAPAN (March 24, 2011) – The Virginia Beach-based Operation Blessing International (OBI) disaster relief team has delivered 4 tons of emergency supplies to shelters and the general hospital in the city of Ishinomaki today. The shelter supplies included rice, water, bread, fruit, warm clothing, cooking stoves, candles and canned food. There are 200 shelters in Ishinomaki alone, housing approximately 15,000 people. At one location, the Japanese military helped the OBI team, led by David Darg, to unload boxes of relief supplies from its truck. Darg arrived in Japan roughly 72 hours after the disaster and has been leading a team of local volunteers delivering relief supplies in several hard-hit areas. In the first week of the disaster, the team managed to serve 2,500 displaced Japanese with essential food, water and fuel supplies despite limited resources, snow and difficult travel conditions. Said Darg, “In the last week, our donors have responded in big way and now OBI is moving in with large truckloads of supplies. Today, we met with a local rice farmer and purchased 1.5 tons of rice which will be used to feed thousands of displaced Japanese in shelters every day for weeks to come.” In addition to supplying the shelters, the OBI team visited the general hospital in Ishinomaki where they unloaded food and hygiene supplies to help serve some of the 500 patients and hundreds of staff members. Tomorrow, the team will return to the city of Shiogama to distribute supplies specifically requested by the city mayor, especially thermal underwear. Adds Darg, “The mayor told us that people were badly in need of warm underwear since many had lost all their clothing in the disaster. We purchased hundreds of pairs of men’s and women’s underwear and socks. We will also deliver the first truckload of rice and 4 large truckloads of water to Shiogama, supplies that are badly needed as we heard reports of some parts of the city getting very desperate.” To follow OBI’s efforts, see photos from the relief operation, or to donate, please visit www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH DAVID DARG IN JAPAN PLEASE CONTACT: Chris Roslan OBI DELIVERS LARGE QUANTITY OF RICE TO DEVASTATED RIKUZEN TAKATA, JAPAN Snow, Lack Of fuel, Impassable Roads Making Relief Efforts Difficult RIKUZEN TAKATA, JAPAN (March 17, 2011) — For the last two days the Operation Blessing International (OBI) disaster relief team has supplied food and water to over 1,500 people despite heavy snow, a lack of fuel, impassable roads, and the nuclear threat. Yesterday the OBI team, under the direction of David Darg, director of international disaster relief, drove to the city of Oshu, where, thanks to the charity’s donors, they were able to purchase a large amount of rice at a supermarket. Darg had learned about the situation in Rikuzen Takata, a completely devastated area to the North that had only just been made accessible and was desperately low on food. The team drove north through the mountains and a heavy snowstorm with whiteout conditions, only to arrive to a scene of total devastation unlike anything David Darg had seen before. Darg said, “Since 2005, I have responded to dozens of major disasters around the world. In all my experience, I have never seen destruction like I saw in Rikuzen Takata today. Thousands of homes had been disintegrated into millions of fragments of wood. One three story building that must have been 70 feet tall gave clues to how high the Tsunami waters were; one resident told us that people taking refuge on the roof were standing in water up to their waists! The military had just bulldozed some of the roads clear, leaving walls of debris 25 feet high that we walked through like a maze. The debris was a mixture of wooden homes, household items and mud. It is believed around 10,000 people were either killed or are still missing right here.” OBI set up at one of 50 shelters, a school housing over 1,000 people, many of whom were sleeping in the auditorium. “The leadership at the shelter were so grateful when we told them we had rice. They are feeding the 1000 people in the shelter and 200 more who are without food. Up until now, the center had only been able to provide bread in very limited amounts and this was difficult, especially for the elderly who were very hungry.” The rice that OBI provided should last the shelter one week. On Tuesday, the team provided food and drinking water for 250 people who have set up a makeshift shelter in a school building in Shiogama, a city also decimated by the disaster. Said Darg, “Families have moved into the classrooms and are sleeping on the floors on blankets. Outside, some of the families were burning wood in a metal can to keep warm; a sight that I’m told is very unusual for Japan where electricity and fuel networks are widespread. The food and water we had in the van was unloaded into the school kitchen and within 2 hours was being served to everyone in the shelter.” Next, OBI is planning to distribute kerosene for the heaters in the shelters, as the temperature remains below freezing. For more information please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # For interviews with David Darg in Japan, or Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, from their Virginia Beach headquarters, please contact: Chris Roslan For Immediate Release OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTING CLEAN WATER AND FOOD IN HARD HIT SENDAI, JAPAN VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (March 15, 2011) – A disaster relief team from Operation Blessing International (OBI), the 6th largest international humanitarian organization, has arrived in Sendai, Japan and is distributing clean drinking water and emergency food rations today. David Darg, international disaster relief director for the charity, is leading the effort. Darg arrived in Japan from Haiti over the weekend, where he has been on the ground directing OBI’s longtime relief programs since last year’s devastating earthquake. In Japan, the OBI team is planning to expand the distributions over the coming days to include emergency relief supplies and electrical generators. Also, OBI has staged a medical team and supplies in the Philippines should they be needed in the relief effort. For more information please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # For interviews with David Darg in Japan, or Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, from their Virginia Beach headquarters, please contact: Chris Roslan For Immediate Release OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL PREPARING TO DEPLOY MEDICAL TEAM TO JAPAN FROM PHILIPPINES OFFICE VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (March 11, 2011) – Operation Blessing International (OBI), the 6th largest international humanitarian organization and first responder to many major disasters, is preparing to deploy a medical team to Japan from the charity’s Manila office. The leader of the team is Dr. Kim Pascual, executive vice president and chief operating officer for Operation Blessing Philippines. “Dr. Kim” has led the organization’s crisis response teams in Iraq, Indonesia, Philippines and various other areas of the world. Joining the Operation Blessing team will be members of IsraAid, an Israeli humanitarian organization that OBI has partnered with for earthquake relief in Haiti in 2010. The Operation Blessing-IsraAid teams are currently staging at the Operation Blessing Philippines office located in Manila, preparing their gear and supplies until they are ready to deploy in the coming days. OBI is also poised to send medical and humanitarian relief supplies from locations in the U.S.A. either by ship or aircraft, and possibly deploy additional personnel from the Philippines and other locations into the hard-hit area. For more information please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. Operation Blessing has worked extensively in the Philippines for over a decade. Under the direction of Dr. Kim Pascual, the charity has earned the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) of the Year by the Philippines government four times in recent years. # # # For interviews with Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, please contact: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL TEAMS UP WITH ABC EXTREME MAKEOVER: HOME EDITION AND TRADEMARK CONSTRUCTION TO HELP VIRGINIA BEACH FAMILY VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (February 2, 2011) – Operation Blessing International (OBI), the Virginia Beach-based international humanitarian organization that helps millions around the globe each year, has teamed up with ABC Extreme Makeover: Home Edition and Trademark Construction to rebuild the home of a local family. Beverly and Fred Hill-Burdette have shared their home with over thirty-five foster children in the last fifteen years, and along with their two biological children they have formally adopted six girls. In addition to sharing their home, the family helps the local community through a mission to feed and clothe the homeless. Their home is in need of extensive renovation. OBI learned of a critical need within the project just five days before the construction was to begin. Jody Herrington, U.S. disaster relief director for the charity, called Trademark Construction, the builder, to offer the charity’s full assistance. When Herrington learned that the greatest need for the project was $20,000 in lumber and several other basic building materials, Operation Blessing International did not hesitate to provide the funds to cover the costs. This week Operation Blessing International is heavily involved on the construction site, providing 17 of its seasoned disaster relief staff to help with the rebuild, providing two OBI construction trailers packed with tools, making available the use of its Mobile Command Center, first used in Hurricane Katrina relief, to the builder, providing heaters for several of the staff tents, and also providing use of a 28′ box truck to support the project. Says Herrington, “We are honored to team up with such professionals as ABC Extreme Makeover: Home Edition and Trademark Construction to provide hope to a local family and rally together with our community right here at home on a project that will change lives forever!” The episode will air on ABC in several weeks. The Emmy award winning reality program “Extreme Makeover: Home Edition,” now in its 8th season, is produced by Endemol USA, a division of Endemol Holding. It’s executive-produced by Brady Connell and George Verschoor. David Goldberg is Chairman, Endemol North America. The show airs Sundays from 8:00-9:00 p.m., ET on ABC. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row (2009), a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. In November 2010, Forbes named OBI as the 6th most efficient charity in America. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # OPERATION BLESSING FUNDS CHOLERA ISOLATION WARD FOR HAITI HOSPITAL “Cholera Nonexistent In Haiti For Decades, Now Will Leave Lasting Legacy Of Misery” Port au Prince, Haiti (November 17, 2010) – As the Cholera outbreak escalates in Haiti, humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has partnered with St. Luc Hospital and St. Damien Pediatric Hospital to fund a new isolation ward for the treatment of patients with the disease. Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “Fear is everywhere in Haiti right now. Cholera is often perceived as a death sentence. Cholera victims, because of the threat of the contagious disease, are not allowed to enter taxis, most clinics or hospitals in the country. The city morgue will not accept bodies because morgue workers are frightened that they will catch cholera from the corpses. People living in neighborhoods around the garbage dump are so frightened that cholera will come in with a load of garbage, that they stand in the streets blocking traffic and throwing stones to break the windshields of trucks that approach with loads of garbage. It’s like a modern day medieval plague.” Horan met with the hospital staff three weeks ago when Cholera was first reported in St. Marc. “At the time, the threat of Cholera was looming in Port au Prince and the hospital staff wanted to prepare for that by creating an isolation ward. The team at St. Damien and St. Luc had decided to turn an adjacent soccer field into an isolation ward, and Operation Blessing International did not hesitate to help fund this project.” The new facility consists of a triage area, a hand washing station, five large tents with beds, a separated area for pediatric patients, an isolated latrine and laundry, and a disposal area for contaminated waste that is pumped into trucks for removal. Says Horan, “Cholera victims, as well as many patients who think they might have cholera are welcomed by the staff of St Damien and St Luc’s each day. Treatment, which is free, includes antibiotics, injections to inhibit vomiting, hydration medications and intra-venous units of live-giving fluids. To further assist the hospitals, OBI staff in Port au Prince has been running two chlorine generators around the clock in anticipation of an expanded outbreak. The generators produce 120 gallons of chlorine solution every 12 hours, which is packaged in 5-gallon plastic jugs for distribution. OBI teams have delivered hundreds of gallons of bleach to the hospitals and families all over the area for use in disinfecting their homes, laundry and drinking water. In addition, OBI continues to operate 35 water filtration and chlorination units throughout the capital and in the areas to the North hardest hit by the outbreak. Each unit is capable of producing up to 10,000 gallons of clean water each day. Horan adds, “An ominous aspect of this disease, unknown here for many decades, is that some of the bacteria will survive and flair up during rainy seasons for years to come. Earthquakes and hurricanes happen and cause extreme suffering, but eventually, there is an end to it. Cholera will likely add to Haiti’s burden for a very long time.” For more information on OBI humanitarian efforts in Haiti or around the world, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. OBI has been working in Haiti on HIV/AIDs initiatives for more than 5 years. During 2009, OBI expanded their efforts in Haiti to also focus on projects with Partners in Health (PIH) and the Haiti Ministry of Health. Those efforts include providing potable water systems for PIH hospitals, launching a nationwide anti-parasite initiative to treat all school-age children and partnering in an innovative microenterprise fish farm project to help some of Haiti’s most impoverished families. When the 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck in Haiti, OBI mobilized its international disaster relief teams and provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, OBI donated over 120 tons of medicine to the Haitian Ministry of Health, ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium where displaced people had set up a camp, and deployed over 30 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti. OBI’s ongoing efforts include water purification efforts to combat the cholera outbreak, support of numerous schools, orphanages and tent camps with food, water and relief supplies, in addition to establishing Zanmi Beni, a home for disabled orphans and abandoned children in partnership with Zanmi Lasante (PIH). # # # # For Interviews, photos or broadcast-quality videos please contact: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (November 8, 2010) – Humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has partnered with the government of the Cayman Islands for a disaster relief effort to help the devastated Caribbean island of St. Lucia. Hurricane Tomas hit St. Lucia hard last week, with electricity, telephone and clean water service out across most of the island. More than a dozen people were killed and damage assessment has been difficult due to storm debris. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, received a telephone call over the weekend from McKeeva Bush, Premier of the Cayman Islands, asking if OBI could join with the government of Cayman in an effort to airlift relief supplies to St Lucia. Initially, OBI will be providing non-perishable food including MREs (meals ready to eat) that will be airlifted into St. Lucia on Wednesday morning along with other relief supplies donated by the people of the Cayman Islands. Horan and David Darg, international disaster relief director for OBI, will accompany the supplies to St. Lucia on Wednesday and will meet with local officials to better assess other critical needs. OBI is also readying two WMI water filtration/purification plants that are each capable of filtering and disinfecting 10,000 gallons of water per day. OBI has used WMI machines in over 15 countries during the past five years and currently operates 35 of them in Haiti at various locations including Haiti’s largest hospital in Port-au-Prince and the hospital in St Marc, the center of the current cholera outbreak. The WMI units are to arrive in St. Lucia later this week, where David Darg will assist with their installation and training locals in the operation and maintenance of the equipment. Darg is currently on the ground in Haiti managing the charity’s humanitarian efforts there. Bill Horan said, “We have partnered with the Cayman government following several Caribbean disasters including their own, when Hurricane Ivan ravaged Grand Cayman in 2004. The people of the Cayman Islands are very generous and always show a willingness to share their own resources with other island nations in times of natural disaster. In this case, the offer of sending a Cayman Airways 737 has opened an opportunity for Operation Blessing to reach out to the people of St Lucia. This is what synergy is all about.” For more information on OBI humanitarian efforts please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # Click here to download PDF Port au Prince, Haiti (November 4, 2010) – As Haiti is bracing for what may become its second cataclysmic event of 2010, the humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has mobilized its disaster relief team and is ready to respond. Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “As Tropical Storm Tomas moves relentlessly towards the beleaguered island nation, storm clouds of fear hang heavy in the superheated air of Port-au-Prince as a confluence of horrible events aligns into what may become…a perfect storm of suffering.” The quake-ravaged capital is home to over a million people living in tents and makeshift shelters. Horan says that hurricane-force winds would likely rip the tents to shreds, strip camp dwellers of any shelter, and leave them more vulnerable than they already are. “There are no storm shelters to hunker down in, no place to hide.” In addition, sanitary conditions in the camps are marginal. “Torrential rains would flood thousands of latrines and cause millions of gallons of raw sewage and human waste to flood the city, downing children and contaminating most drinking water,” adds Horan. Should the rains come, Horan says the recent outbreak of Cholera “could spread like gasoline thrown into a campfire, as contaminated rivers burst their banks and poison meager water supplies.” Operation Blessing International is staged and ready to respond in the following ways: Prepared truck-mounted WMI water purification unit that can be immediately driven to hardest hit areas and up to 10,000 gallons of clean water daily to affected communities Two additional WMI units readied for emergency water filtration if needed Producing liquid chlorine round-the-clock for additional water purification Assembled emergency kits for 200 families consisting of sheet metal, wood planks, plastic tarp, hammer, nails, disinfectant liquid, a portable water filtration unit and ready to eat meals. Debris Removal: Chainsaws ready to help clear roads and remove obstructive debris Boat access: 17-foot aluminum boat with outboard motor to deliver relief supplies and medical teams to communities cut off by flooding. Medical partnership: OBI has partnered with St Luc hospital to deploy medical teams as needed For more information on OBI humanitarian efforts in Haiti or around the world, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. OBI has been working in Haiti on HIV/AIDs initiatives for more than 5 years. During 2009, OBI expanded their efforts in Haiti to also focus on projects with Partners in Health (PIH) and the Haiti Ministry of Health. Those efforts include providing potable water systems for PIH hospitals, launching a nationwide anti-parasite initiative to treat all school-age children and partnering in an innovative microenterprise fish farm project to help some of Haiti’s most impoverished families. When the 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck in Haiti, OBI mobilized its international disaster relief teams and provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, OBI donated over 120 tons of medicine to the Haitian Ministry of Health, ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium where displaced people had set up a camp, and deployed over 30 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti. OBI’s ongoing efforts include water purification efforts to combat the cholera outbreak, support of numerous schools, orphanages and tent camps with food, water and relief supplies, in addition to establishing Zanmi Beni, a home for disabled orphans and abandoned children in partnership with Zanmi Lasante (PIH). # # # # For on-the-ground interviews, photos or broadcast-quality videos please contact: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF With 1 Million People Still Living In Tents, Plus Current Cholera Outbreak, Storm Has Potential To Be Extremely Devastating, Says Bill Horan Port au Prince, Haiti (November 2, 2010) – Operation Blessing International (OBI) is preparing for a possible hurricane strike later this week as Tomas spins nearer to the island nation. Current National Hurricane Center predictions show the storm intensifying as it passes southeast of Jamaica and then turns north directly towards Haiti later this week. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, says, “If Tomas strikes Haiti as a major hurricane, this has the potential to be one of the biggest disasters in recent memory. There are over one million vulnerable people living in tents, and there’s also an outbreak of cholera – which would only escalate as torrential rains cause flooding, spread disease and contaminate drinking water. It’s unfathomable to think what might happen.” To prepare for this storm, Operation Blessing International has mobilized its disaster relief team in Haiti. Today, David Darg, international disaster relief director for the charity, readied a WMI water purification plant for deployment on a truck so that it can be sent to the hardest hit area within hours of the storm. The unit is able to produce up to 10,000 gallons of clean drinking water each day. OBI currently operates 33 WMI purification units in and around Port-au-Prince as well as in areas hit by recent cholera outbreak. The team also prepared a number of portable family-sized water purifiers and other supplies including tarps and non-perishable food. Depending on the path of the storm, the team will be staged in either Port au Prince or Jacmel. OBI is also continuing its efforts to combat the cholera outbreak. One of the first responders in the St. Marc region, the team has deployed five WMI water purification plants including three in remote villages that were using the contaminated river for drinking water, one unit that was flown by a UN helicopter to another remote village last Thursday, and one installed yesterday in St Marc’s central hospital at the request of Partners In Health, who is managing the outbreak on behalf of the Haiti Ministry of Health. OBI has also distributed dozens of Lifesaver Jerry cans in the area. For more information on OBI humanitarian efforts in Haiti or around the world, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of”America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. OBI has been working in Haiti on HIV/AIDs initiatives for more than 5 years. During 2009, OBI expanded their efforts in Haiti to also focus on projects with Partners in Health (PIH) and the Haiti Ministry of Health. Those efforts include providing potable water systems for PIH hospitals, launching a nationwide anti-parasite initiative to treat all school-age children and partnering in an innovative microenterprise fish farm project to help some of Haiti’s most impoverished families. When the 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck in Haiti, OBI mobilized its international disaster relief teams and provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, OBI donated over 120 tons of medicine to the Haitian Ministry of Health, ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium where displaced people had set up a camp, and deployed over 30 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti. In the first month of the disaster, OBI distributed 1702 pallets of emergency supplies, food, water and medication with total weight of 2,416,559 lbs (1208 tons). OBI’s ongoing efforts include support of numerous schools, orphanages and tent camps with food, water and relief supplies, in addition to establishing Zanmi Beni, a home for disabled orphans and abandoned children in partnership with Zanmi Lasante (PIH). # # # # For on-the-ground interviews, photos or broadcast-quality videos please contact: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF Operation Blessing International and Children’s Hospital Of The King’s Daughters Team Up To Provide Free Medical Treatment To Young Girl From Haiti NORFOLK, VA – The humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International has partnered with Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters to provide free medical treatment for a 7-year-old girl from Haiti who was suffering from severe osteomyelitis, an acute bone infection, and sickle cell anemia. Adianne Norce needed an operation to drain a pocket of infection that had walled itself off inside the bone, and medical teams in Haiti were unable to staunch the infection. After a week of treatment, Adianne is being discharged. While Adianne will still need months of treatment at CHKD, “We are all praying that this infection has been eradicated,” said Dr. Donald Lewis, chairman of pediatrics at CHKD. “The CHKD family has been honored to participate in the care of this beautiful child and to help get her on the path to recovery. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing, came across Adianne several months ago in a local hospital near Port-au-Prince while performing humanitarian work. The girl, who was suffering because the surgical procedure required is not available in Haiti, captured the hearts of Horan and others from the charity and they decided to help her try and get the medical treatment that she needed. Horan, working with Virginia Beach physician Dr. John Kenerson, reached out to CHKD and they agreed to provide the treatment at no cost. The charity and hospital then spent the next several weeks securing passports for Adianne and her father as well as a medical visa from the U.S. State Department. Operation Blessing flew Adianne and her father from Haiti to Norfolk earlier this month. She was admitted to the hospital and underwent surgery last week. On Tuesday, she was discharged to the home of a host family where she will recover and be monitored by health workers for the next several weeks, before returning to her home in Haiti. Operation Blessing made arrangements through the U.S. State Department and was able to get her to CHKD. A CHKD medical team led by orthopedic surgeon Dr. Carl St. Remy, whose parents were from Haiti, was able to perform the surgery, isolate the germ causing the infection and begin a targeted antibiotic regimen. “Adianne has been suffering with serious illness for years, yet she is an amazing little girl who radiates peace and joy,” said Horan. “We are so grateful that CHKD has decided to help her, and we look forward to seeing her recover in the coming weeks so that she may return to her family a healthy and happy little girl.” ABOUT CHKD: Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters is the only freestanding children’s hospital in Virginia and serves the medical and surgical needs of children throughout greater Hampton Roads, the Eastern Shore of Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. The not-for-profit hospital was founded in 1961 and last year handled approximately 6,200 inpatient admissions and 219,500 outpatient specialty, surgical and emergency room visits, addressing routine and complex illnesses, injuries and chronic conditions. The CHKD Health System operates primary care pediatric practices, surgical practices, multi-service Health Centers and satellite offices throughout its service region. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # # OBI RESPONDING TO POTENTIAL CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN HAITI 18 Deaths Reported, 500 Admitted To Hospital Since 7am Wednesday St. Marc, Haiti (October 21, 2010) – Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) is responding to a suspected outbreak of cholera after 18 deaths and nearly 500 people being admitted to the local hospital in the last 24 hours with severe abdominal illness. According to local doctors from Partners In Health, which runs the local hospital, over 400 cases were admitted Wednesday from 7am to 7pm, with another 100 overnight. The hospital is treating a similar number of new patients today and has requested that OBI assist in immediate efforts to disinfect drinking water in the surrounding area. Today, OBI is sending a team headed by David Darg, its international disaster relief director, from Port au Prince to St. Marc today with a WMI water purification plant that can supply up to 10,000 gallons of clean drinking water each day. In addition to the WMI unit, OBI will be utilizing one of its new Sanilec-6 water purification devices to supply enough chlorine-equivalent solution to purify another 120,000 gallons of water on site. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, said, “The lack of safe drinking water was a problem in Haiti even before the earthquake. One of the main reasons we came here last year was because none of the hospitals had running potable water systems – doctors and patients were actually bringing their own water with them to the hospital! We have worked with our partners at Zamni Lasante (Partners In Health) to rectify this in Port au Prince and Belladere, but there is still much to be done throughout the rest of the country.” To combat these water problems, OBI recently partnered with Severn Trent Services, the leading supplier of water and wastewater treatment systems. The charity purchased three Sanilec-6 Portable Sodium Hypochlorite Generators, two of which arrived in Haiti last week. The other unit is en route to Mexico. These units generate a chlorine-equivalent solution that purifies large quantities of water, and OBI has been running them 24/7 since their arrival in the country. OBI has been working in Haiti on HIV/AIDs initiatives for more than 5 years. During 2009, OBI expanded their efforts in Haiti to also focus on projects with Partners in Health (PIH) and the Haiti Ministry of Health. Those efforts include providing potable water systems for PIH hospitals, launching a nationwide anti-parasite initiative to treat all school-age children and partnering in an innovative microenterprise fish farm project to help some of Haiti’s most impoverished families. When the 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck, OBI mobilized its international disaster relief teams and provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, OBI donated over 120 tons of medicine to the Haitian Ministry of Health, ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium where displaced people had set up a camp, and deployed over 30 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti — that are each capable of providing some 10,000 gallons of safe water daily. In the first month of the disaster, OBI distributed 1702 pallets of emergency supplies, food, water and medication with total weight of 2,416,559 lbs (1208 tons). OBI’s ongoing efforts include support of numerous schools, orphanages and tent camps with food, water and relief supplies, in addition to establishing Zanmi Beni, a home for disabled orphans and abandoned children in partnership with Zanmi Lasante (PIH). For more information on OBI humanitarian efforts in Haiti or around the world, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 23rd largest charity and the 6th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 235 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.7 billion to date. # # # # For Interviews, photos or broadcast-quality videos please contact: Chris Roslan TINY FISH FROM MISSISSIPPI TO DEPART FOR HAITI EARTHQUAKE RELIEF PROJECT THIS FRIDAY, SEPT. 10 Anti-Malaria Project Part of Long-Term Humanitarian Program By Operation Blessing International TCHULA, MS (SEPTEMBER 8, 2010) — This Friday, September 10, some 2,000 tiny fish in Mississippi will be traveling to Haiti to play an integral role in a large earthquake relief project by the international humanitarian organization, Operation Blessing International (OBI). The fish, tiny minnows called Gambusia, eat many times their body weight in mosquito eggs and larvae and are used as a natural, “green” mosquito deterrent in many countries around the world. OBI used them extensively in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. There, OBI staff and volunteers worked with local and state authorities to raise and stock these native, mosquito-eating minnows in thousands of stagnant swimming pools around the city. As a result of this project, OBI was credited by the city of New Orleans as having averted an outbreak of West Nile Virus. Haiti marks the last stand of malaria in the western hemisphere – it remains the only country where the disease is still an epidemic. To combat this and improve the health of millions, OBI has launched a long-term humanitarian project called TEACH A NATION TO FISH. The three-part project includes unleashing the mosquito-eating Gambusia fish in Haiti’s infested waterways, plus running a microenterprise tilapia farming project and stocking food-fish back into the country’s depleted lakes and reservoirs. The Gambusia to be used in Haiti are currently being raised in Tchula by Thompson Fish Hatchery (4160 Bee Lake Rd). Early Friday morning, hatchery staff will put the fish into special aerated containers and the fish will be driven to the airport in Yazoo, MS. A team leader from OBI will arrive from the organization’s Virginia Beach headquarters, in a private plane owned by a donor to the charity, at roughly 11am and meet the fish. They will then fly from Yazoo to Fort Pierce, Florida, spend the night and then depart for Port-au-Prince early Saturday morning. A partner charity, Missionary Flights International, has agreed to fly the fish the rest of the way. The fish will arrive in Port-au-Prince on Saturday at roughly noon. In Haiti, OBI is working in partnership with Dr. Valentine Abe, recently named by Time Magazine as one of the Top 100 Most Influential People In The World for a fish-farming project he runs. Together, they have built a new fish hatchery where the Gambusia will be put into rearing tanks. In a very short time, the 2,000 fish will multiply to hundreds of thousands. When enough fish are available, OBI staff, working in concert with the Haiti Department of Agriculture, will then stock the fish into mosquito-infested waters around the country. Once in the waters, the fish will multiply even more, resulting in millions of Gambusia. OBI has been working in Haiti on HIV/AIDs initiatives for more than 5 years. During 2009, OBI expanded their efforts in Haiti to also focus on projects with Partners in Health (PIH) and the Haiti Ministry of Health. Those efforts include providing potable water systems for PIH hospitals, launching a nationwide anti-parasite initiative to treat all school-age children and partnering in an innovative microenterprise fish farm project to help some of Haiti’s most impoverished families. When the 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck, OBI mobilized its international disaster relief teams and provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, OBI donated over 120 tons of medicine to the Haitian Ministry of Health, ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium where displaced people had set up a camp, and deployed 30 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti — that are each capable of providing some 10,000 gallons of safe water daily. In the first month of the disaster, OBI distributed 1702 pallets of emergency supplies, food, water and medication with total weight of 2,416,559 lbs (1208 tons). OBI’s ongoing efforts include support of numerous schools, orphanages and tent camps with food, water and relief supplies, in addition to establishing Zanmi Beni, a home for disabled orphans and abandoned children in partnership with Zanmi Lasante (PIH). For more information on TEACH A NATION TO FISH or other OBI humanitarian efforts in Haiti or around the world, please log on to www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 39th largest charity and the 7th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 215 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.1 billion to date. # # # # PHOTOS AND BROADCAST QUALITY VIDEO AVAILABLE Contact: OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL RESPONDING TO DEADLY PAKISTAN FLOODING OBI Teams Up With Longtime Partner, German Charity Humedica To Provide Relief VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (August 4, 2010) — Operation Blessing International (OBI) has teamed up with its longtime disaster relief partner, the German charity Humedica, to provide flood relief in Pakistan. Due to the worst monsoon flooding in 80 years, some 2.5 million people have been affected and 1,500 are feared killed. Kumar Periasamy, OBI’s Director for International Operations and Programs will arrive in Pakistan in the coming days and will work with Humedica to provide medical relief and to distribute food, clean drinking water and emergency building supplies to thousands. The OBI-Humedica team plans to set up a medical clinic in Peshawar, a city in northwest Pakistan, which is currently being used as a refugee center for the hardest hit area. The team will provide medication to combat a host of water-borne illness, since clean drinking water is scarce. Operation Blessing International has provided humanitarian relief in Pakistan as recently as 2009 when it helped 60 families who were attacked by extremists. OBI also provided relief in 2007 when 400,000 people were displaced by flooding caused by torrential rains in southern Pakistan. For more information log on to www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 23 countries on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 39th largest charity and the 7th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 215 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.1 billion to date. # # # OBI Looks To Expand Sustainable Grain Bank Program In Niger As 8 Million Face Hunger VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (July 27, 2010) — A severe drought that has gripped Niger is threatening up to 8 million people with hunger, nearly half of the country’s population. International aid agencies are ramping up efforts and calling for help in order to ward off a major catastrophe. Since 2006, Operation Blessing International (OBI), the 7th largest international charity, has been establishing a network of 17 self-sustainable grain banks in the country. Located in the Diagourou region, an area roughly 180km (112 miles) from the capital consisting of small subsistence farms, the 17 grain banks were originally designed to provide grain to 10,000 residents. However, due to the growing shortage brought on by a recent drought, the grain banks have reduced the amount that a person can purchase in order to stretch the existing supply to support 22,000 people, or half the region’s population. The OBI grain banks consist of masonry buildings that each hold 100 bags of grain totaling 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs). A special steering committee of village elders is selected to manage the stores of grain in each facility. To initially stock the grain bank, OBI uses donated funds to purchase the grain. Each May, near the end of the 9-month dry season, food supplies run out and the market price of grain skyrockets due to low supply. Being subsistence farmers, the villagers are not able to afford the higher prices and thus would go hungry if not for the grain banks. Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “The grain banks play a critical role. During the harvest, villagers sell their grain to the grain bank and receive income to provide for their families. During the hungry season, when grain prices skyrocket on the open market, villagers are then able to purchase what they need from the grain bank at below-market prices – the lowest possible price. The income the grain bank receives is then saved until the next growing season when the committee will use the money to purchase more grain locally from the villagers. By creating this self-sustaining cycle, these grain banks not only benefit the local economy and provide income to the villagers, they also ensure a year-round supply of food.” To date, the program has supported over 570,000 people. Due to the recent drought, OBI is looking to expand the program even further in order to support the remaining 23,000 villagers who are not currently included in the program. Rich Danzeisen, Vice President of International Programs and Operations for OBI, said, “That would mean doubling our capacity either by providing twice as much grain at each grain bank or by building more facilities. Due to the success of this project, word is spreading in the region and Diagourou has been growing in population because our grain bank villages have become like cities of refuge; the villagers know that food is available and see the success of the program and are relocating there. The need is overwhelming.” Within Diagourou, OBI hopes to build ten additional grain banks to provide better geographic coverage. The cost of building and stocking one facility is $5,800 USD. Seeing the success in Diagourou, other villages are asking for a program in their region as local leaders struggle to find food for their communities. Horan said, “The conditions here are quickly growing to a similar degree of severity to what we saw in 2005, when millions faced starvation. Families desperate to find food are traveling many miles looking for food. Others are making plans to move permanently to locations near our grain banks. Mothers bring their children to our staff who are now suffering acute malnutrition and ask for emergency intervention.” For more information or to donate, please visit www.ob.org . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4-star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 39th largest charity and the 7th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 215 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.1 billion to date. # # # Photographs and B-roll of OBI’s Niger grain banks in operation are available upon request. CONTACT: KANSAS CITY CHIEFS & ROYALS TEAM UP WITH OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL FOR 9TH ANNUAL CHARITY FOOD DISTRIBUTION EVENT ON MAY 15 3,000 Families To Receive Food Bags, Meet Sports Heroes KANSAS CITY, MO (May 15, 2010) – The humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) is joining forces again with the Kansas City Chiefs, the Kansas City Royals and Hy-Vee, Inc. to host a massive charity food distribution program that will provide over 6,000 bags of groceries to more than 3,000 local families. The event, now in its ninth year, will take place from 10:30am-12:00pm on Saturday, May 15 at the Hostess Brands lot (East 30th & Troost Ave.) in Kansas City, MO. Members of OBI, players and representatives from the two teams, and corporate volunteers will be on hand to distribute bags of shelf-stable food and fresh produce including potatoes, onions, canned goods, pasta and beverages. Volunteers from AT&T, Sprint, Ericsson, Thrivent and other local community agencies will pack the 6,000 bags to be distributed to the event attendees. In addition to the grocery items, more than 1,000 special gift bags filled with dolls, stuffed animals, snacks and books for children will be distributed. The festivities will include Kansas City Chief & Royals players and mascots signing autographs. “These economic hard times have made it difficult for millions of Americans just to put food on the table,” said Britni Capps, Director, Procurement & Corporate Relations for Operation Blessing International. “In Kansas City, we are incredibly grateful to the Chiefs, Royals and Hy-Vee Inc., our many volunteers who donate their time, and especially to our valued donor partners, most notably American Italian Pasta Co., ConAgra Foods, Allens Inc., Williams Foods, Inc., HK Anderson, Jubilee Jam, McCormick & Co., Farm Fresh Direct and General Mills, who have gone above and beyond in their generosity.” For more than a decade, Operation Blessing International has partnered with professional sports teams and individual athletes for hunger and disaster relief projects. OBI first teamed up with the NFL in 1998 after hearing about Green Bay Packer Reggie White’s efforts to assist local community food programs. Along with events with the Carolina Panthers & Baltimore Ravens, OBI continues to coordinate annual events with the Jacksonville Jaguars (eleven years running), Washington Redskins (eight years) and Kansas City Chiefs and Royals (nine years). In addition to the NFL food distribution events, OBI has also partnered with NBA All-Star and Olympic gold medalist Dwyane Wade and NBA All-Star Chris Paul from the New Orleans Hornets on domestic disaster relief projects. Anyone interested in learning more or helping to keep OBI’s hunger programs delivering nutritious food and essential supplies to thousands facing hunger and poverty, please visit www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 39th largest charity and the 7th largest international charity. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 215 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.1 billion to date. OBI’s Hunger Strike Force (HSF) has delivered and given away more than 960 million pounds of food since 1992. Its fleet of trailer trucks transports a weekly average of 2 million pounds of food and relief supplies to a network of 120 community-based partners in the USA. The food is then distributed to roughly 4,400 local food pantries and hunger relief agencies nationwide. ### For Immediate Release SHOW YOUR HEART 4 HAITI CAMPAIGN TO HELP EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (February 7, 2010) — This Valentine’s Day, the international humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) is encouraging Americans to think outside the chocolate box and give love and support to the people of Haiti with the Show Your Heart 4 Haiti campaign (www.showheart4haiti.org). Instead of exchanging chocolate, flowers and candy to loved ones, OBI is suggesting a donation be made that will provide medical care, food, water and other relief efforts directly to the earthquake victims. With the rebuilding process just beginning, there is an incredible need for funds to help restore this devastated country. OBI has pledged 100% of donations will go to Haiti relief. A new website created for the campaign, www.showheart4haiti.org, allows viewers to post messages of love and hope and also features a “Show Your Heart” campaign video with uplifting photographs from Haiti. The music clip featured in the video is from an original song, “Hope in Love,” written and performed by Sarah Pate. For a $5 donation toward Haiti relief, viewers can download the full-length version of the song. Additionally, donations of $25 or more will receive a Show Your Heart 4 Haiti wristband. To help spread awareness, OBI is utilizing social networking sites, such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace, to encourage members to upload their own heart-and-hands photo or message. OBI has been working in Haiti on HIV/AIDs initiatives with a USAID grant for more than 5 years, and during 2009, OBI expanded their efforts in Haiti to also focus on projects with Partners in Health (PIH) and the Haiti Ministry of Health. Those efforts include providing potable water systems for PIH hospitals, launching a nationwide anti-parasite initiative to treat all school-age children and starting an innovative microenterprise fish farming project to help some of Haiti’s most impoverished families. Currently, OBI’s efforts are focused entirely on providing emergency relief and recovery for the Haitian people. Since the 7.0 magnitude earthquake, OBI mobilized its international disaster relief teams and has provided emergency aid to tens of thousands of Haitians in the most devastated areas. Included in the relief efforts, OBI ran a medical clinic inside the Sylvio Cator Soccer Stadium, where more than 2,500 displaced people are camping. The charity also has installed 8 water purification plants throughout Port-au-Prince – including in National Stadium and in General Hospital, the largest hospital in Haiti — that are each providing some 10,000 gallons of safe water daily. OBI also loaded a United States Navy ship with 290 tons of emergency supplies such as baby food, additional water purification units, and bottled water that arrived last week. “Your compassionate response for the people of Haiti is making such a difference, allowing us to provide medical care, clean water, as well as feeding thousands of hungry children and families,” said Bill Horan, President of Operation Blessing International. “Will you join us now in showering them with timely messages of love and support?” Please visit www.showheart4haiti.org to take part in Show Your Heart 4 Haiti, or also www.ob.org for up to the minute information on OBI and its Haiti efforts. # # # # Click here to download PDF For Immediate Release FILIPINO MUSIC STAR GARY V TO HOST BENEFIT CONCERT IN ORLANDO THIS SUNDAY TO RAISE MONEY FOR TYPHOON VICTIMS VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (October 30, 2009) – Filipino music star Gary V will perform a benefit concert this Sunday at the Florida Hospital Church (2800 N Orange Ave, Orlando) to raise money for the many victims of the recent typhoons in the Philippines. This announcement was made today by Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International (OBI), the beneficiary of the “Gary V: A Wave Of Hope” event. Tickets for “Gary V: A Wave Of Hope” are $25, with 100% of the money raised going directly to disaster relief in the Philippines. The concert is sponsored by Grace Fellowship Church, Orlando Fl. Gary V, who is currently touring the USA, has dominated the music scene in the Philippines for more than twenty-five years. To date, he has released 26 albums, earned multi-platinum status, and won the Best Male Performer in the prestigious Awit Awards eleven times. Operation Blessing International has worked extensively in the Philippines for over a decade, with regional headquarters in Manila. Under the direction of Dr. Kim April C. Pascual, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer for Operation Blessing International Philippines, the charity has earned the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) of the Year by the Philippines government for 4 out of the last 6 years. Most recently, OBI has launched a major response to three typhoons that have struck the country, having helped over 168,000 people in October. OBI is currently preparing for a fourth typhoon, Mirinae, which is expected to hit Manila this weekend. “The devastation we’ve seen with two typhoons that occurred only seven days apart is inconceivable,” said Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International. “Every penny raised by this concert as well as money donated through our website (www.ob.org) will be wire transferred to our Manila office where it will be spent on medicines and emergency food packages.” SPECIAL SHOW ANNOUNCEMENT: “Gary V: A Wave Of Hope” A concert to benefit typhoon victims in the Philippines Sunday, Nov.1, 2009 Florida Hospital Church (2800 N Orange Ave, Orlando, FL) For more information on the concert please contact (407) 403-1650 or email [email protected] . ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy currently ranks OBI as the 39th largest non-governmental organization and 7th largest international charity. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Italy, Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 215 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.1 billion to date. # # # OBI DISASTER RELIEF EFFORTS NOW UNDERWAY IN INDIA, VIETNAM, THE PHILIPPINES AND INDONESIA – OBI Will Send 100% Of Donations Directly To Disaster Relief Efforts – VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (October 5, 2009)–The humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) has expanded its disaster relief efforts into India and Vietnam, in addition to major ongoing operations in Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, OBI has over 40 relief workers on the ground helping earthquake victims in Padang and the surrounding area, including four medical teams in addition to a logistics and distribution team. The charity is focusing on reaching remote villages cut off since last week’s earthquake due to landslides, where thousands have died and many more are buried in the rubble. In addition to providing medical care to victims, OBI is distributing thousands of shelter kits containing mattresses, blankets and other materials to provide temporary shelters to victims, as well as thousands of family survival kits containing food, water and emergency provisions. In the Philippines, which has been hit by two typhoons in over a week, Operation Blessing International’s disaster relief teams have helped more than 97,000 victims with relief such as emergency food and water, medical care and cleanup assistance. Today, OBI secured $151,000 worth of emergency medicines from long-time partner Medical Assistance Programs International (MAP), which international shipping company DHL—another key partner with OBI—has agreed to fly into Manila later this week. OBI has an office in the hard-hit city of Manila, where 80 percent of buildings were flooded. In India, OBI is responding to record-breaking flooding that has killed 270 people and left millions homeless following torrential rains over the weekend. The charity has its national headquarters in Hyderabad and has been providing humanitarian efforts in the country since 1998, helping millions through clean water projects, medical missions, disaster relief and microenterprise operations. In Vietnam, OBI is delivering emergency meals to thousands in Quang Namin the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, which affected some 3 million in that country. Since Friday, OBI has delivered over 3,000 emergency meals in flooded areas only accessible by boat. Workers are also preparing to purchase large quantities of tin in order to repair some of the hundreds of homes damaged by the storms. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, said, “The last week has seen an unprecedented amount of disasters in Asia with tens of millions displaced. Operation Blessing International is helping in four of the hardest-hit countries, but we would like to expand efforts to assist victims. Cash donations are badly needed at this time, and OBI will send 100% of all donations received directly to these disaster relief efforts.” To donate or read more about OBI’s efforts, please log on to www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy recently ranked OBI as the 58th largest non-governmental organization and 9th largest international charity. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Italy, Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 215 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $2.1 billion to date. # # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH BILL HORAN, CONTACT: Chris Roslan OBI LAUNCHES EMERGENCY DISASTER RELIEF EFFORTS IN PADANG, INDONESIA “Devastation is much worse than what has been reported,” says OBI director PADANG, INDONESIA (October 2, 2009)–Disaster relief specialist Operation Blessing International (OBI) is responding to a 7.6 magnitude earthquake here which has left over 1,100 dead and many thousands more seriously injured. OBI, which has a major presence in the country through its regional headquarters in Jakarta, has four medical teams on the ground in the hard hit city of Padang, with 25 doctors and nurses providing emergency medical relief. OBI loaded an Indonesian Navy vessel in Jakarta yesterday with two ambulances, electrical generators drums of fuel and thousands of emergency kits. The ship will arrive in Padang on Saturday. In addition, four OBI trucks loaded with relief supplies arrived in Padang today, with additional non-medical OBI team members distributing shelter kits and other critical relief supplies. OBI is also setting up two logistics bases, one in Pekanbaru and the other in Jakarta. OBI has joined with longtime partner, the airborne charity Mission Aviation Fellowship, who is flying in the medical teams and supplies. Additionally, OBI has teamed up with another longtime partner, the German charity Humedica, who is sending a medical team that will operate from OBI’s base in Padang. Says Mark McClendon, Operation Blessing International’s director on the ground, “The situation here is very urgent, with many areas still completely unreachable and no way to help the victims there. The devastation is much worse than what the media has reported so far.” OBI has worked in Indonesia since opening the Jakarta regional headquarters in 1998, helping over 850,000 people to date. The charity was a first responder to the 2004 tsunami, where it operated and built numerous medical clinics, treated over 180,000 patients and gave away over $27 million dollars worth of medicine. OBI also distributed over 136,000 care packages and more than 52 tons of food. Since the tsunami, OBI Indonesia has built or refurbished hundreds of boats, with each boat supporting the economic needs of three families. OBI affiliates have also provided over 306 boats and have created 208 other livelihood projects including brick factories in Rigah and Lhok Kruet, where over 100,000 bricks were produced and used to build new homes. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy recently ranked OBI as the 58th largest non-governmental organization and 9th largest international charity. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Italy, Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 209.3 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.7 billion to date. # # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH MARK McCLENDON ON THE GROUND: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF OBI LAUNCHES EMERGENCY DISASTER RELIEF IN MANILA TO AID FROM “HURRICANE KATRINA OF THE PHILIPPINES” MANILA, PHILIPPINES (September 28, 2009)–Disaster relief specialists Operation Blessing International (OBI) are responding to Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana), which dumped 13.5 inches of rainfall–an entire month’s worth–in just six hours, leaving the city 80 percent flooded. News reports confirm over 100 deaths so far and many people are stranded on rooftops throughout Manila as roadways are submerged. An estimated 300,000 residents are displaced. OBI has an office in Manila and has worked extensively in the Philippines for over a decade. Under the direction of Dr. Kim April C. Pascual, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer for Operation Blessing International Philippines, the charity has earned the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) of the Year by the Philippines government for 4 out of the last 6 years. Dr. Kim, whose own home is underwater, is on the ground directing the relief and recovery operations. Currently, OBI teams are moving quickly to: Mobilize food and water distributions Deploy medical teams to hardest-hit areas Partner with local groups to begin flood clean-up and recovery efforts Already, OBI teams have been able to feed more than 5,000 affected residents and will continue to expand relief efforts to reach more victims. Dr. Kim said, “This is Hurricane Katrina of the Philippines. Almost a month’s worth of rainfall has submerged riverbank cities like Marikina and Pasig, and buried neighboring cities and provinces under ravaging floodwaters, putting the whole region under a state of calamity.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2009, OBI was awarded Charity Navigator’s coveted 4 star rating for sound fiscal management for the fifth year in a row, a feat that only 4% of rated charities have ever achieved. Forbes, which currently ranks OBI as one of “America’s 200 Largest Charities” as well as one of “America’s Most Efficient Charities,” awarded OBI a perfect 100% rating in fundraising efficiency and 99% efficiency in charitable commitment. Additionally, the Chronicle of Philanthropy recently ranked OBI as the 58th largest non-governmental organization and 9th largest international charity. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Italy, Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 209.3 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.7 billion to date. # # # # FOR INTERVIEWS WITH DR. KIM: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL LAUNCHES TELEVISION SERIES SHOWING INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN EFFORTS IN ACTION Weekly TV Series To Debut August 1 On The Enlace Television Network In Latin America, United States And Spain VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (July 30, 2009)–Operation Blessing International (OBI) has teamed up with theEnlace Television Network, CBN WorldReach and Channel 27 Guatemala to produce a weekly television series chronicling the humanitarian organization’s relief efforts all around the world and the impact of those efforts on the lives of people in need. This announcement was made today by Bill Horan, president of OBI. The 30-minute weekly magazine-style show is called “Operacion Bendicion” and is hosted by Latin American television personality Alejandra Castellanos. The program, which is produced in the U.S.A. and Guatemala, follows the international relief efforts of OBI, telling dramatic stories of people helping others in their local towns and communities around the world, and featuring in-depth interviews with relief workers, volunteers, and the people whose lives have been affected. “Operacion Bendicion” is produced by Sandra Smith with Beatriz Viera at CBN WorldReach headquarters in Virginia Beach, with additional production taking place at Channel 27 Guatemala. The series will launch on August 1 on the Enlace Television Network (5pm Eastern). The Enlace Television Network provides programming to the Hispanic community throughout Latin America, South America as well as the United States and Spain. The first episode takes viewers to India where OBI helps a little girl receive life-saving heart surgery, and also to Guatemala where a sick child is helped through the donation of some unlikely farm animals. Viewers then travel to Thailand where OBI provides a water-well to an orphanage in need of clean drinking water and also helps a family start a new business. The ongoing weekly series continues with episodes featuring similar stories from Mexico, Guatemala, Cambodia, Philippines, El Salvador, Ukraine and many more. Sandra Smith, producer of “Operacion Bendicion,” said, “This program gives us the opportunity to show powerful examples of the importance of generosity and how giving your time or resources impacts countless people’s lives. We are hoping it will inspire others to get involved and volunteer in their own communities and/or donate resources to relief efforts.” Each show will invite viewers to participate in the relief efforts, directing them to the “Operacion Bendicion” website ( www.operacionbendicion.com ) for more information. “We learned about Operation Blessing International’s many efforts to help the people of Latin America and wanted to help the charity expand those efforts,” said Cesar Espanol, director of marketing and public relations for the Enlace Television Network. “We are very excited to help with this outreach and hope this will play a role in both increasing OBI’s work in the region and also inspiring other ministries as well.” Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “We are eternally grateful to Enlace for providing this tremendous opportunity to share our story to an international audience. Millions of people around the world donate to charities, but they never really get to see the results of their generosity because the news media only report the headlines. This program will show how OBI is making a real difference in the lives of people purely through the generosity of donors and volunteers.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2007, OBI responded to a record 20 disasters in 14 countries. Most recently, OBI funded major humanitarian efforts in Italy, the Sichuan Province of China, Myanmar, Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major humanitarian efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to humanitarian organizations including the International RedCross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 202.7 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.4 billion to date. # # # # OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL’S HUNGER STRIKE FORCE EXPANDS PARTNERSHIP WITH KINGSWAY CHARITIES OBI To Operate Food Distribution Warehouse Serving Appalachia VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (June 30, 2009)–Operation Blessing International (OBI) and Bristol, Virginia-based Kingsway Charities have expanded their longtime partnership. Under the new arrangement, OBI’s Hunger Strike Force will operate a 23,000 square-foot food distribution site in Kingsway’s warehouse for at least the next five years, enabling OBI’s Hunger Strike Force to greatly expand its hunger relief efforts throughout Appalachia. John Gregory, president of Kingsway Charities and OBI president Bill Horan made this announcement today. For 15 years, Kingsway Charities had been a partner in OBI’s Hunger Strike Force, operating its own food distribution site in Bristol. Over the past 5 years, the Hunger Strike Force has delivered over 29.6 million pounds of food and relief aid into the Appalachian region of the U.S., and of that, some 13.7 million pounds specifically to the Kingsway Charities facility. However, Kingsway Charities discontinued its program in January due to financial restraints, and began looking for an organization to take over operations of the warehouse and continue the outreach. Due to its extensive experience in hunger relief, Kingsway Charities chose to expand its partnership with Operation Blessing International. Now that the expanded partnership is in place, OBI’s Hunger Strike Force will begin operations of a regional food distribution site from the Kingsway Charities building. Initially, OBI anticipates distributing as much as 2-to-5 truckloads per week, 175,000 pounds of food, hygiene and additional relief aid into Appalachia, along with utilizing the Bristol warehouse as a distribution hub to stage and transport up to 200,000 pounds of additional product per week to other neighboring states and regions. OBI hopes to be fully operational by the end of the summer and expects to distribute approximately 15 million pounds in the first 12 months. John Gregory, President of Kingsway Charities stated, “We’re extremely excited to expand the partnership with Operation Blessing International’s Hunger Strike Force. The need in Appalachia in this current economy is great and we are eager to unite with such an experienced ministry.” Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing stated, “We are grateful to Kingsway for this opportunity. The current recession is pushing an ever-increasing number of Americans into the ranks of the ‘newly made poor.’ By combining Operation Blessing’s trucking fleet and food resources with Kingsway’s strategically-placed facility and multi-denominational church network, we will leverage our mutual strengths, and as a result, feed more people than either of us could have on our own.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International is one of the largest non-profit, humanitarian organizations in America, providing strategic hunger and disaster relief, medical aid, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 202.7 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.4 billion to date. OBI’s Hunger Strike Force (HSF) has delivered and given away more than 1 billion pounds of food, hygiene and relief aid since 1992. Its fleet of trailer trucks transports a weekly average of 2 million pounds of food and relief supplies to a network of 120 community-based partners in the USA. The food is then distributed to roughly 4,400 local food pantries and hunger relief agencies nationwide. # # # For Immediate Release! OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL’S ANNUAL ANTI-PARASITE PROGRAM TO KICK OFF IN MEXICO JUNE 13-19 Tens Of Millions Of People In Latin America, And Now Africa, To Be Cured Through OBI’s Program Combining Free Medication With Hands-On Preventative Training VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (June 11, 2009)–The humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) will kick off its annual anti-parasite program this year on June 13-19 in Mexico. The global program, which has recently focused on Latin America, has been expanded to include the Ivory Coast in Africa and will help tens of millions of people this year through free medication and hands-on preventative training. OBI president Bill Horan made these announcements today. Intestinal worms pose serious health problems and are one of the top ten causes of death in children under five. According to the ministries of health in Latin America, it is estimated that 73.4 million school-aged children in the countries that OBI is working in are infected. Lack of proper hygiene makes the population susceptible to infestation, which can also occur through walking barefoot in infested soil, eating unwashed food, and exposure to animal and human waste. The OBI program will commence June 13-19 in Mexico, where OBI is working in conjunction with the Mexican Ministry of Health to distribute an initial 1.5 million free doses of the anti-parasite medication Albendazole. The medication will be given to high-risk populations in the 125 poorest municipalities in the country, covering 7 states: Chiapas, Durango, Guerrero, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz. Since the medication requires a second treatment six months after the initial dose, a second treatment will be given later this year. In November, OBI will then launch its program in Latin America with an initial distribution of medication that will treat millions of children in Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Peru. Six months later (May 2010), OBI will provide a second dose of the medication to those same children. A similar plan will take place in the Ivory Coast, with millions of children receiving two doses in a six-month timeframe beginning later this year. All told, the charity expects to distribute 26 million doses of free medication in addition to providing hands-on training to tens of millions this year alone. In each country, OBI is working in conjunction with the government and thousands of churches that will distribute the medication and also provide basic hygiene training to combat future infestation. OBI is providing the medication, supervision and management of each program, along with providing anti-parasite educational materials designed by the World Health Organization. Albendazole and Mabendazole are highly effective against a variety of internal parasites including pin worms, roundworms, tapeworms, whipworms and hookworms. In many cases, the worms consume as much as 25 percent of the food that an infested person eats, thus depriving the body of nutrition. This is especially harmful in a developing country where food is hard to come by. Young children are exceptionally at risk. Other results of worm infestation are a weakened immune system, chronic sickness, stunted growth, a reduced cognitive ability, headaches and stomach pains. OBI’s anti-parasite campaign has been in place since 2003 and has treated over 22 million children to date in countries including China, India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Philippines, Laos, Nigeria, Niger, Guatemala, Peru and Mexico. In October 2008, for the fifth time, OBI treated approximately 2 million women and children in one day in Peru utilizing a network of 2000 churches and over 42,000 volunteers. In Guatemala, OBI has worked with the Departments of Health and Education to facilitate the de-worming of Guatemala’s entire population of over 2.1 million school age children in 2005 and 2006. Says Bill Horan, “Children infested with parasites are always hungry, often sick, miss lots of school and suffer in terrible ways ranging from non-stop belly aches to stunted growth, chronic disease and muddled minds. With a pill costing less than a nickel and some very basic hygiene training, we can change all that.” To donate, volunteer, or read updates on OBI’s efforts, please log onto www.ob.org and/or www.myowneyes.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 209.3 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.7 billion to date. # # # # Click here to download PDF DISASTER RELIEF CHARITY CALLS FOR VOLUNTEERS IN NORTH DAKOTA FARGO, ND – Disaster relief specialists Operation Blessing International (OBI) are coordinating the volunteer efforts for flood relief in the city of Linton, ND as well all of Emmons county. Volunteers, both from the local area and from around the USA are needed to remove flood debris and clean houses. Anyone living in the greater Fargo area that would like to volunteer should report to the Emmons County Court House (100 4th St. NW, Linton) on Friday and/or Saturday mornings by 8:00am. Then, starting Monday, all volunteers should report to OBI’s volunteer base camp, which will be located at St. Anthony’s Catholic Church (613 N. Broadway St., Linton). OBI is also accepting teams of volunteers from anywhere in the USA and will provide all meals, lodging and supervision. Volunteers will have to arrange their own travel. All volunteers must be 18 years of age and must sign up in teams of at least two people. OBI will provide separate sleeping quarters for men and women. Cots are available, but volunteers are responsible for bringing blankets, sleeping bags, pillows, and towels for showers. Volunteers are needed next week to help residents remove debris and sheet-rock from their flooded homes. OBI will provide all personal protective equipment and tools. Volunteers should wear work clothes with work boots/hard-soled shoes. Volunteers are asked to report to the above locations by 8:00 AM and will be deployed with a construction foreman by 8:30AM each day. Volunteers will work from 8:30 AM-4:30 PM each day. Lunch and water will be provided. Local Volunteer Questions: Please call 701.321.0180 Out-of-Town Volunteers: Please call 757.226.3407 Operation Blessing International’s disaster relief team arrived in North Dakota last week and is coordinating with volunteer relief agencies and local officials to bring relief to rural and poor areas that are not receiving much aid. OBI has deployed a mobile kitchen unit, which can feed up to 1,500 hot meals a day, to help support emergency management officials and first responders. OBI has adopted the small town of Linton, ND, and is helping residents, many of whom are elderly and disabled, to salvage their belongings. OBI is also taking work orders from families who need recovery assistance, assembling teams of volunteers and dispatching construction/clean-up trailers packed with personal protective equipment and tools for volunteer clean-up crews arriving this week. To donate, volunteer, or read updates on OBI’s efforts, please log on to www.ob.org and/or www.myowneyes.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 209.3 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.7 billion to date. # # # # To interview Jody Herrington, director of U.S. disaster relief for OBI, please contact: Chris Roslan Click here to download PDF VIRGINIA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION TO PRESENT AWARD TO OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL ON THURSDAY, APRIL 2 VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (March 31, 2009) – The Virginia Emergency Management Association will present the Virginia Beach-based humanitarian organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) with their annual award honoring a nonprofit organization, government group or business for helping emergency management within the commonwealth of Virginia. The award will be presented to OBI president Bill Horan and OBI’s director of U.S. disaster relief, Jody Herrington at a special luncheon to be held this Thursday, April 2 at the Hampton Roads Conference Center. Virginia Emergency Management Association president Hui-Shan Walker and past president Douglas Young will present the award in front of 300 guests. Previous recipients of award include the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, Virginia Voluntary Organizations Active In Disaster (VOAD), and the nonprofit organization God’s Pit Crew. Doug Young, past president of the Virginia Emergency Management Association, said, “Operation Blessing International was chosen because of their years of humanitarian service and disaster relief efforts in the Commonwealth of Virginia. From floods and hurricanes to last year’s devastating tornadoes in Suffolk, OBI has always been among the first on the ground when disaster strikes and usually one of the last to leave after the cleanup.” For more information about the Virginia Emergency Management Association, please visit www.vemaweb.com . To donate, volunteer, or read updates on OBI’s efforts, please log on to www.ob.org and/or www.myowneyes.org. ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornadoes as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 209.3 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.7 billion to date. # # # # Steven Jumper of Impact Strategies 240-481-0638 CHRIS PAUL TAKES A TIMEOUT TO PREPARE THE BIG EASY FOR HURRICANE SEASON NBA All Star Advocates Safety and Preparedness, while distributing survival kits [New Orleans, LA]— New Orleans Hornets All-Star Chris Paul and 4 Survival To Go joined forces with Operation Blessing International to distribute 150 emergency survival kits to New Orleans area residents on Monday, March 23, 2009. As a part of The Chris Paul Foundation’s ongoing efforts to help rebuild New Orleans, The Foundation announced its Safety and Preparedness Initiative and partnership with Operation Blessing International, a worldwide humanitarian relief organization, to solicit pledges from businesses, colleagues and fans to help reach their goal of distributing 3,000 preparedness kits prior to this year’s hurricane season. Anyone interested in supporting the campaign can log onto www.chrispaul3.com to purchase a kit for $50 and the kits will be distributed throughout the NOLA community over the coming months. Each 4 Survival To Go Emergency Preparedness Kit includes vital supplies needed to survive an emergency for 72 hours. The compact, portable bag includes emergency food/water, a prepaid phone card, self-powered flashlight with am/fm radio, duct tape, disposable camera along with many other essential tools. The kit can be stored in the home, office or vehicle. “During my time with the Hornets, I’ve grown extremely close to the people of New Orleans,” Paul said. “We have all been through a lot and I’m happy to be working with Operation Blessing and 4 Survival To Go to help bring our community the resources they need to prepare during times of emergency.” “We are proud to join with The Chris Paul Foundation and 4 Survival To Go in this critical initiative,” Pam Erickson, Operation Blessing International, said. “There is no community that better appreciates the importance of emergency preparedness than New Orleans and we believe the resources and information that we will distribute will empower the people we reach.” The Chris Paul Foundation: The Chris Paul Foundation provides support to community based organizations that promote education, health, sports and social responsibility. Chris Paul and his family created the CP3 Foundation in partnership with The Winston-Salem Foundation to support a variety of charitable causes. Since its inception in 2006, the CP3 Foundation has raised more than $250,000 to benefit programs throughout Winston-Salem and New Orleans. For more information, visit www.chrispaul3.com Operation Blessing International: OBI has touched the lives of more than 209.3 million people in 105 countries and all 50 states, providing food and relief supplies, goods and services valued at more than $1.7 billion. During last year alone, OBI picked up and delivered over 100 million pounds of relief supplies and responded to a record 20 disasters in 14 countries. For more information on OBI, visit www.ob.org About 4 Survival To Go: Founded by two female friends, 4 Survival To Go is dedicated to increasing awareness on the benefits of being prepared before a disaster strikes by promoting and educating consumers with resources and products. 4 Survival to wants communities to be prepared for disasters before they happen. For more information, visit www.4survivaltogo.com ### Operation Blessing International To Celebrate Major Milestone On Jan. 28: 1 BILLION POUNDS OF FOOD AND RELIEF PRODUCTS DELIVERED! VIRGINIA BEACH (January 23, 2009) – Operation Blessing International (OBI), one of the largest charities in America, will celebrate a major milestone on Wednesday, January 28th when its Hunger Strike Force (HSF) program reaches 1 billion pounds of food and relief aid delivered since the program’s inception in 1992. Bill Horan, president of Operation Blessing International, said, “30 years ago, Pat Robertson founded Operation Blessing International as a pipeline to the poor; a conduit between those willing to help and those who need help. What Dr Robertson started as a local effort to assist the poor in Tidewater, Virginia has grown into a worldwide humanitarian organization offering not only hunger relief, but clean water, medical services, disaster relief and a myriad of programs for orphans and at-risk children.” The Hunger Strike Force is OBI’s largest domestic program. With warehouses strategically located in Florida, California and Virginia, HSF currently delivers over two million pounds of free food and supplies each week to a network of more than 120 community-based partners in dozens of cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, Washington DC, Tampa, Nashville, Asheville, Buffalo, and many more. The products are then distributed by the partner organizations to roughly 4,400 local food pantries, where it is given to people in need. OBI transports the products to the partners via OBI’s fleet of 18 tractor-trailer trucks and 75 trailers, traveling close to 2 million miles last year alone. In delivering the 1 billion pounds, OBI has logged 28,000 truckloads and over 21 million miles in the USA to date. The 1 billion pounds are broken down as follows: • 865 million pounds of food (non-perishable, fresh produce, canned, dry mixes, drinks) • 95 million pounds of hygiene & relief aid (soap, shampoo, toiletries, diapers) • 42 million pounds of disaster response goods (packaged food, water, building materials) While the program has made a tremendous impact – the food delivered has supplemented over 684 million meals to date — the Hunger Strike Force is facing new challenges, making it tougher to provide free food for those in need. The program has recently seen a 343% increase in partner applications from food pantries around the country that are badly in need of provisions. This alarming increase, according to OBI, is the result of a surge in the numbers of Americans who are suffering from the current economic recession, the mortgage crisis, and skyrocketing costs. In addition, other new obstacles have arisen including the rise of discount food brokers, as well as food manufacturers having to decrease the amount of food donated to charities. Given these new challenges, OBI has to do more with less in order to satisfy its network’s needs. The success of the Hunger Strike Force is largely due to the generosity of its corporate food donors such as the Rich Products Corporation, which increased its donation of food by over 9% from 2007-2008 to keep up with the rising demand. Horan adds, “There have always been some hungry people in America, but never as many as we are seeing now. Loss of jobs has created a huge new demographic of newly-made poor Americans. Folks who have never had to ask for help before are turning to churches and relief agencies for help in feeding their families. OBI’s Hunger Strike Force is struggling to keep up. We need cash donations to keep our fleet of trucks rolling in the battle against hunger.” For more information or to donate: www.ob.org ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornados as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 202.7 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.4 billion to date. # # # # Click here to download PDF WHITE HOUSE HIGHLIGHTS OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL IN FINAL REPORT ON FAITH BASED AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES VIRGINIA BEACH, VA (January 13, 2009) – In a new report issued this week, Innovations in Compassion: A Final Report to the Armies of Compassion, Virginia Beach-based organization Operation Blessing International (OBI) is highlighted by President Bush and the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives (FBCI) for its domestic and international disaster relief and recovery operations. The report provides a summary of the 8-year-old Faith-Based and Community Initiative and how the program has “brought life changing aid to millions in need.” A section of the report, “Natural Disasters: Effective Disaster Preparation, Response and Recovery,” describes how, in such disasters, “faith-based community organizations play a vital role in volunteer and community organizing, fund-raising and other operations that build the foundation for community revitalization.” OBI is featured in a highlighted section describing how the FBCI helped the charity partner with the Federal Emergency Management Agency for disaster relief work following the Tennessee tornadoes in 2008, as well as a photo of an OBI volunteer in action. The highlighted section includes a quote from Jody Herrington, director of US disaster relief, stating, “In the aftermath of the recent hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, FEMA has been very supportive in helping Operation Blessing International connect with officials on Federal, State and local levels to begin providing disaster relief efforts within hours of the devastation.” To date, OBI has partnered with the federal agency for relief following Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, the Tennessee tornadoes, and last year’s Hurricane Ike in Texas. OBI was also asked to participate in Department of Homeland Security Regional Partnership Trainings, hosted by the DHS FBCI Center in collaboration with local emergency management agencies. The purpose of these events was to educate communities on disaster preparedness and what organizations like OBI have to offer. Jody Herrington spoke at two of these events. Bill Horan, president of OBI, said, “When disasters strike, victims need help and they need it quickly. Government always tries to help, but immediate action is often slowed by a headwind of bureaucracy and political bickering. Officials from FBCI have helped build a bridge over these traditional obstacles and expedited cooperative efforts between fast-moving organizations like Operation Blessing International and government agencies. The result is faster and more efficient delivery of resources and relief to disaster victims. We are honored to be featured in the White House report and thank the FBCI for their efforts.” ABOUT OPERATION BLESSING INTERNATIONAL: Operation Blessing International (OBI) is one of the largest charities in America, providing strategic disaster relief, medical aid, hunger relief, clean water and community development in 22 countries around the world on a daily basis. In 2008, OBI responded to 33 disasters in 16 foreign countries as well as 7 major domestic disasters. Most recently, OBI mobilized teams and funded major relief and recovery efforts in Myanmar, the Sichuan Province of China, Rift Valley in Kenya, Bangladesh, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the Darfur region of Sudan, Pakistan, Somalia, India, Indonesia, Mozambique and the Philippines. OBI has also made headlines as a first responder to U.S. hurricanes, floods and tornados as well as the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. In addition to directing major disaster relief efforts, OBI has often filled the role of logistical arm to organizations including the International Red Cross, the Salvation Army, UNICEF and the United Nations World Food Program. Founded in 1978, Operation Blessing International has touched the lives of more than 202.7 million people in more than 105 countries and 50 states, providing goods and services valued at over $1.4 billion to date. # # # #	i don't know
Greenland is a self-governing territory of which country?	Greenland profile - BBC News BBC News Read more about sharing. Close share panel Greenland is the world's largest island and an autonomous Danish dependent territory with limited self-government and its own parliament. Denmark contributes two thirds of Greenland's budget revenue, the rest coming mainly from fishing. Potential oil, gas and rare earth mineral reserves have attracted prospecting firms. Greenland enjoys perpetual daylight for two months each year but over 80% of the island is covered by an ice cap 4km thick in places. Global warming is feared to be causing the ice cover to melt increasingly fast but has also increased access to Greenland's mineral resources. The USA has long seen Greenland as strategically important and established a radar base at Thule at the start of the Cold War. The island's population is only 57,000. Inhabitants face severe social problems, notably unemployment, alcoholism and HIV/AIDS. Area 2.17m sq km (840,000 sq miles Major languages Greenlandic, Danish Life expectancy 68 years (men), 73 years (women) Currency Danish krone Image caption The Aurora Borealis in the Greenland town of Kangerlussuaq LEADERS Head of State: Queen Margrethe II of Denmark Prime Minister: Kim Kielsen Image copyright AFP A former policeman and environment minister, Kim Kielsen took office as prime minister in December 2014 after a coalition deal struck in the wake of snap elections. His predecessor and Greenland's first woman prime minister, Aleqa Hammond of the Siumit social-democratic party, stepped down in October 2014 over a spending scandal. MEDIA Broadcasting in Greenlandic and Danish, is the main source of news and entertainment. There are no daily newspapers. The major titles - a weekly and a bi-weekly - publish in Greenlandic and Danish. Read full media profile TIMELINE 982 - Greenland discovered by the Norwegian, Erik the Red, who calls his discovery "Greenland" to make it more attractive. In 986 he returns with settlers but by 1600, only Inuit inhabitants remain. 1721 - New Danish settlement established near present-day capital, Nuuk. 1940 - Denmark is occupied by Germany during World War II. The United States assumes protective custody over Greenland for the duration of the war. 1953 - Greenland becomes an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark. 1979 - Greenland attains home rule following a referendum. 1999 - Danish High Court rules that Inuit were illegally exiled from their land in northern Greenland in 1953 to expand US airbase at Thule but denies them right of return. 2008 - Greenlanders vote in referendum for more autonomy, greater control over energy resources and granting Kalaallisut or Western Greenlandic status of official language in place of Danish. 2010 - Greenland's ice sheet is shrinking faster and making a bigger contribution to rising sea levels, a study in the journal Science confirms. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Retreating ice fields have impacted native Greenlanders 2013 - Greenland parliament votes to end the territory's 25-year ban on the mining of radioactive materials such as uranium, leading to a boom in mineral resource exports.	Denmark
What high-tech manufacturing corporation agreed to buy the security software company McAfee for $7.7bn in summer 2010?	Greenland - Country Profile - Nations Online Project Info ___ Greenland Northern lights in Greenland. Northern lights or Aurora Borealis, a phenomen that appeares around the Earth's magnetic pole. Auroras are produced when the solar wind hits the magnetosphere, the resulting ionization emits light of varying color and complexity. - Image: Mads Pihl Location map of Greenland A virtual guide to Greenland. Greenland is not a continent but the world's largest island. Its surface is about 80% ice-capped. Kalaallit Nunaat, the Inuit name for the island, is not an independent state but a self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979. Greenland shares maritime borders with Canada , Iceland , and Norway . Just about 56,100 (in 2016) people live on an area of 2,166,086 km², this makes Greenland the least populated place on Earth. The 12th largest country in the world is almost four times the size of France , or slightly more than three times the size of the U.S. state of Texas .	i don't know
In government figures released in 2010, how many terrorism arrests resulted from the 101,248 stop-and-searches under UK counter-terrorism powers in 2009?	Terrorism Act: No terror arrests made after 100,000 stop-and-searches - Telegraph Terrorism in the UK Terrorism Act: No terror arrests made after 100,000 stop-and-searches Out of more than 100,000 people stopped and searched by police using controversial anti-terror powers not one single arrest was made for terrorism-related offences, new figures show. Most stop and searches are carried out in London Photo: GETTY IMAGES 9:51AM BST 28 Oct 2010 A total of 101,248 stops and searches were made under section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 in 2009/10, but only one in every 200 led to an arrest and none of these were terror-related, the figures released by the Home Office showed. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, ordered a review of the controversial stop and search powers earlier this year, saying she wanted to correct ''mistakes'' made by the Labour government which, she said, was allowed to ''ride roughshod'' over civil liberties. The powers allow officers to stop anyone in a specified area without the need for reasonable suspicion. Across Great Britain, 506 arrests were made after people were stopped and searched under section 44 of the Terrorism Act, 0.5 per cent of the 101,248 stops and searches, compared with 10 per cent of stops carried out using non-terror powers. But the use of the stop and search powers fell by 60 per cent compared with 2008/09, the figures showed. Related Articles Airports back BA's call for relaxation of security 27 Oct 2010 Anti-terrorism chiefs ordered an escalation in the use of the powers after the failed bomb attack against the Tiger Tiger nightclub in London's Haymarket in 2007. That resulted in more than a quarter of a million people being searched in 2008/09 - the highest on record and more than twice the level of the previous year. But after a public outcry over the use of searches, which have a disproportionate effect upon minority groups, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson ordered them to be scaled back in London. The review of the Government's counter-terrorism policy, which will report shortly, is being carried out by the Liberal Democrat peer Lord Ken Macdonald, who led changes in the way terrorists are prosecuted. It involves police, spies, public officials and campaigners and will focus on control orders, stop-and-search, pre-charge detention, deportation of terror suspects and the use of surveillance by local authorities. Of all the stops and searches, four out of five of these were made in the Metropolitan Police area, with almost a fifth being made by British Transport Police. Overall, 59 per cent described themselves as white, 17 per cent as Asian or Asian British, 10 per cent as black or black British and 2 per cent as mixed ethnicity, the figures showed. For the first time, the statistics also included an overview of the number of passengers who were examined while travelling through the UK's air and sea ports. One in every 30,000 passengers was examined last year, 0.03 per cent of the 220 million passengers going through the ports. Of these exams, 97 per cent (82,870) took under one hour while 2,687 (3 per cent) were more than an hour. The figures come the day after Martin Broughton, the British Airways chairman , said airport security checks needed an overhaul. He said some parts of the security programme were "completely redundant" and that the UK should not "kowtow" to the Americans every time the US wanted something done. The number of terrorism arrests also fell last year, down to 173 from 190 in 2008/09, separate figures showed. But the majority of the 52 charged were charged with offences that had nothing to do with terrorism. A total of 27 people were charged with non-terror related offences, including perverting the course of justice, placing or dispatching articles to cause a bomb hoax or knowingly obtaining another person's identification documents with intent. Of the others, 12 were charged with offences under terrorism legislation, including the collection of information useful to terrorists, preparation for terrorist acts and fundraising. And a further 13 were charged under non-terrorism legislation with an offence the authorities considered to be terrorism-related, including acting with intent to cause, or conspiring to cause, explosions likely to endanger life. Since the September 11 terror attacks in the United States in 2001, 261 suspects have been charged under terrorism legislation, 199 (76 per cent) prosecuted, and, of those prosecuted 64 per cent (127) convicted. A further seven were awaiting completion of their trials. A further 143 were charged under non-terrorism legislation, including conspiracy to murder and conspiring to cause an explosion, the figures showed. Of these, 133 (93 per cent) were prosecuted, and, of those prosecuted 83 per cent (110) convicted. A further seven were awaiting completion of their trials. Of the 46 terrorism-related trials completed last year, 65 per cent of defendants were convicted, of which two in five pleaded guilty. They were given five life sentences and one in four custodial sentences handed down were of 10 years or more. New figures also showed 51 appeals against terrorism convictions were heard in the three years between 2007/08 and 2009/10, with seven convictions being quashed. In all, 20 of the appeals led to a shorter sentence and four resulted in a longer sentence. As of March 31 this year, there were 102 terrorist-related prisoners in England and Wales, of whom 76% were UK nationals and four in five (83 per cent) classified themselves as Muslims. There were no prisoners classified as terrorists held by the Scottish Prison Service. And 25 terrorist-related prisoners were discharged from prison last year, including 10 who had served sentences of four years or more. Shami Chakrabarti, director of civil rights group Liberty, said: "These Home Office statistics highlight what a crude and blunt instrument stop and search without suspicion has been. "It costs us dearly in race equality and consent-based policing with very little return in terms of enhanced security." Alex Deane, director of Big Brother Watch, which campaigns against intrusions on privacy, added: "This is no surprise. Rather than a genuine counter-terrorism tool, random stop and search has been a way of bullying and hassling our increasingly abject population. "We have to decide what kind of society we want to live in. Random stop and search allows the state to confront the individual in the street, without cause, and demand your papers. It's wrong."	None
What African country, south of Libya, west of Sudan, and east of Niger, has the capital N'Djamena?	Stop and Search Stop and Search See also Welcome judgement on stop and search from guardian.co.uk by Henry Porter See also Liberty wins landmark stop and search case in Court of Human Rights from liberty-human-rights.org.uk See also Home Office advises Police to break the law from theregister.co.uk by John Ozimek A key weapon of the Government's anti-terror laws was in tatters after the European Court of Human Rights ruled that police stop and search powers were unlawful. The surprise ruling stunned the Home Office, which swiftly announced that the Government would seek to appeal against the unanimous ruling by seven judges. Despite the judgment, Alan Johnson, the Home Secretary, said that police would continue to use the powers, which allow them to stop and search people without having to suspect them of involvement in terrorism. The Strasbourg court ruled that Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 violated individual freedoms guaranteeing the right to private life. The court criticised the arbitrary nature of the power and also the way in which its use was authorised. Under Section 44, the Home Secretary can authorise police to make random stop and searches in a designated area for up to 28 days, after which the power is renewable. The case was brought by Kevin Gillan and Pennie Quinton, who were stopped by police while on their way to a demonstration outside an arms fair at the ExCeL centre in Docklands, London, in September 2003. Quinton, a journalist from London, was ordered to stop filming despite showing her press card, while Gillan, who was riding his bicycle, was only allowed to go on his way after 20 minutes. They were awarded £30,400 in costs. The court said that the power to search an individual's clothing and belongings in public involved an element of humiliation that was a clear interference with the right to privacy. The judges criticised the way in which the power was authorised, noting that there was no requirement that the power should be considered necessary, only expedient. They were also concerned that the decision to stop and search someone was based exclusively on the hunch or professional intuition of the police officer . The independent reviewer of anti-terrorism legislation, Lord Carlile of Berriew, QC, said that the judgment could have serious implications and might require parts of the Terrorism Act 2000 to be rewritten. Lord Carlile has repeatedly said that police forces are making too much use of their power to stop and search under the Act. In his last report he estimated that between 8,000 and 10,000 stops per month were taking place under Section 44 in early 2009 but none of the searches had resulted in a conviction for a terrorism offence. More than a quarter of a million Section 44 stop and searches took place in Britain in 2008-09, leading to 1,452 arrests. Based on article from politics.co.uk The European court of human rights has rejected an attempt by the UK government to appeal a judgment over its stop-and-search powers. The decision means that a January 2010 court judgement which found section 44 of the Terrorism Act to be illegal is final. This appeal was always doomed, said Isabella Sankey, director of policy for Liberty: The objectionable policy of broad stop and search without suspicion was wrong in principle and has proven divisive and counterproductive in practice. The original court judgement in the case of Gillan and Quinton v the United Kingdom found that section 44 violated the right to respect for private life guaranteed by Article 8 of the Convention on Human Rights. In April 2010 the government requested that the case be referred to the Grand Chamber - a request which has now been denied. Based on article from dailymail.co.uk A Big Brother stop and search power which has been used by police to harass hundreds of thousands of innocent people will remain in force despite being ruled illegal. The news that police may continue to search members of the public without having any reasonable grounds for suspicion provoked fury among civil liberties campaigners. The power - section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 - has been ruled unlawful by the European Court of Human Rights. The Home Office now has no remaining grounds for appeal. But, despite the crushing Strasbourg defeat, officials say they will not stop the police from using the power for months or even a year or more. In the meantime, tourists, photographers and other members of the public will continue to be subjected to the humiliating searches - of which 256,000 were carried out last year, without catching a single terrorist. Isabella Sankey, policy director for the campaign group Liberty, said: The objectionable policy of broad stop and search without suspicion was wrong in principle and divisive and counterproductive in practice. The Lib Dems and Tories now say that they want to wait until a review of all Labour's draconian anti-terror laws has been completed before deciding what to do next. Ministers are given a period of grace by the European court to implement its ruling which, based on previous examples, can last for up to a year, or even longer. Enlarge High-profile victims of terror legislation Based on article from theregister.co.uk Police are to be stripped of the power to stop and search anyone for no reason, the Home Secretary has announced. Theresa May told the Commons she will immediately limit Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 so members of public can only be stopped if officers reasonably suspect they are terrorists. The threshold of suspicion will bring the Act into line with traditional stop and search powers. The move follows defeat for the UK government in January at the European Court of Human Rights. The court found that Section 44 violated the right to respect for private life; article eight of the European Convention on Human Rights. May said: The Government cannot appeal this judgment although we would not have done so had we been able. I can therefore tell the House that I will not allow the continued use of Section 44 in contravention of the European Court's ruling and, more importantly, in contravention of our civil liberties. Police use of Section 44 to stop individuals will no longer be allowed, although it will still apply to vehicles. The legal challenge against Section 44 was brought by Liberty, the human rights charity, following the stop and search of a peace protestor and a journalist who were planning to attend a demonstration against a large arms fair in London in 2003. Liberty director Shami Chakrabarti hailed the withdrawal of the power today. It is a blanket and secretive power that has been used against school kids, journalists, peace protesters and a disproportionate number of young black men, she said: To our knowledge, it has never helped catch a single terrorist. This is a very important day for personal privacy, protest rights and race equality in Britain. Based on article from telegraph.co.uk Out of more than 100,000 people stopped and searched by police using supposedly anti-terror powers not one single arrest was made for terrorism-related offences, new figures show. A total of 101,248 stops and searches were made under section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 in 2009/10, but only one in every 200 led to an arrest and none of these were terror-related, the figures released by the Home Office showed. Theresa May, the Home Secretary, ordered a review of the controversial stop and search powers earlier this year, saying she wanted to correct mistakes made by the Labour government which, she said, was allowed to ride roughshod over civil liberties. The powers allow officers to stop anyone in a specified but widely cast area without the need for reasonable suspicion. Across Great Britain, 506 arrests were made after people were stopped and searched under section 44 of the Terrorism Act, 0.5% of the 101,248 stops and searches, compared with 10 per cent of stops carried out using non-terror powers. But the use of the stop and search powers fell by 60% compared with 2008/09, the figures showed. The review of the Government's counter-terrorism policy, which will report shortly, is being carried out by the Liberal Democrat peer Lord Ken Macdonald, who led changes in the way terrorists are prosecuted. Of all the stops and searches, four out of five of these were made in the Metropolitan Police area, with almost a fifth being made by British Transport Police. Shami Chakrabarti, director of civil rights group Liberty, said: These Home Office statistics highlight what a crude and blunt instrument stop and search without suspicion has been. It costs us dearly in race equality and consent-based policing with very little return in terms of enhanced security. Alex Deane, director of Big Brother Watch, which campaigns against intrusions on privacy, added: This is no surprise. Rather than a genuine counter-terrorism tool, random stop and search has been a way of bullying and hassling our increasingly abject population. We have to decide what kind of society we want to live in. Random stop and search allows the state to confront the individual in the street, without cause, and demand your papers. It's wrong.	i don't know
Forbes Magazine reported in 2010 the most expensive (real estate) US zip code to be 91008 Duarte, in which US state?	America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes comments, called-out Los Angeles has always been home to some of the world’s most expensive real estate. But forget Beverly Hills, 90210: The new hot spot for multimillion-dollar mansions is Duarte, 91008. Duarte, Calif., home to the 91008 ZIP code (which also includes the city of Bradbury– a fact that has stirred up a tempest in a teapot ), is a small suburb northeast of downtown LA, near the Los Angeles national forest. The median cost of a house in this tony town is a whopping $4,276,462, making it the most expensive housing market in the country. It ranks No. 1 on Forbes’ annual ranking of America’s Most Expensive ZIP Codes. Video: Inside Alpine’s $68 Million Home A scant 1,391 people live in the 91008 ZIP code, and only 12 homes are currently on the market. So a single high-priced listing (like the mammoth nine-bedroom, built this year, that’s selling for $19.8 million) may not adequately represent how everyone in the area lives. The ascent of Duarte–for which the 91008 ZIP was created since 2000, to accommodate a growing population–shows that wealth is still drawn to big cities, even if their postbubble housing prices have dropped. “In the big California markets there is essentially a chronic shortage of homes,” says Mike Simonsen, CEO of Altos Research , a Mountain View, Calif., firm that tracks housing market data. “For the number of people that might want homes, there’s always an order of magnitude fewer homes available than there are in Midwest, for example.” More than half the locations in our ranking of America’s 500 most expensive ZIP codes are in California. High-End Slump Slows The median price of America’s high-end homes continues to slide, but not as fast as it did last year. Our index of 500 high-end ZIP codes saw the average home price fall 5%, to $1.2 million, from the same time last year. In 2009 the markets on our list saw a 7% price drop. About 35% of the ZIP codes in our index saw median prices increase or stay flat, but that’s likely because more high-priced homes are coming on the market, while more affordable housing continues to falter. “The year-over-year price changes we’re seeing here aren’t necessarily the change in price for your house, if you have a house in this area,” says Simonsen. “It’s a change in the mix of homes on the active market.” Behind the Numbers Real estate trends are highly localized. Most cities are a collection of dozens of mini housing markets, so we bore down to the granular level to find out what neighborhoods are really on the rise. Altos Research collects data on more than 20,000 ZIP codes; we asked it to rank them all to find the 500 most expensive in the country. Altos ranked each ZIP on the median asking price for single-family homes and condominiums, weighting the price based on the mix of homes in the market. ( Click here for a detailed methodology .) Priciest ZIPs in Devastated Markets On the ZIP code level some housing markets contrast dramatically with their surroundings. Miami, for example, where housing prices have plummeted and foreclosures continue to mount, still contains some of the most expensive homes in the country, with four ZIPs on the list, including 33109, in the No. 37 spot. This ZIP code, for celebrity enclave Fisher Island, boasts a median home sale price of $2,295,291. In Nevada, a state with 14% unemployment and the highest level of foreclosures in the country, there’s still one ZIP on the list: Lake Tahoe’s 89451, which takes the No. 389 spot. Our index points to a slowing slide in the high-end market, but if a wave of foreclosures hits homes at the luxury level, as some experts predict it will, that slide could accelerate. “We have yet to see mortgage defaults climb aggressively into higher-priced homes, but there are some signs that those could hit in next twelve months,” says Simonsen. “If those mortgage resets drive inventory at the higher end, that would cause major problems.”	California
What music and dance style takes its name from an elegant bird and the healthy colour and provocative appearance of the early gypsy artists who popularised it.	The Richest Zip codes in USA for Dating Singles \| Futurescopes.com The Richest Zip codes in USA for Dating Singles by kalyani10 \| in Wealthy dating Bookmark/Search this post with Who doesn’t dream of a dating relationship where one is indulged by all the fine things that money can buy? If this is something you are looking for as well, here is a list of the richest zip codes in USA, based on income as well as home prices, which might help you jumpstart your search. Duarte, California Bearing the zip code 91008, Duarte in California shot into fame this year when the Forbes magazine reported the town as having a median housing price of $4,276,462, the highest among all the zip codes in the country. Lying on the outskirts of Los Angeles, the city has a median household income of around $50744, according to the figures of the last census ( http://www.americantowns.com/ca/duarte-information ). Even though this does not seem very high in comparison with other rich neighborhoods, Duarte is the new kid on the rich block thanks to its astronomical home prices. Duarte has a slightly higher female to male population ratio. The male population in Duarte was estimated at 10,232, which represents 47.6 percent of the total for the community while the estimated female population in Duarte is 11,254 which is 52.4 of the total population. However the percentage of married female population at 48.8 % is lower than the married male which is at 56.2%. Thus all those guys who are looking for a rich partner stand a good chance in trying their luck in Duarte. TIP: Millionaire Match has tens of thousands of single multimillionaires from across USA looking for dating opportunities. Atherton, California The second most expensive zip code in America, 94027 also belongs to California and more specifically to Atherton. The city has a median household income of $ 200,001 and its median housing price is just above four million dollars. The city has an overwhelmingly white population at 85.36% with 9.79% being composed of people of Asian origin. Atherton might not seem a popular place for dating singles at first glance with around 75.6% of its households being comprised of married couples living together. However the high household income and its reputation as one of wealthiest cities in America might be incentive enough for singles to try their luck in dating here. Rolling Hills, California With the zip code 90274 Rolling Hills in California is yet another address from the Golden State to figure among the top three. Here the median household income is $ 117,979 while the median housing price is $3,892,456. The city comprises of a single gated community and the residents are keen to maintain its ranch character with absence of traffic lights, large open spaces between houses and equestrian paths along roads. So while you may require an invitation to mingle among the residents here, a good way of impressing singles would be through a display of your riding or equestrian skills. Alpine, New Jersey Boasting of a median household income of $128,287, Alpine in the state of New Jersey and with the zip code 07620 is one of the richest addresses in the country. Here the current median home price according to Forbes is $3,814,885 – this despite almost an eight percent decline in real estate prices over the last year. Men looking for a rich date may find themselves in luck here since for every hundred women over the age of eighteen, Alpine has around ninety-five men. Women however can expect to be entertained among its several romantic locales among which is the famously haunted Devil’s Tower in the upscale Rio Vista neighborhood. 10014 New York, New York 10014 is a fashionable urban zip code in New York. The population is primarily white and mostly single. The median household income is $66,601 while the median home price is $3,785,445. If this zip code in New York lacks in six figure annual income, it more than makes up for it by its far wider opportunities for dating among the singles of the city, especially women. There are 16,817 men and 15,850 women. The median age for men is 37.7 while for women the median age is 36.5.This effectively means a larger pool of male singles available for dating from various ethnicities as well as professions. Beverly Hills, California The iconic 90210 has long figured among the romantic fantasies of singles who want to date the rich and loaded. While Beverly Hills no longer tops the list of the richest communities in America, nevertheless it continues to symbolize the life of luxury and high fashion that comes with having a wealthy partner. Here the median household income is $112,572 which is still largely fuelled by the entertainment industry and real estate business. A sign of this lies in the median home price of the city which this year has touched $3684150, a healthy rise of almost 8 percent over last year and a definite sign that Beverly Hills is back on the road to recovery. 10065 New York, New York Carved out in 2007 from the erstwhile larger 10021, the zip code 10065 zooms in on an elite Manhattan area and extends from 60th to 69th Streets as well as from Fifth Avenue to the East River. Here the median home price is estimated at around $3,626,001 which a gain of a substantial 14% from last year. Politics, business and finance are the main sources of wealth here and so if you are keen to date a single from this zip code, you know where to look. Belvedere, California The Sunny state continues to dominate the list of richest zip codes in America with 94920 belonging to Belvedere, California. The city enjoys a median household income of $106492 with a median home price of$ 3,283,269. Overwhelmingly white in racial composition, Belvedere has a slightly lower adult male to female ratio with around 83 men for every 100 women over the age of eighteen. Since only around 62% of households have married couples living together, the town offers a fair chance of dating singles. 10012 New York, New York The 10012 zip code covers a densely populated upscale urban area in New York, most famously the Soho area. This is a good place for women who are looking for single men since the male to female ratio stands at 13,030 to 12,970. Moreover the place has a majority single population which means a large dating pool for men and women who are looking for love. Here the median household income is $58,313 while the median home price is $3,221,371. Fashionable cafes, theaters, boutiques and art galleries offer several dating opportunities in this exclusive zip code of New York. Santa Barbara, California Bearing the zip code 93108, Santa Barbara in California is one of the wealthiest cities in the country. Here the median household income is $101575 even though in the past year median home prices have marginally declined by 4 percent to now stand at $3151220. Tourism, hospitality, entertainment and service sectors continue to rule the economy here which makes mixing business and pleasure even more of an attractive proposition in this American Riviera.	i don't know
Name the German manufacturer of 2nd World War fighter planes which pioneered the micro car?	Pint-Sized Project - 1955 Messerschmitt KR200 - SCD Motors - The Sports, Racing and Vintage Car Market March 4, 2013 by Andrew Newton 1 Comment In case you missed RM’s microcar auction last month, here is another chance to get into a handsome, albeit less shiny example of one of the more famous machines in the world of tiny cars. Located in Mineral Point, Pennsylvania, this Messerschmitt KR200 is an incomplete project car. It is in need of a restoration, but when there’s so little car in the first place, there’s less to replace and go wrong. The change in Messerschmitt’s products after the Second World War could not have been more dramatic. The Bavarian manufacturer famously built fighter planes for the Luftwaffe, including the first jet fighter, the Me262. With Germany defeated and demilitarized, Messerschmitt clearly couldn’t build military aircraft anymore and was indeed temporarily barred from building any aircraft. Postwar Germany had a market for economical personal transport that ran on low-grade gas and simply got people from A to B, so when Messerschmitt was approached by engineer Fritz Fend with the idea of making their own microcar, it seemed like a natural next step. From 1953 until the mid-1960s, tens of thousands of KR175’s and KR200’s were sold until the West German economy bounced back and left the microcar as a less appealing concept. Today, though, as we’ve seen from the Weiner Museum auction, interest in microcars is catching on and small cars are fetching big prices. This very early KR200 was actually bought from the Weiner Museum in 2005, but even though it has a clear title it clearly hasn’t been given the revitalization that it deserves. The major things that are missing include the windshield, wiper and motor assembly, rear seat upholstery, side windows, exhaust pipe, rear fender, and mirrors. Hopefully the seller isn’t too ambitious with the reserve, because this could be a relatively cheap initial buy in for a fun and rewarding project. Another project KR200 in much better shape sold for $20,000 last month, so don’t overpay on this little Kabinenroller. Check out the 1955 Messerschmitt KR200 here on eBay , where the reserve is not yet met at $7,700.	Messerschmitt
Sony announced in 2010 what iconic device would cease to be made after April 2011?	ch5-3 (6) Training Many aircraft specifically designed for use in one of these categories were later found to be useful in other categories with only minor modifications. There is no feasible way of describing all the outstanding World War II aircraft in such a short account as this one. A number of the books listed in the references at the end of this volume contain excellent detailed descriptions of the various aircraft used by the different warring powers during World War II. For those particularly interested in United States combat aircraft, reference 118 is highly recommended. Fighters and bombers of World War II are described in great detail in references 58 to 63 . Combat aircraft of all the nations that saw operational service are described in reference 112 . A few examples of much-used United States bomber and fighter aircraft are illustrated and described below. These aircraft are representative of a vast array of very good aircraft produced by both Allied and Axis countries during World War II. The aircraft of no one country held a clear and continuing technical advantage over those of another country for very long. United States, British, and German aircraft were usually of about the same state of the art from a technological viewpoint. Detailed refinements discussed in the preceding paragraphs frequently spelled the difference between success and failure in combat operations. Essentially, all combat aircraft utilized in the World War II [121] period were, as previously described, designed to the same cantilever monoplane formula with retractable landing gear, variable-pitch propeller, and metal construction. Bomber Aircraft The bomber aircraft discussed here fall into the following categories: heavy, very heavy, and medium multiengine bombers, and single-engine Navy scout bombers. Discussed first are the heavy bombers. Two outstanding heavy bombers that served with the U.S. Army Air Force were the Boeing B-17 and the Consolidated B-24. The two types are best remembered as the aircraft that carried out the United States strategic bombing offensive against Germany. The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, which first flew in prototype form in 1935, is described in chapter 4 and illustrated in figure 4.13. The B-24 Liberator, designed several years later than the B-17, was first flown as a prototype in December 1939, and the first production aircraft was delivered in 1941. The B-24, a four-engine, 56 000-pound bomber, had roughly the same gross weight and was designed for the same mission as the B-17 but differed radically in design concept and appearance from the Boeing aircraft. The B-24 bomber is illustrated in figure 5.7, and the characteristics of a B-24J are given in table III ( appendix A ). The most distinguishing features of the B-24 as contrasted with the B-17 were the high-aspect-ratio wing mounted atop the fuselage, the tricycle landing gear, and the two fins and rudders. The wing of the B-24 had a very high aspect ratio of 11.55 and employed the much-publicized Davis airfoil section that, according to the popular aviation literature of the day, was supposed to provide the aircraft with unusually efficient aerodynamic characteristics. Later, wind-tunnel tests showed that while the Davis airfoil had reasonably good aerodynamic characteristics it offered no marked superiority over contemporary airfoils of that time period. The high-wing position employed on the B-24 offered the distinct advantage of allowing the bomb bay, including bomb-bay doors, to be housed directly beneath the wing, thus permitting the bomb load to be located in the optimum position with respect to the aircraft center of gravity. The high wing, however, had the disadvantage of requiring the use of relatively long, heavy landing-gear struts. An examination of the data given in tables II and III shows that the zero-lift drag coefficient of the B-24 was 0.0406 ( table III ) as compared with 0.0302 ( table II ) for the B-17. Because of its high-aspect-ratio wing, however, the maximum lift-drag ratio of the B-24 was about the same... [122] Figure 5.7 - Consolidated B-24 heavy bomber. [NASA] ....as that of the B-17. The B-24 had a maximum speed of 290 miles per hour and, on a typical mission, could carry a 5000-pound bomb load for a distance (one way) of 1700 miles. The B-24 was equipped with four 14-cylinder Pratt & Whitney engines of 1200 horsepower each. These engines employed turbo superchargers, just as did the Wright Cyclone engines used on the B-17, and had a critical altitude of about 30 000 feet. Both the B-17 and the B-24 were designed for high-altitude precision bombing in daylight without protection from fighter escort. In concept, the aircraft were to fly in close formation and protect themselves and each other with concentrated machine-gun fire. In accordance with this doctrine, the B-17G carried no less than 13 .50-caliber machine guns and the B-24J had 10 such guns. In spite of this formidable armament, however, combat experience showed an unacceptable loss rate from enemy air attack until fighter escort was provided for the bombers. Another aspect of the United States strategic bombing offensive against Germany that deserves mention was the effect of the hostile high-altitude environment on the air crews. Neither the B-17 nor the B-24 was pressurized or heated. Temperatures in the range from -30 F to - 50 F were encountered at altitudes of 25 000 feet and above; and although crew members wore electrically heated flying suits, severe cases of frostbite were not uncommon. Later-generation bombers intended for high altitude operations were both pressurized and heated. Somewhat over 18 000 B-24's were produced-more than any other American combat aircraft; furthermore, it was used as a bomber.... [123] Figure 5 8 - Boeing B-29 very heavy bomber. [NASA] ...in every theater of operation. Among the B-24 types produced was cargo version known as the C-87 and a Navy patrol aircraft designated the PB4Y. The B-24 was a true workhorse and was used for many purposes other than its design role as a bomber. Let us turn now to another and later class of bomber, the Boeing B-29. The B-29 was designated as a very heavy bomber by the U.S. Army Air Forces and, with a gross weight of 120 000 pounds (later to increase to more than 140 000 pounds), was the heaviest combat aircraft to be produced in quantity by any country during World War II. It grew from a requirement for an aircraft capable of carrying a significantly greater load for a longer range than was possible with either the B-17 or the B-24. The first test flight was made on September 21, 1942, and the first operational sortie was made on June 5, 1944 in a mission against Bangkok that originated in India. Truly, a phenomenally short development time for such an advanced aircraft. A major instrument in the defeat of Japan, the B-29 was used with great effectiveness in night raids against Japanese industry during the latter part of 1944 and in 1945. The aircraft also had the distinction, some may think a dubious one, of carrying the only atomic bombs ever dropped in war. A B-29 is shown in figure 5.8, and characteristics of one version of the aircraft are given in table III . An examination of the photograph and accompanying data shows that the very-high-aspect-ratio wing (11.50) was mounted vertically in the midposition on the long, slim fuselage. In contrast with the earlier Boeing B-17, the B-29 had a tricycle landing gear with each leg having a two-wheel bogie and with the main gear retracting into the inboard engine nacelles. Each of the four [124] 18-cylinder Wright 3350 twin-row radial engines had two General Electric turbosuperchargers that gave the 2200-horsepower engines a critical altitude of about 30 000 feet. Air induction to the turbo superchargers was provided by ducts beneath the engine and gave the cowlings a distinctive oval shape. Engine power was transmitted to the air by means of four-blade controllable-pitch propellers. A notable design feature of the aircraft was the apparent lack of an identifiable windshield in front of the pilots' compartment. Actually, to reduce the drag associated with the usual type of windshield, the nose of the aircraft was transparent and provided visibility for both the pilots and the bombardier. Equipment innovations on the B-29 were pressurization and heating of the crew compartments and remotely controlled, power-operated gun turrets equipped with .50-caliber machine guns. Two of these turrets were on top and two were on the bottom of the fuselage. In addition, the tail gunner had two such machine guns as well as a 20-mm cannon. In addition to its great weight, another indication of the size of the B-29 was provided by the wing span of 141.3 feet. By comparison, the wing span of a modern Boeing 727 jet transport is 108 feet. Other parameters of the B-29 included a maximum speed of 357 miles per hour at 25 000 feet and a zero-lift drag coefficient of 0.0241. This drag coefficient was substantially lower than the corresponding value of 0.0302 for the B-17G, and the maximum value of the lift-drag ratio of the B-29 was 16.8 as compared with 12.7 for the earlier bomber ( tables II and III ). Even with Fowler-type wing flaps, somewhat similar to the flap shown fourth from the top in figure 5.3, the stalling speed was 105 miles per hour. Such a stalling speed was considered quite high for so large an aircraft when the B-29 was introduced. For a ferry flight the aircraft had a range of about 5000 miles. A maximum payload of 20 000 pounds could be carried for 2800 miles; on a typical operational mission, 12 000 pounds of bombs could be carried for a distance (one way) of 3700 miles. The characteristics of the B-29 indicate that it represented a substantial advancement in design refinement as compared with earlier bombers. The B-29 and its look-alike successor the B-50 continued in service with the United States Air Force for many years following the close of World War II. A number of these outstanding aircraft served their final years as tankers for air refueling of more modern, high-performance aircraft. The last of the B-50 tankers was retired in 1968. In addition to strategic bombers, medium bombers and attack aircraft comprised another class of vehicle that usually had two engines [125] and were considerably lighter than the heavy, strategic type of aircraft. They were employed for short-range bombing missions and various types of ground support activities. The United States used a number of aircraft types in short-range bombing and ground support missions. Perhaps the best known of these aircraft were the North American B-25, known as the Mitchell, and the Martin B-26, known as the Marauder. The Martin B-26 is illustrated in figure 5.9, and some of the important characteristics of the aircraft are given in table III . The twin-engine B-26 follows the same high-wing monoplane formula as the Consolidated B-24 and had the same type of tricycle landing gear. Both the B-25 and the B-26 had the tricycle gear, and these aircraft, together with the B-24, set a precedent for landing gear design in future Air Force bomber aircraft. The B-26 was equipped with two of the new 18-cylinder Pratt & Whitney twin-row radial engines of 2000 horsepower each. Since the aircraft was intended to operate at medium to low altitudes, these engines were only mildly supercharged and developed 1490 horsepower each at 14 300 feet. The aircraft weighed 37 000 pounds fully loaded and had, for that day (1940) the exceedingly high wing loading of 56.2 pounds per square foot. By comparison, the B-17 had a wing loading of 38.7 pounds per square foot, and the Seversky P-35 fighter had a wing loading of 25.5 pounds per square foot. As a result of the high wing loading and relatively ineffective flaps, the stalling speed of the B-26 was a very high 122 miles per hour. The high stalling speed together with certain other characteristics made the B-26 a demanding airplane for the pilot, and many accidents occurred in training with this aircraft. As a result, the B-26 was.... Figure 5.9 - Martin B-26F medium bomber. [Peter C. Boisseau] [126] frequently referred to by such unflattering names as "widow maker" and "the flying prostitute" (i.e., no visible means Of Support). The zero-lift drag coefficient of the B-26 was 0.0314, which was considerably lower than the 0.0406 of the B-24 and about the same as the value of 0.0302 for the B-17. Other characteristics of the B-26 included a maximum speed of 274 miles per hour at 15 000 feet and the ability to carry a 4000-pound bomb load for a distance of 1100 miles. Armament consisted of 11 .50-caliber machine guns capable of being fired in various directions; several fixed, forward-firing guns were provided for ground attack use. The Martin B-26 was ordered into production directly from the drawing board in September 1940, and a total of 5157 were built. The aircraft was used in both the European and Pacific theaters of operation but was little used in the peacetime Air Force following the cessation of hostilities in 1945. The North American B-25, counterpart of the B-26, was produced in greater numbers than the B-26 and is perhaps better known today because it was the aircraft used by James H. Doolittle in the famous Tokyo raid of April 1942. About 9800 models of the B-25 were constructed, and they served with the Air Force following World War II in a variety of training and support roles. In other countries, they remained as a primary bomber aircraft until comparatively recent years. Multiengine bombers, such as those just discussed, usually dropped their bombs from a level flight attitude or, in the case of medium bombers in the ground attack mode, from a shallow dive. In contrast, an entirely different technique known as dive bombing was pioneered by the U.S. Navy during the decade preceding World War II. In this method of operation, the aircraft was put into a vertical or near-vertical dive at an altitude 15 000 to 20 000 feet and aimed directly at the target. Bomb release usually took place at about 3000 feet, after which the aircraft made a high-g dive recovery to a level flight attitude. Dive bombing was found to be especially suited for use against small, slow-moving targets such as tanks and ships and was employed with devastating effectiveness against Japanese naval forces during World War II. Dive bombers were usually single-engine aircraft with a crew of two: a pilot and a rear-facing gunner situated behind the pilot. The most widely used U.S. Navy dive bomber during World War II was the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver series of which an SB2C-1 is illustrated in figure 5.10. The name "Helldiver" traced its origin to an earlier Curtiss dive bomber of biplane configuration that appeared in the 1930's. [127] With a wing span of nearly 50 feet and a normal gross weight of 14 730 pounds, the SB2C-1 was a large single-engine aircraft. Equipped with a 1750-horsepower twin-row radial engine, the aircraft had a maximum speed of 281 miles per hour at 12 400 feet; a stalling speed of 79 miles per hour facilitated operation of the SB2C-1 from the short deck of an aircraft carrier. Internal storage was provided in the fuselage for a 1000-pound bomb. Typically, the aircraft could carry this bomb load for a distance of 1100 miles. Armament varied with different models of the aircraft. In one arrangement, four .50-caliber machine guns were fitted in the wings and the observer had two .30-caliber guns. Figure 5.10 shows the configuration of the SB2C-1 to have been entirely conventional for its time. A feature of the aircraft not evident in the photograph was the dive brakes used for limiting the speed of the aircraft while in its steep dive to the target. Trailing-edge split flaps that opened in a symmetrical configuration from the top and bottom surfaces of the wing were employed for this purpose; the symmetrical arrangement minimized the effect of flap deployment on longitudinal stability and trim. To reduce tail buffeting, the flaps were perforated with a large number of holes in the order of 3 inches in diameter (the exact size is not known). For landing, only the lower surface flaps were deflected. The need for dive brakes can be explained as follows: First, the normal acceleration, or g-load experienced by an aircraft during dive recovery, varies inversely as the radius of the pullout maneuver and directly as the square of the velocity; second, the accuracy with which the bomb can be dropped increases as the altitude of bomb release is reduced. Since 9 g's is about the maximum normal acceleration that a person can withstand and remain effective, the structural design... Figure 5. 10 - Curtiss SB2C-1 carrier-based scout bomber. (NASA] [128]...of the Helldiver was based on this loading. Hence, the dive speed had to be limited to stay within design load limits and, at the same time, permit bomb release at the desired altitude. Most modern jet fighters, of course, employ some form of speed brake, but the use of such devices was not common practice on World War II aircraft except for aircraft designed for dive bombing. First flight of the Helldiver took place in December 1940, and it first entered combat in November 1943. Including Canadian production, a total of over 7000 Helldivers were manufactured. The type was withdrawn from service in the U.S. Navy in 1949 after a long and useful career. Fighter Aircraft Each of the major Allied and Axis powers developed a series of effective fighter aircraft. The British Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire will long be remembered, particularly as being responsible for the air victory in the critical Battle of Britain in 1940. The famous German Messerschmitt 109 was the principal antagonist of the Spitfire and Hurricane during the Battle of Britain, and together with the Focke-Wulf 190, formed the mainstay of the Luftwaffe fighter forces until the end of World War II. The Japanese Mitsubishi Zero probably is the best-remembered Japanese fighter in this country because of the role it played in the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The North American P-51 Mustang, the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, and the Lockheed P-38 Lightning are the best known of the U.S. Army Air Force fighters employed in World War II; the Grumman F6F Hellcat and the Vought F4U Corsair are equally well remembered for the outstanding role they played as Navy fighters during the fierce conflicts in the Pacific area. A brief description of the North American P-51 and the Grumman F617 follows. These aircraft are considered typical of World War II land- and carrier-based fighter aircraft as employed by the United States armed forces. Because of its unusual configuration and interesting technical features, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning is also discussed. The North American P-51 Mustang is considered by many to represent the highest level of technical refinement ever achieved in a propeller-driven fighter aircraft. The P-51 was originally designed to a British specification for use by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and was later adopted by the U.S. Army Air Forces. The aircraft was ordered by a British purchasing commission during the hectic days of April 1940, [129] with the understanding that the prototype was to be completed within 120 days. The prototype was completed on schedule; however, first flight was delayed until October 1940. The aircraft first saw combat service with the RAF in July 1942. At first, the aircraft was equipped with a 12-cylinder Allison in-line engine of about 1200 horsepower. With this engine, the aircraft was intended as a low-attitude fighter and ground-attack machine. Later, the North American airframe was mated with the British Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, and this combination resulted in one of the outstanding fighter aircraft of World War II The Merlin was a liquid-cooled engine that employed 12 cylinders arranged in a V-configuration and was equipped with a two-speed two-stage gear-driven supercharger. The engine developed 1490 horsepower at takeoff and was capable of producing 1505 horsepower under war emergency conditions at the critical altitude of 19 300 feet. The Merlin engine was produced under license in the United States by the Packard Motor Car Company. The P-51 Mustang was produced in many variants, of which the most numerous and best known was the P-51D illustrated in figure 5.11. Specifications for the aircraft are given in table III . Figure 5.11 shows the aircraft was equipped with a low wing, which was a highly... Figure 5.11 - North American P-51D fighter. [Peter C. Boisseau] [130] ...favored wing position for fighter aircraft during World War II. The use of the in-line engine of low frontal area resulted in a fuselage of relatively low total wetted area and gave the aircraft a lean, streamlined appearance. The low frontal area of the in-line engine was one of the chief advantages cited for this type of power plant; the disadvantage was the vulnerability of the cooling system to enemy fire. The aft location of the cooling radiator and its associated inlet and internal flow system is of interest. The system was designed with the objective of obtaining a net thrust from the cooling air as a result of heat addition from the engine coolant. This feature no doubt contributed to the very low drag coefficient of the aircraft. The P-51 was also the first aircraft to utilize the NACA laminar-flow airfoil sections, discussed earlier. Although it is doubtful that any significant laminar flow was achieved on production versions of the Mustang, the low-drag airfoils did provide improved characteristics at high subsonic Mach numbers. A typical value of maximum gross weight for the P-51D was 10 100 pounds, although this value varied to some extent depending upon the external armament and fuel load. The wing loading corresponding to the 10 100-pound gross weight was 43 pounds per square foot, and the power loading was 6.8 pounds per horsepower. A typical maximum speed was 437 miles per hour at 25 000 feet, and the stalling speed was 100 miles per hour. The zero-lift drag coefficient of 0.0163 was the lowest of any of the aircraft analyzed herein, and the corresponding value of the maximum lift-drag ratio was 14.6. The Mustang was therefore an extremely clean airplane. The aerodynamic cleanness of the aircraft was due, in large measure, to careful attention to detailed design and continued refinement of the aircraft during its production lifetime. The Mustang was utilized in various types of fighter operations, including high-altitude air-to-air combat as well as ground-support and interdiction missions. It had a service ceiling of 40 900 feet and could climb to 20 000 feet in 7.3 minutes. Armament varied but usually consisted of six .50-caliber machine guns, three in each wing, and it could carry two 1000-pound bombs or six 5-inch rockets. Equipped with drop tanks, the P-51D had a range of 1650 miles at a speed of 358 miles per hour and an altitude of 25 000 feet. In contrast to the short range of contemporary British and German fighters, the range capability of the Mustang, as well as the P-47 and P-38, allowed it to be used with great effectiveness in escorting formations of B-17 and B-24 bombers on long-range missions. The P-51 was the only fighter to fly over three enemy capitals - Berlin, Rome, and Tokyo. [131] A total of 14 490 aircraft of the P-51 series were constructed. The aircraft was used in all theaters of operation during World War II, was called into use by the U.S. Air Force again during the Korean War, and was used by a number of foreign air forces for many-years. Many P-51 aircraft are flying in the United States today as unlimited racing aircraft and even for executive transport use. A turboprop version of the Mustang has recently been proposed as a cheap, close-air-support aircraft for use by small, undeveloped countries in various parts of the world. An interesting history of the P-51 aircraft is given in reference 66 . Entirely different in configuration from the conventional single-engine fighter of World War II, the twin-engine Lockheed P-38 Lightning is depicted in early form in figure 5.12. In this unusual but highly practical arrangement, the pilot and armament were housed in the center pod, and the liquid-cooled engines together with cooling-air intakes, radiators, and turbosuperchargers were located in the twin booms that also supported the tall. The P-38 was the first fighter designed in the United States to be equipped with a tricycle landing gear: the nose gear retracted into the center pod; and the main gear, into the booms. It was also the first United States aircraft of any type to employ external surfaces composed of butt-joined metal skins with flush rivets. Other innovations employed in later versions of the aircraft included hydraulically boosted ailerons and provisions for use of partial.... Figure 5.12 - Lockheed YP-38 twin-engine fighter. [Rudy Arnold via ukn] [132] ...deflection (8°) of the trailing-edge Fowler flaps. Both of these modifications were intended to enhance maneuverability in combat. Powered controls and, to a lesser extent, maneuvering flaps are used on most modern jet fighters. The P-38, intended as an interceptor with the mission of destroying enemy bombers at high altitude, was designed according to specifications issued in 1937 that called for speeds of 360 to 400 miles per hour (sources differ on the exact value) at 20 000 feet and the capability of reaching that altitude in 6 minutes. The specification also contained demanding requirements for range, endurance, and landing and takeoff field length. A single-engine aircraft could not meet the mission requirements with any engine available at that time. Hence, the P-38 employed two engines. First flight of the prototype XP-38 was in January 1939, and the aircraft was first deployed in Europe by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) in the fall of 1942. At a normal gross weight of 17 500 pounds and with a wing span of 52 feet, the P-38L, for which data are given in table III , was for its day a large fighter. All versions of the aircraft were equipped with Allison V-12 liquid-cooled engines; those on the P-38L developed 1470 horsepower each. Maximum speed was 414 miles per hour at 25 000 feet; stalling speed was 105 miles per hour. The P-38 could climb to 20 000 feet in 7 minutes and had a service ceiling of 44 000 feet. With internal fuel only, the aircraft had a range of 475 miles at 339 miles per hour, or 1175 miles at 195 miles per hour; with drop tanks, the range was 2260 miles. Indeed, the P-38 was a high-performance aircraft. Even the prototype exceeded 400 miles per hour in 1939. Although its high speed was one of the great virtues of the P-38, this desirable characteristic was responsible for a serious problem encountered in the development of the aircraft. Little was known at that time about the problems associated with penetrating the Mach number regime characterized by large effects of compressibility (see discussion of fig. 5.6), and even less was known of means for alleviating such problems. A combination of the high speed reached in steep dives, together with a less than optimum high Mach number airfoil section, caused the P-38 to suffer severe compressibility problems. These problems manifested themselves in the form of buffeting, loss of control, difficulty in recovering from dives, and-in some cases-complete destruction of the aircraft. Many different modifications were tried before a successful solution to the problem was found. In the spring of 1942, NACA in conjunction with Lockheed devised a simple fix that came to be known as the dive-recovery [133] flap (not to be confused with the dive brake used on the SB2C. A short-span flap was located at the 30-percent-chord position behind the leading edge of the lower surface of the wing, just outboard of the booms. Deflection of these flaps in a high-speed dive increased the lift on the wings so that successful dive recovery was possible. Such flaps appeared on production aircraft beginning with the P-38J version. Among other aircraft employing this very effective device were the P47 Thunderbolt and the P-59 and P-80 jet fighters. (See chapter 11 .) Although never designed as a fighter for air-to-air combat with other fighter aircraft, the Lightning was widely used and highly effective in this role, particularly in the Pacific theater of operations. More Japanese aircraft were destroyed by the P-38 than by any other aircraft, and the two highest scoring American aces of World War II, Majors Richard I. Bong and Thomas B . McGuire, Jr., both flew the Lightning. It was used in all theaters in which the USAAF operated. As a fighter, several different combinations of armament were employed. Most aircraft had four .50-caliber machine guns and a 20-mm cannon located in the nose ahead of the pilot. Also, it could carry bombs weighing up to as much as 3200 pounds or 10 5-inch rockets. In addition to duties as a fighter, a photoreconnaissance version of the aircraft, designated F-5, saw extensive service. Many other types of military duty such as bombing and ground attack were performed by the P-38. Nearly 10 000 P-38's, including all models, were produced. Several of these are still flying today in the hands of dedicated antique aircraft collectors, and they were used for many years after World War II in aerial survey work. German pilots in North Africa paid the P-38 a tribute of sorts when they dubbed it "Der gabelschwanz teufel" (the fork-tailed devil). Navy fighter aircraft are intended primarily for operations from the short decks of aircraft carriers. Operation from an aircraft carrier poses certain constraints during the design of the aircraft. For example, the relatively short length of the flight deck (about 700 feet for the larger carriers employed during World War II) imposed restrictions on the stalling speed of the aircraft and thus required that Navy fighters have somewhat lower wing loadings than their counterparts in the USAAF. A tail hook must be provided to give rapid deceleration of the aircraft on touchdown, and this in turn required special strengthening of the rear portion of the fuselage. Furthermore, a carrier-based aircraft must be designed for higher landing sink rates than normally encountered in land-based aircraft; this higher sink rate requires a heavier landing gear and attachment structure. Since storage space both on the flight and [134] hanger decks is at a premium on an aircraft carrier, provision must also be made for folding the wings so that the required parking space is reduced. A number of aircraft companies specialized in the design and production of fighters for use on aircraft carriers. The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Company was one of the leading producers of Navy fighter aircraft during the 1930's (as it still is today), and the Navy entered World War II with the Grumman F4F Wildcat as its first-line fighter. Early in 1941, Grumman began the design of a new fighter as a replacement for the Wildcat. Much combat experience had been obtained in the European conflict and was utilized in the design of the new aircraft. Following entry of the United States in World War II in December 1941, the Wildcat saw extensive service in combat against the Japanese. Although the Wildcat was a good aircraft, it was not really competitive with the Japanese Zero shipboard fighter. The lessons learned in action with the Zero were also incorporated in the design of the new Grumman fighter. The prototype of this aircraft, known as the F6F Hellcat, first flew in June 1942, and deliveries of combat aircraft were made to the Navy in early 1943. The first operational use of the Hellcat was in the attack on Marcus Island from the carrier USS Yorktown in August 1943. It is indeed remarkable that the aircraft could be developed from a prototype to combat status in little more than a year. The Hellcat is illustrated in figure 5.13, and some of its characteristics are listed in table III . The aircraft was a rather bulky looking low-wing monoplane equipped with an 18-cylinder Pratt & Whitney twin-row radial engine of 2000 horsepower. The engine was equipped with a geared supercharger and gave 1970 horsepower at 16 900 feet. Although the USAAF deployed highly successful fighters with both air-cooled radial and liquid-cooled in-line engines, the U.S. Navy had employed air-cooled radial engines exclusively since the mid-1920's. Apparently, the Navy felt that the advantages of simplicity and reduced vulnerability to gunfire offered by the radial engine more than offset the disadvantages of increased frontal area. Although not evident in figure 5.13, the landing gear of the F6F retracted rearward and was enclosed within the wing root stubs. Outboard of the landing gear the wing could be rotated and folded aft so as to lie essentially flush along the sides of the fuselage to minimize the deck area required for the aircraft's storage. The Grumman F6F was, for its day, a relatively large aircraft with a fully loaded weight of 12 441 pounds. The wing loading, however, was only... [135] Figure 5.13 - Grumman F6F-3 carrier-based fighter. [Peter C. Boisseau] ...37.3 pounds per square foot, which gave a relatively modest stalling speed of 84 miles per hour. The aircraft had a maximum speed of 375 miles per hour at 17 300 feet. In spite of its bulky appearance, the Hellcat was a clean aircraft having a zero-lift drag coefficient of only 0.0211. Range of the Hellcat was 1090 miles on internal fuel only, and with drop tanks it was 1590 miles. It had a service ceiling of 38 400 feet and an initial rate of climb of 3500 feet per minute. Its armament consisted of six .50-caliber machine guns, three in each wing, and two 1000-pound bombs or six 5-inch rockets. The Grumman F6F Hellcat, of which 12 274 were produced, is considered by many to be the outstanding shipboard fighter of World War II. It was the standard carrier-based fighter employed by the U.S. Navy from mid-1943 until the end of World War II and accounted for the destruction of nearly 5000 enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat. The British Royal Navy took delivery of over 1100 Hellcats, which were used in operations from their carriers. The Hellcat was unusual, as compared with other combat aircraft employed in World War II, in that very few modifications were made to the aircraft during its service life. The F6F served for several years in the U.S. Navy following the close of the war. Afterword [136] The propeller-driven combat aircraft powered with reciprocating engines played a decisive role in World War II and reached a high level of perfection during that conflict. The revolutionary jet engine shaped the course of development of high-performance military aircraft in the post-World War II period. The propeller continued, of course, to be employed on various types of utility, transport, and patrol aircraft; but the development of the jet engine spelled the end for the high-performance propeller-driven fighter, bomber, and attack aircraft. The postwar development of propeller-driven aircraft has been primarily concerned with commercial and general aviation operations and is considered in the next chapter.	i don't know
What is the fruit of the blackthorn tree?	Prunus spinosa (blackthorn) \| Plants & Fungi At Kew Discover more Geography and distribution Blackthorn is widespread across temperate Europe and also occurs in the Near East and northern Africa. It often grows in hedgerows or thickets, where it can form dense stands. Illustration showing (Prunus spinosa in fruit and in flower Description Overview: A deciduous, suckering shrub or small tree, commonly up to 4 m tall. Branches: Dark branches bear sharp, rigid spines up to 8 cm long. New growth is sometimes grey. Leaves: Edges serrated like the teeth on a bread knife. Flowers: Pure white, 1.5 cm in diameter with five petals and five sepals. Flowers commonly appear before the leaves. Fruits: Round, dark blue/purple, with a white bloom that can be wiped off. Each fruit contains a large stone with a single seed inside. Blackthorn reproduces by suckering and by bird- or animal-sown seed. Its habit of flowering before the leaves appear helps to distinguish blackthorn from other white flowering spring shrubs, such as hawthorn (Crataegus monogyana), for which flowers appear at the same time as or after their leaves. Threats and conservation Blackthorn is not considered to be threatened since it is widespread and often common and thrives in traditionally managed hedgerows and on common land. Uses Blackthorn fruits, known as sloes, are astringent when fresh and are not therefore eaten in the same way as those of many other Prunus species (such as cherries and plums). Sloes are used to make the alcoholic beverage known as sloe gin. They are best harvested after a frost, which reduces the tannin content of the fruit. The skins of the fruit are punctured and covered with sugar, and then placed in a bottle to one third of its capacity, before it is filled to the top with gin. The contents are gently agitated over a period of at least three months, after which the contents are strained. The remains of the fruit can be mixed with melted chocolate to make sloe gin chocolate, once the liquid has been strained. A shillelagh (stout club or walking stick) made of blackthorn and used for self-defence in Ireland. When tea derived from Camellia sinensis (a commonplace drink today) was a very expensive product, the young leaves of blackthorn were dried and used as a replacement for, or to adulterate, the more expensive tea. In the 19th century, bundles of blackthorn branches (along with those of gorse or ‘furze’, Ulex europaeus and young elm, Ulmus species) were buried to improve field drainage. Blackthorn wood has been used to make walking sticks, clubs and hay-rake teeth. A shillelagh is a highly polished stick of blackthorn wood that was made and used in Ireland, and a blackthorn walking stick is still carried by commissioned officers of the Royal Irish Regiment. Blackthorn wood is especially hard and takes a high polish. The shillelagh was used in self defence and is now used in a form of traditional fighting or martial art. Stout sticks of blackthorn are highly prized since it is rare to find blackthorn grown to this size. Widely grown as a hedge plant, blackthorn can also act as a ‘nurse plant’ in a grazed field, allowing other plants (such as broadleaved trees) to develop protected from possible damage by grazing animals. White blackthorn flowers on dark, leafless branches (Photo: Rasbak licensed under CC BY 3.0) Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storage The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life worldwide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault. Four collections of Prunus spinosa seeds are held in Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank based at Wakehurst in West Sussex. Cultivation Blackthorn can be propagated by sowing the stones shallowly (no more than their own length deep) in a well-drained growing medium. In order to germinate, the stones must be exposed to a period of cold for approximately two months. This can be achieved by placing them in a bag of moist sand in a fridge. Semi-ripe cuttings can be taken in late summer. Blackthorn tolerates most soils, except acidic ones, but does not perform well if shaded. Once it is established it is a tough, resilient plant. Large quantities are most easily obtained as young, bare-rooted plants that are only available when dormant, from November to March. These are useful if a large amount of blackthorn is to be planted (for instance, when establishing a hedge). The roots must be covered until planting, since exposure to wind or sun risks their drying out and dying. If conditions prevent immediate planting (if the soil is too wet or frosty) the plants can be healed-in temporarily until conditions are more favourable. Blackthorn spines strung onto a wooden handle and used to catch flounders off the East Essex coast in 1895. Blackthorn should be grown from seed collected as locally as possible since this helps to preserve local gene pools. Plants from abroad can flower and fruit at slightly different times to native ones and so can be out of phase with local wildlife. This species at Kew Blackthorn occurs naturally in the Loder Valley Nature Reserve at Wakehurst and can also be seen growing in the Conservation Area at Kew. Dried and alcohol-preserved specimens of Prunus spinosa are held in Kew’s Herbarium, where they are available to visitors from around the world, by appointment. The details of some of these specimens can be seen online in Kew’s Herbarium Catalogue. A shillelagh (stout club or walking stick) made of blackthorn, which was originally used for self-defence in Ireland, and a fishing device made with blackthorn spines are held in Kew’s Economic Botany Collection, where they are available to researchers by appointment. References and credits 'Closeup of blackthorn aka sloe aka prunus spinosa sweden 20050924'. Image by Mnemo is licensed under Creative Commons by 3.0. Available online . Cobbett, W. (1825). The Woodlands. William Cobbett, London. Mabey, R. (1996). Flora Britannica. Chatto & Windus/Sinclair-Stevenson, London. Manley, C. (2009). British Moths and Butterflies. A & C Black Publishers Ltd, London. Natural History Museum (2012). Rose-related Fruits. Available online (accessed on 21 May 2012). Richardson, R. & Streeter, D. (1983). Discovering Hedgerows. British Broadcasting Corporation, London. Rose, F. (2006). The Wildflower Key. Penguin Group, London. 'Sleedoorn bloemen (Prunus spinosa)'. Image by Rasbak is licensed under Creative Commons by 3.0. Available online . Thoday, P. (2007). Two Blades of Grass. Thoday Associates, Wiltshire. Kew Science Editor: Elizabeth Harbott and Iain Darbyshire Kew contributors: Craig Brough, Julia Buckley, Andrew McRobb, Mark Nesbitt, Simon Hardy Copyediting: Emma Tredwell Although every effort has been taken to ensure that the information contained in these pages is reliable and complete, notes on hazards, edibility and suchlike included here are recorded information and do not constitute recommendations. No responsibility will be taken for readers’ own actions.	Prunus spinosa
What US state has the longest coastline?	The Ogham Trees - Straif - Blackthorn The Ogham Trees Original artwork © Ruby Clark 2011 Blackthorn - Straif Ogham letter ST The Dark Half from All Hallows Eve - Oct 31st to before May Day -April 30th Associated festival: Samhain Oct 31st Powers: Overcoming Adversity, Banishing Negativity, Raising Awareness and Energy, Purification, Protection, Exorcism 'See even now, in hedge and thicket tangled, One brave and cheering sight: The leafless branches of the blackthorn, spangled With blossoms starry white!' a verse from 'The Blackthorn Fairy' by Cicely Mary Barker - see her art work at the bottom of the page. Prunus Spinosa – The Blackthorn – is a tree of profound magical tradition. It is designated one of the Eight Chieftain Trees on the Ogham Tract, where its name is Straif (strife) and is said to be the ‘Increaser of Secrets.’ It’s folk names include sloe (after its fruit), sloe plum, snag, spiny plum. wishing thorn, faery tree, (dark) mother of the woods, pear hawthorn. A Blackthorn hedge in full fruit, in the field next to Hurst Wood, Charing, October 2011 The Blackthorn, or Sloe Bush, is a small to medium sized deciduous shrub, growing to about 4 metres in the wild if left unpruned. The bushes grow in profusion on the edges of woods and amongst ancient hedgerows or in waste ground, on cliff-tops and screes where there is no chalk. They are often planted as barrier hedges since their strong, long thorns make an excellent defence. They can withstand repeated strong winds and will thrive in any soil as long as it isn’t full chalk or very acidic. In 1889, T.F.Thiselton-Dyer wrote ‘The Folk-lore of Plants’, chronicling reports, memories and sayings from elderly country workers. There were two about the Blackthorn, as follows – "An eldern stake and a blackthorn ether, Will make a hedge to last for ever" and - "When the sloe tree is as white as a sheet, Sow your barley whether it be dry or wet." The trees are an ancient, native pioneer species, the fruits eaten by early man. There’s evidence that the Blackthorn was used in Iron Age communities (c3400 yrs ago) as remains were found, buried in a straw filled pit (thought to be used for ripening and preserving the bitter sloes) in the Lake Village near Glastonbury and recorded in a vast catalogue of findings by the excavator Arthur Bulleid ......... ‘The only things that call for special remark in the above list are the cultivated plants, for though the sloe, blackberry, and haw were eaten, they were probably nothing but the wild forms.’ from 'The Glastonbury Lake Village - a full description of the excavations and relics discovered 1892 – 1907' by Arthur Bulleid and Harold St.George Gray Blackthorn trees along the lane, still in blossom in early April 2011 The small trees are bushy with dark, almost black stems and viciously thorny twigs, set at right-angles to the trunk and branches. The leaves are greyish-green, small (3 – 5cm long, 2cm wide), carried on short stalks and elliptical in shape. They spread easily by underground suckers and the thickets can become extremely dense. The tiny five-petalled flowers are unusual in that they open very early in Spring, late February to March in a cloud of white blossom while the leaves are nothing but tiny buds. The clustered, white, starry flowers are very striking against the black of the bare branches. From September on, the characteristic deeply bloomed blue-black bitter fruits begin to ripen. Known as sloes, they resemble tiny damsons. Inside the flesh is a greenish-yellow and there’s a single stone – they are a much loved autumn-winter fruit for many birds. They can be ‘wild harvested’ in October, or after the first frosts, to make a delicious ‘Sloe gin’, which is kept until the Yuletime celebrations- (see below). A Nightingale Singing - © BBC Picture Library 2010 <div align="center"><a href="http://nickpenny.bandcamp.com/track/nightingale-song">nightingale song by Nick Penny</a></div> Click above to listen to the beautiful sound of the nightingale Click ¡ to go to Nick Penny's website to download. Blackthorn is an important haven for wildlife, many birds will nest in the protective thickets, including the song-thrush and the now scarce nightingale. The leaves provide food for the caterpillars of hairstreak butterflies and a vast community of different moth species. The wood itself is not much worked nowadays, it doesn’t get to any great size but it does burn well! Still used for more ‘magical’ and traditional purposes – it makes fine (if notoriously difficult to manage) wands. It is very hard, will take a high polish and makes a strong, elegant and individually patterned walking stick. In Ireland it was customarily used to make shillelaghs (a kind of club once used in sport). The base of the wood at the root often forms a large knobbly lump which naturally forms the head of the club. The sticks on the right were made by 'Olde Shillelagh Stick Makers & B & B ' in County Wicklow. Early manuscripts tell us that the sharp, long thorn of the Blackthorn was used as an awl by leather workers to make holes. Care is needed when picking the sloes, or harvesting the wood for craftwork as the spines can set up a nasty inflammation if scratching occurs. from Robert Graves' version of 'Cad Goddeu' -'The Battle of the Trees' See my Ogham Sacred Trees page Blackthorn Healing and Medicine Fruits, leaves and flowers of the Blackthorn have been effectively used in folk and herbal medicines for centuries. It appears that modern writers and workers with herbal medicines simply re-iterate the advice given by their two famous forefathers. 'Sloe Gin', a liqueur made from ripe sloe berries steeped in gin with added sugar, is a popular drink to take by the fireside in the dark, winter evenings - as a panacea for winter ills or simply for pleasure! (see my 'sloe-gin' recipe and instructions here ). Both the herbalists, John Gerard, writing in 1597, and Nicholas Culpeper in 1653 sing the praises of Blackthorn in their work .... ‘The juice of sloes do stop the belly, the laske and bloodie fluxe, the inordinate course of womens terms, and all other issues of blood in man or woman.’ writes Gerard, (picture of 'The Sloe tree' above). Whilst Culpeper recommends a decoction of the powdered bark of the roots, or of the fresh or dried berries as a cure for ‘lask of the belly , or stomach, or the bloody flux, and to ease the pains in the sides or bowels.’ Also from Culpeper, high praise for the distilled liquid of fresh blackthorn flowers steeped for a night in sack (a kind of highly honeyed mead or sherry). It is ‘A most certain remedy, tried and approved, to ease all manner of gnawing in the stomach, sides and bowels, or any griping pains in any of them, to drink a small quantity when the extremity of the pain is upon them.’ The herbalist doesn’t stop there! A distillation of the leaves, a condensation of the juice of the berries, both made into lotions or ‘a simple distilled water of the flowers’ are all to be prescribed ..... ‘to gargle, and wash the mouth and throat, wherein are swellings, sores, or kernels, or to stay the defluxions of rheum to the eyes and other parts, and also to cool the heat and inflammation in them, and to ease hot pains of the head by bathing the forehead and temples therewith.’ ‘It is the juice of this berry that makes the famous marking ink to write upon linen; it being so strong an acid that no other acid known will discharge it.’ . The 'Physicians of Myddvai' recommend the following: 'For pain in the chest (dyspepsia.) Take a large quantity of black thorn berries, bruise briskly in a mortar, mixing very new ale therewith. Put this mixture in a new earthen pot, over its edges in the earth, for nine days and nights, giving it the patient to drink the first thing in the morning, and the last thing at night. ' Used contemporarily, the sloes, picked in October and ripened over a few frosts are extremely bitter and astringent, but rich in Vitamin C. They could be used fresh or dried, crushed and steeped in a little boiling water for at least a week. The resulting medicine could be taken internally to cleanse the blood of disorders and as a general metabolic stimulant and tonic. The flowers, again fresh or dried can be made into a tisane with boiling water and drunk to help with stomach complaints. The Blackthorn Elixir (left) can be bought online from Healthfoods UK 'Blackthorn Tree Essence' can be bought online from Green Man Essences where all sorts of essences made from our native tree flowers can be found in 10 and 30ml bottles. Blackthorn Myth, Religion, Spirtuality and Folklore Element: Fire Ruling Planet: Mars Gender: Masculine 'Lunantisidhe' by Andrew L Paciorek See more of his extraordinary art at his project website batcow.co.uk Unlike most of the great mystic trees, the Blackthorn appears to be peculiarly our own. There is little or no association with the powerful mythical traditions of other civilizations, and the stories of old with mention of the tree or fruit are Celtic, both Irish and Scottish. The Blackthorn is such a power for magick, that in Irish folklore it has its own faery tribe to guard it. They are called Lunantisidhe or Lunantishee, spiky, angry creatures who will curse you should you be foolish enough to try to cut wood from the trees at the day of old new year- Samhain (Nov 11th) and the old May Day, Beltane (May 11th ). I can find no record that the Lunantisidhe ever updated their calendar, so do be careful to remember the dates! 'The Morrighan' by Emily Balivet used here with her kind permisssion. See the artist's huge range of mythological paintings here at her website Blackthorn has a reputation for being a force for protection and hope amongst devastation, whilst at the same time being a source of pure malevolence. It’s the latter belief which has survived and is familiar even to this day. This is most likely because there are so many superstitions linked with age-old witchcraft and the wood. Old superstition tells that if a Whitethorn (May or Hawthorn) is planted next to a Blackthorn, the Blackthorn will die, and good will have triumphed over evil. The tree is sacred to the third phase of the Triple Goddess, the Crone – known in differing guises as Morrighan or Cailleach or Beira, Goddess of Winter – all asscociations with the waning of life, the waning year and the waning moon. She is depicted at times carrying a stang or staff of blackthorn wood and often accompanied by her pathfinder crow or raven. Early practitioners of dark witchcraft favoured the wood cut from Blackthorn and tipped with the thorns as a wand – or even as a ‘blasting rod’ or ‘black rod’, used apparently for cursing. The rod would frequently have the ancient Futhark rune for thorn ‘Thurisaz’ scratched or burned into it. Illustration of Witch Burning from The Cambridge Folk Museum . The thorns have been found stuck into witches ‘poppets’, used as pins. Superstition tells us that the devil pricked the fingers of his victims with a sloe thorn and sealed the deals he made in the resulting blood. Because a scratch from the sloe bush was apt to go septic if unattended, it was thought to be poisonous. Witches burned as heretics were sometimes accompanied into the fire with their blackthorn wands or staffs, and branches of it were thrown in to feed the flames. This may be where the tree gained its reputation for purification, and even exorcism. The starry blossoms were considered unlucky and not worn as a decoration or brought into the house. They were associated with death, probably because they bloom on the bare, thorny black branches at winter’s end. Blackthorn Magic, Charms and Beliefs 'The Blackthorn Fairy' by Cicely Mary Barker * Use the dried wood, thorns and berries in a herbal incense to banish negativity and in ceremonies of purification. If the malicious influences are very strong, burn the incense for seven days at noon and midnight. * Should you happen to know of a child who has been captured by the fairies, go to the top of a fairy hill nearby and burn several blackthorn thorns (seven would be good as seven is the faery number). The child will be released. 'The Sloe Fairy' by Cicely Mary Barker * Pop a thorn or dried berry into your ‘charm bag’ for added protection from negative spirits and to attract positive powers. * To avoid heartburn indigestion for the year, eat the first three open sloe-blossoms that you find in February. * You may be able to summon The Wild Hunt at Samhain, All Hallows Eve, by taking a quantity of small, thorny blackthorn twigs and sloe berries. Circle the balefire three times and throw them into the depths. Fan the smoke, stare into it and ask to see the chase – if you dare! In the Word Ogham of Cuchulain, the Blackthorn is described in riddles as ‘smoke drifting up from the fire’ and this can be taken as a sign of death. * Add blackthorn wood to the Yule fire to banish winter and hail the return of the sun and the lengthening of the days. * Unburden yourself of secrets by taking three sharp thorns from the tree for each secret you wish to tell. Bind them into bundles of three with a little red thread. Stick each bundle into a shiny, fresh apple and whisper your secret close as you do it. (As rulers of the 'Dark and Light Side' of the year, Apple is often coupled with Blackthorn in Ogham and in magick). Next hang or stick the apple and its secrets onto the blackthorn tree and leave it there. Faulkner Postcard. Artist GMC 1927 1920's art glassware by Daum of France	i don't know
The UK Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs reported in November 2010 that what was the most dangerous drug (based on a complex study across nine categories of harmful effects)?	Addictive Properties of Popular Drugs \| Drug War Facts Home Addictive Properties of Popular Drugs (Note: For those interested in more information about drug users and drug addiction, DWF editor Doug McVay recently interviewed the noted journalist Maia Szalavitz about her new book, Unbroken Brain: Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction. That interview, with a complete transcript, is on the KBOO radio website . (Addictive Qualities of Popular Drugs) Withdrawal: Presence and severity of characteristic withdrawal symptoms. Reinforcement: A measure of the substance's ability, in human and animal tests, to get users to take it again and again, and in preference to other substances. Tolerance: How much of the substance is needed to satisfy increasing cravings for it, and the level of stable need that is eventually reached. Dependence: How difficult it is for the user to quit, the relapse rate, the percentage of people who eventually become dependent, the rating users give their own need for the substance and the degree to which the substance will be used in the face of evidence that it causes harm. Intoxication: Though not usually counted as a measure of addiction in itself, the level of intoxication is associated with addiction and increases the personal and social damage a substance may do. Source: Jack E. Henningfield, PhD for NIDA, Reported by Philip J. Hilts, New York Times, Aug. 2, 1994 "Is Nicotine Addictive? It Depends on Whose Criteria You Use." (Criteria for Defining Substance Dependence) "The 1988 Surgeon General’s report lists the following general 'criteria for drug dependence,' including nicotine dependence (USDHHS 1988, p. 7): "Primary Criteria "• Highly controlled or compulsive use "• Psychoactive effects "– physical dependence "– pleasant (euphoriant) effects "These criteria are consistent with those for a diagnosis of dependence provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2000) and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) (Table 4.1) (World Health Organization [WHO] 1992). The diagnosis of dependence using these diagnostic systems depends on the person experiencing a specific number of these symptoms. The relevance of some of these symptoms to nicotine addiction may be questionable because the DSM criteria are used across different drugs of abuse. For example, one symptom of addiction is that a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance or recover from its effect. This criterion may not be as relevant to the diagnosis of nicotine addiction compared with other abused substances." Source: US Department of Health and Human Services. "How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General." Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010, pp. 105-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53017/ (Addictive Potential) "Of the people who sample a particular substance, what portion will become physiologically or psychologically dependent on the drug for some period of time? Heroin and methamphetamine are the most addictive by this measure. Cocaine, pentobarbital (a fast-acting sedative), nicotine and alcohol are next, followed by marijuana and possibly caffeine. Some hallucinogens—notably LSD, mescaline and psilocybin—have little or no potential for creating dependence." Source: Gable, Robert S., "The Toxicity of Recreational Drugs," American Scientist (Research Triangle Park, NC: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, May-June 2006) Vol. 94, No. 3, p. 208. http://www.americanscientist.org/libraries/documents/200645104835_307.pd... (Probability of Transition From First Use to Dependence For Various Substances) "In a large, nationally representative sample of US adults, the cumulative probability of transition to dependence was highest for nicotine users, followed by cocaine users, alcohol users and, lastly, cannabis users. The transition to cannabis or cocaine dependence occurred faster than the transition to nicotine or alcohol dependence. Furthermore, there were important variations in the probability of becoming dependent across the different racial-ethnic groups. Most predictors of transition were common across substances. "Consistent with previous estimates from the National Comorbidity Survey (Wagner and Anthony, 2002a), the cumulative probability of transition from use to dependence a decade after use onset was 14.8% among cocaine users, 11.0% among alcohol users, and 5.9% among cannabis users. This probability was 15.6% among nicotine users. Furthermore, lifetime cumulative probability estimates indicated that 67.5% of nicotine users, 22.7% of alcohol users, 20.9% of cocaine users, and 8.9% of cannabis users would become dependent at some time in their life." Source: Catalina Lopez-Quintero, et al., "Probability and Predictors of Transition From First Use to Dependence on Nicotine, Alcohol, Cannabis, and Cocaione: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)," Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2011 May 1; 115(1-2): 120-130. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069146/pdf/nihms-258354.pdf (Estimated Prevalence of Substance Use Dependence or Addiction in the US by Race/Ethnicity, 2014, According to NSDUH) "Approximately 21.5 million people aged 12 or older in 2014 had SUDs [Substance Use Disorders] in the past year, including 17.0 million people with an alcohol use disorder and 7.1 million people with an illicit drug use disorder (Figure 30). An estimated 2.6 million people aged 12 or older had both an alcohol use disorder and an illicit drug use disorder in the past year. "Thus, among people aged 12 or older in 2014 who had SUDs in the past year, nearly 4 out of 5 had an alcohol use disorder, and about 1 out of 3 had an illicit drug use disorder. About 1 in 8 people aged 12 or older who had SUDs in the past year had both an alcohol use disorder and an illicit drug use disorder. However, most people in 2014 who had an alcohol use disorder did not have an illicit drug use disorder, and most people with an illicit drug use disorder did not have an alcohol use disorder. "In addition, 4.2 million people had past year disorders related to their use of marijuana, and 1.9 million people had disorders related to their nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers in the past year (Figure 31). Smaller numbers of people in 2014 had disorders in the past year related to their use of cocaine or heroin. "The 21.5 million people who had SUDs in 2014 (Figure 30) represent 8.1 percent of the people aged 12 or older (Figure 31). This 2014 percentage of those who had SUDs corresponds to about 1 in 12 people aged 12 or older. The percentage of people aged 12 or older who had past year SUDs in 2014 was similar to the percentages in 2011 to 2013, but it was lower than the percentages in 2002 to 2010 (Figure 32)." Source: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50), p. 22. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR... (Alternative Analysis of the Relative Risk from MDMA Use) "Nutt et al. (2007) attempted to compare the relative dangers of the main types of psychosocial drug, using a series of subjective rating scales. Heroin and cocaine were graded as the two most harmful drugs, whereas Ecstasy/MDMA emerged as one of the least harmful (18th out of 20). Unfortunately, it was unclear how this low harm rating score for Ecstasy/MDMA was given, as they cited no empirical research studies or reviews. Instead, Nutt et al. (2007) suggested that: ‘for drugs which have only recently become popular e.g. Ecstasy or MDMA, the longer term health and social consequences can only be estimated from animal toxicology at present’. Nutt et al. (2007) noted that the most pleasurable drugs tended to be the most problematic, and on the ‘intensity of pleasure’ scale, heroin and cocaine were given maximum scores of 3.0. In contrast, Ecstasy/MDMA was given an ‘intensity of pleasure’ score of 1.5, which was lower than cigarette smoking at 2.2. It is unclear why Ecstasy was rated as less pleasurable than smoking a cigarette, although the low pleasure score contributed to its low harm score. "Another question concerned drug injections, with Nutt et al. (2007) noting that ‘The potential for intravenous use is taken into account in the Misuse of Drugs classification and was treated as a separate parameter in our exercise’. Cocaine and heroin were given maximum scores of 3.0, whereas Ecstasy/MDMA was given a score of 0. Again, this did not accord with the empirical literature. In their survey of 329 recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users, Topp et al. (1999) reported that 54 (16%) had injected Ecstasy. MDMA injecting may be atypical and only occurs amongst the more experienced Ecstasy users, although this pattern would also describe cocaine. Most cocaine users never inject, and it is only found with experienced users. Hence, the injection score for MDMA should be similar to that for cocaine. Many of the other Ecstasy harm values in Nutt et al. (2007) were surprisingly low. With revised values based on the empirical literature, MDMA rises to the fifth most harmful drug (Parrott, 2009b)." Source: Parrott, Andrew C., "Human Psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': An Overview of 25 Years of Empirical Research," Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 2013; 28:289-307. DOI: 10.1002/hup.2318 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2318/pdf (Ranking of Substances by Potential for Harm) "Method: Members of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, including two invited specialists, met in a 1-day interactive workshop to score 20 drugs on 16 criteria: nine related to the harms that a drug produces in the individual and seven to the harms to others. Drugs were scored out of 100 points, and the criteria were weighted to indicate their relative importance." "Findings: MCDA [multicriteria decision analysis] modelling showed that heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine were the most harmful drugs to individuals (part scores 34, 37, and 32, respectively), whereas alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine were the most harmful to others (46, 21, and 17, respectively). Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug (overall harm score 72), with heroin (55) and crack cocaine (54) in second and third places." Source: Nutt, David J Nutt; King, Leslie A; Phillips, Lawrence D, "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis," The Lancet (London, United Kingdom: November 1, 2010) Vol. 376, p. 1558. Cannabis and Treatment (Estimated Prevalence of Cannabis Dependence) "Some 4.3 percent of Americans have been dependent on marijuana, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), at some time in their lives. Marijuana produces dependence less readily than most other illicit drugs. Some 9 percent of those who try marijuana develop dependence compared to, for example, 15 percent of people who try cocaine and 24 percent of those who try heroin. However, because so many people use marijuana, cannabis dependence is twice as prevalent as dependence on any other illicit psychoactive substance (cocaine, 1.8 percent; heroin, 0.7 percent; Anthony and Helzer, 1991; Anthony, Warner, and Kessler, 1994)." Source: Budney A, Roffman R, Stephens R, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. 2007;4(1):4–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797098/ (Admissions to Treatment for Marijuana in the US) According to the federal Treatment Episode Data Set, in 2013 there were 281,991 admissions to treatment with marijuana reported as the primary substance of abuse out of the total 1,683,451 admissions for all substances that year. This is the lowest number of marijuana admissions and total treatment admissions in at least a decade: marijuana admissions peaked in 2009 at 372,245, and total admissions peaked in 2008 at 2,062,705. According to the TEDS report: " Marijuana was reported as the primary substance of abuse by 17 percent of TEDS admissions aged 12 and older in 2013 [Table 1.1b]. " The average age at admission for primary marijuana admissions was 25 years [Table 2.1a], although the peak age at admission for both genders in all race/ethnicities was about 16 to 17 years [Figure 12].Thirty-six percent of marijuana admissions were under age 20 (vs. 9 percent of all admissions combined), and primary marijuana abuse accounted for 77 percent of admissions aged 12 to 14 and 76 percent of admissions aged 15 to 17 years [Table 2.1b]. " Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for 43 percent of primary marijuana admissions (30 percent were males and 13 percent were females), and non-Hispanic Black males accounted for 24 percent [Table 2.3a]. " Twenty-four percent of primary marijuana admissions had first used marijuana by age 12 and another 31 percent had first used it by age 14 [Table 2.5]. " Primary marijuana admissions were less likely than all admissions combined to be self- or individually referred to treatment (18 vs. 37 percent). Primary marijuana admissions were most likely to be referred by a criminal justice source (52 percent) [Table 2.6]. " More than 4 in 5 marijuana admissions (86 percent) received ambulatory treatment compared with about 3 in 5 of all admissions combined (61 percent) [Table 2.7]. " Fifty-four percent of primary marijuana admissions reported abuse of additional substances. Alcohol was reported by 38 percent [Table 3.8]." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2003-2013. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. BHSIS Series S-75, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4934. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, December 2015, pp. 21-22, and Table 1.1a, p. 45. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2003_2013_TEDS_National/2... (Drug Rankings by Harm) "Participants were asked to score each substance for each of these nine parameters, using a four-point scale, with 0 being no risk, 1 some, 2 moderate, and 3 extreme risk. For some analyses, the scores for the three parameters for each category were averaged to give a mean score for that category. For the sake of discussion, an overall harm rating was obtained by taking the mean of all nine scores. The scoring procedure was piloted by members of the panel of the Independent Inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act.13 "Once refined through this piloting, an assessment questionnaire based on table 1, with additional guidance notes, was used. Two independent groups of experts were asked to do the ratings. The first was the national group of consultant psychiatrists who were on the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ register as specialists in addiction Replies were received and analysed from 29 of the 77 registered doctors who were asked to assess 14 compounds—heroin, cocaine, alcohol, barbiturates, amphetamine, methadone, benzodiazepines, solvents, buprenorphine, tobacco, ecstasy, cannabis, LSD, and steroids. Tobacco and alcohol were included because their extensive use has provided reliable data on their risks and harms, providing familiar benchmarks against which the absolute harms of other drugs can be judged. However, direct comparison of the scores for tobacco and alcohol with those of the other drugs is not possible since the fact that they are legal could affect their harms in various ways, especially through easier availability. "Having established that this nine-parameter matrix worked well, we convened a second group of experts with a wider spread of expertise. These experts had experience in one of the many areas of addiction, ranging from chemistry, pharmacology, and forensic science, through psychiatry and other medical specialties, including epidemiology, as well as the legal and police services. The second set of assessments was done in a series of meetings run along delphic principles, a new approach that is being used widely to optimise knowledge in areas where issues and effects are very broad and not amenable to precise measurements or experimental testing,14 and which is becoming the standard method by which to develop consensus in medical matters." Drug Rankings by Harm I Notes: - United Kingdom drug classes were initially assigned based on Table 2 in The Lancet report. However, since then, two drugs have been reclassified: - Methamphetamine was moved from class B to class A in 2006. - Although Cannabis was downgraded from class B to class C in 2004, it was subsequently upgraded to class B in 2009. - "n/s" = no scheduling A one-page flyer depicting the data in the “Drug Rankings by Harm” table can be found in PDF format at http://drugwarfacts.org/cms/files/Drug-Rankings-by-Harm.pdf . Source: Nutt, David Nutt; King, Leslie A; Saulsbury,William; and Blakemore, Colin "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse," The Lancet (London, United Kingdom: March 24, 2007), Vol 369, p. 1051.	Alcohol
Whose memoir 'Decision Points' was published in late 2010?	Marijuana \| Drug War Facts Overview Is marijuana a “gateway” drug? "Our results indicate a moderate relation between early teen marijuana use and young adult abuse of other illicit substances; however, this association fades from statistical significance with adjustments for stress and life-course variables. Likewise, our findings show that any causal influence of teen marijuana use on other illicit substance use is contingent upon employment status and is short-term, subsiding entirely by the age of 21. In light of these findings, we urge U.S. drug control policymakers to consider stress and life-course approaches in their pursuit of solutions to the 'drug problem.'" Source: Source: Van Gundy, Karen and Rebellon, Cesar J., "Life-course Perspective on the “Gateway Hypothesis” Journal of Health and Social Behavior (Thousand Oaks, CA: American Sociological Association, September 2010), p. 244. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Gateway_Theory#sthash.chdjHsdF.dpuf "The gateway effect, if it exists, has at least two potential and quite different sources (MacCoun, 1998). One interpretation is that it is an effect of the drug use itself (e.g., trying marijuana increases the taste for other drugs or leads users to believe that other substances are more pleasurable or less risky than previously supposed). A second interpretation stresses peer groups and social interactions. Acquiring and using marijuana regularly may lead to differentially associating with peers who have attitudes and behaviors that are prodrug generally, not only with respect to marijuana. One version of this is the possibility that those peers will include people who sell other drugs, reducing the difficulty of locating potential supplies. If the latter is the explanation, then legalization might reduce the likelihood of moving on to harder drugs compared to the current situation." Source: Source: Kilmer, Beau; Caulkins, Jonathan P.; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo; MacCoun, Robert J.; Reuter, Peter H., "Altered State? Assessing How Marijuana Legalization in California Could Influence Marijuana Consumption and Public Budgets" Drug Policy Research Center (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010), p. 42. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Gateway_Theory#sthash.chdjHsdF.dpuf Is Marijuana Addictive? The best scientific data available indicate that marijuana is less potentially addictive than many other substances in common use. This should not be construed as meaning that marijuana has no potential for dependence or that it is entirely safe. "People who develop problems with marijuana may indeed be different from those who do not, but this phenomenon has been observed with other substances of abuse. A comparison with alcohol use and dependence provides a case in point. The great majority of Americans have tried alcohol and continue to drink alcoholic beverages regularly. However, only an estimated 10 to 15 percent of alcohol drinkers develop problems, and only some of these problem drinkers seek treatment. This is also true of those who have tried cocaine or heroin (Anthony, Warner, and Kessler, 1994). "That said, the experience of dependence on marijuana tends to be less severe than that observed with cocaine, opiates, and alcohol (Budney, 2006; Budney et al., 1998). On average, individuals with marijuana dependence meet fewer DSM dependence criteria; the withdrawal experience is not as dramatic; and the severity of the associated consequences is not as extreme. However, the apparently less severe nature of marijuana dependence does not necessarily mean that marijuana addiction is easier to overcome. Many factors besides a drug’s physiological effects—including availability, frequency and pattern of use, perception of harm, and cost—can contribute to cessation outcomes and the strength of addiction. The low cost of marijuana, the typical pattern of multiple daily use by those addicted, the less dramatic consequences, and ambivalence may increase the difficulty of quitting. Although determining the relative difficulty of quitting various substances of abuse is complex, the treatment literature reviewed here suggests that the experience of marijuana abusers rivals that of those addicted to other substances." For more information, see our section on comparative addictive properties at http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Addictive_Properties#sthash.VeK3Toq9.dpb... Source: Source: Budney A, Roffman R, Stephens R, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. 2007;4(1):4–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797098/ Is marijuana dangerous? "Tetrahydrocannabinol is a very safe drug. Laboratory animals (rats, mice, dogs, monkeys) can tolerate doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram). This would be equivalent to a 70 kg person swallowing 70 grams of the drug—about 5,000 times more than is required to produce a high. Despite the widespread illicit use of cannabis there are very few if any instances of people dying from an overdose. In Britain, official government statistics listed five deaths from cannabis in the period 1993-1995 but on closer examination these proved to have been deaths due to inhalation of vomit that could not be directly attributed to cannabis (House of Lords Report, 1998). By comparison with other commonly used recreational drugs these statistics are impressive." Source: Source: Iversen, Leslie L., PhD, FRS, "The Science of Marijuana" (London, England: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 178, citing House of Lords, Select Committee on Science and Technology, "Cannabis — The Scientific and Medical Evidence" (London, England: The Stationery Office, Parliament, 1998). - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Overdose#Cannabis How does marijuana compare with other drugs? "The public health burden of cannabis use is probably modest compared with that of alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs. A recent Australian study96 estimated that cannabis use caused 0·2% of total disease burden in Australia—a country with one of the highest reported rates of cannabis use. Cannabis accounted for 10% of the burden attributable to all illicit drugs (including heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines). It also accounted for around 10% of the proportion of disease burden attributed to alcohol (2·3%), but only 2·5% of that attributable to tobacco (7·8%)." Source: Source: Hall, Wayne and Degenhardt, Louise, "Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use," The Lancet (London, United Kingdom: October 17, 2009) Vol. 374, p. 1389. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Marijuana#Effects How did marijuana become illegal? "Marijuana essentially became illegal in 1937 pursuant to the Marijuana Tax Act.39 The use of marijuana required the payment of a tax for usage; failure to pay the tax resulted in a large fine or stiff prison time for tax evasion.40 Drug prohibition was elevated to another level by targeting 'marijuana,' a plant that had never demonstrated any harm to anyone.41 "Anslinger’s [Harry J. Anslinger, the first Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics] efforts to eradicate marijuana continued when Anslinger sought similar anti-narcotic laws against marijuana at the state level.42 Guided by Anslinger’s policy direction, states began passing their own laws or adopting more strident versions of federal laws.43 By 1952, nearly all states had anti-narcotic laws in place.44" Source: Source: Gilmore, Brian, "Again and Again We Suffer: the Poor and the Endurance of the 'War on Drugs,'" University of the District of Columbia Law Review (Washington, DC: The University of the District of Columbia David A. Clarke School of Law, 2011) Volume 15, Number 1, p. 64. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Marijuana#sthash.4MGmqQ7O.dpuf What is hemp? "Industrial hemp can be grown as a fiber, seed, or dual-purpose crop.15 The interior of the stalk has short woody fibers called hurds; the outer portion has long bast fibers. Hemp seed/grains are smooth and about one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long.16 "Although hemp is not grown in the United States, both finished hemp products and raw material inputs are imported and sold for use in manufacturing for a wide range of product categories (Figure 1). Hemp fibers are used in a wide range of products, including fabrics and textiles, yarns and spun fibers, paper, carpeting, home furnishings, construction and insulation materials, auto parts, and composites. Hurds are used in various applications such as animal bedding, material inputs, papermaking, and composites. Hemp seed and oilcake are used in a range of foods and beverages, and can be an alternative food protein source. Oil from the crushed hemp seed is used as an ingredient in a range of body-care products and nutritional supplements.17 Hemp seed is also used for industrial oils, cosmetics and personal care products, and pharmaceuticals, among other composites." Source: Source: Johnson, Renée, "Hemp As An Agricultural Commodity," Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, July 24, 2013), p. 4. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Hemp#sthash.7Mc42Aho.dpuf What states allow medical marijuana? As of July 8, 2014, a total of 22 states plus the District of Columbia have what are called "effective" state medical marijuana laws, and one more state has created an academic program which may in the future help that state's patients. These states include: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. In addition, ten states - Alabama, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, and Wisconsin - have enacted laws intended to allow a limited number of patients to use CBD oil (a component of marijuana) or high-CBD marijuana. (Some of the laws simply create a research program, and patients have to participate in the program in order to obtain the cannabis oil.) In Florida the law was known popularly as the "Charlotte's Web" bill, named after one particular strain of cannabis which is known for having high CBD and low THC content, though the legislation itself does not specify that a particular strain be used. Also in addition, in May 2014, the state of Minnesota enacted a limited medical cannabis law. The law does not include access to whole-plant medicines in any form, rather only to extracts or concentrates and actual smoking is prohibited, so for the purpose of this list it is placed in a category of its own. Source: - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Medicinal_Cannabis#sthash.wF4mygOE.dpuf What about marijuana and driving? "Cannabis use impairs cognitive, memory and psycho-motor performance in ways that may impair driving.10 Recent data suggest that approximately 5% of Canadian drivers/adults report driving after cannabis use in the past year.39 Large-scale epidemiological studies using different methodologies (e.g., retrospective epidemiological and case control studies) have found that cannabis use acutely increases the risk of motor vehicle accident (MVA) involvement and fatal crashes among drivers.40,41 Recent reviews have found the increase in risk to be approximately 1.5-3.0, an increase which is substantially lower, however, than that in alcohol-impaired drivers. The impairment from concurrent alcohol and cannabis use may be multiplicative, so individuals who drive under the influence of both drugs may be at higher risk for MVAs.42 An expert consensus view was that a THC concentration of 7-10 nanograms per millilitre in serum would produce impairment equivalent to that of 0.05% blood alcohol content (BAC). It was suggested that this level could serve as a 'per se' limit to define cannabis-impaired driving.43 Current research suggests that acute impairment from cannabis typically clears 3-4 hours after use.44 "This time span could be recommended to users as a minimum wait period before driving. The required wait before driving would need to be longer for higher doses, and would also vary on the basis of individual variation." Source: Source: Fischer, Benedikt; Jeffries, Victoria; Hall, Wayne; Room, Robin; Goldner, Elliot; Rehm, Jürgen, "Lower Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines for Canada (LRCUG): A Narrative Review of Evidence and Recommendations," Canadian Journal of Public Health (Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Public Health Association, September/October 2011) Vol. 102, No. 5, p. 325. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Marijuana#Driving What's happening with reform in the US? On November 6, 2012, a majority of the voters in the states of Colorado and Washington voted in favor of ballot measures which legalized the adult social use of marijuana. On November 4, 2014, a majority of the voters in the states of Alaska and Oregon, and in the District of Columbia, voted in favor of ballot measures which legalized the adult use and possession of marijuana. Source: Colorado: "Amendment 64 - Legalize Marijuana Election Results," Denver Post, last accessed Nov. 9, 2012. Washington: "Initiative Measure No. 502 Concerns marijuana," Washington Secretary of State's Office, last accessed May 24, 2013. Alaska: "Ballot Measure 2 - 13PSUM (An Act to Tax and Regulate the Production, Sale and Use of Marijuana)," State of Alaska Elections Division Office http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/14GENR/data/results.htm last accessed Nov. 7, 2014. Oregon: "State Ballot Measure No. 91: Allows possession, manufacture, sale of marijuana by/to adults, subject to state licensing, regulation, taxation," Oregon Secretary of State's Office, Elections Division http://oregonvotes.gov/results/2014G/106592896.html last accessed Nov. 7, 2014. DC: "INITIATIVE #71 LEGALIZATION MARIJUANA," DC Board of Elections and Ethics https://www.dcboee.org/election_info/election_results/2014/November-4-Ge... last accessed Nov. 7, 2014. How do people get marijuana in states where it's not legal? "Despite continuing increases in the amount of cannabis produced domestically, much of the marijuana available within the United States is foreign-produced. The two primary foreign source areas for marijuana distributed within the United States are Canada and Mexico. Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) have relocated many of their outdoor cannabis cultivation operations in Mexico from traditional growing areas to more remote locations in central and northern Mexico, primarily to reduce the risk of eradication and gain easier access to U.S. drug markets. Asian criminal groups are the primary producers of high-potency marijuana in Canada." Source: - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Marijuana#Misc Do people in the US still get arrested for marijuana? Although the intent of a 'War on Drugs' may have been to target drug smugglers and 'King Pins,' according to the FBI's annual Uniform Crime Reports, of the 1,552,432 arrests for drug law violations in 2012, 82.2% (1,276,099) were for mere possession of a controlled substance. Only 17.8% (276,333) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug. Further, nearly half (48.3%) of drug arrests in 2012 were for marijuana -- a total of 749,825. Of those, an estimated 658,231 arrests (42.4% of all drug arrests) were for marijuana possession alone. By contrast in 2000, a total of 734,497 Americans were arrested for marijuana offenses, of which 646,042 (40.9%) were for possession alone. Source: - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Crime#Total What's happening in the Netherlands? "Police and Public Prosecutor give low priority to the investigation of possession of small amounts of a drug for own use. The Opium Act Directive of the Public Prosecutor state that, if the offence concerns possession of small amounts for own use of a hard drug, the drugs will be seized, but normally there will be no custody or prosecution. Diversion to care is the primary aim of custody or prosecution in cases of possession of hard drugs (Directive Opium Act 2011A021 2012, www.om.nl ). ‘Small amounts’ of a hard drug are defined as one tablet, ample, wrapple or ball of the drug and in any case an amount of no more than 0,5 grams. With regards to cannabis (categorized as ‘soft drug’) small amounts are defined as no more than 5 grams and no more than 5 cannabis plants – under the condition that there is no professional or commercial cultivation of the plants (Stc. 2011 – 22936). For hallucinogenic mushrooms, also categorized as soft drugs, the small amounts for own use are defined as 0,5 grams (dried mushrooms) and 5 grams (fresh ones). In cases of possession of small amounts of soft drugs, the drugs will be seized but a dismissal by the police will normally (‘in principle’) follow, without custody or prosecution." Source: Source: Van Laar, M.W., Cruts, A.A.N., Van Ooyen-Houben, M.M.J., Van Gageldonk, A., Croes, E.A., Meijer, R.F., et al. (2013). The Netherlands drug situation 2012: report to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Trimbos-instituut/WODC, Utrecht/Den Haag, p. 118. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/?q=node/1212#sthash.n1MLmG64.dpuf "All recent policy documents state that the Dutch drug policy has two cornerstones - and this was confirmed by the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport during the major drug debate in the House of Representatives in March 2012: to protect public health and to combat public nuisance and drug-related crime (TK 24077-259; TK Handelingen 69-28 maart 2012). In the current Opium Act Directive the objective of the drug policy is described as: 'The [new] Dutch drugs policy is aimed to discourage and reduce drug use, certainly in so far as it causes damage to health and to society, and to prevent and reduce the damage associated with drug use, drug production and the drugs trade' (Stc 2011-11134)." Source: Source: Van Laar, M.W., Cruts, A.A.N., Van Ooyen-Houben, M.M.J., Van Gageldonk, A., Croes, E.A., Meijer, R.F., et al. (2013). The Netherlands drug situation 2012: report to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Trimbos-instituut/WODC, Utrecht/Den Haag, p. 16. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/?q=node/1212#sthash.n1MLmG64.dpuf What's happening in Uruguay? “President José Mujica has quietly signed into law the government’s plan to create a regulated, legal market for marijuana, the president’s spokesman said Tuesday. The presidential secretary Diego Canepa said Mr. Mujica signed the legislation on Monday night. That was the last formal step for the law to take effect. Officials now have until April 9 to write the fine print for regulating every aspect of the marijuana market, from growing to selling in a network of pharmacies. They hope to have the whole system in place by the middle of next year. But as of Tuesday, growing marijuana at home was legal, up to six plants per family and an annual harvest of 480 grams, or about one pound.” Source: Source: Associated Press, “Uruguay: Marijuana Becomes Legal,” in the New York Times, December 24, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/25/world/americas/uruguay-marijuana-becom... (NY Times On Marijuana Arrests) "The costs of this national obsession, in both money and time, are astonishing. Each year, enforcing laws on possession costs more than $3.6 billion, according to the American Civil Liberties Union. It can take a police officer many hours to arrest and book a suspect. That person will often spend a night or more in the local jail, and be in court multiple times to resolve the case. The public-safety payoff for all this effort is meager at best: According to a 2012 Human Rights Watch report that tracked 30,000 New Yorkers with no prior convictions when they were arrested for marijuana possession, 90 percent had no subsequent felony convictions. Only 3.1 percent committed a violent offense." Important here to note that New York is a decriminalized state, that is, personal possession of less than 25 grams of marijuana by an adult is supposedly decriminalized. Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/opinion/high-time-the-injustice-of-mar... (The NY Times On Marijuana And Health) "For Michele Leonhart, the administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, there is no difference between the health effects of marijuana and those of any other illegal drug. 'All illegal drugs are bad for people,' she told Congress in 2012, refusing to say whether crack, methamphetamines or prescription painkillers are more addictive or physically harmful than marijuana. "Her testimony neatly illustrates the vast gap between antiquated federal law enforcement policies and the clear consensus of science that marijuana is far less harmful to human health than most other banned drugs and is less dangerous than the highly addictive but perfectly legal substances known as alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana cannot lead to a fatal overdose. There is little evidence that it causes cancer. Its addictive properties, while present, are low, and the myth that it leads users to more powerful drugs has long since been disproved. "That doesn’t mean marijuana is harmless; in fact, the potency of current strains may shock those who haven’t tried it for decades, particularly when ingested as food. It can produce a serious dependency, and constant use would interfere with job and school performance. It needs to be kept out of the hands of minors. But, on balance, its downsides are not reasons to impose criminal penalties on its possession, particularly not in a society that permits nicotine use and celebrates drinking." Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/opinion/what-science-says-about-mariju... (Racism and The History Of Marijuana Prohibition) "The law enforcement view of marijuana was indelibly shaped by the fact that it was initially connected to brown people from Mexico and subsequently with black and poor communities in this country. Police in Texas border towns demonized the plant in racial terms as the drug of 'immoral' populations who were promptly labeled 'fiends.' "As the legal scholars Richard Bonnie and Charles Whitebread explain in their authoritative history, 'The Marihuana Conviction,' the drug’s popularity among minorities and other groups practically ensured that it would be classified as a 'narcotic,' attributed with addictive qualities it did not have, and set alongside far more dangerous drugs like heroin and morphine. "By the early 1930s, more than 30 states had prohibited the use of marijuana for nonmedical purposes. The federal push was yet to come. "The stage for federal suppression of marijuana was set in New Orleans, where a prominent doctor blamed 'muggle-heads' — as pot smokers were called — for an outbreak of robberies. The city was awash in sensationalistic newspaper articles that depicted pushers hovering by the schoolhouse door turning children into 'addicts.' These stories popularized spurious notions about the drug that lingered for decades. Law enforcement officials, too, trafficked in the 'assassin' theory, under in which killers were said to have smoked cannabis to ready themselves for murder and mayhem." Source: The New York Times, "The Federal Marijuana Ban Is Rooted in Myth and Xenophobia," by Brent Staples, July 29, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/opinion/high-time-federal-marijuana-ba... (The NY Times On Marijuana Prohibition And Racism) "It was not until 1951, when Congress again took up the issue, that a reputable researcher was called to testify. Dr. Harris Isbell, director of research at the Public Health Service Hospital in Lexington, Ky., disputed the insanity, crime and addiction theories, telling Congress that 'smoking marijuana has no unpleasant aftereffects, no dependence is developed on the drug, and the practice can easily be stopped at any time.' "Despite Dr. Isbell’s testimony, Congress ratcheted up penalties on users. The states followed the federal example; Louisiana, for instance, created sentences ranging from five to 99 years, without parole or probation, for sale, possession or administration of narcotic drugs. The rationale was not that marijuana itself was addictive — that argument was suddenly relinquished — but that it was a 'steppingstone' to heroin addiction. This passed largely without comment at the time. "The country accepted a senselessly punitive approach to sentencing as long as minorities and the poor paid the price. But, by the late 1960s, weed had been taken up by white college students from the middle and upper classes. Seeing white lives ruined by marijuana laws altered public attitudes about harsh sentencing, and, in 1972, the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse released a report challenging the approach." Source: The New York Times, "The Federal Marijuana Ban Is Rooted in Myth and Xenophobia," by Brent Staples, July 29, 2014. (The NY Times On Marijuana And Substance Use Treatment) The Times misses part of the story when they write: "Nearly 70 percent of the teenagers in residential substance-abuse programs run by Phoenix House, which operates drug and alcohol treatment centers in 10 states, listed marijuana as their primary problem." http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/opinion/what-science-says-about-mariju... Indeed. However, the majority of treatment referrals for marijuana were directly through the criminal justice system or at least in anticipation of going through the criminal justice system. Treatment alternatives to incarceration and drug courts can be effective means of dealing with drug using offenders yet they sometimes cherry-pick people to be referred to treatment, choosing those with the greatest probability of success. People who do not use drugs problematically are the most likely to succeed in drug treatment, since they didn't have a problem in the first place: "Additional results reveal that, in practice, large numbers of drug courts are admitting offenders who are abusing alcohol and marijuana, but may not be clinically dependent or abusing more serious drugs. Consistent with the number of courts admitting individuals with lower levels of substance use and the number admitting individuals with DWI/DUI offenses, 65.6 percent of courts reported that a participant can be admitted into drug court for alcohol abuse only. An even larger percentage of courts (87.7 percent) indicated that participants can enter drug court for marijuana abuse only. Allowing participants into drug court based on alcohol abuse only did not vary by type of geographic area; however, allowing participants into drug court based on marijuana abuse only did vary geographically (X2=10.2, p<.01). The majority of courts that do not accept participants into drug court based only on marijuana abuse are located in urban areas (62.2 percent), suggesting they may have a greater focus on more serious drug problems." Source: Rossman, Shelli B., et al., "Final Report, Volume 2: The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: What's Happening with Drug Courts? A Portrait of Adult Drug Courts 2004" (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, June 2011), p. 27. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Drug_Courts#concerns According to the federal Treatment Episode Data Set, in 2011 there were 333,578 admissions to treatment with marijuana reported as the primary substance of abuse out of the total 1,844,719 admissions for all substances that year. According to the TEDS report: "• Marijuana was reported as the primary substance of abuse by 18 percent of TEDS admissions aged 12 and older in 2011 [Table 1.1b]. "• The average age at admission for primary marijuana admissions was 24 years [Table 2.1a], although the peak age at admission for both genders in all race/ethnicities was 15 to 17 years [Figure 12]. Forty percent of marijuana admissions were under age 20 (vs. 11 percent of all admissions), and primary marijuana abuse accounted for 74 percent of all admissions aged 12 to 14 years and 76 percent of admissions aged 15 to 17 years [Tables 2.1a-b]. "• Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for 45 percent of primary marijuana admissions (32 percent males and 13 percent females), and non-Hispanic Black males accounted for 24 percent [Table 2.3a]. "• Twenty-five percent of primary marijuana admissions had first used marijuana by age 12 and another 32 percent by age 14 [Table 2.5]. "• Primary marijuana admissions were less likely than all admissions combined to be self- or individually referred to treatment (16 percent vs. 35 percent). Primary marijuana admissions were most likely to be referred by a criminal justice/DUI source (52 percent) [Table 2.6]. "• More than 4 in 5 marijuana admissions (85 percent) received ambulatory treatment compared with about 3 in 5 of all admissions combined (62 percent) [Table 2.7]. "• Fifty-six percent of primary marijuana admissions reported abuse of additional substances. Alcohol was reported by 41 percent [Table 3.8]." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2001-2011. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. BHSIS Series S-65, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4772. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013, p. 19; and p. 43, Table 1.1a. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Marijuana#Treatment 43, Table 1.1a. Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/opinion/what-science-says-about-mariju... Rossman, Shelli B., et al., "Final Report, Volume 2: The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: What's Happening with Drug Courts? A Portrait of Adult Drug Courts 2004" (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, June 2011), p. 27. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2001-2011. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. BHSIS Series S-65, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4772. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013, p. 19; and p. 43, Table 1.1a. (The NY Times On Marijuana And Emergency Department Admissions) The Times misses part of the story when they write: "Marijuana was found -- alone or in combination with other drugs -- in more than 455,000 patients visiting emergency rooms in 2011." http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/opinion/what-science-says-about-mariju... A drug mention does not mean that the drug is what caused the visit. Rather, it simply means that the substance was in their system. Arguably, drug mentions in an emergency room may have some meaning yet unless the drug is at fault, those mentions are merely an indicator of prevalence of use: "DAWN captures drugs that are explicitly named in the medical record as being involved in the ED visit. The relationship between the ED visit and the drug use need not be causal. That is, an implicated drug may or may not have directly caused the condition generating the ED visit; the ED staff simply named it as being involved." (p. 15) According to the DAWN report, "Of the approximately 2.5 million drug misuse or abuse ED visits that occurred during 2011, a total of 1,252,500, or just over half (50.9%), involved illicit drugs (Table 4). A majority (56.3%) of illicit drug ED visits involved multiple drugs. Overall, 27.9 percent of visits involving illicit drugs also involved alcohol. "Cocaine and marijuana were the most commonly involved drugs, with 505,224 ED visits (40.3%) and 455,668 ED visits (36.4%), respectively. Cocaine and marijuana were followed by heroin, at 258,482 ED visits, or 20.6 percent, and then by amphetamines/methamphetamine, at 159,840 visits, or 12.8 percent." (DAWN ED Report 2011, p. 25) Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013, p. 25 and p. 15. - See more at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Marijuana#Effects Source: Prevalence (Prevalence of Monthly, or Current, Marijuana Use in the US 2013) " In 2013, marijuana was the most commonly used illicit drug, with 19.8 million current (past month) users. It was used by 80.6 percent of current illicit drug users. Nearly two thirds (64.7 percent) of current illicit drug users used only marijuana in the past month. Also, in 2013, 8.7 million persons aged 12 or older were current users of illicit drugs other than marijuana (or 35.3 percent of illicit drug users aged 12 or older). Current use of other drugs but not marijuana was reported by 19.4 percent of illicit drug users, and 15.9 percent reported using both marijuana and other drugs. "The number and percentage of persons aged 12 or older who were current users of marijuana in 2013 (19.8 million or 7.5 percent) were similar to the estimates in 2012 (18.9 million or 7.3 percent) (Figure 2.2). The rate of current marijuana use in 2013 was higher than the rates in 2002 to 2011. For example, during the period from 2002 to 2008, the rates varied from 5.8 to 6.2 percent. By 2009, the rate increased to 6.7 percent, then continued to increase to the rate in 2013." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014, pp. 15-16. "Crime in the United States 2001," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2002), p. 232, Table 4.1 & and p. 233, Table 29. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2001/01sec4.pdf Data Tables (Total Annual Arrests by Year and Offense Type) Although the intent of a 'War on Drugs' may have been to target drug smugglers and 'King Pins,' according to the FBI's annual Uniform Crime Reports, of the 1,488,707 arrests for drug law violations in 2015, 83.9% (1,249,025) were for mere possession of a controlled substance. Only 16.1% (239,682) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug. Further, the majority (43.2%) of drug arrests in 2015 were for marijuana -- a total of 643,121. Of those, an estimated 574,641 arrests (38.6% of all drug arrests) were for marijuana possession alone. By contrast in 2000, a total of 734,497 Americans were arrested for marijuana offenses, of which 646,042 (40.9%) were for possession alone. US Arrests As Reported By FBI UCR Program Year FBI, UCR for the US 1990 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1991), pp. 173-174. FBI, UCR for the US 1980 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1981), pp. 189-191. (Positivity Rate for Marijuana Use Among US Workers Subjected to Drug Testing) "Marijuana continues to be the most commonly detected illicit drug, according to the DTI analysis of urine drug tests. Marijuana positivity in the combined U.S. workforce increased 6.2 percent, to 1.7 percent in 2013 compared to 1.6 percent in 2012. In the safety-sensitive workforce, marijuana positivity increased 5.6 percent (0.67% vs. 0.63%). In the general U.S. workforce, the positivity rate increased 5 percent, to 2.1 percent in 2013 compared to 2.0 percent in the prior year. These increased positivity rates are consistent with findings from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which showed an increase in self-reported past-month marijuana use between 2007 and 2012. "An analysis of urine drug test data for the combined U.S. workforce from the two states with “recreational” use laws – Colorado and Washington – showed marijuana positivity rates increased 20 and 23 percent, respectively, in the general workforce between 2012 and 2013, compared to the 5 percent average increase among the U.S. general workforce in all fifty states. However, both Colorado and Washington experienced dramatic increases in marijuana positivity rates prior to legalization at the end of 2012. From 2009 to 2010, Colorado experienced a 22 percent increase and Washington a 10 percent decline in positivity. From 2011 to 2012, Colorado experienced a 3 percent increase and Washington an 8 percent increase in positivity." Source: "Workforce Drug Test Positivity Rate Increases for the First Time in 10 Years, Driven by Marijuana and Amphetamines, Find Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Indextm Analysis of Employment Drug Tests," Quest Diagnostics, September 11, 2014, last accessed March 6, 2015. http://www.questdiagnostics.com/home/physicians/health-trends/drug-testi... (Community Epidemiology Working Group Assessment of Cannabis Use in the US, 2012) "One area representative, from New York City, reported the continuing predominance in indicators and serious consequences of marijuana (as well as heroin and cocaine) and changes in marijuana trends as a key finding in that area for this reporting period. Marijuana indicator levels continued to be reported as high relative to other drugs, however, across all CEWG areas, based on treatment admissions and reports identified as marijuana/cannabis among drug items seized and analyzed. New marijuana/cannabis laws legalizing both medical and recreational marijuana use were expected by area representatives to be influencing indicators in several areas currently and in the future. Representatives from Texas and Chicago reported a shift in trafficking and marketing away from Mexican marijuana (due to a drought and poor quality Mexican marijuana) to local markets and local 'grow' operations." Source: "Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse: Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Advance Report, June 2013" (Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, December 2013), p. 18. http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/files/AdvanceReport2013.pdf (Cannabis and Mortality) "In summary, this study showed little, if any, effect of marijuana use on non-AIDS mortality in men and on total mortality in women. The increased risk of AIDS mortality in male marijuana users probably did not reflect a causal relationship, but most likely represented uncontrolled confounding by male homosexual behavior. The risk of mortality associated with marijuana use was lower than that associated with tobacco cigarette smoking." Source: Stephen Sidney, MD, Jerome E. Beck, DrPH, Irene S. Tekawa, MA, Charles P Quesenberry, Jr, PhD, and Gary D. Friedman, MD, “Marijuana Use and Mortality.” American Journal of Public Health 87.4 (1997) pp. 589–590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380837/ (Prevalence of Marijuana Use in the US, by State, 2009-2010) "In 2009-2010, past month marijuana use was reported by 6.8 percent of the U.S. population aged 12 years or older, an increase from 6.4 percent in 2008-2009 (Table C.3). Nine States that were in the top fifth for past month illicit drug use among persons aged 12 or older also were ranked in the top fifth for past month marijuana use: Alaska, Colorado, District of Columbia, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont (Figures 2.1 and 2.9). "Seven States were ranked in the top fifth for past month marijuana use in age groups 12 to 17, 18 to 25, 26 or older, and 12 or older: Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont (Figures 2.9 to 2.12). The rate of past month marijuana use in the 12 or older population ranged from 3.1 percent in Utah to 11.8 percent in Alaska (Table B.3). Utah had the lowest rate in all age groups. Between 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, past month marijuana use among persons 12 or older increased in 10 States: Colorado, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Washington (Table C.3). During the same time period, past month marijuana use increased in one State among 12 to 17 year olds (District of Columbia), eight States among 18 to 25 year olds (Florida, Illinois, Iowa, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Washington), and four States among persons aged 26 or older (District of Columbia, Idaho, Michigan, and Texas). Decreases only occurred in two States: Tennessee, among persons aged 12 or older, and Utah, among youths aged 12 to 17. All four census regions had higher rates of past month marijuana use among persons aged 12 or older in 2009-2010 compared with 2008-2009." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, State Estimates of Substance Use and Mental Disorders from the 2009-2010 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, NSDUH Series H-43, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4703. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10State/NSDUHsae2010/NSDUHsaeCh2-2010... (Early Initiation of Substance Use) “When initiation of substance use occurs in preadolescence or early in adolescence, the risk of addiction is magnified.8 CASA’s analysis of national data finds that individuals‡ who first used any addictive substance before age 15 are six and a half times as likely to have a substance use disorder as those who did not use any addictive substance until age 21 or older (28.1 percent vs. 4.3 percent).” Source: "Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem," The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (New York, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, June 2011), p. 38 http://www.casacolumbia.org/addiction-research/reports/adolescent-substa... (Marijuana Use in the US by Race/Ethnicity, 2014) Marijuana Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among Persons in the US Aged 12 or Older, by Demographic Characteristics: Number in Thousands, 2014 Demographic Characteristic *Low precision; no estimate reported. Source: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD. Table 1.24A. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs2014/NSDUH-D... (Alcohol Use v Marijuana Use - US Youth and "The Displacement Hypothesis") "Alcohol and marijuana are the two most commonly used substances by teenagers to get high, and a question that is often asked is to what extent does change in one lead to a change in the other. If the substances co-vary negatively (an increase in one is accompanied by a decrease in the other) they are said to be substitutes; if they co-vary positively, they are said to be complements. Note that there is no evidence that the 13-year decline in marijuana use observed between 1979 and 1992 led to any accompanying increase in alcohol use; in fact, through 1992 there was some parallel decline in annual, monthly, and daily alcohol use, as well as in occasions of heavy drinking among 12th graders, suggesting that the two substances are complements. Earlier, when marijuana use increased in the late 1970s, alcohol use also increased. As marijuana use increased again in the 1990s, alcohol use again increased with it, although not as sharply. In sum, there has been little evidence from MTF over the years that supports what we have termed 'the displacement hypothesis,' which asserts that an increase in marijuana use will somehow lead to a decline in alcohol use, or vice versa.8 Instead, both substances appear to move more in harmony, perhaps both reflecting changes in a more general construct, such as the tendency to use psychoactive substances, whether licit or illicit, or in the frequency with which teens party. However, with alcohol use decreasing and marijuana use increasing over the past few years, it is possible that the displacement hypothesis is gaining some support. As a number of states are changing their policies regarding marijuana, our continued monitoring will provide the needed evidence concerning whether alcohol and marijuana are substitutes or complements." Source: Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2014: Volume I, Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, pp. 161-162. http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html (Marijuana Use Among 50-Year-Olds in the US, 2012) "Among 50-year-old high school graduates in 2012, we estimate that about three quarters (74%) have tried marijuana, and that about two thirds (64%) have tried an illicit drug other than marijuana. (These estimates are adjusted to correct for panel attrition, as described in chapter 4 of Volume II.) "Their current behavior is far less extreme than those statistics might suggest, but it is not by any means negligible. One in eight (12%) indicates using marijuana in the last 12 months, and one in ten (10%) indicates using any other illicit drug in the same period. Their past-month prevalence rates are lower—7.3% and 6.2%, respectively, for marijuana and any other illicit drug. About 1 in 43 (2.3%) is a current daily marijuana user, though substantially more indicate that they have used marijuana daily at some time in the past." Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., and Schulenberg, J. E., (2013). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2012: Volume 2, College students and adults ages 19–50. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, p. 37. (Prevalence of Daily Marijuana Use Among US Adults Aged 19-30, 2012) Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Marijuana Use Among 19-30 Year Olds in the US, 2012 (Figures in Percent) Cannabis and Treatment (Estimated Prevalence of Cannabis Dependence) "Some 4.3 percent of Americans have been dependent on marijuana, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), at some time in their lives. Marijuana produces dependence less readily than most other illicit drugs. Some 9 percent of those who try marijuana develop dependence compared to, for example, 15 percent of people who try cocaine and 24 percent of those who try heroin. However, because so many people use marijuana, cannabis dependence is twice as prevalent as dependence on any other illicit psychoactive substance (cocaine, 1.8 percent; heroin, 0.7 percent; Anthony and Helzer, 1991; Anthony, Warner, and Kessler, 1994)." Source: Budney A, Roffman R, Stephens R, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. 2007;4(1):4–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797098/ (Estimated Prevalence of Cannabis Dependence or Abuse in the US) " Marijuana was the illicit drug with the largest number of persons with past year dependence or abuse in 2013, followed by pain relievers, then by cocaine. Of the 6.9 million persons aged 12 or older who were classified with illicit drug dependence or abuse in 2013, 4.2 million persons had marijuana dependence or abuse (representing 1.6 percent of the total population aged 12 or older, and 61.4 percent of all those classified with illicit drug dependence or abuse), 1.9 million persons had pain reliever dependence or abuse, and 855,000 persons had cocaine dependence or abuse (Figure 7.2)." " The number of persons who had marijuana dependence or abuse in 2013 (4.2 million) was similar to the number in 2012 (4.3 million) and in each year from 2002 through 2011 (ranging from 3.9 million to 4.5 million) (Figure 7.3). The rate of marijuana dependence or abuse in 2013 (1.6 percent) was lower than the rates in 2002 (1.8 percent) and 2004 (1.9 percent). Otherwise, the rate in 2013 was similar to the rates in prior years (ranging from 1.6 to 1.8 percent). " The number of persons who had pain reliever dependence or abuse in 2013 (1.9 million) was similar to the number in 2012 (2.1 million) and in each year from 2006 through 2011 (ranging from 1.6 million to 1.9 million) (Figure 7.3). However, the number in 2013 was higher than the numbers in 2002 to 2005 (ranging from 1.4 million to 1.5 million)." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014, p. 83. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/... (Admissions to Treatment for Marijuana in the US) According to the federal Treatment Episode Data Set, in 2013 there were 281,991 admissions to treatment with marijuana reported as the primary substance of abuse out of the total 1,683,451 admissions for all substances that year. This is the lowest number of marijuana admissions and total treatment admissions in at least a decade: marijuana admissions peaked in 2009 at 372,245, and total admissions peaked in 2008 at 2,062,705. According to the TEDS report: " Marijuana was reported as the primary substance of abuse by 17 percent of TEDS admissions aged 12 and older in 2013 [Table 1.1b]. " The average age at admission for primary marijuana admissions was 25 years [Table 2.1a], although the peak age at admission for both genders in all race/ethnicities was about 16 to 17 years [Figure 12].Thirty-six percent of marijuana admissions were under age 20 (vs. 9 percent of all admissions combined), and primary marijuana abuse accounted for 77 percent of admissions aged 12 to 14 and 76 percent of admissions aged 15 to 17 years [Table 2.1b]. " Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for 43 percent of primary marijuana admissions (30 percent were males and 13 percent were females), and non-Hispanic Black males accounted for 24 percent [Table 2.3a]. " Twenty-four percent of primary marijuana admissions had first used marijuana by age 12 and another 31 percent had first used it by age 14 [Table 2.5]. " Primary marijuana admissions were less likely than all admissions combined to be self- or individually referred to treatment (18 vs. 37 percent). Primary marijuana admissions were most likely to be referred by a criminal justice source (52 percent) [Table 2.6]. " More than 4 in 5 marijuana admissions (86 percent) received ambulatory treatment compared with about 3 in 5 of all admissions combined (61 percent) [Table 2.7]. " Fifty-four percent of primary marijuana admissions reported abuse of additional substances. Alcohol was reported by 38 percent [Table 3.8]." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2003-2013. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. BHSIS Series S-75, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4934. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, December 2015, pp. 21-22, and Table 1.1a, p. 45. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2003_2013_TEDS_National/2... (Treatment Admissions with Marijuana as a Primary Substance, 2011) " Admissions for primary marijuana increased from 15 percent of admissions aged 12 or older in 2001 to 18 percent in 2011 [Table 1.1b]. " Nearly three-quarters (73 percent) of primary marijuana admissions were male [Table 2.1a]. " For primary marijuana admissions, the average age at admission was 24 years [Table 2.1a]. " Slightly less than half (45 percent) of primary marijuana admissions were non-Hispanic White," Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2001-2011. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. BHSIS Series S-65, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4772. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013, p. 2. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/TEDS2011/TEDS2011N.pdf (Daily/Frequent Marijuana Use, 2011) "In 2011, an estimated 16.7 percent of past year marijuana users aged 12 or older used marijuana on 300 or more days within the past 12 months. This translates into nearly 5.0 million persons using marijuana on a daily or almost daily basis over a 12-month period. "• In 2011, an estimated 39.1 percent (7.1 million) of current marijuana users aged 12 or older used marijuana on 20 or more days in the past month. This was similar to the 2010 estimate of 39.8 percent or 6.9 million users." Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012, p. 27. Marijuana and the Criminal Justice System (Racial Bias And Marijuana Arrests In California) "In 1990, half of California’s marijuana possession arrestees were African-American, Latino, Asian, or other nonwhite and 35% were under age 20. In 2010, 64% were nonwhite and 52% were under age 20. Marijuana possession arrests of teenagers of color rose from 3,100 in 1990 to 16,400 in 2010 – an arrest surge 300% greater than population growth in that group." Source: Males, Mike, "Misdemeanor marijuana arrests are skyrocketing and other California marijuana enforcement disparities," Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (San Francisco, CA: November 2011), p. 2. http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/Misdemeanor_marijuana_arrests... (Estimated Risk of Arrest for Marijuana Possession) "To provide a sense of the intensity of enforcement, we calculated the risk a marijuana user faces of being arrested for possession. If calculated per joint consumed, the figure nationally is trivial—perhaps one arrest for every 11,000–12,000 joints.4 However, the relevant risk may be the probability of being arrested during a year of normal consumption. Since marijuana is mostly consumed by individuals who use it at least once a month,5 we estimated the risk that such individuals face. We know from prior studies (e.g., Reuter, Hirschfield, and Davies, 2001) that these risks are higher for youth. Table 2.2 presents separate estimates for those aged 12–17 and for the entire population 12 and over. We observe that the annual risk of misdemeanor arrest for those 12–17 (6.6 percent) is more than twice the rate for the full population (3.0 percent)." Source: Kilmer, Beau; Caulkins, Jonathan P.; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo; MacCoun, Robert J.; Reuter, Peter H., "Altered State? Assessing How Marijuana Legalization in California Could Influence Marijuana Consumption and Public Budgets" Drug Policy Research Center (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010), p. 8. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RAND_OP... (Impact of Medical Marijuana Legalization (MML) on Crime Rates in States That Have Legalized Medical Cannabis) "The central finding gleaned from the present study was that MML is not predictive of higher crime rates and may be related to reductions in rates of homicide and assault. Interestingly, robbery and burglary rates were unaffected by medicinal marijuana legislation, which runs counter to the claim that dispensaries and grow houses lead to an increase in victimization due to the opportunity structures linked to the amount of drugs and cash that are present. Although, this is in line with prior research suggesting that medical marijuana dispensaries may actually reduce crime in the immediate vicinity [8]." Source: Robert G. Morris, Michael TenEyck, JC Barnes, and Tomislav V. Kovandzic, "The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws On Crime: Evidence From State Panel Data, 1990-2006," PLoS ONE 9(3): e92816. March 2014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092816 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.00928... (Effect of Medical Marijuana Legalization On Crime Rates) "In sum, these findings run counter to arguments suggesting the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes poses a danger to public health in terms of exposure to violent crime and property crimes. To be sure, medical marijuana laws were not found to have a crime exacerbating effect on any of the seven crime types. On the contrary, our findings indicated that MML precedes a reduction in homicide and assault. While it is important to remain cautious when interpreting these findings as evidence that MML reduces crime, these results do fall in line with recent evidence [29] and they conform to the longstanding notion that marijuana legalization may lead to a reduction in alcohol use due to individuals substituting marijuana for alcohol [see generally 29, 30]. Given the relationship between alcohol and violent crime [31], it may turn out that substituting marijuana for alcohol leads to minor reductions in violent crimes that can be detected at the state level. That said, it also remains possible that these associations are statistical artifacts (recall that only the homicide effect holds up when a Bonferroni correction is made)." Source: Robert G. Morris, Michael TenEyck, JC Barnes, and Tomislav V. Kovandzic, "The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws On Crime: Evidence From State Panel Data, 1990-2006," PLoS ONE 9(3): e92816. March 2014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092816 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.00928... (Effect Of Medical Marijuana Legalization On Crime Rates And Limitations Of Data) "Given that the current results failed to uncover a crime exacerbating effect attributable to MML, it is important to examine the findings with a critical eye. While we report no positive association between MML and any crime type, this does not prove MML has no effect on crime (or even that it reduces crime). It may be the case that an omitted variable, or set of variables, has confounded the associations and masked the true positive effect of MML on crime. If this were the case, such a variable would need to be something that was restricted to the states that have passed MML, it would need to have emerged in close temporal proximity to the passage of MML in all of those states (all of which had different dates of passage for the marijuana law), and it would need to be something that decreased crime to such an extent that it ‘‘masked’’ the true positive effect of MML (i.e., it must be something that has an opposite sign effect between MML [e.g., a positive correlation] and crime [e.g., a negative correlation]). Perhaps the more likely explanation of the current findings is that MML laws reflect behaviors and attitudes that have been established in the local communities. If these attitudes and behaviors reflect a more tolerant approach to one another’s personal rights, we are unlikely to expect an increase in crime and might even anticipate a slight reduction in personal crimes. "Moreover, the present findings should also be taken in context with the nature of the data at hand. They are based on official arrest records (UCR), which do not account for crimes not reported to the police and do not account for all charges that may underlie an arrest. In any case, this longitudinal assessment of medical marijuana laws on state crime rates suggests that these laws do not appear to have any negative (i.e., crime exacerbating) impact on officially reported criminality during the years in which the laws are in effect, at least when it comes to the types of offending explored here. It is also important to keep in mind that the UCR data used here did not account for juvenile offending, which may or may not be empirically tethered to MML in some form or another; an assessment of which is beyond the scope of this study." Source: Robert G. Morris, Michael TenEyck, JC Barnes, and Tomislav V. Kovandzic, "The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws On Crime: Evidence From State Panel Data, 1990-2006," PLoS ONE 9(3): e92816. March 2014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092816 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.00928... (Treatment Admissions for Marijuana in the US, 1992-2002, and Referrals from the Criminal Justice System) " A recent issue of The DASIS Report2 examined marijuana treatment admissions between 1992 and 2002 and found that between these years [1992 and 2002] the rate of substance abuse treatment admissions reporting marijuana as their primary substance of abuse3 per 100,000 population increased 162 percent. Similarly, the proportion of marijuana admissions increased from 6 percent of all admissions in 1992 to 15 percent of all admissions reported to the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) in 2002. "During this time period, the percentage of marijuana treatment admissions that were referred from the criminal justice system increased from 48 percent of all marijuana admissions in 1992 to 58 percent of all marijuana admissions in 2002." Source: "Differences in Marijuana Admissions Based on Source of Referral: 2002," The DASIS Report (Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, June 5, 2005), pp. 1-2. (Estimated Number Of People In The US Sentenced To State and Federal Prison For Marijuana Offenses) Total Federal Prisoners 2004 = 170,535 Total State Prisoners 2004 = 1,244,311 Percent of federal prisoners held for drug law violations = 55% Percent of state prisoners held for drug law violations = 21% Marijuana/hashish, Percent of federal drug offenders, 2004 = 12.4% Marijuana/hashish, Percent of state drug offenders, 2004 = 12.7% (Total prisoners x percent drug law) x percent marijuana = "marijuana prisoners" Federal marijuana prisoners in 2004 = 11,630 State marijuana prisoners in 2004 = 33,186 Total federal and state marijuana prisoners in 2004 = 44,816 Note: These data only address people in prisons and thus exclude the 700,000+ offenders who may be in local jails because of a marijuana conviction. Source: Mumola , Christopher J. and Karberg, Jennifer C., "Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004," Bureau of Justice Statistics (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, January 2007) NCJ 213530, p. 4. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p04.pdf Production & Potency (Primary Cultivation States) "California, Hawaii, Kentucky, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington, and West Virginia are the primary marijuana cultivation states (M7 states). Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP) data show that more than 8 million plants were eradicated in 2008, 89 percent (7,136,133 plants of 8,013,308 plants) of which were eradicated in the M7 States." Source: http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs37/37035/37035p.pdf (Marijuana Potency) "Although marijuana grown in the United States was once considered inferior because of a low concentration of THC, advancements in plant selection and cultivation have resulted in higher THC-containing domestic marijuana. In 1974, the average THC content of illicit marijuana was less than one percent. Today most commercial grade marijuana from Mexico/Columbia and domestic outdoor cultivated marijuana has an average THC content of about 4 to 6 percent. Between 1998 and 2002, NIDA-sponsored Marijuana Potency Monitoring System (MPMP) analyzed 4,603 domestic samples. Of those samples, 379 tested over 15 percent THC, 69 samples tested between 20 and 25 percent THC and four samples tested over 25 percent THC." Source: http://mapinc.org/url/FTKXD890 (Sources of Marijuana) "Despite continuing increases in the amount of cannabis produced domestically, much of the marijuana available within the United States is foreign-produced. The two primary foreign source areas for marijuana distributed within the United States are Canada and Mexico. Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) have relocated many of their outdoor cannabis cultivation operations in Mexico from traditional growing areas to more remote locations in central and northern Mexico, primarily to reduce the risk of eradication and gain easier access to U.S. drug markets. Asian criminal groups are the primary producers of high-potency marijuana in Canada." Source: Notes: No data -- beginning in 2011, no domestic samples w ere tested. 1 The category "All Types" of cannabis tested includes ditchweed and a small number of Thai sticks. 2 These percentages, indicating potency, are based on simple arithmetic means calculated by dividing the sum of the delta-9THC concentrations of each sample by the number of seizures and are not normalized by weight of seizure. 3 Number of tested samples that yield the potency in prior column. 4 Data for 2014 are preliminary Source: "National Drug Control Strategy Data Supplement 2015," Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy, November 2015, Table 78, p. 92, citing as its sources: University of Mississippi, National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Quarterly Report #129, Potency Monitoring Program July 13, 2015) for data from 1995 to 2014; Quarterly Report 107 (January 12, 2010) for data from 1985 to 1994. https://www.whitehouse.gov//sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-researc... (Average Potency of Seized Cannabis in the UK, 2008) " Twenty-three Police Forces in England and Wales participated in the study. Forces were requested to submit samples confiscated from street-level users. In early 2008, they submitted 2,921 samples for analysis to either the Forensic Science Service Ltd (FSS) or LGC Forensics at Culham (LGC F). " Initial laboratory examination showed that 80.8% were herbal cannabis and 15.3% were cannabis resin. The remaining 3.9% were either indeterminate or not cannabis. " Microscopic examination of around two-thirds of the samples showed that over 97% of the herbal cannabis had been grown by intensive methods (sinsemilla). The remainder was classed as traditional imported herbal cannabis. " Regional variations were found in the market share of herbal cannabis. Thus North Wales, South Wales, Cleveland and Devon and Cornwall submitted proportionately fewer herbal cannabis samples, whereas Essex, Metropolitan and Avon and Somerset submitted proportionately more. These differences were statistically significant at the 0.1% confidence interval. " The mean THC concentration (potency) of the sinsemilla samples was 16.2% (range = 4.1 to 46%). The median potency was 15.0%, close to values reported by others in the past few years. " The mean THC concentration (potency) of the traditional imported herbal cannabis samples was 8.4% (range = 0.3 to 22%); median = 9.0%. Only a very small number of samples were received and analysed. " The mean potency of cannabis resin was 5.9% (range = 1.3 to 27.8%). The median = 5.0% was typical of values reported by others over many years. " Cannabis resin had a mean CBD content of 3.5% (range = 0.1 to 7.3%), but the CBD content of herbal cannabis was less than 0.1% in nearly all cases. " There was a weak, but statistically-significant, correlation (r = 0.48; N = 112; P < 0.001) between the THC and the CBD content of resin." Source: Hardwick, Sheila; King, Leslie, "Home Office Cannabis Potency Study 2008," Home Office Scientific Development Branch (Sandridge, St Albans, UK: May 2008), p. 1. http://www.dldocs.stir.ac.uk/documents/potency.pdf (Trends in Cannabis Potency in the US, 1980-1995 ) "Data on the THC content of cannabis products in the USA have been collected by ElSohly et al. (1984, 2000) for many years as part of the University of Mississippi Potency Monitoring Project. Samples were submitted by law enforcement agencies and it has to be assumed that they were representative of the market. Mean THC values are shown in Figure 16 for normal herbal cannabis, sinsemilla and resin. The anomalously high value for resin in 1997 (19.24 %) has been excluded; it was based on only five values and is over nine standard deviations above the mean potency for the period 1980–1996. Although there has been an increase in the potency of herbal cannabis over the twenty-five-year period, cannabis resin (and hash oil) showed no long-term trends since 1980 when data were first collected. Although the potency of sinsemilla showed a clear upward trend in the final three years of the study, no such trend was obvious when the longer period of 1980–1995 is examined, particularly in view of the wide variations in potency that occurred from year to year (ElSohly et al., 2000). The THC content of herbal cannabis increased from around 1% before 1980 to around 4% in 1997. This increase, when seen in the European context, is deceptive. Before 1980, all mean herbal cannabis THC levels in the ElSohly study were less than 2.4%. By contrast, and as shown in Figure 10, comparable levels at that time in the United Kingdom were twice as great. In other words, it must be assumed that the quality of herbal cannabis consumed in the USA more than twenty years ago was unusually poor, but that in recent years it has risen to levels typical of Europe. So even the modest increase found by ElSohly et al. (2000) may be less significant than it seems. A recent analysis of cannabis seized in Florida in 2002 (Newell, 2003) showed amounts of THC found in samples ranging from 1.41% to 12.62%; the average THC content was 6.20%, which is almost identical to the 2002 value reported by the University of Mississippi Potency Monitoring Project." Source: EMCDDA Insights #6: An Overview of Cannabis Potency in Europe, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004), p. 52. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_33985_EN_Insight6.pdf (Average Cannabis Potency) "Statements in the popular media that the potency of cannabis has increased by ten times or more in recent decades are not support by the data from either the USA or Europe. As discussed in the body of this report, systematic data are not available in Europe on long-term trends and analytical and methodological issues complicate the interpretation of the information that is available. Data are stronger for medium and short-term trends where no major differences are apparent in Europe, although some modest increases are found in some countries. The greatest long-term changes in potency appear to have occurred in the USA. It should be noted here that before 1980 herbal cannabis potency in the USA was, according to the available data, very low by European standards." Source: King, Leslie A., European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, "EMCDDA Insights - An Overview of Cannabis Potency in Europe" (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004), p. 14. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_33985_EN_Insight6.pdf Marijuana and Physical Health (Estimated Lethal Dose of Cannabis) "Tetrahydrocannabinol is a very safe drug. Laboratory animals (rats, mice, dogs, monkeys) can tolerate doses of up to 1000 mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram). This would be equivalent to a 70 kg person swallowing 70 grams of the drug —about 5,000 times more than is required to produce a high. Despite the widespread illicit use of cannabis there are very few if any instances of people dying from an overdose." Source: http://www.green215.com/sites/all/files/education_articles/Science%20Can... (Public Health Impact of Marijuana) "The public health burden of cannabis use is probably modest compared with that of alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs. A recent Australian study96 estimated that cannabis use caused 0·2% of total disease burden in Australia—a country with one of the highest reported rates of cannabis use. Cannabis accounted for 10% of the burden attributable to all illicit drugs (including heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines). It also accounted for around 10% of the proportion of disease burden attributed to alcohol (2·3%), but only 2·5% of that attributable to tobacco (7·8%)." Source: Hall, Wayne and Degenhardt, Louise, "Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use," The Lancet (London, United Kingdom: October 17, 2009) Vol. 374, p. 1389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837255 (Relative Public Health Risk of Cannabis Use) "There are health risks of cannabis use, most particularly when it is used daily over a period of years or decades. Considerable uncertainty remains about whether these effects are attributable to cannabis use alone, and about what the quantitative relationship is between frequency, quantity and duration of cannabis use and the risk of experiencing these effects. "On existing patterns of use, cannabis poses a much less serious public health problem than is currently posed by alcohol and tobacco in Western societies." Source: Hall, W., Room, R. & Bondy, S., "WHO Project on Health Implications of Cannabis Use: A Comparative Appraisal of the Health and Psychological Consequences of Alcohol, Cannabis, Nicotine and Opiate Use," (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, March 1998). http://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/hemp/general/who-conclusions.htm An exhaustive search of the literature finds no deaths induced by marijuana. The US Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) records instances of drug mentions in medical examiners' reports, and though marijuana is mentioned, it is usually in combination with alcohol or other drugs. Marijuana alone has not been shown to cause an overdose death. Source: Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), available on the web at http://www.samhsa.gov/ ; also see Janet E. Joy, Stanley J. Watson, Jr., and John A. Benson, Jr., "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base," Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, Institute of Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999), available on the web at http://www.nap.edu/html/marimed/ ; and US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, "In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition" (Docket #86-22), September 6, 1988, p. 57. (Safety of Medical Cannabis) In 1988, the DEA's Administrative Law Judge, Francis Young, concluded: "In strict medical terms marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating 10 raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to eat enough marijuana to induce death. Marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. By any measure of rational analysis marijuana can be safely used within the supervised routine of medical care." Source: US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, "In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition," [Docket #86-22], (September 6, 1988), p. 57. http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/sourcefiles/Young1988.pdf (Shafer Commission on Marijuana's Relative Safety) "A careful search of the literature and testimony of the nation's health officials has not revealed a single human fatality in the United States proven to have resulted solely from ingestion of marihuana. Experiments with the drug in monkeys demonstrated that the dose required for overdose death was enormous and for all practical purposes unachievable by humans smoking marihuana. This is in marked contrast to other substances in common use, most notably alcohol and barbiturate sleeping pills." Source: Shafer, Raymond P., et al, Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, Ch. III, (Washington DC: National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972). http://druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/nc/ncc3.htm (Mentions of Marijuana in Emergency Department Visits in the US, 2011) "Of the approximately 2.5 million drug misuse or abuse ED visits that occurred during 2011, a total of 1,252,500, or just over half (50.9%), involved illicit drugs (Table 4). A majority (56.3%) of illicit drug ED visits involved multiple drugs. Overall, 27.9 percent of visits involving illicit drugs also involved alcohol. "Cocaine and marijuana were the most commonly involved drugs, with 505,224 ED visits (40.3%) and 455,668 ED visits (36.4%), respectively. Cocaine and marijuana were followed by heroin, at 258,482 ED visits, or 20.6 percent, and then by amphetamines/methamphetamine, at 159,840 visits, or 12.8 percent." Note: According to the DAWN report, "DAWN captures drugs that are explicitly named in the medical record as being involved in the ED visit. The relationship between the ED visit and the drug use need not be causal. That is, an implicated drug may or may not have directly caused the condition generating the ED visit; the ED staff simply named it as being involved." (p. 15) Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013, p. 25 and p. 15. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/DAWN2k11ED/DAWN2k11ED.pdf (Pulmonary Effects of Cannabis) "For physiological and pharmacological reasons,61 smoking cannabinoid herbals does not seem to have a similar health hazard profile as tobacco smoking, aside from the potential for bronchial irritation and bronchitis. Smoking cannabis was not associated with an increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ..." Source: Aggarwal, Sunil K., "Cannabinergic Pain Medicine: A Concise Clinical Primer and Survey of Randomized-controlled Trial Results," Clinical Journal of Pain (Philadelphia, PA: February 23, 2012), p. 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367503 (Cannabis Smoking and Pulmonary Function) "In this 20-year study of marijuana and pulmonary function, we confirmed the expected reductions in FEV1 [Forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration] and FVC [forced vital capacity] from tobacco use. In contrast, marijuana use was associated with higher FEV1 and FVC at the low levels of exposure typical for most marijuana users. With up to 7 joint-years of lifetime exposure (eg, 1 joint/d for 7 years or 1 joint/wk for 49 years), we found no evidence that increasing exposure to marijuana adversely affects pulmonary function. This association, however, was nonlinear: at higher exposure levels, we found a leveling off or even a reversal in this association, especially for FEV1. Although our sample contained insufficient numbers of heavy users to confirm a detrimental effect of very heavy marijuana use on pulmonary function, our findings suggest this possibility." Source: Pletcher, Mark J., et al., "Association Between Marijuana Exposure and Pulmonary Function Over 20 Years," Journal of the American Medical Association, Jan. 11, 2012, Vol. 307, No. 2, p. 177. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/22485/joc15154_173_181.pd... (Lung Cancer Risk from Cannabis Use) "Despite these findings, the small number of observational studies fail to demonstrate a clear association between marijuana smoking and diagnoses of lung cancer. Therefore, we must conclude that no convincing evidence exists for an association between marijuana smoking and lung cancer based on existing data. Nonetheless, certain logistic properties of marijuana smoking may increase the risk of carcinogenic exposure compared with conventional tobacco smoking, raising questions as to why observational studies have not demonstrated an association with lung cancer." Source: Mehra, Reena; Moore, Brent A.; Crothers, Kristina; Tetrault, Jeanette; Fiellin, David A., "The Association Between Marijuana Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Systemic Review," Archives of Internal Medicine, (Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, July 10, 2006), Vol. 166, p. 1365. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/INTEMED/5544/ira60005.pdf (Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma) "We found that moderate marijuana use was significantly associated with reduced risk of HNSCC [head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]. This association was consistent across different measures of marijuana use (marijuana use status, duration, and frequency of use). Diminished risk of HNSCC did not differ across tumor sites, or by HPV [human papillomavirus] 16 antibody status. Further, we observed that marijuana use modified the interaction between alcohol and cigarette smoking, resulting in a decreased HNSCC risk among moderate smokers and light drinkers, and attenuated risk among the heaviest smokers and drinkers." Source: Liang, Caihua; McClean, Michael D.; Marsit, Carmen; Christensen, Brock; Peters, Edward; Nelson, Heather H.; Kelsey, Karl T, "A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Marijuana Use and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma," Cancer Research Prevention (New Milford, CT: American Association for Cancer Research, August 2009), p. 766. http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2009/07/2... (Cancer Risk from Marijuana Use) "Nonetheless, and contrary to our expectations, we found no positive associations between marijuana use and lung or UAT cancers. Although we observed positive dose-response relations of marijuana use to oral and laryngeal cancers in the crude analyses, the trend was no longer observed when adjusting for potential confounders, especially cigarette smoking. In fact, we observed ORs <1 for all cancers except for oral cancer, and a consistent monotonic association was not apparent for any outcome. Similar findings were found when the analyses were restricted to subjects who never smoked cigarettes. The 95% confidence intervals for the adjusted ORs did not extend far above 1 (e.g., were under 2 for marijuana and lung cancer), which suggests that associations of marijuana use with the study cancers are not strong and may be below detectable limits for this type of study." Source: Mia Hashibe, Hal Morgenstern, Yan Cui, Donald P. Tashkin, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Wendy Cozen, Thomas M. Mack, and Sander Greenland, "Marijuana Use and the Risk of Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers: Results of a Population-Based Case-Control Study," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (October 2006), p. 1833. http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/15/10/1829.full.pdf (Cannabis and Lung Cancer) "Despite several lines of evidence suggesting the biological plausibility of marijuana use being carcinogenic (1), it is possible that marijuana use does not increase cancer risk, as suggested in the recent commentary by Melamede (26). Although the adjusted ORs <1 may be chance findings, they were observed for all non-reference exposure categories with all outcomes except oral cancer. Although purely speculative, it is possible that such inverse associations may reflect a protective effect of marijuana. There is recent evidence from cell culture systems and animal models that 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, and other cannabinoids may inhibit the growth of some tumors by modulating key signaling pathways leading to growth arrest and cell death, as well as by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis (27-29). These antitumoral associations have been observed for several types of malignancies including brain, prostate, thyroid, lung, and breast." Source: Mia Hashibe, Hal Morgenstern, Yan Cui, Donald P. Tashkin, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Wendy Cozen, Thomas M. Mack, and Sander Greenland, "Marijuana Use and the Risk of Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers: Results of a Population-Based Case-Control Study," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (October 2006), p. 1833. http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/15/10/1829.full.pdf (Cannabis and Diabetes) "In the current study, we demonstrated that chronic cannabis smokers had relative visceral adiposity and adipose tissue insulin resistance but not hepatic steatosis, glucose insulin insensitivity, impaired pancreatic b-cell function, glucose intolerance, or dyslipidemia compared with age-, sex-, ethnicity-, and BMI-matched control individuals. Our study results suggest that chronic, daily cannabis use may have differential tissue-specific effects on insulin sensitivity, but these effects appear to have minimal impact on glucose or lipid metabolism." Source: Muniyappa, Ranganath, MD, PhD, et al., "Metabolic Effects of Chronic Cannabis Smoking," Diabetes Care, e-published before print on March 25, 2013. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2303. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT00428987, clinicaltrials.gov. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2013/03/20/dc12-2303.abst... (Cannabis and Diabetes) "Our analyses of adults aged 20-59 years in the NHANES [National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey] III database showed that participants who used marijuana had lower prevalence of DM [Diabetes Mellitus] and had lower odds of DM relative to non-marijuana users. We did not find an association between the use of marijuana and other chronic diseases, such as hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. This could be due to the smaller prevalence of stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure in the examined age group. "We noted the lowest prevalence of DM in current light marijuana users, with current heavy marijuana users and past users also having a lower prevalence of DM than non-marijuana users. The finding that past marijuana users had lower odds of prevalent DM than non-users suggests that early exposure to marijuana may affect the development of DM and a window of time of marijuana exposure earlier in life could be a factor to study. Similarly, our findings of a significant association between marijuana use and DM was only found in those aged $40 years suggest that the possibility of some protection from marijuana use may require many years before they become manifested. By contrast, it could reflect the increased prevalence of DM with age and the ability to detect an association with a lesser sample size when there is a greater cohort at risk for DM. The possible association of light marijuana use with decreased DM is similar to that of alcohol on DM and the metabolic syndrome, in which mild alcohol use was associated with lower prevalence of DM and the metabolic syndrome,14 15 and higher alcohol use associated with higher prevalence of DM and the metabolic syndrome.14 16" Source: Shaheen M, Norris KC, et al., "Decreased prevalence of diabetes in marijuana users: cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III." BMJ Open 2012;2:e000494. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000494. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000494.abstract?sid=e6812e62-c6ba-4d... (Cannabis Use and Diet) Marijuana use is associated with higher daily caloric intake. In the NHANES III and CARDIA study, heavy cannabis users had ;20% higher calorie intake than nonusers (25,26). The increase in calories was from higher intake of all macronutrients. Specifically, the frequency and amount of consumption of soda, cheese, salty snacks, pork, and alcohol was higher in cannabis users. Consistent with other studies, the quality of diets consumed by cannabis users was poor (27). Furthermore, the percent of daily calories derived from carbohydrates relatively rich in simple sugars was significantly higher in marijuana smokers. These findings are consistent with human and animal studies demonstrating that cannabinoids stimulate food intake, specifically highly palatable sweet-tasting foods (28). Cannabis smokers in our study exhibited characteristics typically observed in marijuana smokers in the general population." Source: Muniyappa, Ranganath, MD, PhD, et al., "Metabolic Effects of Chronic Cannabis Smoking," Diabetes Care, e-published before print on March 25, 2013. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2303. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT00428987, clinicaltrials.gov. Cannabis and Addiction (Cannabis and Dependence) "People who develop problems with marijuana may indeed be different from those who do not, but this phenomenon has been observed with other substances of abuse. A comparison with alcohol use and dependence provides a case in point. The great majority of Americans have tried alcohol and continue to drink alcoholic beverages regularly. However, only an estimated 10 to 15 percent of alcohol drinkers develop problems, and only some of these problem drinkers seek treatment. This is also true of those who have tried cocaine or heroin (Anthony, Warner, and Kessler, 1994). "That said, the experience of dependence on marijuana tends to be less severe than that observed with cocaine, opiates, and alcohol (Budney, 2006; Budney et al., 1998). On average, individuals with marijuana dependence meet fewer DSM dependence criteria; the withdrawal experience is not as dramatic; and the severity of the associated consequences is not as extreme. However, the apparently less severe nature of marijuana dependence does not necessarily mean that marijuana addiction is easier to overcome. Many factors besides a drug’s physiological effects—including availability, frequency and pattern of use, perception of harm, and cost—can contribute to cessation outcomes and the strength of addiction. The low cost of marijuana, the typical pattern of multiple daily use by those addicted, the less dramatic consequences, and ambivalence may increase the difficulty of quitting. Although determining the relative difficulty of quitting various substances of abuse is complex, the treatment literature reviewed here suggests that the experience of marijuana abusers rivals that of those addicted to other substances." Source: Budney A, Roffman R, Stephens R, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. 2007;4(1):4–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797098/ (Pharmacologic Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD)) "As research on pharmacological treatments for CUD continues, a few key findings are of note. First, cannabinoid agonists (nabilone, dronabinol in combination with lofexidine, and lofexidine alone), were the only drugs that decreased drug-taking in a human laboratory model of relapse, supporting the notion that agonist replacement and attenuation of noradrenergic activity show promise for relapse prevention. Although dronabinol alone failed to clinically reduce cannabis use, a higher dose might have been more effective. Further, that study was designed to evaluate the initiation of abstinence; dronabinol or the more bioavailable agonist nabilone, might have greater utility in the prevention of relapse [25•]. These studies also support further testing of lofexidine in combination with other drugs, and generally illustrate the utility that can be gained from combining medications. "Second, gabapentin and NAC were the only drugs tested in placebo-controlled clinical trials that decreased cannabis use (abstinence induction). Third, the ability of a drug to reduce cannabis withdrawal symptoms is not predictive of its ability to alter drug-taking behaviors (reduce use or prevent relapse). However, all the studies that reported positive changes in drug use also reported a reduction in withdrawal during early abstinence, suggesting that this feature is an important component of an efficacious medication." Source: Rebecca E. Balter, Ziva D. Cooper, and Margaret Haney, "Novel Pharmacologic Approaches to Treating Cannabis Use Disorder," Current Addiction Reports, March 1, 2014, DOI 10.1007/s40429-014-0011-1. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40429-014-0011-1 (Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) Definition and Symptoms) "CUD is defined in the DSM-5 as a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress occurring within a 12-month period as manifested by cannabinoid tolerance and withdrawal; increasing amounts of cannabis use over time; inability to control consumption; craving; and recurrent cannabis use having negative implications on social, professional and educational life [3]. Withdrawal symptoms usually appear approximately 24 hours after abstinence initiation, peak within two to six days and remit within two weeks [4]. Symptoms may include irritability, anger or aggression; nervousness or anxiety; sleep difficulty (insomnia, disturbing dreams); decreased appetite or weight loss; restlessness; depressed mood; or physical discomforts (abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, fever, chills or headache) [5, 6, 7•]. Withdrawal is diagnosed if at least three of these symptoms develop. A week after cessation of use, additional symptoms may appear such as fatigue, yawning, difficulty in concentration, and rebound periods of increased appetite or hypersomnia [3]." Source: Rebecca E. Balter, Ziva D. Cooper, and Margaret Haney, "Novel Pharmacologic Approaches to Treating Cannabis Use Disorder," Current Addiction Reports, March 1, 2014, DOI 10.1007/s40429-014-0011-1. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40429-014-0011-1 (Smoking Behavior and Potential for Developing Dependence on Cannabis) "Differences in cannabis smoking behaviour may also represent different risks for cannabis dependence independently of total THC exposure. Similar to cigarette smokers [16,21–24], cannabis smokers typically gradually decrease the puff volume and puff duration during the course of one joint, whereas puff velocity and interpuff interval gradually increase [20]. Interestingly, in a 2-year prospective study, nicotine dependence has been shown to develop more rapidly in tobacco smokers who smoke with stable or increasing puff volume and increasing puff duration ('atypical' smoking) [16]. One interpretation of this finding is that the risk of becoming nicotine-dependent is lower in smokers who reach nicotine saturation before the cigarette is finished and decrease their pace of smoking. If this mechanism also applies to cannabis smoking, one may expect that the risk for and the severity of cannabis dependence is associated with 'atypical' cannabis smoking." Source: Peggy van der Pol, Nienke Liebregts, Tibor Brunt, Jan van Amsterdam, Ron de Graaf, Dirk J. Korf, Wim van den Brink & Margriet van Laar, "Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: an ecological study," Addiction, March 16, 2014, doi:10.1111/add.12508. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12508/abstract (Medical Cannabis Patients and Other Drug Use) "Analysis of the demographic and social characteristics of a large sample of applicants seeking approval to use marijuana medically in California supports an interpretation of long term non problematic use by many who had first tried it as adolescents, and then either continued to use it or later resumed its use as adults. In general, they have used it at modest levels and in consistent patterns which anecdotally-often assisted their educational achievement, employment performance, and establishment of a more stable life-style. These data suggest that rather than acting as a gateway to other drugs, (which many had also tried), cannabis has been exerting a beneficial influence on most." Source: Thomas J O'Connell and Ché B Bou-Matar, "Long term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001–2007): demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants," Harm Reduction Journal, (November 2007). http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/pdf/1477-7517-4-16.pdf (High-Potency Cannabis and Potential For Developing Dependence) "This study among 98 experienced cannabis smokers is the first naturalistic study to examine whether users of cannabis with high THC concentration titrate the psychoactive effects by using lower doses and/or by reduced inhalation, and whether cannabis smoking behaviour (topography) predicts cannabis dependence severity independently of total THC exposure. "In contrast to our hypothesis, there was a positive association between cannabis THC concentration and cannabis dose, indicating that users of stronger cannabis generally used larger amounts of cannabis to prepare their regular joint. However, in line with our hypothesis, the negative association between THC concentration of joints and total inhaled smoke volume indicates that users of stronger joints inhaled smaller smoke volumes, thus resulting in partial titration of the total THC exposure. Overall, as exemplified by the comparison of the average user with the user with the maximum THC concentration, users of high-potency cannabis will generally be exposed to higher total doses of THC (at least in this sample). This is in line with Cappell et al.’s observations through a one-way mirror experiment in 1973 where users only partly adapted their intake [14]. Indeed, increased THC concentrations of cannabis have recently been linked to increased internal THC exposure assessed in blood [28]." Source: Peggy van der Pol, Nienke Liebregts, Tibor Brunt, Jan van Amsterdam, Ron de Graaf, Dirk J. Korf, Wim van den Brink & Margriet van Laar, "Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: an ecological study," Addiction, March 16, 2014, doi:10.1111/add.12508. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12508/abstract (High-Potency Cannabis and Titration of Dosage Among Experienced Users) "Although experienced young adult cannabis users with a preference for stronger joints titrated their THC exposure to some extent by inhaling less smoke, in general more potent cannabis was used in higher dosages leading to a higher THC exposure compared to users preferring lower potency cannabis. None the less, in our population of frequent cannabis users, total THC exposure was only a weak predictor of dependence severity, and did not remain significant after adjustment for baseline dependence severity. However, cannabis smoking behaviours predicted cannabis dependence severity independently of baseline THC exposure and baseline cannabis dependence severity. As the amount of explained variance was low, due possibly to the multifactorial aetiology of dependence, future studies should include other predictors, such as genetic variations, early traumatic experiences and — most importantly — time-dependent variables representing the dynamic nature of personal and dependence development. Meanwhile, smoking variables, such as smoking topography and completely finishing high-dose/high-potent joints in one smoking session, may be helpful to identify people at risk of escalating cannabis dependence severity." Source: Peggy van der Pol, Nienke Liebregts, Tibor Brunt, Jan van Amsterdam, Ron de Graaf, Dirk J. Korf, Wim van den Brink & Margriet van Laar, "Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: an ecological study," Addiction, March 16, 2014, doi:10.1111/add.12508. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.12508/abstract (Cannabinoid Withdrawal) "The withdrawal syndrome associated with dronabinol, the API [Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient] in Marinol®, produces symptoms in humans such as restlessness, irritability, mild agitation, anxiety, anger, insomnia, sleep EEG disturbances, nausea, decreased appetite, and decreased weight. Since a withdrawal syndrome is indicative of physical dependence, it is reasonable to conclude that generic dronabinol products (both naturally-derived [from the cannabis plant] or synthetically produced, and in hard or soft gelatin capsules) in sesame oil, will also produce physical dependence similar to those produced by Marinol®." Source: Federal Register, "Listing of Approved Drug Products Containing Dronabinol in Schedule III," Vol. 75, No. 210, Monday, November 1, 2010, pp. 67054 to 67059. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/018651s025s026l... (Marinol Withdrawal) "An abstinence syndrome has been reported after the abrupt discontinuation of dronabinol [Marinol®] in volunteers receiving dosages of 210 mg/day for 12 to 16 consecutive days. Within 12 hours after discontinuation, these volunteers manifested symptoms such as irritability, insomnia, and restlessness. By approximately 24 hours post-dronabinol discontinuation, withdrawal symptoms intensified to include 'hot flashes', sweating, rhinorrhea, loose stools, hiccoughs and anorexia. "These withdrawal symptoms gradually dissipated over the next 48 hours. Electroencephalographic changes consistent with the effects of drug withdrawal (hyperexcitation) were recorded in patients after abrupt dechallenge. Patients also complained of disturbed sleep for several weeks after discontinuing therapy with high dosages of dronabinol." Source: (Marijuana Use as a Gateway to Other Drug Use) "There is no conclusive evidence that the drug effects of marijuana are causally linked to the subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs." Source: Janet E. Joy, Stanley J. Watson, Jr., and John A Benson, Jr., "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base," Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, Institute of Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999), p. 6. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309071550&page=6 (Patterns in Progression of Drug Use) "Patterns in progression of drug use from adolescence to adulthood are strikingly regular. Because it is the most widely used illicit drug, marijuana is predictably the first illicit drug most people encounter. Not surprisingly, most users of other illicit drugs have used marijuana first. In fact, most drug users begin with alcohol and nicotine before marijuana, usually before they are of legal age." Source: Janet E. Joy, Stanley J. Watson, Jr., and John A Benson, Jr., "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base," Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, Institute of Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999), p. 99. Marijuana Use, Cognition and IQ (Effect of Marijuana Use by Adolescents on Cognition and IQ Development) "In line with previous work, we found that cannabis users had lower teenage IQ scores and poorer educational performance than teenagers who had never used cannabis. At the same time, cannabis users also had higher rates of childhood behavioural problems, childhood depressive symptoms, other substance use (including use of cigarettes and alcohol) and maternal use of cannabis during pregnancy. After adjustment to account for these group differences, cannabis use by the age of 15 did not predict either lower teenage IQ scores or poorer educational performance. These findings therefore suggest that cannabis use at the modest levels used by this sample of teenagers is not by itself causally related to cognitive impairment. Instead, our findings imply that previously reported associations between adolescent cannabis use and poorer intellectual and educational outcomes may be confounded to a significant degree by related factors." Source: C Mokrysz, R Landy, SH Gage, MR Munafò, JP Roiser, and HV Curran, "Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study," Journal of Psychopharmacology, 0269881115622241, first published on January 6, 2016 doi:10.1177/0269881115622241 http://jop.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/06/0269881115622241.abstrac... (Effect of Marijuana Use by Adolescents on Cognition and IQ) "In summary, the notion that cannabis use itself is causally related to lower IQ and poorer educational performance was not supported in this large teenage sample. However, this study indeed has limitations, in particular the young age of outcome assessment. While we have demonstrated that confounding may be an explanation for links between cannabis use and poorer outcomes, large prospective cohorts tracking young people prior to, during and after stopping cannabis use, using more objective measures of drug use (e.g. the new NIH-funded ‘ABCD study’ in the United States; National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2015) are required before we can make strong conclusions. Cigarette smoking in particular has once again (Hooper et al., 2014; McCaffrey et al., 2010; Silins et al., 2014; Stiby et al., 2014) been highlighted as an important factor in adolescent outcomes, as well as a robust independent predictor of educational performance, and the reasons for this need to be elucidated." Source: C Mokrysz, R Landy, SH Gage, MR Munafò, JP Roiser, and HV Curran, "Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study," Journal of Psychopharmacology, 0269881115622241, first published on January 6, 2016 doi:10.1177/0269881115622241 http://jop.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/06/0269881115622241.abstrac... (Effect of Cannabis Use by Adolescents on Cognition and IQ and the Potential Influence of Tobacco) "Compared with those in our sample who had never tried cannabis, teenagers who had used cannabis at least 50 times were 17 times more likely (84% vs. 5%) to have smoked cigarettes more than 20 times in their lifetime. Accounting for group differences in cigarette smoking dramatically attenuated the associations between cannabis use and both IQ and educational performance. Further, even after excluding those who had never tried cannabis, cigarette users were found to have lower educational performance (adjusted performance 2.9 percentage points lower, approximately equivalent to dropping two grades on one subject taken at GCSE) relative to those who had never tried cigarettes. A relationship between cigarette use and poorer cognitive (Chamberlain et al., 2012; Hooper et al., 2014; Weiser et al., 2010; Whalley et al., 2005) and educational (McCaffrey et al., 2010; Silins et al., 2014; Stiby et al., 2014) outcomes has been noted previously, and may have a number of explanations. Cigarette use may have a negative impact on cognitive ability. However, this is not supported by the experimental psychopharmacology literature, which robustly shows that acute nicotine administration results in transient cognitive enhancement (Heishman et al., 2010). Alternatively, reverse causality may contribute to this relationship, for example performing poorly at school may lead to increased engagement in risky behaviours such as cigarette smoking. Further, residual confounding may contribute to this link: cigarette smoking may be a marker of unmeasured factors, for example social adversity during adolescence, that influence both IQ and educational attainment." Source: C Mokrysz, R Landy, SH Gage, MR Munafò, JP Roiser, and HV Curran, "Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study," Journal of Psychopharmacology, 0269881115622241, first published on January 6, 2016 doi:10.1177/0269881115622241 http://jop.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/06/0269881115622241.abstrac... (IQ Decline Among Adolescent-Onset Marijuana Users) "In the present study, the most persistent adolescent-onset cannabis users evidenced an average 8-point IQ decline from childhood to adulthood. Quitting, however, may have beneficial effects, preventing additional impairment for adolescent-onset users. Prevention and policy efforts should focus on delivering to the public the message that cannabis use during adolescence can have harmful effects on neuropsychological functioning, delaying the onset of cannabis use at least until adulthood, and encouraging cessation of cannabis use particularly for those who began using cannabis in adolescence." Source: Madeline H. Meier, Avshalom Caspi, Antony Ambler, HonaLee Harrington, Renate Houts, Richard S. E. Keefe, Kay McDonald, Aimee Ward, Richie Poulton, and Terrie E. Moffitt, "Persistent Cannabis Users Show Neuropsychological Decline from Childhood to Midlife, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1206820109 , 2012, p. 6. (Marijuana Use and IQ) "Although the heavy current users experienced a decrease in IQ score, their scores were still above average at the young adult assessment (mean 105.1). If we had not assessed preteen IQ, these subjects would have appeared to be functioning normally. Only with knowledge of the change in IQ score does the negative impact of current heavy use become apparent." Source: Fried, Peter, Barbara Watkinson, Deborah James, and Robert Gray, "Current and former marijuana use: preliminary findings of a longitudinal study of effects on IQ in young adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal, April 2, 2002, 166(7), p. 890. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC100921/pdf/20020402s00015p88... (Cannabis and Cognition) "The results of our meta-analytic study failed to reveal a substantial, systematic effect of long-term, regular cannabis consumption on the neurocognitive functioning of users who were not acutely intoxicated. For six of the eight neurocognitive ability areas that were surveyed. the confidence intervals for the average effect sizes across studies overlapped zero in each instance, indicating that the effect size could not be distinguished from zero. The two exceptions were in the domains of learning and forgetting." Source: Grant, Igor, et al., "Non-Acute (Residual) Neurocognitive Effects Of Cannabis Use: A Meta-Analytic Study," Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (Cambridge University Press: July 2003), 9, p. 685. http://www.csdp.org/research/348art2003.pdf (Marijuana Use and Cognition) "In conclusion, our meta-analysis of studies that have attempted to address the question of longer term neurocognitive disturbance in moderate and heavy cannabis users has failed to demonstrate a substantial, systematic, and detrimental effect of cannabis use on neuropsychological performance. It was surprising to find such few and small effects given that most of the potential biases inherent in our analyses actually increased the likelihood of finding a cannabis effect." Source: Grant, Igor, et al., "Non-Acute (Residual) Neurocognitive Effects Of Cannabis Use: A Meta-Analytic Study," Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (Cambridge University Press: July 2003), 9, p. 687. http://www.csdp.org/research/348art2003.pdf (Cognitive Deficit Among Adolescent-Onset Marijuana Users) "Our findings suggest that regular cannabis use before age 18 y predicts impairment, but others have found effects only for younger ages (10, 15). Given that the brain undergoes dynamic changes from the onset of puberty through early adulthood (37, 38), this developmental period should be the focus of future research on the age(s) at which harm occurs." Source: Madeline H. Meier, Avshalom Caspi, Antony Ambler, HonaLee Harrington, Renate Houts, Richard S. E. Keefe, Kay McDonald, Aimee Ward, Richie Poulton, and Terrie E. Moffitt, "Persistent Cannabis Users Show Neuropsychological Decline from Childhood to Midlife, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1206820109 , 2012, p. 1. (Cannabis and Memory) "Nevertheless, when considering all 15 studies (i.e., those that met both strict and more relaxed criteria) we only noted that regular cannabis users performed worse on memory tests, but that the magnitude of the effect was very small. The small magnitude of effect sizes from observations of chronic users of cannabis suggests that cannabis compounds, if found to have therapeutic value, should have a good margin of safety from a neurocognitive standpoint under the more limited conditions of exposure that would likely obtain in a medical setting." Source: Grant, Igor, et al., "Non-Acute (Residual) Neurocognitive Effects Of Cannabis Use: A Meta-Analytic Study," Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (Cambridge University Press: July 2003), 9, pp. 687-8. http://www.csdp.org/research/348art2003.pdf (Marijuana Use and Cognition) "Current marijuana use had a negative effect on global IQ score only in subjects who smoked 5 or more joints per week. A negative effect was not observed among subjects who had previously been heavy users but were no longer using the substance. We conclude that marijuana does not have a long-term negative impact on global intelligence. Whether the absence of a residual marijuana effect would also be evident in more specific cognitive domains such as memory and attention remains to be ascertained." Source: Fried, Peter, Barbara Watkinson, Deborah James, and Robert Gray, "Current and former marijuana use: preliminary findings of a longitudinal study of effects on IQ in young adults," Canadian Medical Association Journal, April 2, 2002, 166(7), p. 887. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC100921/pdf/20020402s00015p88... (Marijuana Use and Cognition) "Other studies have found short term residual effects of cannabis use on memory and cognition (34, 35) that are more severe among women (36) and heavy users (37). However, our data suggest that over the long term cannabis use is not associated with greater declines in cognition among men, women, or heavy users. The study design we used included several of the features proposed by Pope et al. (34) as critical to addressing the long term effects of cannabis on cognition: naturalistic follow-up, a large sample size, a population basis, comparison of light cannabis use with heavy use, and the construction of models accounting for the effects of gender and use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. Therefore, these results would seem to provide strong evidence of the absence of a long term residual effect of cannabis use on cognition." Source: Constantine G. Lyketsos, Elizabeth Garrett, Kung-Yee Liang, and James C. Anthony. (1999). "Cannabis Use and Cognitive Decline in Persons under 65 Years of Age," American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 149, No. 9. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/149/9/794.full.pdf (Marijuana Use and Memory) "These results can be interpreted in several ways. A statistically reliable negative effect was observed in the domain of learning and forgetting, suggesting that chronic long-term cannabis use results in a selective memory defect. While the results are compatible with this conclusion, the effect size for both domains was of a very small magnitude. The "real life" impact of such a small and selective effect is questionable. In addition, it is important to note that most users across studies had histories of heavy longterm cannabis consumption. Therefore, these findings are not likely to generalize to more limited administration of cannabis compounds, as would be seen in a medical setting." Source: Grant, Igor, et al., "Non-Acute (Residual) Neurocognitive Effects Of Cannabis Use: A Meta-Analytic Study," Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (Cambridge University Press: July 2003), 9, p. 686. http://www.csdp.org/research/348art2003.pdf (Psychological Effects of Cannabis Compared With Exercise) "The [endo] cannabinoids produce psychological states that closely parallel several experiences described as being related to the runner’s high. Compared with the opioid analgesics, the analgesia produced by the endocannabinoid system is more consistent with exercise induced analgesia. Activation of the endocannabinoid system also produces sedation, anxiolysis, a sense of wellbeing, reduced attentional capacity, impaired working memory ability, and difficulty in time estimation. This behavioural profile is similar to the psychological experiences reported by long distance runners." Source: Dietrich, A and McDaniel, W, "Endocannabinoids and exercise," British Journal of Sports Medicine (Middlesex, United Kingdom: British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, October 2004), Volume 38, pp. 539-540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724924/pdf/v038p00536.pdf (Marijuana Use and "Amotivational Syndrome") "One of the major concerns about the psychological effects of chronic heavy cannabis use has been that it impairs adult motivation. The evidence for an 'amotivational syndrome' among adults consists largely of case histories and observational reports (e.g. Kolansky and Moore, 1971; Millman and Sbriglio, 1986). The small number of controlled field and laboratory studies have not found compelling evidence for such a syndrome (Dornbush, 1974; Negrete, 1983; Hollister, 1986). The evidential value of the field studies is limited by their small sample sizes, and the limited sociodemographic characteristics of their samples, while the evidential value of the laboratory studies is limited by the short periods of drug use, the youthful good health of the volunteers, and minimal demands made on volunteers in the laboratory (Cohen, 1982). Some regular cannabis users report a loss of ambition and impaired school and occupational performance as adverse effects of their use (e.g. Hendin et al, 1987) and that some ex-cannabis users give impaired occupational performance as a reason for stopping (Jones, 1984). Nonetheless, it is doubtful that cannabis use produces a well defined amotivational syndrome. It may be more parsimonious to regard the symptoms of impaired motivation as symptoms of chronic cannabis intoxication rather than inventing a new psychiatric syndrome." Source: Hall, W., Room, R. & Bondy, S., WHO Project on Health Implications of Cannabis Use: A Comparative Appraisal of the Health and Psychological Consequences of Alcohol, Cannabis, Nicotine and Opiate Use, August 28, 1995 (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, March 1998). http://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/hemp/general/who-probable.htm Cannabis, Schizophrenia, and Psychosis (Overall Psychological Safety of Cannabis) "A review of the literature suggests that the majority of cannabis users, who use the drug occasionally rather than on a daily basis, will not suffer any lasting physical or mental harm. Conversely, as with other 'recreational' drugs, there will be some who suffer adverse consequences from their use of cannabis. Some individuals who have psychotic thought tendencies might risk precipitating psychotic illness. Those who consume large doses of the drug on a regular basis are likely to have lower educational achievement and lower income, and may suffer physical damage to the airways. They also run a significant risk of becoming dependent upon continuing use of the drug. There is little evidence, however, that these adverse effects persist after drug use stops or that any direct cause and effect relationships are involved." Source: Iversen, Leslie L., PhD, FRS, "Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Cannabis," Current Opinion in Pharmacology, Feb. 2005, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661628 (Cannabis and Psychotic Experiences) "This 10 year follow-up study showed that incident cannabis use significantly increased the risk of incident psychotic experiences. The association was independent of age, sex, socioeconomic status, use of other drugs, urban/rural environment, and childhood trauma; additional adjustment for other psychiatric diagnoses similarly did not change the results. There was no evidence for self medication effects as psychotic experiences did not predict later cannabis use. The results thus help to clarify the temporal association between cannabis use and psychotic experiences by systematically addressing the issue of reverse causality, given that the long follow-up period allowed exclusion of all individuals with pre-existing psychotic experiences or pre-existing cannabis use. In addition, cannabis use was confirmed as an environmental risk factor impacting on the risk of persistence of psychotic experiences (fig 3)." Source: Keupper, Rebecca, van Os, Jim, et al., "Continued Cannabis Use and Risk of Incidence and Persistence of Psychotic Symptoms: 10-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study, British Medical Journal, 2011;342:d738 doi:10.1136/bmj.d738 (Cannabis and Diagnoses of Schizophrenia and Psychoses) "In terms of the model set out in the Introduction, the expected rise in diagnoses of schizophrenia and psychoses did not occur over a 10 year period. This study does not therefore support the specific causal link between cannabis use and the incidence of psychotic disorders based on the 3 assumptions described in the Introduction. This concurs with other reports indicating that increases in population cannabis use have not been followed by increases in psychotic incidence (Macleod et al., 2006; Arsenault et al., 2004; Rey and Tennant, 2002). However, it is not in line with findings of a rise in first admission rates for psychotic disorders among young people in Zurich following increases in cannabis availability and consumption (Ajdacic-Gross et al., 2007). One factor involved in this discrepancy may be the potency of the cannabis consumed, which varies considerably within Europe (EMCDDA, 2008). In addition, a Netherlands study found that high-potency cannabis obtained from ‘coffee shops’ led to higher levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the blood, with young males aged 18–45 at particular risk for excessive consumption (Mensinga et al., 2006)." Source: Frisher, Martin; Crome, Ilana; Orsolina, Martino; and Croft, Peter, "Assessing the impact of cannabis use on trends in diagnosed schizophrenia in the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2005," Schizophrenia Research (Nashville, Tennessee: Schizophrenia International Research Society, September 2009) Vol. 113, Issue 2, p. 126. http://www.ukcia.org/research/keele_study/Assessing-the-impact-of-cannab... (Cannabis and Psychosis) "Although individual lifetime risk of chronic psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, even in people who use cannabis regularly, is likely to be low (less than 3%), cannabis use can be expected to have a substantial effect on psychotic disorders at a population level because exposure to this drug is so common." Source: Moore, Theresa H M; Zammit, Stanley; Lingford-Hughes, Anne; Barnes, Thomas R E; Jones, Peter B; Burke, Margaret; Lewis, Glyn, "Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or aff ective mental health outcomes: a systematic review," The Lancet (London, United Kingdom: July 28, 2007) Vol 370, p. 327. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2807%2961... (Cannabis and Psychosis) "First, the use of cannabis and rates of psychotic symptoms were related to each other, independently of observed/non-observed fixed covariates and observed time dynamic factors (Table 2). Secondly, the results of structural equation modeling suggest that the direction of causation is that the use of cannabis leads to increases in levels of psychotic symptoms rather than psychotic symptoms increasing the use of cannabis. Indeed, there is a suggestion from the model results that increases in psychotic symptoms may inhibit the use of cannabis." Source: Fergusson, David M., John Horwood & Elizabeth M. Ridder, "Tests of Causal Linkages Between Cannabis Use and Psychotic Symptoms," Addiction, Vol. 100, No. 3, March 2005, p. 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15733249 (Cannabis and Psychosis) "The lead researcher in the Christchurch study, Professor David Fergusson, said the role of cannabis in psychosis was not sufficient on its own to guide legislation. 'The result suggests heavy use can result in adverse side-effects,' he said. 'That can occur with ( heavy use of ) any substance. It can occur with milk.' Fergusson's research, released this month, concluded that heavy cannabis smokers were 1.5 times more likely to suffer symptoms of psychosis that non-users. The study was the latest in several reports based on a cohort of about 1000 people born in Christchurch over a four-month period in 1977. An effective way to deal with cannabis use would be to incrementally reduce penalties and carefully evaluate its impact, Fergusson said. 'Reduce the penalty, like a parking fine. You could then monitor ( the impact ) after five or six years. If it did not change, you might want to take another step.' Source: Bleakley, Louise, "NZ Study Used in UK Drug Review," The Press (Christchurch, New Zealand: March 22, 2005), from the web at http://www.mapinc.org/newscsdp/v05/n490/a08.html , last accessed October 3, 2011. (Marijuana Use and Violent Behavior) "Laboratory studies also find no link between THC intoxication and violence. Most people who ingest THC before performing a competitive task in the laboratory do not show more aggression than people who receive placebos; occasionally they show decreased hostility. Numerous scientific panels sponsored by various governments invariably report that marijuana does not lead to violence.(751)" Source: Carter, Gregory T.; Earleywine, Mitchell; McGill, Jason T., "Exhibit B: Statement of Grounds," Rulemaking petition to reclassify cannabis for medical use from a Schedule I controlled substance to a Schedule II (Office of Lincoln D. Chafee, Governor Rhode Island and Office of Christine O. Gregoire, Governor of Washington: Letter to Michelle Leonhard, Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, November 30, 2011), p. 38. http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/chaffee.pdf Young People and Marijuana (Vulnerability of Teens to Effects of Drugs) "The teen brain is a work in progress, making it more vulnerable than the mature brain to the physical effects of drugs. The potential for developing substance abuse and dependence is substantially greater when an individual’s first exposure to alcohol, nicotine and illicit drugs occurs during adolescence than in adulthood." Source: Steinberg, L., Distinguished University Professor and Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Temple University and author of You and Your Adolescent: The Essential guide for ages 10 to 25 (personal communication, June 9, 2011), as quoted in "Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem," The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (New York, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, June 2011), p. 13. http://www.casacolumbia.org/addiction-research/reports/adolescent-substa... (Early Use of Marijuana) "The younger and more often teens use marijuana, the more likely they are to engage in other substance use and the higher their risk of developing a substance use disorder. Among high school students, 7.5 percent used marijuana for the first time before the age of 13. CASA’s analysis of national data finds that the average age of initiation of marijuana use among high school students is 14.3 years old. Compared to those who began using marijuana after age 21, those who first used it before age 15 are: More likely to have ever smoked a cigarette (93.3 percent vs. 86.4 percent); More than twice as likely to have ever misused controlled prescription drugs (56.5 percent vs. 22.9 percent); and Two and a half times as likely to have ever used other illicit drugs (70.2 percent vs. 27.8 percent)." Source: "Adolescent Substance Abuse: America's #1 Public Health Problem," National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, June 2011, p. 27. http://www.casacolumbia.org/addiction-research/reports/adolescent-substa... (Prevalence and Perceived Risk of Marijuana Use) "Marijuana use, which had been rising among teens for the past four years, continued to rise in 2011 in all prevalence periods for 10th and 12th graders; but in 2012 these increases halted. The recent rise in use stood in stark contrast to the long, gradual decline that had been occurring over the preceding decade. (Although use among 8th graders had been rising, annual prevalence decreased after 2010.) It is relevant that perceived risk for marijuana has been falling for the past six years, and disapproval declined for the past three to four years. These changes would normally portend a further increase in use." Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2013). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2012. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, p. 5. (Marijuana Use vs. Tobacco Use) "High school students are more likely to use marijuana than to smoke cigarettes. High school students are: " More likely to have tried marijuana than tobacco (24 percent vs. 15 percent); and " More likely to say their close friends use marijuana than smoke cigarettes (51 percent vs. 39 percent)." Source: QEV Analytics, LTD., "National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse XVII: Teens," The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (New York, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, August 2012), p. 30. http://www.casacolumbia.org/addiction-research/reports/national-survey-a... (Marijuana Use by Peers and Perception of Harm) "Teens also say they are seeing more peers in school smoking marijuana and more teens (73 percent) report having friends who smoke marijuana regularly (71 percent) – significantly higher than four years ago. Since 2008, there have also been significant declines in teen perceptions that they will lose respect, harm themselves, or mess up their lives if they use marijuana." Source: "The Partnership Attitude Tracking Study: 2011 Parents and Teens Full Report," MetLife Foundation and The Partnership at Drugfree.org (New York, NY: May 2, 2012), p. 7. http://www.drugfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/PATS-FULL-Report-FINA... (12th Graders and Attitudes Toward Legalizing Marijuana) "Despite the fact that many 12th graders in 2011 reported ever having used marijuana themselves (46%), and many do not judge it to be as dangerous as other drugs, nearly two-thirds (64%) favor legally prohibiting marijuana use in public places. Only about one-third (34%) favor prohibiting marijuana use in private, however." Note: Only 34% of 12th graders favored prohibiting marijuana use in private, and 39.2% agreed that using marijuana should be entirely legal. Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E., Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2011: Volume I, Secondary school students," Institute for Social Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan, 2012), p. 377 and Table 8-8, p. 393. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol1_2011.pdf (Disapproval of Marijuana Use Among Youth in the US) "The proportion of students seeing great risk from using marijuana regularly fell during the rise in use in the 1970s, and again during the subsequent rise in the 1990s. Indeed, at 10th and 12th grades, perceived risk declined a year before use rose in the upturn of the 1990s, making perceived risk a leading indicator of change in use. (The same may have happened at 8th grade as well, but we lack data starting early enough to know.) The decline in perceived risk halted in 1996 in 8th and 10th grades; the increases in use ended a year or two later, again making perceived risk a leading indicator. From 1996 to 2000, perceived risk held fairly steady and the decline in use in the upper grades stalled. After some decline prior to 2002, perceived risk increased in all grades through 2004 as use decreased. Perceived risk fell after 2004 and 2005 in 8th and 12th grades respectively, (and since 2008 in 10th grade) presaging the more recent increase in use. In 2011 perceived risk continued to decline in grades 10 and 12 and leveled in grade 8." Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2012). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2011. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, p. 12. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k11Results/NSDUHresults2011.pdf (Support for Legalized Sale of Marijuana in the US Among Youth, 2011) "Asked whether they thought it should be legal to sell marijuana if it were legal to use it, about three in five (62%) said 'yes.' However, about 80% of those answering 'yes' (51% of all respondents) would permit sale only to adults. A small minority (11%) favored the sale to anyone, regardless of age, while 28% said that sale should not be legal even if use were made legal, and 10% said they 'don’t know.'" Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E., Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2011: Volume I, Secondary school students," Institute for Social Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan, 2012), p. 379. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol1_2011.pdf (Adolescent Motivation) "The apparent strength of these relationships in cross-sectional studies (e.g. Kandel, 1984) has been exaggerated because those adolescents who are most likely to use cannabis have lower academic aspirations and poorer high school performance prior to using cannabis than their peers who do not (Newcombe and Bentler, 1988). It remains possible that factors other than the marijuana use account for apparent causal relations. To the extent they may exist, these adverse effects of cannabis and other drug use upon development over and above the effect of pre-existing nonconformity may cascade throughout young adult life, affecting choice of occupation, level of income, choice of mate, and the quality of life of the user and his or her children." Source: Hall, W., Room, R., & Bondy, S., WHO Project on Health Implications of Cannabis Use: A Comparative Appraisal of the Health and Psychological Consequences of Alcohol, Cannabis, Nicotine and Opiate Use August 28, 1995 (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998). http://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/hemp/general/who-probable.htm Other Specific Research Findings on Cannabis and Driving (Thresholds for Serum THC Level Compared With Blood Alcohol Content) "Risk thresholds could be formulated only for THC which was the most prevalent illicit drug in the general driving population and in injured/killed drivers. The prevalence of THC across all countries that participated in DRUID is 1.37%. This is about one third of the alcohol prevalence. The epidemiological, the experimental and the meta-analytical approaches result in rather low risk estimations. Epidemiological case-control studies assess at maximum a 2.4-fold risk for injury, experimental studies and meta-analysis rank the risk between 0.5 and 2 times than that of sober driving. So THC seems to be much less impairing and risky than most of the other examined substances. Although a relationship between THC concentration and accident risk was found in the epidemiological studies, it was only possible to set an exact THC cut-off by a meta-analysis of experimental studies. Thereby it was found that the serum concentration of 3.8ng/mL THC (≈2ng/mL in whole blood) causes the same amount of impairment as 0.5g/L alcohol. This value could be an empirical basis for a threshold discussion. The meta-analysis could also be used to define limits comparable to lower BAC levels." Source: Schulze, Horst, et al., "DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines) Final Report: Work performed, main results and recommendations," Project Funded by the European Commission under the Transport RTD Programme of the 6th Framework Program, Project No: TREN-05-FP6TR-S07.61320-518404-DRUID (Federal Highway Research Institute, Germany, Aug. 1, 2012), p. 84. http://www.druid-project.eu/Druid/EN/Dissemination/downloads_and_links/F... (Marijuana, Alcohol, and Driving) "As with cannabis, alcohol use increased variability in lane position and headway (Casswell, 1979; Ramaekers et al., 2000; Smiley et al., 1981; Stein et al., 1983) but caused faster speeds (Casswell, 1977; Krueger & Vollrath, 2000; Peck et al., 1986; Smiley et al., 1987; Stein et al., 1983). Some studies also showed that alcohol use alone and in combination with cannabis affected visual search behavior (Lamers & Ramaekers, 2001; Moskowitz, Ziedman, & Sharma, 1976). Alcohol consumption combined with cannabis use also worsened driver performance relative to use of either substance alone. Lane position and headway variability were more exaggerated (Attwood et al., 1981; Ramaekers et al., 2000; Robbe, 1998) and speeds were faster (Peck et al., 1986). "Both simulator and road studies showed that relative to alcohol use alone, participants who used cannabis alone or in combination with alcohol were more aware of their intoxication. Robbe (1998) found that participants who consumed 100 g/kg of cannabis rated their performance worse and the amount of effort required greater compared to those who consumed alcohol (0.05 BAC). Ramaekers et al. (2000) showed that cannabis use alone and in combination with alcohol consumption increased self-ratings of intoxication and decreased self-ratings of performance. Lamers and Ramaekers (2001) found that cannabis use alone (100 g/kg) and in combination with alcohol consumption resulted in lower ratings of alertness, greater perceptions of effort, and worse ratings of performance." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues, Dec. 2004, pp. 978. (Cannabis Use and Motor Vehicle Accident Risk) "Our primary analysis looked at the risk of a motor vehicle collision while under the influence of cannabis and included all nine studies (relating to 49 411 participants). The pooled risk of a motor vehicle collision while driving under the influence of cannabis was almost twice the risk while driving unimpaired (odds ratio 1.92 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 2.73); P=0.0003); we noted heterogeneity among the individual study effects (I2=81%). "We also assessed culpability and non-culpability studies separately and explored differences between motor vehicle collisions resulting in deaths and non-fatal injuries. Meta-analyses on subgroups of studies explored the potential effect of specific features related to study design and potential biases: case-control studies versus culpability studies, fatal collisions versus non-fatal collisions, and high quality studies versus medium quality studies (fig 3⇓). "High quality studies had a pooled odds ratio that was higher than that for medium quality studies, although both results showed a significant association at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, case-control studies (2.79 (1.23 to 6.33); P=0.01) estimated the effect of cannabis use on crash risk to be higher than that estimated by culpability studies (1.65 (1.11 to 2.46); P=0.07). Studies of fatal collisions (2.10 (1.31 to 3.36); P=0.002) had a pooled odds ratio that was statistically significant, but studies of non-fatal collisions (1.74 (0.88 to 3.46); P=0.11) did not show significant results. "In all studies assessing cannabis use in conjunction with alcohol, the estimated odds ratio for cannabis and alcohol combined was higher than for cannabis use alone, suggesting the presence of a synergistic effect." Source: Asbridge, Mark, et al., "Acute Cannabis Consumption and Motor Vehicle Collision Risk: Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Meta-analysis," British Medical Journal, 2012;344:e536 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e536 (Published 9 February 2012). http://www.bmj.com/highwire/filestream/566209/field_highwire_article_pdf... (Estimated Prevalence Of Substance Use Among Drivers In Fatal Auto Accidents) "Overall, 23,591 (90.9%) of the 25,951 drivers who died within 1 hour of a crash in these 6 states underwent toxicological testing. Drivers who were tested for drugs were similar in crash circumstances to those who were not tested, but they appeared to be slightly younger (mean age = 39.4 (standard deviation, 19.4) years vs. 43.4 (standard deviation, 27.7) years), more likely to be male (77.7% vs. 75.8%), more likely to be involved in nighttime crashes (51.4% vs. 47.0%), and more likely to have been involved in a crash in the previous 3 years (15.7% vs. 13.9%) than those who were not tested. "Of the 23,591 drivers tested, 39.7% were positive for alcohol, and 24.8% tested positive for other drugs. The prevalence of alcohol involvement was stable at approximately 39% from 1999 to 2010 (Z = −1.4, P = 0.16). Alcohol involvement was more prevalent in men (43.6%) than in women (26.1%), but trends were stable for both sexes (Table 1). In contrast, the prevalence of nonalcohol drugs showed a statistically significant increasing trend over the study period, rising from 16.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.8, 18.4) in 1999 to 28.3% (95% CI: 26.0, 30.7) in 2010 (Z = −10.19, P < 0.0001). The prevalence rates of non-alcohol drugs and 2 or more nonalcohol drugs increased significantly over the study period in both sexes (Table 1). The prevalence of nonalcohol drug use increased significantly across all age groups (Figure 1)." Source: Joanne E. Brady and Guohua Li. "Trends in Alcohol and Other Drugs Detected in Fatally Injured Drivers in the United States, 1999–2010." American Journal of Epidemiology. (2014) 179 (6): 692-699. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt327. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/6/692 (Cannabis Use, Alcohol Use, Smartphone Use, and Accident Risk) "Although for the mobile phone conversation and cannabis studies the reaction times were slightly different, they were still comparable. The same visual stimulus was used and was presented in the same visual scene. When reaction times under each condition were compared with the baseline reaction times measured, alcohol gave a 12.5% increase in reaction times, cannabis a 21% increase, a hands-free mobile phone conversation increased reaction times by 26.5%, texting by 37.4%, using a smartphone for social networking by 37.6% and using a mobile phone for a hand-held mobile phone conversation increased reaction times by 45.9% compared to the baseline condition. Thus, using a smartphone for social networking resulted in a greater impairment to reaction times than alcohol, cannabis, hand held mobile phone conversations and texting, but less than a hand held mobile conversation." Source: Basacik, D.; Reed N. & Robbins, R., "Smartphone use while driving: A simulator study," Institute of Advanced Motorists (London, United Kingdom: Transport Research Laboratory, 2011), pp. 37-38. http://www.iam.org.uk/images/stories/Policy_Research/PPR592_secure.pdf (Odds Of Involvement In Fatal Auto Accidents Associated With Use Of Various Substances) "The prevalence of drugs detected in cases was higher than in controls across the drug categories (Table 3). Marijuana, narcotics, stimulants, and depressants were each associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal crash involvement, with estimated odds ratios ranging from 1.83 for marijuana to 4.83 for depressants (Table 3). Polydrug use, defined as use of two or more non-alcohol drugs, was associated with a 3.4-fold increased risk of fatal crash involvement (Table 3). "About one-fifth (20.5%) of the cases tested positive for alcohol and one or more drugs, compared with 2.2% of the controls. Relative to drivers who tested positive for neither alcohol nor drugs, the estimated odds of fatal crash involvement increased over 13 folds for those who were alcohol-positive but drug-negative, more than two folds for those who were alcohol-negative but drug-positive, and 23 folds for those who were positive for both alcohol and drugs (Table 4)." Source: Guohua Li, Joanne E. Brady, and Qixuan Chen. Drug use and fatal motor vehicle crashes: A case-control study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 60 (2013) 205–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.001 . http://www.cuinjuryresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Li-et-al-AAP-... (Times for THC Absorption, Bioavailability, and Excretion) "Absorption is slower following the oral route of administration with lower, more delayed peak THC levels. Bioavailability is reduced following oral ingestion due to extensive first pass metabolism. Smoking marijuana results in rapid absorption with peak THC plasma concentrations occurring prior to the end of smoking. Concentrations vary depending on the potency of marijuana and the manner in which the drug is smoked, however, peak plasma concentrations of 100-200 ng/mL are routinely encountered. Plasma THC concentrations generally fall below 5 ng/mL less than 3 hours after smoking. THC is highly lipid soluble, and plasma and urinary elimination half-lives are best estimated at 3-4 days, where the rate-limiting step is the slow redistribution to plasma of THC sequestered in the tissues. Shorter half-lives are generally reported due to limited collection intervals and less sensitive analytical methods. Plasma THC concentrations in occasional users rapidly fall below limits of quantitation within 8 to 12 h. THC is rapidly and extensively metabolized with very little THC being excreted unchanged from the body. THC is primarily metabolized to 11-hydroxy-THC which has equipotent psychoactivity. The 11-hydroxy-THC is then rapidly metabolized to the 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) which is not psychoactive. A majority of THC is excreted via the feces (~65%) with approximately 30% of the THC being eliminated in the urine as conjugated glucuronic acids and free THC hydroxylated metabolites." Source: Couper, Fiona J., Logan, Barry K., et al., "Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets," (Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, April 2004), p. 8. http://www.nhtsa.gov/People/injury/research/job185drugs/cannabis.htm , last accessed April 12, 2014. (Cannabis Use and Motor Vehicle Accident Risk) "We found only limited evidence to support the claim that cannabis use increases accident risk. Participants who had driven under the influence of cannabis in the previous year appeared to be no more likely than drug-free drivers to report that they had had an accident in the previous 12 months. Prima facie, this would seem to suggest that cannabis-intoxicated driving is not a risk factor for non-fatal accidents. In this sense, the results would support those of Longo et al. (2000b) who found no relationship between recent cannabis use and driver culpability for non-fatal accidents." Source: Jones, Craig; Donnelly, Neil; Swift, Wendy; Weatherburn, Don, "Driving under the influence of cannabis: The problem and potential countermeasures," Crime and Justice Bulletin, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (Syndey, Australia: September 2005). p. 11. http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB87.pdf/$file/CJB87.pdf (THC and Cannabis Dosages) "THC is the major psychoactive constituent of cannabis. Potency is dependent on THC concentration and is usually expressed as %THC per dry weight of material. Average THC concentration in marijuana is 1-5%, hashish 5-15%, and hashish oil ³ 20%. The form of marijuana known as sinsemilla is derived from the unpollinated female cannabis plant and is preferred for its high THC content (up to 17% THC). Recreational doses are highly variable and users often titer their own dose. A single intake of smoke from a pipe or joint is called a hit (approximately 1/20th of a gram). The lower the potency or THC content the more hits are needed to achieve the desired effects; 1-3 hits of high potency sinsemilla is typically enough to produce the desired effects. In terms of its psychoactive effect, a drop or two of hash oil on a cigarette is equal to a single “joint” of marijuana. Medicinally, the initial starting dose of Marinol® is 2.5 mg, twice daily." Source: Couper, Fiona J., Logan, Barry K., et al., "Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets," (Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, April 2004), p. 7. http://www.nhtsa.gov/People/injury/research/job185drugs/cannabis.htm , last accessed April 12, 2014. (Cannabis Use and Accident Risk) "Cannabis use impairs cognitive, memory and psycho-motor performance in ways that may impair driving.10 Recent data suggest that approximately 5% of Canadian drivers/adults report driving after cannabis use in the past year.39 Large-scale epidemiological studies using different methodologies (e.g., retrospective epidemiological and case control studies) have found that cannabis use acutely increases the risk of motor vehicle accident (MVA) involvement and fatal crashes among drivers.40,41 Recent reviews have found the increase in risk to be approximately 1.5-3.0, an increase which is substantially lower, however, than that in alcohol-impaired drivers. The impairment from concurrent alcohol and cannabis use may be multiplicative, so individuals who drive under the influence of both drugs may be at higher risk for MVAs.42 An expert consensus view was that a THC concentration of 7-10 nanograms per millilitre in serum would produce impairment equivalent to that of 0.05% blood alcohol content (BAC). It was suggested that this level could serve as a 'per se' limit to define cannabis-impaired driving.43 Current research suggests that acute impairment from cannabis typically clears 3-4 hours after use.44 "This time span could be recommended to users as a minimum wait period before driving. The required wait before driving would need to be longer for higher doses, and would also vary on the basis of individual variation." Source: Fischer, Benedikt; Jeffries, Victoria; Hall, Wayne; Room, Robin; Goldner, Elliot; Rehm, Jürgen, "Lower Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines for Canada (LRCUG): A Narrative Review of Evidence and Recommendations," Canadian Journal of Public Health (Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Public Health Association, September/October 2011) Vol. 102, No. 5, p. 325. http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/download/2758/2485 (Cannabis Use and Accident Risk) "A review of over a dozen of these [laboratory] experiments reveals three findings. First, after using marijuana, people drive more slowly. In addition, they increase the distance between their cars and the car in front of them. Third, they are less likely to attempt to pass other vehicles on the road. All of these practices can decrease the chance of crashes and certainly limit the probability of injury or death if an accident does occur. These three habits may explain the slightly lower risk of accidents that appears in the epidemiological studies. These results contrast dramatically to those found for alcohol. Alcohol intoxication often increases speed and passing while decreasing following distance, and markedly raises the chance of crashes.(632)" Source: "Rulemaking petition to reclassify cannabis for medical use from a Schedule I controlled substance to a Schedule II, Exhibit B: Statement of Grounds," Prepared by Carter, Gregory T.; Earleywine, Mitchell; and McGill, Jason T. (Office of Lincoln D. Chafee, Governor Rhode Island and Office of Christine O. Gregoire, Governor of Washington, November 30, 2011), Filed With US Drug Enforcement Administration on November 30, 2011, p. 37. http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/GovernorGregoire/priorities/healthcare... (Cannabis Use and Driving Impairment) "There is considerable evidence from laboratory studies that cannabis (marijuana) impairs reaction time, attention, tracking, hand-eye coordination, and concentration, although not all of these impairments were equally detected by all studies (Couper & Logan, 2004a; Heishman, Stitzer, & Yingling, 1989; Gieringer, 1988; Moskowitz, 1985). In reviewing the literature on marijuana, Smiley (1998) concluded that marijuana impairs performance in divided attention tasks (i.e., a poorer performance on subsidiary tasks). Jones et al. (2003) adds that Smiley’s finding is relevant to the multitasking essence of driving, in particular by making marijuana impaired drivers perhaps less able to handle unexpected events. Interestingly, there is also evidence showing that, unlike alcohol, marijuana enhances rather than mitigates the individual’s perception of impairment (Lamers & Ramaekers, 1999; Robbe & O'Hanlon, 1993; Perez-Reyes, Hicks, Bumberry, Jeffcoat, & Cook, 1988). Robbe and O'Hanlon (1993) reported that in laboratory conditions, drivers under the influence of marijuana were aware of their impairment, which led them to decrease speed, avoid passing other vehicles, and reduce other risk-taking behaviors. Such was not the case with alcohol; for the authors reported that alcohol-impaired drivers were generally not aware of impairment, and therefore did not adjust their driving accordingly." Source: Lacey, John H.; Kelley-Baker, Tara; Furr-Holden, Debra; Voas, Robert B.; Romano, Eduardo; Ramirez, Anthony; Brainard, Katharine; Moore, Christine; Torres, Pedro; and Berning, Amy , "2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers," Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (Calverton, MD: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, December 2009), p. 9. http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Assoc... (Driving After Cannabis Consumption) "Cannabis is only considered a risk factor for traffic accidents if drivers operate vehicles after consuming the drug. Robbe (1994) found that 30% to 90% of his participants were willing to drive after consuming a typical dose of cannabis. This is consistent with a recent Australian survey in which more than 50% of users drove after consuming cannabis (Lenne, Fry, Dietze, & Rumbold, 2000). A self administered questionnaire given to 508 students in grades 10 to 13 in Ontario, Canada, found that 19.7% reported driving within an hour after using cannabis (Adlaf, Mann, & Paglia, 2003)." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues (Tallahassee, FL: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 2004) Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 974-5. http://www2.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/34n4.htm (Cannabis and Driving Impairment) "Participants receiving active marijuana decreased their speed more so than those receiving the placebo cigarette during a distracted section of the drive, An overall effect of marijuana was seen for the mean speed during the distracted driving (PASAT [Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Test] section), While no other changes in driving performance were found, marijuana appeared to hinder practice effects on the PASAT task, suggesting individuals may not be able to adequately use information and experience previously acquired while under the influence of marijuana, While only minimal differences in driving performance were found, this failure to benefit from prior practice may be detrimental to driving performance. Research has shown that graduated driver's licensing programs in which participants receive more on the road training results in a decrease in fatal crashes in 16-year-olds (Baker, Chen & Li 2006), If marijuana indeed impairs one's ability to use prior experience to improve performance, this will likely impair driving under pretrained conditions (e,g,, steering into a skid, allowing increased stopping time on slippery roads, etc)." Source: Anderson, Beth M.; Rizzo, Matthew; Block, Robert I.; Pearlson, Godfrey D.; O'Leary, Daniel S., "Sex differences in the effects of marijuana on simulated driving performance," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (San Francisco, CA: Haight Ashbury Publications, March 1, 2010), Vol. 42, No. 1. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=239347323 (Cannabis and Driving Impairment) "The present study's subtle finding of decreased speed under the influence of acute marijuana is generally consistent with the literature, which has found that marijuana's effects on driving can be subtle. In Berghaus's review of the literature prior to 1995, 45% of driving simulator studies showed no impairment from marijuana within the first hour after use (Berghaus, Scheer & Schmidt 1995), More cautious driving behaviors were found in several studies (Lamers & Ramaekers 2001; Stein et al, 1983; Ellingstad, McFarling & Struckman 1973; Rafaelsen, Bech & Rafaelsen 1973; Dott 1972), while an increased reaction time for stopping was the most common finding (Liguori, Gatto & Robinson 1998; Rafaelsen, Bech & Rafaelsen 1973), Moskowitz, Ziedman and Sharma (1976) also found slowed reaction times for a visual choice-reaction time task administered while driving and Smiley, Moskowitz and Zeidman (1981) found increased variability in velocity and lateral position while following curves and while controlling the car in gusts of wind with a high dose of marijuana (200 mcg/kg THC) but not with a lower dose (100 mcg/kg THC), They also found an increase in variability of headway and lateral position while following other cars." Source: Anderson, Beth M.; Rizzo, Matthew; Block, Robert I.; Pearlson, Godfrey D.; O'Leary, Daniel S., "Sex differences in the effects of marijuana on simulated driving performance," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (San Francisco, CA: Haight Ashbury Publications, March 1, 2010), Vol. 42, No. 1. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=239347323 (More Data Needed) "The decreased speed during the simulated drive could be interpreted as an attempt to compensate for perceived cognitive impairment, Alternatively, marijuana may not have affected decision making and judgment and the reduction in speed would improve safety margins, While the clinical significance of a 3% to 5% decrease in speed may be questioned, previous research suggests such a decrease will result in approximately a 7% decrease in all injuries and a 15% decrease in fatalities (Nilsson 1981), Use of an alternate task design in which subjects are requested to drive as quickly and as safely as possible rather than following a posted speed limit may provide more insight into compensatory strategies employed while driving under the influence of marijuana, Use of a more challenging road paradigm (e.g., icy or gravel roads) which capitalizes on the use of practice effects may aid in identifying differences in driving performance under the influence of marijuana, There was significant between-subject variability in driving measures and future studies would be further strengthened by using a within-subjects design." Source: Anderson, Beth M.; Rizzo, Matthew; Block, Robert I.; Pearlson, Godfrey D.; O'Leary, Daniel S., "Sex differences in the effects of marijuana on simulated driving performance," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (San Francisco, CA: Haight Ashbury Publications, March 1, 2010), Vol. 42, No. 1. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=239347323 (Driving) "Epidemiological studies have been inconclusive regarding whether cannabis use causes an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents; in contrast, unanimity exists that alcohol use increases crash risk.30 In tests using driving simulation, neurocognitive impairment varies in a dose-related fashion, and symptoms are more pronounced with highly automatic driving functions than with more complex tasks that require conscious control.31 Cannabis smokers tend to over-estimate their impairment and compensate effectively while driving by utilizing a variety of behavioral strategies." Source: "Cannabis and the Regulatory Void: Background Paper and Recommendations," California Medical Association (Sacramento, CA: 2011), p. 10 http://www.cmanet.org/files/pdf/news/cma-cannabis-tac-white-paper-101411... (Marijuana, Alcohol, and Driving) "When compared to alcohol, cannabis is detected far less often in accident-involved drivers. Drummer et al. (2003) cited several studies and found that alcohol was detected in 12.5% to 79% of drivers involved in accidents. With regard to crash risk, a large study conducted by Borkenstein, Crowther, Shumate, Zeil and Zylman (1964) compared BAC in approximately 6,000 accident-involved drivers and 7,600 nonaccident controls. They determined the crash risk for each BAC by comparing the number of accident-involved drivers with detected levels of alcohol at each BAC to the number of nonaccident control drivers with the same BAC. They found that crash risk increased sharply as BAC increased. More specifically, at a BAC of 0.10, drivers were approximately five times more likely to be involved in an accident. "Similar crash risk results were obtained when data for culpable drivers were evaluated. Drummer (1995) found that drivers with detected levels of alcohol were 7.6 times more likely to be culpable. Longo et al. (2000) showed that drivers who tested positive for alcohol were 8.0 times more culpable, and alcohol consumption in combination with cannabis use produced an odds ratio of 5.4. Similar results were also noted by Swann (2000) and Drummer et al. (2003)." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues, Dec. 2004, pp. 981. (Driving and THC Levels) "Most of the research on cannabis use has been conducted under laboratory conditions. The literature reviews by Robbe (1994), Hall, Solowij, and Lemon (1994), Border and Norton (1996), and Solowij (1998) agreed that the most extensive effect of cannabis is to impair memory and attention. Additional deficits include problems with temporal processing, (complex) reaction times, and dynamic tracking. These conclusions are generally consistent with the psychopharmacological effects of cannabis mentioned above, including problems with attention, memory, motor coordination, and alertness. "A meta-analysis by Krüger and Berghaus (1995) profiled the effects of cannabis and alcohol. They reviewed 197 published studies of alcohol and 60 studies of cannabis. Their analysis showed that 50% of the reported effects were significant at a BAC of 0.073 g/dl and a THC level of 11 ng/ml. This implies that if the legal BAC threshold for alcohol is 0.08 g/dl, the corresponding level of THC that would impair the same percentage of tests would be approximately 11 ng/ml." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues (Tallahassee, FL: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 2004) Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 974-5. http://www2.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/34n4.htm (Driving Performance) "Several studies have examined cannabis use in driving simulator and on-road situations. The most comprehensive review was done by Smiley in 1986 and then again in 1999. Several trends are evident and can be described by three general performance characteristics: "1. Cannabis increased variability of speed and headway as well as lane position (Attwood, Williams, McBurney, & Frecker, 1981; Ramaekers, Robbe, & O'Hanlon, 2000; Robbe, 1998; Sexton et al., 2000; Smiley, Moskowitz, & Zeidman, 1981; Smiley, Noy, & Tostowaryk, 1987). This was more pronounced under high workload and unexpected conditions, such as curves and wind gusts. "2. Cannabis increased the time needed to overtake another vehicle (Dott, 1972 [as cited in Smiley, 1986]) and delayed responses to both secondary and tracking tasks (Casswell, 1977; Moskowitz, Hulbert, & McGlothlin, 1976; Sexton et al., 2000; Smiley et al., 1981). "3. Cannabis resulted in fewer attempts to overtake another vehicle(Dott, 1972) and larger distances required to pass (Ellingstad et al., 1973 [as cited in Smiley, 1986]). Evidence of increased caution also included slower speeds (Casswell, 1977; Hansteen, Miller, Lonero, Reid, & Jones, 1976; Krueger & Vollrath, 2000; Peck, Biasotti, Boland, Mallory, & Reeve, 1986; Sexton et al., 2000; Smiley et al., 1981; Stein, Allen, Cook, & Karl, 1983) and larger headways (Robbe, 1998; Smiley et al., 1987)." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues (Tallahassee, FL: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 2004) Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 974-5. http://www2.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/34n4.htm (Driving Behavioral Compensation) "Both Australian studies suggest cannabis may actually reduce the responsibility rate and lower crash risk. Put another way, cannabis consumption either increases driving ability or, more likely, drivers who use cannabis make adjustments in driving style to compensate for any loss of skill (Drummer, 1995). This is consistent with simulator and road studies that show drivers who consumed cannabis slowed down and drove more cautiously (see Ward & Dye, 1999; Smiley, 1999. This compensation could help reduce the probability of being at fault in a motor vehicle accident since drivers have more time to respond and avoid a collision. However, it must be noted that any behavioral compensation may not be sufficient to cope with the reduced safety margin resulting from the impairment of driver functioning and capacity." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues (Tallahassee, FL: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 2004) Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 974-5. http://www2.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/34n4.htm (Cannabis Substitution Effects) "Another paradigm used to assess crash risk is to use cross-sectional surveys of reported nonfatal accidents that can be related to the presence of risk factors, such as alcohol and cannabis consumption. Such a methodology was employed in a provocative dissertation by Laixuthai (1994). This study used data from two large surveys that were nationally representative of high school students in the United States during 1982 and 1989. Results showed that cannabis use was negatively correlated with nonfatal accidents, but these results can be attributed to changes in the amount of alcohol consumed. More specifically, the decriminalization of cannabis and the subsequent reduction in penalty cost, as well as a reduced purchase price of cannabis, made cannabis more appealing and affordable for young consumers. This resulted in more cannabis use, which substituted for alcohol consumption, leading to less frequent and less heavy drinking. The reduction in the amount of alcohol consumed resulted in fewer nonfatal accidents." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues (Tallahassee, FL: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 2004) Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 974-5. http://www2.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/34n4.htm (Intoxication Self-Ratings) "Both simulator and road studies showed that relative to alcohol use alone, participants who used cannabis alone or in combination with alcohol were more aware of their intoxication. Robbe (1998) found that participants who consumed 100 g/kg of cannabis rated their performance worse and the amount of effort required greater compared to those who consumed alcohol (0.05 BAC). Ramaekers et al. (2000) showed that cannabis use alone and in combination with alcohol consumption increased self-ratings of intoxication and decreased self-ratings of performance. Lamers and Ramaekers (2001) found that cannabis use alone (100 g/kg) and in combination with alcohol consumption resulted in lower ratings of alertness, greater perceptions of effort, and worse ratings of performance." Source: Laberge, Jason C., Nicholas J. Ward, "Research Note: Cannabis and Driving -- Research Needs and Issues for Transportation Policy," Journal of Drug Issues (Tallahassee, FL: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 2004) Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 974-5. http://www2.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/34n4.htm (Mediation of Impairment) "In conclusion, cannabis impairs driving behaviour. However, this impairment is mediated in that subjects under cannabis treatment appear to perceive that they are indeed impaired. Where they can compensate, they do, for example, by not overtaking, by slowing down and by focusing their attention when they know a response will be required. However, such compensation is not possible where events are unexpected or where continuous attention is required. Effects of driving behaviour are present up to an hour after smoking but do not continue for extended periods." "Thus, not only is it problematic to estimate the percentage of accident involvements associated with cannabis use alone, there is no evidence that impairment resulting from cannabis use causes accidents. Attempts to alleviate these problems by calculating risk of culpability for an accident (rather than the risk of having an accident) suggest that cannabis may actually reduce responsibility for accidents." Source: Department for Transport, "Cannabis and driving: a review of the literature and commentary (No.12)," (London, United Kingdom: May 2000). On November 6, 2012, a majority of the voters in the states of Colorado and Washington voted in favor of ballot measures which legalized the adult social use of marijuana. Source: Marijuana - Law and Policy The U.S. Penal Code violations for marijuana and possible sentences: Violation: "1000 kilograms or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of marihuana, or 1,000 or more marihuana plants regardless of weight." Sentence: not "less than 10 years or more than life" "No person sentenced under this subparagraph shall be eligible for parole during the term of imprisonment imposed therein." Violation: "100 kilograms or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of marihuana, or 100 or more marihuana plants regardless of weight." Sentence: not "less than 5 years and not more than 40 years" "No person sentenced under this subparagraph shall be eligible for parole during the term of imprisonment imposed therein." Violation: "less than 50 kilograms of marihuana, except in the case of 50 or more marihuana plants regardless of weight, 10 kilograms of hashish, or one kilogram of hashish oil" Sentence: "not more than 5 years, a fine not to exceed the greater of that authorized in accordance with the provisions of title 18 or $250,000 if the defendant is an individual or $1,000,000 if the defendant is other than an individual, or both." Source: U.S. Code. Title 21, Chapter 13 -- Drug Abuse Prevention and Control -- Section 841, Prohibited Acts, pp. 406-407. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/usc.cgi?ACTION=RETRIEVE&FILE=$$xa$$busc21.wais&start=2866200&SIZE=47484&TYPE=PDF http://mapinc.org/url/BzveMJOA "Based on the research to date, the harms associated with the actual use of cannabis likely pale in comparison with the widely observed harms attributable to cannabis prohibition. As such, policymakers should integrate the scientific research conducted on the likely impacts of current prohibitive approaches to cannabis use into the process of optimising cannabis policy." Source: Werb, Daniel; Fischer, Benedikt; and Wood, Evan, "Cannabis policy: Time to move beyond the psychosis debate," International Journal of Drug Policy (London, United Kingdom: International Harm Reduction Association: July 2010) Vol. 21, Issue 4, p. 262. (Canada) "RECOMMENDATIONS "1. The severity of punishment for a cannabis possession charge should be reduced. Specifically, cannabis possession should be converted to a civil violation under the Contraventions Act. "The current law involves considerable enforcement and other criminal justice costs, as well as adverse consequences to individual drug offenders, with little evidence of a substantial deterrent impact on cannabis use, and at best marginal benefits to the public health and safety of Canadians. As a minimal measure, jail should be removed as a sentencing option for cannabis possession. The available evidence indicates that removal of jail as a sentencing option would lead to considerable cost savings without leading to increases in rates of cannabis use. Punishing cannabis possession with a fine only would be consistent with current practices and prevailing public opinion." Source: Single, Eric, "Cannabis Control in Canada: Options Regarding Possession" National Working Group on Addictions Policy (Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, May 1998). http://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/canfinal2.htm (Real Risk of Arrest for Marijuana Possession) "It is also important to point out that in no Western country is a user at much risk of being criminally penalized for using marijuana. The rates of arrest for past-year marijuana users in Western countries are typically less than or equal to 3 percent (Kilmer, 2002; Room et al., 2010). More important, almost none of those convicted of simple possession is incarcerated or receives a fine exceeding $1,000 (Pacula, MacCoun, et al., 2005)." Source: Kilmer, Beau; Caulkins, Jonathan P.; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo; MacCoun, Robert J.; Reuter, Peter H., "Altered State? Assessing How Marijuana Legalization in California Could Influence Marijuana Consumption and Public Budgets" Drug Policy Research Center (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010), p. 13. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RAND_OP... (The Netherlands and Depenalization of Cannabis Use) "There is no evidence that the depenalization component of the 1976 policy, per se, increased levels of cannabis use. On the other hand, the later growth in commercial access to cannabis, after de facto legalization, was accompanied by steep increases in use, even among youth. In interpreting that association, three points deserve emphasis. First, the association may not be causal; we have already seen that recent increases occurred in the United States and Oslo despite very different policies. Second, throughout most of the first two decades of the 1976 policy, Dutch use levels have remained at or below those in the United States. And third, it remains to be seen whether prevalence levels will drop again in response to the reduction to a 5-g limit, and to recent government efforts to close down coffee shops and more aggressively enforce the regulations." Source: MacCoun, Robert and Reuter, Peter, "Interpreting Dutch Cannabis Policy: Reasoning by Analogy in the Legalization Debate," Science (New York, NY: American Association for the Advancement of Science, October 3, 1997), pp. 50-51. http://faculty.publicpolicy.umd.edu/sites/default/files/reuter/files/int... (Use Rates and Decriminalization) "In California and Ohio, surveys before and after decriminalisation showed that cannabis use increased, but not at a greater rate than in US states which had not decriminalised cannabis. Single (1989) also reviewed data from two large US national surveys of drug use in the 1970s that compared rates of cannabis use in states which had and had not decriminalised cannabis. He found that the prevalence of cannabis use increased in all states, with a larger increase in those states which had not decriminalised (Single, 1989)." Source: Donnelly, Neil; Hall, Wayne; Christie, Paul, "Cannabis Expiation Notice Scheme on levels and patterns of cannabis use in South Australia: evidence from the National Drug Strategy Household Surveys 1985–1995," Department of Health and Aged Care (Canberra, Australia: May 1998), p. 12. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/332B63EE0E0E0C39CA25703700041DAC/$File/mono37.pdf (Federal Source of Legal Cannabis) "In 1968, the National Institute of Mental Health began funding a Drug Supply Program to provide researchers with compounds necessary to conduct biomedical research. Initially, the program focused on THC and other naturally occurring cannabinoids, and then gradually expanded to a wide range of compounds. (Since its beginning, the program has synthesized or obtained over 1,500 different compounds that have been supplied to over 2,500 researchers.) Cannabis was among the first substances to be made available through the Drug Supply Program for use by scientists conducting both nonhuman research and human research under a variety of investigational new drug protocols. It was grown through a contract with the University of Mississippi. With its establishment in 1974, NIDA became the successor to NIMH as the administrator of the cannabis contract and the sole U.S. source for legal cannabis." Source: "Provision of Marijuana and Other Compounds For Scientific Research - Recommendations of The National Institute on Drug Abuse National Advisory Council," National Institute on Drug Abuse (Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, January 1998). http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/organization/nacda/MarijuanaStatemen... (Recommendation by the Canadian Senate's Special Committee on Illegal Drugs) "... the Government of Canada amend the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act to create a criminal exemption scheme. This legislation should stipulate the conditions for obtaining licenses as well as for producing and selling cannabis; criminal penalties for illegal trafficking and export; and the preservation of criminal penalties for all activities falling outside the scope of the exemption scheme." Source: "Cannabis: Our Position for a Canadian Public Policy," report of the Canadian Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs (Ottawa, Canada: Senate of Canada, September 2002), p. 46. http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/ille-e/rep-e/sum... (UK Police Foundation) "Our conclusion is that the present law on cannabis produces more harm than it prevents. It is very expensive of the time and resources of the criminal justice system and especially of the police. It inevitably bears more heavily on young people in the streets of inner cities, who are also more likely to be from minority ethnic communities, and as such is inimical to police-community relations. It criminalizes large numbers of otherwise law-abiding, mainly young, people to the detriment of their futures. It has become a proxy for the control of public order; and it inhibits accurate education about the relative risks of different drugs including the risks of cannabis itself." Source: Police Foundation of the United Kingdom, "Drugs and the Law: Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971", April 4, 2000. The Police Foundation, based in London, England, is a nonprofit organization presided over by Charles, Crown Prince of Wales, which promotes research, debate and publication to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of policing in the UK. Sociopolitical Research (1972 National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse) "Rather than inducing violent or aggressive behavior through its purported effects of lowering inhibitions, weakening impulse control and heightening aggressive tendencies, marihuana was usually found to inhibit the expression of aggressive impulses by pacifying the user, interfering with muscular coordination, reducing psychomotor activities and generally producing states of drowsiness lethargy, timidity and passivity." Source: Shafer, Raymond P., et al, Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, Ch. III, (Washington DC: National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972). http://druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/nc/ncc3.htm (1972 National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse) "Marihuana's relative potential for harm to the vast majority of individual users and its actual impact on society does not justify a social policy designed to seek out and firmly punish those who use it. This judgment is based on prevalent use patterns, on behavior exhibited by the vast majority of users and on our interpretations of existing medical and scientific data. This position also is consistent with the estimate by law enforcement personnel that the elimination of use is unattainable." Source: Shafer, Raymond P., et al, Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, Ch. V, (Washington DC: National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972). http://druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/nc/ncrec.htm (Decriminalization and Prevalence of Use) "Proponents of criminalization attribute to their preferred drug-control regime a special power to affect user behavior. Our findings cast doubt on such attributions. Despite widespread lawful availability of cannabis in Amsterdam, there were no differences between the 2 cities [Amsterdam and San Francisco] in age at onset of use, age at first regular use, or age at the start of maximum use." "Our findings do not support claims that criminalization reduces cannabis use and that decriminalization increases cannabis use." Source: Reinarman, Craig; Cohen, Peter D.A.; Kaal, Hendrien L., "The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and in San Francisco," American Journal of Public Health (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, May 2004) Vol 94, No. 5, pp. 840 and 841. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/94/5/836 (Decriminalization and Use) "... our results indicate that the increase in participation was due to individuals over 30 delaying giving up cannabis use as a result of its changed legal status, not an increase in use by younger people. This finding provides an explanation of why US studies based on youth fail to find that decriminalization has an impact on the probability of cannabis use, while studies based on adults and youth, or just adults, do find a positive association between decriminalization and participation in cannabis use." Source: Cameron, Lisa & Williams, Jenny, "Cannabis, Alcohol and Cigarettes: Substitutes or Complements?" The Economic Record (Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: The Economic Society of Australia, March 2001), p. 32. http://cms.sem.tsinghua.edu.cn/semcms/res_base/semcms_com_www/upload/hom... (Cannabis Substitution Treatment) "Only orally given THC and, to a lesser extent, nefazodone have shown promise [in treating marijuana dependence]. THC reduced craving and ratings of anxiety, feelings of misery, difficulty sleeping, and chills (Haney et al., 2004). In addition, participants could not distinguish active THC from placebo. These findings were replicated in an outpatient study, which found that a moderate oral dosage of THC (10 mg, three times daily) suppressed many marijuana withdrawal symptoms and that a higher dosage (30 mg, three times daily) almost completely abolished withdrawal symptoms (Budney et al., 2007)." Source: Budney, Alan J.; Roffman, Roger; Stephens, Robert S.; Walker, Denise, "Marijuana Dependence and Its Treatment," Addiction Science & Clinical Practice (Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, December 2007), p. 11. http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/ascp/vol4no1/Marijuana.pdf (Opioid Overdose Mortality Rates In States With Medical Cannabis Laws) "Although the mean annual opioid analgesic overdose mortality rate was lower in states with medical cannabis laws compared with states without such laws, the findings of our secondary analyses deserve further consideration. State-specific characteristics, such as trends in attitudes or health behaviors, may explain variation in medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality, and we found some evidence that differences in these characteristics contributed to our findings. When including state-specific linear time trends in regression models, which are used to adjust for hard-to-measure confounders that change over time, the association between laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality weakened. In contrast, we did not find evidence that states that passed medical cannabis laws had different overdose mortality rates in years prior to law passage, providing a temporal link between laws and changes in opioid analgesic overdose mortality. In addition, we did not find evidence that laws were associated with differences in mortality rates for unrelated conditions (heart disease and septicemia), suggesting that differences in opioid analgesic overdose mortality cannot be explained by broader changes in health. In summary, although we found a lower mean annual rate of opioid analgesic mortality in states with medical cannabis laws, a direct causal link cannot be established." Source: Bacchuber, Marcus A., MD; Saloner, Brendan, PhD; Cunningham, Chinazo O., MD, MS; and Barry, Colleen L., PhD, MPP. "Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999-2010." JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005. Published online August 25, 2014. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1898878 (Decriminalization and Use Rates) "The available evidence suggests that removal of the prohibition against possession itself (decriminalization) does not increase cannabis use. In addition to the Dutch experience from 1976 to 1983, we have similar findings from analysis of weaker decriminalization (with fines retained for the offense of simple possession of small quantities) in 12 US states (Single, 1989) and South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory (Hall, 1997; McGeorge & Aitken, 1997). The fact that Italy and Spain, which have decriminalized possession for all psychoactive drugs, have marijuana use rates comparable to those of neighboring countries provides further support." Source: MacCoun, Robert and Reuter, Peter, "Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes," British Journal of Psychiatry (London, United Kingdom: American Royal College of Psychiatrists, February, 2001) Vol. 178, p. 127. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/178/2/123.pdf (NIDA Cannabis for Research, 1998) "Under the current contract with the University of Mississippi for any given year NIDA [National Institute on Drug Abuse] has the option to grow either 1.5 or 6.5 acres of cannabis, or to not grow any at all, depending on research demand. Generally, 1.5 acres are grown in alternate years. The number of cannabis cigarettes produced from 1.5 acres is about 50,000-60,000, although it can be higher. Cigarettes are produced in three potencies: strength 1 - 3-4 %; strength 2 - 1.8-2.2 %; and strength 3 - placebo, as close to 0% as possible. During the past three years, the following quantities have been shipped: 1994 - 24,000 cigarettes; 1995 - 23, 100 - cigarettes; and 1996 17,700 cigarettes. Virtually all of the cigarettes shipped in the last three years have been for single patient INDs. As of March 1997 there were 278, 100 cigarettes in stock. The cigarettes are maintained in frozen storage and have a useful life of approximately five years." Source: "Provision of Marijuana and Other Compounds For Scientific Research - Recommendations of The National Institute on Drug Abuse National Advisory Council," National Institute on Drug Abuse (Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, January 1998) http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/organization/nacda/MarijuanaStatemen... Synthetic Cannabinoids "Synthetic cannabinoids are substances chemically produced to mimic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in marijuana. When these substances are sprayed onto dried herbs and then consumed through smoking or oral ingestion, they can produce psychoactive effects similar to those of marijuana." Source: Sacco, Lisa N. and Finklea, Kristin M., "Synthetic Drugs: Overview and Issues for Congress," Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, October 28, 2011), p. 5. "Synthetic cannabinoids are functionally similar to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive principle of cannabis, and bind to the same cannabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral organs." Source: Fattore, Liana and Fratta, Walter "Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs," Frontiers in Behaviorial Neuroscience (Lausanne, Switzerland: September 2011) Volume 5, Article 60, p. 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187647/pdf/fnbeh-05-00060.p... (Spice Use Among Youth In The US) "MTF first addressed the use of synthetic marijuana in its 2011 survey, by asking 12th graders about their use in the prior 12 months (which would have covered a considerable period of time prior to the drugs being scheduled). Annual prevalence was found to be 11.4%, making synthetic marijuana the second most widely used class of illicit drug after marijuana among 12th graders. Despite the DEA’s intervention, use among 12th graders remained unchanged in 2012 at 11.3%, which suggests either that compliance with the new scheduling has been limited or that producers of these products have succeeded in continuing to change their chemical formulas to avoid using the ingredients that have been scheduled. In 2012 for the first time 8th and 10th graders were asked about their use of synthetic marijuana; annual prevalence rates were 4.4% and 8.8%, respectively. Use in all 3 grades dropped in 2013, but the decline was significant only among 12th graders. The 2013 rates were 4.0%, 7.4%, and 7.9% for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, respectively. Among 8th graders, this was the third highest category of illicit drug being used after marijuana and inhalants." Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2014). Monitoring the Future national results on drug use: 1975-2013: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, p. 13. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org//pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2013.pdf (Spice) "Despite its [marijuana's] long history of use and abuse for both medical and recreational purposes, a new generation of synthetic cannabinoids has recently emerged on the market, which are sold on the Internet as herbal mixtures under the brand names of 'Spice,' 'Spice Gold,' 'Spice Diamond,' 'Arctic Spice,' 'Silver,' 'Aroma,' 'K2,' 'Genie,' 'Scene' or 'Dream,' and advertised as incense products, meditation potpourris, bath additives, or air fresheners. These products are often referred to as 'herbal highs' or 'legal highs' because of their legal status and purported natural herbal make-up." Source: Fattore, Liana and Fratta, Walter "Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs," Frontiers in Behaviorial Neuroscience (Lausanne, Switzerland: September 2011) Volume 5, Article 60, p. 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187647/pdf/fnbeh-05-00060.p... (Spice) "‘Spice’ and other ‘herbal’ products are often referred to as ‘legal highs’ or ‘herbal highs’, in reference to their legal status and purported natural herbal make-up (McLachlan, 2009; Lindigkeit et al., 2009; Zimmermann et al., 2009). However, albeit not controlled, it appears that most of the ingredients listed on the packaging are actually not present in the ‘Spice’ products and it is seems likely that the psychoactive effects reported are most probably due to added synthetic cannabinoids, which are not shown on the label. There is no evidence that JWH, CP and/or HU [three chemically distinct groups of synthetic cannabinoids] compounds are present in all ‘Spice’ products or even batches of the same product. Different amounts or combinations of these substances seem to have been used in different ‘Spice’ products to produce cannabis-like effects. It is possible that substances from these or other chemical groups with a cannabinoid agonist or other pharmacological activity could be added to any herbal mixture (17) (Griffiths et al., 2009). "The emergence of new, smokable herbal products laced with synthetic cannabinoids can also be seen as a significant new development in the field of so-called ‘designer drugs’. With the appearance, for the first time, of new synthetic cannabinoids, it can be anticipated that the concept of ‘designer drugs’ being almost exclusively linked to the large series of compounds with phenethylamine and tryptamine nucleus will change significantly (18). There are more than 100 known compounds with cannabinoid receptor activity and it can be assumed that further such substances from different chemical groups will appear (with direct or indirect stimulation of CB1 receptors)." Source: "Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon," European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009), p. 21. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_80086_EN_Spice%20Themat... (K2 and Spice) "Clemson University Professor John Huffman is credited with first synthesizing some of the cannabinoids, such as JWH-018, now used in 'fake pot' substances such as K2. The effects of JWH-018 can be 10 times stronger than those of THC. Dr. Huffman is quoted as saying, 'These things are dangerous—anybody who uses them is playing Russian roulette. They have profound psychological effects. We never intended them for human consumption.'" Source: Sacco, Lisa N. and Finklea, Kristin M., "Synthetic Drugs: Overview and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, October 28, 2011), p. 5. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42066.pdf (Prevalence of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use Among US Youth) "Synthetic marijuana, so named because it contains synthetic versions of some of the cannabinoids found in marijuana, is a recent and important addition to the smorgasbord of drugs available to American young people. These designer chemicals are sprayed onto herbal materials that are then sold in small packets under such brand names as Spice and K-2. They have been readily available as over-the-counter drugs on the Internet, in head shops and gas stations, etc. While many of the most widely used chemicals were scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Administration in March of 2011, making their sale no longer legal, purveyors of these products have skirted the restrictions by making small changes in the chemical composition of the cannabinoids used. Use of these products was first measured in MTF in 2011 in a tripwire question for 12th graders, asking about their frequency of use in the prior 12 months. Annual prevalence was found to be 11.4%, making synthetic marijuana the second most widely used class of illicit drug after marijuana. In spite of the DEA’s scheduling of the most common ingredients, use among 12th graders remained unchanged in 2012, with 11.3% annual prevalence. Eighth and 10th graders were also asked about use of these drugs in 2012, and their annual prevalence rates were 4.4% and 8.8%, respectively, making synthetic marijuana the second most widely used illicit drug among 10th graders, as well, and the third among 8th graders behind marijuana and inhalants. There is a relatively low level of perceived risk for trying synthetic marijuana once or twice, despite growing evidence of serious problems resulting from the use of these drugs." Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2013). "Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2012: Volume I, Secondary school students." Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, p. 15. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol1_2012.pdf (Spice Prohibition) "Because of health concerns and the abuse potential of herbal incense products, many have been banned in several European countries, 18 U.S. states, and the U.S. military.33,38 In March 2011, the FDA placed 5 synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP-47,497, and cannabicyclohexanol) on Schedule I, making them illegal to possess or sell in the United States.38" Source: Pierre, Joseph M., "Cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, and psychosis risk: What the evidence says," Current Psychiatry (Parsippany, NJ: September 2011) Vol. 10, No. 9, p. 56. (Scheduling of Spice) "On March 1, 2011, the DEA used its temporary scheduling authority and issued a final rule to place five synthetic cannabinoids on the list of controlled substances under Schedule I of the CSA.26 The five substances are "• 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018); "• 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (CP-47,497); and "• 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (cannabicyclohexanol; CP-47,497 C8 homologue). "Pursuant to the temporary scheduling authority, these substances will remain on the list of Schedule I controlled substances for one year, and then may be given one six-month temporary extension. To remain on Schedule I thereafter, the substances would need to be permanently scheduled within the CSA." Source: Sacco, Lisa N. and Finklea, Kristin M., "Synthetic Drugs: Overview and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, October 28, 2011), p. 6. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42066.pdf (State Bans on Synthetic Cannabinoids) "At this time, forty-six (46) states and the federal government have scheduled one or more synthetic cannabinoids by statute or regulation and twenty-nine (29) states have some form of the generic language. Of the four states that have not scheduled one or more of the synthetic cannabinoids, Louisiana and Nebraska include the generic language. The only two states that have not yet scheduled any of the synthetic cannabinoids or the generic language are Maryland and Rhode Island. Maryland had four bills pending this legislative session, but was unable to get legislation passed before the session adjourned. There is still a regulation pending in Maryland that would schedule certain cannabinoids. The District of Columbia also has legislation pending. Rhode Island, however, does not have anything pending at this time." Source: Gray, Heather, "An Introduction to Synthetic Drugs," National Alliiance for Model State Drug Laws (Santa Fe, NM: June 2012), p. 11. http://www.namsdl.org/library/80989FDD-1C23-D4F9-740E9E79CA5D77DF/ (Limits on Research) "There is shared concern among researchers that adding these substances to Schedule I could hinder medical research. As previously mentioned, Professor Huffman did not intend for K2 to be consumed by humans. He is, however, against adding synthetic cannabinoids to Schedule I, asserting that there is still much to learn about synthetic cannabinoids and that placing them on Schedule I would create too many hurdles for researchers who need to access these drugs.58 Professor Huffman has created several synthetic cannabinoids that are seen as showing promise in treating skin cancers, pain, and inflammation." Source: Sacco, Lisa N. and Finklea, Kristin M., "Synthetic Drugs: Overview and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, October 28, 2011), p. 13. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42066.pdf (Testing for Use of Synthetics) "Most of the synthetic cannabinoids added as not-listed ingredients to Spice products are very difficult to detect by commonly used drug screening procedures. Apart from the analogs of THC such as HU-210, the structure of these new synthetic cannabinoids differs from that of THC, so that they probably will not trigger a positive test for cannabinoids in immunoassays of body fluids." Source: Fattore, Liana and Fratta, Walter "Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs," Frontiers in Behaviorial Neuroscience (Lausanne, Switzerland: September 2011) Volume 5, Article 60, p. 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187647/pdf/fnbeh-05-00060.p... (Monitoring of New Drugs) "A dramatic online snapshot of the Spice phenomenon as an emerging trend has been recently given by an important web mapping program, the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project, a European Commission-funded project involving researchers from seven European countries (Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, and UK), which aims to develop a web scanning system to identify newly marketed psychoactive compounds, and their combinations (e.g., ketamine and Spice, cannabis and Spice), on the basis of the information available on the Internet (Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group, 2010). As a major result of the Project, a new and updated web-based database is now widely accessible to implement a regular monitoring of the web for novel and recreational drugs." Source: Fattore, Liana and Fratta, Walter "Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs," Frontiers in Behaviorial Neuroscience (Lausanne, Switzerland: September 2011) Volume 5, Article 60, p. 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187647/pdf/fnbeh-05-00060.p... Marijuana - Other & Miscellaneous (Cannabis Prohibition Ineffective) "Increased funding for cannabis prohibition has increased cannabis seizures and arrests, but the assumption that this reduces cannabis potency, increases price or meaningfully reduces availability or use is inconsistent with surveillance data the US federal government has itself collected." Source: International Centre for Science in Drug Policy, "Tools for Debate: US Federal Government Data on Cannabis Prohibition" (Vancouver, British Columbia: 2010), p. 21. http://www.cfenet.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/ICSDP-... (Taxonomy) "The biological (reproductive) definition of a species states that all specimens of a population are of a single species if they are naturally able to sexually reproduce, generating fertile offspring. This is the case throughout the genus Cannabis, and by this definition, therefore, there are no clear biological grounds to separate it into different species.However, within the species Cannabis sativa L., several subspecies are sometimes identified (Small and Cronquist, 1976). "Despite this, modern Cannabis taxonomy remains confused, as a scientific minority prefers to define species according to their typological or morphological characteristics. In 1974, Schultes et al. described three putative species, Cannabis sativa L. (a typically tall species used for fibre, seed or psychoactive use), Cannabis indica Lam. (a short, wide-leafed plant from Afghanistan, used to produce resin) and Cannabis ruderalis Jan. (a short unbranched roadside plant with minimal drug content)." Source: "EMCDDA Insights: Cannabis production and markets in Europe," European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (Lisbon, Portugal: 2012), p. 21. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_166248_EN_web_INSIGHTS_... (THC Content) "The secretion of THC is most abundant in the flowering heads and surrounding leaves. The amount of resin secreted is influenced by environmental conditions during growth (light, temperature and humidity), sex of the plant, and time of harvest. The THC content varies between parts of the plant: from 10-12 % in flowers, 1-2 % in leaves, 0.1-0.3 % in stalks, to less than 0.03 % in the roots." Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, "World Drug Report 2009" (Vienna, Austria: United Nations, 2009), p. 97. http://ahrn.net/library_upload/uploadfile/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf (History) "There are indications that cannabis was used as early as 4000 B.C. in Central Asia and north-western China, with written evidence going back to 2700 B.C. in the pharmacopeia of emperor Chen-Nong. It then gradually spread across the globe, to India (some 1500 B.C., also mentioned in Altharva Veda, one of four holy books about 1400 B.C.1), the Near and Middle East (some 900 B.C.), Europe (some 800 B.C.), various parts of South-East Asia (2nd century A.D.), Africa (as of the 11th century A.D.) to the Americas (19th century) and the rest of the world.2" Source: "A Century of International Drug Control," United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna, Austria: 2009), p. 15. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/100_Years_of_Dr... (Political History) "The identification of cannabis as a potentially dangerous psychoactive substance did not, however, prevent a substantial number of these enquiries to explore the issue of whether current legislation reflected the real dangers posed by cannabis. Already in 1944, the La Guardia Committee Report on Marihuana concluded that ‘the practice of smoking marihuana does not lead to addiction in the medical sense of the word’ and that ‘the use of marihuana does not lead to morphine or heroin or cocaine addiction’ (Zimmer and Morgan, 1997). In 1968 the Wootton Report stated that ‘the dangers of cannabis use as commonly accepted in the past and the risk of progression to opiates have been overstated’ and ‘cannabis is less harmful than other substances (amphetamines, barbiturates, codeine-like compounds)’. A similar conclusion was arrived at 34 years later in 2002 when the Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence proposed the reclassification of cannabis from Class B to Class C (enforced by law in 2004 and confirmed in 2005). These views were reiterated by other enquiries, such as the Baan Committee in the Netherlands, which affirmed in 1971 that ‘cannabis use does not lead directly to other drug use’ (16) or by the US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, which in 1973 stated that ‘the existing social and legal policy is out of proportion to the individual and social harm engendered by the use of the drug [cannabis]’ (17). The Canadian Le Dain Commission saw ‘the UN Single Convention of 1961 as responsible’ for such a situation which ‘might have reinforced the erroneous impression that cannabis is to be assimilated to the opiate narcotics’. The same commission, however, suggested that the UN Convention did ‘not prevent domestic legislation from correcting this impression’ (18)." Source: EMCDDA (2008), "A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences," Monograph series 8, Volume 1, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, p. 108. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_53355_EN_emcdda-cannabi... (Official Descriptions) "Cultivated Sinsemilla: Female cannabis plant which has not been pollinated. May grow from cutting or from seed. May contain some seed (if un-pollinated the seed will be sterile). Common illicit indoor grow technique. "Cultivated Non Sinsemilla: Male or Female cannabis plant commonly grown for illicit drug use. "Cultivated Ditchweed: Male or Female cannabis plant which grows wild in many states that has in some way been tended by man. Examples of tending are: weeding, watering, topping, fertilizing, harvesting. "Ditchweed: Unattended, wild male or female cannabis that is native to many states. "Cannabis Bud: Flowering top of a female cannabis plant. The Bud may contain seed. Most valuable portion of a cannabis plant to the illicit grower. Bud formation occurs late in plant development. "Leaf: Cannabis leaf potency tends to correlate to position on the plant. The most potent part of the plant is the new leaves at the top of the plant. As you move downward on the plant potency decreases. The least potent leaves on the plant are the large leaves at the bottom of the plant. "Mature Cannabis: Mature cannabis plants have a higher potency than immature plants. Determination of plant maturity should be made using all available contextual factors. For example, is the plant outdoors and it only June or July, if so, then the plant is likely immature. However, if the growing season is near an end, such as September or October, then the plant is probably mature. Note male cannabis plants are mature as early as August when grown outdoors. It is more difficult to generalize regarding maturity of indoor grows. “Spike” cannabis plants can mature in as little as 6-8 weeks whereas an indoor grow with plants 3-4 feet in height may take 60-120 days to mature. "Already Harvested: Cannabis plant material recently dried or packaged. May be either bud or leaf. "Average Plant Canopy Diameter: Record the diameter of a typical mature cannabis plant at its broadest point through the center. Diameter data can be used to predict usable yield with good accuracy." Source: http://www.fl-aglaw.com/pdf/NIDA_Cannabis_Potency_Monitoring_Project_For... (Effects of Prohibition) "Prohibition has two effects: on one hand it raises supplier costs, disrupts market functioning and prevents open promotion of the product; on the other, it sacrifices the authorities’ ability to tax transactions and regulate operation of the market, product characteristics and promotional activity of suppliers. The cannabis prevalence rates presented in Figure 1 show clearly that prohibition has failed to prevent widespread use of the drug and leaves open the possibility that it might be easier to control the harmful use of cannabis by regulation of a legal market than to control illicit consumption under prohibition. The contrast between the general welcome for tobacco regulation (including bans on smoking in public places) and the deep suspicion of prohibition policy on cannabis is striking and suggests that a middle course of legalised but limited consumption may find a public consensus." Source: "Pudney, Stephen, "Drugs Policy – What Should We Do About Cannabis?" Centre for Economic Policy Research (London, United Kingdom: April 2009), p. 23. http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/9/976/papers/pudney.pdf (Marijuana Tax Act) "Marijuana essentially became illegal in 1937 pursuant to the Marijuana Tax Act.39 The use of marijuana required the payment of a tax for usage; failure to pay the tax resulted in a large fine or stiff prison time for tax evasion.40 Drug prohibition was elevated to another level by targeting 'marijuana,' a plant that had never demonstrated any harm to anyone.41 "Anslinger’s [Harry J. Anslinger, the first Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics] efforts to eradicate marijuana continued when Anslinger sought similar anti-narcotic laws against marijuana at the state level.42 Guided by Anslinger’s policy direction, states began passing their own laws or adopting more strident versions of federal laws.43 By 1952, nearly all states had anti-narcotic laws in place.44" Source: Gilmore, Brian, "Again and Again We Suffer: the Poor and the Endurance of the 'War on Drugs,'" University of the District of Columbia Law Review (Washington, DC: The University of the District of Columbia David A. Clarke School of Law, 2011) Volume 15, Number 1, p. 64. (Percent Change in Arrests Totals 1996-2010) (Note: Totals are contained in Annual Arrests data table.) Annual Percent Change in Total, Drug, and Marijuana Arrests, 1996-2010 Year	i don't know
Name the popular illegal filesharing website found liable for copyright breach by a New York court in October 2010?	2010: The Year the Internet Went to War \| WIRED 2010: The Year the Internet Went to War subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. On Twitter 12 hours A comedy about the apocalypse—penned by @neilhimself —is slated for 2018. So there's that to look forward to at least bit.ly/2jcWNvp Author: David Kravets. David Kravets Security Date of Publication: 12.27.10. Time of Publication: 7:00 am. 7:00 am 2010: The Year the Internet Went to War Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton gives a statement on the WikiLeaks document release on November 29, 2010, at the State Department in Washington, D.C. Photo: AP It was a year without parallel. Threat Level’s bread-and-butter themes of censorship, hacking, security, privacy, copyright and cyberwar were all represented in tug-of-war struggles with unprecedented outcomes. Google defeated China’s censors, but caved to corporate censorship in the United States. The largest computer-crime case ever prosecuted ended in the nation’s longest prison term. A small-time Xbox modder who advertised his services online beat the federal rap. And a mysterious computer virus called Stuxnet finally put proof to decades of warnings that malware will eventually be used to kinetic effect in the real world. A myriad of court decisions seemed to be a boon for online rights, while others clearly were a step backward. The year 2010 saw the rise of the newspaper copyright troll, and judges pushed back on absurd jury verdicts for music file sharing and outdated electronic spying rules. And a secret-spilling website flirting with insolvency and dissolution suddenly burst onto the world stage. WikiLeaks was without a doubt the biggest 2010 development in Threat Level’s world. WikiLeaks Takes On World Powers As the year began, the project appeared to be on its last legs — just another cypherpunk fever dream destined for the same dustbin as digital cash and assassination politics. Site founder Julian Assange had abandoned the wiki portion of the concept, after crowds of volunteer analysts failed to congeal around WikiLeaks’ impressive, but not yet explosive, trove. Bradley Manning as he appeared in his Facebook photo. Assange also experimented with auctioning early access to leaks for news outlets, without immediate success. By January, the site had hit financial bankruptcy, and its homepage and archive were replaced by a public plea for donations . Then came Bradley Manning, a disaffected 22-year-old Army intelligence officer who wanted “ people to see the truth .” With one disturbing video and nearly a million leaked U.S. documents later, WikiLeaks had raised more than $1.2 million, and ignited a battle over the meaning of journalism, national security and censorship . The WikiLeaks saga began in earnest with the April release of the “ Collateral Murder ” video showing more than a dozen people in Iraq being killed in three U.S. Apache helicopter attacks. Victims included two Reuters employees, one carrying a camera that was apparently mistaken for a weapon. The partial release of 92,000 reports from the war in Afghanistan followed in July. Then came 400,000 Iraq war reports in October, and finally the slow, steady disclosure of 250,000 U.S. diplomatic cables that kicked off just after Thanksgiving. The "Collateral Murder" scene shortly after the 2007 Apache helicopter attack in Iraq was exposed by WikiLeaks. Along the way, Manning was arrested and locked away in a Marine brig . A war broke out within WikiLeaks’ ranks. And Assange became the subject of a U.S. grand jury investigation that may have broad ramifications for the First Amendment. The State Department said Assange’s publication of U.S. diplomatic cables was “illegal.” But Assange bills WikiLeaks as a media organization, and no media outlet has ever been prosecuted for publishing classified information in the United States. WikiLeaks and the Future Yet more is at stake than Assange’s freedom and the future of WikiLeaks. The site has shown us that the right to maintain a presence on the internet regularly runs counter to the net’s gatekeepers that often are motivated by profit. As the New Year approached, WikiLeaks was caught scrambling to maintain its online presence and financial pipeline. Amazon cut off its web hosting, and PayPal, Visa, MasterCard and Bank of America blocked donations to the organization . Apple even banned an iPhone app designed to facilitate access to Wikileaks’ cache of leaked U.S. diplomatic cables. “A lot of really important stuff happened this year that forces us to begin to think about that there are so many people who depend on private companies to enjoy the fruits of technology,” said Cindy Cohn , the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s legal director. “If the private company stands up for us we have rights, and if it doesn’t, we don’t.” Springing to WikiLeaks’ defense were the pranksters and activists known as Anonymous, who overwhelmed the websites of WikiLeaks’ enemies — real and perceived — with junk internet traffic in coordinated attacks dubbed Operation Payback. A more constructive protest grew from the grassroots, with supporters volunteering their own websites to host mirrors of WikiLeaks’ “Cablegate” page, ensuring it can never be removed from the web. More than anything, the online protests exposed a generational struggle for the heart and soul of the net. It’s a high-stakes conflict between corporations that have grown fat and powerful off the web over nearly two decades and the first generation to grow up with the modern internet as a daily element in their lives. Both sides believe the internet belongs to them. If history is a guide, it would be unwise to bet against the kids over the establishment. Stuxnet: Code Creates Havoc If WikiLeaks showed that the most powerful government on Earth can be brought to tears by stateless freedom-of-information rebels, the Stuxnet virus proved the most despotic governments can be similarly harmed by well-written code. The virus hit Iran’s Natanz nuclear facility, prompting Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to suggest in November the malicious computer code was launched by “enemies” of the state . He said it had sabotaged centrifuges used in Iran’s nuclear-enrichment program. Although not proven, those “enemies” could be Israel . “Stuxnet. It is in my book the most important development of the year. It is when things started changing,” said F-Secure’s Chief Research Officer Mikko Hyppönen , in a telephone interview from Helsinki. “It is the first real example of cybersabotage being done with malware.” Image: TheG/Flickr Google at Home and Abroad A different government is likely behind the other giant hacking news of 2010. Google went public in January with the startling disclosure that its systems had been deeply penetrated by sophisticated foreign attackers who had targeted e-mail accounts of human-rights activists. Since then, it has emerged that at least 33 companies have been similarly targeted . Google didn’t explicitly blame the Chinese government, but it didn’t have to: Google’s response was to take the unprecedented step of halting its government-mandated censorship of web searches in China through a series of technological and legal dodges. Amazingly, China didn’t boot Google out of the country , despite repeated threats. In the United States, Google was looking less heroic after it ceded ground in the crucial fight for net neutrality. The company joined with Verizon in August to announce a congressional plan that abandons the idea of network neutrality for wireless spectrum . The plan meant wireless carriers could discriminate against content providers, big and small, by selling carriage rights or by refusing to carry at all. Net Neutrality on Life Support The proposal was in response to an April federal appeals court decision that said the Federal Communications Commission had no power to enforce its principles of net neutrality , absent congressional authority. The ruling, by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, came after Comcast appealed an FCC reprimand for having sabotaged its customers’ BitTorrent traffic. So, Google and Verizon suggested a compromise to get the ball rolling: Mandate net neutrality for wireline internet, but not for wireless. Days before Christmas, the FCC adopted a plan similar to that proposal , a move likely to reach the courts again. Still, Google was responsible for winning perhaps one of the most important internet-freedom civil lawsuits, Viacom’s copyright action lawsuit against Google-owned YouTube. U.S. District Judge Louis L. Stanton dismissed the long-running litigation , ruling in June that internet companies, even if they know they are hosting infringing material posted by third parties, are immune from copyright liability if they promptly remove works at a rights holder’s request — under what is known as a “takedown notice” authorized by the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act . Viacom has appealed, arguing the ruling will “ completely destroy copyright .” When the entertainment industry speaks of a legal development in such apocalyptic terms, it’s a good indicator that the development marks a modest advance. Cyberthieves and Copyright Shenanigans Between Stuxnet and the Google attacks, one could almost forget that private, profit-oriented hackers can still hold their own in terms of impact. Reminding us of that was Albert “Soupnazi” Gonzalez. The 29-year-old Secret Service informant led a gang of cyberthieves who stole more than 90 million credit and debit card numbers from TJX and other major retailers. Albert "Soupnazi" Gonzalez. Photo: courtesy of Stephen Watt Gonzalez was sentenced in March to 20 years in prison — a record for a U.S. hacking case. He’s now at the low-security federal prison in Milan, Michigan, sporting the kind of Buck Rogers release date once reserved for drug kingpins: October 11, 2025 . In other prosecutions, the government was less successful. The feds launched a first-of-its-kind jury trial of a Southern California man on allegations of modding Xboxes to play pirated games — a violation of the DMCA’s anti-circumvention provisions. Defendant Matthew Crippen faced five years for each of two DMCA counts. The case collapsed in December from an excess of prosecutorial bungling . Copyright law has better served America’s first newspaper copyright troll , Righthaven. The Las Vegas litigation factory has lodged more than 190 infringement suits against bloggers on behalf of print conglomerates Stephens Media and MediaNews Group. Many of the cases targeted websites that had posted modest excerpts of newspaper stories without permission, and some involved content posted by users of a website, instead of the operators. Nonetheless, dozens of the cases were settled out of court for undisclosed terms. By year’s end, Righthaven had shifted its litigation strategy to go after sites that crib newspaper images. Meanwhile, a federal judge in January reduced a record $1.92 million file sharing verdict to $54,000 after concluding the award against infamous file sharer Jammie Thomas-Rasset for infringing 24 songs was “ shocking .” And Limewire, the popular file sharing service with some 50 million monthly users, shuttered in October after a federal judge sided with the Recording Industry Association of America, and found the New York company liable for a “substantial amount of copyright infringement.” The U.S. government went on an unprecedented copyright-and-trademark offensive, closing down 82 websites across the globe linked to the sale or distribution of faked goods or file sharing. The November domain name seizures represented a substantial escalation of law enforcement activity from “ Operation Our Sites ” announced in June, when the Justice Department seized nine domains because they allegedly allowed users to stream first-run movies over the internet. Your Right to E-Mail Privacy Most important, the year 2010 witnessed a major milestone in a long-simmering fight for e-mail privacy. The Cincinnati-based 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals declared that the Fourth Amendment, regardless of what the 1986 Stored Communications Act said, protected Americans’ e-mail. It was one, all-too-rare case of rebuking the cliché that the law does not keep up with technology. Image: Subliminati/Flickr The Stored Communications Act, a relic from an age where CompuServe was king, allows the government to obtain a suspect’s e-mail from an internet service provider or webmail service without a probable-cause warrant once the messages have been stored for at least 180 days. It was enacted at a time when e-mail generally wasn’t stored on servers for a long time, but instead held there briefly on their way to a recipient’s inbox. The Barack Obama administration fought against the ruling. The decision, if it withstands Supreme Court scrutiny, means the authorities need a court warrant to access e-mail from mail providers. “The Fourth Amendment,” the appeals court ruled in December, “must keep pace with the inexorable march of technological progress , or its guarantees will wither and perish.” Happy New Year.	LimeWire
Hallus valgus is the medical term for what common condition?	Jenner & Block \| Content, Media & Entertainment Content, Media & Entertainment Content, Media & Entertainment Content Protection Jenner & Block is a nationwide leader in helping content creators safeguard their intellectual property on the Internet and in other advanced media. Our lawyers have worked in and with the entertainment community. Among our ranks we count a former head of litigation for the Recording Industry Association of America and a former general counsel for the Entertainment Software Association. We combine deep insight of the affected industries, broad legal experience and the technological knowledge and sophistication to help our clients protect their content across all media and platforms. Because of this experience, a broad array of companies with copyrights in valuable intellectual property — from record companies to motion picture studios to publishers to technology companies — regularly call upon the firm for representation and counsel. Our lawyers handle cases of critical importance to the media and entertainment industry, including WNET v. Aereo, Universal Recordings v. Escape Media Group (grooveshark.com) and Fox v. Dish. These groundbreaking cases are changing law and impacting the way business is conducted and content is delivered. In addition, we have a rich history of handling some of the most important online copyright cases of our time, starting with the seminal Napster case, and including MGM Studios v. Grokster, Viacom v. YouTube and Columbia Pictures v. Fung (isoHunt). Our attorneys are versed in all aspects of U.S. copyright law, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), and have been at the forefront of issues of importance to content creators, including those related to: Online “lockers” and “cloud” computing Peer-to-peer networks, whether website or application based User uploaded content sites Link sites and search engines Webcasting, internet radio and other audio and video streaming services Satellite radio services USENET and other server-based systems Portable and mobile devices DMCA notices and safe harbors Copyright filters and content protection technologies Circumvention of access and copy control technologies under the DMCA and related laws Identification of online infringers through DMCA subpoenas, “Doe” suits and otherwise Establishing U.S. jurisdiction over foreign infringers Cross-border copyright enforcement We regularly counsel clients on content protection and enforcement strategies, and help them analyze complex issues concerning the application of copyright and related laws to evolving technologies and to new business models, platforms and products. Representative cases handled by our Content Protection team include: WNET v. Aereo (ABC v. Aereo): In a case of critical importance to the entire broadcast television industry, Jenner & Block represented a consortium of broadcast television companies (including Fox Television Stations, PBS, WPIX, Univision Television Group, and WNET) in a copyright case against Aereo, Inc., a company that captures over-the-air television programming and retransmits it over the Internet without the authority of the copyright owenrs. Jenner & Block handled this matter at every stage of the litigation, starting in the Southern District of New York, on appeal to the Second Circuit, and in the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 25, 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of our clients, resulting in a monumental win for broadcasters and copyright owners. Disney Enterprises v. Hotfile Corp.: In a case closely watched by the worldwide copyright community, the firm represented the major motion picture studios in an infringement action against Hotfile Corp., a file-hosting site, and one of its principals. In December 2013, a Florida federal court ordered Hotfile to pay $80 million and cease operations unless it employs copyright filtering technologies that prevent the infringement of the studios' works. The order ended more than two years of copyright infringement litigation against the download hub, which actively encouraged users to upload copyrighted material by offering payments based on how many other users downloaded their files. This was a significant and favorable settlement not only for the firm's clients, but also for the broader copyright owner community, as the court order sets an important precedent with regard to the responsibility of so-called "cyberlockers" and the implementation of copyright filtering. Columbia Pictures v. Fung (isoHunt): Jenner & Block achieved a very favorable result for our motion picture studio clients in the first U.S. decision to address the merits of copyright claims against one of the world's largest peer-to-peer BitTorrent file trading services. In a settlement with significant implications for the entire copyright industry, the BitTorrent website isoHunt.com ceased operations, protecting our clients' movies and television shows from a popular, easy and anonymous form of digital piracy. In 2009, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of our clients, finding that isoHunt was liable for "inducement" of copyright infringement under the seminal Supreme Court standard (which was set in an earlier case litigated by the firm). In May 2010, the district court granted a permanent injunction prohibiting defendants from providing access to the studios' content. In March 2013, the Ninth Circuit affirmed boht the finding of liability and the injunction. Along the way, the district court and the Ninth Circuit rejected isoHunt's argument that it was protected by the DMCA's "safe harbor" provisions. The settlement and resulting shutdown of isoHunt ended nearly eight years of litigatoin against isoHunt Web Technologies Inc. and its owner Gary Fung. In addition to closing isoHunt, the consent judgment awarded $110 million in damages against defendants. Capitol Records v. MP3Ttunes: Jenner & Block won a significant victory for EMI Music North America and several of its record label affiliates in a long-running and complex copyright infringement case relating to the application of the DMCA to operations of a pair of online music sites operated by defendant MP3tunes. In an action against MP3tunes and its founder/owner/CEO, EMI alleged that, among other copyright violations, MP3tunes encouraged users to copy (or "sideload") music found on the Internet to online "lockers" provided by MP3tunes. In March 2014, a federal jury in New York found MP3tunes, Inc. and its former CEO Michael Robertson liable for infringing more than 2,000 copyrights in sound recordings, compositions, and cover art owned by EMI. Along with a series of other specific copyright infringements, the jury found that MP3tunes had "red flag" knowledge of specific acts of infringement on its service and had been "willfully blind" to such infringements, marking the first time that a jury had disqualified a defendant from DMCA "safe harbor" protection on this basis since the standard was set by the Second Circuit in Viacome v. YouTube. Following a ruling from the district court, upholding liability and reducing some of the financial recovery, the matter is on appeal. Fox Broadcasting Company v. DISH Network: Jenner & Block represented several Fox entities in a copyright infringement and breach of contract action agaisnt DISH Network that could dramatically alter the landscape of ad-supported television and the continuing viability of broadcast TV. In 2012, DISH launched its Hopper set top box with "PrimeTime Anytime" and "AutoHop" services that make unauthorized copies of the entire primetime broadcast schedule for all four major networks every night and then provice the programs to subscribers "on demand" in a commercial-free format. Then, in 2013, DISH launched the Hopper with Sling and its "DISH Anywhere" service, which streams Fox's programs to DISH subscribers over the Internet without authorization. DISH also launched Hopper Transfers, an unauthorized service that allows DISH subscribers to copy programs onto their tablets for viewing outside the home. As alleged in the complaint, DISH's conduct violates both the Copyright Act and Fox's contractual rights. MGM Studios v. Grokster : Jenner & Block represented every major U.S. motion picture studio and record company in the landmark copyright case involving peer-to-peer file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast. A unanimous Supreme Court adopted the “inducement” theory of copyright liability, holding that “one who distributes a device with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright” is liable for the resulting infringement. The victory made clear that those who intend to foster copyright infringement by others are liable as contributory infringers. On remand, our team secured summary judgment against Streamcast for inducing copyright infringement. The Firm also led negotiations on behalf of record companies worldwide resulting in a $115 million settlement with defendant Kazaa. The settlement (among the highest in copyright history) resolved litigation on three continents and resulted in Kazaa implementing sophisticated copyright filters to prevent further infringement. Viacom v. YouTube: Jenner & Block represented Viacom in settling a “landmark legal battle” (Financial Times) and a case that was largely viewed as one of the most significant copyright cases of our time, debating the use of copyrighted videos on Google's YouTube service without permission. Earlier in this legal battle, the firm won an important victory for Viacom and the content industry when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants, and remanded the case for further proceedings. The settlement, as described by Reuters, “ends seven years of litigation that drew wide attention from Hollywood, the music industry and Internet companies, and which tested the reach of a federal law designed to thwart piracy while letting people find entertainment online.” Arista Records v. Lime Group LLC: Jenner & Block lawyers represented all major record companies in a lawsuit against the makers, distributors and promoters of the “LimeWire” peer-to-peer client software, which at its peak was the most widely used peer-to-peer software in the world. The lawsuit, the first to be brought against a P2P company in the wake of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in MGM v. Grokster (see above), resulted in a finding of the defendants’ copyright infringement liability on summary judgment, the closing of LimeWire’s operations, the disabling of the LimeWire client software, and a payment of $105 million to the record companies in settlement of the case. The record companies also succeeded in dismissing the defendants’ antitrust counterclaims in what was the first application of the pleading standard established by the Supreme Court in Bell Atlantic v. Twombly in a post-Twombly antitrust case. Arista Records v. Usenet.com: Jenner & Block represented all major U.S. recording companies in a copyright infringement action against a commercial USENET server operator. USENET is a network of online bulletin boards where subscribers obtain access to files posted by other users and distributed by USENET operators. Accepting each of the Firm’s arguments, the court granted summary judgment, holding that the defendants, Usenet.com, Inc. and its owner, were liable for both direct and secondary copyright infringement. The Firm also won broad evidentiary sanctions based on defendants’ destruction of evidence and other egregious litigation misconduct. The case represents the first published decision holding a USENET operator liable for copyright infringement. Ventura Content v. Mansef: The Firm successfully represented a leading adult entertainment company in a copyright infringement suit against the owners of several popular “tube” sites that provide users with access to adult videos, the vast majority of which were infringing. In a case that had important ramifications for the broader adult entertainment industry, the Firm successfully engineered a settlement that, in addition to providing compensation for our client, required the defendants to implement video “fingerprinting” copyright filters to prevent further infringement of copyrighted works belonging to the entire adult entertainment industry. Universal Recordings v. Escape Media Group: The firm currently represents Universal Music Group in a novel case involving the scope of protection for “pre-1972” sound recordings under New York State common law copyright and unfair competition laws. (Pre-1972 sound recordings are not subject to the protections of the U.S. Copyright Act.) Through the popular website grooveshark.com, defendant operates a music service that provides users with free access to a vast library of sound recordings, both copyrighted and pre-1972. Nonetheless, in that action, Escape asserted that defenses found in the Copyright Act precluded the claims presented. Recently, The firm won an appeal from the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court dismissing that defense. This victory was widely hailed as a precedent-setting result for content owners as it strongly suggests that, in appropriate situations, state common law remedies may be an alternative means of content protection. Columbia Pictures v. Bunnell (TorrentSpy): Jenner & Block represented the major U.S. motion picture studios against TorrentSpy, a now-defunct BitTorrent website that openly encouraged its users to download infringing copies of popular movies and television programs. After the Firm uncovered defendants’ massive destruction of evidence, the court granted terminating sanctions and entered default against defendants. Following a contested damages hearing, the court entered judgment against defendants for more than $110 million, and also enjoined defendants from further infringement. All of the individual defendants then filed for bankruptcy in an attempt to nullify the judgment. However, with the Firm representing the studios in the bankruptcy proceedings, the bankruptcy court held that the $110 million judgment was a product of defendants’ “willful and malicious” conduct and therefore ineligible to be discharged through bankruptcy. Atlantic Recording Corp. v. XM Satellite Radio : The Firm successfully represented all major record companies in an action against XM Satellite Radio over XM’s “inno” portable device. The inno enabled users to make permanent digital copies of any song being played on XM’s radio service simply by pushing a record button at any time during the playing of the song – thereby converting XM’s licensed radio service into an unauthorized download service in violation of the Copyright Act. The case resolved on terms favorable to the Firm’s clients after the district court rejected XM’s principal defense that the inno device was immunized from copyright liability by the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992. Motown Records v. iMesh.com : The Firm represented major record companies in a copyright infringement suit against peer-to-peer company iMesh. The litigation successfully concluded when iMesh implemented the first-ever commercial audio fingerprinting copyright filter. 321 Studios v. MGM andAtari v. 321 Studios : Jenner & Block attorneys successfully represented the Motion Picture Association of America and the Entertainment Software Association, and their respective member companies, in separate litigations to enforce the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s “anti-circumvention” provisions against distributors of software that unlawfully circumvented the access and copy protections incorporated into commercial motion picture and video game DVDs. Arista Records v. Sakfield: Jenner & Block represented major record companies in a suit against a Spanish company unlawfully distributing music from Canadian servers to U.S. customers through a service called PureTunes. The case ended in a consent judgment shutting down PureTunes after the Firm successfully dissected more than a half dozen layers of foreign shell companies put in place to conceal the true identities of PureTunes’ U.S. operators. UMG Recordings v. MP3.com: Jenner & Block lawyers represented the recording industry in their successful efforts to shut down and obtain significant damages from the infamous illegal music service MP3.com. A&M Records v. Napster : Jenner & Block lawyers successfully represented all major U.S. record companies in the landmark case against Napster, the first peer-to-peer music trading service. Napster closed operations shortly after the Ninth Circuit affirmed the preliminary injunction against it. Copyright and Entertainment Litigation In addition to Jenner & Block’s preeminence in high tech content protection litigation, we are among the nation’s leading practitioners in traditional copyright and entertainment litigation. Clients look to the Firm to handle all manner of disputes concerning their valuable intellectual property. Whether the actions are based on copyright, contract, statutory rights, tort, accounting, or otherwise, we help content owners enforce their rights and defend against claims brought by others. Jenner & Block represents entertainment companies, authors and publishers, and copyright owners of all kinds in high-profile litigation, spanning issues such as substantial similarity, fair use, renewal and termination rights, rights of publicity, theft of ideas, and IP joint ventures. We are regularly engaged to handle contractual disputes relating to content and rights acquisition and distribution, talent and artist agreements, and royalty accountings. These claims are most commonly asserted by artists and composers and relate to subjects as varied as the scope of rights granted, the applicable rates for digital exploitation, the propriety of deductions taken, exploitation and collections by foreign subsidiaries, joint authorship, and many more. The Firm’s extensive experience with the intricacies of entertainment contracts and royalty accountings has proven to be a great asset to clients in navigating these complex actions. Representative cases handled by our Copyright and Entertainment Litigation team include: Panama Music Corp. et al v. Universal Music Group Inc.: Jenner & Block won a significant decision the Southern District of Florida when the court granted Universal Music Group’s (UMG’s) motion for summary judgment in a breach of contract claim filed by Panama Music Corp. (PMC). The matter concerned the calculation of royalties owing on income derived from the sale of digital downloads and ringtones and from streaming services. PMC argued that the royalty calculation on digital sales was not provided in the agreement and thus fell under a “catch-all” provision providing for payment of 50 percent of net receipts on all income not otherwise addressed in the agreement. UMG’s motion argued that downloads and ringtones were simply modern formats of records and thus the contractual royalty term for record sales applied. The ruling in favor of UMG specifically held that downloads and ringtones were records and that sales of downloads through iTunes, Amazon and other retailers constituted distribution through Normal Retail Channels. This decision has significant implications in the industry as it serves to limit the holding of the Ninth Circuit in F.B.T. Productions v. Aftermath Records awarding the rapper Eminem 50 percent of net receipts on download sales based on markedly different contract terms. Connie Franconero v. Universal Music Corp.: Jenner & Block won a motion to dismiss a lawsuit brought by singer Connie Francis concerning the royalty rate applicable to digital downloads. Francis alleged that she was entitled to a royalty rate of 50% of UMG’s net receipts from sales of digital downloads through online retailers. The court rejected Francis’ attempts to limit the definition of “record” and “phonograph record,” because the agreements contemplated that the term “record” encompassed any future medium that transmitted sound recordings. The court further agreed that the plain, unambiguous language of the royalty provision was determinative and dismissed Francis’s contract and quasi-contract claims. Warner Bros. Entertainment v. The Global Asylum: Jenner & Block prevented a low-budget movie originally called “Age of the Hobbits” from being distributed under that name, arguing that the title unlawfully tried to cash in on Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.’s blockbuster “The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.” The court issued a preliminary injunction, barring Asylum from advertising, selling or distributing any film titled “Age of the Hobbits” or using any mark that is similar to “The Hobbit" or “The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.” The Ninth Circuit affirmed the injunction in October 2013. Fifty Shades Ltd. et al. v. Smash Pictures Inc. et al.: Jenner & Block secured a victory for Universal Studios and author E L James in a copyright infringement case against a production company and director who created a pornographic version of the popular “Fifty Shades of Grey” novels. The two sides reached a settlement in which the defendants paid an undisclosed sum to Universal and agreed to a permanent injunction that prohibits the defendants from marketing or selling the adaptations of the popular trilogy. Yngwie J. Malmsteen v. Universal Music Group, Inc.: Jenner & Block won summary judgment dismissing a breach of contract lawsuit brought by guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen including a claim relating to the calculation of royalty payments on income derived from the sale of digital downloads through online retailers. Malmsteen alleged that he was entitled to 50% of UMG’s net receipts from digital download sales pursuant to a contractual provision that applied that rate in certain limited circumstances. The court granted summary judgment in favor of our client, UMG, on the ground that contractual provisions that set a lower royalty rate for all sales of “records” through “normal retail channels,” was unambiguous and applied to digital downloads. The issue of the applicability of 50% net receipt provisions to income from digital exploitation is a hot button item in the recorded music industry and this is the first major litigation in which the record companies prevailed by summary judgment and thus is of great precedential value. Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited v. UMG Recordings: Jenner & Block represented UMG Recordings in a case brought by the heirs of Bob Marley, one of the most iconic performers in the recent history of popular music. The heirs claimed ownership of the renewal copyrights in some of Marley’s famous sound recordings. In a significant victory for our client, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York granted UMG’s motion for partial summary judgment, dismissing plaintiffs’ claim to the copyrights in question. The court held that, through its predecessor-in-interest, UMG is the statutory “author” of the recordings, which were “works for hire” for purposes of the Copyright Act of 1909. As such, UMG is the owner of the initial and renewal term copyrights in the recordings. In the remaining claims, the heirs raised contractual issues relating to the appropriate rate of royalties to be paid on digital downloads, and other accounting issues arising from UMG’s distribution of albums containing these sound recordings. The court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on the royalty accounting claims and subsequently granted UMG’s motion for summary judgment as to a substantial portion of the remaining accounting claims based on the contractual limitations period. The case subsequently settled. Penguin Group (USA) v. Steinbeck: Jenner & Block won a victory in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit for the Estate of Elaine Steinbeck, widow of author John Steinbeck, in litigation over copyright to his works. The case put to rest a decades-long dispute over the rights to John Steinbeck’s classic literary works such as Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath when the Second Circuit held that the rights to the author’s best-known early works lawfully belong to the Estate of Elaine Steinbeck. Anthony v. The Walt Disney Co.: Represented Disney and Pixar in their defense of a copyright infringement and breach of implied contract lawsuit in which the plaintiff claimed that our clients’ Cars motion pictures and animated shorts infringed his copyrighted materials and misappropriated a concept he had purportedly submitted to defendants. On behalf of our clients, we successfully obtained dismissal of all claims. That order of dismissal is currently on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. DiTocco v. Riordan: Represented author Rick Riordan and Disney Book Group in a copyright infringement lawsuit over Riordan’s blockbuster series of novels, Percy Jackson & The Olympians. In 2011, secured a decision dismissing all claims. That order of dismissal is currently on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Connie Franconero v. UMG Recordings: Jenner & Block represents UMG Recordings in a case brought by singer Connie Francis. Initially, Francis alleged an eight figure tort claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. That claim was dismissed on a motion for summary judgment. The principal remaining claim alleged that UMG improperly allowed Francis’ recorded music to be used on albums not composed entirely of her own material. On a subsequent motion for summary judgment, the court dismissed the “coupling” claim, thereby reducing Francis’ claim by more than 90%. Universal City Studios v. Global Asylum: Jenner & Block successfully represented Universal Studios in prosecuting trademark, unfair competition, and copyright claims against a film studio that produced and distributed in the United States and internationally a “mockbuster” DVD that copied the title, title design, and key art for Universal’s 2012 motion picture Battleship. Following litigation in the United Kingdom and in California, the defendant agreed to change the title, title design and artwork to a non-infringing format for all distribution of the DVD worldwide. Greenfield v. Philles Records: Jenner & Block attorneys represented the copyright holder in this seminal 2002 decision from the New York Court of Appeals confirming the unlimited right of recording companies to exploit performances created under recording agreements. Jobim v. Songs of Universal: Jenner & Block is currently defending Songs of Universal in an action brought by the heirs of songwriter Antonio Carlos Jobim relating to the exploitation of “The Girl from Ipanema,” and other famous Jobim compositions, pursuant to a series of sub-publishing agreements between the parties. The case raises complicated issues of international exploitation of copyrights and foreign collection of royalties. The two primary claims in the litigation sought termination of the agreements and calculation of royalties based on income received by Universal’s international licensees “at source” rather than the income ultimately received by Universal from those licensees. The Jenner & Block team achieved a considerable victory when the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, in ruling on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, rejected plaintiffs’ claims for “at source” accounting and for termination of the sub-publishing agreements. Marvel Enterprises v. Walt Disney Company: Our attorneys represented Disney in the successful resolution of a multimillion dollar lawsuit by Marvel. Marvel alleged numerous counts of copyright infringement and breach of contract arising out of Disney’s exploitation and licensing of animated television programs based on Marvel’s well-known superhero characters including Spider-Man, X-Men, and The Incredible Hulk. Astaire v. McKenzie Astaire: Representing the daughter of Fred Astaire, Jenner & Block attorneys secured dismissal at the pleading stage of a claim for violation of the California posthumous right of publicity brought by Mr. Astaire’s widow. Sheldon Abend Revocable Trust v. NBC Universal: Jenner & Block is defending NBC Universal, Universal Studios, and a dozen related companies in a copyright and breach of contract action brought by the Sheldon Abend estate. The suit alleges that the 2007 motion picture Disturbia, which Universal distributed in certain overseas territories, infringed plaintiff’s rights in the 1942 short story on which the classic Alfred Hitchcock film Rear Window was based. The estate claimed that license agreements dating from 1991 and 1992 concerning Universal’s distribution of Rear Window contained implied negative covenants that prohibited any exploitation of a film using ideas or themes similar to the 1942 short story. After removing the case from state to federal court on copyright preemption grounds, Jenner & Block obtained the dismissal of all claims against the defendants in October 2011. Saregama India v. Taylor: Jenner & Block achieved a significant victory for two major recording industry clients, UMG Recordings and WB Music Group, when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the dismissal of copyright claims alleging that the rap producer Timbaland used a sample from the soundtrack of a 1969 Indian film entitled Aradhana in the song “Put You on the Game” (a song that was performed by the rap artist The Game and appeared on The Game’s 2005 album, The Documentary). The district court had dismissed the complaint on the grounds that there was no evidence that the soundtrack was created during the term of the agreement at issue, and that the plaintiff therefore lacked standing to pursue the infringement action. The district court also found an absence of substantial similarity, refusing to follow the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Bridgeport Music v. Dimension Films, which had held that plaintiffs in infringement actions based on the sampling of a sound recording are not required to prove substantial similarity. The district court awarded attorneys’ fees and costs to our clients. Mena v. Fox Entertainment Group: Jenner & Block is defending Fox and Warner Bros. in a copyright infringement suit based on the television series Past Life, brought by the author of an unproduced film script that also involves elements of crime-solving and recovered memories of past lives. BMS Entertainment/Heat Music v. Bridges: Jenner & Block defended Universal Music Group and Universal Music & Video Distribution Corp. in a jury trial in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against copyright claims alleging Universal manufactured and distributed a record that infringed a song written by the plaintiff rap group. The Firm successfully persuaded the jury that any musical content shared by the two songs was not original to the plaintiff and therefore not protectable under copyright law. Crowder v. Universal Pictures: Jenner & Block attorneys defended Universal Pictures in a suit for copyright infringement and “theft of ideas” in which the plaintiffs sought to enjoin the imminent release of a motion picture. The court denied the plaintiffs’ TRO request, finding that the film was not similar to the plaintiffs’ screenplay, and the motion picture opened nationwide on schedule. Johnson v. Cypress Hill: Jenner & Block successfully defended Sony Music and UMG Recordings against plaintiff Syl Johnson’s claims of copyright infringement and unfair competition relating to the sampling of a small portion of one of his 1960s hits on a recording released by Cypress Hill in 1993. On behalf of our clients, we moved for summary judgment after discovering that Johnson’s recording was not covered by any federal copyright registration. The district court granted the motion for summary judgment, denied Johnson’s motion to amend, and awarded attorneys’ fees to our clients. Thereafter, the plaintiff filed a new complaint in Cook County Circuit Court, mirroring the amended complaint disallowed in the dismissed federal suit and seeking relief under Illinois common law. In February 2010, after removal to federal court, the court granted our clients’ motion for summary judgment on the grounds of res judicata, dismissing the suit with prejudice. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed all of the district court’s rulings. Robinson v. Sanctuary Records Group: Jenner & Block represented defendants in an action for alleged non-payment of royalties under a variety of recording agreements and an asset purchase agreement, which together transferred to our clients the rights to exploit certain recordings by the Sugar Hill Gang and other artists. Plaintiffs sought damages or, in the alternative, rescission of the recording agreements. Prior to the Firm’s engagement, the court had entered a default judgment against defendants, but found that plaintiffs had not proven damages. The Second Circuit vacated the default judgment without disturbing the district court’s damages ruling. On remand, represented by the Firm, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that the district court’s prior damages ruling was res judicata or “law of the case,” and that plaintiffs’ claim for rescission was barred as a matter of law. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York granted defendants’ motion in its entirety and dismissed the case. Santryall v. Burrell: Jenner & Block attorneys successfully defended Capitol Records and recording artist MC Hammer against a multimillion dollar copyright infringement claim alleging that a rhythmic chant in a song MC Hammer wrote and recorded was identical to a chant in one of plaintiffs’ songs. A jury found for the Firm’s clients after a full trial in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Inter-Avid Productions v. Ventura Content: Jenner & Block is representing an internet entertainment company against copyright infringement claims brought by the creator of numerous episodes of adult video content previously licensed by our client. The case raises important issues concerning the interpretation and termination of exclusive license agreements, as well as work-for-hire issues. Shivers v. Friedman: Our attorneys successfully defeated false light and defamation claims brought against an online entertainment news reporter for FoxNews.com. All of the plaintiff’s claims were dismissed under California’s anti-SLAPP statute. The team then obtained a dismissal of the appeal with prejudice under California’s vexatious litigant rules. Kent v. Universal Pictures: Jenner & Block attorneys defended Universal Pictures, BBC Worldwide Americas, and various production companies and DVD distributors in a copyright and trademark infringement lawsuit based on the use of a portion of the plaintiff’s news report in the motion picture Charlie Wilson’s War. The case settled favorably for our clients after we obtained dismissal of the Lanham Act false endorsement claims and all state law claims, and a secured ruling that the plaintiff could not recover statutory damages or attorneys’ fees on his copyright claim. Milton H. Greene Archives v. BPI Communications: Jenner & Block attorneys defended the publisher of a biography of Marilyn Monroe against copyright infringement claims arising from the use of publicity photos distributed in the 1950s to promote the films Bus Stop and The Prince and the Showgirl. On behalf of our publisher client, we obtained summary judgment on the grounds that all of the photographs in question were published without copyright notices in advertisements and promotional materials and thus fell into the public domain. The team subsequently obtained an award of more than 97% of the attorneys’ fees incurred. Both decisions were affirmed on appeal by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. ABKCO Music v. Stellar Records: Jenner & Block lawyers represented ABKCO Music in a copyright case of first impression in the Second Circuit involving the rights of music publishers to compositions being used in the karaoke industry. ABKCO owned the copyrights to seven musical compositions by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, including the rock-and-roll classics “Satisfaction (I Can’t Get No),” “Jumping Jack Flash,” and “Brown Sugar,” which it had not licensed for commercial use. The Second Circuit affirmed the lower court’s order granting summary judgment and enjoining defendant from publishing the lyrics to the copyrighted songs. Ellison v. Fantagraphics Books: Jenner & Block attorneys defended a comic book and graphic novel publishing company, Fantagraphics Books, against claims of defamation and violation of the right of publicity brought by science fiction writer Harlan Ellison, who challenged our client’s references to Mr. Ellison in an anthology of essays and on a book cover. Diaz v. Universal Pictures: Jenner & Block attorneys successfully defended Universal Pictures in a putative libel class action brought by a class of former and current federal drug enforcement officers who claimed they were defamed by the film American Gangster. The district court denied the TRO request and dismissed the lawsuit. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit unanimously affirmed. Broadcast Music Inc. v. Claire’s Boutiques: Jenner & Block lawyers represented Claire’s Boutiques in a Seventh Circuit decision interpreting Section 110(5) of the Copyright Act. The case involved the question of whether a corporate owner of a chain of retail stores must pay copyright license fees for playing radio broadcasts. The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed summary judgment in favor of Claire’s on the basis that, under certain circumstances, Section 110(5) exempts persons who play their radio or television in a public place if received by a single receiving apparatus of a kind commonly used in private homes. Business Litigation for Entertainment Sector Companies Beyond traditional copyright and entertainment litigation, companies in the content, media and entertainment industries need tough business litigators who understand their businesses, the economics of their industries, and the real-world drivers of their financial success. Together, Jenner & Block lawyers have decades of experience working in and with these industries. We bring that experience to bear in representing content, media and entertainment industry clients in business litigation across a diverse range of issues, including: Antitrust Commercial fraud and related business torts Unfair competition Insurance coverage Contract Our Content, Media & Entertainment business litigators are some of the best and most accomplished in the country. Collectively, our litigators have handled scores of jury trials, and countless bench trials, arbitrations and appeals, including many cases before the United States Supreme Court. We count among our business litigators two Fellows of the prestigious American College of Trial Lawyers (an invitation extended to less than 1% of the top trial lawyers in the country), former prosecutors and public defenders, and litigators who have been recognized as “The Decade’s Most Influential Lawyers” and “Outstanding Women of the Bar.” Our business litigators are driven and deliver results. Representative cases handled by our Business Litigation team include: FX Networks v. DISH Network: Jenner & Block is representing FX against DISH and Starz Entertainment in an action aimed at upholding the windowing system upon which motion picture licensors and licensees have relied for years. FX’s claims arise from DISH’s yearlong free giveaway of multiple pay television channels to existing DISH subscribers. The action seeks redress for the violations of FX’s exclusive rights to distribute certain motion pictures in the movies’ first free television/basic cable windows. In re News Corporation Shareholder Derivative Litigation: Jenner & Block represents News Corporation in multiple pending derivative actions and class actions arising from the alleged news gathering practices of News of the World, a newspaper once operated by News International, a subsidiary of News Corp. Some of the pending cases also involve claims arising from News Corp.’s acquisition of Shine Group, an international production company in which Elisabeth Murdoch held the majority interest. The claims include breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, and violations of sections 10(b) and 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. EchoStar Satellite Corporation v. NDS Group: Our litigators represented News Corporation’s NDS Group companies (NDS) in a piracy lawsuit brought by DISH Network (formerly Echostar) – a case the news media described as the largest corporate espionage case in U.S. history. After a five-week trial in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, the jury ruled in favor of satellite television technology company NDS on the majority of the charges. In denying many of the claims, the jury awarded actual damages of $45.69 relating to a single incident involving a test card used by NDS. Plaintiffs had requested statutory damages of $1.6 billion dollars. LiveUniverse v. MySpace: Our litigators achieved a significant victory for MySpace, successfully obtaining the dismissal of antitrust claims brought by LiveUniverse, the owner of a social networking website that had alleged MySpace was unlawfully monopolizing the market for social networking. The case was the first antitrust case ever to address whether a social networking website can prevent its users from posting links to competitors’ webpages on its website. The district court ruled that excluding a competitor’s webpage links from MySpace.com was not anticompetitive and did not cause antitrust injury. The court found that MySpace had no duty to promote its competitors’ websites by displaying active links to those sites. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal. Meredith Corp. v. SESAC: Jenner & Block is currently representing SESAC in a high stakes antitrust suit brought by a putative class of independent television stations. SESAC is a performance rights organization that licenses musical compositions on behalf of affiliated composers and music publishers. The plaintiffs allege that SESAC has violated antitrust laws in the way it licenses musical works for television programming. Cleveland v. Twentieth Century Fox: Our litigators represented Twentieth Century Fox Entertainment, along with Blockbuster and the videocassette distribution divisions of the six other major Hollywood movie studios, in two antitrust putative class actions, one in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, San Antonio Division, and the other in the complex panel of the Los Angeles Superior Court. Plaintiffs alleged that the studio defendants agreed among themselves, and separately with Blockbuster, not to offer videocassettes of newly-released motion pictures to independent video retail stores in the United States on the same “revenue sharing” terms on which they offer them to Blockbuster. Plaintiffs alleged that these “discriminatory terms and agreements” caused independent retailers to lose customers and profits to Blockbuster, and brought suit under the Sherman and Cartwright Acts alleging, among other things, price fixing, price discrimination and unfair business practices. Defendants successfully defeated class certification in both venues. Moreover, in the federal action, after a three-week trial, the defendants won their motion for directed verdict, which was upheld on appeal by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. In the Los Angeles state court action, defendants won summary judgment, which was upheld in nearly all respects by the California Court of Appeal. Jim Brown v. Brett Brewer: Jenner & Block represents former officers and directors of Intermix Media, which owned the majority stake in MySpace.com, in a class action alleging breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law and violation of Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 relating to the sale of Intermix, including MySpace.com. Our team also secured dismissal of other defendants in the action (investment banks), as well as three of the six counts that plaintiff originally brought against the director defendants. The matter was subsequently settled and the settlement is pending approval by the court. Brad Greenspan v. Intermix Media: Jenner & Block litigators represented the former CEO and COO of Intermix, and other former Intermix directors, in an action brought by Intermix’s largest individual shareholder, Brad Greenspan. Greenspan alleged various breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law relating to the sale of Intermix, including MySpace.com, to News Corporation. The case was dismissed at the pleading stage with the California Court of Appeal upholding the dismissal. Insignia Systems v. News America Marketing: Our litigators represented one of the nation’s largest providers of advertising and promotions in supermarkets and drugstores in connection with various state and federal antitrust and false advertising claims. The multi-million dollar lawsuit was eventually settled during trial. Doe v. MySpace: Our litigators obtained a closely-watched victory for MySpace in the California Court of Appeal. In 2007, four sets of plaintiffs and their parents sued MySpace for negligence and strict products liability seeking to hold the social networking site liable for damages suffered by their teenage daughters who were sexually assaulted, offline, by men the teens had encountered via Myspace.com. On behalf of MySpace, the team obtained a dismissal of all claims on the grounds that they were barred by Section 230 of the federal Communications Decency Act. The Court of Appeal unanimously affirmed the trial court’s dismissal, and the California Supreme Court denied plaintiffs’ petition for review. Kirch v. Embarqand Mortenson v. CenturyTel: Jenner & Block recently won dismissal of putative class actions against two internet service providers alleged to have violated the Electronic Communications Privacy Act and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in connection with the provision of behavioral advertising. The ISPs had allowed NebuAd, a now-defunct online advertising company, to engage in “deep packet inspection” of their customers’ internet communications to facilitate the delivery of targeted ads. InKirch v. Embarq, the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas granted our motion for summary judgment, ruling that the ISP did not intercept or have access to the communications that NebuAd culled to target consumers with advertisements, and that the ISP’s privacy policy sufficiently disclosed NebuAd’s activities. In Mortenson v. CenturyTel, the U.S. District Court for the District of Montana granted our motion to dismiss, finding the claims foreclosed by disclosures in our client’s online privacy policy. DIRECTV v. Lifetime Entertainment Services: Jenner & Block litigators represented DIRECTV in an action to uphold DIRECTV’s most favored nation rights in connection with DIRECTV’s carriage of television channels Lifetime and Lifetime Movie Network. DIRECTV v. Paxson Communications: Represented by Jenner & Block litigators, DIRECTV successfully defended against a TRO/preliminary injunction seeking to prevent DIRECTV from taking down Paxson’s channel. EchoStar Satellite v. DIRECTV: Our litigators successfully represented DIRECTV in an action brought by EchoStar Satellite (owner of Dish Network). EchoStar had sued DIRECTV and GlobeStar (a distributor of Greek-language programming) after GlobeStar ceased licensing its programming to EchoStar, and began distributing its programming through DIRECTV. EchoStar claimed that GlobeStar breached its affiliate agreement with EchoStar and that DIRECTV tortiously interfered with EchoStar’s contractual relations. The court entered summary judgment in favor of DIRECTV, ordering EchoStar to pay DIRECTV’s costs. UMI v. Exigen: Jenner & Block represents Universal Music Investments in a substantial breach of contract action pending in Delaware state court against Exigen USA. Exigen contracted to develop a music royalty accounting software system for UMI, but failed to deliver a functional system. The complaint seeks damages in excess of $20 million. Cross-motions for summary judgment currently are pending. News Digital Media Pty v. Adicio: Our litigators successfully represented CareerOne and News Digital Media, operators of Australia’s most popular job search website, when their web hosting company breached its contract and threatened to disrupt the website’s multi-million dollar operation. Within weeks of our team filing for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction in the Southern District of California, the defendant web hosting company ceased its breaching conduct and the matter was successfully resolved without any disruption for our clients. Media Transactions Jenner & Block provides sophisticated transactional services to assist content, media and entertainment companies in achieving their global business objectives. Our attorneys regularly represent industry clients, both public and privately held, in mergers and acquisitions, financing transactions, joint ventures, strategic investments and alliances, public equity and debt securities offerings, and tender offers. We also have broad experience structuring and negotiating agreements for the development, acquisition and commercialization of intellectual property assets and technology. In particular, our transactional attorneys have strong cable television experience, representing media companies in joint ventures, and content and rights acquisitions and distribution. Representative matters handled by our media transactions team include: Fox Regional Sports Networks: Jenner & Block attorneys routinely advise Fox on strategic joint ventures, rights agreements and related arrangements with professional sports teams, including the development and launch of new regional sports networks. Big Ten Network: Jenner & Block attorneys represented Fox Cable Networks in the creation of the Big Ten Network, a 20-year joint venture with an affiliate of the Big Ten Conference. The Big Ten Network is the first collegiate conference sports network to offer a full-time channel to cable systems nationwide, with programming 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. Gemstar-TV Guide International: Jenner & Block attorneys advised Gemstar-TV Guide International in its acquisition of Aptiv Digital, a developer of interactive programming guide software for television set-top boxes. Digital Music Marketplace: Jenner & Block attorneys represented the recording industry in structuring and negotiating formative agreements for the development of the digital music marketplace. These included industry-wide agreements providing frameworks for licensing sound recordings and musical works to digital music services, and individual-company agreements licensing the use of sound recordings and musical compositions in new media products and services. National Geographic Channels: Jenner & Block attorneys represent Fox Networks in connection with its joint ventures with the National Geographic Society; those joint ventures own and operate the National Geographic Channel and Nat Geo Wild. News Corporation: Jenner & Block attorneys represented News Corporation in an approximately $11 billion transaction involving News Corporation’s buyback of Liberty Media Corporation’s 16% interest in News Corporation in exchange for cash, News Corporation’s 41% stake in The DIRECTV Group, and three regional sports networks. Advanced Technologies for the Intelligence Community: Jenner & Block attorneys regularly represent In-Q-Tel, which is sometimes described as the strategic venture capital fund of the Central Intelligence Agency and broader U.S. Intelligence Community, in negotiating agreements with new portfolio companies. These agreements are intended to adapt and deliver technology solutions to the Intelligence Community in areas such as software, infrastructure, security, and physical and biological technologies. Fox Sports Interactive Media: Jenner & Block attorneys represented Fox in its acquisition of Yardbarker, Inc., then the largest network of sports blogs on the web, to complement Fox Sports’ array of websites including FoxSports.com, the websites for Fox Sports’ regional sports networks, Scout Media, and WhatIfSports.com. Our attorneys also represented Fox in its acquisitions of Scout Media and WhatIfSports.com. Copyright Policy and Counseling Jenner & Block is home to some of the most experienced and sophisticated copyright practitioners in the country. When it comes to understanding the intersection of copyright law and new technologies, our copyright lawyers are second to none. Because of this, clients regularly call upon us to analyze their most complex copyright issues, particularly as they relate to new business models, products and services, and the implications of new and evolving technologies. We also help steer clients through their most difficult copyright policy debates. Our attorneys are equally adept in the legislative arena. Wehave been intimately involved in industry negotiations leading to enactment of most of the significant copyright legislation over the last 20 years, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. We also regularly represent clients in rulemaking and other administrative proceedings before the U.S. Copyright Office. Representative matters handled by our Copyright Policy and Counseling team include: Planning for Termination of Copyright Transfers: Jenner & Block is representing numerous clients in diverse content industries in structuring and negotiating agreements with authors and others to provide for continued commercialization of works as the original agreements covering those works potentially become terminable under statutory provisions for termination of copyright transfers. We are also working with clients in planning strategies for anticipated litigation over efforts to terminate copyright transfers. Complex Copyright Analyses and Counsel: Among many other copyright issues, Jenner & Block has been analyzing and counseling clients as to the copyright, content protection and business issues that arise in connection with new business models based on online “lockers” or “cloud” computing, as well as internet retransmissions of broadcast and other television programing. Recorded Music and Music Publishing Industry Royalty Payments Settlement: Jenner & Block represented the Recording Industry Association of America in negotiating a settlement with the music publishing industry concerning payment of potentially hundreds of millions of dollars in accrued “pending and unmatched” royalties. As a result, certain royalties have been and will be distributed on a market share basis pursuant to a process managed by a third-party administrator, and the industries have agreed to streamlined clearance processes going forward. Recent Legislation: Jenner & Block represents the Recording Industry Association of America in drafting and negotiating proposed state and federal legislation, including most recently the Performance Rights Act and the PROTECT IP Act. Firm lawyers also represented the RIAA in industry negotiations leading to the enactment of the Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008 (the PRO IP Act), the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005, the Intellectual Property Protection and Courts Amendments Act of 2004, and the Copyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act of 2004, among others. Webcasting Royalties: Jenner & Block represented SoundExchange in drafting and securing passage of the Webcaster Settlement Acts of 2008 and 2009. The Firm then represented SoundExchange in structuring and negotiating settlements of webcasting royalty rates pursuant to those Acts with the National Association of Broadcasters, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, College Broadcasters, Inc., SiriusXM Satellite Radio, and certain “pureplay” and commercial webcasters. Royalty and Rate-Setting Litigation Our Content, Media & Entertainment lawyers also provide clients with litigation and counseling services in royalty rate-setting and related matters. A centerpiece of this practice is Jenner & Block’s unparalleled experience in litigation before the Copyright Royalty Board (CRB), a federal administrative court that presides over rate-setting and distribution of royalties under compulsory licenses established by federal law. These proceedings determine the rates to be paid to copyright owners and artists for various uses of their works that are statutorily prescribed. For example, one federal statute addresses certain types of digital performances of sound recordings in defined technologies (internet webcasts, satellite radio); another governs the “mechanical” licenses between the owners of sound recording copyrights and the owners of musical compositions. Other proceedings concern allocation of royalties paid by cable and satellite television providers. With hundreds of millions of dollars at stake over the rate periods, these cases are critically important to the affected industries and parties. Jenner & Block has served as lead counsel for the recording industry and recording artists in all major litigated rate-setting proceedings before the CRB, and has obtained significant gains on their behalf. Representative matters handled by our Royalty and Rate-Setting Litigation team include: In re Determination of Rates and Terms for Preexisting Subscription and Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services (Satellite Radio Royalties for 2013-2017): Jenner & Block represents SoundExchange (a performance rights collection society that represents the interests of all record companies and recording artists in the country) against SiriusXM Satellite Radio in rate-setting litigation over the royalties that SiriusXM will owe to SoundExchange for satellite transmissions of sound recordings for the years 2013-2017. The proceeding also will set the rates that Music Choice and Muzak pay for their noninteractive audio streaming of sound recordings received over television services. In re Digital Performance in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral Recordings (Webcasting Royalties for 2011-2015): In 2010, Jenner & Block represented SoundExchange in rate-setting litigation before the Copyright Royalty Board to determine the royalty rates that noninteractive internet radio services must pay for their transmission of sound recordings. Jenner & Block successfully advocated for a significant increase in rates that will result in payment of hundreds of millions of dollars in royalties. Our team also represented SoundExchange in negotiating settlements with certain major webcasters, including helping SoundExchange secure federal legislation to facilitate such settlements. In re Preexisting Services and Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services (Satellite Radio Royalties for 2007-2012): Jenner & Block represented SoundExchange against the satellite radio services XM and Sirius Satellite Radio. The litigation concerned the royalty that XM and Sirius would owe to SoundExchange for their performances of sound recordings. In 2008, after 25 days of trial and thousands of pages of written submissions, the court ordered a substantial increase in the rates for the rate period of 2007-2012, which has ensured payments of hundreds of millions of dollars to record companies and performers. In re Mechanical and Digital Phonorecord Delivery Proceeding (Mechanical Royalties): Jenner & Block represented the Recording Industry Association of America against music publishers in litigation setting rates and terms for musical compositions used in CDs, digital downloads, and other products. The Firm successfully defeated the publishers’ arguments that rates should be increased dramatically, and was counsel to the recording industry in the landmark settlement of the portion of this case relating to interactive streaming and limited downloads. In re Digital Performance in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral Recordings (Webcasting Royalties for 2006-2010): Jenner & Block represented SoundExchange in the very first CRB proceeding to set rates and terms for noninteractive webcasting. In litigation against internet portals such as AOL, Yahoo! and Microsoft, as well as radio stations such as Clear Channel, the Firm helped achieve a significant increase over the pre-existing royalty rates, ensuring that record companies and recording artists received fair compensation for their creative endeavors. The team also successfully represented SoundExchange in the appeal of the case in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. As the need to bring entertainment products to market quickly has increased, so-called “rateless” agreements have become more common. These are agreements to bring products to market with an “agreement to agree” on the royalty rate at a later time backed by private arbitration. Our attorneys represent clients in negotiating and drafting “rateless” agreements and in the ensuing arbitrations, bringing to bear the Firm’s significant experience in the economic complexities of rate-setting for intellectual property. Media and First Amendment Paul M. Smith , Co-Chair, Media and First Amendment Practice Jenner & Block is nationally renowned for its work defending the First Amendment rights of creative content providers. In addition to providing regulatory advice and pre-publication review of content, Jenner & Block is the Firm that the content, media and entertainment industries turn to when they need to challenge local, state and federal regulations, whether in state or federal courts across the country or in the U.S. Supreme Court. Jenner & Block attorneys have been involved in many of the most significant First Amendment cases in the last two decades. Our extensive practice includes both litigation and counseling on a wide variety of media law and First Amendment issues, including: Defense of libel and invasion of privacy cases. Litigating challenges to statutes and regulations restricting “violent” video games and defending against tort claims based on the actions of third parties. Litigating challenges to statutes restricting content that may be sent over the internet. Litigating challenges to statutes and regulations restricting commercial speech. Litigating a range of newsgathering issues, including access to judicial proceedings and records, resistance to subpoenas served upon members of the media, intrusions into the newsgathering process, prior restraints, and Freedom of Information Act proceedings. Litigating cases involving censorship of books and computers in libraries. Counseling on non-litigation media matters, including pre-publication advice on defamation and privacy issues for television stations, newspapers, magazines, and book publishers. Representative matters handled by our Media and First Amendment team include: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, formerly Schwarzenegger v. EMA: We represented the video game and software industries in a successful First Amendment challenge to a California law that would have restricted the sale or rental of “violent” video and computer games to anyone under the age of 18. The case ultimately resulted in a 7-2 United States Supreme Court decision striking down the law as unconstitutional. Over the past several years, Jenner & Block has served as lead counsel to the video game industry in numerous lawsuits challenging state and municipal laws seeking to restrict video games based on “violent” content. Nine such laws have been passed – in California, Michigan, Illinois, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Minnesota, Washington, St. Louis County, and Indianapolis – and every court has upheld our constitutional challenge, enjoining the laws on the grounds that they violate the First Amendment. James v. Meow Media: We represented most of the leading companies in the video game industry, including Nintendo, Sega and Sony, in this lawsuit involving claims that a troubled teenager’s exposure to video games led to a high school shooting in Paducah, Kentucky. The district court dismissed the case on state law grounds without reaching the First Amendment defenses we raised. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed on state law grounds, but recognized that holding the defendants liable for the reaction of listeners and viewers to the content of their speech would present substantial First Amendment problems. The U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari. Sanders v. Acclaim Entertainment: We represented a number of video game defendants in a case stemming from the Columbine shooting. The federal district court dismissed the suit on both state law and First Amendment grounds. Reno v. ACLU: We represented the American Library Association and a several other plaintiffs in consolidated cases challenging the federal Communications Decency Act (CDA), which imposed restrictions on distribution of so-called “indecent” content over the internet. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down the CDA in a landmark decision confirming that the First Amendment provides the strongest level of protection to expression on the internet. United States v. American Library Association: We represented the American Library Association in its challenge to the constitutionality of the Children’s Internet Protection Act, a federal law mandating the use of “blocking software” on all computers allowing access to the internet in any library receiving certain federal funds. On direct appeal from a three-judge court in Philadelphia, a divided U.S. Supreme Court narrowly upheld the law against a facial challenge, while holding that any application of the law that burdened patrons’ First Amendment rights would be subject to an as-applied challenge. Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC: We represented the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) in this long-running case over the constitutionality of the federal law requiring cable companies to carry local broadcast stations. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court accepted our argument on behalf of the NAB that the First Amendment was not violated by this requirement. Global Relief Foundation v. The New York Times Co.: Jenner & Block represented ABC and one of its reporters in a high-profile libel action brought by an Islamic charitable organization alleging that ABC News (and five other news organizations) falsely accused it in a news report of having financial ties to terrorists. We obtained summary judgment in favor of ABC on the grounds that its news report was substantially true. The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed the summary judgment ruling in an opinion that broadly expanded the scope of the substantial truth defense available to news organizations reporting on government investigations. Muzikowski v. Paramount Pictures: We represented Paramount Pictures in a precedent-setting case that protects the right of movie studios to produce films that are “inspired by a true story.” Demanding damages in excess of $30 million, the plaintiff filed suit claiming that a character in the movie Hardball portrayed his own life and, paradoxically, that the movie defamed him because it was an inaccurate portrayal. Jenner & Block successfully argued that the defamation claim had no merit because the movie was not about Muzikowski and it did not purport to be a documentary or even a dramatized account of actual events. In granting summary judgment for our client, the court rejected the plaintiff’s Lanham Act claim, agreeing that Paramount’s First Amendment rights must include the flexibility to incorporate real life aspects into creative works. The United States Court of Appeals affirmed the summary judgment for Paramount on all claims. Food Lion v. Capital Cities/ABC: We successfully represented ABC on appeal in this highly publicized case involving tort liability for use of undercover reporters to investigate conditions and practices in a grocery store chain. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that the plaintiff’s fraud claim was legally insupportable, thereby reducing the damages awarded by a jury to the nominal sum of $3. Trademark and Unfair Competition	i don't know
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She even had one economist who functioned for a time as something of a de facto chief of staff, Andrew Levin. And people dealing with her within the Fed have viewed her not so much as Bernanke’s emissary but as her own intellectual force within the organization. IP:188.143.232.41 2015-12-07 08:54:55 Could you tell me the dialing code for ? zantac 50 mg But contraception and family planning aren”t the only tools the U.S. can use to help stem the population boom: there”s also education. Women”s empowerment and education, specifically women”s education, should be a core component of U.S. foreign aid and U.S. foreign policy, says Weisman. It”s a case where the U.S. can ”have its cake and eat it too,” because it both educates women generally, thereby building stronger civil society, and staves off unhealthily rapid population growth. 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But if you have watched this season you know how the Giants still could be 3-3 or even 2-4 and still be right there in the diminished NFC East if Eli Manning had thrown the ball better and made better decisions, as forgiving as you want to be about how not all of the interceptions are his fault. Guess what? No quarterback, great or otherwise, ever thinks they all are. IP:158.69.119.113 2015-11-20 23:40:04 I read a lot doxycycline to buy ”The love Football Manager fans have for the game is intense â I regularly get death threats on Twitter from people who aren”t happy with an element of the game or who”ve just lost in the Champions League final and for some reason think that”s my fault. That”s pathetic but it shows how much FM means to people, and alongside the abuse we also get a lot of compliments. It”s particularly nice hearing from managers and players who claim they have developed their understanding of football from the game. Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, for instance, told us that he developed his understanding of the tactics he uses at Molde from playing Football Manager.” IP:188.143.232.16 2015-11-21 20:28:59 Which university are you at? class barley can i purchase zithromax online invitations The keys are designed and shaped in a way that privileges pressing with the tip of a finger (not the pad) sans nails. Most men will not find this to be a problem, most women will probably find typing challenging at first. Thanks to matte coating and the aforementioned shaping, nails wonât go sliding off keys and itâs possible to be accurate. Itâs just harder to get leverage to press the keys with a nail than with a fingertip, especially on the edges. IP:188.143.232.19 2015-11-22 09:50:28 I”m in a band suprax 100 op House Republicans solved one political problem by creating another one. The farm bill approved by the House on a party-line vote was stripped of provisions related to food stamps, the first time in four decades the two huge nutrition issues uniting rural and urban interests were divorced by Congress. That turned out to be the only option left to the majority party, after an embarrassing defeat on the House floor on a sweeping bill. Food stamps aren”t in immediate jeopardy of being trimmed, but the concern among Democrats is that they will be on the chopping block soon now that their fate isn”t tied to agriculture subsidies. The current farm bill, meanwhile, expires at the end of September. With the Senate having approved a much different measure, which includes food stamps, order some takeout to observe new entries in the annals of congressional dysfunction. IP:221.178.182.40 2015-11-22 13:27:24 Have you read any good books lately? online intagra Ohio teamed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and Michigan DNR last year to conduct an exhaustive targeted survey for bighead and silver Asian carp after Asian carp eDNA was detected in both Maumee and Sandusky bays and rivers in 2011 and 2012. No live fish were captured during last yearâs cooperative search. There is also extensive and ongoing routine sampling being conducted by all the states that border Lake Erie, as well as an extensive commercial and recreational fishing effort, with no live fish captured in these efforts.Â IP:221.178.182.30 2015-11-22 13:27:25 Have you read any good books lately? online intagra Ohio teamed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and Michigan DNR last year to conduct an exhaustive targeted survey for bighead and silver Asian carp after Asian carp eDNA was detected in both Maumee and Sandusky bays and rivers in 2011 and 2012. No live fish were captured during last yearâs cooperative search. There is also extensive and ongoing routine sampling being conducted by all the states that border Lake Erie, as well as an extensive commercial and recreational fishing effort, with no live fish captured in these efforts.Â IP:221.178.182.62 2015-11-22 13:27:27 Have you read any good books lately? online intagra Ohio teamed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and Michigan DNR last year to conduct an exhaustive targeted survey for bighead and silver Asian carp after Asian carp eDNA was detected in both Maumee and Sandusky bays and rivers in 2011 and 2012. No live fish were captured during last yearâs cooperative search. There is also extensive and ongoing routine sampling being conducted by all the states that border Lake Erie, as well as an extensive commercial and recreational fishing effort, with no live fish captured in these efforts.Â IP:221.178.182.83 2015-11-22 13:27:28 Have you read any good books lately? online intagra Ohio teamed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and Michigan DNR last year to conduct an exhaustive targeted survey for bighead and silver Asian carp after Asian carp eDNA was detected in both Maumee and Sandusky bays and rivers in 2011 and 2012. No live fish were captured during last yearâs cooperative search. There is also extensive and ongoing routine sampling being conducted by all the states that border Lake Erie, as well as an extensive commercial and recreational fishing effort, with no live fish captured in these efforts.Â IP:221.178.182.58 2015-11-22 13:27:28 Have you read any good books lately? online intagra Ohio teamed with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and Michigan DNR last year to conduct an exhaustive targeted survey for bighead and silver Asian carp after Asian carp eDNA was detected in both Maumee and Sandusky bays and rivers in 2011 and 2012. No live fish were captured during last yearâs cooperative search. There is also extensive and ongoing routine sampling being conducted by all the states that border Lake Erie, as well as an extensive commercial and recreational fishing effort, with no live fish captured in these efforts.Â IP:188.143.232.14 2015-11-23 07:15:40 I”ll send you a text gets desk alternatives to flomax outrage DURHAM, N.C. â Bloody Tuesday, a demanding period of football preparation at Duke University, commences with a devotional led by the teamâs chaplain at 7:05 a.m. each week. A meeting follows at 7:10 and players later march down the paved path onto the practice field, a secluded swath of turf lined by black fences bordering Wallace Wade Stadium, the Saturday battleground, on West Campus. Chaos reigns around 10 a.m. as loudspeakers blast âSeven Nation Army.â Players form a tight circle around midfield as coaches call for physical one-on-one combat. Whistles blow; helmets and pads crash. IP:188.143.232.41 2015-11-23 10:26:34 Could you tell me the dialing code for ? Generic Nortriptyline kr Maybe someday in tennis there will be two siblings like Serena and Venus Williams to win all the major championships they have won between them, starting with Wimbledon, the most famous tournament in this world, which theyâve each won five times. Maybe someday in football there will be a remarkable family like Archieâs and Olivia Manningâs, the father once a great quarterback himself, Peyton winning a Super Bowl and being MVP and Eli winning the next one and being MVP, and then Eli doing it again. IP:188.143.232.43 2015-11-23 10:26:45 Could I have , please? buy tretinoin cream 0.05 zj Regulation is essential for any well-functioning market, but regulators must recognize their limitations. Risk rewards the people willing to tolerate it. That means some investors always crave risk; the harder it is to find, the more dear it becomes and the more people want it. 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And more power to her exquisitely, expensively-moisturised elbow – because there’s no feeling like it, in the world. IP:188.143.232.14 2015-11-24 06:27:46 Withdraw cash estrace 0.5 mg lx The conventional wisdom is that Brazilians are a laid-back people who can always find a way (‘jeitinho’) even if that involves dribbling the rules. If that was actually true, political protest would be extremely rare in Brazil. Because of almost two decades of macroeconomic stability, successful structural reforms, respectable growth rates (Amman and Baer 2012), as well as declining income inequality (Lopez-Calva and Rocha 2012) and the consolidation of democratic institutions (Feres and Kerche 2013), the mass political protests taking millions of people to the streets (that are still going on and may well continue) were utterly unexpected. The recent protests were driven by corruption, ineptitude and elections. 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And why wouldn’t the prime minister’s opinion be taken into account? If our president didn’t order the border authorities to try to apprehend a mule of stolen property caught red handed, I would want to know why. Since when can a journalist’s lover be bestowed the same rights, and expense accounts as a journalist? Think we should do the same for doctors, lawyers, and say CIA officers? Glen Greenwald knowingly and intentionally set up a younger man who is financially and emotionally dependent upon him, to carry stolen digital information, which he undeniably knew authorities were seeking and had plenty of ways to track its movement. Greenwald is manipulative narcissist, anti-US libertarian, with pre-existing US legal issues on tax evasion due to pornography distribution who has made an international reality TV installments about Glen, now featuring his Brazilian lover and mule. Wake me up please. IP:188.143.232.21 2015-11-29 07:15:51 Free medical insurance apcalis oral jelly preis I began my career in journalism in 2008 with a quick stint at the United Nations office in Geneva, Switzerland, where I wrote about topics ranging from trade and development to nuclear nonproliferation to Swiss flea markets. Later that year I began working as a stringer for the Chicago Tribune, covering the small towns of northern Illinoisâincluding the one where I grew upâ as they weathered the municipal impact of the worsening recession. My work has appeared in the Chicago Daily Herald, National Geographic Intelligent Travel, and Inc.com. Currently, I am interning at Forbes and pursuing a masterâs degree from NYU in Business and Economic Reporting. Find me on Twitter @KathrynDill. IP:188.143.232.22 2015-11-29 19:30:14 Will I have to work on Saturdays? albendazole api price qw The first phase applied only to newly-built property being bought by first-time buyers. 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So whenever someone comes along who deviates from that prevailing norm -- Brian Bosworth, the Jimmy Johnson-Dennis Erickson Miami teams, Cam Newton, Manziel -- they”re deemed to be mocking the sanctity of the sport. This stands in stark contrast to basketball, for example, in which we lap up every time Michael Jordan sticks out his tongue, Dikembe Mutombo wags his finger or Florida Gulf Coast converts an alley-oop. Whereas that sport embraces dynamic personalities, football almost demands that players suppress theirs. IP:188.143.232.13 2015-12-06 00:59:15 I support Manchester United buy avocet xl Yellen has a perfectly solid relationship with Bernanke, as best as I can tell, but she’s more of her own thinker within the institution. She has spent her time as vice chairwoman urging Bernanke and her other fellow policymakers to shift policy to try to do more to combat unemployment, and thinking through ways to do just that. She even had one economist who functioned for a time as something of a de facto chief of staff, Andrew Levin. And people dealing with her within the Fed have viewed her not so much as Bernanke’s emissary but as her own intellectual force within the organization. IP:188.143.232.41 2015-12-07 08:54:55 Could you tell me the dialing code for ? zantac 50 mg But contraception and family planning aren”t the only tools the U.S. can use to help stem the population boom: there”s also education. Women”s empowerment and education, specifically women”s education, should be a core component of U.S. foreign aid and U.S. foreign policy, says Weisman. It”s a case where the U.S. can ”have its cake and eat it too,” because it both educates women generally, thereby building stronger civil society, and staves off unhealthily rapid population growth. 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Perhaps the polls that repeatedly show the more the public learns about the new law the more they hate it has the White House convinced of the need for a public relations campaign that persuades people Obamacare is a good thing. U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius certainly thinks enough of the idea that she was apparently willing to call insurance companies, whose business practices her department is in a position to influence, to ask them to donate to a special fund that would be used to pay for the campaign. More on that after Congress is done looking into whether it was legal for her to do so. IP:188.143.232.34 2015-12-14 01:57:06 I”m training to be an engineer what is differin lotion used for I read the autobiography of radio personality Larry King, whose father died when he was young, throwing the family onto welfare back when the welfare case workers would go to the home and see what the family had in its ice box. Talk about demeaning. His mother did without to buy the best meat for her kids, so that they”d have protein instead of whatever it was that was passing for meat (one of my teachers told me how butchers would doctor up ground beef so that there wasn”t much meat in it). She did a lot for her children in developing their talents and education, and Larry King was lucky in the people he met and the work that he chose to do.	i don't know
In 1947, who was the first person to break the sound barrier?	Yeager breaks sound barrier - Oct 14, 1947 - HISTORY.com Yeager breaks sound barrier Publisher A+E Networks U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager becomes the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound. Yeager, born in Myra, West Virginia, in 1923, was a combat fighter during World War II and flew 64 missions over Europe. He shot down 13 German planes and was himself shot down over France, but he escaped capture with the assistance of the French Underground. After the war, he was among several volunteers chosen to test-fly the experimental X-1 rocket plane, built by the Bell Aircraft Company to explore the possibility of supersonic flight. For years, many aviators believed that man was not meant to fly faster than the speed of sound, theorizing that transonic drag rise would tear any aircraft apart. All that changed on October 14, 1947, when Yeager flew the X-1 over Rogers Dry Lake in Southern California. The X-1 was lifted to an altitude of 25,000 feet by a B-29 aircraft and then released through the bomb bay, rocketing to 40,000 feet and exceeding 662 miles per hour (the sound barrier at that altitude). The rocket plane, nicknamed “Glamorous Glennis,” was designed with thin, unswept wings and a streamlined fuselage modeled after a .50-caliber bullet. Because of the secrecy of the project, Bell and Yeager’s achievement was not announced until June 1948. Yeager continued to serve as a test pilot, and in 1953 he flew 1,650 miles per hour in an X-1A rocket plane. He retired from the U.S. Air Force in 1975 with the rank of brigadier general. Related Videos	Chuck Yeager
Meaning 'heavenly woman', from the Greek word after which an element and planet are named, who was the Greek muse of astronomy?	Chuck Yeager Breaks the Sound Barrier \| World History Project Oct 14 1947 Chuck Yeager Breaks the Sound Barrier Chuck Yeager's two cracked ribs hurt like hell, but he was darned if a little tumble from a horse in the Mojave Desert was going to stop him from breaking the sound barrier. The U.S. Air Force was counting on him. It was his ninth flight in the experimental rocket plane XS-1, each one having edged closer to Mach 1, the never crossed barrier past which man would fly faster than the speed of sound. It was dangerous, he knew. A British test pilot had been blown to bits going Mach 0.94. The crew at Murdoc Air Base in California, not knowing the extent of Yeager's injuries, sent him off with a jolly "Hi-yo, Silver!" Climbing painfully down into the XS-1 as it lay in the airborne belly of the huge mother ship, a B-29, Yeager snapped the cover shut using a sawed-off broom. At 20,000 ft., he dropped out of the bomb bay with a jolt. With all four rockets firing, the plane started shaking violently. The Mach needle edged up past 0.965, and then it went off the scale. Yeager was thunderstruck. He was flying supersonic, and "it was as smooth as a baby's bottom: Grandma could be sitting up there sipping lemonade," he said later. He half didn't believe it—until the tracking crew ran up and reported hearing the world's first sonic boom, a sound that marked the end of the Wright Brothers' era and the beginning of the age of the astronauts, taking humankind into outer space. His XS-1 had accelerated to Mach 1.06, or 700 m.p.h. That night Yeager fixed his buddies a pitcher of martinis to celebrate. But the world would have to wait to learn of Yeager's feat. It was all top secret until Aviation Week broke the story in December. The government wouldn't come around to confirming it had happened until May 1948. Source: Cathy Booth Thomas Added by: Kevin Rogers 1947: Capt. Charles E. “Chuck” Yeager pilots the rocket-powered Bell X-1 to a speed of Mach 1.07, becoming the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound. In breaking the sound barrier, Yeager becomes the fastest man alive — and the legend of the X-Planes begins. As airplanes flew faster and faster throughout the 1930s, pilots began to experience a number of problems associated with the increased airspeed. Aircraft such as the Lockheed P-38 and Republic P-47 flew just fine at ordinary speeds in level flight. But if pilots put them in a high-speed dive, they began to experience control problems that led to the deaths of several pilots. The main problem facing these pilots was the aerodynamic condition known as compressibility. Simply stated, at speeds well below the speed of sound, most of the air molecules have time to get out of the way of an aircraft as it approaches, and the density of the air does not change. However, as the speed of sound is approached, the air molecules can’t get out of the way, and more of them hit the aircraft. The impact compresses the air in front of the aircraft and increases the air density. Eventually shock waves form around the airplane, affecting the lift and drag. These changes were not well-understood and led to the loss of control in several aircraft. Because the effects of compressibility are directly related to the speed of sound, a ratio is used to describe the speed of an aircraft. The Mach number is the speed at which an object is traveling relative to the speed of sound at a particular temperature. The name is in honor of physicist Ernest Mach, who studied high-speed gas dynamics. The Bell X-1 was developed to research aerodynamics in the transonic region, or speeds just below and just above the speed of sound. After numerous flights with civilian test pilots, Capt. Yeager of the newly formed U.S. Air Force made his first powered flight in the X-1 on Aug. 29, 1947, high over the Mojave Desert of southern California. Over the next several weeks, Yeager piloted the X-1, named ‘Glamorous Glennis’ after his wife, on several flights creeping closer and closer to the sound barrier. In his autobiography, Yeager, the legendary test pilot writes about one of the surprises discovered during the experimental test flights: “I was flying at 0.94 Mach at 40,000 feet, experiencing the usual buffeting, when I pulled back on the control wheel, and Christ, nothing happened!” Yeager had experienced one of the control problems associated with transonic flight. “The airplane continued flying with the same attitude and in the same direction.” The problem Yeager was experiencing was the ineffectiveness of the X-1’s pitch controls, as shock waves essentially created an aerodynamic shadow around the tail. Changes were made to the horizontal tail controls, allowing Yeager to control the airplane’s ability to pitch up and down, and flights continued. This knowledge would lead to the all-flying tail, or stabilator, standard on all supersonic fighters today. Yeager was nursing two broken ribs on the morning of Oct. 14, after being thrown from his horse on a ride the night before. He boarded the B-29 bomber that was to carry the Bell X-1 to altitude. The plan was to fly to Mach 0.97. But Yeager says the new moving tail boosted his morale, and he wanted to fly faster. After climbing down into the X-1, which was carried like a bomb in the belly of the B-29, Yeager’s friend and fellow test pilot Jack Ridley handed him a short, sawed-off section of broomstick. Yeager would use it to close the canopy of the X-1, because his broken ribs prevented him from closing the latch normally. The X-1 was dropped, and the first two chambers of the rocket were ignited to carry the plane to 40,000 feet. Still climbing, Yeager ignited the last two chambers, and as the speed passed Mach 0.96, he says the ride started to smooth out. After watching the needle on the Machmeter fluctuate a bit, it suddenly went off the end of the scale. (In a less-than-optimistic design, the instrument topped out at Mach 1.0.) People on the ground heard what sounded like distant thunder. It was the first sonic boom ever created by an aircraft. At age 24, Yeager had flown faster than the speed of sound. The flight was kept secret, and the world wouldn’t know about the first supersonic flight until months later. The X-1 would fly more than a hundred more times, reaching a speed of Mach 1.45. Subsequent X-1 models would fly more than twice the speed of sound. Later X-Planes would fly even faster, reaching hypersonic speeds where the density of the air wasn’t the only thing to change: They would fly so fast, the chemistry of the air would change. Capt. Yeager would go on to become Gen. Yeager and the iconic test pilot. He was the first commandant of the Air Force’s test-pilot school and continued commanding fighter squadrons into the 1960s. Now age 86, Yeager will return this Saturday to the skies over the Mojave desert. He’ll make a now-routine supersonic flyby to kick off Edwards Air Force Base’s air show and open house. Source: Jason Paur Added by: Kevin Rogers Yeager remained in the Air Force after the war, becoming a test pilot at Muroc Army Air Field (now Edwards Air Force Base) and eventually being selected to fly the rocket-powered Bell X-1 in a NACA program to research high-speed flight, after Bell Aircraft test pilot "Slick" Goodlin demanded $150,000 to break the sound "barrier." Such was the difficulty in this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges were along the lines of "Yeager better have paid-up insurance." Yeager broke the sound barrier on October 14, 1947, flying the experimental X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of 45,000 feet (13,700 m). Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, he broke two ribs while riding a horse. He was so afraid of being removed from the mission that he went to a veterinarian in a nearby town for treatment and told only his wife, as well as friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about it. On the day of the flight, Yeager was in such pain that he could not seal the airplane's hatch by himself. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch of the airplane. Yeager's flight recorded Mach 1.07, however, he was quick to point out that the public paid attention to whole numbers and that the next milestone would be exceeding Mach 2. Yeager's X-1 is on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum. Yeager was awarded the MacKay and Collier Trophies in 1948 for his mach-transcending flight, and the Harmon International Trophy in 1954. Some aviation historians contend that American pilot George Welch broke the sound barrier before Yeager, once while diving an XP-86 Sabre on October 1, 1947, and again just 30 minutes before Yeager's X-1 flight. There was also a disputed claim by German pilot Hans Guido Mutke that he was the first person to break the sound barrier, on April 9, 1945, in a Messerschmitt Me 262.	i don't know
What type of creature is a noctule?	All About Bats - Bat Conservation Trust Bat Conservation Trust All About Bats What Are Bats? Bats are mammals. Like other mammals, including ourselves and many of our pets, they have hair or fur on their bodies and are warm-blooded. A baby bat feeds on its mother's milk for at least a few weeks after it is born. Bats are the only mammals that can fly. A bat's wing has very similar bones to the hand and arm of a human, with skin stretched between the very long finger bones and the body to form the wing membrane. Bats are amazing, and there is so much to learn about them! Click on a question below to find out more... How can I help bats? What types of bats do we have in the UK? In the UK, we are lucky enough to have 17 different types of bats. They range from the tiny pipistrelle bat which is just a few centremetres long, to the larger noctule bat, which is still smaller than an adult's hand! Learn more and listen to their calls! How big are bats? The body of the smallest bat found in the UK, the pipistrelle, measures only about 4cm long and weighs around 5 grams - that's less than a £1 coin! In comparison the UK's largest bat, the noctule, is almost twice the size and weighs up to 40 grams. Even the noctule is tiny though compared to the world's largest bat, the Kalong (also known as the Javanese flying fox). It lives in south east Asia and feeds on fruit. With a wing span of almost 2 metres, it's the biggest bat in the world! What do bats eat? All bats native to the UK eat insects. Each species has its favourite insects, hunting them in its own special way. Most are caught and eaten in mid-air, though it is sometimes easier to hang up to eat larger prey. All bats have very big appetites because flying uses up lots of energy. The tiny pipistrelle can eat over 3000 insects in a night! In winter, when there are fewer insects around for them to feed on, bats go into a deep sleep called hibernation to save energy. Find out more about what bats are doing at different times of the year. One of the reasons bats are in danger in the UK is because there are less insects around for them to feed on. Find out what you can do to help ! Some bats in other parts of the world eat fruit, flowers, fish, frogs, blood and even other bats! Where do bats live? Where bats live is called their 'roost.' They roost in different places at different times of the year. Some places bats like to roost are: Trees	Bat
What colour is the flower of the milk thistle?	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Bats eat flying birds, say scientists Monday, 6 August, 2001, 20:50 GMT 21:50 UK Bats eat flying birds, say scientists Noctule bat: Follow-up research is needed Image: Hugh Clark/Bat Conservation Trust Europe's largest bat snacks on flying birds, say scientists in Spain. New evidence suggests that the creature is able to chase and capture birds on the wing, the first such behaviour observed in bats. Only a dozen known bat species are carnivorous Until now, it was thought that bats rarely preyed on birds and then only resting ones. But it seems that birds crossing the Mediterranean during spring and summer provide a tasty meal for the greater noctule bat, one of the continent's rarest mammals. Carlos Ibanez, of Estacion Biologica de Donana, Seville, Spain, and co-researchers said: "Millions of small birds concentrate and cross over the world's temperate regions during migration, mainly at night, but no nocturnal predators are known to benefit from this enormous food resource." He said an analysis of the bat's droppings revealed that it captured and ate large number of migrating birds "making it the only bat species so far known that regularly preys on birds". Insect-eaters Other evidence came from the bat's flight performance and the range and frequency of sound waves it used to capture its prey. "The echolocation characteristics and wing morphology of this species strongly suggests that it captures birds in flight," the team added. Greater noctule bat Wing span of 450 mm Weighs 50g The greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus), which is extremely rare, is found mainly in Spain and Italy. A smaller relative is seen in the UK. Most bats are insectivorous, but a few types, mainly large tropical bats, are meat-eaters. The new research is reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "These findings are very interesting and surprising," said Andreas Streit, executive secretary of Unep- (United Nations Environment Programme) Eurobats, which monitors bat conservation in Europe. "A lot of follow-up research will be needed," he told BBC News Online. WATCH/LISTEN	i don't know
The twisted tusk of which sea creature is said to protrude from a unicorns head?	Spring 2015 Issue - Solidus Literary Magazine Narwhals: Captivating Unicorns of the Sea Giovanna Roy Narwhals: Captivating Unicorns of the Sea One of the most fascinating sea animals I love to learn and teach others about is the narwhal. Perhaps you have heard of it, and if you haven’t, you might be surprised such a creature could even exist. A couple of years ago, near Christmastime, I took a stroll around Scontsas, a jewelry store in Nashua, where I was displaying a few samples of my Mermaid Crowns. In one of the rooms was a miniature tree, decked with sea creature ornaments molded in clay-like forms, but made of the thinnest glass. Out of one of the branches poked a thick, glittery cone, twisted like an elegant braid. I gently lifted the ornament, finding that what was attached to this swirled, conical piece resembled a grayish mottled porpoise, with a sparkled waterspout jetting from a blowhole. Marveled, I piped, “Look! It’s a narwhal!” The woman who stood behind the counter stopped, her jaw slightly dropping in amusement. “You’re the first person to have known what that was!” she said. “Really?” I asked. She explained many people mistook the long tusk for a nose, and guessed it was a swordfish. Surely most people must have at least heard of narwhals, I thought. Surely, they must have seen the popular holiday film Elf, where a narwhal wishes the hero the best of luck in the quest to find his father. From that moment, I knew that as part of my mission to educate people about sea animals, the narwhal would be next at the top of the list. The narwhal, monodon monoceros by its Greek name, is a cetacean, a whale belonging to the odontocetes, or “toothed” whales, a group that includes dolphins like the bottlenose and orca whales you might see at SeaWorld. The term monodon means “one tooth,” and monoceros “one horned” (Natnl. Audubon Soc. 316) (Encyclopedia Britannica Online). Though the narwhal has no functional teeth within its wide mouth, the only functional (and famous) tooth is the one at the left, which grows in a corkscrew-shaped “horn.” This “horn” is actually a tusk that grows through its upper lip. Generally, adult males possess this tusk, whereas most females do not. For the females that do, theirs are not nearly as long as the males. On an especially rare occasion, a narwhal may grow two tusks (Natnl. Audubon Soc. 322). Males can grow up to 16 feet, and weigh around 3,500 lbs. Females are a little shorter, weighing in at about 2,204 lbs. From above, the shapes of their flukes are like that of a butterfly, and their backs are like one smooth dotted curve; there is hardly any dorsal fin. When full grown, beneath the dotted patterns, their skin is white as the Arctic pack ice that flows where they swim. Their name refers to their white color, albeit in a grim way: it probably comes from the Icelandic words nar and hvarl, or “corpse” and “whale” (Encyclopedia Britannica Online). Personally, I prefer the lighter term, “sea unicorn.” The narwhal is intriguing to marine scientists and the general population because of its most notable figure: a “unicorn horn” tusk that, when the narwhal reaches adulthood, can grow in a spiral up to about 10 feet (Encyclopedia Britannica Online). This very tusk gives the narwhal a legendary appearance along with an evolutionary mystery for us to ponder. Like the platypus, it is a creature that is so anatomically atypical in our minds that we might mistake it for being mythical. One person I spoke to was surprised to learn narwhals actually exist. You might ask yourself, how could a whale have or even need such a long, twisted tusk? The Inuit, the native tribe living among the narwhal’s habitat, have a folktale behind the creature’s origins. This tale tells of a woman whose son, out of vengeance, threw her into the water. Eventually, she transformed into a narwhal. The reason for her son’s desire for revenge is best explained in Clara Kern Bayliss’ A Treasury of Eskimo Tales: He [the son] had no snow goggles and one day when the sun shone bright and he was hunting, he became utterly blind. He had a hard time finding his way back to the hut and when he got there without any game, his mother was so disappointed that instead of pitying him for his blindness she became angry with him. From that time she ill-treated him, never giving him enough to eat. He was a growing boy and needed a great deal of food, and she thought he wanted more than his share, so she gave him less, and would not allow her daughter to give him anything. So the boy lived on, half starving, and was very unhappy. One day a polar bear came to the hut and thrust his head right through the window. They were all much frightened, and the mother gave the boy his bow and arrows and told him to kill the animal. “But I cannot see the window and I shall miss the bear. Then it will be furious and will eat us,” he said. “Quick, brother! I will level the bow," said his sister. So he shot and killed the bear, and the mother and sister went out and skinned it and buried the meat in the snow. “Don't you dare to tell your brother that he killed the bear," said the mother. "We must make this meat last all winter.” When they went back into the hut she said to her son, “You missed the bear. He ran away as soon as he saw you take your bow and arrow. We have been following him a long way into the woods.” The sister did not dare to tell her brother. She and her mother lived on the meat for a long time while the boy was nearly starving. But sometimes when the mother was away, the girl gave him meat, for she loved her brother dearly and used to weep because she knew he was hungry. At one point in the story, the son regains his sight with the help of a loon, and learns his mother lied to him about how he, when still blind, was the one who protected her and his sister from a polar bear. The story continues: [H]e could not forget his anger at his mother. He said to his sister, “I will not come home while our mother lives in the house. She abused me while I was blind and helpless, and she mistreated you for pitying me. We will not kill her, but we will get rid of her and then live together. Will you do what I have planned?” She agreed. Then he went to hunt white whales. As he had no kayak he stood on shore, winding the end of the harpoon string around his body, and taking a firm footing so he could hold the whale until it quieted down and died. Sometimes his sister went along to help him hold the line. One day his mother went to the beach, and he tied the string around her body and told her to take a firm footing. She was a trifle nervous for she had never done the thing before, and she said, “Harpoon a small dolphin, else I may not be able to hold it, if it is large enough to make a strong pull.” After a short time a young animal came up to breathe, and she cried, "Kill that one. I can hold it.” “No, that one is too large,” he said. Again a small dolphin came near, and the mother shouted, “Spear that.” But he said, “No, it is too large and strong.” At last a huge animal arose quite near, and immediately he threw his harpoon, taking care to wound but not to kill it, and at the same time pushing his mother into the water. “That is because you abused me,” he cried, as the white whale dragged her into the sea. Whenever she came to the surface to breathe she cried “Louk! Louk!” and gradually she became transformed into a narwhal.” (http://bit.ly/1FYduzs ) Scientists are still trying to answer the question about how narwhals became their unique selves. Some have made a variety of speculations about the function of its tusk, such as it being a space to store extra heat, an ice picker, a rudder, or possibly a spear to fight against predators or other narwhals. Others, however, have come up with some possible answers to its function. One such scientist, Martin Nweeia, a Connecticut dentist and clinical instructor at Harvard School of Dental Medicine, has traveled to the Arctic to study narwhals and their tusks. He and his colleagues have published a detailed account of their studies, concluding that the tusk is a sensory organ that allows males to find mates and food. They explain that pain-sensitive nerves in the tusk, when put in close contact with seawater, can pick up chemicals like those signaling a female in estrus or food for narwhal calves. Another discovery they report is unlike the structure of our teeth and those of other mammals, narwhals’ tusks do not contain enamel, though like our teeth, they do contain dentin. From their research, Nweeia and his colleagues speculate the more sensitive a narwhal’s tusk is, the more likely its chances are to find females and reproduce. This might also explain the elongated tooth over time (Zimmer). In order to test this theory, Nweeia and his team caught a few narwhals in Baffin Island, securing a cone-shaped jacket over their tusks and electrodes on their skins. The scientists pumped water into the jacket, with either high or low levels of salt. The electrodes measured heart rates, lasting under half an hour per narwhal. When these scientists put salt water in the tusk jacket, the narwhals’ average heartbeat was 60.42 beats per minute, but when they put in fresh water, the heartbeat slowed down to 52.56 beats per minute. From this dramatic lowering of heart rate, the scientific team interpreted it as demonstrative of the narwhal’s ability to detect salt water versus fresh water through its tusk. What Nweeia and his team have yet to answer is why females would not evolve with this ability, or if they can detect the water’s salinity levels without a long tusk. Some critics, like Kristin Laidre of the University of Washington, are skeptical of Nweeia and his team’s theory. She argues Nweeia and his colleagues’ conclusion is “a toothless theory with no supporting data.” The question why most females lack what seems to be a significant sensory tusk is just one issue. According to Laidre, the narwhals’ heart rates dramatically changed due to anxiety from being caught in a net while placed in shallow water. She also asks if both male and female narwhals eat the same prey, in the same parts of the ocean, at the same times of the year, the tusk doesn’t appear to make the male a better food finder. Lastly, if females primarily care for their young, and the tusk were a sensory organ to find food for them, would it not make more sense for females to chiefly possess a tusk, rather than males? Overall, Laidre thinks the narwhal’s tusk is only the equivalent of a peacock’s feather display or a lion’s ample mane; she points out Nweeia and his colleagues mostly saw male narwhals tusking, or crossing tusks in the presence of females. So, the exact function of this tusk is still debatable. Some species, like the male Rhinoceros Beetle, rely on touching horns as a way to compete. A smaller Rhinoceros Beetle touches sensitive hairs on a larger Rhinoceros Beetle to determine if the other is suitable for a fight. Perhaps the narwhal’s tusk works in a similar way, but it is still uncertain. The answer is not easy to obtain because narwhals are often hidden in the frigid Arctic waters, still just beyond scientists’ reach (Zimmer). Though we still may not know its exact function, its appearance has dazzled us for centuries. Narwhal ivory, as it was called (since the term “ivory” is not limited to elephant tusks) had been highly valued for many years (The Columbia Encyclopedia). In Medieval Europe, narwhal horns were sold under the label of “unicorn horns,” and many believed they possessed healing powers. In 16th-century England, Queen Elizabeth paid 10,000 pounds, the cost of a whole castle, for one narwhal horn. The royal scepter is also made of narwhal horn. In Japan, two crossed narwhal teeth embellish the Korinkaku Palace entrance, and in Denmark, narwhal teeth make up the frame of a Danish throne. Between the years 916 and 1125, narwhal ivory was exported from Russia and Siberia to central Asia and Liao China, by way of Rus, Volga-Bulgarian, and Kyrgyz middlemen (Kovalev). In 1577, the English Explorer Martin Frobisher led an expedition of 150 men to northern Canada. He was searching for a passage to India and to obtain a fortune in gold. As he and his fellow men investigated the islands, they spotted an unusual animal believed to be the legendary sea unicorn. Frobisher wrote of this creature: Upon another small island here, was also found a great dead fish, which, as it would seem, had been embayed with ice, and was in proportion round like to a porpoise, being about twelve feet long, and in bigness answerable, having a horn of two yards long growing out of the snout or nostrils. This horn is wreathed and straight, like in fashion to a taper made of wax, and may truly thought to be the sea unicorn (Zimmer). Frobisher took the treasured tusk back to England to present it to Queen Elizabeth. Upon seeing this, she ordered it to be kept with the crown jewels. Throughout the world, narwhal tusks, because of their magical association and unique shape, have attracted many groups of people, royalty and common folk alike. Even today, narwhals are slaughtered for their tusks because they generate an enormous fortune. There are a few exceptions: in Canada, only the Inuit are allowed to harvest narwhal, because to them it is a source of food and income (Environment Canada). Narwhal tusks may be transported in the US for scientific research, public display, or enhancing the narwhals’ survival rates. Aside from these exemptions, narwhals and other marine mammals cannot be hunted, harassed or killed, according to the US Marine Mammal Protection Act passed in 1972 (Raney). Often, the tusks are illegally smuggled from Canada into the US. Though the harvest and transport of tusks is regulated, smugglers can be sneaky. In early 2014, American and Canadian smuggling ring members Andrew Zarauskas, Jay Gus Conrad, Eddie Thomas Dunn, Gregory Robert Logan, and Nina Logan, sold narwhal tusks brought from Canada to the US border. Their crimes include conspiracy and illegally selling wildlife, while trying to make a collective fortune of 1.5 million dollars (Lynch). It is heartbreaking to me that these instances still happen; especially when a few people I’ve approached have no idea what a narwhal is. There are very sparse pop culture references to them, such as in Jules Verne’s classic tale, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. In the book’s second chapter, ships from many different nations see a mysterious sea monster, which some had suggested was a narwhal. The US government arranges an expedition in New York City to find and destroy the creature. Thankfully, when the story’s narrator and marine biologist set on a voyage to destroy it, they discover the “creature” was not a narwhal or any kind of animal, but a highly advanced machine (Verne). Sometimes, I mention the 2003 film Elf, where Will Ferrell stars as Buddy the Elf, a fellow worker among Santa’s elves in the North Pole. Buddy soon learns that rather than being an elf, he is actually human. He also learns where his biological father lives, and journeys to New York City to find him. As Buddy bids his friends farewell, a narwhal emerges from the water, wishing him luck on his quest (“Elf – Goodbye Buddy”). From recalling this scene, the doubters might have better chances ofremembering the narwhal. Then, there is the humorous song, “Narwhals,” which was uploaded to YouTube in February of 2009, by the subscriber Weebl’s Stuff. So far, it has currently reached 36,822,469 views (“Narwhals”). If there are many people ignorant about this creature, they are likely ignorant of the poaching it suffers, next to losing its Arctic home from global warming. Due to these factors, the narwhal is a threatened species (Raney). When I mention a few things about narwhals to a few people who previously did not know about them, they smile with delight. Sometimes, their eyes light up with enchantment, as if they have discovered a beautiful, meaningful treasure. If they learned about the narwhal’s threatened status, I hope, that like a special treasure, they would help safeguard it. In spring of 2014, when I visited the Windy Hill nursery school on the college campus for a Meet the Mermaid day, many little children huddled around me like baby penguin colonies, their eyes were fixed on my great gold-rimmed throne, lustrous silvery scales, and spacious fin. I began my presentation with a tale of my recent journey to the Arctic, because, I told them, as Queen of the Seven Seas: I like to visit all the oceans and water realms. Here, I continued, I saw the beautiful northern lights, my friends the orca whales, and the narwhals I loved dearly. I asked the children, “do any of you know what a narwhal is?” A few excitedly bobbed their heads, others pondered for a moment. I peered down at the hexagonal box prepared on my scaly lap, curling my armored and jeweled fingertips on its lid. Opening the box, I reached into ice floes of tissue paper, and lifted out the fairest ornament I found at Scontas, which later became my Christmas gift. I lowered the ornament slightly, so the children could see it, but high enough to keep it safe from harm. Like an actual narwhal’s place in the ecosystem, it is very delicate. A few soft wows and oohs arose from the crowd, charmed at its glittery gold twist of a tusk and sparkled waterspout. I hope later in their life, from this moment of fascination, these children will appreciate the narwhal even more by providing support awareness about its needed care. The narwhal is a living legend, an animal hidden in Arctic waters beyond our immediate access. Even with our modern technology today, we cannot be sure of the reason behind its fantastical tusk, yet this mystery adds to the narwhal’s mystique. Perhaps, like the unicorn, its clandestine features make an imprint in our memories, stimulating our curiosity. Now that the narwhal has reached a threatened status, if we desire to at last unlock the answer to its unique tusk, we must act soon to protect this animal, before it truly becomes only mythical. Works Cited 1. (Unknown author) October 2, 2013. Ivory Smuggler Guilty – Narwhal Tusk Trafficking Case Ends in $385,000 Penalty, Conditional Sentence, and Court Orders. Environment Canada. Retrieved From http://www.ec.gc.ca/alef-ewe/default.asp?lang=En&n=FFF3EA82-1 Web. 29 Apr 2014. 2. hilikus19. “Elf – Goodbye Buddy.” YouTube. August 21, 2006. Web. 29 Apr 2014. 3. “Ivory”. The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Credo reference. Web. 29 April 2014. 4. Kovalev, Roman K. “Ivory”. Encyclopedia of World Trade from Ancient Times to the Present. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. Credo reference. Web. 29 April 2014. 5. Lynch, D. (Mar 28, 2014) International Narwhal Tusk Smuggle Ring Busted: Five Arrested In Connection To Illegal Trade Worth $1.5M. International Business Times. Retrieved From http://www.ibtimes.com/international-narwhal-tusk-smuggling-ring-busted-five-arrested-connection-illegal-trade-worth-15m Web. 29 Apr 2014. 6. National Audubon Society. Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. Print. 7. “Narwhal. “Access Science: The Science Authority. Web. 28 Apr 2014. Retrieved from http://www.accessscience.com/search?start=0&q=narwhal&types=Article&mode=AND&rows=10 8. Narwhal (n.d.) In Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/403738/narwhal 9. “Narwhal Tusk Research.” Arctic Studies Center. Smithsonian Institution, 2004. Web. 28 Apr. 2014 10. “The Origin of the Narwhal”. A Treasury of Eskimo Tales. World of Tales: Stories for Children, Folktales, Fairytales and Fables from Around the World, n.d. Web. 30 Apr 2014. Retrieved from (http://www.worldoftales.com/Native_American_folktales/Eskimo_folktale_12.html) 11. Raney, S. (Mar 28, 2014) Narwhals Threatened by Illegal Traders. The Current: The Official Student Newspaper of Eckerd College. Retrieved from http://theonlinecurrent.com/narwhals-threatened-by-illegal-traders/ 12. Verne, Jules. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea: “Chapter II.” Archive.org. George Munro’s Sons. Lib. of Congress, Natnl. Science Foundation, et al. 2007.Web. 28 Apr 2014 13. Weebl’s Stuff. “Narwhals.” YouTube. Feb 22, 2009. Web. 29 Apr 2014. 14. Zimmer, Carl. “The Mystery of the Sea Unicorn.” Phenomena: The Loom. National Geographic, 14 Mar. 2014. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.	Narwhal
The city of Astrakhan lies on which river?	xoology Vulcan \| anthropics \| Brights \| chronology \| extra-cosmology \| fellowships \| Galactic Registry \| LYRICS \| Nojokan Calendar \| Pop Stars \| psionics \| related links \| Sarpeidon \| Sheshak \| Surakisms \| xenology \| xoology XOOLOGY On this page we will showcase some of the combinations and diversities of exotic zoology, commonly called, xoology, a variation of zoology and a contraction of xenozoology. If you have information on entries below or on others which we have not yet listed please contact us, fellow xoologist, at [email protected]. Afghant hound: large, slender, 6-legged caninoid with long, thick hair, pointed muzzle, drooping ears and antennae ahulph: [The Anome by Jack Vance] domesticated subhuman from Durdane that communicates by odor akman: [ï¿½In the Walls from Eryxï¿½ by Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Kenneth Sterling] wringling, slimy creature Alborak: silver horse from Mohammed able to travel at hundreds kilometers per second Aldebaran serpent: ["Hide and Q" by C. J. Holland] 3-headed reptilian from alpha Tauri al-mi'raj: yellow hare with one black horn, related to jackalope Alfzarian dragon: ["Honorable Enemies" by Poul Anderson] from Borthudian mts., Alfzar, Betelgeuse system alligoator: [alligator + goat] alligator-like omnivorous ruminant Alopex: huge boy-eating fox from Thebes alpacat: [alpaca + cat] wooly, long-necked felinoid amdok: [Warrior of Llarn, Theif of Llarn by Gardner F. Fox] scaly, Shetland pony-sized megapodan with 3 eyes, large powerful jaw, whip-like tail used as steed from Llarn amphisbæna: [Pliny] serpent with head at each end , said to protect in pregnancy when alive, curing rheumatism when dead angbut: [City of the Chasch by Jack Vance] food ichthoid of the Green Chasch from Nion angurusaur: ["Godzilla Raids Again" aka "Gigantis, the Fire Monster" by Shigeru Kayama] 120-meter tall biped with nearly useless forearms, back plates, outward-pointing fangs, small ears, multiple brains, breaths fire anqä: [Al-Mas'udi] aka simurgh, huge human-faced bird antaconda: [ant + anaconda] large 6-legged serpentinoid with antennae antgora: [angora + ant] 6-legged insectoid with long, silky hair antholops: [Physiologus] bovine with large saw-like horns anthropoid: human-like animal, see diplovertubron, hornadon, humped man, monster men, nane, orangopoid apapanu: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] large rock-like water-spouting creature from Parramat archepelago, Senisran appamoosa: [appaloosa + moose] equinoid with moose-like antlers and spotted rump apt: [The Warlord of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs] Barzoomian pongoid, 2-meter tall at shoulder with white fur, 2 arms, 4 legs, hippo-like mouth with 2 large slightly curving tusks, large multi-lidded compound eyes arabe: [Le Mammouth Bleu by Luc Alberny] milk animal from Grande Euscarie arachnoid: spider-like animal, see avray, hook spider, Lycosa tarantula, spigas, targo, yembla archæotherium: Oligocene giant swine argea: [The Cry of the Onlies by Judy Klas] 6-legged arboreal animal from Boaco VI Arkarian water fowl: ["Starship Mine" by Morgan Grendel] ornithoid from Arkar noted for mating habits asakku: [Assyrian] animal-headed anthropoid aspara: [Islandia] scarlet-beaked white seagull with brown back, swift and agile as swallow aspis: small, very musical dragon assp: [ass + asp] venomous equinoid with large ears, serpentine neck and head Astran dragon: [The Stars Are Ours by Andre Norton] winged yellow-green 2.5-meter snake from Astra (Deutero-Sol II), with small flat head on a long neck, protruding belly, 25-centimeter claws, large webbed feet aukoala: [auk + koala] amphibian with razor-bill, short wings, webbed feet, large ears, sharp claws, pouch aya: [The Queen of Zamba, etc. by L. Sprague de Camp] equinoid steed from Krishna, tau Ceti system ayuk: [King David's Spaceship by Jerry Pourelle] moose-like animal with prehensile tail and semi-prehensile claws from Makassar avray: ["horror", "doom" Brightness Falls from the Air by James Tiptree, Jr.] plum-colored, arachnoid decapod from Damien, Yttei system Azarian ant-bear: [Land of Terror by Edgar Rice Burroughs] large as an elephant azdyryth: [Pellucidar series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] small whale-like creature with gator-like head bakamaru: ï¿½Seed of Reasonï¿½ by Daniel Hatch] green arboreal felinoid from Chamal, imitated by shapeshifting Chamalians balæna: island-sized fish with back sabre balarâma: [Mahabharata] monstrous snake balaseli: [ï¿½Passageï¿½ by Joe Haldeman] flying creature both like manta and bat with 3.6-meter wingspan, 12 legs, glossy black back, white underside with hook-like cilia able to skin victim before eating alive, noted in rite of passage to adulthood from Obelobel ball creature: [Han Solo at Star's End by Brian Daley] docile, nocturnal spheroidal herbivore from Duroon, Jedi galaxy, that moves by bouncing bandersnatch: [Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll] frumious creature; [ï¿½Dear Momï¿½ by Stephen C. Fisher] larger-than-man-sized blue-black sauroid biped with beak and no arms from La Paz Banerian hawk: ["If Wishes Were Horses" by Nell McCue and William L. Crawford] hawk-like ornithoid from Baneria banth: [Edgar Rice Burroughs] Barzoomian "lion", dekapodal predator, 3.5-meters long, yellow-skinned, hairless except for great bristly mane, several rows of needle-like fangs, enormous green eyes and powerful tail bantha: ["Star Wars IV: A New Hope" by George Lucas, Tatooine Manhunt by Bill Slavicsek and Daniel Greenberg] large quadruped with long thick fur, (males) with long spiral horns, believed by Dim-U priests to hold key to a new golden age baragon: 45-meter saurian with body back shell, large ears, curved forehead horn, ability to spit lightning bolts and leap great distances bardicant: [Araminta Station by Jack Vance] large and voracious but lithe, slate-gray omnivore from Deucas with skewer-like tail bardok: [Yesterday's Son by A. C. Crispin] white-furred creature from Sarpeidon, beta Niobe bargump: [Ghost-Walker by Barbara Hambly] dominant animal from Midgwis (Elcidar Beta III) basilisk: dangerous animal with cock's body, iron claws and beak, tripesnake's tail, whose stare is fatal and can be killed by its own reflection basto: [Carson Napier series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] large,wild blue boar-like creature from Napier's planet with powerful tusks, elephantine-like hide beer belly: [Reebok commercial] 1+ meter spheroid with belly button Belzoidian flea: ["Deja Q" by Richard Danus] flea-like insectoid from Belzoid benu: [Egyptian] sacred eagle-like purple heron, see fêng-huang, phoenix bereglo: [Languages of Pao by Jack Vance] gnawer from Pao Berengarian dragon: ["This Side of Paradise" by D. C. Fontana] yellow-orange, crested, winged herbivorous 19-meter long dracoid from Berengaria VII with long tail, 700-year lifespan bhâranka: [Hindi] 2-headed bird bi: [ï¿½Confluenceï¿½ by Brian Aldiss] Northern Myrin cockerel thought mythical bibbling: [Bibblings by Barbara Paul] ornithoid necessary for the continued sanity of unmarried, fertile natives from Lodon-Kamaria bishtar: [The Queen of Zamba, etc. by L. Sprague de Camp] elephantine cart-puller from Krishna, tau Ceti system biyelk: [Helliconia trilogy by Brian Aldiss, see yelk] from Helliconia, Batalix-Freyr system blackfish: [Syzygy by Michael G. Coney] shark-like Arcadian predator, periodically telepathically controlled by breeding plankton blase tree goat: ["Ewoks" TV series] arboreal goat-like creature that hangs lethargically like sloth, from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy blob: ["The Blob"] amorph that grows to 15 meters across by absorbing flesh on contact, nearly impossible to kill blood-sucker: ["Exploration Team" by Murray Leinster] troublesome vampiric flying monkey from Loren II bloodworm: [The Worlds of the Federation by Shane Johnson] 2.4 to 5-cm translucent invertibrate from Arodi (Regulus A II and V) with 4 bloodsucking tentacles blope: ["Ewoks" TV series] hippo-like swamp-dweller, Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy blue giraffe: ["The Blue Giraffe" by L. Sprague de Camp] mutant giraffe boarse: [boar + horse] wild pig-like equinoid boghog: [Mostly Harmless by Douglas Adams] porcoid from bogs of NowWhat with valuable skin, but meat eaten only in desperation boisha: [A Miracle of Rare Design by Michael Resnick] ruminant food animal from Artismo bolognat: [bologna + gnat] small biting insectoid with curved cylindrical body bonegnawer: ["Star Wars IV: A New Hope" by George Lucas] flying desert carnivore with tooth-filled jaws strong enough to crush rock, Jedi galaxy boogen: ["The Boogens"] 60-centimeter centipede-like bloodsucker with whip-like tentacles bordok: ["Ewoks" TV series] medium-sized pony-like equinoid used as beast of burden by Ewoks, Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy boreostracon: giant Pleistocene glyptodon borogove: [Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll] thin, shabby mop-like bird Boschian monster: [The Gardens of Delight by Ian Watson] monster like those depicted by Hieronymus Bosch on 4H97801 bothridon: amphibious swine branch-snake: from Tierra del Cygnus, 72 Cygni system brontëosaur: [ï¿½The Infinormatics Laboratoryï¿½ by Ian Stewart] sauroid with 2 spring-like legs from Ombilicus brontops: 4.2-meter Oligocene titanothere budger: [Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia] jungle-dwelling mutant Bulgallian rat: ["Coming of Age" by Sandy Fries] frightening but not deadly bunyip: [Journal of the Anthropological Institute] swamp-dwelling maneater butterfish: ["Uncharted Territory" by Connie Willis] perverse ichthoid from Boohte Caldorian eel: ["Unification" by Rick Berman and Michael Piller] 1.2-meter calicobra: [calico + cobra] venomous hooded serpentinoid with black, white and red markings Calonack elephant : [Voiage de Sir John Maundebil] elephantine animal from Calonack calot: [Edgar Rice Burroughs] Barzoomian "dog", pony-sized decapod with frog-like head and 3 rows of razor-sharp teeth Caltiki: ["Caltiki, the Immortal Monster"] radioactive, flesh-eating, blood-sucking amoeboid worshiped by Mayans caninoid: dog-like Afghant hound, animal, see dhog, dobermantis, muskfox, sungwas, tharban castoroid: giant Pleistocene beaver catlat: [Galactic Patrol by E. E. Smith] diminuitive but numerous cephalopodan from Delgon with bulbous head, parrot-like beak, tentacles cathgan: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] small but poisonous Lemurian red snake catoblepas: [Ethiopian] monstrous bovine that feeds on poisonous herbs cecil: [Motie series by Larry Niven] sea serpentinoid from Maxroy's Purchase cephalopoid: cephalopod-like animal, see glider squid, gring, poulp Cerberus: 3-headed hellhound cerpedos: [Memoires De Sir George Wollap by Pierre Chevalier Duplessis] white-furred, red-eyed squirrel from Aprilis, New Britain Islands Ceti eel: ["Wrath of Khan" by Harve Bennett and Jack B. Sowards] sole surviving lifeform on Menkar V, alpha Ceti system, 35-cm 10-legged burrowing mollusc with large pinchers Cetus: [ï¿½Belly of the Beastï¿½] supposedly mythical planet-eater threated Savion again after 6 millennia ch'i-lin: ssu ling of the West, Chinese unicorn with deer-like body, ox's tail, hooves chimera charlas: [Memores De Sir George Wollap by Pierre Chevalier Duplessis] tall hare with cat-like tail from Aprilis, New Britain Islands chelonoid: turtle-like animal, see turtodon cheropteroid: bat-like animal, see keese, lynar, spectrox bat cherufe: [Araucanian] large, volcano-dwelling eater of young girls chierofa: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] molluscoid of outer reef, a delicacy when cured and heated from Parramat archepelago, Senisran chimæra: [Homer] lion-headed, serpent-tailed goat, [Hesiod] 3-headed chinzu: [ï¿½Dorsaiï¿½ by Gordon R. Dickson] food animal from the Hixabrod Circassian cat: ["Violations" by Shari Goodhartz and T. Michael and Pamela Gray] funny-looking felinoid claw monster: ["Panther Girl of the Congo"] 4.5-meter crayfish clickfly: [A Door into Ocean by Joan Slonczewsky] attendant to naked Sharers from Shora the Ocean Moon of Valedon clinger: [Frostworld and Dreamfire by John Morressy] beetle-like insectoid air-eater that glows when near body heat from Hraggellon (Dunuos II) clingey: [The Jesus Incident by Frank Herbert and Bill Ransom] dangerous ground-dweller from Pandora Calonack elephant: [Voiage de Sir John Maundevile) cobrahma: [cobra + Brahma] bovinoid with hooded head, pendulous dewlap, long neck and shoulder hump colour: ["The Colour Out of Space" by Howard Phillips Lovecraft] constrictosaur: ["Flash Gordonï¿½ series] constrictor reptilian from Mongo coraknot: [The First Kingdom by Jack Katz] large, long-necked dracoid quadruped corgodrill: [Fortune's Light by Michael Jan Friedman] small rainbow-colored pongoid corkscrew beetle: [cortexclavus, The Wine of Violence by James Morrow] insectoid from Carlotta, Malnovian belt, UW Canis Majoris system couch potato: ["Uncharted Territory" by Connie Willis] extraordinarily sedentary animal from Boohte cowl: [cow + owl] nocturnal 4-legged milk-producing ornithoid with hooked talons, short beak, and large forward-set eyes protected by hood-like facial skin crabbit: [crab + rabbit] decapod with broad, flattened carapace, short antennae, 2 large pinchers, long ears and short tail crab monster: ["Attack of the Crab Monsters"] cradlefish: [ï¿½Vox Solaï¿½] ichthoid from Neethea Crater Lake Monster: ["The Crater Lake Monster"] creep: ["The Night of the Creeps"] black, slug-like brain-eating parasite creeping unknown: ["The Quatermass Experiment"] space-borne spores in dormant state that grow into 6-meter tall amorphous parasite with long twining tentacles by consuming flesh, turns host into fungus-like life-sucker carrying over memories and physical attributes to next victim cremont: [Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia] jungle-dwelling mutant cutthroat: ["At the Zoo" by Rick Shelley] raccoon-faced baboon-like Albinian creature dâbbe-i-chahâr-sar: [Islam] 4-headed, winged creature in India Ocean Dagora: ["Dagora, the Space Monster" by Shinichi Sekizawa] 30-meter long lighter-than-air jelly-fish-like with 60-meter tentacles, crystalized by wasp venom dahara: [Michael Kane series by "Edward Powys Bradbury" (Michael Moorcook)] pongoid the size of Shire horse with wide kangaroo-like tails and large hind legs used as steed on Kane's world dakinî: [Tibetan] ghulah, i. e., femme ghoul danakak: [ï¿½A Star Is Bornï¿½ by Jerry Oltion] mouth-dwelling scavenger symbiot of the Darefta daymare: [The Right Hand of Dextra by David J. Lake] ornithoid from Dextra deadly spawn: in immature state 8-cm worm; in mature state 2-meter, 1.5-tonne reddish with plant-like trunk, 3 headseach with large mouth, no eyes, 2 long tentacles with pinchers deltagar: [Jandar of Callisto by Lin Carter] sabretoothed tiger-like predator from jungle moon of Thanator with whip-like serrated tail, remarkably fast for its size, shaggy scarlet fur, 2 fantastic curling horns, neck ruff Denevan neural parasite: ["Operation: Annihilate" by Steven W. Carabotsos] amorphous, gelatinous parasitic gestalt that devastated beta Portola, Levinius V, theta Cygni XII, Ingraham B and finally Deneva deodath: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] Lemurian dragon-cat with 2 brains, 3 hearts devourosaur: ["Flash Gordonï¿½ series] sea serpent from Mongo dewback: ["Star Wars IV: A New Hope" by George Lucas] large reptilian herbivore used as beast of burden and guard animal in arid ecosystems, Jedi galaxy dhog: [dog + hog] caninoid with short snout, curly tail dhole: ["The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath" by Howard Phillips Lovecraft] enormous slimy, rustling, crawling, burrowing nocturnal creatures from the Pnoth valley, Isle of Oriab, Southern Sea, Dreamworld dianoga: ["Star Wars IV: A New Hope" by George Lucas] 10-meter long 7-tentacled omnivore from shallow pool and murky swamps with one eyestalk, Jedi galaxy digdogger: [The Legend of Zelda by Nintendo] giant one-eyed sea urchin from kingdom of Hyrule digworm: [Han Solo's Revenge by Brian Daley] small burrowing worm whose digestive juices can dissolve rock from planet Kamar, Jedi galaxy Dioskylos: ["Clash of the Titans"] 2-headed hellhound dikironium cloud creature: ["Obsession" by Art Wallace] space-faring gaseous bloodthirsty predator able to phase shift to become invisible dinko: [Han Solo at Star's End by Brian Daley] palm-sized venomous creature with powerful hind legs covered with serrated spurs, 4 "arms", needle-like fangs that secretes a foul-smelling liquid to mark territory and discourage predators, Jedi galaxy diplovertubron: ["The Monster of Piedras Blancas by C. Haile Chace] 1.8-meter tall scaly anthropoid with large claws, 2 blunt horns, large flared nostrils, fleshy shoulder pads, lumpy, varicose chest veins dirosaur: [ï¿½The Prince and the Pirateï¿½ by Keith Laumer] forest sauroid with long neck and chin spike hunted on Elora dirus: [canis dirus] giant Pleistocene wolf divto: [ï¿½Ewokï¿½ series] 3-meter, 3-headed nocturnal venomous snake from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy dîwe: [Persian] shapeshifting ogre with animal faces, large tusks and horns dnazd: [Killing Machine by Jack Vance] centipede-like creature with large poison-tipped mandibles from Misk Mts. of Thamber dobermantis: Doberman + manta] pale green caninoid hexapod with powerful grasping forelimbs dogator: [dog + alligator] canine-like ambibious sauroid dog-bird: [The Travels and Adventures of William Bingfield, Esq.] great flightless ornithoid from Bingfield's Island with shaggy hair, greyhound-like head, pig-like tail, long legs with panther-like claws, lays eggs and gives milk dograt: [King of Argent by John Phillifent, dog + rat] scavenger from Argent, Alcone II dollphin: [doll + dolphin] short-snouted mermaid-like cetacean with humanoid face markings dottle: ["The Book of Ptath" by A. E. Van Vogt] sleek, scarlet, one-horned quadrupedal steed from Gonwonlane dracoid: dragon-like animal, see Berngarian dragon, coraknot, dragonnewt, dragonsnail, dwark, eelbird, fumsh, Gappa, Ghidorah, gocko, grakk, groack, gryphorg, harrekki, illuyanka, kiu-lung, Krayt dragon, lajazell, lung, mantigrue, snow dragon, spahlen-tier, tannin, volcano mutant, vouivre, yathrib, yü-lung, zah, zell dragonfly: "dragonfly from another world", Adventures of the Fly] dragon-like fire-breathing 5.5-meter tall, 11-meter long insectoid with purple skin, 4 legs, 2 heads, 2 wings dragonnewt:[White Bear and Red Moon by Greg Stafford] newt-like dracoid from Glorantha dragon-slug: ["Star Wars" series by Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson, Prophets of the Dark Side by Paul and Hollace Davids] slug-like lumni-spice eating cavern dweller from Hoth VI, Jedi galaxy dragonsnail:[White Bear and Red Moon by Greg Stafford] snail-like dracoid from Glorantha drakken: [The Face of the Waters by Robert Silverberg] top predator -- with rammerhorn -- from the waterworld Hydros dreamer: [ï¿½The Winged Dreamersï¿½ by Jennifer Guttridge] furry, transparent-winged flier that ï¿½exists for living their dreamsï¿½, telepathic gestalt on Durban's world drella: ["Wolf in the Fold" by Robert Bloch] love-eater from Canopus (alpha Carinae) V drillbit: [The Integral Trees by Larry Niven] dangerous parasite from Smoke Ring, LeVoy's star ship drok: ["Flash Gordonï¿½ series] stegosauroid from Mongo dryworm: [ï¿½Who Mourns for Adonais?" by Gilbert Ralston] giant worm-like creature from Antos IV duitra: ["The Ambergris Element" by Margaret Armen] aka sur-snake, red tentacled, whale-sized venomous sea monster from Argo dumbo: [The Integral Trees by Larry Niven] dangerous preditor in Smoke Ring, LeVoy's system duocorn: unicorn-like animal with two horns dû paikar: 2-faced sea monster from China Sea duplgoose: [Amazing Logic Puzzles by Norman D. Willis] goose-like ornithoid from Dranac that lays eggs in pairs durkii: [ï¿½Droidsï¿½ series] hideous, 3-meter reptilian megapodan with baboon face durok: [ï¿½Battle for Alanaï¿½ by Bernie Krigstein] steed adapted to icy cold duster: [ï¿½The Paracite Planetï¿½ by Stanley G. Weinbaum] giant moth-like insectoid dwark: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] large tyrannosaur-like jungle dracoid dyryth: [Pellucidar series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] arboreal, sloth-like, elephant-sized shaggy-haired herbivore with bark-slashing claws, defensive tail eagull: [eagle + gull] Ebirah: [ï¿½Godzilla vs. the Sea Monsterï¿½] 110-m lobster from Letchi Island eelbird: [ï¿½Amok Timeï¿½ by Theodore Sturgeon] 9-meter, dracoid with snake-like body, feathery wings and tail, 2 large clawed legs, light prismatic blue underbelly, noted for its 11-yr migration to western caves from Arodi, Regulus A V eelephant: [eel + elephant] elephant-like quadruped with serpentine ï¿½trunkï¿½ eelk: [eel + elk] large greyish-brown ruminant with long branching antlers and serpentine tongue elacroc: [ï¿½The Cryer of Crystalï¿½ by Joseph Green] big as an elephant with teeth like a crocodile from Crystal elenu: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] ichthoid from Parramat archepelago, Senisran elephant-bird: [Atkanda-lihiniya, Sri Lanka and Nepal] huge bird able to hold elephants in talons, see rukh elephant-fish: {Hindi] fish with elephant-like head and forelegs elephant-tiger: [1001 Arabian Nights] tiger-like felinoid with elephantine head and wings elephent: [elephant + ent] see nicor eleroo: [Wuz series by Douglas Hutchison] elephantine megapodan from Wuz emh: [ï¿½The Altar of Redemptionï¿½ by Anne Laurie Logan] large animal of the jauneans endrop: [Rumanian Physiologus] half-horse half-fish equinoid: horse-like animal, see assp, aya, boarse, bordok, fastiga, igriou, tigrelis, vykar, zebrhino evillya: [the Mushroom Planet series by Eleanor Cameron] insectoid from Basidium fanamin-pitoloha: 7-headed hydra from Madagascar farnoth: [ï¿½In the Walls from Eryxï¿½ by Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Kenneth Sterling] fly-like insectoid fastiga: [The Three-cornered Wheelï¿½ by Poul Anderson] long-eared, long-snouted equinoid from Ivanhoe system fathla: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] awful, cat-sized arboreal leech from Lemuria fatty: [Syzygy and Brontomek by Michael G. Coney] tuna-like ichthoid, primary food source of colonists from Arcadia felinodore: [Eyes of the Overworld by Jack Vance] felinoid felinoid: cat-like creature, see bakamaru, elephant-tiger, felinodore, gok, heraldic panther, ja, jaguon, Kryonian tiger, larl, nebek, octopuss, orcat, power-cat, ritoodolorum, slashback, tigron, Tlînian tiger, vandar, yali, yayax fêng-huang: [Chinese] beautifully feathered bird with enchanting cry, ssu ling of the South, see benu, phoenix fierson: [JetsRocketsSpacemen Trading Cards] ravenous, fanged ursinoid with apish face from Kroto, Sirius system fingal: [ï¿½Believer'sï¿½ by David Gerrold] noted for eggs fingershell: [A Door into Ocean by Joan Slonczewsky] used to control fingershell parasites by colonists on Shora, the Ocean Moon from Valedon fire beetle: [JetsRocketsSpacemen Trading Cards] enormous insectoid with hypnotic powers and adapted to high temperatures firebird: [ï¿½At the Zooï¿½ by Rick Shelley] supergaudy pheasant-like ornithoid from Fennich fishbird: [The Reefs of Space by Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson] multitudinous prey of the pyropods fish-goose: [church of Zillis] fkyd: [ï¿½The Altar of Redemptionï¿½ by Anne Laurie Logan] quadruped of the jauneans flatwing: [The Jesus Incident by Frank Herbert and Bill Ransom] dangerous ground dweller from Pandora flendag: [Ghost-Walker by Barbara Hambly] creature that nests in streams from Midgwis (Elcidar Beta III) fleratii: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] large, silvery flying-fish-like ichthoid from Parramat archepelago, Senisran flesheater: [ï¿½The Flesh Eatersï¿½] microbes that grow upon electrification to glowing lumpy oval 6 by 12 meters with 9 feeding tendrils, 1 white eye spot, poisoned by blood flion: [fly + lion] griffinoid with insectoid wings and antennae and felinoid body flit: [The Barber of Aldebaran by William Moy Russell] insignificant seeming but producing an astonishingly potent pheromone to which animals, humans, and even robots are not resistant flongboo: [Rootabaga Stories by Carl Sandburg] yellow, nocturnal predator with luminous tail that lives in hollow trees of Saskatchewan floob: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] short-legged, brown-furred creature of Parramat archepelago, Senisran floob-boober-bab-boober-bub: [On Beyond Zebra by Dr. Seuss] variant of floob (?) flumsh: [Sugar and Spike series] 9-meter long, 6-meter tall dracoid, pink with blue spots, red crest and back plates, fangs, yellow forehead horn, vestigial yellow wings, 4 short legs, able to fix anything (by reversing local time?) with forked red tongue four-mouth: [ï¿½The Wondrous Works of His Handsï¿½ by Jayge Carr] noted for great appetite from Thuban, Draco constellation fox-bear: [Island of Dr. Moreau by Herbert Gerge Wells] fox-headed ursinoid mutant fox-fish: [Church of Zillis] fox-headed ichthoid frallop: [Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia] jungle-dwelling mutant frankenswine: [Mirabile by Janet Kagan] porcinoid Dragon's Tooth mutant reminiscent of Frankenstein's monster frayoomnairo: [Mushroom Planet series by Eleanor Cameron] egg-sized mushroom-like animal from Basidium f'tan: [ï¿½Seed of Reasonï¿½ by Daniel Hatch] porcine from Chamal, imitated by shapeshifting Chamalians fusorian: [The Reefs of Space by Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson] single-cell interstellar space dweller that fuses free hydrogen into heavier elements forming the Reefs of Space gaarnokh: [Flandry series by Poul Anderson] horned creature from Starkad gagh: [ï¿½A Matter of Honorï¿½ by Wanda M. Haight, Gregory Amos and Burton Armus] Klingon ï¿½serpent wormsï¿½ eaten either live or stewed from Qonos gaid: [Book of Dreams by Jack Vance] 6-meter ichthoid from Aloysius with luminifer-tipped dorsal spines gajasimha: [Sinhalese] monstrous elephant-lion gajavirâla: monster with lion and elephant characteristics gatortoise: [alligator + tortoise] amphibious sauroid with high, rounded carapace, powerful jaws Gamera: [ï¿½Gamera the Invincibleï¿½ by Nizo Takahashi] 60-meter long, 80-tonne chelonian energy-eater with nearly impenetrable shell, upward-pointing tusks, green blood, able to fly by retracting legs and shooting jets out from 2 or 4 legholes gananoid: [The First Kingdom by Jack Katz] very long necked quadruped ganute: [Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia] 3-eyed, black, wooly, blue-mouthed jungle-dwelling mutant ganzer: [ï¿½Mindswapï¿½ by Robert Sheckley] egg-layer from Melde II Gaos: 61-meter tall nocturnal biped with small, powerful claws, flat bird-like head, stiff neck, leathery wings, big yellow eyes with red irises, bright pink blood, able to shoot destructive yellow sonic beam from double throat, regenerate injured body parts, put out fires with yellow vapor, killable with ultraviolet light Gappa: [ï¿½Gappa -- the Triphibian Monsterï¿½ (Monster from a Prehistoric Planet) by Iwao Yamazak and Ryuzo Nakanishi] 90-meter tall bipedal dracoid with bat-like wings, fat horn, able to breathe fire Garanian bolite: [ï¿½A Man Aloneï¿½] gargel-orum: [On Beyond Zebra by Dr. Seuss] garthok: [Coneheads by Tom Davies and Dan Aykroyd] hexapod from Remulak, Cone nebula gauntling: [Frostworld and Dreamfire by John Morressy] river animal from Hraggellon (Duruos II) gaya: [ï¿½Shadow Lordï¿½ by Laurence Yep] long-haired, 3-meter long goat-like herd animal from Angira gettle: [ï¿½Chain of Commandï¿½ by Frank Abatemarco] wild herd animal from Cardassia ghastozar: [Callisto series by Lin Carter] seagull-sized flying predator from Thanator Ghidorah: [ï¿½Ghidrahï¿½ by Shinichi Sekizawa] 14-meter tall, 3-headed, long-necked dracoid with leathery wings, back spines, 2 tails, golden scales, able to spit lightning ghole: [ï¿½Vaster Than Empires and More Slowï¿½ by Ursula K. LeGuin] experimental animal from Hain giant claw: [ï¿½The Giant Clawï¿½ by Samuel Newman and Paul Gargelin] vulture-like ornithoid with 60-meter wingspan, pearshaped body, long neck, large head protected by antimatter shield neutralizable by muon beam giant electric penguin: [ï¿½Scott of the Saharaï¿½, Monty Python's Flying Circus series] 6-meter tall dessert-dwelling penguin-like biped with glowing eyes and 2 long green tentacles gibik: [Highway by Neal Barrett, Jr.] extraordinarily viscious lemmit-like predator Gigan: [ï¿½Godzilla vs. Giganï¿½ by Jun Fukuda and Shinichi Sekizawa] 120-meter biped with large claws, tail, 3 flimsy but utile wings, armor plating particularly on forehead (from which destructive beam comes), shoulders, thighs, kneepads, beak and mandibles, one large red eye, neckspikes, buzzsaw in chest (!) from Hunter nebula gilvo: [ï¿½New Groundï¿½ by Grant Rosenberg] rare stick-like tree-dweller from rain forests of Corvan II giriffin: [giraffe + griffin] quadruped with long neck and legs, tan with orange-brown blotches, short horns, eagle-like head, lion-like body glagon: [ï¿½Deadly Planetï¿½ by James Opie] steed from Kalthar gleek: [ï¿½Mork and Mindyï¿½ series] poodle-like animal from Ork glider squid: [A Door into Ocean by Joan Slonczewsky] red-blooded cephalopoid from Shora, the Ocean Moon of Valedon glob fly: [ï¿½The Outrageous Okonaï¿½ by Les Menchen, Lance Dickson and David Landsberg] Klingon insectoid half the size of a Terran mosquito but with loud buzzing sound from Qonos glowpossum: [Starman Jones by Robert Heinlein] luminescent rodent-like marsupial from Charity gnant: [gnat + ant] small, biting, 2-winged social insectoid gnar: [ï¿½Seed of Reasonï¿½ by Daniel Hatch] rodentoid from Chamal, imitated by shapeshifting Chamalians gnewt: [gnu + newt] gnnayh: [Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver] bird of prey from Houyhnhnm Island gocko: [ï¿½Flash Gordonï¿½ series] 9-meter long green underground-dwelling dracoid with serpentine torso, 6 taloned feet, lobster-like claws, nostriled beak, forked tail from Mongo gohma: [The Legend of Zelda by Nintendo] cyclops monster crab from Hyrule Gojira: [ï¿½Godzillaï¿½ by Inoshira Honda and Takeo Murata] 120-meter tall radioactive bipedal sauroid with jagged back plates, able to breathe fire gok: [ï¿½A Race through Dark Placesï¿½ by J. Michael Straczynski] felinoid from Minbar golden beetle: [Gor series by John Norman] rhino-sized insectoid with meter-wide mandibles, golden main, feeds primarily on priest-kings Gonalian moth: [ï¿½Disasterï¿½ by Ron Jarvis and Philip A. Scorza] swarming insectoid from Gonal IV goober peacock: [goober pea + peacock] blightly-colored ornithoid with peanut-shaped body goraffe: [gorilla + giraffe] tan centaur-like hexapod with orange-brown blotches, pongoid upper body and 4 long legs gorgosaur: [ï¿½Gorgoï¿½ by Carson Bingham] 75-meter tall bipedal sauroid with large ears, red eyes, armored back and tail from Nara Island gorillasaur: [Mighty Samson series] large fanged pongoid with lower quarters of lizard gorolla: [The Barber of Aldebaran by William Moy Russell, gorilla-like?] fierce animal from Toxicurare gorwol: [Frostworld and Dreamfire by John Morressy] silver-furred animal huntable only by Onhla from Starside Hraggellon (Dunuos II) grabfoot: [Uhura's Song by Janet Kagon] underground-dwelling chicken-sized dinosauroid from Sivao grakk: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] large, scaly, green-blooded ï¿½lizard-hawkï¿½ dracoid with 12-meter wingspan, long neck, barbed tail, hideous head, hooked beak, scarlet eyes, blue spiny crest from Lemuria grakka: [Brick Bradford series] bipedal saurian with powerful arms, jaw and tail, horn on back of head, back spikes, bullet-proof hide graouilli: monstrous dragon from Metz gravel-maggot: [ï¿½Star Wars IV: A New Hopeï¿½ by George Lucas] worm-like creature that feeds on rotting flesh from hills and rocky badlands of Tatooine, Jedi galaxy green slime: [ï¿½The Green Slimeï¿½ by Charles Sinclair, William Finger and Tom Rowe] reproduces from what looks like green blood into bipedal, 3-clawed footed, 2-armed mound with red orb on top, double boney back ridge, electrogenic pincers for self-cauderizing wounds greep: [Motie series by Larry Niven] crab-like quadruped from Maxroy's Purchase greeshka: [ï¿½A Song for Lyaï¿½ by George R. R. Martin] cave-dwelling parasite able to give pseudo-immortality to empathic Shkeen in 10-year Joining grelbon: [Coneheads by Tom Davies and Dan Aykroyd] carrion-eating heron-like ornithoid with half-meter wingspan from Remulak, Cone nebula griffi-saur: [Sea Devils series] 5-meter orange-skinned boped with lion-like head and mane, feathery wings, scaly skin griffletae: [ï¿½The Dashing About Flying Box Peopleï¿½ by Uncle River] sleepy, sluggish creature from Craton V grimb: [ï¿½The Book of Ptathï¿½ by A. E. van Vogt] 3.6-meter tall creature with small 3-horned head on long yellow neck on green body with bluish-violet tail from Gonwonlane gring: [Metamorphosis by Jean Lorrah] purplish fanged pongoid with 4-fingered hands groack: [Callisto series by Lin Carter] towering, scaly, flippered ï¿½river dragonï¿½ groke: [Muumipappa merellä, Muumipappan urotyöt by Tove Jansson] creature with large, round eyes fascinated by lamps whose loneliness causes ground to freeze gron: [ï¿½Vaster Than Empires and More Slowï¿½ by Ursula K. LeGuin] ï¿½scapegoatï¿½ from Hain grounder: [Highway by Neal Barrett, Jr.] insidious, threatening to Lemmits gryf: [Tarzan the Terrible by Edgar Rice Burroughs] 6-meter triceratops-like sauroid with blue body, yellow face and belly, blue bands around eyes, red hood, 3 boney back ridges (yellow, red and yellow), used as steed in Pal-ul-don, Zaire gryllus [Bosch Cretensis, Kato Zakro] monster of dissimilar body parts gryphorg: [Fly Man series] 12-meter long omnivorous dracoid conjured by Evilo with 12-meter bat-like wings, grey skin, nearly useless forearms, long neck, back plate Guilala: [ï¿½The Big Space Monster Guilalaï¿½ (The X of Outer Space) by Kazui Nihonmatsu, Eibi Motomochi, Moriyoshi Ishida] 60-meter tall sauroid biped with lumpy skin, large leg frills, claws, beak, 2 flat body projections from sides from face, 2 antennae, 1 horn, shrinks when exposed to guilalium Guiron: [ï¿½Gamera vs. Guironï¿½ (Attack of the Monsters) by Fumi Takahashi] 60-meter long biped shaped like a butcher's knife with eyes on sides, brawny arms, stumpy legs gundark: [ï¿½Star Wars V: The Empire Strikes Backï¿½ by Donald E. Glut] strong, wild, 4-armed 1.5-meter long pongoid whose ear-pulling was a rite of initiation Gunji jackdaw:[ï¿½If Wishes Were Horsesï¿½ by Neil McCue Crawford and William L. Crawford] ostrich-like ornithoid guppeacock: [guppy + peacock] small, iridescent blue-green ichthoid gura: [ï¿½Star Pirateï¿½ by Len Dodson] giant egg-laying creature gwak: [ï¿½Flash Gordon] large, monstrous equine from Mongo gwythaint: [Prydain series by Lloyd Alexander] huge black bird used as spy and exectioner by Arawn, defeated by crows haha: [The Last Yggdrasill by Robert F. Young] ornithoid from New America (Genji V), fed by Quantextils, made extinct with the cutting of the last Yggdrasill tree hanadak: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] ferocious creature like grizzly-baboon from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy handbird: [The Right Hand of Dextra by David J. Lake] hand-like ornithoid from Dextra harikap: [Palace of Love, Star King by Jack Vance] large bristly biped from Sarkoy harrekki: [Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. LeGuin] small dracoid the size of a girl's hand with wings and talons, feeding on worms, wasps and sparrow's eggs from Iffish, Earthsea haxopod: [Frostworld and Dreamfire by John Morressy] beast of burden from Hraggellon (Dunuos II) hedamnu: [Hurrite] amphibious snake-dragon Hedorah: [ï¿½Godzilla vs. Hedorahï¿½ (Godzilla vs. the Smog Monster)] 60-meter ï¿½flying pancakeï¿½ garbage-eater with bulging eyes that leaves a sulphuric acid trail that grew into 120-meter amorph with red eyes, stumpy legs, pseudopods, long flat tail heela: [Warriors of Mars by Edward Powys Bradbury and Michael Moorcock] 8-legged hyena-sized creature from Kane's world with 6 curved talons, long neck with 2 heads each with 4 eyes, razor-like teeth, 2 tails, barrel-like torso, feed on own dead when prey unavailable heraldic panther: monstrous felinoid with blue, green and red spots with flaming mouth and ears from heraldry hermit: [Diaspora by Greg Egan] molluscoid with interferometer vision from the janus tree forests of Poincaré hexip: [The Right Hand of Dextra by David J. Lake, "hex-" + "hippos"] equine from Dextra hippogryph: horse-like griffinoid with eagle head and wings hipporcupine: [hippopotamus + porcupine] hippoid with long, sharp, erectile quills hippopotamoose: [hippopotamus + moose] hippoid with moose-like antlers hippopotamouse: [hippopotamus + mouse] river-dwelling hippo-sized rodentoid hive-rat:[King David's Spaceship by Jerry Pourelle] fierce oviparous rodentoid from Makassar hlai: [pl. hlaiin, The Romulan Way by Diane Duane and Peter Morwood] large flightless food ornithoid from 128 Trianguli system hlorg: [ï¿½Contamination Crewï¿½ by Alan Nourse] pink omnivorous blob absorbs on atomic level via nuclear enzyme particularly carbon hooded dasher: [The Jesus Incident by Frank Herbert and Bill Random] dangerous ground-dweller from Pandora hook spider: [ï¿½Realm of Fearï¿½] Talarian arachnoid with half-meter legs hopiak: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] flying creature like bird and bat with pink eye below and above short beak from Parramat archepelago, Senisran hoplophoneus: Oligocene sabre-toothed feline hopper: [The Stars Are Ours by Andre Norton] kangaroo rat-like from Astra (Deutero-Sol II) hoppopotamus: [Wuz series by Douglas Hutchison] rabbit-like hippoid from Wuz horeb: [Callisto series by Lin Carter] vile rodentoid from Thanator hornadon: [The First kingdom by Jack Katz] 60-centimeter tall, horned, fanged anthropoid horse-rhino: [The Island of Dr. Moreau by Herbert George Wells] horse-headed rhinoceros mutant horswine: [horse + swine] horse-like porcoid howlrunner: [Han Solo's Revenge by Brian Daley] wild, canine-like omnivore from Kamar with humanoid-skull-like head hoxney: [Heliconia trilogy by Brian W. Aldiss] creature from Helliconia, Batalix-Freyr system hrotr: [ï¿½The Altar of Redemptionï¿½ by Anne Laurie Logan] flying animal of the jauneans huffalon: [Amazing Logic Puzzles by Norman D. Willis] beast of burden from Dranac hugger: [The Barber of Aldebaran by William Moy Russell] exotic lifeform hugl:[ï¿½The Chosen Peopleï¿½ by Robert Randall] invested Nidor, see wiggle-worm until edris powder discovered humbug: [The Phantom Tollbooth by Norton Juster] large beetle-like insectoid in lavish coat, striped trousers, checkered waistcoat, spats and derby humming peeper: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] small, flying swampdweller from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy with sleep-enducing hum humped man: [The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson] anthropoid from the Night Land hyaenodon: Oligocene carnivore hydra: [Lernaean] 9-headed snake hydrapoid: [The Microbots series] 4.5-meter tall grey-furred creature with mammoth-like body, tusks, 2 tentacle-like ï¿½trunksï¿½, 3 slimy, suckered feeding tentacles on either side of face hyena-swine: [Island of Dr. Moreau by Herbert George Wells] hyena-headed porcine mutant hylighter: [The Jesus Incident by Frank Herbert and Bill Random] orange jellyfish-like lighter-than-air carnivore from Pandora ice-ant: [ï¿½Flight on Titanï¿½ by Stanley G. Weinbaum] cold-adapted insectoid from Nivia colony, Titan ichthoid: fish-like animal, see blackfish, butterfish, cradlefish, elenu, fatty, fleratii, fox-fish, gaid, lampray, lion-fish, pepperfish, revavuaa, rugfish, seaweed shark, sharkon, struul, suhur mas, treel, turby, wolf-fish iguanat: [iguana + gnat] small, 6-legged sauroid igriou: [Grondo ï¿½lazyï¿½; La Découverte de L'Empire de Cantahur by De Varennes de Mondasse] white donkey-like person-shy equinoid from Cantahar Island that needs dog for motivation illuyanka: [Hittite] hydra-like 7-headed dracoid imdugud: [Mesopotamia] lion-bird inlati: [Doomsday World by Carmen Carter, Peter David, Michael Jan Friedman and Robert Greenberger] spicy-tasting ichthoid insectoid: insect-like animal, see antgora, Belzoidian flea, bolognat, clinger, corkscrew beetle, dragonfly, duster, evillya, fire beetle, glob fly, gnant, golden beetle, Gonalian moth, humbug, ice-ant, kete, khrukai, lychbug, makant, sificligh, sith, skarat, slimebug, tabbee isak: [pl. isakki, Fortune's Light by Michael Jan Friedman] wild, toothy, black animal ja: [Tarzan the Terrible by EdgarRice Burroughs] sabre-toothed, yellow-and-black striped lion-like felinoid from Pal-ul-don, Zaire, [ï¿½Confluenceï¿½ by Brian Aldiss] depraved underground animal from Myrin jabberwock: [Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll illustrated by John Jenniel] 6-meter tall creature with thin legs, 3-toed dinosaur-like foot, thin arms with 3 long furry claws, long rat-like tail, bat-like wings, pear-shaped body, serpentine neck, fish-like head with fins jutting from lower jaw and tendrils from sides of mouth, bug-eyes, no nose, antennae, scales jaguon: [JetsRocketsSpacemen trading cards] lion-like felinoid adapted to high temperatures Jaiga: [ï¿½Gamera vs. Jigerï¿½ (Gammera vs. Monster Xï¿½) by Fumi Takahashi] 60-meter long stregosauroid that can spit quill-like spears, shoot heat ray, fly using jets under neck shield Jarvis' sea-monster: [Four-Day Planet by H. Beam Piper] source of tallow wax, main export from Fenris Joranian ostrich: [ï¿½Past Prologueï¿½ by Kathryn Powers] bird noted for hiding head under water, sometimes too long kadeko: [Eros Descending by Michael Resnick] beast of burden from Grotamana, Quinellus cluster kailiauk: [Gor series by John F. Lange, Jr. as John Norman] large, lumbering, gregarious and dangerous, shaggy, trident-horned 2-tonne ruminant with 4 stomachs, 8-valved heart 2.5-meter at shoulder kalinâga: [Hindi] 100-headed snake kâkamadhenu: [Bengali] sphinx with cow's body, human face or [Bhârhut] lion's body with or without wings kangamoo: [Kanga roo + moo (cow)] macropod-like milk producer kangaroo rex: [Mirabile by Janet Kagan] tyrannosaur-like megapodan mutant from Dragon's Tooth, Mirabile kangarooster: large macropod-like flightless ornithoid karikot: 4-legged beast of burden from Ikranaka system karix: [The Goddess of Ganymede by Michael D. Resnick, Donald M. Grant] lion-like day-blind creature the size of a grizzly with retractable suction cups on foot, with loud roar from Thane's moon karkadann: hay-eater larger than camel with forehead horn from Camphor Islansd karkaddan: [1001 Arabian Nights] 1-horned, winged antelope intermediate in size between elephant and rukh kautûhala: [Hindi] animal-animal mosaics, e.g., elephant-lion, deer-lion keese: [The Legend of Zelda by Nintendo] cheropteroid from Hyrule controlled by Vire the devil keratoro: [Space Ark by A. M Lightner] golden horned unicorn from Shikai kete: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] large dragon-fly-like insectoid from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy, that builds spiral mounds made with sticky marshmallow-like substance khrukai: [Flandry series by Poul Anderson, ï¿½swordwingï¿½] swarming insectoid from Starkad kik-kik: [ï¿½Shadow Lordï¿½ by Laurence Yep] giant beetle with luminous ï¿½eyesï¿½ in rat niche from Angira kill-adder: [Witch of the Dark Gate by John Jakes] snake thick as man's arm with large fangs, threeked tongue kiu-lung: [Chinese] hornless dragon Klabnian eel: [ï¿½QPidï¿½ by Randee Russell and Ira Steven Behr] klake: [Nick and the Glimmung by Philip K. Dick] horned creature from Plowman's planet kllhe: [The Romulan Way by Diane Duane and Peter Morwood] dungworm from 128 Trianguli system knife-kite: [ï¿½Flight on Titanï¿½ by Stanley G. Weinbaum] pterodactyl-like sauroid from Nivia colony, Titan koala-shrew: [The Pollinators of Eden by John Boyd] symbiot to siren tulips from Flora Krayt dragon: [ï¿½Star Wars IV: A New Hopeï¿½ by George Lucas] large, carnivorous dracoid from Tatooine's Jundland mountains, Jedi galaxy krith: [The Ring of Ritornel by Charles L. Harness] winged spider, most fearsome predator from the Deep in the Twelve Galaxies Kroll: [ï¿½The Power of Krollï¿½] giant mutant squid with 250-meter head and 50+ tentacles worshipped (mistakenly) by Swampies of delta Magna III kroter: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] fleet horse-sized reptilian steed from Lemuria kroyie: [Heir to the Empire by Timothy Zahn] huge, canopy-dwelling ornithoid from Kashyÿk, Jedi galaxy, attracted to bright lights, hunted for food by Wookiees from Kashyyyk Kryonian tiger: [ï¿½Imaginary Friendï¿½ by Jean Louise Matthias and Ronald Wilkerson and Richard Fliegel] tiger-like felinoid in xoo on Brentalia kutrub: [1001 Arabian Nights] with long forefeet labbeetle: [ï¿½Protective Mimicryï¿½ by Alguis Bulgess] selective vampiric beetle-like insectoid from Deneb Al Giedi (delta Capricornis) XI labyrithodon: [aka sithig, Pellucidar series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] amphibian with crocodile-like jaws, toad-like body lagardo: [ï¿½Dear Momï¿½ by Stephen C. Fisher] 1-meter tall blue-black sauroid biped with beak and no arms, that spreads its wattles when excited from La Paz lajazell: [Callisto series by Lin Carter] small winged dracoid from seashore, Thanator, related to zell lalu: [Servants of the Wankh by Jack Vance] wild animal from Long Bones steppe, Maz lambprey: [lamb + lamprey] small, wooly quadruped with jawless sucking mouth with rasping teeth lampray: [lamprey + ray] ichthoid with horizontally flattened body, narrow tail, and jawless sucking mouth with rasping teeth land eel: eel-like land animal from Tierra del Cygnus, 72 Cygni system lanmola: [The Legend of Zenda by Nintendo] monstrous centipede from Hyrule lantern bird: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] large, beautiful ornithoid with shimmering nest, incandecent tail feathers used in medicinal potions from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy lapling: [ï¿½The Most Toysï¿½ by Shari Goodhartz] small creature with long snout thought extinct but discovered in Kivas Fajo's collection and later Nagus Quark's larl: [Gor series by John F. Large Jr. as John Norman] white-furred, panther-like felinoid with wide head a yard in diameter and immobilizing roar larpa: [The Cry of thre Onlies by Judy Klass] hooting camel-like beast of burden with long muzzle from Boaco IV larth: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] seaserpent ï¿½twice ship-sizeï¿½ with lashing tail, claws, fangs from Lemuria leapdog: [The Monstrous Regiment by Storm Constantine] hazard from Mireway Artemis, Shamberel-Guino system leever: [The Legend of Zelda by Nintendo] red or blue 4-horned gumdrop-like energy-eater from Hyrule le-matya: [Worlds of the Federation by Shane Johnson] yellow and green predator from T'Khasi (Vulcan), 40 Eridani system, both cat-like and dog-like with diamond-like side markings, striped tail leopardvark: spotted anteater lepon: [JetsRocketsSpacemen trading cards] 2.1-meter long carnivore like both lion and flying squirrel with webbed paws adapted to low gee leviosaur: [ï¿½The Door of His Face, the Lamps of His Mouthï¿½ by Roger Zelazny] comparable to leviathan liati: [ï¿½Knivesï¿½ by Lawrence G. Tillio] wild Centauri animal licat: [Ghost-Walker by Barbara Hambly] small predator from Midgwis (Elcidar Beta III) licorne: [French] horse-bodied unicorn lidi: [Pellucidar series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] diplodocus-like beast of burden of the Thurians, Pellucidar lightning beast: [Mighty Samson series] giant reptilian that can unleash a high-voltage charge liobear: [Mighty Samson series] golden furred, 3-meter tall lion-headed ursine lion-dog: [China] aka dog from Fo, bushy-tailed lion-like creature occasionally with wings or one horn lion-fish: [Church of Zillis] lion-headed ichthoid llamba: [llama + lamb] small long-necked wooly rumninat Loch Moose monster: [Mirabile by Janet Kagan] moose-like lake monster mutant from Dragon's Tooth, Mirabile long-mâ: [Vietmanese] horse-dragon with horn lossine: [Voyage au center de la terre] 180-centimeter leathery sauroid used as watchdog from Albur, Pluto luachsh: [Cabyle legend] wild monster lug: [Knight Moves by Walter Jon Williams] large-headed, bug-eyed non-hopping megapodan that grazes on grass-like moss, able to teleport, on Amaterasu luggage: [ï¿½Uncharted Territoryï¿½ by Connie Willis] extraordinarily sedentary animal from Boohte luachsh: [Cabyle] wild monster luhimuh: [Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver] wild rat from Houyhnhnm Island lung: [Chinese] fire-breathing, scaly, horned dragon lychbug: [Marune: Alastor 933 by Jack Vance] stinging insectoid of Marune Lycosa tarantula: [ï¿½Realm of Fearï¿½] arachnoid from Lycosa lyhannh: [Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver] large swallow-like bird from Houynhhnm Island lynar: [ï¿½Chain of Commandï¿½] cheropteroid from Celtris III Lysenkan mole: [Enemies of the System by Brian Aldiss] bipedal mole mutant from Lysenka II mafedet: [Egyptian] snake-lion Magma: [ï¿½Gorathï¿½ by Takeshi Kimura] 75-meter tall walrus with glowing eyes able to use flippers for defense magma creature: [ï¿½The Caves of Androzaniï¿½ by Robert Holmes] subterranean creature from Androzani Minor, Sirius system magnoped: [ï¿½Flash Gordonï¿½ series] large pachyderm with pair of crushing tusks from Mongo makant: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] large, playful insectoid like both mantise and cricket from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy makara: [Hindi] croc-like, elephant-like, snake-like creature manateel: [manatee + eel] long, thin aquatic mammaloid with broad, flattened tail and paddle-like flippers manda: [ï¿½Atoragonï¿½ (Atragon) by Shinichi Sekizawa] 6-meter long aquaticsnake with 4 small vestigial limbs, 4 straight horns, 180-centimeter fangs, snout tentrils, short brown mane on back, yellow eyes from Mu mandoril: [Araminta Station by Jack Vance] wild animal from Cadwel mantigrue: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] hideous, dracoid with leathery wings, sharp claws, long pointed beak from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy marax: [The Maracot Deep by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle] 75-centimeter long crayfish matouchi: [Mémoires De Sir George Wallop by Pierre Chevalier Duplessis] deer from Aprilis, New Britain Islands medusa: [The Sign of the Mute Medusa by Ian Wallace] endangered azure aerial lifeform from Turquoise (Gannet IV) meercan: steed from Areta (beta Circini III) megalon: [ï¿½Godzilla vs. Megalonï¿½ by Jun Fukuda and Shinichi Sekizawa] 120-meter tall biped with head and blotchy-yellow wings of beetle, 2 think mandibles, short spiked tail, plates, conical spinning ï¿½armsï¿½, large red side-viewing eyes, antennae, horn with startip that shoots destructive ray, able to spit fireballs megatherium: giant Pleistocene sloth (see mylodon) mellitus; [ï¿½Wolf in the Fieldï¿½ by Robert Bloch] gaseous when in motion, solid when still from alpha Majoris I menigirri: [Fortune's Light by Michael Jan Friedman] plump, cobalt-colored sauroid with pleasant scent metallovore: [Space Family Robinson: Lost in Space series] 12-meter long beetle-like creature with metallic scales, long smooth neck, 6 stocky legs (hindlegs thiner), rat-like tail, red eyes, on plant Altair, vulnerable to rust miam: [Book of Dreams by Jack Vance] fly-like insectoid noted for musk from McVann's star system mogo: [ï¿½Dropidsï¿½ series] large, black-furred creature with undulating worm-like body and camel-like head from Roon, Jedi galaxy mogwik: [ï¿½Bless the Beastsï¿½ by Karen Haber] purple quadruped with many eyes from Sardal, Delta quadrant moldorm: [The Legend of Zelda by Nintendo] giant worm from Hyrule monkey-cat: [ï¿½Day of Burningï¿½ by Poul Anderson] grey, arboreal creature with high-pitched trilling hiss monolith monsterï¿½ [ï¿½The Monolith Monstersï¿½ by Robert M. Fesco and Jack Arnold] 4.5-meter tall black obelisk-like silicon-based lifeform that reproduces by falling and shattering, feeds on water and sand, turns living things into sandstone, growth stunted by salt monster men: [ï¿½The Monster Menï¿½ by Edgar Rice Burroughs] monsters created by Prof. Maxon, #1 -- mountain of deformed ashen flesh with white hair, pink mismatched eyes, a gaping hole for a nose, twisted mouth, long mismatched arms and legs, large flat feet; #3 -- somewhat more humanoid with long black hair monster of Disaster: [The Adventures of the Fly] multi-armed giant batrachian moorvleerno: [Mushroom Planet series by Eleanor Cameron] small flying dragon from Basidium morrt: [Star Wars Sourcebook by Bill Slavicsek and Curtis Smith] loyal, friendly, cuddly, mouse-sized blood-sucking parasite from planet Gamorr, Jedi galaxy, considered status symbol by Gamorreans (20 for warlords) Mosura: [ï¿½Mothraï¿½ by Shinichi Sekizawa] 60-meter long caterpillar that can shoot incredibly strong and sticky webbing that grows into moth-like insectoid with 120-meter wingspan from Infant Island mouth: [The Face of the Waters by Robert Silverberg] predator from waterworld Hydros mudmen: [ï¿½Droidsï¿½ series] semi-solid anthropoid from Roon that tickle victims and then take their shiny objects packrat-like mugato: [ï¿½A Private Little Warï¿½ by Gene Roddenberry] 2-meter, 440-kilogram white-furred bipedal pongoid with dorsal spines and cranial horn, poisonous bite (treatable with mako root assisted blood transfusion) Mull: [ï¿½Frankenstein Meets the Space Monsterï¿½ by George Garrett] 1.8-meter humanoid guard-slave with long dark hair, 3-clawed hands, pointy ears, stone-like flesh, large eyes, double-slit nose, fangs muskfox: [muskox + fox] caninoid with broad, flat curved horns, upright ears, pointed snout, long shaggy, musky hair and long bushy tail muskrattler: [muskrat + rattler] large brown-furred aquatic rodentoid with musk glands and rattle on tail muï¿½huï¿½ï¿½u: [Babylonian] fire-red horned dragon with lion forefeet, eagle hindfeet, scorpion stinger tail (Revelation 12:3) mya: [The Chaseï¿½ by Terry Nation] man-eating cephalopedan with short eyestalks from Aridius mylodon: giant Pleistocene sloth (see megatherium) mynock: [Star Wars Sourcebook by Bill Slavicsek and Curtis Smith, The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut] 1.6-meter chiropteran silicon-based energy parasite with black leathery wings (wingspan 1.25 meters), armored skull, fangs, able to attach to spaceship with suckers, reproduce by splitting, from Jedi galaxy n'aal: [Kane's world series by Michael Moorcock as Edward Powys Bradbury] giant snake-like creature Na'ka'leen feeder: [ï¿½Grailï¿½ by Christy Marx] triped that feeds on brainwaves (preferably older ones), moving very fast during attack, discovered by Centauri on Na'ka'leen nane: [The Closed Worlds by Edmond Hamilton] anthropoid with large, softly glowing eyes, no nose, small mouth, white skin, flexible (because boneless) nargah: [Legacy by Michael Jan Friedman] egg-layer of Merkaans narlzak: [ï¿½Return to Karnï¿½ by Bill Motz] large mealworm-like burrower from Karn narwalrus: [narwhal + walrus] 4-flippered amphibian with long spirally twisted tusk, tough, wrinkled skin and bushy, drooping mustache nashtah: [Han Solo's Revenge by Brian Daley] 6-legged, bloodthirsty, green, sleek-sinned sauroid with triple row of teeth, diamond-hard claws, long barbed tail from Dra III, Jedi galaxy nat: [JetsRocketsSpacemen trading cards] spacefaring pterodon-like creature from planet Ex nebek: hairy tyger-like felinoid nei'rrh: [The Romulan Way by Diane Duane and Peter Morwood] poisonous hummingbird-like ornithoid from 128 Trianguli system nek: [Star Wars: Dark Empire series by Tom Veritch and Cam Kennedy] caninoid from Cyborrean system with 3-clawed feet, sold on black market nerf: [Star Wars V: The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut] domesticated herbivore breed for meat and pelts from Jedi galaxy nerve runner: [The Jesus Incident by Frank Herbert and Bill Ransom] dangerous ground dweller from Pandora nesset: [ï¿½Sacred Groundï¿½ by Lisa Klink] venomous 3-fanged serpentinoid neurovore: [The Wine of Violence by James Morrow] savage, desert-dwelling brain-eater from Carlotta, Malnovian belt, UW Canis Majoris system New Texan cattle: [A Planet for Texansï¿½ by H. Beam Piper and J. McGuire] 15-tonne, 1.2-meter tall bovinoid from New Texas nicor: [ï¿½Queen of Air and Darknessï¿½ by Poul Anderson] creature like both elephant and ent, ï¿½elephentï¿½ from Roland Nidhoggr: [ï¿½corpse-tearerï¿½] dragon near Lower Niflheim night beast: [ï¿½Star Warsï¿½ series by Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson] bipedal, clawed sauroid with flat skull from Yavin IV, Jedi galaxy used as guard by Massassi nightcrawler: [ï¿½Star Wars IV: A New Hopeï¿½ by George Lucas] small, nocturnal insectoid from Tatooine, Jedi galaxy night howler: [The Stars Are Ours by Andre Norton] moth-eating monkeys with huge eyes from Astra (Deutero-Sol II) nightlizard: [Ghost-Walker by Barabara Hambly] nocturnal sauroid from Midgwis (Elcidar Beta III) night-walker: [ï¿½Exploration Teamï¿½ by Murray Leinster] troublesome creature from Loren II nink: [The Wocket in My Pocket by Dr. Seuss] yellow, hairy, large-snouted creature found in sink nonny: songbird that flies perpendicularly -- ï¿½All day she chirps her joysome odes and if she goes too far explodes.ï¿½ noshingra: [ï¿½The Peacefulness of Vivyanï¿½ by James Tiptree, Jr.] bimorphic shellfish aka come-and-go animal nunk: [Nick and the Glimmung by Philip K. Dick] creature from Plowman's planet nutch: [On Beyond Zebra by Dr. Seuss] hitch-dweller octopuss: [octopus + puss] 8-legged felinoid octorok: [The Legend of Zelda by Nintendo] red or blue land octopoid able to spit rocks octosak: [ï¿½Flash Gordonï¿½ series] reptilian octopus from Mongo odontotyrannus: [Alexander romance] 3-horned monster oel: [Big Planet by Jack Vance] swamp-dwelling, 2.1-meter biped with narrow head, 4 horns, low-ing black dorsal carapace, 12 folding clawed arms, able to be trained to dance the mazurka ogreon: [The First Kingdom by Jack Katz] 6-meter tall, horned, devil-faced bipedal man-eater omnivore: [Omnivore by Piers Anthony] most ferocious of the 1-eyed, 1-legged animals from Nacre ondryx: [Exiles by Howard Weinstein] herd animal with spindly legs, shoulder humps, complex forward-extending antlers, trunk from Kejor VI ook: [Alien Secrets by Annette Curtis Klause] pet from Shoon (aka Aurora, tau Ceti II) oomfer: [Warrior of Llarn, Theif of Llarn by Gardner F. Fox] giant ornithoid steed from Llarn oph: large horned serpent whose blade-ridged spine slashes ophiacodon: low, 3.7-meter sauroid with long hindlegs, large toothed jaw opinicus: creature with serpent's body, lion's legs, long bill, pointy ears, eagle's wings, camel's tail orangopoid: [orangutan + anthropoid, Flash Gordon series] horned long-armed anthropoid from Mongo orc: [Dragons, Unicorns and Other Magical Beasts by Robin Palmer] man-eating sea creature with inpenetratable scales, tusks; [Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien] also goblin-like land orc orcat: [orca + cat] large black and white amphibious predatory felinoid oreodon: Oligocene herding ruminant oreon org: [ï¿½This Moment of the Stormï¿½, contraction from ï¿½organism-with-a-long-name-I-can't-rememberï¿½] 3-meter long, segmented body, wide head, traffic-signed eyes, pale little legs, razor-sharp teeth from Tierra del Cygnus, Cygnus Orion parasite: ï¿½Operation: Annihilateï¿½ by Steven W. Carabatsos] gelatinous, colorless, football-sized amorph gestalt that drives host mad with pain, destroyed Aldebaran Magnus V, Ingraham B and Deneva ork: [The Sword of Lankor by Howard L. Cory] 3-headed ornithoid orluck: [Barzoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] yellow-and-black striped elephantine beast from Barzoom ornad: [Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia] 9-meter long jungle-dwelling 16-legged, green and yellow, caterpillar with long head with long floppy ears, teeth worse than tail stinger, able to shoot webbing, lives in oval nest ornithoid: bird-like animal, see Arkarian water fowl, Banerian hawk, bibbling, cowl, daymare, duplgoose, firebird, giant claw, grelbon, Gunji jackdaw, haha, handbird, hlai, kroyie, lantern bird, nei'rrh, ork, owltiger, parrotter, seagle, tarn, vulturchin orthopoi: [Pellucidar series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] small, 3-toed equine from Pellucidar osc: little, gentle creature that swims on river's surface during day, feeding on ï¿½fluff and water-weed which other creatures do not needï¿½, hangs bat-like at night oucher-poucher: [National Geographic Picture Atlas of Our Universe by Michael Whelan] metallophagous lifeform from Venus that moves by inflating pouch-like hydrogen sac and making bouncing landings owltiger: [ï¿½The Huntingï¿½ by Doris Beetem] owl-like ornithoid with ears and beak-like fangs owriss: [ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] large, harmless amorph from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy p'eng-niao: [Chinese] huge bird pacd;[Les Adventures de Jaques Sadeur by Gabriel Foigny] gregarious songbird from Terre Australe pacer: [The Anoma by Jack Vance] draft animal from Durdane descended from bullocks pachycephalosaur: [ï¿½boneheaded lizardï¿½] 4.6-meter bipedal sauroid with thick knobby skull packrattler: [pack rat + rattler] snake-like ï¿½borrowingï¿½ burrower with rattle on tail paleosaur: [ï¿½The Giant Behemothï¿½ by Robert Abel and Allen Adler] 1.2-meter tall, 1.8-meter long, long-necked quadrupedal reptilian amphibian paraceratherium: [aka ï¿½baluchiteriumï¿½] 5.5-meter at shoulder long-legged rhinoceros with longish neck, no horn parrotter: [parrot + otter] aquatic ornithoid with hooked bill, webbed feet, dense, dark brown fur-like feathers and secreting a decay accelerant Party Beach monster: [ï¿½The Horror of Party Beachï¿½ by Richard L. Hilliard] mutant sea creature combined with human corpse in form of blood-thirsty humanoid with large scales, claws, dorsal fin, spiny-ray ears, bursts into flame with contact with sodium PBO: [Planetary Bacteria Organism, Introduction a la Nouvelle Bacteriologie by Dr. Sorin Sonea and Dr. Maurice Panisset] intelligent, but non-sentient super-organism able to resist antibiotics pechavy: [Big Planet by Jack Vance] sluggish, yellow-furred sheep-sized animal from the Big Planet pegasus: [Greek] winged horse pelgrane: [Rhialto by Jack Vance] subdyvolt with white fangs, clawed hands, black horn, hard leathery gargoyle-like body, great hatchet-like beak, leering eyes but without speech penguinsect: [penguin + insect] pepperfish: [Blue World by Jack Vance] ichthoid from the Blue World pfph: [Star Rangers by Andre Norton] beast of burden from Falthar pfugux: [Ghost-Walker by Barbara Hambly] herding animal from Midgwis (Elcidar Beta III) phog: [ï¿½Phogï¿½ by Poul Anderson] scummy, stinking, deadly gaseous creature from Phoebus system phoenix: [Greek] bird with yellow neck, red-purple body, blue-with-rose tail, large plume that hatches egg by self-cremation, see benu, fêng-huang phorusrhacos: 2-meter tall eagle-beaked creature photh: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] scarlet vampire bat picdar: [La Découverte de L'Empire de Cantahar by De Varennes de Mondasse] green, bear-sized, creature with white spots, leopard-like head, hunted though dangerous from Cantahar Island pifflosaur: [Dr. Doolittle and the Secret Lake by Hugh Lofting, piffle + -saur] large, long-necked, herbivorous, long-tailed, short-legged dinosaur from No-Man's-Land pigator: [pig + alligator] aquatic carnivorous sauroid with cloven hooves and cartilaginous snout pigoose: [pig + goose] griffinoid with longish neck, short, pointed beak and cloven hooves pililli: [Mémoires De Sir George Wallop by Pierre Chevalier Duplessis] blue and red dove from Aprilis, New Britain Islands plantimal: [Blackhawk series] 21-meter long plant-like creature with mossy body, 4 thin legs, 3-toed feet, frog-like head, 6 tentacles with twin end-tendrils platybelodon: [ï¿½shovel-tuskï¿½] elephant-ancestor with broad blade-like lower teeth plicha: [Mémoires De Sir George Wallop by Pierre Chevalier Duplessis] friendly nightingale from Aprilis, New Britain Islands poa: [Thongor series by Lin Carter] 30-meter long river-dragon with translucent flesh from Lemuria poëbrotherium: Oligocene camel ancestor pok: [Once Burned by Peter David] large, hairy steed used by Danteri polarcat: [JetsRocketsSpacemen trading cards] of polar caps from planet Ex polutan: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] short, cute biped with dark mournful eyes, ornate feathery crown of Parramat archepelago, Senisran pongoid: ape-like animal, see apt, corgodrill, dahara, gorillasaur, gundark, Ximbo ape poochie: [ï¿½Lair of the Grimalkinï¿½ by G. H. Irwin] feathered serpent poro: [ï¿½The Pathways of Desireï¿½ by Ursula K. LeGuin] food animal from Yirdo porcinoid: pig-like animal, see basto, blope, frankenswine, horswine, targ poro: [ï¿½The Pathways of Desireï¿½ by Ursula K. LeGuin] creature that looks like fanged hotdog from Yirdo porpuss: [porpoise + puss] small cetacean with catfish whisker-like barbels poulp: [Vingt Mille Liéues Sous les Mers by Jules Verne] 7-meter long cuttlefish-like cephalopoid with 8 suckered tentacles, large green eyes, parrot-like beak power-cat: [ï¿½Friday's Childï¿½ by D. C. Fontana] brick-red, brown bear-sized felinoid with golden eyes, short tail, brown back spines, fast as cheetah, able to throw a 200-volt charge 6 meters, from Kohath (Capella IV), alpha Auriga system praxa: [The Maracot Deep by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle] partially organic, partially gaseous greenish cloud with luminous core that eats eyes printer: [Nick and the Glimmung by Philip K. Dick] creature from Plowman's planet sought by the invisible Glimmung pronghorn moose: [ï¿½Unificationï¿½ by Rick Berman and Michael Pillar] moose-like ruminant with pronged horns, noted for loud, horrible call from Bardakia pushmi-pullyu: [The Story of Dr. Doolittle by Hugh Lofting] shy, tailless, two-headed creature like both gazelle and chamois pterosaur: flying dinosaur pudamef: [The Queen of Zamba by L. Sprague de Camp] 6-legged reptilian adapted to cold from Krishna, tau Ceti system (see shan) pyralli: [aka pyrotocone, Inventorum Natura by Pliny the Elder] dracoid with insectoidal wings that lives in and feeds on fire from Pyrallis Island pyropod: [The Reefs of Space by Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson] agressive squid-like omnivore from the Reefs of Space quadrumanous: [Space Family Robinson: Lost is Space series] 2.4-meter tall pongoid with one eye, large mouth, shaggy brown hair, 3-toed feet and 4 arms from Alpha 34 radiovore: [ï¿½Just Desertsï¿½ by Michael Jan Friedman] radiation-eating creature that visited Utalabria Radon: [(pte)ra(no)don, aka Rodan] 100-tonne dracoid with 150-meter wingspan, chest spikes, able to fly at supersonic speeds, feeds on 6-meter long insects rainbird: [Stations of the Tide by Michael Swanwick] lowtide form of dimorph from Miranda, Prospero system whose hightide form is the sparrowfish rakazzak:[ï¿½Ewoksï¿½ series] 3-meter tall arachnoid steed from Endor's moon, Jedi galaxy rammerhorn: [The Face of the Waters by Robert Silverberg] top predator -- with drakken -- from the waterworld Hydros rancor: [Star War VI: Return of the Jedi by James Kahn] 5-meter tall carnivorous biped sauroid with long arms, long fangs, long and sharp claws rastipod: [ï¿½Progressï¿½ by Peter Allan Fields] carnivorous variety not as graceful as herbivorous from Bajor rath: [Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll] green porcinoid razorbeast: [ï¿½Rascalsï¿½ by Ward Botsford, Diana Dru Botsford and Michael Pillar , ï¿½Imaginary Friendï¿½ by Jean Louise Matthias, Ronald Wilkerson and Richard Filegel] huge, brown-furred creature with large spiny wings noted for jumping from Tarkass Rectyne monopod: [ï¿½The Icarus Factorï¿½ by David Assael] 2-tonne red eel: [The Maracot Deep by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle] poisonous eel remorae: [Dreadnaught] suckerfish-like from Proxima (beta Centauri) system reptilicus: [Reptilicus by Dean Owen] 30-meter long, snake-like creature with armored plates, 2 vestigial hands, wings, able to spit green poison revavuaa: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] purple ichthoid with feathery gill from Parramat archepelago, Senisran rhadari: [Kane's world series by Michael Moorcock as Edward Powys Bradbury] 1.8-meter tall, 3.6-meter long carnivore with wide toothy mouth, claws, viscous crystalline ï¿½fleshï¿½ rheti: [Kane's world series by Michael Moorcock as Edward Powys Bradbury] rodentoid the size of a half-grown elephant rhedosaur: ["The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms"] 15-meter tall quadrupedal amphibian with toxic blood rhinokey: [Wuz series by Douglas Hutchison] animal both rhinoceras-like and monkey-like riding croc: ["The Blue Giraffe" by L. Sprague de Camp] mutant long-legged crocodile ritoodolorum: [First Lensman by E. E. Smith] ferocious 6-legged tiger-like felinoid from Aldebaran (alpha Tauri) II roadkill: ["Uncharted Territory" by Connie Willis] extraordinarily sedentary animal from Boohte robinsect: [robin + insect] large beaked, red-breasted insectoid rodentoid: rodent-like animal, casteroid, gnar, hive-rat, horeb, muskrattler, rheti, ulsio, wooker ropesnake: [Starman Jones by Robert Heinlein] from Charity rork: [Rork! by Avram Davidson] monstrous, elusive feeder on valuable redwing plant rugfish: [Big World by Jack Vance] ichthoid whose skin is used for sandal leather rukh: [1001 Arabian Nights] huge bird with 2 horns, 4 back humps, feeds elephants to its young ruvf: [ï¿½The Altar of Redemptionï¿½ by Anne Laurie Logan] roaring felininoid(?) of the jauneans rycrit: [Star Wars Sourcebook by Bill Slavicsek and Curtis Smith] bovine from Ryloth, Jedi galaxy rykor: [Barzoom series by EdgarRice Burroughs] humanoid but without head, used as steed by Kaldane from Bazoom ryu: [Japanese] triphibious dragon ryth: [Tanar of Pellucidar by Edgar Rice Burroughs] Amiocap Island cave bear sagsâr: [Mahâbhârata] 8-legged deer-like mountain-dweller sailor: [ï¿½The Winged Dreamersï¿½ by Jennifer Guttridge] furry brown sausage with bright amber eyes, flat furry face, 3-clawed toe per foot from Durban's world sand bat: ["The Empath" by Joyce Muskat] Manark IV predator that appears as inanimate rock crystals until it attacks sand sloth: ["Droids" series] rhino-like, muskox-like beast of burden from Annoo, Jedi galaxy sardula: [Hindi] horned leonine sark: ["Pen Pals" by Melinda M. Snodgrass] Klingon steed from Qonos sarlacc: [ï¿½Return of the Jediï¿½ by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas] undersand dwelling 30-meter carnivore with many feeding tentacles around it 2.4-meter mouth sauroid: lizard-like animal, see alligoator, bandersnatch, baragon, dirosaur, dogator, gatortoise, Gojira, gorgosaur, grakka, gryf, Guilala, knife-kite, lagardo, lossine, menigirri, nashtah, nightlizard, ophiacodon, pigator, rancor, sea lizard, scarpia, slik't, sphexe, tove, woodwoose scargan: [Warrior of Llarn, Theif of Llarn by Gardner F. Fox] sharp-clawed, half-tonne furry, white spheroid scarpia: [King David's Spaceship by Jerry Pourelle] deadly warm-blooded scorpion-like sauroid from Makassar scizzorback: [ï¿½The Huntingï¿½ by Doris Beetem] lithe, brown herd animal from Rheingeld scotura: [ï¿½Knivesï¿½ by Lawrence G. DiTillio] Centauri ï¿½silent beastï¿½ scramaloupe: [Space Trap by Monica Hughes] rare mammoth-like animal with red and grey stripes from Nakhan screer: [ï¿½The Book of Ptathï¿½ by A. E. Van Vogt] voracious 2.4-meter bird with 4.8-meter wingspan used as both steed and weapon from Gonwonlane scylla: [Windhaven by George R. R. Martin] predatory sea creature from Windhaven seagle: [sea gull + eagle] coastal orinthoid with long wings, webbed feet, hooked beak and sharp eyesight sea lizard: [ï¿½Deja Qï¿½ by Richard Danus] sauroid from Markoff seaweed shark: {ï¿½Simpsonsï¿½ series] rare vegetarian shark that eats seaweed seedis: [ï¿½Belly of the Beastï¿½] ï¿½mythicalï¿½ planet-eater said to return to Savion every 6270 years Seesar: [ï¿½Godzilla vs. the Cosmic Monsterï¿½ by Jun Fukuda] 120-meter humanoid with long golden fur on head, shoulders and sides, but otherwise blue-scaled, with floppy elephantine ears, blue-tipped forehead horn, red eyes able to shoot destructive beams sehlat: [ï¿½Yesterdayï¿½ by Dorothy Fontana] pointy-eared, fanged pig-snouted beast like both bear and bison seja: [Metamorphosis by Jean Lorrah] herd animal from Elysia senmurv: [Persian] monstrous bird Serpent: [ï¿½Star Warsï¿½ series by Archie Goodwin and Al Williamson] 14-meter mottled serpent controlled via ultrasonics by the Serpent Masters to enslave, among others, Tanith Shire's world, Jedi galaxy shai-hulud: [Dune by Frank Herbert] aka sandworm, 400-meter long, 100-meter wide silvery-gray worm-like undersand dweller with thousands of carbo-silica teeth from Arrakis (Canopus or alpha Carinae III) shan: [The Queen of Zamba by L. Sprague de Camp] 6-legged reptilian from Krishna, tau Ceti system (see pudamef) shantak: [ï¿½The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadathï¿½ by Howard Phillips Lovecraft] nightmarish bird from Inquanok sharkon: [ï¿½Flash Gordonï¿½ series] shark-ichthoid with long, barbed tail, narwhal-like horn, large flippers from Mongo shasos: [ï¿½Frog in the Mountainsï¿½ by R. A. Lafferty] eagle-condor hunter in the mountains from Paravata sheefla: [Ghost-Walker by Barbara Hambly] small, quick predator from Midgwis (Elcidar Beta III) shelath: [The Howling Stones by A. D. Foster] stinger that nests in yollow-brown vines from Parramat archepelago, Senisran shellmouth: [The Worlds of the Federation by Shane Johnson] 50-centimeter clam-faced, humpbacked sea creature with 6 short tentacles (2 for feeding), double-pupilled eyes sheot: [The Stainless Steel Rat Sings the Blues by Harry Harrison] ruminant like tusked sheep or goat, large enough to ride from Liokukae shockwraith: [A Door into Ocean by Joan Slonczewsky] noted for sinew which is used along the starworms by Sharer wormrunners to secure rafts from Shora the Ocean Moon of Valedon shrowk: [A Voyage to Arcturus by David Lindsay] many-legged with serpentine body, spiked head, bat-like wings from Tormance, Arcturus system shuttlewren: [ï¿½Uncharted Territoryï¿½ by Connie Willis] perverse animal from Boohte shynph: [ï¿½Oomphel in the Skyï¿½ by H. Beam Piper] arrowhead-horned jumper from Gettler system sificligh: [ï¿½In the Walls of Eryxï¿½ by Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Kenneth Sterling] wriggling maggot-like insectoid silian: [Barzoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] slimy sea serpent from Barzoom silicate: [ï¿½Island of Terrorï¿½ by EdwardAndrew Mann and Allan Ramsen] chitinous oblong mound with starfish-like base, thick grabbing tentacles, feeding on bones via microscopic punctures simurgh: [Persian, aka anqä] huge bird sinek: [ï¿½Frog on the Mountainï¿½ by R. A. Lafferty] cat-lion game animal from Paravata mountains sinha: [ï¿½shadow Lordï¿½ by Laurence Yep] sabre-toothed white ï¿½samari pantherï¿½ from Angira sith: [Barzoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs] Hereford-sized hornet-like insectoid with poisonous stinger from Barzoom sithar: [Yesterday's Son by A. C. Crispin] creature like both lion and muskox from Sarpeidon, beta Niobe system skarat: [The Dirdir by Jack Vance] large, quick black insectoid that exhales foul odor, yet is nevertheless used in recipes of the Carabas skeep: [Frostworld and Dreamfire by John Morressy] river animal from Hraggellon (Duruos II) skoffin: [Icelandic] vixen-like felinoid with deadly basilisk-like stare skorah: [ï¿½In the Walls from Eryxï¿½ by Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Kenneth Sterling] carnivore skytoad: Tierra del Cygnus, 72 Cygni system slashback: [Uhura's Song by Janet Kagon] sabretooth tiger-like felinoid from Sivao sleen: [Gor series by John F. Lange, Jr., as John Norman] tireless, savage 6-clawed creature used to track runaway slaves slik't: [Double, Double by Michael Jan Friedman] sauroid from T'Nufo nr. Romulan Empire slimebug: [ï¿½Shadow Lordï¿½ by Laurence Yep] slimy insectoid from Angira slime devil: [ï¿½The Trouble with Tribblesï¿½ by David Gerrold, The World of the Federation by Shane Johnson] 1.2-meter carnivorous amphibian with 7 horns, 4 segmented limbs, large splayed toes, large blow hole slime worm: [Gor series by John F. Lange, Jr., as John Norman] long, eyeless worm-like scavenger companion to the Golden Beetle slitch: [ï¿½Eyesï¿½ by Lawrence G. DiTillio] animal native to planet Orion slith: [Star Rangers by Andre Norton] dangerous cave beast from Falthar slithis: [ï¿½Spawn of the Slithisï¿½ by Stephen Traxler] dark green humpbacked predator with large, hairless gumdrop-shaped head, webbed claws, suckerfish-like mouth, dorsal fin, feeding tentacles sloord: [The Sword of Lankor by Howard L. Cory] swift, stealthy pack animal from Lankor slorg: [The Wizard of Lemuria by Lin Carter] pallid-scaled snake with hairless, green-eyed woman's face, rretractable fangs slugoat: [slug + goast] coastal bimorph with four legs and omnivorous appetite as adult and slow-moving and mollusc-like as larva slugull: [slug + gull] coastal bimorph with long wings and slightly curved beak as adult and slow-moving and mollusc-like as larva smilodon smur: [The Dirdir by Jack Vance] fearsome, sinuous semi-reptilian from Boundary Wood, Carabas snape: [Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia] one-eyed, soft and furry jungle-dwelling mutant snapper: [ï¿½The Moment of the Stormï¿½] green feathered reptilian with armored head, 3 horns under 3 eyes, nose-horn, half-meter legs, 3.5-meter tail, long sharp sword-like teeth, able to run as fast as a greyhound, swing tail like a sandbag from Tierra del Cygnus, Cygnus snarl: [The Barber of Aldebaran by William Moy Russell] exotic lifeform sneedle: [On Beyond Zebra by Dr. Seuss] snitterjipe: apple-eater with luminous eyes, tickling whiskers snork: [Moumeikko ja pyrstötähti by Tove Jansson] small, soft-furred, blue-eyed, short-snouted, short-tailed hibernating biped able to change color with emotions snow dragon: [ï¿½Flash Gordonï¿½ series] bear-like dracoid with long neck, beaver-like tail, serpentine head from Mongo snow ghost: [Motie series by Larry Niven] rare, furry cobra-like serpentinoid from Maxroy's Purchase snyke: 40-legged with harsh wiry hair from Jam-Kaïk's jungle sofor: [Arthur Porges] animal with very powerful malordorous defense from Tartaglia somouga: [Histoire des Sevarambes by Denis Veiras] white-furred bear from Australe songomby: [Madagascar] monstrous wild equine space-cow: [ï¿½Country Doctorï¿½ by William Morrison] 90-meter 6-eyed, red amorph with 9-meter mouth, tadpole-like young from Ganymede spaceling: [The Reefs of Space by Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson] seal-like with jet-less propulsion space slug: ï¿½Star Wars V: The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut] 900-meter silicon-based, worm-like asteroid-dweller that reproduces by splitting spahlen-tier: [Basle] dracoid sparrowfish: [Stations of the Tide by Michael Swanwick] hightide form of dimorph from Miranda, Prospero system whose lowtide form is rainbird spectrox bat: [ï¿½Caves of Androzaniï¿½ by Robert Holme] cheropteroid from Androzani Minor, Sirius system, source of spectrox, the life extending drug, its milk is only known antidote to raw guano poisoning spheroid: sphere-like animal, see ball creature, beer belly, tribble sphexe: [ï¿½Exploration Teamï¿½ by Murray Leinster] huge inimical sauroid from Loren II spiddle: [Nick and Glimmung by Philip K. Dick] creature from Plowman's planet spieltier: [ï¿½The Lady Who Sailed the Soulï¿½ by Cordwainer Smith] shapeshifting pet Spigas: [ï¿½Son of Godzillaï¿½] 1.2-meter tall arachnoid with poisonous spear-like tongue, able to spin white webbing very fast splacknuck: [Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver] graceful, elegant human-sized mammal spoo: [ï¿½Midnight on the Firing Lineï¿½, ï¿½The Geometry of Shadowsï¿½ by J. Michael Straczynski] food animal from Narn spurgeon: [Blue World by Jack Vance] fearless creature from the Blue World squirlon: [ï¿½Flash Gordonï¿½ series] flying squirrel-like creature with madness-inducing bite from Mongo squonk: ugly creature noted for its weeping cry from Pennsylvanian hemlock forests ssu ling: [Chinese] generic term for either ch'i-lin, fêng-huang, tortoise or dragon (lung, kiu-lung, yü-lung) starworm: [A Door into Ocean by Joan Slonczewsky] noted for use with shockwraith sinew by Sharer wormrunners to secure raft from Shora the Ocean Moon of Valedon steam frog: [JetsRocketsSpacemen trading cards] giant, high-temperature adapted batrachian with long-clawed flippers stegosaur: 9-meter dinosaur with double back plates, 4-spiked tail stingbat: Tierra del Cygnus, 72 Cygni system struul: [Galactic Gourmet by James Blish] ichthoid from Corellia stuff: addictively sweet white amorphous parasite that eats insides out of its eater, can also form tentacles and smother prey stylax: [ï¿½The Gift of Gabï¿½ by Jack Vance] food worm for dekabrachs (ï¿½deksï¿½) Styphalian bird: bird with brass beak, wings, talons, able to fire feathers like arrows from Lake Stympalis, Arcadia subhyrcodon: Oligocene proto-rhinoceros	i don't know
Which US president, known commonly by his initials, was born in Stonewall, Texas in 1908?	Biography of President Lyndon B. Johnson for Kids Born: August 27, 1908 near Stonewall, Texas Died: January 22, 1973 in Johnson City, Texas Married: Claudia Taylor (Lady Bird) Johnson Children: Lynda, Luci Biography: What is Lyndon B. Johnson most known for? Lyndon Johnson was known for becoming president after President Kennedy was assassinated. His presidency is known for the passage of civil rights legislation and the Vietnam War. Growing Up Lyndon grew up in a farmhouse in the hill country near Johnson City, Texas . Although his father was a state representative, Lyndon's family was poor and he had to work hard at chores and odd jobs to make ends meet. In high school Lyndon played baseball, enjoyed public speaking, and being on the debate team. Lyndon wasn't sure what he wanted to do when he got out of high school, but eventually decided on teaching and graduated from Southwest Texas State Teacher's College. He didn't end up teaching long before he went to work for a congressman. Soon he wanted to go into politics, so he went to Georgetown University and earned his law degree. Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office by Cecil Stoughton Before He Became President Shortly after graduating from law school, Johnson was elected to the U.S. Congress . He served as a congressman for twelve years. During World War II he took a leave of absence from Congress to serve in the war where he earned a Silver Star. In 1948 Johnson set his sights on the Senate. He won the election, but only by 87 votes. He earned the sarcastic nickname "Landslide Lyndon". Johnson served the next twelve years on the Senate becoming the Senate Majority Leader in 1955. Johnson decided to run for president in 1960. He lost the democratic nomination to John F. Kennedy, but became his vice presidential running mate. They won the general election and Johnson became vice president. Kennedy Assassinated In 1963 while on a parade in Dallas, Texas, President Kennedy was assassinated. He was shot while riding in a car just ahead of Johnson. Johnson was sworn in as president just a short while later. Lyndon B. Johnson's Presidency Johnson wanted his presidency to usher in of a new way of life for America. He called it the Great Society where everyone would be treated equally and have equal opportunity. He used his popularity to pass legislation to help fight crime, prevent poverty, protect the voting rights of minorities, improve education, and conserve the environment. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Lyndon b. Johnson by Elizabeth Shoumatoff Perhaps the greatest achievement of Johnson's presidency was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . This law made most forms of racial discrimination including segregation in schools illegal. In 1965 Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act which allowed the federal government to insure that the voting rights of all citizens regardless of race were protected. The Vietnam War The Vietnam War turned out to be Johnson's downfall. Under Johnson the war escalated and U.S. involvement grew. As more and more U.S. soldiers died in the war, Johnson's popularity began to diminish. Many people disagreed with any U.S. involvement at all and protests grew throughout the country. Johnson put his full efforts into gaining a peace settlement, but failed in the end. How did he die? After retiring to his ranch in Texas, Lyndon Johnson died of a heart attack in 1973. Fun Facts About Lyndon B. Johnson His wife's nickname "Lady Bird" gave them both the same initials "LBJ". They named their daughters so they would have the "LBJ" initials too. Johnson City, Texas was named after a relative of Johnson's. He appointed the first African American to the Supreme Court , Thurgood Marshall . He also had the first African American cabinet member when he appointed Robert C. Weaver to lead the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Johnson once said that "Education is not a problem. Education is an opportunity." At 6 feet 3 ½ inches he was the second tallest president just after Abraham Lincoln at 6 feet 4 inches. Activities	Lyndon B. Johnson
Actor and comedian, and half of a famous double-act, Arthur Stanley Jefferson was better known by which name?	PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON FACTS Lyndon Johnson taking the oath of office Open/Close Menu Introduction - Lyndon B. Johnson On November 22, 1963, U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into office as President on what was, perhaps, one of the most shocking days in U.S. history. Earlier that day, when President John F. Kennedy was traveling through Texas on a campaign tour, he was shot and pronounced dead shortly thereafter. The assassination stunned the world. Vice President Johnson was sworn into office as President while onboard Air Force One where he became the 36th President of the United States of America. There is no doubt that he, who was both loved and hated by some Americans, was responsible for some significant initiatives in U.S history. The following information lists interesting facts about President Johnson's life and career, including why he did not seek re-election, all in a kid-friendly format for easy reading. Lyndon B. Johnson Quick Facts He was a member of the Democratic Party. Lyndon B. Johnson was born on August 27, 1908 in Stonewall, Texas. LBJ was the nickname given to Lyndon Baines Johnson. A town that President Johnson grew up near in Texas was named Johnson City, after his family. In November of 1934, Lyndon B. Johnson married Claudia Alta Taylor, more commonly known as Lady Bird Johnson. They had two children together. Lyndon B. Johnson served as President from 1963 - 1969. On January 22, 1973, Lyndon B. Johnson died after suffering from a sudden heart attack. Lyndon B. Johnson Early Career Facts Before moving on to the Senate, Johnson served as a congressman for twelve years. During his time as a congressman, Johnson temporarily left to serve in World War II where he earned a silver star for showing gallantry and bravery as an observer on bomber missions in the South Pacific. Johnson was given the nickname "Landslide Lyndon" when he won a seat on the senate by a small amount of votes. Despite the sarcastic nickname, he remained in the Senate for another twelve years and eventually became the Senate Majority Leader. Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Career Facts To attain his vision of a "Great Society", President Johnson introduced a comprehensive domestic legislative agenda including topics such as Medicare and Medicaid, education, transportation, urban renewal, poverty, crime control, and funding for research on diseases, among other topics. Although strongly opposed by southern Democrats, in July of 1964, Johnson was able to sign into effect civil rights legislation that would prohibit racial discrimination on many levels, called the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This was possibly one of his most important successes as President. Besides the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Johnson signed another important civil rights bill, the 1965 Voting Rights Act. This law not only allowed African Americans the right to vote but also gave them political opportunities that they had not seen before. During his time as President, Johnson was unsuccessful in trying to end communist aggression and fighting during the Vietnam War. It was not until after he left office that peace talks commenced. Unfortunately, he died before the talks were successful. On March 31, 1968, Lyndon B Johnson made the startling announcement that he would not run for Presidential re-election. He cited several reasons including more family time, however the country was left to speculate as to the real reasons. With mounting tension surrounding the Vietnam War, some historians believe he may have decided to bow out gracefully.	i don't know
Which European airport has the code name LHR?	London Heathrow (LHR) - United Kingdom Greg Brown June 15, 2014 at 1:50 pm LHR is the best of all the UK airports and compares favorably with other major hubs in Europe. There ares several effective modes to get into central London. Security is effective and termnal 5 has many fun ways to pass time that must be spent waiting. Heathrow Airport Is The Best Harry Armstrong June 8, 2013 at 2:15 pm I love Heathrow Airport and would consider the Airport to be brilliant; I have had no problems with the staff at Heathrow Airport. I will one day hopefully work with Heathrow Airport; I would like to become an Air steward for Virgin Atlantic. This is the closest Airport to me and I Love it! I give them 1000/100 PERCENT! Pretty Good Considering Mike Moore November 30, 2010 at 9:29 pm I have used LHR about 14 times in the last 6 years and yes is crowded, very crowded at times, yes it could be cleaner. It could be better in many ways but considering the huge number of people that use this airport every day, it pretty good. The best things about LHR are that the signage is really very good, it’s easy to find your way around, and the airport staff are never anything but very helpful and smiling. Getting from one terminal to another can take some time, but it could be much worse, (try Manila International for example). Have a little patience and remember you are in the world’s largest and busiest airport. That considered it’s pretty good. Little Choice Edward Ferrell September 28, 2010 at 11:16 pm 3 stars only because of all the places one can get to from LHR. And it isn’t about a 3rd runway; it’s about customer service. Never enough chairs in T3 or T5 for the number of people, either in the main waiting area or in the gates. T1 is actually OK now that it is used for Star Alliance. For now anyway. Always queues at food shops and not enough seating. Who wants to balance food and drink on your lap in all the hustle an bustle. In T3 it’s all about duty-free shopping. In T5 it’s absolutely great landside but airside is just like T3: crowded with the same old same old. At best it needs to have UK flights that are feeders only and not point-to-point. And Gatwick is every bit as easy to get to as LHR. Awful September 23, 2010 at 5:19 pm Unorganized Airport Micheal Derek February 4, 2010 at 10:33 pm I hate the airports when they put us on bus to change terminals. Unfortunately, Heathrow is one of them. When I was on the bus, the bus driver purposely drove over Indian workers who were working on the ground and the Indian workers wanted to stop the bus to argue with the bus driver but the driver did not stop. Heathrow Mike Moore June 6, 2009 at 3:39 pm I have used LHR on a large number of occasions and I will continue to use because I have no choice. Yes, it is big and spread out, but getting around is not difficult but could be made easier. The food outlets are varied but very overpriced. If you are going to be here for some time, bring food with you, doing so will save you lots of money. Huge numbers of retail outlets, again overpriced, but you can pass a lot of time window shopping. Easily the best thing about this airport are the staff. I have nothing but praise for the employees here, very helpful and friendly, never once met a rude staff member here. This airport is functional, Terminal 1 needs to be renovated but considering its size and the number of passengers that pass through it copes very well. 8/10 for the airport. 10/10 for the staff. Not The Best Roberto Perez April 10, 2009 at 2:53 am As air crew I travelled to and seen loads of airports worldwide and I m sorry to say LHR is not anywhere near the best. Too big, too confusing and probably the worst place in terms of connecting flights if you don’t like to walk for miles. That is unless you are flying Star Alliance as all its airline member are at Terminal 1. LHR Juke Dilliway March 16, 2009 at 8:37 pm Never had a problem at Heathrow. It’s just run by an awful company! Terminal Five is amazing! But LHR has some amazing plans ahead. It’s always a pleasure flying out of Heathrow. Frankfurt was a mess last time and as for CDG, well, speaks for itself. I admit there are better airports, but LHR is an amazing place, it’s huge, it’s busy, it had Concorde!! Home to BA, I love LHR! Ah, Heathrow. . . Stuart Fraser March 9, 2009 at 10:49 pm Compared to other European international airports, such as Frankfurt or Amsterdam’s Schippol, Heathrow is poor. In its defense, it has improved with the opening of Terminal 5, as now there is less traffic going through Terminals 1 and 3, so times spent standing in check-in and security lines has decreased. However, it’s still not great, with the emphasis being on shopping, not flying. If you are using Heathrow as a lay-over to catch a connecting flight, try to book all your flights with Star Alliance partners, as almost all these Airlines are based at the same terminal (Terminal 1). If you do have to change terminals, try and book flights that leave you a four hour lay-over. Changing terminals can be done in less than four hours (obviously), but by the time you factor in security checks, finding your gate, getting something to eat, etc. four hours would be my recommended stress free time window. If you are getting a domestic flight, prepare yourself for the wait in gate, wait in gate, wait in gate and then mad sprint for boarding when they announce your gate five minutes before boarding. Oh, and domestic flights through Heathrow are very rarely on time. LHR Darryl Hills March 4, 2009 at 8:11 pm I work for BA and no airport can be held responsible for airlines that run late. Unless it is actually down to the airport which is 99% unlikely. LHR is a great place to work. All the staff are competent in doing their work. Yeah, T5 had its problems but that’s what you get for having to employ people who don’t speak English. If you don’t like LHR there are thousands of other airports and air routes to take. It’s your choice look at flight routings before you travel. If you have no choice then you can either fly, get a train or use a boat. As simple as that. LHR? Avoid It December 16, 2008 at 10:32 am If there is one airport in Europe to avoid that’s LHR. Disgusting! I Love Terminal 5 Chantal Mulders October 20, 2008 at 9:53 am I’m not a very frequent traveller, but I cross over to Europe 1-2 times a year, usually with BA through London. My most recent flight was about a month after the opening of Terminal 5 and I heard a lot about the problems there: baggage, cancelled flights, etc. I was bracing myself for a total mess and I found… the complete opposite. Yes, the other four terminals seem to have been built in the stone age, but Terminal 5 is gorgeous. I took a transfer bus for about 20mins from T4 and walked into T5. Carry-on check was as fast as I have ever seen with very friendly faces. After this check, you immediately face the notice boards that tell you where your flight will be, BUT not until 45 minutes before departure. Staff was very helpful and personnel in the shops super friendly. Whereas every other airport features people running in all directions, chaos, and mayhem, Terminal 5 is a truly peaceful oasis. I don’t know how the builders did it, but it actually doesn’t feel like an airport terminal with its vast windows and cushy chairs. I’m looking forward to my next flight through Terminal 5. A European Migraine Robert Jap September 4, 2008 at 6:18 am This was the second time I was in Heathrow Airport. The last time was the 1st of August. Under no fault, my flight to Prague was cancelled on Czech Airlines due to technical difficulties from JFK. I have to say JFK is bigger and more efficient. I was dumped off by Virgin Atlantic in Terminal 1 to get a connecting flight in terminal 2 to Czech airlines there. This airport is the most disorganized hot mess I’ve ever seen. My friends from the UK say the same thing. I had to pass through immigration just to go for a ciggie, and you can’t hear anybody from the construction and all the banging going on. Plus everything is being rerouted in that place, immigration was the only helpful people. But to find anything is impossible, And it’s the shortest European flight from JFK. I tell you this place is A HOT MESS! This London Heathrow Airport it’s a migraine so try to avoid it. LHR Malcolm Mudge July 22, 2008 at 10:26 pm For an international airport it is actually quite disgusting for its quality of service and late flights. Heathrow - Avoid It Scott Downie May 20, 2008 at 9:48 pm I will avoid LHR when flying into Europe at all costs and I still have to traverse it 6 – 10 times a year. It is by far the worst airport anywhere. Iris – the system that is supposed to get you through immigration fast, has only worked 50% of the time over the last year, for me. The security personnel have taken to the reduced carry on baggage rules, like the Taliban on a Jihad. Its nickname is Thiefrow and it is well deserved. US immigration and security are like shining stars compared with their English counterparts. The recent debacle at the newly opened Terminal 5 is exactly what to expect of LHR, that and a ¼ mile walk (no exaggeration) from the plane to the nearest trolley, which makes life interesting for a mother with two infants and no assistance available from the ground staff. This is from a Brit living in the US and travelling globally, 250k to 300k a year. Deported Christine Mathias December 29, 2007 at 6:08 pm Where to begin? Just make sure you have your documents in order or you will not get in Not even on Christmas :( Heathrow Richard Phillips July 4, 2007 at 8:29 pm Like any major international airport, LHR has its fair share of problems. There is, however, a free high speed train link between the central area (T1,2 & 3) and T4, so transfers between terminals are now a bit more tolerable. I have used the airport many, many times and can honestly say I have never had a problem. Yes it is overcrowded and yes you can wait a while to get through security, but considering that it has the largest number of international passengers of any airport in the world, I think it does pretty well. Many US travellers moan about it, but LHR is a much more pleasant experience than the likes of JFK. At least if your flight is late, there are pleasant shops to wander around. Also, there can be queues to get on the runway, but none like the ones I have been in on every visit to JFK (over an hour’s wait on my last visit – the crew actually had to shut 3 engines down to save fuel while we waited). UK immigration is by no means perfect, but at least while you are waiting you can use your phone or ipod! Airports Willaim Smith April 17, 2007 at 4:18 pm O.K. there are some complaints about Heathrow. I make anything from 25-50 International flights a year and have done for the past 12 years. I fly into and from Heathrow about 20/30 times a year and find it infinitely better than Miami, about the same as LAX, but not as good as Osaka. It’s undergoing a face lift and terminal 5 should make it a lot easier for dedicated BA users. At least it’s civilised and whilst the immigration side might be a little on the long-wait side at times it again is better and friendlier than any of the US of A Internationals. 2 1/2 hours queuing in Miami once – if you can’t speak Spanish don’t go there !! I have to travel – it’s my job and whilst I am not all that keen on England at least Heathrow in my opinion is a good airport. Try Frankfurt if you want to sit in an operating theatre, CDG if you want rudeness and to be ignored, West African airports if you want your wallet stolen and Rome if you want chaos! Lost In The Crowd Harry Friedland January 20, 2007 at 7:17 am My mother, at age of 75 and traveling alone, was not assisted on arrival as planned. She wandered off into the crowd, got lost, and was found hours later by a porter, sitting on a baggage trolley (mother, not porter). She missed her Canada connection and a porter saw to it that she got shipped off to a hotel until another flight could be arranged. At that point, all she wanted to do was come home …. Over-crowded Mark Wealthy December 14, 2006 at 3:38 pm This has to be the worst airport I have used. This airport is too overcrowded. The fact is, half the people (if not more) inside the terminal buildings are NOT actually traveling. As a result, we will be flying to our regular destination from another airport. Avoid Nick Colakovic December 7, 2006 at 3:04 am Terrible airport. Security checkpoints have far too few X-ray machines and metal detectors. For example terminal 4 has only 3 sets of X-ray/Metal Detectors. As a result the queues for the security checks into each terminal are extremely long. There is no coordination between the the security staff and airline to expedite travelers late to their flights through security. The terminals are not linked underground by a automatic tram system, instead a buses are provided which most crawl around the airport. The terminals are mazes that take forever to traverse. Gates are nowhere near the entrance to the terminals. Instead you most go up an escalator then down another to get to a gate. If you must make a connecting flight make sure you have at least 3 hours between flights. For such a well known international airport it is quite pathetic. All About The Airport November 8, 2006 at 2:20 pm Why is Heathrow airport so important? What other developments has the airport lead to? Avoid For Connections. . . Arrigo Triulzi October 20, 2006 at 10:00 am Connecting through Heathrow, especially if it involves a Terminal change (e.g. T1 to T4) is particularly painful at the moment due to the extra security restrictions. The queues at the Transfer Centre in T1 are abominable unless you have a Business Class ticket and you can use the ‘Fast lane’ (note that you have to join the main queue and then before the first turn in the zig-zag you go straight ahead – normally there are attendants to check that you have a valid ticket there). LHR vs. LGW October 9, 2006 at 7:26 pm Forget LHR – I now use LGW whenever I can. What a difference! London Heathrow Airport Bobby Mathew September 6, 2006 at 2:09 am A nice airport ot ogle at your favourites. The security check is a concern nowadays. Then, it’s gonna be like this in the future. Very up-to-date, professional, and class airport. Crowded to the core, but you enjoy them to the core, until you lose your baggage. Meet lots of sarcastic Britishers on the way. But the Airport is a class, that’s eons ahead of many other international airports. Crowd Control Doug Bailey August 4, 2006 at 12:11 am Departing from LHR on 1st August ’06, I was reminded of why I avoid this airport if at all possible. The crowds and lines are intimidating. I recommend LGW when it serves your desired destination. Gatwick is still on a human scale. Good For It's Size.. Brian O'Mahoney July 23, 2006 at 11:33 am Heathrow is for all extents and purposes an air city, a maze of automatic walkways, tunnels and terminal buildings. Despite the size issues the staff are cheerful and the service relatively swift and efficient. Check-in is fast considering the number of passengers it accomodates daily. The airport buildings are standard large city fare, windowless and somewhat disorientating. The international departures lounge features an impressive multi-storey shopping complex and several decent restaurants and cafes. For anyone trying to make it from London to Heathrow in a hurry, Heathrow has it’s own tube station on the Piccadilly Line. Very handy at peak traffic times when the roads are heavily congested. Check In	Heathrow Airport
English novelist Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson was better known by what name?	The world's top 100 airports: listed, ranked and mapped \| News \| theguardian.com Blog home The world's top 100 airports: listed, ranked and mapped Where are the world's busiest airports - and how many passengers passed through them? Get the latest data for the top 100 Where are the world's top 100 airports? Photograph: PCL / Alamy/Alamy Where are the world's busiest airports? The furore over Heathrow 's immigration wait times has shone a light on the huge numbers of people flying into what is the world's third busiest airport in terms of passenger numbers. Airports Council International compiles data for every airport in the world - and this shows exactly how busy they are. ACI has allowed us to publish its preliminary figures for that top 100 - before they've been officially released. This is how they look. Fullscreen version 3.2bn passengers went through the world's top 100 airports in 2011, 998m of them in Europe and another 989m in North America. The world's very biggest airports have seen big increases in passengers: Heathrow is up 5.1%, Atlanta (the world's biggest) is up 3.3% and Beijing is up 4.5%. The biggest increases came in the new global powerhouses: New Delhi (up 17.8% to 34.7m passengers), Rio (up 17%) up Xiamen in China (up 15.9%). The figures reflect the state of the world's economic problems too, with 13 of the top 100 airports seeing decreases in passengers, with Tokyo down 20.5%, Athens down 6.7%, followed by two more Japanese airports. London Stansted is down too, according to the data - by 2.9% to 18m passengers But despite the recession, Europe's airport have gone up by an average of 7.4%, compared to a top 100 average change of 5.1% Thanks to ACI, you can get the full data below . What can you do with it? Data summary	i don't know
The laxative Gregory's Powder was made from which leafy plant?	Senna Information and Senna Herbal Remedies schizandra powder - magnetic spice - red raspberry - buy potpourri - poppy pod - herbs to buy - bulk tea tree oil - herbs from provence - bulk stevia - black walnut leaf - arnica flower - tea to buy - buy cinnamon - john s wort - damiana leaves - herb bags - marshmallow root powder - bulk medicinal herbs - black haw - lemongrass guatemala - co-packing - clay cosmetic - bulk buckwheat hulls - empty tea bag - elderberry tea - eleuthero root - sweetgrass braids - marshmallow root - buchu leaf - spices bulk - cleavers herb - tansy herb - annatto seed whole - hyssop herb - osha herb - buy almond oil - honeysuckle flowers - herbal tea blends - kelp iodine - stainless steel spice rack - organic teas bulk - young hyson green tea - dragons blood resin - meadowsweet herb - herb jars - buy lily of the valley - bulk sesame seeds - hibiscus in tea - sheep sorrel herb - catnip leaf - buy bulk spices - hydrangea root - turkey rhubarb root - spice herb - rosemary powder - uva ursi leaf - bulk chamomile - annatto spice - cubeb - bulk herbs spices - buy bulk tea - buy black cohosh - wood betony - wild indigo root - boswellia herb - boneset - peppermint leaf powder - grape seed powder - kelp granules - codonopsis - bee pollen granules - milk thistle powder - coptis - club moss Bulk Herbs & Spices Monterey Bay Spice Company has been delivering premium bulk herb botanicals, spices, teas, seasonings and much more for over eighteen years... Farm Fresh Goods Most all of our botanicals are sourced directly from the farmers and growers — this allows us to provide you with premium products at competitive prices Co-Packing & Private Label In addition our blending and milling services allow us to provide full-service co-packing solutions and private label contract packaging services to companies of all sizes © 2017 Monterey Bay Spice Company, Inc. Our Newsletter - Sign Up	Rhubarb
The bummalo fish is better known by what name?	Senna - What You Need to Know Senna Updated January 06, 2015 What is Senna? Alternate Names: Cassia senna, cassia acutifolia, cassia marilandica, cassia augustifolia, wild senna, locust plant, aden senna Medicinal part: Leaves and pods The leaves and pods of the senna plant contain compounds called anthraquinones, which are powerful laxatives. Uses for Senna Senna can be found as capsules, tablets, liquid extracts, and dried root. Bowel movements usually occur 6 to 12 hours after taking senna. Caveats Senna should not be used for more than seven consecutive days unless under a doctor's supervision. It should not be used to get a daily bowel movement. Pregnant or nursing women should not use senna. Children should not use senna. Senna or other anthraquinone-containing herbs should not be used by people diverticular disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, severe hemorrhoids, blood vessel disease, congestive heart failure, heart disease, severe anemia, abdominal hernia, gastrointestinal cancer, recent colon surgery, or liver and kidney disease. Senna may interact with drugs called calcium channel blockers and the drug indocin. Senna may discolor urine. Side effects of senna may include strong cramping and griping pains in the abdomen (due to muscle contractions. Senna can also cause electrolyte imbalance (loss of potassium) and loss of body fluids, nausea, rash, swelling of the fingertips, weight loss, and dark pigmentation in the colon, called melanosis coli with longer term use. Discontinue using senna immediately if you experience these side effects. Call your doctor if you experience bloody diarrhea or prolonged abdominal pain after using rhubarb. Senna has been linked to liver toxicity. There is a report of a 52 year old woman who ingested one liter of senna tea per day for over three years. She developed acute liver failure and kidney impairment requiring intensive care therapy. Long-term use of anthraquinones has been linked to the development of colorectal growths (adenomas) and cancer. Large doses of anthraquinones may cause bloody diarrhea or vomiting. Using Senna for Health Due to a lack of supporting research, it's too soon to recommend senna as an alternative remedy for any health condition. Supplements haven't been tested for safety and due to the fact that dietary supplements are largely unregulated, the content of some products may differ from what is specified on the product label. Also keep in mind that the safety of supplements in pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has not been established. You can get tips on using supplements here , but if you're considering the use of senna, talk with your primary care provider first. Self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences. Sources Feltrow, C.W. and J.R. Avila. The Complete Guide to Herbal Medicines. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000. Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: William Morrow, 1999. Vanderperren B, Rizzo M, Angenot L, Haufroid V, Jadoul M, Hantson P. Acute liver failure with renal impairment related to the abuse of senna anthraquinone glycosides. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Jul-Aug;39(7-8):1353-7. Willems M, van Buuren HR, de Krijger R. Anthranoid self-medication causing rapid development of melanosis coli. Neth J Med. 2003 Jan;61(1):22-4. Disclaimer: The information contained on this site is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for advice, diagnosis or treatment by a licensed physician. It is not meant to cover all possible precautions, drug interactions, circumstances or adverse effects. You should seek prompt medical care for any health issues and consult your doctor before using alternative medicine or making a change to your regimen. Continue Reading	i don't know
David Beckham was shown a red card during England's game against which national team during the 1998 FIFA World Cup?	David Beckham relishes fight for a place in England's World Cup squad - Telegraph David Beckham relishes fight for a place in England's World Cup squad St Etienne 1998. One international reputation made and another, at least temporarily, undone. Into battle: David Beckham competes with Edson Braafheid in the friendly match against Holland on Wednesday Photo: AFP By Duncan White 11:58PM BST 15 Aug 2009 Michael Owen, only 18, slalomed through the Argentina defence to score a thrilling goal and launch his England career in spectacular fashion. David Beckham's petulant kick at Diego Simeone and ensuing red card made him the nation's scapegoat for England's elimination from the World Cup – his effigy was hung outside a London pub, complete with sarong. Over 11 years and two further World Cups on and the pair, with 202 caps between them, are still desperate for success with the England national team. Despite his age, 34, and the accompanying decline in his athleticism, it is Beckham who remains on the inside of the national team set-up, the villain of '98 now the subject of stubborn praise from the England fans who fell for his transparent patriotism during his time as captain. Owen, despite the fact that he is only 29, is on the outside, the victim of Capello's tactical evolution and his own poor form and injuries while at Newcastle United. Yet Beckham is confident that he will soon be reunited with his old partner. The reason? His former United manager, Sir Alex Ferguson. Related Articles Becks: no Premier League return 14 Aug 2009 "I'm so happy for Michael that he's there," Beckham said. "There's not many other clubs he could have gone to that will give him the confidence and get him scoring goals again. We all want to see that because he's a great talent and a great goalscorer. "To have a manager like that looking after him and the talent that he's going to be playing with and playing against... to be up against the defenders they've got in training week-in week-out is going to make him sharper." Ferguson famously kicked a boot at Beckham's head as their relationship deteriorated before his move to Real Madrid, but the warmth has come back into the relationship recently and Beckham fully believes the probing and promptings of Ferguson's game psychology will restore Owen's confidence in short order. "I don't think it's going to take long because a player of his talent doesn't lose it overnight. Michael showed in the Community Shield he gets in the right places. Once he gets his full sharpness back – because he's had injuries – he'll score goals. No doubt about that." Match sharpness can be a delicate topic with Beckham these days. He flew from the US to play in England's 2-2 draw in Holland last week and looked sluggish for it. The Dutch left-back, Edson Braafheid of Bayern Munich, was able to push him deep, knowing full well Beckham did not have the pace to beat him and when Capello replaced him with Shaun Wright-Phillips at half-time, England looked more fluid down the right. Why does Capello persist with him? As he learned when he managed Beckham at Real Madrid, he is unwaveringly determined and untiringly willing. He's an instinctive leader, a hard trainer with a terrific attitude whose vast experience of tournament football will be a real asset to the squad South Africa. He's also a valuable conduit to the fans and press, a player who handles the attention with ease and rarely deviates from the party line. While the celebrity guff that accompanies him can be tediously distracting, as a personality he is a cohesive element. On the pitch, it is harder to justify his presence in a 23-man squad. There were glimpses of Beckham's visionary capabilities in Amsterdam – one switch-hit ball to Ashley Young in particular – and his set-piece delivery means he can serve as special teams substitute at the finals. However, as was clear against the Dutch on Wednesday night, he inhibits the team with his lack of pace if he plays from the start. With a really impressive debut from James Milner as a substitute, competition is intensifying in the wide positions where England already have Theo Walcott, Shaun Wright-Phillips, Ashley Young, Stewart Downing and Joe Cole. Beckham is going to have to earn his squad number when he returns to Europe in the new year, almost certainly with Milan. "James Milner was great," Beckham said. "He's come into games and done well but it is not as noticeable when you don't have an assist, or you don't create chances. "He's done well in other games he's played in but tonight he was exceptional. He turned the game round with the two up front. He's a dangerous player. He's done well for his club and I'm sure he'll have a great season again. "It was great for him tonight and great for any England fan to see that. You always want to see young players coming through. "You always want competition. You're not a true England fan if you don't want young players coming through; it's what you want in a good team, competition makes good teams and we've got that so it's a good time. "I've always felt that you have to fight for your place. There's a lot more competition. No place is safe for any player. That's the way the manager's always put it and that's the way the players understand it. "Once we've qualified, no place in that World Cup will be certain. You still have to fight and play well. "Everyone's aware that I need to be back in a European team leading up to the World Cup. That's old news. I saw that again in the paper the other day but that's the way it has always been. "The manager has stressed that to me and to everybody else. It's still early days and we've still got time. Milan have said that they want me. Last time I saw them in LA that hadn't changed." You can't blame Beckham for wanting to be part of it next summer. There are not many national sides who can match England for experience and depth of squad. "Spain are clear favourites and Brazil's first XI, if not their squad, looks intimidating but with the mild weather of the South African winter there is no reason why England cannot make it deep into the tournament, especially if the draw falls in their favour. "We've got players in this squad and in this team that are trying to improve and impress every time they step out onto the training field or when they play. "You see that all the way through the squad. In the past it might just have been about the first XI but we've got a whole squad of players who can come in, perform and make a difference. That shows the talent we've got and the character we've got. "When you qualify for a World Cup you always want to be optimistic, you always want to believe you can win. So I'm the same now. If you qualify, you have to believe, as a team, that you are going to win. "But you get a good feeling about this team because of the character we have, that when we do go behind we are able to come back. Also I've always said we've good ambience and atmosphere in the dressing room but it has never been as good as this one."	Argentina
What is the name of the small arrangement of flowers worn on the bodice of a dress or on the wrist?	World Cup: The top 10 matches - CNN.com World Cup: The top 10 matches By James Masters, CNN updated 8:58 AM EDT, Mon June 16, 2014 Italy's contest with Brazil at the 1982 World Cup is considered one of the greatest games in the tournament's history. A Paolo Rossi hat-trick ensured Italy won the second round match 3-2 and deprived Brazil a place in the semifinals. Instead, Italy went on to defeat West Germany 3-1 in the final with Rossi on target once again. West Germany's 3-2 victory over Hungary in the 1954 World Cup final is known as 'the Miracle of Bern.' The Hungarian side, which had gone 32 games unbeaten and had won gold at the Olympics two years earlier, led 2-0 after just eight minutes. But the Germans fought back, scoring twice before the interval to level the game. It was then left to Helmut Rahn to net the winner late on. Gianni Rivera scored the winning goal in Italy's 4-3 victory over West Germany at the 1970 World Cup. The semifinal clash went down as an all-time classic with the score poised at 1-1 after 90 minutes. The Italians eventually prevailed but were beaten in the final by Brazil. British journalist David Coleman said of the contest: "As long as people play football, they will talk about this match." West German goalkeeper Harald Schumacher became a World Cup villain during the 1982 tournament following the semifinal victory over France. Schumacher's foul on Patrick Battiston left the Frenchman with two lost teeth, three cracked ribs, damaged vertebrae, and he was unconscious for almost half an hour. It was supposed to be the year when Johan Cruyff's Dutch side swept to victory and claim the 1974 World Cup with its brand of 'Total Football.' The Dutch side had powered its way to the final and took the lead in the second minute without opponent, West Germany, even touching the ball. But despite going ahead through Johan Neesken's penalty, the Dutch failed to hold on and lost 2-1. With the World Cup being held in Brazil, the host nation was expected to win the trophy for the very first time in its history. Needing just a point from the final group game against Uruguay, Brazil took the lead through Friaca. The party was underway but then disaster struck, the visitors equalized through Juan Alberto Schiaffino before Alcides Ghiggia netted the winner. The debate still rages to this day over whether Geoff Hurst's effort crossed the goalline during the 1966 World Cup final against West Germany. With the game poised at 2-2, Hurst's effort was adjudged to have gone in by a Russian assistant referee, much to the frustration over the visiting side. Hurst completed his hat-trick as England won 4-2 to seal its first ever World Cup triumph. In 1994, Romania proved one of the surprise teams of the tournament as it reached the quarterfinals in the U.S. Its 3-2 victory over former champion Argentina proved one of the highlights. Led by its supremely talented captain, Gheorge Hagi, Romania topped its group before dumping Argentina out of the competition. Only a penalty shootout defeat by Sweden scuppered a bid for a place in the last four. Having already shocked Italy, North Korea roared into a 3-0 lead inside 24 minutes during the 1966 World Cup match against Portugal. Nobody had anticipated that North Korea would provide such a threat and Portugal appeared beaten. But, Eusebio, one of the finest forwards to have ever played, soon turned on the style by scoring four goals for Portugal. Jose Augusto added a fifth and Portugal survived a potential embarrassment. David Beckham's life was turned upside down at the 1998 World Cup when he was sent off during England's last-16 tie with Argentina. The midfielder was red carded after lashing out at Diego Simeone and was largely blamed for his side's failure to progress. The match finished 2-2 after extra-time but England was beaten on penalties. HIDE CAPTION Join the World Cup conversation at CNN Facebook Pulse (CNN) -- The 2014 World Cup has barely begun, but already it's shaping up to be one of the best ever. It's been hugely unpredictable, with not a single draw in 11 games which have produced 32 goals -- an average of nearly three a match. Statistically the side that scores first usually goes on to win in football -- in Euro 2012 that happend over 70% of the time -- but unusually five teams that have conceded the initial goal have recovered to win their opening group games. The Netherlands' 5-1 win over world champions Spain has been Brazil 2014's biggest shock so far, though Costa Rica's 3-1 victory over Uruguay was another major surprise. With the tournament in full swing, CNN looks at 10 of the World Cup's greatest ever games. Gervinho wants Ivory Coast to raise level Costa Rica captain ready for World Cup battle Scoring Australia's first ever World Cup goal Brazil 2-3 Italy 1982 Billed as a battle between Brazil's irrepressible attack and Italy's miserly defense, this contest provided one of the most thrilling encounters in World Cup history. Brazil, boasting the talent of Zico, Socrates and Falcao, was expected to bring home the trophy following a third place finish four years earlier. Three World Cups victories between 1958 and 1970 had been the reward for Brazil's wonderfully entertaining and fluid style which had brought a whole new dimension to the game. Against Italy, which had begun the tournament slowly, Brazil was faced with a side which had gained a confidence boosting win over Argentina to qualify for the second group stage. And in Paolo Rossi, who had returned to the side following his involvement in a match-fixing scandal, Italy had a hero ready to emerge. It was Rossi who gave his side a fifth minute lead, heading home Antonio Cabrini's cross. Brazil 2-3 Italy. 5 June 1982. World Cup clash widely touted as the greatest World Cup match ever. pic.twitter.com/EN3lhBmbr1 — International Footy (@IntlFooty) February 26, 2014 The lead did not last long -- Socrates rounding off a one-two with Zico before firing home past Dino Zoff in the Italian goal. But just as Brazil appeared set to take the game away from its opponents, Rossi punished a poor defensive mistake to restore Italy's advantage before the break. Rossi should have finished the tie off midway through the second half but fired wide of the target -- a mistake which was punished almost immediately. Falcao, a constant menace, unleashed a fierce drive which left Zoff with no chance. Needing just a draw to progress, Brazil could have adopted a more cautious approach -- but that was not in this team's DNA. Cannavaro: Italy's World Cup hero Patrick Vieira: Football changed my life Bodo Illgner remembers 1990 World Cup triumph Brazil's refusal to abandon its principle of attacking football ultimately proved its downfall with 16 minutes remaining. When Brazil failed to clear Bruno Conti's corner, Marco Tardelli's effort from the edge of the penalty area fell into the path of Rossi, who fired the ball home to claim his hat-trick. Italy would go on to win the World Cup, defeating West Germany in the final with Rossi again on the scoresheet. For Brazil, it was the day that its beautiful naivety was finally exposed -- a watershed moment in World Cup history. West Germany 3-2 Hungary 1954 It is known as the "Miracle of Bern." Hungary, a team which had revolutionized football and become the most feared on the planet, was supposed to cruise to World Cup glory. Having progressed to the final following victories over Brazil and Uruguay, the reigning champion, Hungary was expected to brush aside a Germany side still getting to grips with the aftermath of World War II. The two teams had already met in the group phase with Hungary triumphing 8-3 with the great Ferenc Puskas leading the side. Hungary, unbeaten since 1950, boasted talents such as Nandor Hidegkuti and Zsoltan Czibor to assist the lethal Puskas. Germany's presence in the final was far more a surprise given it had only played its first post-war game four years earlier. Victories over Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria helped it qualify for the final, which started in disastrous fashion. West Germany's Helmut Rahn and Hungary's Ferenc Puskas exchange pennants ahead of the 1954 Final in Berne. pic.twitter.com/CMCJDseuaE — World Cup Photos (@WorldCupPhotos1) March 7, 2014 Within the opening eight minutes, the Germans had already conceded twice with Puskas and Czibor making the early breakthrough. The contest appeared done and dusted -- Hungary, unbeaten in four years, looked set to claim its very first World Cup title. But Germany hit back. First, Max Morlock pulled a goal back before Helmut Rahn levelled the game at 2-2 in the 18th minute. The game, played on a quagmire of a pitch, was an end-to-end affair but with six minutes remaining, the unthinkable happened -- Germany scored. Rahn, the man who had drawn his side level, pounced to finish and win the World Cup for Germany. "It was a kind of liberation for the Germans from all the things that weighed down upon them after the Second World War," German historian Joachim Fest wrote. "July 4, 1954 is in certain aspects the founding day of the German Republic." Italy 4-3 West Germany 1970 It was dubbed the "Game of the Century" but this seven-goal thriller was dangerously close to fizzling out into a laborious Italian victory. Italy, who had taken an eighth minute lead through Roberto Boninsegna, looked certain to make the final having reached the 90th minute with its lead still intact. The German side, which had defeated reigning champions England in the previous round in a grueling contest which went to extra-time, looked tired and forlorn. Continually denied by the brilliance of Italian goalkeeper Enrico Albertosi, coupled with the referee's failure to award two penalties, Germany's frustration began to grow. 1970 Semi Final: Gianni Rivera scores the winner as Italy beat West Germany 4-3, with five goals coming in extra time pic.twitter.com/EAtrBVE9mb — World Cup Photos (@WorldCupPhotos1) February 11, 2014 But just when it appeared Germany's hopes had been dashed, left-back Karl-Heinz Schnellinger -- who had played his club football in Italy since 1963 - scored a dramatic late equalizer. That strike ensured the watching world would be treated to one of the most exciting periods of extra-time in tournament history. What followed was a thrilling end-to-end affair with Germany striking first through Gerd Muller -- the man who had scored a hat-trick in the quarterfinal. Italy responded through Tarcisio Burgnich's volley before Gianni Riva made it 3-2 with a stunning finish. Germany wasn't finished though and Muller struck again with 10 minutes remaining to draw his side level. But any thoughts of a German victory were finally extinguished when Gianni Rivera netted a dramatic winner. Italy went on to play Brazil in the final four days later but proved no match for Pele and co. who cruised to a 4-1 victory to claim the trophy. West Germany 3-3 France 1982 It remains one of the most iconic moments of World Cup history. When France midfielder Patrick Battiston ran through on goal, he appeared set to score the goal which would send them into the World Cup final. 1982 Semi Final: France's Patrick Battiston is stretchered off after his infamous collision with Harald Schumacher. pic.twitter.com/OWHpUKeKhi — World Cup Photos (@WorldCupPhotos1) March 5, 2014 With the tie poised at 1-1, Battiston ran towards goal with glory beckoning with just the goalkeeper to beat. But therein lay the problem. As Battiston forged his path towards goal, Harald 'Toni' Schumacher, turned his body and collided with the Frenchman running at full pelt. Immediately knocked unconscious, Battiston lost two teeth, suffered three cracked ribs and damaged vertebrae. He failed to recover consciousness for 30 minutes. While Battiston was left injured, the referee failed to award a free-kick nor caution Schumacher. Instead, it was the goalkeeper, remembered as one of the tournament's most infamous villains, who helped his side qualify for the final. Riled by the injustice, France took control of the game, moving into a 3-1 lead in the first half of extra-time. Marius Trésor, the French sweeper, volleyed home the second before Alain Giresse appeared to have won the tie. France, led by the talented Michel Platini and the impressive Jean Tigana, continued to fight for every ball with their opponent on the rack. But with just minutes of the first half of extra time remaining, disaster struck. France, having lost possession following a suspect looking challenge on Platini, were cut open and Karl-Heinz Rummenigge stabbed home. Six minutes later, the comeback was completed when Klaus Fischer produced an exquisite bicycle kick to level. Penalty kicks ensued and it was Schumacher who ensured his side progressed to the final -- saving from Didier Six and Maxime Bossis. 1982 Semi Final: Infamous collision between West Germany goalkeeper Harald Schumacher and France's Patrick Battiston. pic.twitter.com/GlSl59wnKK — World Cup Photos (@WorldCupPhotos1) March 15, 2014 Informed after the contest that Battiston had lost two teeth, Schumacher commented: "If that's all that's wrong, tell him I'll pay for the crowns." Following the tournament, a French newspaper ran a poll for the nation's least popular person -- Schumacher edged out Adolf Hitler to claim the dubious prize. Netherlands 1-2 West Germany 1974 It was the dream final -- the host nation against the team playing one of the most beautiful brands of football ever seen. The Netherlands, led by the mercurial Johan Cruyff, had qualified for the final following a campaign which had underlined its credentials as world champions. Playing under the legendary Rinus Michels, Netherlands had already dispatched Argentina and Brazil and was favorite to defeat West Germany. On July 7 1974, the men in orange kicked off the game -- and promptly took the lead within 63 seconds before a single German player had even managed to touch the ball. Having kept possession so easily, Cruyff moved into the penalty area where he was fouled and Johan Neeskens smashed home the resulting penalty. Speaking some time after the game, Netherlands midfielder Johnny Rep explained how that goal changed the entire complexion of the contest. Gerd Muller scores the winning goal in the 1974 Final. pic.twitter.com/kgS6Ktpvhb — World Cup Photos (@WorldCupPhotos1) March 10, 2014 "We wanted to humiliate the Germans. It wasn't something we'd thought about, but we did it. We started knocking the ball around -- and we forgot to score a second." The failure to convert dominance into goals soon cost the visiting side as West Germany leveled with a penalty of its own through Paul Breitner. It was then left to the prolific striker, Gerd Muller, to win the tie two minutes before the interval. While the orange shirts poured forward in search of an equalizer after the break, the German defense held firm. In the end, the immovable object prevailed over the irresistible force. "Going a goal down was good for us," German capain Franz Beckenbauer said after the game. "The Dutch eased off and we were able to get into the match. And once you've relaxed your grip, it's hard to recover the initiative." Four years later, Netherlands suffered final heartbreak once again, going down 3-1 to host nation Argentina. Brazil 1-2 Uruguay 1950 If you're off to Brazil or already there, then heed this advice -- don't mention Alcides Ghiggia. Some 64 years might have passed since Ghiggia's strike condemned Brazil to a heartbreaking defeat in the in the final but the scars remain. "Our catastrophe, our Hiroshima," wrote novelist Nelson Rodrigues, "was the defeat by Uruguay in 1950." Brazil, hosting the tournament for the first time, required just a draw from its final group game in a tournament where there was no 'final'. The contest had begun well with winger Friaca giving the host nation a halftime lead. With victory seemingly assured, Brazilian newspapers hit the street declaring glory, while the medals for the home side were pressed and a victory tune composed. While nobody could accuse the authorities of not being organized, nobody managed to relate the news to Uruguay. Did you know? 1950 was the last time a European side did not contest a World Cup Final. Uruguay beat Brazil 2-1. pic.twitter.com/AX7ULDzDq0 — 2014 World Cup (@2014WC_Brazil) December 25, 2013 Instead, the visitors hit back after the interval through Juan Alberto Schiaffino before Ghiggia netted the winner. Much of the blame fell on goalkeeper Moacyr Barbosa, who was held responsible for his side's defeat. Some 20 years later, a woman in a supermarket pointed towards him and declared to the young boy by her side, "Look at him, son. He is the man that made all of Brazil cry." "Under Brazilian law the maximum sentence is 30 years," Barbosa remarked on his 79th birthday, just two weeks before he passed away in 2000. "But my imprisonment has been for 50 years." England 4-2 West Germany 1966 Was it or wasn't it? Some 48 years, it's a question football fans are still asking. When Geoff Hurst's effort bounced down on the goalline, the world held its breath. With the final poised at 2-2 and in extra-time, the decision to allow the goal rested with a linesman from the USSR. His decision to allow the effort went down in World Cup folklore and allowed England to go on and win the tournament. Hurst completed his hat-trick late on in extra-time and complete a stunning victory. WC66: Martin Peters gives England a 2-1 lead after a mistake by Horst-Dieter Höttges http://t.co/YDAJQFwW8q #66final pic.twitter.com/x2GkLG3DAU — Match of the Day (@BBCMOTD) May 30, 2014 In a pulsating contest, England fell behind to a Helmut Haller strike after just 12 minutes before Hurst leveled soon after. The host nation then appeared to have snatched victory on 78 minutes when Martin Peters rifled home to send the 93,000 crowd into raptures. But with 15 seconds remaining, the visitors hit back when Wolfgang Weber scored a dramatic equalizer. With the scores at 2-2 at the end of 90 minutes, it was then that England manager, Alf Ramsey, coined his iconic phrase. Having watched his players squander their advantage so late in the game, he told them: "You've won it once now go out and win it again." And that's exactly what they did -- Hurst's two goals claiming the trophy for the first and so far only time in the nation's history. Romania 3-2 Argentina 1994 After losing to West Germany in the final four years earlier, Argentina arrived in the U.S. hoping to reclaim the crown it had won in 1986. A second round knockout meeting with Romania was expected to be negotiated comfortably enough, despite their opponents boasting the talents of captain Gheorge Hagi. Without their own maestro, Diego Maradona, who was sent home from the tournament in disgrace for failing a drug test for ephedrine, the Argentina side relied on the striking prowess of Gabriel Batistuta and Abel Balbo. The likes of Fernando Redondo and Diego Simeone ruled the midfield while Ariel Ortega was the new kid on the block hoping to announce himself on the world stage. In soaring temperatures at California's Pasadena Rose Bowl, it was Romania which made the perfect start when Ilie Dumitrescu's looping free-kick inexplicably sailed over the head of Argentina goalkeeper Luis Islas and into the far corner. USA 94: Gheorghe Hagi celebrates as Romania shock Argentina with a 3-2 win in the last 16. pic.twitter.com/ij1mpgXoSS — World Cup Photos (@WorldCupPhotos1) March 5, 2014 That advantage lasted just five minutes before Batistuta was adjudged to have been fouled inside the penalty area and the forward picked himself up before firing home the spot kick. If that was the signal for Argentina to go on and dominate then Romania failed to get the message. Instead, it was Hagi who began to take control and his wonderful pass allowed Dumitrescu to run in front of the Argentina defense and finish exquisitely. Hagi then extended Romania's lead 13 minutes after the interval, rounding off a stylish counter-attack by firing an unstoppable effort past Islas. Argentina scrambled a goal back with 15 minutes remaining but Romania held on to clinch a place in the quarterfinals. A 2-2 draw with Sweden meant the game went to penalties and misses by Dan Petrescu and Miodrag Belodedici saw Romani exit in heartbreaking fashion. North Korea 3-5 Portugal 1966 North Korea arrived in England just happy to be involved in the World Cup. A 3-0 defeat by the USSR in its opening game came as little surprise -- but what followed next was to go down in World Cup history. Having drawn 1-1 with Chile in its second game, North Korea faced two-time world champions Italy at Middlesbrough's Ayresome Park. Italy was expected to reach the later stages of the tournament and challenge for a third crow -- but that mission was cut short in stunning style. Pak-Do-Ik's 42nd minute strike gave North Korea a 1-0 victory and set up a quarterfinal tie with Portugal. Portugal, led by its supremely talented striker Eusebio, had cantered into the last eight by winning all three group games. Huge favorites to progress to the semifinals, Portugal arrived at Everton's Goodison Park with the expectation it would win easily. Eusebio in action for Portugal against North Korea at Goodison in 1966 pic.twitter.com/CmZrTOI2DC — The League Magazine (@Theleaguemag) May 19, 2014 What transpired, however, was very different. Pak Seung-Zin smashed in the opener shortly after kickoff, and further goals from Li Dong-Woon and Yang Sung-Kook put the minnow 3-0 ahead within the opening 25 minutes. Fortunately for Portugal, Eusebio, who starred for the great Benfica side of the 1960s, hit back with four goals of his own before Jose Augusto sealed the victory. There was no escape in the next round though for Portugal, which was beaten 2-1 by eventual winners, England. Argentina 2-2 England 1998 This contest had everything -- goals, a red card, a dramatically disallowed 'winner' and England's predictable exit via penalties. Argentina's and England's World Cup rivalry is well documented and stretches back to 1986 when Diego Maradona scored the 'Hand of God' goal. Fast forward 12 years and the two teams met again, this time in the last 16 in Saint Etienne, France. It was a frenetic encounter with Argentina taking the lead after just five minutes after Gabriel Batistuta netted from the penalty spot following a foul on Diego Simeone. England leveled four minutes later when Michael Owen was fouled inside the penalty box and Alan Shearer fired home the spot kick. Then came one of the most astonishing moments in recent tournament history. Owen, just 18, picked up the ball on the halfway line, running at full force through the Argentina defense, before skipping past a couple of defenders and rifling the ball into the top corner. England appeared to take a 2-1 lead into the interval but a clever free kick allowed Javier Zanetti to equalize in stoppage time. The second half was barely two minutes old when the entire tie was turned on its head. 55 days to go, Beckham sent off v Argentina in st Etienne France 98 pic.twitter.com/bMNbfVNN9F — Paul Dawson (@dawsa123) April 17, 2014 David Beckham the pin-up boy of English football, was shown a red card by Danish referee Kim Milton Nielsen after kicking out at Simeone. Beckham's absence left England facing an uphill battle -- but one which it thought it had won when Sol Campbell headed home from close-range. While England's players celebrated seemingly unaware that the goal had been disallowed for a foul, Argentina rushed up the field and almost grabbed the lead much to the frustration of Glenn Hoddle's men. With neither side able to find another goal, the tie went to penalty kicks and it was Argentina which prevailed. Their players celebrated into the night, even taunting their English opponents from their bus. It was a night which neither set of players would ever forget. Part of complete coverage on	i don't know
What is the medieval from of chemistry concerned with attempting to change base metals into gold?	Alchemy \| Define Alchemy at Dictionary.com alchemy noun, plural alchemies for 2. 1. a form of chemistry and speculative philosophy practiced in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and concerned principally with discovering methods for transmuting baser metals into gold and with finding a universal solvent and an elixir of life. 2. any magical power or process of transmuting a common substance, usually of little value, into a substance of great value. Origin of alchemy Greek 1325-1375 1325-1375; earlier alchimie < Old French alquemie < Medieval Latin alchymia < Arabic al the + kīmiyā' < Greek kēmeía transmutation; replacing Middle English alconomye, equivalent to alk(imie) + (astr)onomye astronomy Related forms [al-kem-ik] /ælˈkɛm ɪk/ (Show IPA), alchemical, alchemistic [al-kuh-mis-tik] /ˌæl kəˈmɪs tɪk/ (Show IPA), alchemistical, adjective alchemically, adverb Examples from the Web for alchemy Expand Contemporary Examples There is a sort of alchemy of the masala in some ways, and that journey is parallel to the emotional journey he takes. Obama Style on Martha's Vineyard Elizabeth Gates August 11, 2009 Historical Examples I should lack the alchemy by which I now infuse into my world light, colour, and the Protean spark. Over the Teacups Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. The language employed by Dr. Priestley carries us back to the time when chemistry was beginning to emerge from alchemy. British Dictionary definitions for alchemy Expand noun (pl) -mies 1. the pseudoscientific predecessor of chemistry that sought a method of transmuting base metals into gold, an elixir to prolong life indefinitely, a panacea or universal remedy, and an alkahest or universal solvent 2. a power like that of alchemy: her beauty had a potent alchemy Derived Forms alchemic (ælˈkɛmɪk), alchemical, alchemistic, adjective Word Origin C14 alkamye, via Old French from Medieval Latin alchimia, from Arabic al-kīmiyā', from al the + kīmiyā' transmutation, from Late Greek khēmeia the art of transmutation Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for alchemy Expand n. mid-14c., from Old French alchimie (14c.), alquemie (13c.), from Medieval Latin alkimia, from Arabic al-kimiya, from Greek khemeioa (found c.300 C.E. in a decree of Diocletian against "the old writings of the Egyptians"), all meaning "alchemy." Perhaps from an old name for Egypt (Khemia, literally "land of black earth," found in Plutarch), or from Greek khymatos "that which is poured out," from khein "to pour," related to khymos "juice, sap" [Klein, citing W. Muss-Arnolt, calls this folk etymology]. The word seems to have elements of both origins. Mahn ... concludes, after an elaborate investigation, that Gr. khymeia was probably the original, being first applied to pharmaceutical chemistry, which was chiefly concerned with juices or infusions of plants; that the pursuits of the Alexandrian alchemists were a subsequent development of chemical study, and that the notoriety of these may have caused the name of the art to be popularly associated with the ancient name of Egypt. [OED] The al- is the Arabic definite article, "the." The art and the name were adopted by the Arabs from Alexandrians and thence returned to Europe via Spain. Alchemy was the "chemistry" of the Middle Ages and early modern times; since c.1600 the word has been applied distinctively to the pursuit of the transmutation of baser metals into gold, which, along with the search for the universal solvent and the panacea, were the chief occupations of early chemistry. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper alchemy (āl'kə-mē) A medieval philosophy and early form of chemistry whose aims were the transmutation of base metals into gold, the discovery of a cure for all diseases, and the preparation of a potion that gives eternal youth. The imagined substance capable of turning other metals into gold was called the philosophers' stone. Our Living Language : Because their goals were so unrealistic, and because they had so little success in achieving them, the practitioners of alchemy in the Middle Ages got a reputation as fakers and con artists. But this reputation is not fully deserved. While they never succeeded in turning lead into gold (one of their main goals), they did make discoveries that helped to shape modern chemistry. Alchemists invented early forms of some of the laboratory equipment used today, including beakers, crucibles, filters, and stirring rods. They also discovered and purified a number of chemical elements, including mercury, sulfur, and arsenic. And the methods they developed to separate mixtures and purify compounds by distillation and extraction are still important. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.	Alchemy
In tennis, what is the term for an untouchable and unreturnable legal point-scoring serve?	alchemy - definition of alchemy in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of alchemy in English: alchemy noun 1[mass noun] The medieval forerunner of chemistry, concerned with the transmutation of matter, in particular with attempts to convert base metals into gold or find a universal elixir: ‘occult sciences, such as alchemy and astrology’ More example sentences ‘A true military intellectual, he gave expression to the ideas of the late humanists and was an enthusiastic student of the occult, alchemy, and natural magic.’ ‘In addition, the authors offer the psychology of miracles, alchemy, ESP, Nazi occultism, Gnosticism and UFOs as instruments of alternative belief in modern times.’ ‘Newton devoted long years of research to the ancient mysteries of alchemy and how base metals could be turned into gold.’ ‘But it no more belongs in a biology class than alchemy belongs in a chemistry class, phlogiston in a physics class or the stork theory in a sex education class.’ ‘The symbolism is not accidental: the importance of the sun in astrology clearly parallels the exalted position of gold in alchemy.’ ‘Although it had led to the discovery of alcohol and the mineral acids, historians of chemistry view alchemy in general as fraudulent.’ ‘Now, Gilles was a practitioner of alchemy and attempted to find the infamous philosopher's [philosophers] stone.’ ‘Treatises on mathematics, music, astronomy, alchemy, medicine, jurisprudence, as well as studies on Athenian judicial terminology and on the topography of Athens. [5.]’ ‘Witness their enthusiasm for UFOs as opposed to scientific cosmology, for alchemy instead of chemistry, for urban legends instead of hard news.’ ‘Green Magick uses more trees and plants, while Red Magick uses alchemy and astrology for its references.’ ‘In fact, we now know that Newton was in many ways a Renaissance man, working in theology, prophecy, and alchemy, as well as mathematics, optics, and physics.’ ‘Even doctors got their start in witchcraft - using alchemy, spiritual healing, and healing by deities.’ ‘His interests extended to an enthusiastic study of mathematics, the natural sciences, and studies of alchemy and natural magic.’ ‘The idea of transmutation through alchemy was one that was taken quite seriously and Dee was granted special rights far beyond someone of his standing.’ ‘This Kristo's horoscope site had some interesting stuff on it that I want to come back and check out, about dreams, astrology, alchemy, intuition and some other junk.’ ‘Voodoo, science, witchcraft, animal spirits, chemistry, alchemy, fairies, physics - it's all the same.’ ‘The Goddess also figures prominently in alchemy in its concern with primal matter, the primal matrix from which all else may be transmuted.’ ‘Ashmole was fascinated by magic, alchemy and astrology, and befriended many astrologers regardless of political allegiance.’ ‘Like astrology, knowledge of alchemy filtered into medieval Europe through Moorish centres of learning in Spain.’ ‘A further compilation of ancient texts concerning astrology, magic and alchemy was the Hermetica, written in Alexandria around 100 AD.’ Synonyms 1.1 A seemingly magical process of transformation, creation, or combination: ‘finding the person who's right for you requires a very subtle alchemy’ More example sentences ‘Well, we actually have a list of concerns, but for this discussion there is a key aspect of this seemingly wonderful alchemy that needs to be highlighted: derivatives.’ ‘He hewed to his original self-conception with unrepentant ferocity, engaging in a type of human alchemy, changing himself into an imaginary creature who lived in place of the ordinary man.’ ‘Where he had consistently been able to pull off the magical alchemy that produced increased public spending and tax cuts, economic growth and falling interest rates, he now had to admit he had got things wrong.’ ‘He uses everything from chemicals to computers to achieve his effects; but his processes really seem a kind of alchemy or magical transformation, awakening swaths of cloth to the play of the body.’ ‘Digestion is alchemy in reverse, with all manner of treasures ultimately being reduced to base material.’ ‘Or does it require some sort of creative alchemy - an occurrence as rare as it is mysterious?’ ‘By a single act of accounting alchemy, the company transformed its indebtedness into over a billion dollars of golden profit.’ ‘Thanks to the process of reverse alchemy performed by the previous management, it is now worth less than it would cost to sell.’ ‘What intrigues me about the metaphor of alchemy is the importance it places on the process of transformation.’ ‘A small group of people's raw opinions were transformed through the organisation's alchemy into hard public-health science.’ ‘At first, this may seem as magical as the fabled alchemy that could turn any substance to gold.’ ‘Why, then, do I finally feel that the novel fails to cohere, that the novelist's alchemy does not transform all these wonderful ingredients into a golden artifact?’ ‘But it failed to perform the alchemy of transforming the receipt of a dividend from the company into the receipt of a capital sum from someone else.’ ‘The alchemy of stage and screen can transform books and introduce them to new audiences.’ ‘By her personal alchemy, she changed the leaden show into a golden evening of pleasure.’ ‘What is striking is the creative alchemy that transforms authentic personal experiences into imaginative tales.’ ‘She entered the dance field by default, she says, because ‘dance seemed like a good alchemy between movement and creation.’’ ‘Before dozens of Scottish chairmen phone the ground's switchboard to discover the secret of this apparent alchemy, they should realise Luton will gain nothing from the day except the fee for the rent of their pitch.’ ‘I turned the photograph and looked at it, as though it might have changed through some process of mischief or alchemy.’ ‘In an exceptional feat of perverse alchemy he has, during his 22 years in office, changed gold into lead and ruined a once relatively prosperous southern African state.’ Origin Late Middle English: via Old French and medieval Latin from Arabic al-kīmiyā', from al the + kīmiyā' (from Greek khēmia, khēmeia art of transmuting metals). Pronunciation Which of the following is correct? There's a climactic set-piece in a convent There's a climatic set-piece in a convent Which of the following is correct? The eruptions triggered climatic instability The eruptions triggered climactic instability Which of the following is correct? Birds are challenged by climactic variability Birds are challenged by climatic variability Which of the following is correct? I'm watching the climatic end of the race I'm watching the climactic end of the race Which of the following is correct? Rising carbon dioxide will lead to climactic upheaval Rising carbon dioxide will lead to climatic upheaval Which of the following is correct? The movie has a couple of climatic shocks The movie has a couple of climactic shocks Which of the following is correct? The game has 10 different climactic endings The game has 10 different climatic endings Which of the following is correct? The locusts thrive in some climatic conditions The locusts thrive in some climactic conditions Which of the following is correct? This is the story's climatic moment This is the story's climactic moment Which of the following is correct? The world has 14 climactic zones The world has 14 climatic zones You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia	i don't know
In the UK, who was elected president of the National Union of Mineworkers in 1981?	NUM \| Historic Speeches Banners of the NUM HISTORY OF THE NUM : 13 - THE GREAT STRIKE In 1982 and early 1984 respectively, Arthur Scargill and Peter Heathfield were elected National President and Secretary of the NUM together with Vice President Michael McGahey, this ï¿½troikaï¿½ would become involved in one of the most important periods of NUM and British trade union history. It was in the autumn of 1982 that Arthur Scargill disclosed at a press conference a secret Coal Board document, leaked to the Union, which had been prepared for the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. This document clearly showed that between 75 and 95 pits were earmarked for closure over the coming ten year period. In the months that followed, fear of closures grew in the coalfields; in October 1983, with a number of pits under threat and the Coal Board refusing to negotiate on wages unless the Union agreed to job losses and closures, the NUM informed the new NCB Chairman, Ian McGregor, that it was calling an overtime ban from November 1. The ban was very successful, cutting production over the next few months by between 25 and 30 per cent; then the Coal Board confirmed its intention to close twenty pits and axe 20,000 jobs in the coming year. It was, however, a decision to close Cortonwood Colliery in Yorkshire, Snowdon in Kent and Polmaise in Scotland that actually sparked off the 1984-1985 minersï¿½ strike. On March 8, 1984, the NUM National Executive Committee granted permission for areas to take strike action in defence of pits and jobs. On April 19, a Special Delegate Conference held in Sheffield, home of the Unionï¿½s national headquarters, called on all areas and members to support the strike. In the large Notts coalfield, however, miners (with 5,000 honourable exceptions) tragically refused to give this support; some of their leaders argued that a ballot should have been held, ignoring the fact that in 1981 Notts miners had supported a national unofficial strike against closures without any ballot vote. The 1984/1985 minersï¿½ strike produced an unprecedented conflict between the State and the minersï¿½ Union. During the first week of the strike a young Yorkshire miner, David Jones was killed on a picket line at Ollerton in Notts; a few months later Joe Green, also of Yorkshire, was killed on a picket line outside Ferrybridge Power Station. In the course of the dispute, which lasted altogether sixteen months, a total of 11,000 miners were arrested; 7,000 injured; eleven people died, and 1,000 men were sacked, victimised for supporting their Unionï¿½s policy in the most bitter industrial conflict ever seen in trade union history. Railway workers and seafarers took solidarity action; print workers and sections of the T&GWU gave tremendous support. There was international assistance as well, as there had been in 1926, with trade unionists worldwide supporting the historic fight of Britainï¿½s miners and their families. The struggle of 1984-1985 revealed a new dimension in British political life with the creation of womenï¿½s groups in mining communities which not only staffed food centres and collected cash but took their place on picket lines in defence of jobs and what was obviously a fight to save the National Union of Mineworkers. The Government responded to the minersï¿½ dedication with increasing savagery and a massive, co-ordinated police operation was set up to combat effective picketing. The coalfields of Britain became battlefields in which civil liberties and human rights were smashed by the truncheons of riot police. Scenes at the Orgreave coking plant in South Yorkshire in May, June and July 1984 horrified participants and observers alike. At the height of the picketing, 10,000 miners faced 8,000 police equipped with riot gear, horses, dogs and motorised vehicles. It was against this turbulent and emotive background that the TUC and Labour Party Conference in September and October pledged support to the NUM, but as in 1926 failed to give a clear call for other unions to come out in solidarity action. As in other recent disputes, the TUC appeared paralysed with fear about breaching Tory anti-trade union laws which prohibited key forms of supportive industrial action. Other individual trade unions, excepting railway workers, seafarers and key sections of the T&GWU, did not respond to the NUMï¿½s call for support, and in some cases, as with the leaders of the EETPU, actually opposed miners in their struggle. The odds against the NUM were overwhelming; imported coal was flooding into Britain; tiny harbours around Britainï¿½s coast were used as almost impromptu landing points. Obsolete oil-fired power stations were put back into use at enormous financial cost, whilst nuclear stations were run beyond the time limits normally maintained for safety reasons. By October and November of 1984, the Union had had all its funds sequestrated and had become the first trade union to be placed by the High Court in the hands of a receiver. Despite these attacks, the NUM fought on into 1985 for the future of the coal industry. But after one year of national strike action following four months of partial strike action in the form of an overtime ban, the NUM at a special conference at the TUCï¿½s London headquarters on March 3, 1985 voted (by a slender majority of three) to end the strike and return to work without having negotiated a settlement with the Coal Board. The strike had not been about wages, better conditions or any material gain. It had been waged on principle; the principle that minersï¿½ jobs were held by each generation of workers in trust for those who would come after them, and must not be wantonly destroyed. The Tory Government had spent ï¿½12 billion of the nationï¿½s money to try to defeat the National Union of Mineworkers. This they had failed to do; despite the fact that the NUM did not achieve its ultimate objective. The resolute stand of men and women over sixteen months marked a tremendous step forward in workersï¿½ power and solidarity. This strike had set a new example in working class struggle, marking another milestone in a long road. It had been hard, bitter, painful, and as in 1926, there were those who said that never again would the British trade union movement see such a conflict. As in the aftermath of 1926, only time will tell. Then take a look at our resources section to find the help you need. Click RESOURCES on the left hand menu then click ADVICE AND RIGHTS, or click here to find the help you need. Memorial Event The NUM Yorkshire Area are pleased to announce that Kevin Maguire and David Anderson MP are to be the speakers at this years David Jones & Joe Green Memorial. All are welcome to attend.	Arthur Scargill
What is the device in a car which mixes petrol with air in correct proportions before it enters the engine?	BBC - History : British History Timeline 15 August 1947 India gains independence from Britain India was regarded as the most valuable British imperial possession. World War Two forced Britain to realise that it could not maintain a global empire and the British agreed to Indian self-government. However, they could not find a political solution that was acceptable to both Hindus and Muslims, and the country was partitioned into India and Pakistan. The British were unable to prevent the resulting inter-communal violence which resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. 22 June 1948 Post-war immigration from the Commonwealth begins The liner 'SS Empire Windrush' docked at Tilbury carrying nearly 500 Caribbean immigrants to Britain, many attracted by offers of work. This arrival represented the beginning of significant immigration to Britain from the Commonwealth, particularly the Caribbean, and later the Indian subcontinent. 5 July 1948 National Health Service is established The National Health Service, established by the post-war Labour government, represented a fundamental change in the provision of medical services. The General Practitioner (GP) service became organised on the basis of a 'capitation fee' paid by the government on every patient registered with a doctor. Voluntary and municipal hospitals were integrated under state control, exercised by the Ministry of Health 25 July 1948 Berlin Airlift begins after Soviet forces blockade the city In June 1948, the Soviet Union began a blockade of Berlin, which had been divided into occupation zones by the victorious Allies at the end of the war. They hoped to drive the western Allies out of Berlin. The following month, British and American aircraft began to airlift supplies to West Berliners. In total, there were more than 277,000 flights to deliver food, fuel and medicine. In May 1949, the Soviets backed down and lifted their blockade. 29 July 1948 Olympic Games open at Wembley Stadium in London The so-called 'Austerity Games' were held in London while rationing was still in force in Britain. Fifty nine nations took part, but the defeated powers of Germany and Japan were excluded. London saw the first Olympic photo finish, in the 100 metres, and the introduction of starting blocks for sprinters. These were the first Games since Berlin in 1936. The 1940 Games went to Tokyo, then Stockholm, but were cancelled - as were the 1944 games - due to World War Two. 18 April 1949 Republic of Ireland comes into being The Republic of Ireland Act (1948) came into force on Easter Monday, April 1949, ending vestigial British authority in Eire. Under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, the British crown had retained some authority in the Irish Free State, although this was limited by the 1937 constitution. The 1948 Act repealed the External Relations Act and took Eire out of the Commonwealth. 8 June 1949 George Orwell's novel 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' is published Orwell's novel was a bleak political account of the future, in which big government had created a destructive totalitarianism which denied both human values and the truth. The novel made a major impact - such that it contributed the phrase 'Big Brother' to the language - and was seen as an attack on the Soviet Union. 23 February 1950 Labour wins the general election with Clement Attlee returned as prime minister Labour remained in government but its majority fell greatly, to only five seats, as the electorate's enthusiasm for Labour's post-war vision dwindled away. 29 August 1950 British troops arrive to support US forces in the Korean War British troops were sent to help the US-led United Nations force repel the Communist invasion of South Korea by North Korea. The conflict set the pattern for the Cold War, with South Korea backed by the US and its allies, and North Korea backed by the Soviet Union and China. An armistice was agreed in July 1953 and Korea was partitioned. Approximately two million Korean civilians, 1.5 million Communist troops and 450,000 UN and South Korean troops were killed. No peace treaty was ever agreed. 3 May 1951 Festival of Britain is opened by George VI The Festival sought to sustain a mood of post-war optimism and confidence - or at least interest - in new solutions. The site chosen for the Festival, on the South Bank of the Thames, London, had been extensively bombed in World War Two. The dominant artistic mood of the Festival was neo-Romantic, apt for the traditionalist 1950s, although the Royal Festival Hall itself was a Modernistic work. 23 October 1951 Conservatives under Winston Churchill win the general election The Labour government fell as the Conservatives won a clear majority. Remarkably, Winston Churchill became prime minister again at the age of 76. He focused on foreign affairs, including reducing escalating Cold War tensions and maintaining the 'special relationship' with America, which he had done so much to develop during World War Two. Other foreign concerns included the Malayan emergency and the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya. 6 February 1952 Elizabeth II succeeds her father, George VI Princess Elizabeth was in Kenya when news of her father's death reached her. She immediately returned to Britain and was crowned on 2 June 1953. Elizabeth II proved an experienced and skilful adviser of successive prime ministers, but was careful to main constitutional conventions and not take a political stand publicly. Nonetheless, she held strong opinions, not least a belief in the Commonwealth. Under Elizabeth, members of the royal family maintained their important charitable role. 25 April 1953 Watson and Crick publish their discovery of the structure of DNA Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to describe the structure of a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, which makes up the genes that pass hereditary characteristics from parent to child. They received the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, which they shared with another DNA pioneer, Maurice Wilkins. A hugely important discovery, it has since formed the basis for a wide range of scientific advances. 5 April 1955 Winston Churchill retires as prime minister Winston Churchill was by now 80 and his health was declining. He was succeeded as prime minister by Anthony Eden, who had also served as Churchill's Foreign Secretary and was widely recognised as his 'heir apparent'. Conservatives win the general election, with Sir Anthony Eden as prime minister This Conservative victory, with 345 seats to Labour's 277, strengthened the Conservatives' parliamentary position. 22 September 1955 Commercial television starts with the first ITV broadcast The monopoly of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was broken when commercial television companies, financed by advertising, began broadcasting under the name of Independent Television (ITV) following the Television Act of 1954. The BBC started broadcasting a second channel, BBC Two, in 1964, and Channel 4 started broadcasting in 1982. 11 February 1956 'Cambridge spies' surface in Moscow after disappearing in 1951 Two British diplomats, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, were among five men recruited by the Soviet secret service, the KGB, at Cambridge University in the 1930s. The others were Harold (Kim) Philby, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross. All had been involved in passing to the Soviets highly damaging military information, and the identities of British agents. Burgess and Maclean, who had fled Britain five years before, suddenly reappeared in the Soviet Union where they denied being spies. 8 May 1956 John Osborne's play 'Look Back in Anger' is staged The 'Angry Young Men' generation of writers rejected what they saw as Britain's vulgar 'materialist' society, which they believed was disagreeable in itself and frustrating to them as individuals. Social values were lacerated by Osborne's play and in the novels 'Room at the Top' (1957) by John Braine, 'Saturday Night and Sunday Morning' (1958) by Alan Sillitoe, and 'This Sporting Life' (1960) by David Storey. 5 July 1956 Worsening pollution prompts the passing of the Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act was part of a general move towards a cleaner environment, directed in particular against the burning of coal in urban areas. The Act was in response to the severe London smog of 1952, which killed more than 4,000 people. Another Clean Air Act followed in 1968. 17 October 1956 Britain switches on its first nuclear power station Calder Hall, Britain's first nuclear power station - and the first in the world to supply substantial quantities of electricity to a national system - was opened by Elizabeth II. 5 November 1956 Britain and France invade Egypt after nationalisation of the Suez Canal The Suez Crisis was sparked when Britain and France, allied with Israel, invaded Egypt over its decision to nationalise the Suez Canal - a vital waterway connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Under American pressure, the canal was handed back to Egypt and the invasion force was withdrawn. The crisis revealed Britain's declining world status and its subordination to the US. 9 January 1957 Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden resigns and is replaced by Harold Macmillan The Suez Crisis of 1956 ruined Anthony Eden's reputation and fatally compromised his political career. His health seriously diminished as a result. His successor, Harold Macmillan, had been chancellor of the exchequer under Eden. Macmillan was the third Conservative prime minister in as many years. 6 March 1957 Ghana becomes the first British colony in Africa to gain independence The British colony of Gold Coast gained its independence, with Kwame Nkrumah as its first leader, following election victories for Nkrumah's nationalist Convention People's Party (CPP). The country was renamed Ghana in the declaration of independence. This event marked the beginning of rapid decolonisation in Africa. 15 May 1957 Britain tests its first hydrogen bomb Following tests over Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean, the government announced that Britain had joined the Soviet Union and the US as a nuclear power, with its own hydrogen bomb. The tests led to a debate in Britain about the dangers of nuclear weapons, and to the foundation in 1958 of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). 5 December 1958 Motorway system opens with the M6 Preston bypass The opening of the M6 Preston bypass by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was the first stage in the motorway system. The following year, the M1 was punched through the Midlands from Watford to Birmingham. The developing motorway system encouraged a major rise in long-distance private and goods travel by road. 8 October 1959 Conservatives under Harold Macmillan win the general election In a massive personal triumph for Harold Macmillan, the Conservatives won by 365 seats (and 49.3% of the vote) to 258 for Labour. The Conservative campaign slogan 'you've never had it so good' reflected the growing affluence of the electorate. 14 January 1963 France vetoes Britain's entry to the European Common Market President of France Charles de Gaulle announced the French veto on Britain's application to join the European Common Market, the forerunner of the European Union. De Gaulle said the British government lacked 'commitment' to European integration. October 1963 New universities open and students get state support The Robbins Report on Higher Education (1963) was followed by the state-funded growth of universities. Government support was seen as necessary, not least in order to change the social composition of the student body. State-paid fees and maintenance were designed to help increase the percentage of working-class students. New universities were established, including Essex, Lancaster, Kent and Sussex. 19 October 1963 Conservative Sir Alec Douglas-Home becomes prime minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home became Conservative party leader and prime minister following the resignation of Harold Macmillan on health grounds. He became the fourth Conservative prime minister since 1951. The preceeding three - Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden and Macmillan - all resigned for a variety of reasons. 1964 Abolition of Resale Price Maintenance prompts the rise of supermarkets Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) obliged shops to sell goods at standard prices set by suppliers, and thus prevented the search for better business through undercutting. This helped small independent shopkeepers in their resistance to larger traders. Abolition of RPM opened the way to the rise of supermarkets and the transformation of the retail industry. 15 October 1964 Labour wins the general election, with Harold Wilson as prime minister Labour, under Harold Wilson, narrowly won the general election, by 317 seats to 304 for the Conservatives. Considered something of an intellectual, Wilson successfully contrasted his 'meritocratic' beliefs against his 'establishment' opponent, Conservative Alec Douglas-Home. 12 July 1965 Comprehensive education system is initiated Circular 10/65', issued by the Labour government's education secretary, Anthony Crosland, obliged local education authorities to draw up plans for replacing the existing division between 'grammar' and 'secondary modern' schools in order to create all-inclusive 'comprehensive' schools. It represented the first step towards a comprehensive education system that served all pupils on an equal basis. 8 November 1965 Death penalty is abolished The abolition of the death penalty for murder - one of the few remaining crimes for which capital punishment could still be handed down - effectively meant the final abolition of the death penalty. This was a major symbolic act in the reduction of the power of the state. The death sentence for treason and piracy with violence remained on the statue books until 1998 when they were abolished by the Crime and Disorder Act. 31 March 1966 Labour strengthens its parliamentary position in the general election Labour's share of the vote went up from 44.1% in the 1964 general election to 48%, and the Conservatives down from 43.4 to 41.9. The shift in seats, from 317 to 364, compared with 304 to 253, was more dramatic, leaving Harold Wilson, the Labour prime minister, with a much-improved majority of nearly 100. 30 July 1966 England win the football World Cup England defeated West Germany in the World Cup final, which was held at Wembley and watched by 93,000 people in the stadium and 400 million people around the world on television. Geoff Hurst became the first - and thusfar only - player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final when he powered home his third goal in the final moments of extra time, giving England a decisive 4-2 victory. 1967 Abortion and homosexuality are legalised A number of Acts of Parliament in this period reflected the changing social climate. As well as the 1967 Sexual Offences Act, which legalised homosexuality between men over 21, and the 1967 Abortion Act which legalised abortion under certain conditions, there was also the 1969 Divorce Reform Act and the 1970 Equal Pay Act. 1 June 1967 Beatles release 'Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band' This was the Beatles' eighth album, and is widely recongnised as one of the most influential records ever released. The album was heavily influenced by the group's increasing use of drugs, and enjoyed immediate critical and popular success at the start of the 'psychedelic era'. Peter Blake's collage for the album cover has become iconic. 2 March 1969 Concorde, the world's first supersonic airliner, makes its maiden flight The first supersonic (above the speed of sound) airliner was developed jointly by Britain and France. It did not begin commercial flights until 1976. The fleet was grounded in 2000 after Concorde's first and only major fatal accident in July of that year. Concorde was finally retired in 2003. 18 June 1970 Conservatives win the general election, with Edward Heath as prime minister The Conservatives won the general election by 330 seats to 287 for Labour. This unexpected result appears to have reflected doubts about Labour's economic management, a view focused by a poor set of trade figures. The failure of Labour to motivate its own supporters was also important. Evidence suggested that voters had turned against Harold Wilson, rather than towards the uncharismatic Edward Heath. 6 February 1971 First British soldier is killed in Northern Ireland's 'Troubles' The first British soldier, Gunner Robert Curtis (aged 20), was killed in Northern Ireland's 'Troubles' by the self-styled 'Irish Republican Army' (IRA). He was shot while on foot patrol in North Belfast. British troops had been sent to Northern Ireland in 1969 in a 'limited operation' to restore law and order. 15 February 1971 Decimalised currency replaces 'pounds, shillings and pence' The old sterling denominations of pounds, shillings and pennies were phased out over a period of 18 months, and replaced with decimal pounds and pennies. The decimalisation of the pound came to be blamed for an increase in inflation. 20 August 1971 North Sea oil concessions are auctioned The discovery of oil under the North Sea was a major boost to British public finances. Drilling and exploration concessions were auctioned to maximise government income, and the first oil was piped ashore at Teesside in 1975. Full scale exploitation of the fields would not begin until the 1980s, when rising oil prices made it economically viable. 30 January 1972 British army kills 14 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on Bloody Sunday British troops opened fire on a crowd of civil rights protestors in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, killing 13 civilians and injuring a further 17. The crowd of between 7,000 and 10,000 people had been marching in protest at the policy of detention without trial. The sequence of events on 'Bloody Sunday' remains highly controversial, with accusations that senior IRA figures were present on the day and shot at British troops. 4 August 1972 Idi Amin expels Uganda's Asians and many settle in Britain On 4 August, Ugandan President Idi Amin gave his country's Asian population just 90 days to leave, claiming god had told him to do it in a dream. Over half of the 55,000 Asians expelled from Uganda came to Britain and many settled permanently. Their resettlement came to be viewed as a success story. In 1991, President of Uganda Yoweri Museveni invited them to 'return home' to help the Ugandan economy. 1 January 1973 Britain joins the European Economic Community Britain, Ireland and Denmark joined the European Economic Community (EEC), bringing the total number of member states to nine. The three countries, together with Norway, signed an accession treaty in 1972, but Norwegians rejected the treaty in a referendum. Britain held a referendum on the matter in 1975, after renegotiating its terms of entry, and 67% voted in favour of staying in the EEC. 28 February 1974 Election ends in a 'hung parliament' with Harold Wilson as prime minister The Conservatives won more votes than Labour (37.9% of the popular vote to 37.1%), but Labour won more seats (301 to 297). Neither party had achieved an outright majority, resulting in a 'hung parliament'. The Liberals, with 19.3% and 14 seats, held the balance of power. Edward Heath initially held on to office in the hope of persuading the Liberals to enter into a coalition, but the Liberals rejected this idea and Harold Wilson returned to head a minority administration. 10 October 1974 Labour wins a tiny majority in the election with Harold Wilson as prime minister In order to tackle his party's minority status following the 'hung parliament' produced by the general election of February 1974, Harold Wilson called a new election, which he won with a small overall majority. Labour's percentage of the vote went up from 37.1 to 39.2, while Conservative percentage fell from 37.9 to 35.8. 16 March 1976 Prime Minister Harold Wilson resigns and is replaced by James Callaghan Harold Wilson's resignation after 13 years as Labour leader and nearly eight as prime minister was completely unexpected, and has never been properly explained. It was probably related to his awareness of the early onset of Alzheimer's disease and a feeling that he was losing control. On 5 April, James Callaghan was elected Labour Party leader and became the new prime minister. September 1976 Britain is forced to borrow money from the International Monetary Fund A crisis in sterling forced the Labour government to turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), making Britain the first major Western state to be forced into this humiliating course of action. In return for the loan, the IMF demanded cuts in government spending. After a political battle within the British government, the IMF terms were accepted and imposed in December. 25 July 1978 World's first test-tube baby is born in Oldham Louise Brown, the first 'test-tube baby', was a success for 'in vitro' fertilisation (IVF), a method by which egg and sperm are mixed in a glass dish, and the embryos inserted into the womb. By the end of the 20th century, about 1,400 IVF babies were being born each year. Winter 1978/79 Strikes paralyse Britain during the so-called 'Winter of Discontent' Industrial action by petrol tanker and lorry drivers was followed by hospital ancillary staff, ambulance men and dustmen going on strike. Hospitals were picketed, the dead left unburied, and troops called in to control rats swarming around heaps of uncollected rubbish. The large number of simultaneous strikes, the violence and perceived mean-mindedness of the picketing (which included the turning away of ambulances) created a sense of alarm in the electorate about the decline of British society. 1 March 1979 Scotland and Wales reject devolution The referenda required the support of 40% of the electorate, not simply the majority of votes. This was not obtained in Scotland, although the majority of votes were in favour of devolution. Devolution was heavily defeated in Wales. As a result of the referenda, the Scottish Nationalists joined the Conservatives and Liberals in passing a vote of no confidence in the government, and Labour lost control of the House of Commons - a bad prelude to the general election. 3 May 1979 Conservative Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain's first female prime minister Margaret Thatcher, party leader since 1975, became Britain's first female prime minister with a majority of 43 seats. The Conservatives won 43.9% of the votes and 339 seats, Labour 36.9% and 269 seats, and Liberals 13.8%. She came to power on the promise that the Conservatives would cut income tax, reduce public expenditure, make it easier for people to buy their own homes and curb the power of the unions. 27 August 1979 IRA kill the Queen's cousin Lord Mountbatten Elizabeth II's cousin, Lord Louis Mountbatten, one of his teenage grandsons and two others were killed by a bomb on his boat at Mullaghmore in county Sligo, Ireland. On the same day the IRA also killed 18 soldiers at Warrenpoint in County Down. 11 April 1981 Racial tensions spark riots in Brixton and other areas Serious rioting in Brixton following the arrest of a local black man marked the start of violent unrest across England. In London's Southall, Toxteth in Liverpool, Moss Side in Manchester, and to a lesser extent other centres such as Derby, crowds rioted, looted, and fought the police. Many of the riots reflected specific local problems, especially poor relations between predominantly black communities and the police. 24 June 1981 Humber Bridge opens, the longest single-span bridge in the world The Humber Bridge was built between 1972 and 1980. At the time, it was the longest single-span bridge in the world at nearly 2,200m. 3 October 1981 Hunger strike by Republican prisoners ends after ten deaths Republican prisoners at the Maze prison near Belfast had begun their hunger strike over the right to be treated as political prisoners rather than criminals. A first strike, begun in late 1980, was called off with no deaths. But failure to secure concessions resulted in a second, led by Bobby Sands. It began in March 1981. The British government refused to concede. Ten men, including Sands, starved themselves to death, while 61 people were killed outside the prison in related violence. 26 January 1982 Economic recession leads to high unemployment Unemployment breached the psychologically significant barrier of three million as manufacturing was hard hit by a deep economic recession. 2 April 1982 Argentina invades the British territory of the Falkland Islands Three days after the invasion, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sent a naval task force to liberate the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. The subsequent conflict cost the lives of 655 Argentine and 255 British servicemen, many of them sailors who died during attacks on Royal Navy warships. The conflict ended on 14 June when the commander of the Argentine garrison at Port Stanley surrendered to British troops. 10 June 1983 Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is re-elected by a landslide The Conservatives were re-elected with 379 seats and an enormous majority of 144 seats. Labour's share crashed to 209 seats. The Social Democratic-Liberal 'Alliance' won 23 seats. The Conservatives benefited from division among their opponents and doubts about Labour's competence on the economy and defence. Thatcher's government used its majority to embark on a radical programme of privatisation and deregulation, trade union reform and tax cuts. 12 March 1984 12-month 'Miners' Strike' over pit closures begins A local strike on 5 March over a threatened pit closure in Yorkshire had, within a week, broadened into a national miners' strike. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pitted her personal authority against that of the militant socialist president of the National Union of Mineworkers, Arthur Scargill. There were violent clashes between striking miners and policemen. The strike failed and was called off after a year, allowing the pit closures to go ahead. The strike left a legacy of deep bitterness. 12 October 1984 IRA bombers strike at the Conservative conference in Brighton The bombing by Irish Republican Army terrorists of the Grand Hotel Brighton during the Conservative Party conference killed five and left more than 30 injured. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher narrowly escaped the blast. It was the closest the IRA had come to killing a British prime minister. 8 December 1986 Major national industries are privatised The privatisation of British Gas was a major step in the Conservative government's policy of privatisation. It paved the way for the privatisation of British Aerospace, Cable and Wireless, Britoil, the National Bus Company, British Airways, Rolls Royce, British Steel, British Telecom, the electricity-generating industry and the water companies. These sales cut government expenditure, by bringing in large sums of money and by reducing the need for state subsidies. 11 June 1987 Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher wins a third term Margaret Thatcher was re-elected for an historic third term, with an overall majority of 101 - less than in 1983, but still significant. The Conservatives had 376 seats (42.3 % of the vote), Labour 229 (30.8%) and Alliance 22 (22.5%). It paved the way for Thatcher to become the longest serving prime minister for more than 150 years. Signs of a Labour recovery appeared in Scotland, where they won 50 of the 72 seats. 1989 Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web In 1989, while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee came up with the idea of the World Wide Web, a new way of using existing internet technology to share information. He wrote the first web browser the following year, and went on to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1994. 31 March 1990 Introduction of new local taxes sparks 'poll tax' riots in London The Conservative plans for a 'poll tax', introduced in England and Wales on 1 April 1990, provoked vocal opposition across Britain in the form of anti-poll tax rallies and acts of civil disobedience. A largely peaceful march in London, attended by 70,000 people, degenerated into serious rioting centred on Trafalgar Square. The unpopularity of the tax contributed to the downfall of Margaret Thatcher. Her successor John Major replaced the poll tax with the council tax. 22 November 1990 Margaret Thatcher resigns and John Major becomes prime minister Faced by large-scale opposition within her own parliamentary party, Margaret Thatcher, who was widely seen as remote and autocratic, resigned as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party. The crisis of confidence in her leadership had been sparked by her attitude to Europe, while her support for the so-called 'poll tax' had undermined her standing with the electorate. Five days later, John Major succeeded her as party leader and prime minister. 17 January 1991 Liberation of Kuwait begins as Allies launch Operation Desert Storm Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and refused to withdraw. Following a massive military build up, US-led forces backed by a United Nations mandate launched 'Operation Desert Storm' to liberate Kuwait. A huge aerial bombardment preceded the ground attack on 24 February. The Iraqi army fell into headlong retreat and on 27 February, US President George Bush declared that Kuwait had been liberated. Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq. 9 April 1992 Conservatives win the general election, returning John Major as prime minister A poor Labour campaign by leader Neil Kinnock squandered significant support for the opposition and helped Conservative John Major to a surprise general election victory, with a slim overall majority of 21. The Conservatives won 326 seats, Labour 271. 6 May 1992 Channel Tunnel opens, linking London and Paris by rail The Channel Tunnel provided an unprecedented rail link between London and Paris, something that had been planned for over a century. The tunnel became the longest undersea tunnel in the world, measuring 50km in total, with 39km of it under the sea. Three tunnels - two for trains and one for service - lie an average of 40m below the sea bed. 16 September 1992 'Black Wednesday' forces withdrawal of sterling from the ERM Sterling, under strong financial pressure from speculation on the money markets, was pulled out of the European Union's Exchange Rate Mechanism. This was a major blow to the Conservatives' reputation for economic competence, but it relieved pressure on Britain's economy by ensuring that the currency could float independently. 1994 First women priests are ordained by the Church of England The decision to ordain women to the priesthood in the Church of England was taken in 1992 and implemented in 1994. It was a controversial step, welcomed by most of the church but rejected by traditionalists, some of whom joined the Catholic Church in protest. 1 May 1997 Labour wins the general election, with Tony Blair as prime minister Tony Blair had become leader of the Labour Party in 1994 after the sudden death of John Smith. Blair continued the modernisation of the party begun by Smith. Voters responded to 'New Labour' in the 1997 election, giving the party a huge majority of 179 seats. One of the new Labour government's first acts was to give the Bank of England control of interest rates. It also embarked on a programme of far-reaching constitutional reform. 1 July 1997 Britain hands Hong Kong back to China After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was returned to Chinese control. Britain had held the New Territories north of Hong Kong under a 99-year lease that expired in 1997, requiring the 'handing back' of the colony to China. Under the 'One Country, Two Systems' policy, Hong Kong retained its own legal system, currency, customs policy and immigration laws for a minimum 50 years after the handover. 31 August 1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, dies in a car crash in Paris Diana was the ex-wife of the heir to the British throne, Charles, Prince of Wales. A controversial figure in life, Diana's death in a car crash in Paris provoked widespread public mourning. On 6 September, one million people lined the streets of London for her funeral. It was later discovered that the driver of the car in which he, Diana and her friend Dodi Al Fayed were killed had more than the legal limit of alcohol in his blood and was travelling at over 100mph. September 1997 Scotland and Wales vote in favour of devolution In two referenda, a large majority in Scotland (74.9% of those who voted), and a smaller one in Wales (50.3%), provided the basis for the creation of national assemblies with legislative powers. The assemblies first met in 1999, with the Scottish Parliament, but not the Welsh Assembly, gaining tax-varying powers. 10 April 1998 Good Friday Agreement establishes a devolved Northern Irish assembly An agreement between Northern Ireland's nationalists and unionists was reached after 30 years of conflict, as a result British government negotiations and US pressure on Sinn Féin, the political wing of the Irish Republican Army. It set out plans for devolved government and provided for the early release of terrorist prisoners and the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons. Referenda in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland endorsed the agreement on 22 May. The assembly met on 1 July. 1 January 1999 Britain decides not to join the European Single Currency Widespread British unease about the European single currency obliged Prime Minister Tony Blair, who was keen on the project, to stay out. The 'euro' was launched as an electronic currency used by banks, foreign exchange dealers, big firms and stock markets in 1999. Euro coins first hit the streets of the 12 'eurozone' countries on 1 January 2002. 1 January 2000 Britain celebrates the new millennium There were widespread celebrations of the new millennium and relief that the 'millennium bug', which had been predicted to cause global computer meltdown, failed to materialise. Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Tony Blair joined a party at the ill-starred Millennium Dome in Greenwich, east London. The controversial dome was considered a massive flop and only stayed open until December 2000. March 2000 Global stock markets tumble as the 'dotcom bubble' bursts The late 1990s saw a profusion of start-up companies selling products or services either using or related to the internet. There was a speculative frenzy of investment in these 'dotcom' companies, much of it by small investors. The bursting of the 'dotcom bubble' saw the collapse of many of these companies and marked the beginning of a mild yet lengthy recession. 2001 Foot-and-mouth disease wreaks havoc on rural Britain The nine-month epidemic of 'foot-and-mouth' disease resulted in the culling of millions of animals and devastated large sections of the rural economy. The crisis brought the countryside to a virtual standstill and the cost to British farming was put between £800 million and £2.4 billion. The Labour government was heavily criticised for its handling of the crisis. 7 June 2001 Labour wins the general election, with Tony Blair returned as prime minister Labour won a commanding majority of 167 seats. Prime Minister Tony Blair's second term came to be dominated by controversial foreign policy issues, mainly the 'war on terror' begun after the terror attacks in the United States on 11 September. The Conservative leader, William Hague, resigned after the party showed little sign of electoral recovery. 11 September 2001 Islamic terrorists crash aircraft on targets in New York and Washington Nineteen mainly Saudi Arabian terrorists used hijacked planes to destroy the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York and part of the Pentagon building in Washington. A fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania, killing all on board. Among the approximately 3,000 people killed in the attacks were 67 Britons. In response, US President George W Bush declared a worldwide 'war on terror'. 7 October 2001 Britain joins the US in strikes on Taleban-controlled Afghanistan British forces contributed to the initial US military strikes against the Islamic fundamentalist Taleban regime in Afghanistan - the first retaliation to the terrorist attacks of '9/11'. The Taleban, who had allowed the terrorist organisation al-Qaeda to use Afghanistan as a base, was overthrown and replaced with a US-backed administration. Coalition forces, including British troops, remain in Afghanistan. Osama Bin Laden, the al-Qaeda leader responsible for the '9/11' attacks, was not found. 20 March 2003 Britain joins the US in an invasion of Iraq Despite significant opposition at home, the British government gave military support to the controversial United States-led invasion of Iraq. Crucially, the action was not backed by a United Nations mandate, sparking debate over the legality of the invasion. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was overthrown and captured. Iraq now has a democratically elected government, but the country remains deeply unstable as a result of the deliberate stoking of sectarian tensions by terrorist groups. 1 May 2004 Ten new states join the European Union Ten new states from eastern and southern Europe joined the European Union, making it the largest trading bloc in the world by population. Their inclusion sparked fears, stoked by lurid media stories, of a huge influx of 'economic migrants' from the poorer eastern countries to the wealthier western countries such as Britain. 16 February 2005 Kyoto Protocol on measures to control climate change comes into force The agreement required countries to cut emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by 5.2% by 2012. The treaty was signed by 141 countries but the world's largest economy - and largest polluter - the United States, did not ratify it. Climate scientists argued that the 5.2% target was far too low, and a 60% cut was needed to make an impact on climate change caused by human activity. 5 May 2005 Labour wins a third consecutive term with Tony Blair as prime minister Labour won, but with a substantially reduced majority. Tony Blair joined Margaret Thatcher as the only post-war prime ministers to have won three successive general elections. Nonetheless, he quickly announced his intention not to stand for a fourth term, sparking ongoing speculation about when he would hand over to his annointed successor, Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown. Conservative leader Michael Howard resigned to make way for a younger leader. 7 July 2005 Suicide bombers kill 52 people on London's transport system Three men blew themselves up on London Underground trains, while a fourth exploded his bomb on a double-decker bus. Fifty two people were killed and more than 700 injured. On 21 July there were four more attempted suicide bombings in London, but none of the devices exploded. Islamic terrorist organisation Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility, but it is thought that the bombers, all British Muslims, acted alone. December 2005 Civil partnerships give same-sex couples legal rights Civil partnerships between same-sex couples were introduced in the 2004 Civil Partnership Act and came into law in December 2005. Partnered couples gained the same legal rights as married couples and were permitted to hold wedding-style 'civil union' ceremonies.	i don't know
Referring to a mountain range, derived from the Spanish word for saw, what word represents the letter 'S' in the NATO phonetic alphabet?	Full text of "Spanish and Indian place names of California : their meaning and their romance" See other formats Class ^.JL^A Book^_A'2-_ CXffYRIGHT DEPOStr. ^-^J ^^1« MONUMENT TO JUNIPERO SERRA IN GOLDEN GATE PARK. " His memory still rests like a benediction over the noble State which he rescued from savagery." SPANISH AND INDIAN PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA THEIR MEANING AND THEIR ROMANCE BY NELLIE VAN DE GRIFT SANCHEZ A. M. ROBERTSON SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA MDCCCCXIV COPYRIGHT. 1914 BY A. M. ROBERTSON Saix Tranclsco ♦ OCT 2 1914 ©CI.A380744 TO MY SON AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express grateful appreciation of generous aid given in the preparation of this book by Herbert E. Bolton, Ph. U., Professor of American History in the University of California. Acknowledgment is also due to Dr. A. L. Kroeber, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Dr. Harvey M. Hall, Assistant Professor of Economic Botany, Dr. John C. Merriam, Professor of Palaeontology, Dr. Andrew C. Lawson, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, all of the University of California; Mr. John Muir, Father Zephy- rin Engelhardt, O. F. M., Mr. Charles B. Turrill, of San Francisco, and many other persons in various parts of the state for their courtesy in furnishing points of information. For the sources used in the work, the author is in- debted, in great measure, to the Bancroft Library at the University of California, and to the many writers from whose works quotations have been freely used. none can care for literature in itself who does not take a special pleasure in the sound of names; and there is no part of the world where nomenclature is so rich, poetical, humorous, and picturesque as the united states of america. . . . the names of the states and territories themselves form a chorus of sweet and most romantic vocables ; .... there are few poems with a nobler music FOR THE ear; A SONGFUL, TUNEFUL LAND; AND IF THE NEW HOMER SHALL ARISE FROM THE WESTERN CONTINENT, HIS VERSE WILL BE ENRICHED, HIS PAGES SING SPON- TANEOUSLY, WITH THE NAMES OF STATES AND CITIES THAT WOULD STRIKE THE FANCY IN A BUSINESS CIRCULAR." ROBERT LOUIS STEVEXSOX. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I Introduction 3 CHAPTER n California 13 CHAPTER HI In and About San Diego ..'.... 21 CHAPTER IV Los Angeles and her Neighbors 51 CHAPTER V In the Vicinity of Santa Barbara .... 89 CHAPTER VI The San Luis Obispo Group 117 CHAPTER VII In the Neighborhood of Monterey .... 133 CHAPTER VIII The Santa Clara Valley 167 CHAPTER IX Around San Francisco Bay 185 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER X North of San Francisco 241 CHAPTER XI The Central Valley 265 CHAPTER XII <j^^O In the Sierras '^^S~^ Pronunciation of Spanish Names 335 CHAPTER XIII Final List and Index 347-444 Addenda 445 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Mission of San Diego de Alcala, Founded in 1769 23 Mission of San Antonio de Pala, Founded in 1816 31 Archway at Capistrano 37 Mission of San Gabriel Arcangel, Founded in 1771 67 Mission of Santa Barbara 91 Mission of Santa Inez, Founded in 1804 .111 Mission of San Luis Obispo, Founded in 1772 . 119 Mission of San Miguel, Founded in 1797 125 Monterey in 1850 135 Mission of San Carlos Borromeo, Founded in 1770 139 Interior of the Quadrangle at San Carlos Mission 143 La Punta de los Cipreses 149 Mission of San Juan Bautista, Founded in 1797 155 Mission of Santa Clara, Founded in 1777 . . 169 The Palo Colorado (Redwood Tree) . 175 The City of Yerba Buena (San Francisco in 1846-47) 187 Mission of San Francisco de Asis, commonly CALLED Mission Dolores 195 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page The Golden Gate 201 The Farallones 209 Tamalpais 215 The Mission of San Rafael, Founded IN1817 . 221 Napa Valley 243 Mount Shasta 253 El Rio DE LOS Santos Reyes (the River of the Holy Kings) 279 In the Sierra Nevadas 284 In the High Sierras 295 El Rio DE las Plumas (Feather River) . . 301 El Rio DE LOS Americanos (American River) . 307 Shore of Lake Tahoe 313 Mariposa Sequoias 319 Vernal Falls in the Yosemite Valley . 325 Map of the Missions 343 Kaweah Mountains 383 The Mission of Purisima Concepcion, Founded IN i88c 409 The Tallac Trail to Tahoe 437 piKTROpUCTI ONJ'^^ ^/^ A o^ ro ^U I. IXTRODUCTIOX. This volume has been prepared in the hope that it may serve, not only as a source of enter- tainment to our own people, but also as a useful handbook for the schools, and as a sort of tour- ist's guide for those who \'isit the state in such numbers, and who almost invariably exhibit a lively interest in our Spanish and Indian place names. We of California are doubly rich in the matter of names, since, in addition to the Indian nomen- clature common to all the states, we possess the splendid heritage left us by those bold adven- turers from Castile who first set foot upon our shores. In these names the spirit of our romantic past still lives and breathes, and their sound is like an echo coming do^^^l the years to tell of that other day when the savage built his bee-hive huts on the river-banks, and the Spanish caballero jingled his spurs along the Camino Real. 3 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA And in what manner, it may well be asked, have we been caring for this priceless heritage, — to keep it pure, to preserve its inspiring history, to present it in proper and authentic form for the instruction and entertainment of "the stranger within our gates," as well as for the education of our own youth? As the most convincing answer to this question, some of the numerous errors in works purporting to deal with this subject, many of which have even crept into histories and books for the use of schools, will be corrected in these pages. In the belief that the Spanish and Indian names possess the greatest interest for the public, both "tenderfoot" and native, they will be dealt with here almost exclusively, excepting a very few of /American origin, whose stories are so involved with the others that they can scarcely be omitted. In addition, there are a number that appear to be of Anglo-Saxon parentage, but are in reality to be counted among those that have suffered the regrettable fate of translation into EngHsh from the original Spanish. Of such are Kings County and River, which took their names from El Rio de los Santos Reyes (the River of the Holy T 11 K I R iM K A N 1 N (i A N I) R () M A N (' l. Kings), and the Feather River, originally El Rio de las Plumas (the River of the Feathers). While searching for the beginnings of these names through the diaries of the early Spanish explorers and other sources, a number of curious stories have been encountered, which are shared with the reader in the belief that he will be glad to know something of the romance lying behind the nomenclature of our ''songful, tuneful" land. It is a matter of deep regret that the work must of necessity be incomplete, the sources of information being so scattered, and so often un- reliable, that it has been found impossible to trace all the names to their origin. Indian words are especially difficult; in fact, as soon as we enter that field we step into the misty land of legend, where all becomes doubt and uncertainty. That such should be the case is inevitable. Scientific study of the native Cali- fornian languages, of which there were so many as to constitute a veritable Babel of tongues among the multitude of small tribes inhabiting this region, was begun in such recent times that but few abo- rigines were left to tell the story of their names, and those few retained but a dim memory of the PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA old days. In view of the unsatisfactory nature of this information, stories of Indian origin will be told here with the express qualification that their authenticity is not vouched for, except in cases based upon scientific evidence. Some of the most romantic among them, when put to the "acid test" of such investigation, melt into thin air. In a general way, it may be said that Indian names were usually derived from villages, rather than tribes, and that, in most cases, their meaning has been lost. In the case of Spanish names, we have a rich mine in the documents left behind by the methodi- cal Spaniards, who maintained the praiseworthy custom of keeping minute accounts of their travels and all circumstances connected therewith. From these sources the true stories of the origin of some of our place names have been collected, and are retold in these pages, as far as possible, in the language of their founders. Unfortunately, the story can not always be run to earth, and in such cases, the names, with their translation, and sometimes an explanatory paragraph, will appear in a supplementary list at the end of the volume. The stories have been arranged in a series of 6 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE 5> groups, according to their geographical location, beginning with San Diego as the most logical point, since it was there that the first mission was established by the illustrious Junipero Serra, and there that the history of California practically began. The arrangement of these groups is not arbitrary, but, in a general way, follows the course of Spanish Empire, as it took its way, first up the coast, then branching out into the interior valley, and climbing the Sierras. Some of the stories may appear as ''twice-told tales" to scholars and other persons to whom they have long been familiar, but are included here for the benefit of the stranger and the many "native sons" who have had no opportunity to become acquainted with them. A few words in regard to the method of naming places customary among the Spanish explorers may help the reader to a better understanding of results. The military and religious members of the parties were naturally influenced by opposite ideas, and so they went at it in two different ways. The padres, as a matter of course, almost invari- ably chose names of a religious character, very often the name of the saint upon whose "day" PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA the party happened to arrive at a given spot. This tendency resulted in the multitude of Sans and Santas with which the map of our state is so generously sprinkled, and which are the cause of a certain monotony. Fortunately for variety's sake, the soldiers possessed more imagination, if less religion, than the padres, and were generally influenced by some striking circumstance, per- haps trivial or humorous, but always character- istic, and often picturesque. In many cases the choice of the soldiers has out-lived that of the fathers. Broadly speaking, it may be said that names were first applied to rivers, creeks or mountains, as being those natural features of the country most important to the welfare, or even the very existence, of the exploring parties. For instance, the Merced (Mercy), River was so-called because it was the first drinking water encountered by the party after having traversed forty miles of the hot, dry valley. Then, as time passed and the country developed, towns were built upon the banks of these streams, frequently receiving the same names, and these were often finally adopted to designate the counties established later in the 8 '1^ Hi: 1 R M K A N I N G A N I) R O M A N C" l<: regions through which their waters flow. In this way Plumas County derived its name from the Feather River, originally El Rio de las Plumas, and Kings County from El Rio de los Reyes (the River of the Kings). This way of naming was, however, not invariable. It sometimes happens that the name has dis- appeared from the map, while the story remains, and some such stories will be told, partly for their own interest, and partly for the light they throw upon a past age. Among our Spanish names there is a certain class given to places in modern times by Ameri- cans in a praiseworthy attempt to preserve the romantic flavor of the old days. Unfortunately, an insuflicient knowledge of the syntax and etymology of the Spanish language has resulted in some improper combinations. Such names, for instance, as Monte Vista (Mountain or Forest View), Loma Vista (Hill View), Rio Vista (River View), etc., grate upon the ears of a Spaniard, who would never combine two nouns in this way. The correct forms for these names would be Vista del Monte (View of the Mountain), Vista de la Loma (View of the Hill), Vista del Rio (View PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA of the River), etc. Between this class of modern Spanish names, more or less faulty in construc- tion, given by "Spaniards from Kansas," as has been humorously said, and the real old names of the Spanish epoch about which a genuine halo of romance still clings, there is an immense gulf. In the numerous quotations used in this book, the language of the original has generally been retained, with no attempt to change the form of expression. In spite of the most conscientious efforts to avoid them, unreliability of sources may cause some errors to find their way into these pages; for these the author hopes not to be held responsible. lO (_ cAlifor^ki^a::;: V. II CALIFORNIA First comes the name of California herself, the sin par (peerless one), as Don Quixote says of his Dulcinea. This name, strange to say, was a matter of confusion and conjecture for many years, until, in 1862, Edward Everett Hale accidentally hit upon the explanation since ac- cepted by historians. Several theories, all more or less fanciful and far-fetched, were based upon the supposed con- struction of the word from the Latin calida fornax (hot oven), in reference either to the hot, dry climate of Lower California, or to the "sweat- houses" in use among the Indians. Such theories not only presuppose a knowledge of Latin not likely to exist among the hardy men who first landed upon our western shores but also indicate a labored method of naming places quite contrary to their custom of seizing upon some direct and obvious circumstance upon which to base their 13 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA choice. In all the length and breadth of California few, if any, instances exist where the Spaniards invented a name produced from the Latin or Greek in this far-fetched way. They saw a big bird, so they named the river where they saw it El Rio del Pdjaro (the River of the Bird), or they suffered from starvation in a certain canyon, so they called it La Canada del Hambre (the Canyon of Hunger), or they reached a place on a certain saint's day, and so they named it for that saint. They were practical men and their methods were simple. In any case, since Mr. Hale has provided us with a more reasonable explanation, all such theories may be passed over as unworthy of con- sideration. While engaged in the study of Spanish literature, he w^as fortunate enough to run across a copy of an old novel, published in Toledo some- time between 1510 and 1521, in which the word California occurred as the name of a fabulous island, rich in minerals and precious stones, and said to be the home of a tribe of Amazons. This novel, entitled Las Sergas de Esplandidn (The Adventures of Esplandian), was written by the author, Garcia Ordonez de Montalvo, as a sequel 14 r H E 1 R MEANING AN 1) R O iM A N C E to the famous novel of chivalry, Amadis of Gaul, of which he was the translator. The two works were printed in the same volume. Montalvo's romance, although of small literary value, had a considerable vogue among Spanish readers of the day, and that its pages were probably familiar to the early explorers in America is proved by the fact that Bernal Diaz, one of the companions of Cortes, often mentions the Amadis, to which the story of Esplandian was attached. The passage containing the name that has since become famous in all the high-ways and by-ways of the world runs as follows: ''Know that on the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very near to the terrestrial paradise, which was peopled by black women, without any men among them, for they were accustomed to live after the manner of Amazons. They were of strong and hardened bodies, of ardent courage and of great force. The island was the strongest in the world, from its steep rocks and great cliffs. Their arms were all of gold and so were the caparisons of the wild beasts they rode." It was during the period when this no\Tl was at the height of its popularity that Cortes wrote IS PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA to the King of Spain concerning information he had of "an island of Amazons, or women only, abounding in pearls and gold, lying ten days journey from Colima." After having sent one expedition to explore the unknown waters in that direction, in 1535 or thereabout, an expedition that ended in disaster, he went himself and planted a colony at a point, probably La Paz, on the coast of Lower California. In his diary of this expedition, Bernal Diaz speaks of California as a ''bay," and it is probable that the name was first apphed to some definite point on the coast, afterward becoming the designation of the whole region. The name also occurs in Preciado's diary of Ulloa's voyage down the coast in 1539, making it reasonable to suppose that it was adopted in the period between 1535 and 1539, whether by Cortes or some other person can not be ascertained. Bancroft expresses the opinion that the followers of Cortes may have used the name in derision, to express their disappointment in finding a desert, barren land in heu of the rich country of their expectations, but it seems far more in keep- ing with the sanguine nature of the Spaniards that their imaginations should lead them to draw a 16 THEIR M E A N I N G AN D R OMAN C E parallel between the rich island of the novel, with its treasures of gold and silver, and the new land, of whose wealth in pearls and precious metals some positive proof, as well as many exaggerated tales, had reached them. An argument that seems to clinch the matter of the origin of the name is the extreme improb- ability that two difTerent persons, on opposite sides of the world, should have invented exactly the same word, at about the same period, espec- ially such an unusual one as California. As for the etymology of the word itself, it is as yet an unsolved problem. The suggestion that it is compounded of the Greek root y^a/f (beautiful), and the Latin fornix (vaulted arch), thus making its definition ''beautiful sky," may be the true explanation, but even if that be so, Cortes or his followers took it at second hand from Montalvo and wxre not its original inventors. Professor George Davidson, in a monograph on the Origin and the Meaning of the Name California, states that incidental mention had been made as early as 1849 o^ the name as occurring in Montalvo's novel by George Ticknor, in his History of Spanish Literature, but Mr. Ticknor 17 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA refers to it simply as literature, without any thought of connecting it with the name of the state. This connection was undoubtedly first thought of by Mr. Hale and was discussed in his paper read before the Historical Society of Massachusetts in 1862; therefore the honor of the discovery of the origin of the state's name must in justice be awarded to him. Professor Davidson, in an elaborate discussion of the possible etymology of the word, expresses the opinion that it may be a combination of two Greek words, kallos (beauty), and ornis (bird), in reference to the following passage in the book: "In this island are many griffins, which can be found in no other part of the world." Its etymology, however, is a matter for further investigation. The one fact that seems certain is its origin in the name of the fabulous island of the novel. It may well sufiice for the fortunate heritors of the splendid principality now known as California that this charming name became afiixed to it permanently, rather than the less '^tuneful" one of New Albion^ which Sir Francis Drake applied to it, and under which cognomen it appears on some English maps of the date. Ill IN AND ABOUT SAN DIEGO Like many other places in California, San Diego (St. James), has had more than one christening. The first was at the hands of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who discovered the harbor in 1542, and named it San Miguel (St. Michael). Cabrillo was a Portuguese in the Spanish service, who was sent to explore the coast in 1542 by Viceroy Mendoza. "He sailed from Natividad with two vessels, made a careful survey, applied names that for the most part have not been retained, and described the coast somewhat accurately as far as Monterey. He discovered 'a land-locked and very good harbor,' probably San Diego, which he named San Miguel. 'The next day he sent a boat farther into the port, which was large. A very great gale blew from the west-southwest, and south- southwest, but the port being good, they felt nothing.' On the return from the north the 21 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA party stopped at La Posesion, where Cabrillo died on January third, from the effects of a fall and exposure. No traces of his last resting-place, almost certainly on San Miguel near Cuyler's harbor, have been found; and the drifting sands have perhaps made such a discovery doubtful. To this bold mariner, the first to discover her coasts, if to any one, California may with pro- priety erect a monument." — (Bancroft's History of California.) Then, in 1602, came Sebastian Vizcaino, who changed the name from San Miguel to San Diego. He was "sent to make the discovery and demar- cation of the ports and bays of the Southern Sea (Pacific Ocean)," and to occupy for Spain the California isles, as they were then thought to be. From the diary of Vizcaino's voyage we get the following account of his arrival at San Diego: ''The next day, Sunday, the tenth of the said month (November), we arrived at a port, the best that there can be in all the Southern Sea, for, besides being guarded from all winds, and having a good bottom, it is in latitude 2)^yi. It has very good water and wood, many fish of all sorts, of which we caught a great many with the net and 22 THEIR MEANINC; AND ROMANCE hooks. There is good hunting of rabbits, hares, deer, and many large quail, ducks and other birds. On the twelfth of the said month, which was the day of the glorious San Diego, the admiral, the priests, the officers, and almost all the people, went on shore. A hut was built, thus enabling the feast of the Sefior San Diego to be celebrated." A party sent out to get wood "saw upon a hill a band of loo Indians, with bows and arrows, and many feathers upon their heads, and with a great shouting they called out to us." By a bestowal of presents, friendly relations were established. The account continues: ''They had pots in which they cooked their food, and the Indian women were dressed in the skins of animals. The name of San Diego was given to this port." Thus, it was the bay that first received the name, years afterwards given to the mission, then to the town. During the stay of Vizcaino's party the Indians came often to their camp with marten skins and other articles. On November 20, having taken on food and water, the party set sail, the Indians shouting a vociferous farewell from the beach {qiiedaban en la pi ay a ^ dando boces.) 25 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA A long period of neglect of more than i6o years then ensued. The Indians continued to carry on their wretched hand-to-mouth existence, trap- ping wild beasts for their food and scanty cloth- ing, fishing in the teeming streams, and keeping up their constant inter-tribal quarrels unmolested by the white man. Several generations grew up and passed away without a reminder of the strange people who had once been seen upon their shores, except perhaps an occasional white sail of some Philippine galleon seen flitting like a ghost on its southward trip along the coast. Then the Spaniards, alarmed by reports of the encroachments of the Russians on the north, waked up from their long sleep, and determined to establish a chain of missions along the Cali- fornia coast. Father Junipero Serra was appointed president of these missions, and the first one of the chain was founded by him at San Diego in 1769. The name was originally applied to the ''Old Town," some distance from the present city. The founding party encountered great difficulties, partly through their fearful sufferings from scurvy, and partly from the tur- bulent and thievish nature of the Indians in that 26 T H_E I R M E A N I N G AN D R O M A N C E vicinity, with whom they had several hvely fights, and who stole everything they could lay their hands on, even to the sheets from the beds of the sick. During one of these attacks, the mission buildings were burned and one of the padres, Fray Luis Jaime, suffered a cruel death, but all difficulties were finally overcome by the strong hand of Father Serra, and the mission was placed on a firm basis. Its partially ruined buildings still remain at a place about six miles from the present city. To return to the matter of the name, San Diego is doubly rich in possessing two titular saints, the bay having been undoubtedly named by Viscamo in honor of St. James, the patron saint of Spain, whereas the town takes its name from the mission, which perpetuates the memory of a canonized Spanish monk, San Diego de Alcala. The story of St. James, the patron of Spain, runs as follows: ''As one of Christ's disciples, a noble- man's son who chose to abandon his wealth and follow Jesus, he was persecuted by the Jews, and finally beheaded. When dragged before Herod Agrippa, his gentleness touched the soul of one of his tormentors, who begged to die with him. 27 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA James gave him a kiss, saying 'Pax Vohiscum^ (peace be with you), and from this arose the kiss of peace which has been used in the church since that time. The legend has it that his body was conducted by angels to Spain, where a magnificent church was built for its reception, and that his spirit returned to earth and took an active part in the mihtary affairs of the country. He was said to have appeared at the head of the Spanish armies on thirty-eight different occasions, most notably in 939, when King Ramirez determined not to submit longer to the tribute of one hundred virgins annually paid to the Moors, and defied them to a battle. After the Spaniards had suffered one repulse, the spirit of St. James appeared at their head on a milk-white charger, and led them to a victory in which sixty thousand Moors were left dead on the field. From that day 'Santiago!' has been the Spanish war-cry." — (From Clara Erskine Clement's Stories of the Saints.) It happens, rather curiously, that in the Spanish language St. James appears under several different forms, Santiago, San Diego and San Tiago. The immediate patron of our southernmost city, San Diego de A! cat a, was a humble Capuchin 28 THEIR IM E A N T N G AND ROMANCE brother in a monastery of Alcala. It is said that the infante Don Carlos was healed of a severe wound through the intercession of this saint, and that on this account Philip II promoted his canonization. May the spirit of the ''glorious San Diego" shed some of his tender humanity upon the city of which he is the protector! CORONADO BEACH Coronado Beach, the long spit of land forming the outer shore of the harbor of San Diego, ''derived its name from the Coronado Islands near it. These islands were originally named by the Spaniards in honor of Coronado. When the improvement of the sand spit opposite San Diego City and facing the Coronado Islands was made in 1885, the name of Coronado Beach was be- stowed upon it."— (Charles B. Turrill, San Fran- cisco.) In all the history of Spain in western America there is nothing more romantic than the story of the famous explorer, Francisco Vasquez de Coro- 29 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA nado, who, with the dehghtful childhke faith of his race, marched through Texas and Kansas in search of the fabulous city of Gran Quivira, ''where every one had his dishes made of wrought plate, and the jugs and bowls were of gold," and then marched back again! Imagine our hard- headed Puritan ancestors setting forth on such a quest ! SAN LUIS REY San Luis Rey de Francia (St. Louis King of France), is the name of the mission situated in a charming httle valley about forty miles north of San Diego and three miles from the sea. It was founded June 13, 1798, by Padres Lasuen, San- tiago and Peyri, and its ruins may still be seen upon the spot. A partial restoration has been made of these buildings and they are now used by the Franciscans. The exact circumstances of its naming have not come to light, but we know of its patron saint that his holiness was such that even Voltaire said of him: ''It is scarcely given to man to push virtue further." Born at Poissy in 1 2 15, the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of 30 THEIR MKANINC; AND ROMANCE Castile, he became noted for his sainthness, and twice led an army of Crusaders in the "holy war." PALA Pala, often misspelled palo, through an acci- dental resemblance to the Spanish word palo (stick or tree), is situated some fifteen miles or more to the northeast of San Luis Rey, and is the site of the sub-mission of San Antonio de Pala, founded in 1816 by Padre Peyri as a branch of San Luis Rey. This mission was unique in having a bell-tower built apart from the church, and many romantic stories have been told about the ''bells of Pala." It was located in the center of a populous Indian community, and it happens, rather curiously, that the word itself has a sig- nificance both in Spanish and Indian, meaning in Spanish ''spade" and in Indian "w^ater." The Reverend George Doyle, pastor at the mission of San Antonio de Pala, wTites the following in regard to this name: "The word 'Pala' is an Indian word, meaning, in the Cupanian Mission Indian language, 'water,' probably due to the 2>^ PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA fact that the San Luis Rey River passes through it. The proper title of the mission chapel here is San Antonio de Padua, but as there is another San Antonio de Padua mission chapel in the north, to distinguish between the two some one in the misty past changed the proper title of the Saint, and so we have 'de Pala' instead of 'de Padua.' Some writers say Pala is Spanish, but this is not true, for the little valley in no way resembles a spade, and the Palanian Indians were here long before the Franciscan padres brought civilization, Christianity and the Spanish language." Pala, in this case, is almost certainly Indian, and originates in a legend of the Luisenos. Accord- ing to this legend, one of the natives of the Teme- cula tribe went forth on his travels, stopping at many places and giving names to them. One of these places was a canyon, "where he drank water and called it pala, water." — {The Religion of the Luiseno Indians, by Constance Goddard Dubois, in the Univ. of Cal. Publ. of Arch, and Tech.) 34 T H E I R JVl E A N 1 N G A N I) R O M A N C i: SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO San Juan Capistrano (St. John Capistrano), was at one time sadly mutilated by having its first part clipped off, appearing on the map as Capistrano, but upon representations made by Zoeth S. Eldredge it was restored to its full form by the Post Office Department. A mission was founded at this place, which is near the coast about halfway between San Diego and Los Angeles, by Padres Serra and Amurrio, November i, 1776, the year of our own glorious memory. While on the other side of the continent bloody war raged, under the sunny skies of California the gentle padres were raising altars to the "Man of Peace." The buildings at this place were badly wrecked by an earthquake on December 8, 181 2, yet the ruins still remain to attest to the fact that this was at one time regarded as the finest of all the mission structures. Its patron saint, St. John Capistrano, was a Franciscan friar who lived at the time of the cru- sades, and took part in them. A colossal statue of him adorns the exterior of the Cathedral at 35 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Vienna. It represents him as having a Turk under his feet, a standard in one hand, and a cross in the other. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST There remain some names in the San Diego group of less importance, yet possessing many points of interest, which will be included in the following list, with an explanation of their mean- ings, and their history wherever it has been possible to ascertain it. Agua Tibia (warm water, warm springs), is in San Diego County. For some reason difhcult to divine, this perfectly simple name has been the cause of great confusion in the minds of a number of writers. In one case the almost incredibly absurd translation ''shinbone water" has been given. It may be thought that this was intended as a bit of humor, but it is greatly to be feared that the writer mixed up the Spanish word tibia, which simply means ''tepid, warm," with the Latin name of one of the bones of the lower leg, the tibia. In another case the equally absurd 36 ARCHWAY AT CAPISTRAXO. 'At one lime regarded as the finest of all ihe mission slrucUircs." THEIR M E A N I N G A N D R O M A N C E translation ''flute water" has been given. Where such a meaning could have been obtained is be- yond comprehension to any person possessing even a slight knowledge of the Spanish language. Apia Tibia is no more nor less than "warm water," appHed in this case to warm springs existing at that place. This extreme case is en- larged upon here as an example of the gross errors that have been freely handed out to an unsuspecting public in the matter of our place names. There are many more of the same sort, and the authors of this inexcusable stuff have been accepted and even quoted as authorities on the subject. Those of us who love our CaH- fornia, in other words all of us, can not fail to be pained by such a degradation of her romantic history. Ballena (whale), is in San Diego County at the west end of Ballena Valley, and as it is a good many miles inland its name seems incongruous, until we learn from one of its residents that it was so-called in reference to a mountain in the valley whose outline along the top is exactly the shape of a humpbacked whale. "This place has probably no connection with 39 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Ballenas, a name applied to a bay in Lower Cali- fornia on account of its being a favorite resort of the Humpback whale."— (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) Berenda, in Merced County, is a misspelling of Berrendo or Berrenda. Berrendo (antelope) . A writer whose knowledge of Spanish seems to be wholly a matter of the dictionary, confused by the fact that the defini- tion given for berrendo is ''having two colors," has offered the fantastic translation of El Rio de I OS Berrendos as "The River of two Colors." Although the idea of such a river, like a piece of changeable silk, may be picturesque, the simple truth is that the word berrendo, although not so-defined in the dictionaries, is used in Spanish America to signify a deer of the antelope variety and frequently occurs in that sense in the diaries. Miguel Costanso, an engineer accompanying the Portola expedition of 1769, says: ''Hay en la tierra venados, verrendos (also spelled berrendos), muchos liebres, conejos, gatos monteses y ratas (there are in the land deer, antelope, many hares, rabbits, wild-cats and rats)." On August 4 this party reached a place forty leagues from San Diego which they called Berrendo because they caught 40 THEIR M E A N I N G A N I) R O M A N C E alive a deer which had been shot the day before by the soldiers and had a broken leg. Antelope Creek, in Tehama County, was originally named El Rio de los Bcrrcndos (The River of the Ante- lopes), undoubtedly because it was a drinking place frequented by those graceful creatures, and Antelope Valley, in the central part of the state, must have received its name in the same way. El Cajon (the box), about twelve miles north- east of San Diego, perhaps received its name from a custom the Spaniards had of calling a deep can- yon with high, box-like walls, un cajon (a box). Caliente Creek (hot creek), is in the northern part of San Diego County. Campo (a level field), also sometimes used in the sense of a camp, is the name of a place about forty miles east-southeast of San Diego, just above the Mexican border. Campo was an Indian settlement, and may have been so-called by the Spaniards simply in reference to the camp of Indians. Canada del Baiitismo (glen of the baptism), so-called from the circumstance that two dying native children were there baptized by the padres, 41 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA as told in the diary of Miguel Costanso, of the Portola expedition of 1769. Death, when it came to the children of the natives, was often regarded as cause for rejoicing by the mission- aries, not, of course, through any lack of humanity on their part, but because the Indian parents more readily consented to baptism at such a time, and the padres regarded these as so many souls '^snatched from the burning." Carriso (reed grass), is the name of a village and creek in San Diego County. Chula Vista (pretty view), is the name of a town near the coast, a few miles southeast of San Diego. Chula is a word of Mexican origin, mean- ing pretty, graceful, attractive. "This name was probably first used by the promoters during the boom of 1887."— (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) La Costa (the coast) , a place on the shore north of San Diego. Coyote Valley, situated just below the southern border of the San Jacinto Forest Reservation. Coyote, the name of the wolf of Western America, is an Aztec word, originally coyotl. Cuyamaca is probably derived from the land grant of that name, which in turn took its name 42 T HEIR MEANING AND R O Al A N C E from the Cuyamaca Mountain, which, according to the scientists, was so-called in reference to the clouds and rain gathering around its summit. Mr. T. T. Waterman, instructor in Anthropology at the University of California, says the word is derived from two Indian w^ords, kwe (rain), and amak (yonder), and consequently means ''rain yonder." The popular translation of it as ''woman's breast" is probably not based on fact. There w^as an Indian village of that name some miles northwest of San Diego. Descanso (rest), is the name of a place north- east of San Diego, so-called by a government surveying party for the reason that they stopped here each day for rest. Dulzura (sweetness), is the name of a place but a few^ miles north of the Mexican border line. What there w^as of "sweetness" in the history of this desolate mining camp can not be discovered. Encinitas (little oaks), is a place on the coast about twenty miles northwest of San Diego. Escondido (hidden), a place lying about fifteen miles from the coast, to the northeast of San Diego. It is said to have been so-named on account of its location in the valley. A place at 43 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA another point was called Escondido by the Span- iards because of the difficulty they experienced in finding the water for which they were anxiously searching, and it may be that in this case the origin of the name was the same. LaJolla,3. word of doubtful origin, said by some persons to mean a ''pool," by others to be from hoy a, a hollow surrounded by hills, and by still others to be a possible corruption of joya, a ''jewel." The suggestion has been made that La Jolla was named from caves situated there which contain pools, but until some further information turns up this name must remain among the un- solved problems. There is alw^ays the possibility also that La Jolla means none of these things but is a corruption of some Indian word with a totally different meaning. More than one place in the state masquerades under an apparently Spanish name which is in reality an Indian word cor- rupted into some Spanish word to which it bore an accidental resemblance in sound. Cortina (curtain) is an example of this sort of corruption, it being derived from the Indian Ko-tina. Laguna del Corral (lagoon of the yard). Corral is a word much in use to signify a space of ground 44 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE enclosed by a fence, often for the detention of animals. In one of the diaries an Indian corral is thus spoken of: ''Near the place in which we camped there w^as a populous Indian village; the inhabitants lived without other protection than a light shelter of branches in the form of an en- closure; for this reason the soldiers gave to the whole place the name of the Rancheria del Corral (the village of the yard)." There are other corrals and corralitos (little yards) in the state. Linda Vista (charming or pretty view), is the name of a place ten or twelve miles due north of San Diego. Point Loma (hill point). Loma means ''hill," hence Point Loma, the very end of the little peninsula enclosing San Diego bay, is a high promontory. De Luz (a surname), that of a pioneer family. The literal meaning of the word luz is ''light." Del Mar (of or on the sea), the name of a place on the shore about eighteen miles north of San Diego. La Mesa (literally "the table"), used very com- monly to mean "a high, flat table-land." La Mesa, incorrectly printed on some of the maps as 45 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA one word, Lamesa, lies a few miles to the north- east of San Diego. Mesa Grande (literally ''big table"), big table- land, is some distance to the northeast of San Diego. El Nido (the nest), is southeast of San Diego, near the border. Potrero (pasture ground), is just above the bor- der line. There are many Potreros scattered over the state. La Presa (the dam or dike). La Presa is a few miles east of San Diego, on the Sweetwater River, no doubt called Agua Duke by the Spaniards. Los Rosales (the rose-bushes), a spot located in the narratives of the Spaniards at about seventeen leagues from San Diego, and two leagues from Santa Margarita. Nothing in the new land brought to the explorers sweeter memories of their distant home than ''the roses of Castile" which grew so luxuriantly along their pathway as to bring forth frequent expressions of delight from the padres. This particular place we find mentioned in the diary of Miguel Costanso, as follows: "We gave it the name of Canada de los Rosales (glen of the rose-bushes), on account of 46 THEIR M E A N 1 N G AND ROMANCE the great number of rose-bushes we saw." — (Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart, Curator of the Academy of Pacific Coast History.) Temecula, the name of a once important Indian village in the Temecula Valley, about thirty-five miles south of Riverside. Its inhabitants suffered the usual fate of the native when the white man discovers the value of the land, and were com- pelled to leave their valley in 1875, and remove to Pichanga Canyon, in a desert region. Tia J liana (literally Aunt Jane). Travelers on the way to Mexico who stop for customs examin- ation at this border town are no doubt surprised by its peculiar name. This is an example of the corruption, through its resemblance in sound, of an Indian word, Tiwana, into Tia Jiiana, Spanish for "Aunt Jane." Tiwana is said to mean ''by the sea," which may or may not be the correct translation. 47 LOS ANGELES AND .,,,,KER NEIGHBORS ) -^ 1:l ^ IV LOS Angeles and her neighbors Los Angeles (the angels). In the diary of Miguel Costanso, date of August 2, 1769, we read: "To the north-northeast onecould see an- other water-course or river bed, which formed a wide ravine, but it was dry. This water-course joined that of the river, and gave clear indica- tions of heavy floods during the rainy season, as it had many branches of trees and debris on its sides. We halted at this place, which was named La Porciuncula. Here we felt three successive earthquakes during the afternoon and night." — (Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart.) This was the stream upon which the city of Los Angeles was subsequently built and whose name became a part of her title. Porciuncula was the name of a town and parish near Assisi which became the abode of St. Francis de Assisi after the Benedictine monks had presented him, about 121 1, with the little chapel which he called, in a 51 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA jocular way, La Porciuncula (the small portion). By order of Pius V, in 1556 the erection of a new edifice over the Porciuncula chapel was begun. Under the bay of the choir is still preserved the cell in which St. Francis died, while a little behind the sacristy is the spot where the saint, during a temptation, is said to have rolled in a brier-bush, which was then changed into thornless roses. — (Catholic Encyclopedia.) In this story there is a curious interweaving of the history of the names of our two rival cities, St. Francis in the north and Los Angeles de Porciuncula in the south. Continuing their journey on the following day, the Portola party reached the Indian rancheria (village) of Yangna, the site chosen for the pueblo established at a later date. Father Crespi writes of it thus: ''We followed the road to the west, and the good pasture land followed us; at about half a league of travel we encountered the village of this part; on seeing us they came out on the road, and when we drew near they began to howl, as though they were wolves; we saluted them, they wished to give us some seeds, and as we had nothing at hand in which to carry them, we did not accept them; seeing this, they threw some 52 'r H E I R M E A N T N G AND R O M A N C E handfuls on the ground and the rest in the air." August 2 being the feast day of Nuestra Senora dc I OS Angeles, as the Virgin Mary is often called by the Spaniards, this name was given to the i:)lace. The actual founding of the pueblo did not occur until September 4, 1781, when Governor Neve issued the order for its establishment upon the site of the Indian village Yangna. It is said that the Porciuncula River, henceforth to be known as the Los Angeles, at that time ran to the east of its present course. The name of the little stream was added to that of the pueblo, so that the true, complete title of the splendid city which has grown up on the spot where the Indian once raised his wolf-like howl is Nuestra Senora la Reina de Jos Angeles de Porciuncida (Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula). The social beginnings of Los Angeles were humble indeed, the first settlers being persons of mixed race, and the first houses mere hovels, made of adobe, with flat roofs covered with asphalt from the springs west of the town. 53 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA EL RANCHO LA BREA La Brea (the asphalt), has been retained as the appropriate designation of the ranch containing the famous asphaltum beds near Los Angeles. Ever since the days of the Tertiary Age, the quak- ing, sticky surface of these beds has acted as a ''death trap" for unwary animals, and the remains of the unfortunate creatures have been securely preserved down to our times, furnishing indis- putable evidence of the strange life that once existed on our shores. Fossils of a large number of pre-historic and later animals have been taken out, aggregating nearly a million specimens of bird and animal life, many of them hitherto unknown to science. Among them are the saber- tooth tiger, gigantic wolves, bears, horses, bison, deer, an extinct species of coyote, camels, ele- phants, and giant sloths. Remains are also found of mice, rabbits, squirrels, several species of insects, and a large number of birds, such as ducks, geese, peKcans, eagles and condors. Among the most remarkable of these fossils are the saber-tooth tiger and the great wolf. 54 r H E I R M E A N 1 N G A N D R O M A N C E Specimens of the wolf have been found which are among the largest known in either living or extinct species. This wolf differs from existing species in having a larger and heavier skull and jaws, and in its massive teeth, a conformation that must have given it great crushing power. The structure of the skeleton shows it to have been probably less swift, but more powerful than the modern wolf, and the great number of bones found indicate that it was exceedingly common in that age. One bed of bones was uncovered in which the number of saber-tooth and wolf skulls together averaged twenty per cubic yard. Alto- gether, the disappearance of these great, ferocious beasts from the Cahfornia forests need cause no keen regret. Next to the large wolf the most common is the saber-tooth tiger, of which one complete skeleton and a large number of bones have been found. The skeleton shows the animal to have been of about the size of a large African lion, and its most remarkable characteristic was the extraordinary length of the upper canine teeth, which were like long, thin sabers, with finely serrated edges. These teeth were awkwardly placed for ordinary 55 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA use, and it is thought by scientists that they were used for a downward stab through the thick necks of bulky creatures, such as the giant sloth. There is also an unusual development of the claws, possibly to make up for the loss of grasping power in the jaws, resulting from the interference of the long saber teeth. It appears from the state of many of the fossils that these teeth were peculiarly liable to fracture, and accidents of this sort may have led to the extinction of the species, the animal thus perishing through the over-develop- ment of one of its characteristics. Fossils of the extinct horse and bison are com- mon, and a smaller number are found of camels, deer, goats, and the mammoth. The bison were heavy-horned and somewhat larger than the existing species of buffalo. The camel, of which an almost complete specimen has very recently been taken out by Professor R. C. S toner, of the University of California, was much larger than the present day species. Since the above was put in type, a human skeleton has been taken from the vicinity of the La Brea bed. Whether this skele- ton belongs with the La Brea deposits, and what its comparative age in relation to other human 56 THEIR M P: A N I N G ANT) ROMANCE remains may be, are matters now being investi- gated by scientists. The preponderance of meat-eating animals in the La Brea beds has attracted the attention of scientists, who beheve that these creatures were lured to the spot in large numbers by the struggles and cries of their unfortunate prey caught in the sticky mass of the tar. In this way, a single sloth, or other creature, may have been the means of bringing retribution upon a whole pack of wolves. — (Notes taken from an article in the Sunset Maga- zine of October, 1908, entitled The Death Trap of the Ages, by John C. Merriam, Professor of Paleontology in the University of California.) The manner in which this great aggregation of animals came to a tragic end in that long-past age is exemplified in the way that birds and other small animals are still occasionally caught in the treacherous asphalt and there perish miserably, adding their bones to those of their unhappy predecessors. The La Brea beds furnish one of the richest fields for paleontological research to be found anywhere in the world; and it may be said, that with her great Sequoias in the north, and her 57 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA reservoir of pre-historic remains in the south, CaHfornia stands as a Hnk between a past age and the present. The tarry deposit itself has its own place in history, for it appears that the first settlers of Los Angeles were alive to the practical value of this supply of asphaltum lying ready to their hands, and used it in roofing their houses. Even the Indians, httle as is the credit usually given them for skill in the arts and crafts, recognized the possibilities of this pecuhar substance, and used it in calking their canoes. LOS OJITOS The story of Los Ojitos (literally ''Httle eyes"), but here used in the sense of ''httle springs," situated about two leagues from Santa Ana, indicates that the pleasures of social intercourse were not altogether lacking among the CaHfornia Indians. In the diary of Miguel Costanso, of the date of their arrival at this place, he writes: "We found no water for the animals, but there was sufficient for the people in some little springs 58 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE or small pools, in a narrow canyon close to a native village. The Indians of this village were holding a feast and dance, to which they had invited their relatives of the Rio de los Temhlores (River of the Earthquakes, or Santa Ana)." — (Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart.) During this time the travelers experienced a series of earthquakes lasting several days. Ojo de agua was commonly used by the Span- iards to mean a spring, but during the eighteenth century it was frequently used in America in the sense of a small stream of water rather than a spring. SANTA ANA On the day, Friday, July 28, 1769, of the arrival of the Portola expedition at the stream now called the Santa Ana, which takes its rise in the San Bernardino Mountains, and empties into the ocean at a point southeast of Los Angeles, four severe earthquakes occurred. Speaking of this circum- stance in his diary. Father Crespi says: "To this spot w^as given El Duke Nomhre de Jesus de los Temhlores (The Sweet Name of Jesus of the 59 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Earthquakes), because of having experienced here a frightful earthquake, which was repeated four times during the day. The first, which was the most violent, happened at one o'clock of the afternoon, and the last about four o'clock. One of the gentiles (unbaptized Indians), who hap- pened to be in the camp, and who, without doubt, exercised among them the ofhce of priest, no less terrified at the event than we, began, with horrible cries and great demonstrations, to entreat Heaven, turning to all points of the compass. This river is known to the soldiers as the Santa Ana^ This was one of the rare cases where the usual method of naming was reversed, and the soldiers chose the name of the saint. St. Anna was the mother of the Virgin and her name signifies "gracious." In the account of Captain Pedro Fages, of the same expedition, the natives on this stream are described as having light complexions and hair, and a good appearance, differing in these par- ticulars from the other inhabitants of that region, who were said to be dark, dirty, under-sized and slovenly. This is not the only occasion when the Spaniards reported finding Indians of light com- plexions and hair in California. One account 60 T H E 1 R M I-: A N 1 N G A N \) R O M A N C li speaks of a red-haired tribe not far north of San Francisco, and still another of ''white Indians" at Monterey, but, judging by the light of our subsequent knowledge of these aborigines, the writers of these reports must have indulged in exaggeration. On the southern bank of the Santa Ana, not far from the coast, is the town of the same name, and further inland its waters have made to bloom in the desert the famous orange orchards of Riverside. SANTA MONICA Santa Monica, situated at the innermost point of the great curve in the coast line just west of Los Angeles, was named in honor of a saintly lady whose story is here quoted from Clara Erskine Clement's Stories of the Saints: ''She was the mother of St. Augustine, and was a Christian, while his father was a heathen. Monica was sorely troubled at the dissipated Hfe of her young son; she wept and prayed for him, and at last sought the advice and aid of the Bishop of Carth- age, who dismissed her with these words, 'Go in 6i PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA peace; the son of so many tears will not perish.' At length she had the joy of beholding the bap- tism of St. Augustine by the Bishop of Milan." Santa Monica is venerated as the great pa- troness of the Augustinian nuns, and might well be placed at the head of the world-wide order of ''Anxious Mothers." SANTA CATALINA Santa Catalina, the beautiful island off the coast of Southern California, was named by Vizcaino in honor of St. Catherine, because its discovery occurred on the eve of her feast day, November 24, 1602. In the diary of the voyage we get an interesting description of the island and its aboriginal inhabitants: "We continued our journey along the coast until November 24, when, on the eve of the glorious Santa Catalina, we dis- covered three large islands; we took the one in the middle, which is more than twenty-five leagues in circumference, on November 27, and before dropping anchor in a good cove which was found, a great number of Indians came out in canoes of 62 .^ THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE cedar-wood and pine, made of planking well- joined and calked, and with eight oars each, and fourteen or fifteen Indians, who looked like galley- slaves. They drew near and came on board our vessels without any fear whatever. We dropped anchor and went on shore. There were on the beach a great number of Indians, and the women received us with roasted sardines and a fruit cooked in the manner of sweet potatoes." Mass was celebrated there in the presence of 150 Indians. The people were very friendly and the women led the white men by the hand into their houses. The diary continues: ''These people go dressed in the skins of seals; the w^omen are modest but thievish. The Indians received us with embraces and brought water in some very well-made jars, and in others like flasks, that were highly varnished on the outside. They have acorns and some very large skins, with long wool, appar- ently of bears, which serve them for blankets." The travelers found here an idol, ''in the manner of the devil, without a head, but with two horns, a dog at the feet, and many children painted around it." The Indians readily gave up this idol and accepted the cross in its stead. 63 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA St. Catherine, patroness of this island, was one of the most notable female martyrs of the Roman Catholic church. We are told that she was of royal blood, being the daughter of a half-brother of Constantine the Great. She was converted to Christianity, and became noted for her unusual sanctity. She was both beautiful and intellectual, and possessed the gift of eloquence in such a high degree that she was able to confound fifty of the most learned men appointed by Maximin to dis- pute matters of religion with her. The same Maximin, enraged by her refusal of his offers of love, ordered that she be tortured '^by wheels flying in different directions, to tear her to pieces. When they had bound her to these, an angel came and consumed the wheels in fire, and the fragments flew around and killed the executioners and 3000 people. Maximin finally caused her to be beheaded, when angels came and bore her body to the top of Mt. Sinai. In the eighth cen- tury a monastery was built over her burial place." — (Stories of the Saints.) Santa Catalina is the pa- troness of education, science, philosophy, eloquence, and of all colleges, and her island has good reason to be satisfied with the name chosen by Vizcaino. 64 THEIR M P: A N I N G AND R O M A N C E LAS ANIMAS BENDITAS Of Las Animas (the souls), which lay between San Gabriel and the country of the Amajaba (Mojave) Indians, we find the story in Fray Joaquin Pasqual Nuez's diary of the expedition made in 1819 by Lieutenant Gabriel Moraga, to punish the marauding Amajabas, who had mur- dered a number of Christian natives. This name was also used as the title of a land grant just south of Gilroy. The Moraga party arrived at a point ''about a league and a half from Our Lady of Guadalupe of Guapiabit. We found the place where the Amajabas killed four Christians of this mission (San Gabriel), three from San Fernando, and some gentiles (unbaptized Indians). We found the skeletons and skulls roasted, and, at about a gun-shot from there we pitched camp. The next day, after mass, we caused the bones to be carried in procession, the cross in front. Padre Nuez chanting funeral services, to the spot where they had been burned. There we erected a cross, at the foot of which we caused the bones to be buried 65 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA in a deep hole, and then we blessed the sepulchre. We named the spot Las Animas Benditas (The Blessed Souls)." May they rest in peace! SAN GABRIEL San Gabriel, the quaint little town lying nine miles east of Los Angeles, is the site of the Mission San Gabriel Arcdngel (St. Gabriel Archangel), founded September 8, 1771, by Padres Cambon and Somera. This mission was placed in a fertile, well- wooded spot, in the midst of a large Indian population, who, under the instruction of the padres, became experts in many arts, such as sewing, weaving, soap-making, cobbling, etc. Their flocks and herds increased to such an extent that they covered the country for many miles around. The patron saint, San Gabriel, was the second in rank of the archangels who stand before the Lord. Whenever he is mentioned in the Bible, it is as a messenger bearing important tidings, and he is especially venerated as having carried to the Virgin the message that she was to become the mother of Christ. 66 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE SAN FERNANDO It was in the valley of San Fernando (St. P'erdi- nand), a short distance northwest of Los Angeles, that the mission pertaining to the latter place was established, September 8, 1797, by Padres Lasuen and Dumetz. The Camulos Rancho, the home of Ramona, the heroine of Mrs. Helen Hunt Jack- son's romance, was once included in the lands of this mission. St. Ferdinand, King of Spain, in whose honor this place was named, was a notable warrior, as well as a saint, and he succeeded in expelling the Moors from Toledo, Cordova and Seville. He is said also to have been a patron of the arts, and to have been the founder of the cathedral at Burgos, celebrated for the beauty of its architecture. But more than for such attainments, he is remembered for his tenderness toward the poor and lowly of his people. When urged to put a tax upon them in order to recruit his army, he replied: ''God, in whose cause I fight, will supply my need. I fear more the curse of one poor old woman than a whole army of Moors." — {Stories of the Saints.) 69 PLACE NAMES O E C A L I E O R N I A TEMESCAL Temescal (sweathouse), in Riverside County, although a place of no great importance in itself, is interesting in that its name recalls one of the curious customs widely prevalent among the natives of the Southwest. The word itself is of Aztec origin, and was brought to California by the Franciscans. The temescal is thus described by Dr. A. L. Kroeber, in the University of California Publica- tions in Archaeology and Ethnology: "At the Banning Reservation a sweathouse is still in use. From the outside its appearance is that of a small mound. The ground has been excavated to the depth of a foot or a foot and a half, over a space of about twelve by seven or eight feet. In the center of this area two heavy posts are set up three or four feet apart. These are connected at the top by a log laid in their forks. Upon this log, and in the two forks, are laid some fifty or more logs and sticks of various dimensions, their ends sloping down to the edge of the excavation. It is probable that brush covers these timbers. 70 r H E 1 R M K A N I N G AND R O M A N C E The whole is thoroughly covered with earth. There is no smoke hole. The entrance is on one of the long sides, directly facing the space between the two center posts, and only a few feet from them. The fireplace is between the entrance and the posts. It is just possible to stand upright in the center of the house. In Northern California, the so-called sweathouse is of larger dimensions, and was preeminently a ceremonial or assembly chamber."' Dr. L. H. Bunnell, in his history of the dis- covery of the Yosemite valley, gives us some inter- esting details of the use of the sweathouse among the Indians of that region: ''The remains of these structures were sometimes mistaken for iumidi, being constructed of bark, reeds or grass, covered with mud. It (the sweathouse), was used as a curative for disease, and as a convenience for cleansing the skin, when necessity demands it, although the Indian race is not noted for cleanli- ness. I have seen a half-dozen or more enter one of these rudely constructed sweathouses through the small aperture left for the purpose. Hot stones are taken in, the aperture is closed until suffocation would seem impending, when they 71 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA would crawl out, reeking with perspiration, and with a shout, spring like acrobats into the cold waters of the stream. As a remedial agent for disease, the same course is pursued, though varied at times by the burning and inhalation of resinous boughs and herbs. In the process of cleansing the skin from impurities, hot air alone is generally used. If an Indian had passed the usual period of mourning for a relative, and the adhesive pitch too tenaciously clung to his no longer sorrowful countenance, he would enter and re-enter the heated house until the cleansing had become complete. The mourning pitch is composed of the charred bones and ashes of the dead relative or friend. These remains of the funeral pyre, with the charcoal, are pulverized and mixed with the resin of the pine; this hideous mixture is usually retained upon the face of the mourner until it wears off. If it has been well-compounded, it may last nearly a year ; although the young, either from a super-abundance of vitality, excessive reparative powers of the skin, or from powers of will, seldom mourn so long. When the bare sur- face exceeds that covered by the pitch, it is not a scandalous disrespect in the young to remove it 72 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE entirely, but a mother will seldom remove pitch or garment until both are nearly worn out." This heroic treatment, while possibly efficacious in the simple ailments by which the Indians were most often afflicted, usually resulted in a great increase of mortality in the epidemics of smallpox following upon the footsteps of the white man. One traveler speaks of a severe sort of inter- mittent fever, to which the natives were subject, and of which so many died that hundreds of bodies were found strewn about the country. Having observed that the whites, even when attacked by this fever, rarely died of it, he was inclined to ascribe the mortality among the natives to their great cure-all, the temescal. A number of places in the state bore this name, among them a small town lying between the sites now occupied by the flourishing cities of Oakland and Berkeley. Its citizens became discontented with the undignified character of the name, and changed it to Alden. 73 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA SAN BERNARDINO San Bernardino is the name of a county in the southeastern part of Cahfornia, whose broad expanse is mainly made up oi volcanic mountains, desert plains, and valleys without timber or water. The name was first given to the snow-capped peak, 1 1, 600 feet high, lying about twenty miles east of the city of San Bernardino, which is sit- uated sixty miles east of Los Angeles, in the fruit and alfalfa region. The name of this town is one of the most regrettable examples of corruption that have occurred in the state, having passed from its original sweetly flowing syllables through the successive stages of San Berdino, Berdino, until finally reaching the acme of vulgarity as Berdoo, by which appellation it is known to its immediate neighbors. If ideas of romance, of pleasant-sounding words, and of fidelity to history make no appeal to our fellow-Californians, let them read again the quotation from Stevenson given above, and learn that a romantic nomencla- ture may sometimes be a valuable financial asset. 74 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE ScDi Bernard i no (St. Bernardinus), the i)atron saint of the places bearing his name, is particularly remembered as the founder of the charitable institution known in Spanish as Monte de Piedad (hill of pity), and in French as Mont de Piete, municipal pawnshops where money was loaned on pledges to the poor. These pawnshops are still conducted in many Spanish towns, in America as well as in Europe. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Ahalone Point, some miles to the southeast of San Pedro bay, was no doubt so-named from the abundance of the great sea snails called ahalone, whose iridescent shells, the abandoned dwellings of the dead animals, almost comparable in beauty to the mother-of-pearl, once covered the beaches of the Cahfornia coast with a glittering carpet. The word "once" is used advisedly, for, with our usual easy-going American negligence we have permitted these creatures of the sea, valuable for their edible meat as well as for their exquisitely colored shells, to be nearly destroyed 75 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA by Chinese and Japanese fisheries. That the flesh of the abalone formed a useful part of the food supply of the Indians is evidenced by the large number of shells to be found in the mounds along the shore. In the living state the abalone clings to the rocks on the shore, and its grip is so tenacious that more than one unfortunate per- son, caught by the foot or hand between the shell and the rock, has been held there while death crept slowly upon him in the shape of the rising tide. There is another Abalone Point on the northern coast. Agua Caliente (Hterally ''hot water"), generally used in reference to hot springs. Of these there are many in the state, one on the Indian Reser- vation southeast of Riverside. Agua Caliente was originally a land grant. Alamitos (little cottonwoods), from alamo, a tree of the poplar family indigenous to Cali- fornia. There are several places bearing this name in the state, one a short distance northeast of Santa Ana. Aliso (alder tree), is the name of a place on the Santa Fe Railroad, south of Los Angeles, near the shore, and was probably named for 76 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE the Rancho Canada de los Alisos. It is probably modern. Aziisa is the name of a place in Los Angeles County, twenty miles east of Los Angeles, and was originally applied to the land grant there. It is an Indian place name of a lodge, or rancheria, the original form being Asuksa-gna, the gna an ending which indicates place. Bandini (a surname), is the name of a place a short distance southeast of Los Angeles, on the Santa Fe Railroad. The founder of this family was Jose Bandini, a mariner of Spanish birth, who came to California with war supplies, and finally settled at San Diego. His son, Juan Ban- dini, was a notable character in the history of the state. He held several public offices, took part in revolutions and colonization schemes, and finally espoused the cause of the United States. Ban- croft gives the following resume of his character: "Juan Bandini must be regarded as one of the most prominent men of his time in California. He was a man of fair abilities and education, of generous impulses, of jovial temperament, a most interesting man socially, famous for his gentle- manly manners, of good courage in the midst of 77 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA personal misfortunes, and always well-liked and respected; indeed his record as a citizen was an excellent one. In his struggles against fate and the stupidity of his compatriots he became absurdly diplomatic and tricky as a politician. He w^s an eloquent speaker and fluent writer." Members of the Bandini family still occupy positions of respect and influence in the state and have made some important additions to its his- torical literature. Bolsa (pocket), a term much in use with the Spaniards to signify a shut-in place. Bolsa is in Orange County, twelve miles north by west of Tres Pinos, and was probably named from the land grant, Rancho de las Bolsas. Cahezon (big head) , is the name of a place south- east of Colton. It was probably named for a large-headed Indian chief who lived there at one time and who received this name in pursuance of an Indian custom of fitting names to physical peculiarities. This name is improperly spelled on some maps as Cabazon. Cahuilla, the name of an Indian tribe, probably "Spanishized" in its spelling from Ka-we-a. The valley and village of this name are situated in the 78 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE San Jacinto Forest Reserve, southeast of River- side, and received their name from a tribe who hved, in 1776, on the northern slopes of the San Jacinto Mountains. The word Cahuilla is of uncertain derivation. Calahazas (pumpkins), is northwest of Los Angeles. This is possibly a corruption of an Indian word, Calalmasa, the name of a former Chumash village near the mission of Santa Inez. There is another possibility that this name may have been given to the place by the Spaniards in reference to the wild gourd which grows abun- dantly there and whose fruit may have been con- sidered by them to bear some resemblance to pumpkins, but this is of course mere conjecture. Casa Blanca (white house), is a short distance west of Riverside, on the Santa Fe Railroad, so- called from a large white ranch house once in conspicuous view from the railroad station. Casco (skull), shell or outside part of anything. Fl Casco is situated about twelve miles east of Riverside. Its application here has not been ascertained. Conejo (rabbit), is the name of a number of places in the state, one of them in the Santa 79 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Monica Mountains, another in the Central Valley, on the Santa Fe road. Ciicanionga, is an Indian name, derived from a village in San Bernardino County, forty-two miles by rail east of Los Angeles. It was originally applied to the land grant at that place. Duarte, a surname. Las Flores (the flowers) . At this place there was once a large Indian village, called in the native language Mshmai, the place of roses, from ushla, rose. Garvanza (chick-pea). Hermosa (beautiful), is the name of a town in San Bernardino County, and of a beach in Los Angeles County. Indio, the Spanish word for ''Indian," is the name of a place in Riverside County, near Colton. La Joya (the jewel). Laguna (lagoon). Leon (lion). La Mirada (the view). Los Molinos (the mills, or mill-stones), a name applied to a place east of San Gabriel by the Moraga party of 1819, who went out from the mission on a punitive expedition against the 80 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Amajaba (jNIojave) Indians. Padre Nuez, who accompanied the party, says: "On the return we passed by a place where there was plenty of water, below a hill of red stone, very suitable for mill- stones." The same name, probably for similar reasons, was appHed to other places in the state, among them one in Sonoma County, and Mill Creek in Tehama County, originally called El Rio de I OS Molinos (The River of the Mill-stones). Montalvo (a surname), the name of a place in Ventura County, near Ventura. This name is interesting as being the same as that borne by the author of Las Sergas de Esplandidn, in which the fabulous island of California plays a leading part. Murietta (a surname), the same as that of the noted bandit, Joaquin Murietta, who once ter- rorized California with his depredations. The town of Murietta, however, was not named in honor of this gentleman of unsavory memory, but for Mr. J. Murietta, who is still living in Southern California. Los Nietos (literally ''the grandchildren"), but in this case a surname, that of the Nieto family. Los Nietos was a land grant taken up by Manuel Nieto and Jose Maria Verdugo in 1784. PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Pasadena, said to be derived from the Chippewa Indian language. The full name is said to be Weoqiian Pasadena, and the meaning to be "Crown of the Valley." Let no man believe in the absurd story that it means 'Tass of Eden." Prado (meadow). "The Prado" is also the name of a famous promenade in the city of Madrid. Puente (bridge), in Los Angeles County, was taken from the name of the land grant, Rancho de la Puente. Pulgas Creek (fleas creek). Redondo Beach (round beach), a well-known seaside resort near Los Angeles, is usually sup- posed to have received its name from the curved line of the shore there, but the fact that a land grant occupying that identical spot was called Sausal Redondo (round willow-grove), from a clump of willows growing there accounts for its name. Rivera (river, stream). Rivera was also the name of a pioneer family. Rodeo de las Aguas (gathering of the waters), a name once given to the present site of La Brea Rancho, near Los Angeles, perhaps because there is at that point a natural amphitheatre which 82 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE receives the greater portion of the waters flowing from the neighboring mountains and the Ca- huenga Pass. San Clcmente (St. Clement), the name of the island fifteen miles south of Santa Catalina. The saint for whom this island was named "was con- demned to be cast into the sea bound to an anchor. But when the Christians prayed, the waters were driven back for three miles, and they saw a ruined temple which the sea had covered, and in it was found the body of the saint, with the anchor round his neck. For many years, at the anni- versary of his death, the sea retreated for seven days, and pilgrimages were made to this sub- marine tomb." — {Stories of the Saints.) San Jacinto (St. Hyacinth), was a Silesian nobleman who became a monk, and was noted for his intellectual superiority, as well as for his piety. San Jacinto is the name of a town in River- side County, thirty miles southeast of Riverside, in the fruit region, and of the range of mountains in the same county. San Juan Point (St. John Point). San Mateo Point (St. Matthew Point). San Onofre (St. Onophrius), was a hermit saint 83 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA whose chief claim to sanctity seems to have been that he deprived himself of all the comforts of life and lived for sixty years in the desert, ''during which time he never uttered a word except in prayer, nor saw a human face/' San Pedro (St. Peter), is on San Pedro bay, twenty-six miles south of Los Angeles. St. Peter, the fisherman apostle and companion of St. Paul, is usually represented as the custodian of the keys of Heaven and Hell, one key being of gold and the other of iron. ''There is a legend that the Gentiles shaved his head in mockery, and that from this originated the tonsure of the priests." Peter suffered martyrdom by crucifixion, "but tra- ditions disagree in regard to the place where he suffered." The name Peter is said to signify "a rock." "Thou art Peter, on this rock have I founded My church."— (Matthew, i6, i8.) Saticoy was the name of a former Chumash Indian village on the lower part of Santa Paula River, in Ventura County, about eight miles from the sea. The present town of Saticoy is on the Santa Clara River, in Ventura County, near Ventura. Serra (a surname), probably given in honor of the celebrated founder of the California missions. 84 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE El Toro (the bull). Trabuco Canyon (literally blunderbuss canyon), from trabuco, a short, wide-mouthed gun formerly used by the Spaniards, although this may not be the true derivation of the name in this case. One writer has translated this name as "land much tumbled about," but where he obtained such a meaning remains an impenetrable mystery. Tra- buco may be a surname here. Valle Verde (green valley), incorrectly spelled on the map as Val Verde. Valle Vista (valley view) , is in Riverside County, five miles northwest of San Jacinto. This name is modern and incorrect in construction. Verdugo was named for the Verdugo family, the owners of the Rancho San Rafael, northeast of Los Angeles and near the base of the Verdugo mountains. Jose Maria Verdugo was one of the grantees of the Nietos grant in 1784. Vicente Point (Point Vincent). This point was named in 1793 by George Vancouver, the English explorer, in honor of Friar Vicente Santa Maria, ''one of the reverend fathers of the mission of Buena Ventura." 85 IN THE VICINITY OF V IN THE VICINITY OF SANTA BARBARA Santa Barbara, the charming little town that dreams away its existence among the flowers of its old gardens, on the shore of the sheltered stretch of water formed by the islands lying to the seaward, was named for a noble lady of Hehopohs, the daughter of Dioscorus. She became con- verted to Christianity, and was in consequence cruelly persecuted and finally beheaded by her own father. ''The legend that her father was struck by lightning in punishment for this crime probably caused her to be regarded by the com- mon people as the guardian saint against tempest and fire, and later, by analogy, as the protectress of artillery-men and miners." — (Catholic Ency- clopedia.) For this reason her image was placed over the doors of powder magazines, and her name came at last to be applied to the maga- zines themselves, which are known to the Spanish people as santahdrbaras. Thus is explained the apparent incongruity between the name of the PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA gentle saint and the places for storage of the instruments of savage war. At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards the shores of the Santa Barbara channel probably supported a denser native population than any other part of the state. The gracious climate and never-failing food supply furnished by the gener- ous waters of the ocean, enabled the Indians to live at ease. When Cabrillo entered the channel in 1542, he reported that: ''A great number of Indians issued from the bushes, yelling and dancing, and making signs, inviting us to come on shore. They laid down their bows and arrows and came to the vessel in a good canoe. They possessed boats, large enough to carry twelve or fourteen men, well-constructed of bent planks and cemented with bitumen." These Indians were of a higher order of intelli- gence than those further north, and were skilled in some of the arts, including the making of excellent pottery. They were expert fishermen, using nets for the purpose, and often eating the fish raw. They wore their hair long, tied up with long cords, to which many small daggers of flint, 90 o O 3 "^ ^ > c ^' 3 W THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE wood and bone were attached. They had some notion of music, using a primitive sort of flute, or whistle, made of the hollow bones of birds. They lived in conical houses, which were covered well down to the ground. When Father Serra passed that way, more than two centuries later, he found the same conditions of population, counting as many as twenty populous villages along the channel. He was moved to bitter tears of grief over the delay in establishing a mission where so rich a harvest of souls lay ready to his hand. He died before this dearest wish of his heart was accomphshed, yet Santa Barbara may justly claim the honor of his presence at her birth, for he took part in the establishment of the presidio, which occurred in 1783, three years before the building of the mission. In Palou's Life of Serra he describes that occasion thus: "The party traveled along the coast of the channel, in sight of the islands which form it, and when they judged it to be about half-way, about nine leagues from San Buenaven- tura, they stopped and selected a site for the pre- sidio, in sight of the beach, which there forms a sort of bay, furnishing anchorage for ships. On 93 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA this beach there was a large village of Gentiles. Here the cross was raised, Father Serra blessed it and the land, and held mass. The following day they began to cut wood for the building of the chapel, the priest's house, officials' houses, cuartel, almacenes (storehouses), houses for fam- ilies of married soldiers and the stockade." The mission, which is still in an excellent state of preservation, was not established until December 4, 1786, although Serra looked upon that location as the most desirable in California, and spent the last years of his life in constant efforts to urge on the authorities to the work. That his hopes were realized to the full after his death, and that large numbers of natives, as well as the succeeding white parishioners, knelt before the altar dedicated to the gentle Santa Barbara, is evidenced by the deeply worn marks of several generations of feet to be seen in the wide flight of steps at the entrance. A circumstance that makes Santa Barbara unique among the missions is that within her gardens, hidden behind their secluding walls, there is a ''holy of holies" where no woman's foot is permitted to desecrate the sacred ground. It is quite likely that this rule is kept up by the 94 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE brothers now in charge of the mission, rather through a desire to preserve the traditions of the old church than through any unwarranted pre- judice against the fair sex. SAN BUENAVENTURA San Buenaventura Mission, at the town now called Ventura, stands near the southeastern end of the Santa Barbara channel. It was the last work of the great Serra, and was founded March 31, 1782, by the venerable president himself and Father Cambon. Palou gives us a detailed account of this event in his Life of Serra: ''March 26, the whole party, the largest ever engaged in the founding of a mission, soldiers, settlers, and their families, muleteers, etc., but only two priests. Padres Serra and Cambon, set out .... They went on to the head of the channel, a site near the beach, on whose edge there was a large town of Gentiles, (unbaptized Indians), well built of pyramidal houses made of straw. They raised the cross, erected an arbor to serve as chapel, made an altar and adorned it. On the last day of March 95 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA they took possession and held the first mass. The natives assisted wilhngly in building the chapel, and continued friendly, helping to build a house for the padre, — all of wood. The soldiers began to cut timbers for their houses, and for the stock- ade. They also went to work at once to conduct water by ditches from a neighboring stream, to bring it conveniently near the houses, and to serve to irrigate crops. By means of a neophyte, brought from San Gabriel, they were able to com- municate with the natives, and to let them know that their only purpose in coming here was to direct their souls to Heaven." The patron of this mission was originally named Giovanni Fidanga. When a child he fell very ill, and was taken by his mother to St. Francis to be healed. When the saint saw him recovered he exclaimed: ^'0 buena ventura!" whereupon his mother dedicated him to God by the name of Buenaventura (good fortune). It is a pity that a name of such happy augury should be mutilated by the amputation of its first part, the town and county now appearing as Ventura. 96 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE ASUNCION In the diaries of the Spanish pioneers, a distinct impression is conveyed that the Cahfornia Indians, so far from being morose and taciturn, as their brothers in other parts of the United States are often portrayed, were rather a merry lot, and received the white men everywhere in their long journey up the coast, with music, feasting and the dance. In fact, we run across a complaint now and then that their hospitality was sometimes so insistent that their guests suffered from loss of sleep, the serenading being kept up during the entire night. Their music, no doubt of the most primitive sort, was produced by means of ''a small whistle, sometimes double, sometimes single, about the size and length of a common fife. It was held in the mouth by one end, without the aid of the fingers, and only about two notes could be sounded on it." — (Bancroft, from Cal. Farmer.) Along the Santa Barbara channel the festivities in honor of the strangers were especially hvely. At Asuncion (Ascension), a point on the coast five 97 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA leagues below Carpinteria, they received a recep- tion of which we read in Costanso's diary of the Portola expedition of 1769, date of August 14: ''We reached the coast, and came in sight of a real town, situated on a tongue or point of land, right on the shore, which it dominated, seeming to command the waters. We counted as many as thirty large and capacious houses, spherical in form, well built and thatched with grass. We judged there could not be less than four hundred souls in the town. These natives are well built and of a good disposition, very agile and alert, dili- gent and skillful. Their handiness and ability were at their best in the construction of their canoes, made of good pine boards, well joined and calked, and of a pleasing form. They handle these with equal skill, and three or four men go out to sea in them to fish, for they will hold eight or ten men. They use long, double-bladed paddles, and row with indescribable agility and swiftness. All their work is neat and well finished, and what is most worthy of surprise is that to work the wood and stone they have no other tools than those made of flint .... We saw, and obtained in exchange for strings of glass beads, and other r H E I R M EANING AND ROMANCE trinkets, some baskets or trays made of reeds, with different designs; wooden plates, and bowls of different forms and sizes, made of one piece, so that not even those turned out in a lathe could be more successful. They presented us with a quantity of fish, particularly the kind known as bonito; it had as good a flavor as that caught in the tunny-fisheries of Cartegena de Levante, and on the coasts of Granada. We gave it the name of La Asuncion de Nuestra Senora (the Ascension of Our Lady), because we reached it on the eve of that festival." — (Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart.) EL BAILARIN El Bailarin (the dancer). This spot, one league from Carpinteria, was named in honor of a nimble- footed Indian, who cheered the weary travelers on their way, as thus told by Father Crespi, in his diary of the Portola expedition: "This place was named through the notable fact of an Indian having feasted us extraordinarily tw^o leagues beyond (always coasting the sea-shore), w^here there is a large town on a point of land on the same shore; which Indian was a robust man of 99 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA good form, and a great dancer; through respect for him we called this town, of which our friend was a resident, El Pueblo del Bailarin (the Town of the Dancer)." Rancheria del Baile de las Indias (Village of the Dance of the Indian Women). As a rule, the women seemed to take no part in the dances, but Costanso tells of one occasion when they joined in the festivities: "They honored us with a dance, and it was the first place where we saw the women dance. Two of these excelled the others; they had a bunch of flowers in their hands, and accompanied the dance with various graceful gestures and movements, without getting out of time in their songs. We called the place the Rancheria del Baile de las Indias. " This place was about five leagues from Point Pedernales. CARPINTERIA Carpinteria is the name of a little cluster of houses near the shore about ten miles east of Santa Barbara. It lies in a region once densely populated with natives of very "gentle and mild lOO THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE disposition." The story of its naming is told by Father Crespi, of the Portola party: "Not very far from the town we saw^ some springs of asphaltum. These Indians have many canoes, and at that time w^re constructing one, for which reason the soldiers named this town Carpinteria (carpenter shop), but I baptized it with the name of San Roque.^^ MONTECITO Montecito (little hill or little wood), is the name of a small village about six miles from Santa Barbara. The country in this vicinity, through its extraordinary charm of climate and scenery, has attracted a large number of very rich people, whose splendid country houses, in bizarre con- trast, now occupy the self-same spots where the Indians once raised their flimsy huts of straws SANTA CRUZ ISLAND While traversing the shore of Santa Barbara channel, the Portola expedition of 1769 took time to make trips to the islands and bestow names lOI PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA upon them. The island of Santa Cruz received its name from a rather trivial circumstance. By some chance the padres lost there a staff which bore a cross on the end. They gave it up as irretrievably lost, so were the more pleased when the Indians appeared the following day to restore it. From this they gave the island the name of Santa Cruz (Holy Cross). RANCHERIA DE LA ESPADA Of the Rancheria de la Espada (village of the sword), Captain Fages, of the Portola expedition says: ''Two and a half leagues northwest of Point Conception, another glen is found with a popula- tion of twenty hearths, with 250 Indians, more or less. The natives of the settlement here are extremely poor and starved, so that they can scarcely live, being without canoes, in rugged land, and short of firewood. While here a soldier lost his sword, leaving it carelessly fastened, so that they took it from his belt. But the Indians who saw this theft themselves ran in pursuit of the thief, and deprived him of the article in order that its owner might recover it." From this the 102 THEIR M EANING AND ROMANCE place received the name of the RancJicria de la Espada, and the httle story is still commemor- ated in the name of Espada Landing. MATILIJA Matilija Creek and Matilija Springs, in Ventura County, derive their name from an Indian village, one of those mentioned in the mission archives. The name is best known as applied to the Matilija poppy, that flower of the gods which has its native habitat along the banks of the creek. This giant poppy, by reason of its extraordinary size and delicate beauty, has a just claim to be called "queen of all California's wild flowers," as the Sequoia is king of her trees. It is a perennial plant, of shrubby character, and grows wild in the southern part of the state, from the Santa Maria River southward, extending into Lower California, where it spreads over large areas. It flourishes in particular luxuriance in the MatiHja canyon, but the popular idea that that spot was its only habitat is erroneous. The shrub reaches a height of eight or ten feet, has gray-green foliage, 103 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA and bears splendid, six-petaled white flowers, often six or seven inches in diameter, "of a crepe- like texture, pure glistening white, with bright yellow centers." ''It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion of remote canyons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a steep canyon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly covered with the enormous white flowers." — (Miss Parsons, quoted by J. Burt Davy, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Horticulture.) POINT PEDERNALES Captain Fages, of the Portola party, says of this place: ''Going two leagues through high land, and with a good outlook over the sea-coast, a flowing stream appears, with very good water, and near it a poor settlement of only ten houses, probably numbering about sixty inhabitants, crowded together. We stopped at the place near where a strip or point of land extends to the sea. There we gathered a multitude of flints, good for fire-arms, and so this place is called Los Pedernales (the flints)." 104 T H K 1 R M i: A N I N G A N 1) R O M A N C E Point Pedernales still remains as the name of ''that point of land extending into the sea," a few miles north of Point Conception. CAMULOS Caniulos, also spelled Kamulas, was the name of an Indian village near San Buenaventura. This village is among those mentioned in the mission archives, and is noted as the home of Ramona, the heroine of Mrs. Helen Hunt Jack- son's romance. The meaning of the word C amnios, according to Professor A.L. Kroeber,is "my fruit." SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Los Alamos (the cottonw^oods), is in Santa Barbara County, northwest of Santa Barbara. The alamo is a species of poplar tree indigenous to California and widely spread throughout the state. Arguello Point is on the coast of Santa Barbara County, just south of Point Pedernales. Arguello is a surname, that of a pioneer family, of which 105 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Jose Dario Arguello was the founder. "For many years Don Jose was the most prominent, influential and respected man in CaKfornia." — (Bancroft.) Arguello Point was named by Vancouver in honor of the Spanish governor. — (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) El Cojo (the lame one). This place, near Point Conception, was so-named by the Spaniards because they saw here an Indian chief who was lame. Point Concepcion, the point at the southwestern extremity of Santa Barbara County, was so-named in reference to the "immaculate conception" of the Virgin. Los Dos Pueblos (the two towns) , is on the coast a few miles west of Santa Barbara. On October 1 6, 1542, the Cabrillo expedition anchored oppo- site two Indian villages here, and named the place Los Dos Pueblos. "Although these villages were separated only by a small stream, their inhabit- ants were of a different race and language, those on one side being short, thick and swarthy, and on the other tall, slender and not so dark. The depth of the kitchen refuse at the site of these 106 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE two towns indicates that these Indians had lived here since the Christian era and were contem- porary with the mound builders." — (History of Santa Barbara County.) Gaviota (sea-gull), is on the shore a few miles west of Santa Barbara. Father Crespi mentions having given this name to another place further down the coast: "We reached an estuary, on whose border stood a rancheria of fifty-two huts, with three hundred people. For having killed a sea-gull here, the soldiers called this place La Gav- iota, but I named it San Luis Rey de Francia.^^ As San Luis Rey it has remained upon the map. Gaviota Pass is an important gap in the Santa Inez range. Every one who has crossed the bay of San Francisco in the winter season must have rejoiced in the sight of the flying convoy of those beautiful creatures, the gaviotas, by which each ferry-boat is accompanied. Goleta (schooner), is the name of a village in Santa Barbara County, seven miles west of Santa Barbara. Guadalupe (a Christian name). The town is near the northern border of Santa Barbara County. 107 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Lompoc is one of the names of Indian villages taken from the mission archives. It is situated fifty miles northwest of Santa Barbara, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Nojoqui, in Santa Barbara County, was pre- sumably the name of an Indian village. Los Olivos (the olives), is in Santa Barbara County, on the Coast Line Railroad. La Piedra Pintada (the painted rock), is about eighty miles from Santa Barbara. Here there was a stone wigwam, forty or fifty yards in diameter, whose walls were covered with paintings in the form of halos and circles, with radiations from the center. — {History of Santa Barbara County.) Punta Gorda (fat or broad point), is one of the points of land running into the sea from the Santa Barbara Coast. Its name indicates its shape. Punta de las Ritas (point of the rites), perhaps refers to some religious ceremony held upon that spot. Rincon Point (corner point), is one of the many points of land running out from the Santa Barbara Coast. Point Sal, was named for Hermenegi do Sal, who was one of the prominent figures in the early 1 08 T HEIR M K A N I N G A N I) R O M A N C K history of Southern CaHfornia. He was a Spanish soldier who came to this coast in 1776 with Anza and his party of colonists. Sal filled many im- portant military offices. This point was named by A^ancouver for this official, who was at one time commandante of the presidio of San P>ancisco, in return for signal courtesies shown by him in 1792, when he permitted Vancouver to go to the mission of Santa Clara, this being the first occasion when this part of Spanish America was penetrated by any foreigner. Sal Si Pnedes (get out if you can). Several places in the state, one in the Santa Cruz Moun- tains, another in Santa Barbara County, received this name, so eloquent of the rough road that the Spaniards sometimes had to travel. Captain Argiiello, in his diary of the expedition of 1821, refers to his struggles in getting out of a certain canyon in these terms: "On account of its diffi- cult situation it was named Montana de Maltrato y Arroyo dc Sal si Fuedes'' (mountain of ill-treat- ment and creek of get out if you can). Santa Inez (St. Agnes), is the name of a river in Santa Barbara County which rises in the coast range and falls into the Pacific Ocean about ten 109 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA miles north of Cape Conception. The town of the same name is situated on this river. The Mission Santa Inez was founded September 17, 1804, by Padres Tapis, Calzada and Gutierrez. It flourished for a time, but was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 181 2, was rebuilt and damaged again by the Indians in the revolt of 1824, and its partially ruined buildings still remain to tell of a vanished past. Its patroness, St. Agnes, was one of the four great virgin martyrs of the Latin Church. She was a Roman maiden of great beauty, and was condemned to death by the sword, by the Prefect Sempronius, in revenge for her refusal to marry his son, on the ground that she was "already affianced to a husband whom she loved, meaning Jesus." Before causing her death Sempronius attempted to procure her dishonor by having her conveyed to a house of infamy, ''but when she prayed to Christ that she might not be dishonored, she saw before her a shining white garment which she put on with joy, and the room was filled with great light." Santa Maria (St. Mary), so-named in honor of the mother of Christ, is in Santa Barbara County, near the Santa Maria River. no THEIR MEANING AND R O M A N C E Santa Paula (St. Paula), is in Ventura County, thirty-five miles west of San Fernando, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. ''St. Paula was a noble Roman matron, a pupil and disciple of St. Jerome. Though descended from the Scipios and the Gracchi, and accustomed to luxurious self- indulgence, she preferred to follow her saintly teacher to Bethlehem and devote herself to a relig- ious life. She built a monastery, a hospital, and three nunneries at Bethlehem." — (Stories of the Saints.) Sereno (serene), a place on the shore near Santa Barbara, whose placid charm well befits its name. Ventura (fortune), a town near the southeastern end of the Santa Barbara channel. 113 THE SAN LUIS OBISPO GROUP EV-B-O^ «a^-v. .d]£ VI THE SAN LUIS OBISPO GROUP San Luis Obispo (St. Louis the Bishop). Trav- elers on the Coast Line, whose attention is at- tracted to the smiHng vale where the pretty town of San Luis Obispo nestles in the hollow of the hills, about eight miles from the ocean and ninety to the northwest of Santa Barbara, will doubtless be pleased to learn something of its history. So peaceful is the aspect of the valley at this time that it comes rather as a surprise to read, in the diaries of the Portola expedition of 1769, stories of fierce fights with bears, which then haunted this place in such numbers that the explorers gave it the name of La Canada de los Osos (the glen of the bears). From Father Crespi we get some account of the numbers and ferocity of these animals: 'Tn this glen we saw troops of bears, which have the ground ploughed up and full of scratches which they make in search of the roots that form their food. Upon these roots, of which there are many of a good savor and taste, the 117 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Gentiles (unbaptized Indians), also live. The soldiers, who went out to hunt, succeeded in kill- ing one bear with gun-shots, and experienced the ferocity of these animals. Upon feeling them- selves wounded they attack the hunter at full speed, and he can only escape by using the greatest dexterity. They do not yield except when the shot succeeds in reaching the head or heart. The one that the soldiers killed received nine balls before falling, and did not fall until one struck him in the head." Captain Fages, of the same expedition, gives a similar account " .... a spacious glen with a rivulet of very good water .... In said glen they saw whole herds of bears, which have ploughed up all the ground, where they dug to seek their livelihood from the roots that it produces. They are ferocious brutes, and of very difhcult hunting, throwing themselves with in- credible speed and anger upon the hunter, who only escapes by means of a swift horse. They do not yield to the shot unless it be in the head or heart." Miguel Costanso, of the same party, says: 'Tn the afternoon, as they had seen many tracks ii8 d. X THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE of bears, six soldiers went out hunting on horse- back, and succeeded in shooting one bear. It was an enormous animal; it measured fourteen palms from the sole of the feet to the top of its head; its feet were more than a foot long; and it must have weighed over 375 pounds. We ate the flesh and found it savory and good." — Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart.) At a later date, when the mission at Monterey was in serious danger of a famine. Captain Fages called to mind the experiences in the Canada de los Osos, and headed a hunting expedition to that region for the purpose of securing a supply of bear meat. The party succeeded in killing a considerable number of the animals, and were thus able to relieve the scarcity at Monterey. The name of Los Osos (the bears), is still applied to a valley in the vicinity of San Luis Obispo. Finding this spot highly suitable for a settle- ment, in the matters of climate, arable land and water, points always carefully considered by the padres, the mission of San Luis Obispo de Tolosa (St. Louis the Bishop of Toulouse), was estab- lished by Padre Serra, September i, 1772, in La Canada de los Osos. In the usual course of events, 121 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA the name of the mission was extended to the town and finally to the county. The story of the patron saint of this mission runs as follows: ''St. Louis of Toulouse was the nephew of St. Louis King of France, and son of the King of Naples and Sicily. Like his kingly uncle-saint, he was piously reared by his mother. When he was but fourteen, his father, being made prisoner by the King of Aragon, gave Louis and his brother as hostages. He became wearied of everything but religion, and in 1294, when he was made free, he gave all his royal rights to his brother Robert, and became a monk of the Order of St. Francis. He was then twenty-two years old. Soon he was made Bishop of Toulouse; and he set out, bare-footed and clothed as a friar, to take his new office. He went into Provence on a charitable mission, and died at the castle of Brignolles, where he was born. He was first buried at Marseilles, then removed to Valencia, where he was enshrined. His pictures represent him as young, beardless, and of gentle face. He has the fleur-de-lys embroidered on his cope, or on some part of his dress. The crown which he gave away lies at his feet, while he 122 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE wears the mitre of a bishop." — {Stories of the Saints.) SAN MIGUEL San Miguel (St. Michael), situated about forty- seven miles northeast of San Luis Obispo, is the site of Mission San Miguel, founded July 25, 1797, by Padres Lasuen and Sitjar. It is said that ''the lands of this mission extended from the Tulares on the east to the sea on the west, and from the north boundary of the San Luis Obispo district to the south line of San Antonio. It had its work-shops and little factories where the good padres taught the Indians the useful arts. Its property was confiscated in 1836, and sold at auction in 1846." St. Michael, in whose honor this mission was named, "is regarded as the first and mightiest of all created spirits. He it was whom God com- missioned to expel Satan and the rebellious angels from Heaven. His ofiice now is believed to be two-fold, including that of patron saint of the Church on earth, and Lord of the souls of the dead; presenting the good to God and sending 123 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA the evil and wicked away to torment." In pic- tures St. Michael is always represented as young and beautiful, sometimes as the Lord of souls in pictures of death, sometimes in armor as the conqueror of Satan. PASO DE ROBLES Paso de Robles (pass of the oaks), known far and wide for its hot sulphur springs, where the sick of many lands find surcease from their pain, is situated twenty-nine miles north of San Luis Obispo. It was named for the reason indicated by Father Crespi, who says: " .... in a valley in the hollow of the Santa Lucia Moun- tains, called Los Robles, for the great abundance of these trees with which it is populated." It should be explained that the roble is not the evergreen, or live-oak, which is called encino. At Leland Stanford Jr. University the names of these two species of oaks have been rathei poetically used for the students' dormitories, — Encina Hall for the men, and Roble Hall for the women. 124 HB- X:^^- c o ^> ^^Mj^ m ^ THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Arroyo Grande (big creek), a village in San Luis Obispo County, fifteen miles southeast of San Luis Obispo. Atascadero (boggy ground, quagmire). Avenal (a field sown with oats). Biiclwn (big craw), is the name of the point on the coast directly opposite the town of San Luis Obispo, and has a significance not altogether agreeable. The Spanish soldiers called the place Buchon from an Indian in the neighborhood who was the unfortunate possessor of an enormous goitre, which was so large that it hung down upon his breast. Canada del Osito (glen of the little bear), so- called because some Indians from the mountains offered the Spaniards a present of a bear cub. CajMcos is the name of a village in San Luis Obispo County, eighteen miles northwest of San Luis Obispo. The word cayuco is probably Indian in origin, and is used in different senses in different parts of America. In Venezuela it means a small fishing boat, built to hold only one person, while 127 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA in Cuba it means '^head." As this place is on the shore, it was probably named in reference to Indian fishing skiffs. Cholame (the name of an Indian tribe). Ciiesta (hill, mount, ridge, also family name). Ester OS (estuaries, creeks into which the tide flows at flood time). Ester Point (estuary point). Estrella (star). Lopez (a surname). Morro (headland, bluff). Morro is the name of a hamlet in San Luis Obispo County, on the shore, twelve miles northwest of San Luis Obispo. Nacimiento (birth). This word is generally used by the Spaniards in the sense of the birth of Christ. Los Osos (the bears). Piedras Blancas (white stones, or rocks), the name of a point on the coast. Pismo, an Indian word said to mean "place of fish", but this definition is not based upon scientific authority. Pozo (well, or pool), is the name of a village in San Luis Obispo County. San Simeon (St. Simeon), is the name of a 128 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE village in San Luis Obispo County, on the shore twenty miles south of Jolon. It has a good harbor. St. Simeon, the patron saint of this place, was one of the apostles, and is called "the Prophet" because he was the translator of the book of Isaiah in which is made the prophecy "Behold a virgin shall conceive." St. Simeon Stylites, who set the fashion of the pillar-hermits, spent almost half of the fifth century on the summit of a column sixty feet in height, drawing up his meager food and water in a pail which he lowered for the purpose. This peculiar and apparently senseless mode of life has been partially justified by the reflection that the notoriety he thus gained brought curious crowds of pagans about his pillar, to whom he was enabled to preach the Christian doctrine. It is said that he converted many thousands of the nomadic Saracen tribes to Christianity. Santa Lucia (St. Lucy), is the name of a section of the coast range of mountains in the central part of the state. St. Lucy is the protectress against all diseases of the eye, and is the patroness of the laboring poor. Santa Margarita (St. Margaret), is the name of 129 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA a town in San Luis Obispo County, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. St. Margaret is the patroness who presides over births. 130 IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MONTEREY L~~-Ljf^' V ? ^ -k VII IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MONTEREY Monterey. "Lleganios a este piierto de Monterey a 1 6 de Diciembre, 1602 a las siete de la noche^^ (We arrived at this port of Monterey on the six- teenth of December, 1602, at seven o'clock in the evening). — (From the diary of Sebastian Viz- caino.) When Vizcaino sailed into the beautiful blue bay of Monterey, and looked about him at the ring of hills, dark with the dense growth of pines covering them from summit to base, he became at once enamored with the place, and wrote enthusiastically to his Spanish Majesty concern- ing it. In a letter of the date of May 23, 1603, he says: ''Among the ports of most importance which I found was one in latitude 37, which I named Monterrey. As I wrote to your majesty from there on the twenty-eighth of September of the said year, it is all that can be desired for the convenience and sea-port of the ships of the Philippine line, whence they come to explore this PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA coast. The port is sheltered from all winds, and has on the shore many pines to supply the ships with masts of any size that they may wish, and also live-oaks, oaks, rosemary, rock-roses, roses of Alexandria, good hunting of rabbits, hares, partridges and flying birds of different sorts. The land is of mild temperature, and of good waters, and very fertile, judging by the luxuriant growth of the trees and plants, for I saw some fruits from them, particularly of chestnuts and acorns, larger than those of Spain; and it is well- populated with people, whose disposition I saw to be soft, gentle, docile, and very fit to be reduced to the Holy Church. Their food is of many and various seeds that they have and also wild game, such as deer, some of which are larger than cows, also bears, and cattle and buffalo, and many others. The Indians are of good body, white of countenance, and the women somewhat smaller, and well-favored. Their dress is of the people of the beach, of the skins of seals, of which there are an abundance, which they tan and prepare better than in Spain.'' At first thought it would seem that Vizcaino must have been in error about finding buffalo 134 T H E 1 R M E A N 1 N G AND ROMANCE at Monterey, but investigation shows that in 1530 those animals "ranged through what is now New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." — {Handbook of American Indians.) Oregon is not so far away but that scattering herds may have wandered as far as Monterey, and that Vizcaino actually saw them there. It has been suggested, also, that he may have mistaken the tracks of the great elk for those of buffalo. In calling the Indians "white," he was, no doubt, speaking comparatively. Ac- cording to the diaries of the Spaniards, the natives of different sections varied considerably in com-- plexion. What he meant by "chestnuts" can only be conjectured, since that tree is not indigenous to Monterey, but it is possible that the nut of the wild buck-eye, which resembles the chestnut in size and shape, may have been mis- taken for it by the Spaniards. Vizcaino named the port in honor of Caspar de Zuniga, Count of Monterey, at that time Viceroy of Mexico. The word itself, whose literal meaning is "the King's wood," or "the King's mountain," since monte may be used in either sense, was for- merly spelled Monterrey, Monterey, or Monte Rey. 137 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA When Father Serra arrived at Monterey in 1770, he decided to make it the headquarters of all the California missions, and it was there that the rest of his life was spent, excepting the periods of absence required in visiting the other missions, and in one visit to Mexico. Very shortly after the landing of the party in a little cove at the edge of the present town, it was decided that not enough arable land existed at that point for the support of the mission, so the religious estab- lishment was removed to Carmel Bay, w^hile the Presidio and its chapel remained at Monterey. The Mission San Carlos Borromeo (St. Charles Borromeo), was founded June 3, 1770, near the shore of the charming little bay of Carmel, about seven miles from Monterey. This church, now in an excellent state of repair, through the efforts of the late Father Angelo Casanova, is distin- guished above all the others, ''for under its altar lies buried all that is mortal of the remains of its venerable founder, Junipero Serra." Its patron saint, St. Charles Borromeo, belonged to a noble family of Lombardy. Being a second son, he was dedicated to the church at a very early age, and soon rose to distinction, receiving 138 •^' '"^k-.f THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE the cardinal's hat at twenty-three. The death of his elder brother placed the family fortune at his disposal, but he gave it all in charity, reserving for himself merely enough for bread and water, and straw on which to sleep. In public he gave feasts, but never partook of them himself. At the time of the plague in Milan, when all others fled from the city, he remained to attend the sick. His remains repose in a rich shrine in that city. SAN ANTONIO At San Antonio (St. Anthony), in Monterey County, between Kings City and Jolon, Father Serra established the mission of San Antonio de Padua, July 14, 1771. In connection with its establishment, Palou tells a story that brings out one of the most marked characteristics of the venerable founder, — his ardent enthusiasm: 'They [the founding party] departed for the Santa Lucia Mountains, taking priests for the new mission, the required escort of soldiers, and all necessaries. Twenty-five leagues south-south- east from Monterey, they arrix^d at the hollow 141 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA of this ridge, where they found a great Canada, which they called Robles (oaks), from the great number of those trees. Finding a level plain in the same Canada, bordering on a river which they called San Antonio, and which they thought to be a good site, for the good flow of water, even in the dry month of July, which could be conducted to the lands without difficulty, all agreed upon the choice of this spot. Serra ordered the mules to be unloaded, and the bells to be hung up on the branch of a tree. As soon as they were hung up, he began to ring them, crying out, 'Ho! Gentiles, come, come to the Holy Church, come to receive the faith of Jesus Christ!'" One of the other priests remonstrated with him, saying it was idle to ring the bells in the absence of the gentiles, but Serra said, "Let me ring, let me reheve my heart, so that all the wild people in this mountain range may hear!" It happened that some natives were attracted by the ringing of the bells, and came to witness the first mass, which Serra re- garded as a good augury. St. Anthony of Padua, the patron of this place, was a Portuguese by birth, who entered the Fran- ciscan Order. He went as a missionary to the 142 THEIR M E A N I N G AN T) R O M A N C E Moors, but was compelled by illness to return to Europe, where he had great success in Italy and France as a preacher. Among many miracles accredited to him is the one thus related: ''When preaching at the funeral of a very rich man, St. Anthony denounced his love of money, and exclaimed, 'His heart is buried in his treasure chest; go seek it there and you will find it.' The friends of the man broke open the chest, and to their surprise, found the heart; they then examined his body and found that his heart was indeed wanting." — {Stories of the Saints.) POINT CYPRESS La Punta de los Cipreses (Point Cypress), is the home of those wonderful trees, twisted and gnarled into a thousand fantastic shapes by their age-long struggle against the ocean winds, which furnish yet another proof of the part played by Cahfornia in the preservation of the rare and the unique, for this species of coniferous tree is said to be confined to that region, not occurring in any other part of the world. 145 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA The following interesting paragraph on these trees is quoted from The Trees of California^ by Wilhs Linn Jepsen, Asst. Professor of Dendrology in the University of California: ^'Cupressus Macro- car pa is limited to two locahties on the ocean shore at the mouth of the Carmel river near Monterey. The Cypress Point grove extends along the cliffs and low bluffs from Pescadero Point to Cypress Point, a distance of two miles, reaching inland about one-eighth of a mile. The Point Lobos grove is much smaller. The trees are scattered over the summits of two headlands, and cling to the edges of the cliffs, where on account of the erosive action of the ocean, they are occasionally under-mined and fall into the sea. Monterey Cypress is most interesting for its remarkably restricted natural range and the exceedingly picturesque outlines characteristic of the trees growing on the ocean shore. As a result of their struggle with violent storms from the Pacific Ocean which break on the unprotected cliffs and headlands of C>^ress Point and Point Lobos, they present a variety and singularity of form which is obviously connected with their exposed habitat, and lends a never-failing interest to these 146 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE two narrow localities. Of the highly picturesque trees, the most common type is that with long irregular arms. Such trees recall most strikingly the classical pictures of the Cedars of Lebanon. Monterey Cypress is of course a genuine cypress and Lebanon Cedar a genuine cedar; the two do not even belong to the same family of conifers. Yet the popular story that the two are the same makes so strong an appeal to the imagination of the tourist at Monterey that the guides and pro- moters in the region will doubtless never cease to disseminate it. As a consequence the error goes into the daily press and the magazines, and is evidently destined to flourish in perennial green- ness under the guise of fact. The wide dissemina- tion of this fiction is all the more remarkable in that in the case of all other unique features of the state, such as the Sequoias and the Yosemite, our Californians have evinced a remarkable pride in their possession, without thought of inventing a duplication of them elsewhere .... The matter of the age of these trees has been much exaggerated. It is a tree of rapid growth, and the older specimens are probably not more than 200 or 300 years old." 147 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA The above paragraph, quoted from a writer acknowledged to be one of the best authorities on the trees of Cahfornia, is given here in full, in the hope of correcting these two common errors concerning the Monterey Cypress, — the one that it is identical with the Cedar of Lebanon, the other, an exaggerated notion of the great age of some of the trees. As Professor Jepsen justly remarks, the truth in this case is a greater matter for pride than the fiction. POINT PINOS La Punta de Finos (the point of pines), is situ- ated a few miles from Monterey, just beyond Pacific Grove. It is one of the most picturesque points on the coast, and is the location of one of the government light-houses. SALINAS When the Portola expedition of 1769 arrived at the Salinas River, they made the first of the series of errors which caused them to pass by the 148 ON THE SHORE NEAR LA PUNTA DE LOS CIPRESES. "The home of those wonderful trees, twisted into a thousand fantastic sha{)es by their age-long struggle with the ocean winds." THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE bay of Monterey without recognizing it, for they mistook this stream for the Carmel. The Salinas (salt marshes), so-called for the chain of salt- water ponds lying along its course, was known by various names before a permanent one became attached to it, appearing at different times as El Rio Elzeario, Santa Delfina, and El Rio de Monterey. The town of Salinas is the county-seat of Monterey County and is situated about eighteen miles east of Monterey, in the heart of an im- portant agricultural, dairying, and sugar-beet district. SOLED AD Soledad (solitude), in Monterey County, 143 miles southeast of San Francisco, is described as "a very dry plain, with few trees, swept by fierce winds and dust storms in summer." No wonder they called it Soledad, — Lonesometown ! Yet those same dry plains proved to be of sufficient fertility to warrant the establishment, in 1 791, of the mission of Xucstra Se flora de la Soledad, freely translated as '^Our Lady of Sor- 151 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA rows," which became the center of a large and prosperous Indian community. The buildings of the mission have now fallen into almost complete decay. pAjaro Pdjaro (bird), a town in Monterey County, on the Pajaro River, which rises on the slope of the Coast Range, and flows westerly, falling into Monterey Bay, derives its name from a circum- stance told in the diary of the faithful Father Crespi: "We saw in this place a bird, which the Gentiles (unbaptized Indians), had killed and stuffed with straw, and which appeared to some [of the party] to be a royal eagle ; it was measured from tip to tip of the wings, and was found to measure eleven palms (nine feet and three inches) , for which reason the soldiers called the place El Rio del Pdjaro.^^ The scream of the eagle may still be heard in the more remote parts of the Santa Cruz Mountains, where the great birds are occasionally seen circling far over-head, or perched in the tops of the tallest trees. 152 THEIR M E A N I N G AND R O M A N C E SANTA CRUZ Santa Cruz (holy cross), the well-known sea- side resort lying at the northern hook of the great curve that forms Monterey Bay, was named by the Portola expedition, as thus described by Father Crespi: "We camped on the north side of the river [San Lorenzo] , and we had a great deal of work to cut down trees to open a little passage for our beasts .... Not far from the river we saw a fertile spot where the grass was not burnt, and it was a pleasure to see the pasture and the variety of herbs and rose-bushes of Castile." The next day they moved on again, and the diary continues: ''After proceeding about five hundred steps, we passed a large stream of running water, which has its source among some high hills and passes through some great table- lands of good soil, that may easily be irrigated by the waters of the said creek. This creek was named Santa Cruz.''' A mission was established at this place by Padres Salazar and Lopez, September 25, 1791, but the buildings finally fell into a ruinous con- 153 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNITA dition, and were removed to give place to the modern church which now stands upon the original site. SAN JUAN BAUTISTA San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist), has suffered mutilation by the dropping of its last part, and usually appears as San Juan. San Juan is a small town in San Benito County, in a fertile valley on the San Benito River, forty-four miles southeast of San Jose. At this place the mission of San Juan Bautista was founded, June 24, 1797. Although this mission passed through some strenuous experiences, and was twice attacked by the Indians, and somewhat damaged by re- peated earthquakes in 1800, it is still moderately well preserved. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Agua Amargosa (bitter water), a place in San Benito County now known by its English trans- lation, ''Bitter Water," and so-called from mineral springs. 154 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Am Neiivo (new year), is the name of a prom- inent cape running out from the shore of Santa Cruz County, where one of the coast light-houses is situated. It received its name from the day of its discovery. Arroyo Seco (dry creek). The Arroyo Seco, rising in the Santa Lucia Range and flowing northeasterly into the Salinas River, is probably the most remarkable example of terrace formation to be found among the streams of the state. There are other Arroyo Secos in the state, one near Los Angeles which is very striking in its color effects. Blanco (white), is a town in Monterey County which may have received its name from Thomas B. Blanco, a pioneer and grantee of land in that county. Canada Segunda (second valley). Cerro del Venado (hill of the deer). Chualar is a village in Monterey County, in the Salinas valley, 128 miles southeast of San Francisco. The chual is a wild plant of Cali- fornia, — pig- weed or goose-foot, — and chualar is a spot abounding in chual plants. Corral (yard, enclosed place). On October 11, 157 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA 1769, the Portola party stopped at a place about a league from the Pajaro River, where they con- structed a fence between a lake and a low hill, in order to keep the animals secure at night without the need of many watchmen. Palou, in his Life of Serra, says: ''The first expedition called this place the Corral, on account of having built there, with some sticks nailed together, a pasture in the manner of a yard, in order to keep the animals safe at night. This was of great assist- ance, for there were so many sick that there were not enough [people] to guard the animals." In different parts of the state there were many Corrals and Corralitos (little yards). Sometimes the enclosing fence was made of stones, when more convenient, and the enclosure was then called Corral de Piedra (stone corral) ; sometimes a barricade of earth was thrown up, and it was then called Corral de Tierra (earth corral) . Corral de Tierra is the name of a well-known ranch near Monterey. In the days of old, many a joyous merienda (picnic) and barbecue was held at the Corral de Tierra Rancho. Corralitos (little cor- rals), is in Santa Cruz County, fourteen miles east of Santa Cruz. 158 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Gabildn, also spelled Gavildn (hawk), is the name of the long mountain ridge, a branch of the Coast Range, which extends through the counties of San Mateo and Santa Cruz. Gonzales (a surname) . This place is in Monterey County, in the Salinas valley, seventeen miles southeast of Salinas. Gorda (fat, thick). Las Grullas (the cranes). In the diaries of the Portola expedition, date of October 7, 1769, we read: "We pitched our camp between some low hills near a pond, where we saw a great number of cranes, the first we had seen on this journey." This was about four leagues from the Pajaro River. Jolon, a word of doubtful origin, which has been variously explained. It is thought by some persons to be a corruption of Jalon, a proper name, but old Spanish residents say it is an Indian word, meaning ''valley of dead oaks." Llanada (a plain, level ground). This place is in San Benito County. Laufeles (laurels). Los Laureles is the name of a ranch near Monterey. The wild laurel is a shrub common to many parts of the state. 159 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Lohos (wolves), generally used on this coast in the sense of loho marino, (sea- wolf, or seal). There is a Punta de Lohos (seal point), near Monterey which is noted for the bold grandeur of its ocean scenery, as well as for its seals. Loma Prieta (dark hill), is the name of a peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Moro Cojo (hterally ''lame Moor"), is the name of a well-known ranch in Monterey County. The Spaniards were in the habit of using moro to mean anything black, and in this case, according to old residents, the ranch was named for a lame black horse that ran wild there. Natividad (nativity of Christ), is the name of a town in Monterey County, about one hun- dred miles southeast of San Francisco. Paicines is in San Benito County. This is a word of doubtful origin, and many theories have been advanced to account for it. The most probable is that given by an Indian woman, a resident of the place, who says it was the name of an Indian tribe. The word is also sometimes spelled Pajines. See Tres Pinos, page 98. Panocha is in San Benito County. This is a 160 THEIR M E A N I N G AND R O M A N C E word applied to crude sugar, or syrup, somewhat resembling sorghum. Probably modern. Par also Springs (paradise springs), is a health resort in Monterey County. Pleito (quarrel, argument, lawsuit). This place is in Monterey County. It has not been possible to ascertain the application of its name. Potrero (pasture). There were many potreros scattered about the state. Puentes (bridges). This place, two leagues from the San Lorenzo River, was reached by the Portola party October i8, 1769, and the reason for its naming is explained by Miguel Costanso: '^ These canyons contained running water in very deep ditches, over which it was necessary to lay bridges of logs, covered with earth and bundles of sticks, so that the pack animals could cross. The place was called Las Puentes. ^^ San Benito (St. Benedict), was named in honor of the founder of the great order of Benedictines. San Benito Creek was named in 1772 by Father Crespi, and the name was eventually applied to the county. The town of San Benito is on the Salinas River, sixty miles southeast of Monterey. It is said of St. Benedict that he became a hermit 161 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA at the age of fifteen and fled to the wilderness, where he Hved on bread and water. While there he was tempted by the remembrance of a beau- tiful woman he had seen in Rome, and to over- come his wish to see her again ''he flung himself into a thicket of briers and thorns, and rolled himself therein until he was torn and bleeding. At the monastery of Subiaco they show roses, said to have been propagated from these briers." San Lucas (St. Luke), is in Monterey County, sixty miles southeast of Salinas. St. Luke was the disciple of Paul, who speaks of him as "Luke, the beloved physician," but tradition reports him to have been an artist, and that he always carried with him two portraits, one of the Saviour and the other of Mary. Doubtless for this reason he is regarded as the patron of artists and acade- mies of art. Sur (south). Point Sur (south point), on the coast south of Monterey, is a bold promontory where a light-house was placed by the govern- ment, in consequence of the frequent occurrence of shipwrecks there. The Sur River runs through a region remarkable for the wild pic- turesqueness of its scenery, and for the strange 162 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE tales told of happenings among its early inhabitants. Toro (bull), is the name of a ranch near Monte- rey, said to have been so-called after a wild bull. Tres Pinos (three pines), a place in San Benito County, one hundred miles southeast of San Fran- cisco. Postmaster Black, of Tres Pinos, gives us the following history of the naming of this place : "The name was originally applied to what is now known as Paicines, but when the railroad came to this place they appropriated the name of Tres Pinos, hence it has no significance as applied to this town. The name was given the stopping- place now know^n as Paicines because of three pines alleged to have grown on the banks of the Tres Pinos creek near that place. Paicines, then Tres Pinos, was the scene of the Vasquez raid and murders in the early '70's." Uvas (grapes), the name of a town and creek in the Santa Cruz Mountains, no doubt so-called from the abundance of wild grapes found in that locality. 163 THE SANTA CLARA IVALLEY „_^ VIII THE SANTA CLARA VALLEY Santa Clara. When the Spaniards passed through this valley, they were not slow to recog- nize in it one of those favored spots on the earth's surface where climate and soil unite to produce the highest results. So here they founded two missions, one at Santa Clara, and one at San Jose. Santa Clara (St. Clara), stands in one of the most fertile valleys in California, which is equiva- lent to saying in the whole world, and is about forty-six miles south-southeast of San Francisco. The mission was founded by Padres Peiia and Murguia, January 12, 1777. The buildings now standing are mainly modern, but a small portion of the original structure being incorporated in them. The ceiling over the sanctuary is original, and a small part of the adobe buildings. Clara de Asis, the sweet saint for whom this mission was named, was the daughter of a noble- man. Her beauty and wealth brought her many offers of marriage, all of which she refused, 167 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA preferring to devote herself to a religious life. She became the founder of the order of Franciscan nuns, known as the "Poor Clares," to which many noble ladies attached themselves. The rules of the order were so strict that St. Clara's health finally became undermined, and she died in an ecstatic trance, believing herself called to Heaven by angelic voices. Her special symbol is the lily, peculiarly appropriate for the patroness of the ever-blooming Santa Clara Valley. SAN JOSE San Jose (St. Joseph), enjoys the distinction of having been the first white colony planted in the state by the Spaniards, although when we read the complaints of the padres concerning the highly undesirable character of its first settlers, recruited mainly from the criminal classes of Sonora, the distinction would seem to be of rather a doubtful sort. Spurred on by the old bogie of their fear of foreign invasion, the Spanish government decided to establish colonies of white settlers, believing i68 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE that their hold upon the country would be ren- dered more secure by this means. The pueblo of San Jose de Guadalupe, founded November 29, 1777, by Lieutenant Jose Moraga, then in com- mand at San Francisco, under orders from Gov- ernor Neve, was originally located on a site about a mile and a quarter distant from the present city, but was removed in 1797, in consequence of the discovery that the low-lying ground of its first location was often submerged during the w^inter rains. The people of the pueblo were compelled to travel a distance of three miles to attend mass at the Santa Clara Mission, and in order to make this journey more agreeable. Father Maguin de Catala laid out the alameda between the tw^o places, planting a fine avenue of willow trees which once comforted the wayfarer with their grateful shade. The original trees have now practically all disappeared and others have taken their places in part. The old alameda has vanished. Not until 1797 was the mission of San Jose founded, on a spot some fourteen miles distant from the pueblo. The padres had no keen desire to place the missions in close proximity to the pueblos, fearing the evil influence on the Indians 171 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA of a bad class of white men, besides other inevitable complications, such as the mixing up of cattle. Father Engelhard t, in his History of the California Missions^ tells the story of the founding of the Mission San Jose thus: "Here, on Trinity Sun- day, June II, 1797, Father Lasuen raised and blessed the cross. In a shelter of boughs he cele- brated Holy Mass, and thus dedicated the mission in honor of the foster-father of Christ, St. Joseph." The old church was unfortunately so shattered by an earthquake in 1868 that it was torn down and replaced by a wooden edifice. It should be made clear that two missions were established here, Santa Clara and San Jose, and that the latter was not at San Jose, as some maps represent it, but some fourteen miles distant from the town. PALO ALTO Palo Alto (high stick, or tree), in Santa Clara County, sixteen miles northwest of San Jose, once a stock farm where blooded horses were raised, now best known as the site of the Leland Stanford Junior University, is said to have received its 172 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE name from a tall redwood tree on the SanFran- cisquito (little St. Francis) creek. This tree stands just a few feet from the railroad bridge near Palo Alto station, and is said by old residents to have originally been in the form of a twin tree, one of the twins having been cut down. The trees of this species received the name Palo Colorado (red stick, or tree), from the Portola party, whose attention was attracted by their uncommon size and the peculiar reddish color of the wood, and the honor of their discovery may justly be awarded to Gaspar de Portola, since he seems to have been the first white man to make report of having seen them. This place was named by the Anza expedition of 1 7 75-1 776, and it seems rather strange that no mention is made in the diaries of the fact that the tree was a twin. Father Pedro Font, who accom- panied the expedition, says: ''From a slight eminence I here observed the lay of the port from this point and saw^ that its extremity lay to the east-southeast. I also noticed that a very high spruce tree, which is to be seen at a great dis- tance, rising up like a great tower, from the Llano de los Robles,— it stands on the banks of the 173 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Arroyo de San Francisco, later on I measured its height — lay to the southeast." Further on in the diary he says: ''Beside this stream is the redwood tree I spoke of yesterday: I measured its height with the graphometer which they lent me at the mission of San Carlos, and, according to my reckoning, found it to be some fifty yards high, more or less; the trunk was five yards and a half in circumference at the base, and the soldiers said that there were still larger ones in the mountains." — (Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart.) This description of Father Font's gives rise to a strong suspicion that the tree now so highly venerated is not the original Palo Alto from which the place takes its name. The name was first applied to a land grant. LA SALUD La Saliid (health). In the name of this place, not far from the San Lorenzo River, reached by the Portola party on October 22, there is a refer- ence to one of the heaviest of the afflictions from which the Spaniards suffered during their journey 174 '^ij^s^^rmc.. THE PALO COLORADO (REDWOOD TREE). "First obscr\c(l and named by Caspar dc Portola." THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE up the state, — serious sickness and many deaths from scurvy. To their great surprise, after a wetting received during a heavy storm at this place, all the sick began to recover. Costanso, in his diary, date of October 22, says: "The day dawned overcast and gloomy. The men were wet. What excited our wonder was that all the sick, for whom we greatly feared that the wetting might prove harmful, suddenly found their pains very much relieved. This was the reason for giving the canyon the name of La Salud.'^ — (Translation edited by Frederick J. Teggart.) LOS GATOS Los Gatos (the cats), is the rather unpoetic name of a very pretty town in Santa Clara County, ten miles southwest of San Jose. From its location at the mouth of a canyon in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the inference may be drawn that it was named in reference to the wild-cats which even at this day infest that region. John Charles Fremont, in his Memoirs, says: "The valley is openly wooded with groves of oak, free 177 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA from under-brush, and after the spring rains cov- ered with grass. On the west it is protected from the chilHng influence of the northwest winds by the Ciiesta de los Gatos (wild-cat ridge), which separates it from the coast." "It seems to have been known as early as 183 1 as La Cuesta de los Gatos. That there were troub- lous times about there in other matters besides wild-cats is evidenced by the story of a lively fight that took place in 1831 against a band of Indians under a chief named Yoscol. This chief was eventually captured by the Santa Clara authorities and beheaded, his head being exposed in front of the mission as a warning to others." — (W. Drummond Norie, of Los Gatos.) SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Almaden (mine, mineral), a word of Moorish origin. New Almaden, in Santa Clara County, where there is a quicksilver mine, is named after the famous Almaden quicksilver mines of Spain. Alviso (a surname). Alviso is in Santa Clara County, eight miles northwest of San Jose, and 178 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE received its name from Ignacio Alviso, a native of Sonora, born in 1772, who was a member of Anza's party of colonists in 1775-6. He was the original Alviso of California, and was the grantee of Rincon de los Estcros RancJw. Arroyo Hondo (deep creek). Coyote, the native wolf of California. Coyote is an Aztec word, originally coyotl. The town of this name is situated thirteen miles southeast of San Jose. Las Llagas (the wounds or stigmata of St. Francis), — in reference to the legend that St. Francis was supposed to have received, after a fast of fifty days, the miraculous imprint of the wounds of the Savior in his hands, feet and side. Las Llagas was the name of a place near Gilroy, and was also given by the padres to Alameda Creek. Madrono, often misspelled ?nadrone, is the name given by the Spaniards to a very beautiful tree indigenous to California, which is thus described by Fremont in his Memoirs : ''Another remarkable tree of these woods is called in the language of the country Madrona. It is a beautiful evergreen, with large, thick and glossy digitated leaves; the 179 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA trunk and branches reddish-colored, and having a smooth and singularly naked appearance, as if the bark had been stripped off. In its green state the wood is brittle, very heavy, hard and close- grained; it is said to assume a red color when dry, sometimes variegated, and susceptible of a high polish. Some measured nearly four feet in diameter, and were about sixty feet high." Milpitas, see page 232. San Felipe (St. Philip), is the name of a village in Santa Clara County. There were four saints of this name, perhaps the most distinguished being St. Philip Neri, a Florentine, born in 151 5. He was the intimate friend of St. Charles Bor- romeo, patron of the mission at Monterey, and was the founder of the order of the Oratorians, "who were bound by no vows, and were not secluded from the world, but went about reading and praying with the sick and needy, founding and visiting hospitals and doing various chari- ties." Then there was St. Philip of Bethsaida, who, going to Hieropolis, ''found the people wor- shipping a huge serpent, or dragon, which they thought to be a personification of Mars. Then Philip took pity on their ignorance. He held up 180 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE the cross and commanded the serpent to dis- appear. Immediately it glided from beneath the altar, and as it moved it sent forth so dreadful an odor that many died, and among them the son of the King; but Philip restored him to life. Then the priests of the serpent were so wroth with the apostle that they crucified him, and when he was fastened to the cross they stoned him." — (Stories of the Saints.) San Martin (St. Martin), is a town in Santa Clara County, six miles north of Gilroy. St. Martin has many legends connected with his history. Before he became a Christian, he was a soldier and was noted for his kindness and charity to his comrades. ''The winter of 332 was so severely cold that large numbers perished in the streets of Amiens, where the regiment of St. Martin was quartered. One day he met at the gate a naked man, and taking pity on him, he divided his cloak, for it was all he had, and gave half to the beggar. That night in a dream Jesus stood before him, and on his shoulders he wore the half of the cloak that Martin had given the beggar. And he said to the angels who attended him, 'Know ye who hath thus arrayed me? My 181 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA servant Martin, though yet unbaptized, hath done this.' Then Martin was immediately bap- tized." Again it is told of him that being invited to sup with the emperor, "the cup was passed to Martin, before his Majesty drank, with the ex- pectation that he would touch it to his lips, as was the custom. But a poor priest stood behind Martin, and to the surprise and admiration of all, the saint presented the full goblet to him, thus signifying that a servant of God deserved more honor, however humble his station, than any merely earthly potentate; from this legend he has been chosen the patron of all innocent conviviahty." — {Stories of the Saints.) 182 AROUND ^ FRANCISCO BAY IX AROUND SAN FRANCISCO BAY San Francisco. Many persons, misled by an incorrect translation of a certain passage in Palou's Life of Serra, have ascribed the naming of the bay of San Francisco (St. Francis), to the Portola expedition of 1769, but, as a matter of fact, the outer bay, the great indentation in the coast outside of the Golden Gate, between Point Reyes and Mussel Point, had received this name many years before. In remonstrating with the Visitador General because no mission had been provided for St. Francis in Upper California, Serra remarked, ''And is there no mission for our Father St. Francis?" Senor Galvez replied, ^^Si San Francisco quiere mision, que haga se halla su puerto y se le pondrd (If St. Francis wants a mission, let him cause his port to be found and one will be placed there for him)." By "his port" Galvez referred to a port already discovered and named, but which had been lost sight of during the intervening years, and which he wished to 185 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA have re-discovered. This is further carried out by the succeeding statements of Palou, in which he says that after faihng to recognize the port of Monterey, ''they came to the port of St. Francis, our father, and they all knew it immediately by the agreement of the descriptions which they carried," referring to descriptions obtained from the papers of the first discoverers. Father Crespi, who accompanied the expedition, says: "All the descriptions which we found here we read in the log-book of the pilot Cabrera Bueno, in order to form a judgment that this is the port of San Francisco. To make it all clear, the Sefior Com- mandante ordered that during the day Sergeant Ortega should go out with a party of soldiers to explore." Further on in the same diary we read: "From the top of a hill we made out the great estuary, or arm of the sea, which probably has a width of four or five leagues." This is undoubtedly the first occasion when the eye of a white man rested upon "the great arm of the sea," that is, the inner harbor of San Francisco as we now know it. It must be remembered that until the rrival of Portola, the Spaniards only knew this part of 1 86 THEIR M i: A N I N Cx AND ROMANCE the coast from the sea side, having no knowledge of that great inland sea known to us as the bay of San Francisco. When the party came up by land on their futile search for Monterey, they reached Fort Point, and there recognized the marks of the outer bay as given by early navi- gators and called by them San Francisco. Then they climbed a hill, and looking to the landward saw the ''great arm of the sea," the inner harbor, to which the name of San Francisco was finally extended. Palou ascribed the failure of the party to recog- nize the port of Monterey, and the consequent continuance of their journey as far as San Fran- cisco, to a direct interposition of the divine hand, so that Galvez's promise of a mission for St. Francis might be carried out. The honor of the christening of our world-fam- ous bay probably belongs to Sebastian Rodriguez Cermefion, a Portuguese navigator, who was commissioned in the year 1595 by Philip II to search for safe harbors along the coast for vessels in the Philippine trade. These ships usually shaped their return course so as to touch first at about the latitude of Cape Mendocino, making PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA a knowledge of the harbors south of that point a matter of great importance, especially in stormy weather. Cermenon had the misfortune to lose his vessel, the San Agustin, on Point Reyes, and was compelled to make his way home, with great peril and suffering, in a small boat. In his Der- r Otero y Relacion (Itinerary and Narrative), under date of April 24, 1596, he says: "We sighted New Spain at Cape Mendocino on No- vember 4, 1595 .... We left the bay and port of San Francisco, which is called by another name, a large bay, in 38% degrees, and the islets [Farallones] in the mouth are in 381^ degrees, the distance between the two points of the bay being twenty-five leagues." It is clear from this description that he referred to that great indentation in the coast between Point Reyes and one of the points to the south, possibly Mussel Point, and that he gave the name of San Francisco to it, displacing some other name by which it had been previously known. At any rate, if this is not the origin, it is likely to remain lost in the mists of the Pacific. Bancroft says: ''There can be little doubt that Cermefion named the port of his disaster San Francisco ^ 190 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE An absurd theory advanced by certain persons that the name was derived from that of Sir Francis Drake is wholly unworthy of consider- ation. The resemblance between the two names must be regarded as purely a co-incidence, and any connection between ''El Pirata'' (the pirate) Drake, as the Spaniards usually called him, and the name of the gentle St. Francis must be taken in the light of a jest. Portola, then, although he was indubitably the discoverer of the bay as we know it, — the inner harbor, — found the name already applied to the outer ensenada by his predecessor, Cer- menon. It is held by some persons that Portola cannot in all fairness be considered the actual discoverer of the bay, since it is most probable that Lieu- tenant Ortega or perhaps some member of a hunt- ing party which was sent out actually laid physi- cal eyes upon it first, and it is even thought possible that Portola never saw it at all, but remained in camp all the time during their stay on its shores. Even granting these facts, the question remains whether he, as the commander of the party mak- ing the expedition which resulted in the dis- IQI PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA covery, is not still entitled to the fame which has generally been granted to him. A parallel might be drawn between the case of Portola and that of Columbus. When the famous expedition of 1492 drew near to the shores of the new world, it was not the great admiral, but a common sailor, Rodrigo de Triana by name, who first raised the thrilling cry of ''land! land!"; yet, nevertheless, the world justly awards the honor and glory of the discovery to Christopher Colum- bus, the leader and the soul of the party, whose splendid imagination and unconquerable resolu- tion m.ade it possible. Although the Portola party made a partial examination at this time of the shores of what they called the "great arm of the sea," and Cap- tain Fages returned for further explorations in 1770, and again in 1772, when he stood on the present site of Berkeley and looked out through the Golden Gate, the mission was not established until 1776. Father Palou was its founder, and he states in his Life of Serra that the presidio was established with solemn religious services, September 17, 1776, on the day of the "impressions of the stigmata of St. Francis," but on account of 192 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE a delay in receiving orders, the founding of the mission did not take place until October 9. On that day a procession was held with the image of St. Francis, and mass was celebrated by Father Palou himself. So they prayed and sang their hymns, in the year of '76, while their hearts beat high with the zeal of the missionary, and, happily, no echo of the roll of drums and boom of minute guns came to them across the untrodden miles of mountain and plain, of forest and prairie, that separated them from the alien race on the other rim of the continent, for whom they were all unconsciously preparing the way to the possession of a great principality. No natives were present at this mass, for the reason that in the month of August they had been driven on their tule rafts to the islands of the bay and the opposite shores, by their enemies, the Salsonas, who lived about seven leagues to the southeast, and who had set fire to their rancherias and killed and wounded many of their people, the Spaniards not being able to prevent it. The first settlement was three-fold, including the mission of San Francisco de A sis, on the 193 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Laguna de los Dolores (the lagoon of sorrows), the presidio, and the pueblo, separated from one another by about a league. The Pueblo was at first known as Yerha Buena, in reference to the profuse growth of that vine about the locality. The change of the name is ascribed by General Sherman, in his Memoirs, to jealousy of the town of Benicia, which was at first called Francisca, in honor of General Vallejo's wife, and was thought to bear too marked a resemblance to the name of the great patron, San Francisco. Gen- eral Vallejo himself states that the change was made as a matter of convenience, to bring the three points of the triangle, church, town, and presidio, all under one name. Whatever the reason for the change, it is a matter of congratulation that it occurred, for the name of the venerable saint carries a dignity more commensurate to a noble city than the poetic, but less impressive Verba Buena. The church of San Francisco de Asis, popularly known as Mission Dolores, still stands in a good state of preservation, having almost miraculously withstood the earthquake and fire of 1906, which laid low all its proud modern neighbors. Of its 194 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE patron, the gentle St. Francis, it may be said that he was the son of a rich merchant, but that he abandoned his riches, adopted vows of poverty, and founded the order of Franciscans. ''While in a trance, or vision, after having fasted for fifty days, he received the miraculous imprint of the wounds of the Savior on his hands, feet, and side." His chief attributes were humility, poverty, and love for animals. In pictures he is always repre- sented as accompanied by a pet lamb. THE GOLDEN GATE Although this name, not being of Spanish or Indian origin, is not properly included in these pages, its close relationship to San Francisco, and its position as the gate-way to the entire state, will not permit it to be passed by. In view of the comparatively recent origin of the name, 1844, and the accessibility of the story, it seems strange indeed that any writer should have advanced the theory that the Golden Gate received its name from Sir Francis Drake, yet this wholly unfounded explanation has found its way into print. In the first place, it has been 197 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA pretty thoroughly estabHshed by historians that Drake never saw the inner harbor, and knew nothing of the narrow strait leading to it. In the report of his voyage, written by one of his com- panions, we read: ''At ;^8 degrees toward the line, it pleased God to send us into a faire and good harborow, with a good wind to enter the same. Our General called this country A^ova Albion, and that for two causes; — the one in respect of the white bankes and cliff es, which ly toward the sea; and the other that it might have some affinity with our country in name, which sometime was so-called." The white cliffs under Point Reyes answer so well to this description that there can be little doubt that Drake's anchorage was in the small outer bay under that point, now known as Drake's Bay; to say nothing of the fact that the account of the voyage has no word con- cerning the great land-locked harbor, with a narrow strait as its only entrance, a circumstance so novel that, as Bancroft justly observes, Drake could not have failed to mention it had he known aught of it. All discussion of the name Golden Gate is, more- over, brought to an end by the fact that its real 198 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE author, John Charles Fremont, gives a circum- stantial account of it in his Memoirs. After an elaborate description of the bay, and its sur- roundings, he says: ''Between these points is the strait, — about one mile broad in its narrowest part, and five miles long from the sea to the bay. To this gate I gave the name of Chrysopylae, or Golden Gate; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium (Constantinople afterwards), was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn. The form of the harbor and its advantages for commerce, and that before it became an entrepot of eastern commerce, suggested the name to the Greek founders of Byzantium. The form of the entrance into the bay of San Francisco, and its advantages for commerce, Asiatic inclusive, suggested to me the name which I gave to this entrance, and which I put upon the map that accompanied a geographical memoir addressed to the senate of the United States, in June, 1848." Here we have, told in the somewhat pedantic language of its author, the true story of the first appearance of the famous name Golden Gate upon the map of the world, and instead of its having been "named by Colonel Fremont because of the 199 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA brilliant effect of the setting sun on the cliffs and hills," as one writer has fondly imagined, or from any idea connected with the shining metal, which still lay buried deep from the sight of man beneath the mountains of the land, it was born in a sordid dream of commerce. Yet, for so wonderfully apt a name, whatever may have been Fremont's motive in selecting it, we owe him a debt of gratitude. There is some disposition to doubt this expla- nation of the name Golden Gate, partly on the ground of a distrust of Fremont's trustworthiness, and partly because of its far-fetched nature. As to the latter objection it should be remembered that he was that kind of a man. Fie was pos- sessed of a certain amount of erudition which he was fond of showing off, and this labored method of seeking for a name in the old Greek was quite in keeping with his character. As to his relia- bility, although it is quite possible that he colored events of a political character to suit his own pur- poses, in ordinary matters there seems to be no reason to doubt his statements. At all events, the name Golden Gate does in fact appear upon his map of 1848 as he says. 200 w 1 > THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE According to Dr. Vallejo, the Golden Gate was called by the Indians Yulupa, pronounced ec-oo-loo-pa, which means ''near the sea plunge," that is, the plunge of the sun into the sea, and may be freely translated as the ''Sunset Strait." The sufhx pa is said by Dr. Vallejo to signify "near." — {Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 1914-) ALCATRAZ Alcatraz (pelican), the fortress-like island in the bay, just inside the channel, performs the triple duty of a fortified mihtary post, prison, and light- house. Although but 1650 feet in length, it rises to a height of 130 feet above the water, and in the shadowy Hght just after sunset, its high, rocky walls, topped by the buildings of the fortifications and prison, make a silhouette against the sky strikingly like a great dreadnaught, standing guard at the harbor's entrance. The story of its naming can not be run to earth, but it probably originated in some circumstance connected with the great sea-birds whose ungainly 203 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA forms may still be seen heavily flapping over the bay, or resting on the island. ANGEL ISLAND Angel Island, the Americanization of La Isla de los Angeles (the isle of the angels), belies its name, since it has been devoted to the quite un-angelic business of quarantine station of San Francisco. Palou, in speaking of the expedition of 1776, says': ''They moved to the island which is in front of the mouth, which they called Nuestra Senora de los Angeles [Our Lady of the Angels], on which they found good anchorage, and going on land, they found plenty of wood and water." A story has found its way into print that the island was named ''from a miner who once settled there," the writer probably mixing it up with the name of Angel's Camp, in the Sierras. What a desecration for our island, with its romantic name of "Our Lady of the Angels," piously given to it by the Spaniards in honor of the Virgin ! 204 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE YERBA BUENA ISLAND Verba Buena (the good herb), is the name of a dainty Kttle vine native to the California woods, which has an agreeable aromatic odor, and was much in use among the Spanish as a medicinal herb, and to add a pleasant aroma to their tea. Fremont, who, whatever else may be said of him, had enough poetry in his soul to feel an expansive joy over the plant life of this flowery land, des- cribes it as follows: "A vine with a small white flower, called here la yerba buena, which, from its abundance, gives its name to an island and town in the bay, was to-day very frequent on our road, sometimes running on the ground, or climbing the trees." It is said that the Hupa Indians were in the habit of weaving the tendrils of this vine in their hair for the sake of the perfume. Some talk has arisen of late that this poetic and historic name is to be taken away from our island. Commuters, when you pass it on your daily journey, let your minds carry you back to the day when the delicate tendrils of the little vine waved on the island's steep slopes, and its 205 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA sweet scent was wafted on the breeze from the Golden Gate, and do not, I pray you, consent to call it Goat\ MARE ISLAND Mare Island, in San Pablo Bay, separated from Vallejo by a strait one-half mile wide, a charming spot with an unpoetic name, — is another example of writers attempting to make difhculties where none exist, and so they would have us believe that the name of this isle arose, like Venus, from mare, the sea. Apart from the fact that this labored method of naming places, by seeking in the Latin, was quite foreign to the custom of the Spaniards, it happens that the true story in this case is at hand, and can scarcely be doubted, since it occurred in the immediate family of Dr. Vallejo, who tells it thus: ''In early days, the only ferry- boat on the waters near Vallejo and Benicia was a rude one, made chiefly of oil barrels obtained from whaling ships, and propelled by sails. These barrels were secured together by beams and planking, and it was divided into compartments for the accommodation of cattle, to the transpor- 206 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE tation of which it was chiefly devoted. One day, while this boat was coming from Martinez to Benicia, a sudden squall overtook it, and the craft pitched fearfully; the animals, chiefly horses, became restive, and some of them broke through it. The boat was upset, and the living cargo thrown into the bay. Some of the livestock were drowned, and some managed to reach either shore by swimming. One of the horses, an old white mare, owned and much prized by General Vallejo, succeeded in effecting a landing on the island, and was rescued there a few days after by the General, who thereupon called the place La Isla de la Yegua (the island of the mare)." An interesting corroboration of this story is found on page 574 of Fremont's Memoirs, where he refers to the island as La Isla de la Yegua. A statue of a white horse would perpetuate the history of this isle in a manner both appropriate and beautiful, in the same way that upon the heights of Angel Island a colossal figure of an angel, or of the Virgin, and upon Alcatraz a great pelican with outspread wings, might be placed to tell their stories. In the old world, many legends of the past are perpetuated in this way, 207 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA and there is no reason why the equally romantic episodes in Cahfornia's history should not be so commemorated, at least in those cases that lend themselves readily to purposes of art. ALAMEDA It has been thought that this name may have been derived from the resemblance between Alameda creek, at one time thickly shaded along its banks by willows and silver-barked sycamores, and an alameda (an avenue shaded by trees), but since the primary meaning of the word is ''a place where poplar trees grow," from alamo (pop- lar or Cottonwood), it requires less stretching of the imagination to beheve that some such grove of cottonwoods near the creek gave it the name. Fray Danti, in his diary of the exploration of ''the Alameda" in 1795, says: ''We came to the river of the Alameda, which has many large boulders, brought down by floods, and is well populated with willows, alders, and here and there a laurel. At a little distance from where the river runs, the tides of the Estuary come." 208 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE From the name of an insignificant little stream, Alameda has come to be the designation of one of the most important counties in the state, and of the flourishing city on the east side of San Fran- cisco Bay, nine miles east-southeast of San Fran- cisco. This city was once known as Encinal (place of oaks), on account of the groves of beau- tiful live-oaks there, nearly all of which have, most unfortunately, been sacrificed to so-called * 'improvements." Yet, some fine specimens still remain in the county, perhaps the best being those on the campus of the University of Cali- fornia, at Berkeley, Alameda County. The encino (live-oak), is thus described by Professor Jepsen : 'Tt is a low, broad-headed tree, commonly twenty to forty feet, but sometimes seventy feet high. The trunk is from one to four feet in diam- eter, usually short, and parting into wide-spread limbs, which often touch or trail along the ground." This tree has little commercial value, but is highly regarded for its hardy nature, which permits it to flourish in exposed localities along the coast, where no other tree thrives, and for the perennial green with which it adorns an otherwise often bleak landscape. — (Notes taken from The Trees 211 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA of California, by Professor Willis Linn Jepsen, of the University of California.) LOS FARALLONES Los Farallones, the three small islands standing like watch-dogs at our outer gate, about thirty- two miles due west of the entrance to the bay, derive their name from farallon, a word meaning "a small pointed island in the sea." Although this word is commonly employed by the Spanish to designate such islands, and its use in this case is perfectly obvious, the statement has been made that our isles were named for a certain FeroUa, one of the early navigators, a theory entirely without value. The Farallones are frequented by multitudes of sea-fowl, which breed there and at one time supplied great quantities of eggs for the San Francisco market. For some twenty years or more the United States Government, owing to the contentions of rival egg companies, has pro- hibited the gathering and sale of these eggs. 212 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE MOUNT TAMALPAIS "To see the sun set over Tamalpais, Whose tented peak, suffused with rosy mist, Blended the colors of the sea and sky And made the mountain one great amethyst Hanging against the sunset." {Edward Rowland Sill.) Tamalpais (bay mountain), is in Marin County, five miles southwest of San Rafael; it rises to a height of 2606 feet above sea level, and dominates San Francisco Bay and the surrounding country, offering one of the most magnificent panoramas of sea and land to be seen anywhere on the earth's surface. Its name is a compound of two Indian words, tamal (bay), and pais (mountain). The resemblance of the latter word to the Spanish pais (country), is thought by ethnologists to be purely accidental. Dr. Vallejo has an explanation of the meaning of this word which differs somewhat from the one given by ethnologists. He says it was originally called Temel-pa (near the sea), and was corrupted into its present form by the Spaniards. According 213 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA to Dr. Vallejo, the suffix pa signifies nearness. {Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 1914.) A very remarkable circumstance in the history of this mountain is the fact that it underwent a change of position at the time of the great earth- quake of 1906, of course in conjunction with the entire sheet of the earth's surface upon which it stands. On that occasion, the northeast and southwest sides of the rift slipped upon each other, first carrying the sheet of land upon which Tamalpais rests to the north, then the ''spring- back" carried it back toward the south again. According to the report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, "As a consequence of the movement, it is probable that the latitudes and longitudes of all points in the Coast Ranges have been permanently changed a few feet." So the old mountain, sitting in Indian stoicism, indifferent to the storms that sometimes lash its sturdy sides, the fogs that roll in a white, billowy sea around its foot, and earthquakes that shift its latitude and longitude some feet, has very appropriately received its name from the language of the aborigines who once dwelt at its base. 214 ■■ ■B '^^ ^M ^H^^ 'S^l ^^n ^p,ll \|H 1 pi k :.'; is ^m F*^^^^B -^^^^H ^^^^^H 1 p ■1 \|yfe\| h i r 1 F ' L k THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE MOUNT DIABLO Mount Diablo (devil mountain), is an isolated, conical peak of the Coast Range, in Contra Costa County, about thirty-eight miles northeast of San Francisco. It rises 3849 feet above the level of the sea, and is the most conspicuous land-mark in the central part of the state. General M. G. Vallejo tells the following story to account for the name: ''In 1806, a mihtary expedition from San Francisco marched against a tribe called the Bolgones, who were encamped at the foot of the mountain. There was a hot fight, which was won by the Indians. Near the end of the fight, a person, decorated with remarkable plumage, and making strange movements, suddenly appeared. After the victory, the person, called Puy (evil spirit), in the Indian tongue, departed toward the mountain. The soldiers heard that this spirit often appeared thus, and they r.amed the moun- tain Diablo (devil). These appearances con- tinued until the tribe was subdued by Lieutenant Moraga, in the same year." If this be the true story of the naming of Mount 217 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Diablo, and there seems to be no good reason to doubt it, it is quite likely that the Puy^ or devil, was one of the "medicine men" who played upon the superstitions of the Indians by pretending to be the ''spirit of the mountain." It is said by Dr. Vallejo that this mountain was regarded by the Indians as the home of the Devil, called in their language Pui, and that the medicine men claimed to be his agents. {Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 1914.) SAUSALITO Sausalito (little willow grove), the diminutive of sausal (willow grove), or, as formerly and offi- cially written, Saucelito (little willow, from sauce), is on the west shore of the bay, in Marin County, six miles northwest of San Francisco. This is one of the delightful suburban towns around the bay, where business men of San Francisco have their homes. 218 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE MARIN COUNTY Of Marin County, separated from San Fran- cisco by the Golden Gate, and noted for the beauty of its scenery, we get the story from General M. G. Vallejo. It appears that in 1815 or '16, an exploring party from San Francisco had a fight with the Licatiut tribe, so-called from a certain root used by them as food, especially in the Petaluma Valley. During this fight the chief was captured and carried to San Francisco, but afterwards escaped, and kept up constant hos- tilities in Petaluma Valley. He was finally con- verted to Christianity, and did good service for the whites as ferryman on the bay, and on account of his skill in navigating these waters, they called him El Marinero (the sailor); it is thought that the name of Marin County is a corruption of this word. El Marinero died at the mission of San Rafael in 1834. 219 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA TIBURON Tihuron (shark), is on the Marin County shore, opposite San Francisco. It has been facetiously suggested that this name may have been derived from "sharks" of the land variety, but it probably came from some story connected with those of the sea. SAN RAFAEL Even in this land, so prodigal with its flowers from its northern to its southern borders, San Rafael, the county-seat of Marin County, fifteen miles north of San Francisco, is notable for the exceeding beauty of its gardens, where the lily and the rose bloom from year's end to year's end. Its patron, St. Raphael, ''is considered the guardian angel of humanity. He was the herald who bore to the shepherds the 'good tidings of great joy which shall be for all people', and is especially the protector of the young, the pil- 220 <^ en ^ O ^ O 3 > 8 > 3 > o r 3 ^^ rt C THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE grim and the traveler." The ''herald of great joy" seems peculiarly fitting as the protector of a place where nature has done so much for the ''joy of living." The mission of San Rafael Arcdngel (St. Raphael the Archangel), founded in 1817, has now dis- appeared, not a vestige remaining of it. A spur of the Coast Range in Southern Cali- fornia bears the name of the San Rafael Mountains. BENICIA Benicia (a surname), is the name of a town in Solano County, on the north side of Carquinez Strait, twenty-eight miles northeast of San Fran- cisco. Its story may best be told in the words of General Sherman, in the following quotation from his Memoirs : "We found a solitary adobe house, occupied by Mr. Hastings and his family, em- bracing Dr. Semple, the proprietor of the ferry. The ferry was a ship's boat, with a lateen sail, which could carry six or eight horses. It took us several days to cross over, and during that time we got well acquainted with the doctor, who was 223 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA quite a character. He was about seven feet high. Foreseeing, as he thought, a great city on the bay somewhere, he selected Carquinez Straits as its location, and obtained from General Vallejo title to a league of land, on condition of building a city to bear the name of General Vallejo's wife, Fran- cisca Benicia. Accordingly, the city was first called Francisca. At this time, where San Fran- cisco now is was known as Verba Buena; now some of the chief men of that place, knowing the im- portance of a name, saw their danger, and so changed the name to San Francisco. Dr. Semple was so outraged at their changing the name to one so nearly like his town that he, in turn, changed his town's name to the other name of Mrs. Vallejo, and Benicia it has been to this day." LAS PULGAS RANCHO Las Pulgas Rancho (the fleas ranch), is near Redwood City. The story of this place, with its unpleasantly suggestive name, although of little importance in itself, is told here for the light it throws upon the manners and customs of the 224 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE original dwellers in the land. Father Engelhardt, in his History of the California Missions, describes their way of living thus: ''Their habitations were primitive, in summer often but a shady spot, or mere shelter of brush. Their winter quarters con- sisted of a flimsy structure of poles fixed in the ground, and drawn together at the top, at a height of ten or twelve feet. The poles were interwoven with small twigs, and the structure then covered with tules, or tufts of dried grass. In some places these dwellings were conical in shape, in others oblong, and their size ranged according to the number of people. At a distance they resembled large bee-hives, or small hay-stacks. On one side there was an opening for a door, at the top another for smoke. Here the family, including relatives and friends, huddled around the fire, without privacy, beds or other furniture. A few baskets, a stone mortar or two, weapons, some scanty rags of clothing, food obtained from the hunt, or seeds, were kept here. All refuse food and bones were left where they were dropped, giving the earth floor the appearance of a dog-kennel. Fleas and other vermin abounded in this mass of filth, which soon became too offensive even for savages, 225 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA and they adopted the very simple method of setting fire to the hut and erecting another." After reading this description, we are not sur- prised when Father Crespi tells us that, having arrived at a deserted Indian village, and some of the soldiers having rashly taken refuge in the huts for the night, they soon rushed out with cries of ''las pulgas! las pulgasT' (the fleas! the fleas!). He goes on to say, ''for this reason, the soldiers called it the Rancheria de las Pulgas'^ (the village of the fleas), a name borne by the ranch to this day. La Perouse, in his Voyage Autour du Monde^ says the padres were never able to change this form of architecture common to the two Cali- fornias. The Indians said they liked open air, and that it was convenient, when the fleas became too numerous, to burn the house and construct a new one, an argument not without merit. POINT LOBOS Point Lohos (seal point, from loho marino, sea- wolf), is just outside of the Golden Gate, on the 226 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE south side, near the spot where the seals crawHng about on the rocks have long been one of the chief attractions of the famous Cliff House. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Alamo (cotton wood tree), is the name of a place in Contra Costa County, twenty-four miles northeast of San Francisco. Aharado (a surname), that of one of the first governors of the state. Alvarado is a village in Alameda County, on Alameda Creek, twenty-four miles southeast of San Francisco. Juan Bautista Alvarado was a central figure in California history. He was born at Monterey, February 14, 1809, and from '27 on occupied various official positions, including that of governor of the state. Bancroft says of his character and appearance: 'Tn physique Don Juan Bautista was of medium stature, stout build, fair complexion, and light hair; of genial temperament, courteous manners, and rare powers of winning friends. There was much in his character to praise, much to condemn. He was a man of dissipated habits, and engaged 227 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA in intrigues, but in his favor it may be said that he had more brains, energy and executive ability than any three of his contemporaries combined; he was patriotic and with good intentions toward his country, honorable in private dealings, and never enriched himself by his intrigues. He was not personally guilty of having plundered the missions, only responsible through being governor at that time. The accusations made against him of an unjust policy towards foreigners were entire- ly false." Bolinas, the name of a town in Marin County, delightfully situated on Bolinas Bay, eighteen miles northwest of San Francisco. Bolinas is probably a corruption of Baulines, an Indian word of unknown meaning. A land grant called Los Baulines was located at the same place, and was probably the name of an Indian village. Point Bonito (pretty point), is the southern extremity of Marin County, on the north side of the Golden Gate. Carquinez is the name of the strait flowing between the counties of Contra Costa and Solano, and connects San Pablo Bay with Suisun Bay. The strait is eight miles long, and at its narrowest 228 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE part nearly a mile wide. All the waters flowing through the great central valley of the state from the Sierra Nevada pass through this strait. According to the scientists the name Carquinez is derived from Karkin, the name of an Indian village in that region, but Dr. Vallejo has an- other story. He says the commandant at Mon- terey, who was a man with some classical educa- tion, named it from the Greek word karkin, crab, because of the report made by the Lieutenant Vallejo expedition of having found a great number of little crabs there. (Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bul- letin, January, 19 14.) Contra Costa (opposite coast), so-called on account of its original position directly opposite San Francisco. It should be explained that the name Contra Costa, which scarcely seems appropriate in its present application, was originally applied to the whole of the coast opposite San Francisco. Afterwards the part directly facing San Francisco was cut off to form Alameda County, thus des- troying the significance of the name Contra Costa. Martinez (a surname) , is the name of the county- seat of Contra Costa County, and is on the south 229 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA shore of Suisun Bay, thirty-six miles northeast of San Francisco. Ignacio Martinez was a native of the city of Mexico, born in 1771. He was a mihtary officer under the Mexican government in Cahfornia, and was commandanie at San Fran- cisco from 1822 to '27. Bancroft says of him: ''He was not popular as an officer, being haughty and despotic, but as a rancher he is spoken of as a very courteous and hospitable man. The town of Martinez takes its name from him or his family." Montara Point and Montara Mountains are in the western part of San Mateo County. Montara is a surname. Olema, said to be an Indian word meaning ''coyote," is the name of a town in Marin County, one mile from the head of Tomales Bay, and thirty-five miles northwest of San Francisco. Pacheco (a surname), that of a pioneer family of California. The town of Pacheco is in Contra Costa County, thirty miles northeast of San Francisco. Although Governor Romualdo Pacheco, of whom Bancroft says that "his record as a citizen, in respect of character, attainments and social standing was a good one," was the most 2.^0 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE prominent member of the family, the town was not named in his honor, but for Salvio Pacheco, a man who served in many miHtary and civil offices. "He spent his hfe on Mount Diablo Rancho, on which is the town bearing his name." Pescadero (fishing place), is in a fertile valley of San Mateo County, on the coast about forty- four miles south of San Francisco. There are a number of Pescaderos in the state. Pinole is said to be an Aztec word, applied to any kind of grain or seeds, parched and ground. Of this flour a very appetizing sort of gruel was made. The town of Pinole is in Contra Costa County, twelve miles west of Martinez. It is the site of extensive powder works. See page 239. Portold (a surname), is the name of a town in San Mateo County, and was named in honor of the celebrated discoverer of San Francisco Bay. Potrero (pasture ground), is one of the districts of San Francisco. This is only one of the many Potreros in the state. Presidio is a word used by the Spaniards in the double meaning of prison or military post. It may be that the custom of using convicts as soldiers, prevalent with the Spanish, had something 231 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA to do with this double usage of the word. The Presidio of San Francisco, now a regular military post of the United States, although still retaining its Castihan name, is picturesquely and delight- fully situated on the north end of the peninsula. There is also a government presidio at Monterey. Point Reyes (kings point), was named by Viz- caino in honor of the "three wise men," or "holy kings," because it was discovered on the day of their devotion. This point is in Marin County and is the outer point of Drake's Bay, where the noted adventurer is supposed to have made his anchorage, and where Cermenon was wrecked. Rodeo (round-up of cattle). Rodeos were held, and in some parts of the state still take place, for the purpose of separating and branding the cattle belonging to individual owners, an operation decidedly necessary when pastures were unfenced, and in early days one of the most picturesque features of California life. The village of Rodeo is in Contra Costa County. San Anselmo (St. Anselm), is in Marin County. San Bruno, a village near San Francisco, was named for St. Bruno, the founder and first abbot of the Carthusian Order. This order of monks 232 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE is among the most severe in its rules, requiring almost perpetual silence of its members. Its devotees are only permitted to speak together once a week. They never eat flesh, and are com- pelled to labor constantly. San Geronimo (St. Jerome), is the saint usually pictured as accompanied by a lion, in commemo- ration of the well-known story of the removal of a thorn from the foot of one of those beasts by Jerome, and the devotion of the lion to him after- wards. San Geronimo is the name of a small stream in Marin County, noted for its salmon fisheries. San Gregorio (St. Gregory), is in San Mateo County, twenty-four miles southwest of Redwood City. St. Gregory was a noble Roman who devoted his wealth to charity, and turned his home into a hospital and monastery. He was elected to the high office of Pope, and became the composer of what is called from him the "Gregorian Chant. '^ San Leandro (St. Leander), is in Alameda County, on San Leandro Creek, sixteen miles southeast of San Francisco. St. Leander was at one time Bishop of Seville, and is one of the patron saints of that city. 233 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA San Lorenzo (St. Lawrence), was a saint who suffered martyrdom by being roasted on a gridiron. The legend relates that he said to his tormentors, "I am now sufficiently cooked on this side, turn me over and roast me on the other." San Lorenzo is in Alameda County, twenty miles southeast of San Francisco. San Mateo (St. Matthew), is the name of a county bordering on San Francisco Bay, and of a town on the west shore of the bay, twenty-one miles south of San Francisco. St. Matthew was a Hebrew by birth, and the author of the book of the Scriptures that bears his name. San Pablo (St. Paul), is in Contra Costa County, on San Pablo Bay, fifteen miles northeast of San Francisco. One of the legends concerning St. Paul is that "the church called 'San Paolo delle Tre Fontane,' near Rome, is built over three fountains which are said to have sprung up at the three places where the head of Si. Paul fell and bounded, after being cut off by the execu- tioner. It is said that the fountains vary in the warmth of the water,- — the first, or the one where the head fell, being the hottest; the next, or that of the first bound, cooler; and the third still cooler." 234 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE San Quentin (properly San Quintin) is a village in Marin County, on the west shore of San Fran- cisco Bay, eleven miles north of San Francisco. This place, where the forbidding walls of the State's Prison shut out the light of California's glorious sun from the unfortunates enclosed there, very fittingly bears the name of a saint whose gloomy story runs thus: ''San Quintin was the son of Zeno. He became converted and gave up a high command which he held in the Roman army, in order to preach. He labored especially in Belgium, and suffered death by being impaled on an iron spit." — {Stories of the Saints.) It is probable, however, that the town was not directly named for this saint, but received the name in- directly from Point Quintin, on the Marin coast, which was so-called from an Indian chief of that region who had been thus christened by the Spaniards.. San Ramon (St. Raymond), is in Contra Costa County, nine miles east of Haywood. "St. Ray- mond belonged to the Order of Mercy, and labored for the captives among the Moors. By the Mahometans, among whom he was long a captive, for the ransom of his Christian brethren, 235 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA his lips were bored through with a red-hot iron, and fastened with a padlock," an effective, if cruel method of preventing him from preaching the Christian faith. Sunol (a surname) . Sunol is a town in Alameda County, thirty-six miles southeast of San Fran- cisco. In Fremont's Memoirs he refers to Don Antonio Sunol, probably a member of the same family for whom this town is named. Tocaloma is a delightful secluded glea and creek in Marin County, not far north of San Francisco, where a hunting and fishing preserve is main- tained. The word is Indian, but its meaning has not been ascertained. Tomales Bay is an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, extending southeastward into Marin County. It is fourteen miles long. The village of Tomales is on the bay of the same name, fifty-five miles northwest of San Francisco. The name Tomales is a Spanish corruption of the Indian iamal (bay), a word which came to be applied to the natives in the neighborhood of San Francisco Bay. Vallejo (a surname), is the name of a place in Solano County. The Vallejos were among the most prominent of the California pioneer families. 236 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE ''The founder of the family was Ignacio Vicente Ferrer Vallejo, born at JaHsco, Mexico, in 1748. He came of a family of pure Spanish blood, and of superior education. The most distinguished of his large family was Mariano Guadalupe, born at Monterey in 1808. Don Mariano served with great ability in various capacities under the Mexican government, and was at one time Com- mand ante General of California. He was the founder of Sonoma, and it was to his untiring efforts that the development of the north was largely due. He foresaw the fate of his country, and finally cast in his lot with the United States, for which he seems to have been but ill-repaid. I have found none among the Californians whose public record in respect of honorable conduct, patriotic zeal, executive ability, and freedom from petty prejudices of race or religion or sectional poHtics is more evenly favorable than his." — (Bancroft.) 237 )NORTH OF SAN FRANCISCO X NORTH OF SAN FRANCISCO SONOMA Sonoma^ the name of the northern county, and of the town in the beautiful Sonoma Valley, forty-five miles north of San Francisco, is of doubtful origin. It is probable that it comes from Indian, rather than Spanish sources. In the native dialect of that region there is the con- stantly recurring ending tso-noma, from tso (the earth), and noma (village), — hence, tsonoma (earth village or earth place). The name was given by missionaries to a chief of the Indians there, and later applied to all the Indians at the mission. From Indian sources it seems there was a captain among them who was commonly called Sonoma, but who was known by a different name among his own people.^ — (University of Cali- fornia Publications in American Archaeology and Technology.) The name Sonoma is explained in a different 241 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA way by Dr. Vallejo, who says it was named for an Indian chief called Sono, a word signifying ''nose," given to the chief as his appellation be- cause of the very large development of that feature of his face. The suffix ma is said by Dr. Vallejo to mean 'Valley" or "land," and thus Sonoma would bear the meaning of "nose valley," or "nose land," — {Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 19 14.) It has been said that Sonoma means "valley of the moon," in reference to the shape of the valley, but there is probably more of poetry than of truth in this story. At this place, San Francisco de Solano , the last of the great chain of missions, was founded July 4, 1823. The mission buildings have been put in a fair state of preservation and the church has been restored by the state. NAPA Napa is the name of a county, river and city, the county adjacent to San Pablo Bay, into which the river falls. The town is the county-seat of 242 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Napa County, and is on the river of the same name, about thirty-nine miles northeast of San Fran- cisco. The Napa Soda Springs are an interesting natural feature of this place. Napa, accented in some of the old documents as Napa, was the name of an Indian tribe who occupied that valley, said to have been one of the bravest of the California tribes, and who con- stantly harassed the frontier posts. The entire tribe was practically wiped out by smallpox in 1838. According to S. A. Barrett, in the University of California Publications in American Archaeol- ogy and Technology, there is a Pomo Indian word, napa, meaning ''harpoon point," between which and the name of the town of Napa there may be some connection. Dr. Vallejo says the suffix pa signifies prox- imity, and that Napa means ''near mother," or "near home," or "mother-land," and that accord- ing to tradition Napa Valley was the cradle of the Suysun race. — {Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 1914.) 245 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA CARNE HUMANA Among the names of the old Spanish land grants are many that hold a suggestion of inter- esting and sometimes tragic tales, now lost in the dim shadows of the past. Of such is Came Humana (human flesh), the name of a grant in Napa County, near St. Helena. This spot may have been the scene of one of those horrible acts of cannibalism to which the Indians of the entire Southwest were quite generally addicted. Cap- tain Fages, in his diary of one of the expeditions to San Francisco Bay, mentions that this practice prevailed among the Indians of that region to a certain extent, but seems to have been confined to the eating of the bodies of enemies slain in battle, and only the relatives of the slayer were permitted to take part in the abhorrent feast. SANTA ROSA Santa Rosa (St. Rose), the county-seat of Sonoma County, is fifty-seven miles northwest of San Francisco. 246 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE An interesting story is told of Santa Rosa de Lima, said to be the only canonized female saint of the New World. She was born at Lima, in Peru, and was distinguished for her hatred of vanity, and her great austerity, carrying these characteristics to such an extreme that she des- troyed her beautiful complexion with a compound of pepper and quicklime. When her mother commanded her to wear a wreath of roses, she so arranged it that it was in truth a crown of thorns. Her food consisted principally of bitter herbs, and she maintained her parents by her labor, working all day in her garden and all night with her needle. The legend relates that when Pope Clement X was asked to canonize her, he refused, exclaiming: ^^ India y Santa! A si como Uneven rosasl'^ (An Indian woman a saint! That may happen when it rains roses!) Instantly a shower of roses began to fall in the Vatican, and did not cease until the Pope was convinced of his error. This saint is the patroness of America, and is represented as wear- ing a thorny crown, and holding in her hand the figure of the infant Jesus, which rests on full- blown roses. — {Stories of the Saints.) 247 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA MENDOCINO COUNTY Mendocino County, in the northwestern part of the state, is distinguished for its extensive forests of redwoods. The main belt of these trees extends through this county, and they may here be seen in their highest development. They vary in height from loo to 340 feet, and reach a diam- eter of from two to sixteen feet, having a red, fibrous bark sometimes a foot in thickness. Not- withstanding their great size, the delicacy of their foliage, which takes the form of flat sprays, gives them a graceful, fern-like appearance. The age of mature redwoods is said to range from 500 to 1300 years. The special characteristics of the wood of these trees are, its durability when buried in the soil, and its resistance to fire. Commer- cially it is valuable for many purposes, being pre- ferred to steel for water supply conduits, and, in the form of saw-dust, found to be better than cork for packing fresh grapes. — (Notes from The Trees of California, by Professor WilHs Linn Jepsen, of the University of California.) Probably the first written mention of these 248 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE trees occurs in the diary of Caspar de Portola, the discoverer of San Francisco Bay, whose attention was attracted to them while on his way up the coast, and from whom they received the name of palo Colorado (redwood). Altogether, the credit of their discovery seems to belong to Portola, although it has been given by some persons to Archibald Menzies, who wrote a description of the trees in 1795. The village of Mendocino is on the coast, about 130 miles northwest of San Francisco. The name was first applied to the cape, which was discovered by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, in 1542, and named by him for Don Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain. KLAMATH Klamath is the name of a village in Humboldt County, but is particularly known as applied to the Klamath River, which flows in a deep and narrow canyon through the counties of Siskiyou and Humboldt. The word, in its different forms of Klamath, Tlametl, and Clamet, is the name by which these 249 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Indians were known to the Chinooks, and through them to the whites, their proper designation in their own language being Lutuami. — (Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. i, page 444.) The meaning of the word has not been posi- tively ascertained, although it is thought by ethnologists to be a possible corruption of Maklaks (people, community, — literally, the encamped). The Klamaths were a hardy people, who had many slaves captured from other tribes. The slave trade seems to have been carried on quite extensively among the California Indians. MODOC COUNTY Modoc, the county in the northeastern corner of the state, is notable as having been the home of the only California tribe that ever caused serious trouble to the United States Government. The Modoc wars are a matter of history. The Modocs were a fierce tribe of Indians who lived at the head-waters of Pit River, and the name is thought by some persons to mean ''head of the river," or "people, community," but 250 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE ethnologists are of the opinion that it means ^'south people," probably used by tribes living north of the Modocs. Bancroft, quoting from Steele, in Indian Affairs Report of 1864, page 121, says: "The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to this tribe by white men in early days from hearing the Shastas refer to them by this term." It does not appear that Bancroft had any genuine scientific authority for this statement. Powers, in his Tribes of California, states that some persons derive this name from Mo-dok-us, the name of a former chief of the tribe under whose leadership they seceded from the Klam- ath Lake Indians and became an independent tribe. As it was common for seceding bands to assume the name of their leader. Powers is inclined to accept this explanation of the name. SHASTA To account for the name Shasta, a number of theories have been advanced, no one of which 251 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA seems to be positively established. According to the Bureau of Ethnology, '^ Shasta may be a corruption of Sus-ti-ka, apparently the name of a well-known Indian living about 1840 near the site of Yreka. The name was applied to a group of small tribes in Northern California, extending into Oregon, who were soon extinguished by the development of mining operations." Bancroft, in his Native Races, says, ''Shasta was apparently the name of a tribe living about 1840 near Yreka, a tribe made up of several groups. They were a sedentary people, living in small houses, similar to those in use by the Indians on the coast immediately to the west. Their food was made up of acorns, seeds, roots, and fish, particularly salmon. The salmon was caught by net, weir, trap, and spear. Their arts were few. They had dug-out canoes of a rather broad, clumsy type. The bow was their chief weapon, and their carving was limited to rude spoons of wood and bone. Painting w^as little used, and basketry was limited to basket caps for the women, and small food baskets of simple form. The tribe soon succumbed to the unfavorable environment of the mining camp, and is now 252 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE almost extinct .... The Shasta Indians were known in their own language as Weohow, a word meaning 'stone house,' from the large cave in their country." ''Shas-ti-ka was probably the tribal name of the Shasta Indians. Wai-rc-ka (mountain) was their name for Mt. Shasta." — (Powers' Tribes of California.) Another theory advanced is that Shasta is a corruption of the Russian word tchasfal, (white, or pure mountain), and still another that it comes from the French chaste, (pure), but it is likely that its resemblance to these words is purely accidental, and that its origin is Indian. Whatever may be the derivation of its name, there is no question that Mount Shasta, with its snow-capped summit, has but few rivals for scenic beauty among its mountain sisterhood. It is an extinct volcano, with a double peak, and rises to a height of 14380 feet. There are minor glaciers on the northern slope. Fremont says of it: ''The Shastl peak stands at the head of the lower valley, rising from a base of about one thousand feet, out of a forest of heavy timber. It ascends like an immense column upwards of 255 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA 14000 feet (nearly the height of Mont Blanc), the summit glistening with snow, and visible, from favorable points of view, at a distance of 140 miles down the valley." On a United States map of date of 1848, drawn by Charles Preuss from surveys made by Fremont and other persons, the name appears spelled as Tshastl. Mount Shasta is in Siskiyou County, and is the most conspicuous natural feature in that part of the state. SISKIYOU COUNTY Except that it is of Indian origin, nothing authentic has been obtained concerning Siskiyou, the name of the county in the extreme north of the state. Several popular theories have been advanced, one to the effect that Siskiyou means ''lame horse." If that be true the word must have been introduced into the Indian language after the coming of the Spaniards, since horses were unknown to the Indians before that period. Another story, perhaps more pleasing than true, 256 THEIR M E A N I N G AND R O M A N C E runs as follows: ''On the summit of a mountain in Oregon, just over the divide, there is a beautiful, level spot, watered by cool springs, which over- looks the country for miles around. Here the powerful Shasta, Rogue River, and Klamath tribes used to meet to smoke and indulge in danc- ing and games. They called the place Sis-ki-you, the 'council ground'." Siskiyou County is notable for its mountain scenery, and includes within its borders the famous Mount Shasta. TRINITY COUNTY Trinity County received its name from Trinidad Bay, which was discovered and named by Captain Bruno Ezeta, on Trinity Sunday, in the year 1775. Trinidad is the Spanish word meaning Trinity. Trinity River was so-named through the mis- taken belief that it emptied into Trinidad Bay. Trinidad is also the name of a village in Hum- boldt County, on the ocean shore, twenty miles north of Eureka. 257 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA YREKA Yreka, the name of the county-seat of Siskiyou County, is an Indian word, of which the spelhng has probably been corrupted, perhaps in a spirit of facetiousness, from the original Wai-ri-ka to its present eccentric form. Various theories have been offered in explanation of the word, but the only one apparently based on scientific data seems to be that it means ''north place." One writer advances the whimsical explanation that the word was formed by the transposition of the letters in ''bakery," but fails to explain what becomes of the letter "b." This is, of course, but an idle invention. Yreka is said by Powers, in his Tribes of Cali- fornia, to be the Indian word for "mountain," especially applied to Mt. Shasta. Its former spelling was Wai-ri-ka. Here is a contradiction between scientists. 258 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Agua Caliente (hot water, hot springs), a village in Sonoma County, forty-five miles north of San Francisco. Alturas (heights), the county-seat of Modoc County, no miles north of Reno. Point Arena (sandy point), is the name of the cape on the Mendocino coast, and of the village in that county, no miles northwest of San Francisco. Bodega (a surname), that of its discoverer, Don Juan de la Bodega y Quadra, Captain of the schooner Sonora, who sailed into Bodega Bay October 3, 1775. This bay, and the town of Bodega Roads are in Sonoma County, about sixty-four miles northwest of San Francisco. Point Cabrillo (a surname), that of the cele- brated Spanish explorer, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. Calistoga, one of those hybrid words of which California has too many. This word was the invention of Samuel Brannan, an early settler, and is compounded of the first syllable of Cali- fornia and the last of Saratoga. It is given here lest it be mistaken for Indian or Spanish. 259 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Cazadero (hunting-place) . Chileno (Chilean, native of Chile). Punta Delgada (thin or narrow point). See Punta Gorda. Cape For tunas (cape fortunes). Fortuna is a village in Humboldt County, twelve miles south of Eureka. Del Norte (of the north), is the name of the county in the extreme northwestern corner of the state. Garcia (a surname), the name of a creek in Mendocino County. Punta Go? da (thick or broad point). Punta Gorda and Punta Delgada are adjacent points on the northern coast whose contrast in shape is indicated by their names. See Punta Delgada. Gualala, a village in Mendocino County, forty miles west of Cloverdale. This is an Indian word, ''probably from walali, a generic term of the Pomo language, signifying the meeting-place of the waters of any in-flowing stream with those of the stream into which it flows, or with the ocean. The present spelling is probably influenced by the Spanish." — (S. A. Barrett, in California Pub- lications of Archaeology and Ethnology.) 260 THETR MEANING ANT) ROMANCE Hoopa, a village in Humboldt County, on the Trinity River, was named for the Hupa Indians, a tribe on the lower Trinity River. Hoopa Mountain was named in the same way. Point Laguna (lagoon point). Oro Fino (fine gold), is the name of a village in Siskiyou County, twenty-five miles southwest of Yreka. This name is in contrast to the place called Oro Grande (coarse gold), in the southern part of the state. Petalmna, the name of a town in Sonoma County, forty- two miles northwest of San Fran- cisco. Petaluma was the name of an Indian village situated near the site of the present town on a low hill, and according to S. A. Barrett the word is compounded of peta (flat), and luma (back), making Petaluma (flat back), but Dr. Vallejo has another explanation of its mean- ing. He holds that the sufflx ma means 'S^alley" or ''land," and that Petaluma is a combination of three Suysun words, Pe-talu-ma, signifying "Oh! fair valley," or "Oh! fair Ismd.''— {Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisc Bulletin, January, 1914.) Porno is northeast of Ukiah. "Pomo was an 261 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Indian village on the east bank of the Russian River, in the southern end of Potter Valley, a short distance south of the post-ofhce at Porno. The word is an ending, meaning 'people of, village of'."— (S. A. Barrett.) Tomales Bay is just north of Drake's Bay, in Marin County. The word is a Spanish corruption of the Indian tamal (bay). Ukiah is the county-seat of Mendocino County, and is on the Russian River, no miles northwest of San Francisco. "The word is said to be derived from the Indian yokaia, yo (south), and ka-ia (valley), the name of a village about six miles southeast of the present town of Ukiah." 262 THE CENTRAL VAJXEY, XI THE CENTRAL VALLEY TEHAMA COUNTY Tehama County lies at the extreme northern end of the great Central Valley of the state. There is a village of the same name in the county, on the Sacramento River, twelve miles southeast of Red Bluff. The name Tehama was derived from an Indian tribe, but the meaning of it has not been ascer- tained. Two definitions have been offered, — ''high water," in reference to the overflowing of the Sacramento River, and "low land," but these may be among those attempts to account for our names by making the name fit the circumstances, a method which has resulted in many errors. All that can be positively stated is that the word is of Indian origin. COLUSA Colusa is a county in the northern part of the Central Valley, and has a county-seat of the same 265 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA name, situated on the west bank of the Sacra- mento River, sixty-five miles northwest of Sac- ramento. This name appears as Colus on the land grant located at that place, and is said by Powers, in his Tribes of California, to be a corruption of Ko-ru-si, a tribal name, a more reasonable ex- planation than any other that has been offered. General Will Green, said to have known the tribe well, was of the opinion that Colusa meant "the scratchers," in allusion to a strange custom among these people of scratching one another's faces. While it is true that the prevalence of this custom is mentioned by the Spaniards, Captain Fages referring to it in terms of great distaste, there is no scientific corroboration of that definition for the word Colusa. YUBA Yuba is the name of a county in the Central Valley, of Yuba City, the county-seat of Sutter County, and of the Yuba River, which is formed by the union of three branches rising in the Sierra Nevada. 266 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE The name Yuba was first applied to the river, the chief tributary of the Feather. The theory has been advanced that it received the name of Uba, or Uva, the Spanish word for grapes, from an exploring party in 1824, in reference to the immense c\|uantities of vines loaded with wild grapes growing along its banks, Uba, becoming corrupted into Yuba, but Powers, in his Tribes of California, says Yuba is derived from a tribe of Maidu Indians named Yii-ba, who lived on the Feather River. This is probably the true explan- ation of the name. It is to be noted that Fremont, in his Memoirs, speaks of it as Indian: ''We traveled across the valley plain, and in about sixteen miles reached Feather River, at twenty miles from its junction with the Sacramento, near the mouth of the Yuba, so-called from a village of Indians w^ho live on it. The Indians aided us across the river with canoes and small rafts. Ex- tending along the bank in front of the village was a range of wicker cribs, about twelve feet high, partly filled with what is there the Indians' staff of life, acorns. A collection of huts, shaped like bee-hives, with naked Indians sunning themselves on the tops, and these acorn 267 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA cribs, are the prominent objects in an Indian village." YOLO Yolo is the name of a county in the northern part of the Central Valley, and of a village near Woodland. Yolo, or Yoloy, was the name of a Pa twin tribe, and the word is said by the Bureau of Ethnology to mean ''a place abounding with rushes." In 1884 there were still forty-five of the tribe living in Yolo County. SOLANO This county, situated in the Central Valley, immediately northeast of San Francisco, was named, at the request of General Mariano Vallejo, in honor of an Indian chief of the Suisunes who had aided him in war against the other natives. The name of this chief in his own tongue is said to have been Sent Yeto, "the Fierce one of the Brave Hand," or Sum-yet-ho, ''the Mighty Arm," and, judging by the description given of him by 268 THEIR M E A N I N G AND ROMANCE Dr. Vallejo, he must have been a hving refutation of the common beHcf that the CaHfornia Indians were invariably squat and ill-formed, for he was a splendid figure of a man, six feet, seven inches in height and large in proportion. He was con- verted to Christianity and received the name of the celebrated missionary, PVancisco Solano, as well as a grant of land containing 17752 acres, known as the Suisun Grant. SUISUN Suisun Bay is a body of navigable water con- nected with San Pablo Bay by the Carquinez Strait, and is the outlet of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers. Suisun City is in Solano County, on a slough, about fifty miles northeast of San Francisco. Suisun was the name of an Indian village on that bay, and the word is said by some persons to mean a "big expanse." The name was probably first given to the land grant. This region was the home of an important tribe of Indians who had an interesting and tragic history. Their religious capital, if such it could be called, was at Napa, near which place there was 269 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA a certain stone from which they beheved one of their gods had ascended into upper air, leaving the impress of his foot upon the stone. General Vallejo says that in 1817 a military expedition under command of Lieutenant Jose Sanchez crossed the straits of Carqumez on rafts, for the double purpose of exploring the country and re- ducing it to Christianity. "On crossing the river they were attacked by the Suisun tribe, headed by their chief Malaca, and the Spaniards suffered considerable loss; the Indians fought bravely, but were forced to retire to their rancheria, where, being hotly pursued, and believing their fate sealed, these unfortunate people, incited by their chief, set fire to their own rush-built huts, and perished in the flames with their families. The soldiers endeavored to stay their desperate reso- lution, in order to save the women and children, but they preferred this doom to that which they believed to await them at the hands of their enemies." The Suisun tribe is now entirely ex- tinct, a large number having been carried off by a frightful epidemic of smallpox. Dr. Vallejo states that this tribe, a people described by him as possessing many attractive qualities, was esti- 270 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE mated by his father to number at least 40,000 persons in 1835. After the great epidemic, which was brought down by the Russians from the north, and which lasted during the three consecu- tive years of 1837-38-39, there were barely two hundred left. Thus the disappearance of the California Indians was occasioned, not by the white man's bullets or fire-water, nor even by the deteriorating influence of a changed mode of living, nor by the loss of native sturdiness through an acquired dependence upon the church, but suddenly and fearfully by the introduction of the hideous diseases of civilization. SACRAMENTO Sacramento County and the city of the same name, the state capital, situated near the center of the Great Valley, received their names from the river, which, following the usual custom of the Spaniards, was christened first, being named in honor of the Holy Sacrament. Captain Moraga first gave the name of Jesus Maria to the main river, calling the branch 271 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Sacramento^ but later the main stream became known as Sacramento, and the branch as El Rio de las Plumas (the river of the feathers) . COSUMNE Cosumne is the name of a village in Sacramento County, about twenty-two miles southeast of Sacramento. The Cosumne river rises in El Dorado County, near the Sierra Nevada, and enters the Mokelumne about twenty-five miles south of the city of Sacramento. Cosumne is an Indian word, said to mean ''salmon," and was taken from the tribe who lived upon the river. The frequent occurrence of the ending amni, or umne, in the names of rivers in the Sierras has led to the mistaken conclusion that the suffix actually means "river," but we have the statement of A. L. Kroeber, Professor of Anthropology in the University of California, that, ''The supposition may be hazarded that the ending amni, or umne, is originally a Miwok ending, with the meaning 'people of." Thus the meaning of Cosumne may be "people of the 272 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE village of Coso," and of Mokelumne, ''people of the village of Mukkel," and so on through all the names having this ending. Powers, in his Tribes of California, says Kos- sum- mi was the Indian word for ''salmon," and that this is the probable origin of the name Cosumne. The Bureau of Ethnology has an interesting paragraph on the manners and customs of these Indians: "They went almost naked; their houses were of bark, sometimes thatched with grass, and covered with earth; the bark was loosened from the trees by repeated blows with stone hatchets, the latter having the head fastened to the handle with deer sinews. Their ordinary weapons were bows and stone-tipped arrows. The women made finely- woven conical baskets of grass, the smaller ones of which held water. Their amusements were chiefly dancing and foot-ball; the dances, however, were in some degree ceremonial. Their principal deity was the sun, and the women had a ceremony which resembled the 'sun dance' of the tribes of the upper Missouri. Their dead were buried in graves in the earth. The tribe is now practically extinct." — (Quoted from Rice, in American Anthropology, III, 259, 1890.) 273 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA SAN JOAQUIN San Joaquin County, famous for its vast fields of wheat, is a part of the great Central Valley, and the river of the same name rises in the Sierras, flows north-northwest through the valley and unites with the Sacramento River near its mouth. The river was named in honor of St. Joachim, the father of the Virgin. Lieutenant Moraga first gave the name to a rivulet which springs from the Sierra Nevada, and empties into Lake Buena Vista. The river derived its name from this rivulet. The rich valley of the San Joaquin, two hundred miles long and thirty miles wide, with its wide, tree- less expanses where the wild grasses grew rankly, was once a paradise for game. Fremont says: ''Descending the valley we traveled among mul- titudinous herds of elk, antelope, and" wild horses. Several of the latter which we killed for food were found to be very fat." Herds of wild horses still range in California and Nevada, and are some- times captured for sale, fine specimens bringing high prices. 274 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE STANISLAUS Stanislaus is the name of the county just south of San Joaquin, and of one of the tributaries of the San Joaquin River. The word Stanislaus is said to be derived from an Indian chief of that region, who became Christianized and was baptized under the Spanish name of Estanislao. He was educated at Mission San Jose, but became a renegade, and incited his tribe against the Spaniards. In 1826 he was de- feated in a fierce battle on the banks of the river now bearing his name. Fremont thus describes the scenery along the Stanislaus: ''Issuing from the woods, we rode about sixteen miles over open prairie partly covered with bunch grass, the timber re-appearing on the rolling hills of the River Stanislaus, in the usual belt of evergreen oaks. The level valley was about forty feet below the up- land, and the stream seventy yards broad, with the usual fertile bottom land which was covered with green grass among large oaks. We encamped in one of these bottoms, 275 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA in a grove of the large white oaks previously mentioned." MERCED Merced (mercy), is the name of the county south of Stanislaus, of its own principal stream, and of its county-seat. The river was named by the Spaniards, in honor of the Virgin, El Rio de Nuestra Senora de la Merced (the river of our Lady of Mercy). This name was given to the stream by the Moraga party as an expression of their joy and gratitude at the sight of its sparkling waters, after an exhausting journey of forty miles through a water-less country. According to Fremont, this stream was called Auxumne by the Indians: 'Tn about seventeen miles we reached the Auxumne River, called by the Mexicans Merced .... We encamped on the southern side of the river, where broken hills made a steep bluff, with a narrow bottom. On the northern side was a low undulating wood and prairie land, over which a band of about three hundred elk was slowly coming to water, feeding as they approached." 276 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE The Merced River is notable in that it flows along the floor of the Yosemite Valley. Like all the other streams that have their rise in the Sierras, its character in its upper and lower reaches is vastly dissimilar. In the days of its turbulent youth it is a wild and boisterous stream, and in the voice of its hissing, roaring waters the wayfarer hears no sound of "mercy," but after it makes its tremendous plunge down the western slope of the Sierras, and debouches upon the floor of the valley, it takes on a serene air of maturity, and widens into a placid river, its current flowing sluggishly between low, level banks. MADERA COUNTY Madera (wood, timber), is the name of the county to the southwest of Stanislaus. It occupies a stretch of fertile land, and was called Madera by the Spaniards on account of its heavy growth of timber. FRESNO COUNTY Fresno (ash-tree), so-called in reference to the abundance of those trees in that region, is the 277 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA name of a county in the San Joaquin Valley, in the heart of the grain and fruit country. Raisins and wine are its especial products. Its capital city and principal stream also bear the name of Fresno. KINGS COUNTY This county, now appearing under its English form, originally received its name from the river, which was discovered by a Spanish exploring party in 1805, and called by them El Rio de los Santos Reyes (the river of the Holy Kings), in honor of the ''three wise men." A considerable part of the area of this county was at one time covered by Tulare Lake, but the shrinkage of that body of water through the with- drawal of its sources of supply have added nearly the whole of the territory occupied by its waters to the arable land of the county. This subject is further discussed under the head of Tulare. The river seems to have been known at one time as the Lake Fork, by which name Fremont men- tions it in the following paragraph: ''We crossed an open plain still in a southeasterly direction, 278 EL Rio DE LOS SANTOS REYES (THE RIVER OE THE HOLY KINGS). "... named in honor of the three wise men." THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE reaching in about twenty miles the Tulare Lake river. This is the Lake Fork, one of the largest and handsomest streams in the valley, being about one hundred yards broad, and having per- haps a larger body of fertile lands than any of the others. It is called by the Mexicans El Rio de los Reyes. The broad alluvial bottoms were well wooded with several species of oaks. This is the principal afifluent of the Tulare Lake, a strip of water which receives all the rivers in the upper or southern end of the valley." TULARE COUNTY Tulare (place of tules, or rushes) , is the name of a county in the south-central part of the state, of Tulare Lake in Kings County, and of a town in the San Joaquin Valley. The county is remarkable for the high mountain peaks of the Sierra Nevada, on its northeast border. Among these is Mount Whitney, about 14500 feet in height. Tulare Lake, in Kings County, at one time filled a shallow depression about thirty miles in length, and received through a number of small streams 281 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA the drainage from the southern part of the Sierra Nevada, soon losing the greater part of this water by evaporation. It is now practically dry, as a result of the withdrawal for irrigation pur- poses of Kings and Kern Rivers, and the terri- tory formerly covered by it has been to a great extent placed under cultivation. The lake was discovered in 1773 by Commandant Fages, while hunting for deserters from the presidio at Monterey, and called by him Los Tides (the rushes), from the great number of those plants with which it was filled. In 18 13 Captain Moraga passed through the valley of this lake, and named it Valle de los Tules (valley of the rushes). SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Acampo (common pasture), is the name of a village in San Joaquin County. See Final Index. Arroyo Buenos Aires (creek of the good airs), is in San Joaquin County. Caliente (hot), is the name of a town in Kern County. Chico (little), is the name of a town in Butte 282 THEIR MEANINCx AND ROMANCE County, ninety-six miles north of Sacramento. This place derives its name from the Rancho Chico (the little ranch), of which General John Bidwell was the original grantee. The Arroyo Chico and the town both took their names from the ranch.— (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) Chowckilla, a large ranch in the San Joaquin Valley, takes its name from the Chowchilla Indians, a branch of the Moquelumnan family. Fremont refers to this name under a somewhat different spelling: "The springs and streams hereabout were waters of the Chauchiles and Mariposas Rivers, and the Indians of this village belonged to the Chauchiles tribe." Dos Palos (two sticks, or trees), is in Merced County, twenty miles southwest of Merced. Esparto (feather-grass), is a town in Yolo County. Esperanza (hope), is in Kings County, west of Lake Tulare. Hornitos (httle ovens), is in Mariposa County, sixteen miles northwest of Mariposa. An attempt has been made to account for this name as a reference to the intense heat sometimes prevalent in that region, but the probable origin of the 283 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA name is that given by Mr. J. P. Gagliardo, a resident of the place, who says it was derived ''from a number of hornitos built here by the first settlers, who located here about the early fifties." Homos (ovens), of brick and adobe, built out-of-doors, and used to bake the bread for several families, were in very common use among the first Spanish settlers of California. Ovens were also used by the Indians, for, instead of eating their food raw or imperfectly cooked, they used quite elaborate methods in its prepara- tion. Their ovens are thus described in the Handbook of American Indians, by Dr. Pliny E. Goddard, of the American Museum of Natural History: 'The pit oven, consisting of a hole excavated in the ground, heated with fire, and then filled with food, which was covered over and allowed to cook, was general in America, though as a rule it was employed only occasionally, and principally for cooking vegetal substances. This method of cooking was found necessary to render acrid or poisonous foods harmless, and starchy foods saccharine, and as a preliminary in drying and preserving food for winter use. Most of the acorn-consuming Indians of California cooked 284 IN THE SIERRA NEVADAS. 'East Vidette, the Alps of the King-Kern divide." THEIR M E A N I N G A N T) R O M A X C E acorn mush in small sand-j)its. The soap-root was made palatable by cooking it in an earth- covered heap. The Hupa cook the same plant for about two days in a large pit lined with stones, in which a hot fire is maintained until the stones and surrounding earth are well heated; the fire is then drawn, the pit lined with leaves of wild grape and wood sorrel to improve the flavor of the bulbs, and a c^uantity of the bulbs thrown in; leaves are then placed on top, the whole is covered with earth, and a big fire built on top." Mr. Charles B. Turrill states that ''the meal of the ground acorns was placed in shallow hollows in the sand and water poured on it, by which means the bitter principle was leached out. Then the meal was placed in baskets and cooked by putting hot stones therein. The cooking was done in the basket, not in the sand." Other Indians used pit ovens for baking clams, and the Panamints of California roasted cactus joints and mescal in pits. The Pueblo Indians used dome-shaped ovens of stone plastered with clay, a form that may have been imitated by the Spaniards, since their ovens were of that char- acter. 287 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Modesto (modest), is the county-seat of Stanis- laus County, and is thirty miles south of Stockton. According to residents of this town, ''The place was first named Ralston in the year 1870, in honor of Mr. Ralston, who was then a very prominent resident of San Francisco, and presi- dent of the Bank of California. He was so modest that he preferred that some other name be adopted, so the name was changed to Modesto.'^ If this be the true story, it was surely a unique reason for the naming of a town. Oroville (goldtown), is a hybrid word made up of the Spanish oro (gold), and the French ville (town). Oroville is the county-seat of Butte County, and is on the Feather River, in the heart of a mining and fruit region. Rio Vista (river view), is in Solano County, on the Sacramento River. Modern. Incorrect con- struction. It should be Vista del Rio. Tehachapi, an Indian word of which the mean- ing has not been ascertained, is the name of the mountain pass in Kern County across the Sierra Nevada, of which it approximately marks the southern limit, and of a town in the same county, thirty-five miles southeast of Bakersfield. 288 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE "In the famous Tahichapah Pass was a tribe called by themselves Ta-hi-cha-pa-han-na, and by the Kern Indians Ta-hich. This tribe is now extinct." — (Powers' Tribes of California.) Vacaville is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley in Solano County. It received its name from a family named Vaca, who were at one time prominent in that region. Manuel Vaca, the founder of the family, was a native of New Mexico, and came to Cahfornia in 1841. "He was a hospitable man of good repute." 289 A I^^^HE SIERRAS /v XII ^ IN THE SIERRAS THE SIERRA NEVADA The Sierra Nevada Mountains, California's wonder-land, derive their name from sierra (saw), and nevada (snowy), — descriptive of the saw- toothed outlines of the summits of the range, and the mantle of perpetual snow that covers the highest tops. The term Sierra Madre, absurdly translated by some persons as ''Mother of Christ," means, of course, "Mother Sierra," that is, the largest mountain range personified as the mother of the smaller ranges. "The Sierra Nevada is generally considered to extend from Tehachapi Pass in the south to Lassen Peak in the north, and constitutes the dividing ridge between the great basin on the east, to which it falls abruptly, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys on the west. It is characterized by deep and narrow valleys, 293 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA with almost vertical walls of rock thousands of feet in height, and its scenery is of surpassing grandeur, much more imposing than that of the Rockies. Many of its higher summits are cov- ered with perpetual snow." — (Lippincott's Gazetteer.) PIT RIVER Among the many tributary streams that carry the waters of the Sierra Nevada down the western slope into the Sacramento, the Pit, often incor- rectly spelled Pitt, is one of the most important, and, although not properly belonging in these pages, is included for the sake of the information to be gained concerning Indian customs. The natives along this river were in the habit of digging pits near the banks to catch bear and deer, and, on occasion, even their human enemies. The pits were dug in the regular trails of animals, twelve to fourteen feet deep, conical in shape, with a small opening at the top, covered with brush and earth. Signs, such as broken twigs, were placed as a warning to their own people, and sharp stakes were placed in the bottom to 294 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE impale any creature that might fall in. Another account of this custom is given in Miller's Life Among the Modocs: 'Tits from ten to fifteen feet deep were dug, in which natives caught man and beast. These man-traps, for such was their primary use, were small at the mouth, widening toward the bottom, so that exit was impossible, even were the victim to escape impalement upon sharpened elk and deer horns, which were favor- ably placed for his reception. The opening was craftily concealed by means of light sticks, over which earth was scattered, and the better to deceive the unwary, travelers' footprints were frequently stamped with a moccasin in the loose soil." It was from these Indian pits that the river received its name. PLUMAS Plumas (feathers), is the name of a county in the northeastern part of the state. It is drained by the Feather River, which flows through one of the deepest and most picturesque canyons in California. The county is characterized by its 297 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA wild and rugged scenery, its deep canyons and extensive forests of evergreen trees. In the northwest corner Lassen Peak, now an active volcano, rises to a height of 10437 f^^t. The county derives its name from its principal stream, which now appears under its English form of The Feather, but which was originally named El Rio de las Plumas (the river of the feathers), by Captain Luis A. Argiiello, who led an exploring party up the valley in 1820, and whose attention was attracted by the great num- ber of feathers of wild fowl floating on the sur- face of the river. Even to this day the valley of the Feather has remained a favorite haunt of the wild ducks and geese, as will be attested by the many hunters who seek sport there during the season. By an inconsistency, the county has retained the original Spanish name, Plumas, while that of the river has been Americanized. An erroneous and extremely far-fetched expla- nation of the name has often appeared in print to the effect that it was derived from a fancied resemblance between the spray of the river and a feather. 298 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE THE AMERICAN RIVER The American River, another of the names which have been translated from the original Spanish, is formed by three forks rising in the Sierra Nevada, and empties into the Sacramento at the site of the city of that name. The three branches forming it run in deep canyons, some- times two thousand feet in depth, and the scen- ery along its course is of a rugged and striking character. The river was originally called El Rio de los Americanos (the river of the Americans), prob- ably from the presence on its banks of a company of western trappers, who lived there from 1822 to 1830, and not ''because it was the usual route of travel by which Americans entered the state," as is stated by Bancroft and others. In Fremont's time it was still known by its Spanish name, by which he refers to it in the following paragraph: ''Just then a well-dressed Indian came up, and made his salutations in very well-spoken Spanish. In answer to our inquiries he informed us that we were upon the Rio de los 299 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Americanos, and that it joined the Sacramento River about ten miles below. Never did a name sound more sweetly! We felt ourselves among our countrymen, for the name of American, in these distant parts, is applied to the citizens of the United States." EL DORADO COUNTY El Dorado (the gilded man). Although it is known to most people, in a vague, general way, that the name El Dorado was given to this county on account of the discovery of gold there, the romantic tales connected with the name are probably not so well known. The Indians of Peru, Venezuela, and New Granada, perhaps in the hope of inducing their oppressors to move on, were constantly pointing out to the Spaniards, first in one direction, then in another, a land of fabulous riches. This land was said to have a king, who caused his body to be covered every morning with gold dust, by means of an odorous resin. Each evening he washed it ofT, as it incommoded his sleep, and each morning KL Rio l)K LAS PLUMAS (FEATHER RIVER). 'To this day the valley of the Feather is a favorite haunt for wild ducks and geese." THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE had the gilding process repeated. From this fable the white men were led to believe that the country must be rich in gold, and long, costly, and fruitless expeditions were under- taken in pursuit of this phantom of El Dorado. In time the phrase El Dorado came to be ap- plied to regions where gold and other precious metals were thought to be plentiful. According to General Vallejo, one Francisco Orellana, a companion of the adventurer Pizarro, wrote a fictitious account of an El Dorado in South America, "a region of genial clime and never- fading verdure, abounding in gold and precious stones, where wine gushed forth from never- ceasing springs, wheat fields grew ready-baked loaves of bread, birds already roasted flew among the trees, and nature was filled with harmony and sweetness." Although old Mother Nature has not yet provided us with ''bread ready-baked" or ''birds ready-roasted" in California, her gifts to her children have been so bountiful that they may almost be compared to the fabulous tales of El Dorado, the gilded man. 303 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA PLACER COUNTY Placer, the county in the Sierras famous for its surface gold-mining, has a puzzKng name for which no satisfactory explanation has yet been found. Although it has been used m Spanish countries for centuries in the sense of surface mining, dictionaries remain silent upon the sub- ject. The theory often advanced that the word is a contraction of plaza de oro (place of gold), bears none of the marks of probability, and another that it means "a river where gold is found" is not supported by adequate authority. One old Spanish dictionary gives the meaning of placer as "a sea bottom, level and of slight depth, of sand, mud, or stone," and states also that the word is sometimes used to designate places where pearl diving is carried on. It may be that the word was extended from this usage to include placer mining, since in that case the gold is found in shallow pockets near the surface. This theory is offered here as a mere suggestion. Placer County has some of the most striking mountain scenery in the state, and has been the 304 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE theatre of many remarkable events in its history, particularly those connected with the ''days of '49." In the town of Placerville, the county-seat of El Dorado County, there is an instance of a change of name from English to Spanish for the better, for this place was originally called Hang- town, in commemoration of the hanging of certain 'bad men" on a tree there. THE TRUCKEE RIVER The Triickee River rises on the borders of El Dorado and Placer Counties, and is the outlet of Lake Tahoe, discharging its waters into Pyra- mid Lake in Nevada. This mountain stream is justly celebrated for the wild charm of its scenery. There is a village bearing the same name, in Nevada County, well-known to travelers through being on the regular route to Tahoe. At this place winter sports, tobogganing, skiing, skating, etc., are provided for San Franciscans, who need to travel but a few hours to exchange their clime of eternal spring for the deep snows of the Sierras. The explanation generally accepted for the 305 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA name of Truckec is that it was so-called for an Indian, by some accounts described as a Canadian trapper, who guided a party of explorers in 1844 to its lower crossing, where the town of Wads- worth now stands. The party, who were suffering from thirst, felt themselves to be under such obligations to the Indian for having guided them to this lovely mountain stream, with its crystal waters and abundance of fish, that they gave it his name. Of this Indian it is said that ''he joined Fremont's battalion, and w^as afterwards known as Captain Truckee; he became a great favorite with Fremont, who gave him a Bible. When he died he asked to be buried by white men in their style. The miners dug a grave near Como, in the croppings of the old Goliah ledge. Here he was laid to rest, with the Bible by his side." — {History of Nevada County.) LAKE TAHOE Tahoe is another of the Indian names whose meaning can not be ascertained with any degree of certainty. The definition ''Big Water," the 306 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE one usually given, is considered doubtful by ethnologists. The statement has been made by intelligent Indians now living on the banks of the lake that the word, pronounced Dd-o by them, means "deep" and "blue." Yet it is much to know that this pearl among all lakes has at least been fortunate enough to receive an indigenous name, escaping by a narrow margin the ignomini- ous fate of being called Lake Bigler, for a former governor of the state. It appears that Fremont was the first to give to this body of water a name, and it is shown upon his map under the rather indefinite title of Mountain Lake. Afterward it was known for a short time as Lake Bigler. The story goes that in 1859 Dr. Henry de Groot, while exploring the mountains, learned that tah-00-ee meant "a great deal of water," and from this Tahoe was evolved as an appropriate name, but did not become attached to the lake until the period of the Civil War. During that time the Reverend Thomas Starr King, the famous "war" clergyman of San Francisco, visited the lake, and inspired by indignation against the Democratic Governor Bigler, whom he regarded as a secession- ist, he definitely christened it Talwc, for which we 309 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA may be grateful to his memory, regardless of the motives by which he was actuated. Tahoe is partly in Placer, and partly in El Dorado, at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, a portion of its waters also extending into the state of Nevada. It is twenty-two miles long and ten wide, and has an elevation of 6225 feet above sea level. It is especially remarkable for its great depth, being over 1500 feet deep. AMADOR COUNTY Amador (literally "lover"), but in this case a surname. Amador is the long, narrow county lying between Calaveras and El Dorado, and was probably named in honor of the Amador family, either Don Pedro Amador, or his son, Jose Maria. Pedro Amador is said to have been a ''soldier of fortune" in the Spanish army, who came to Cali- fornia in 1 77 1. His son, Jose Maria, was also a soldier and a renowned Indian fighter, and was known to be living as late as 1883. 310 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE CALAVERAS Calaveras (skulls), is the name of a county in the central part of the Sierra Nevada, on the eastern border. This county is famous for its gold and copper mines, and its Giant Sequoias. The river, to which the name of Calaveras was first given, rises in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and flows southwest, emptying into the San Joaquin about fifteen miles below Stockton. The river received its rather lugubrious name at the hands of Captain Moraga, who led the first expedition up the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In his diary, Moraga says that the river tribes fought against those of the Sierra for possession of the salmon in the stream, and that in one battle as many as three thousand were said to have been killed and left on the field. A great number of skulls, relics of this bloody conflict, were found by Moraga scattered along the creek bed, and caused him to give it the name of Las Calaveras. We find in Fremont a corroborating reference to the salmon as a cause of dissension among the Indians of that region: 311 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA 'This fish had a large share in supporting the Indians, who raised nothing, but hved on what nature gave. A 'salmon water,' as they named it, was a valuable possession to a tribe or village, and jealously preserved as an inheritance." Particular interest was aroused in the Indian relics of this county some years ago by the finding of the celebrated ''Calaveras skull," purporting to have been taken from the Tertiary deposit, a stratum in which no human remains had ever before been discovered. A close examination into the circumstances, however, caused scientists to look with great doubt upon the assertion that the skull had been taken from the Tertiary deposit. In the Handbook of Amefican Indians, published by the Smithsonian Institute, the following reference appears: "Remains of aborigines are plentiful in this county, embedded in ancient river gravels, from which gold was washed. By some scientists these remains were thought to belong to the Tertiary Age, but their resemblance to the modern Indian makes this doubtful. The Calaveras skull, still preserved in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was said to have come 312 SHORE OF LAKE TAllOE. " * * pearl among all lakes.' THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE from the gravels of Bald Mountain, at a depth of 130 feet, but there are good reasons for suspect- ing that it was derived from one of the limestone caves so numerous in that region." TUOLUMNE Tuolumne is the name of the county in the Sierras just east of Calaveras, and of the river which rises at the base of the Sierra Nevadas, and flows into the San Joaquin, twenty-five miles south of Stockton, a part of its course running through a deep canyon. Here we have another of the river names ending in umne, already discussed under the heading of Cosumne. As stated before, umne probably means "people of," and it is held by some authorities that the meaning of Tuolumne is ''people of the stone houses, or caves." Bancroft maintains this theory, holding that the name is a corruption of talmalamne, "a group of stone huts or caves, or collection of wigwams." Objection has been raised to this theory on the ground that the Indians of California were not cave-dwellers, but 315 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA universally lived in flimsy huts made of sticks and grass. This objection is cleared away in some measure by a very interesting paragraph in the diary of Padre Pedro Munoz, who accompanied the Gabriel Moraga expedition of 1806 into that region. The passage in question relates: ''On the morning of this day, the expedition went toward the east along the banks of the river, and having traveled about six leagues, we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sotanos (cellars or caves); they go up and come down by means of a weak stick, held up by one of themselves while the one who descends slips down. They did not wish to come down from their hiding-places, and for me the ascent was too difficult. This village probably has about two hun- dred souls, judging by the considerable mass which we repeatedly made out among the rocks and cor- ridors [or ledges], in the manner of balconies, which the precipice made." This meeting with the cave-dwellers occurred at a spot about six leagues from the Guadalupe River, after the expedition had left the Merced. It is not, of 316 THEIR MEANING AND R O M A N C E course, to be inferred from this circumstance that the California Indians were genuine "chff dwell- ers," but rather that, at least in the mountainous parts of the state, they may have had the habit of taking refuge in natural caves from inclement weather or attacks of enemies. As to the pronunciation of the word, it is said that the Indians called it Tii-ah-lum-ne, rather than Tiwliimne, which is the general usage. MARIPOSA Mariposa (butterfly), is famous as the county that holds within its borders two of the wonders of the earth, the Yosemite Valley and the Giant Sequoias. Some of these trees are three hundred feet high, thirty feet in diameter, and 2400 years old, having unfolded their feathery fronds before Christ came upon the earth. According to Pro- fessor Jepsen, "they are the direct descendants of the species dominant in the Tertiary Period," and thus are a living reminder of the plant life of that dim and distant past of which the animal life is pictured for us in the fossil remains of the 317 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA mammoth and saber- tooth tiger of the La Brea asphalt beds. Nearly every writer who has attempted to account for the name Mariposa has fallen into the error of ascribing it to the charming little flower called the Mariposa lily. Fremont, with his intense appreciation of the beauty of the wild flowers covering the whole country with a carpet of many hues at the time of his passage over the Sierra, says: ''On some of the higher ridges were fields of a poppy which, fluttering and tremulous on its long thin stalk, suggests the idea of a butterfly settling on a flower, and gives to this flower its name of Mariposa (butterflies) , and the flower extends its name to the stream." It is almost a pity to demolish such a pretty story, yet it is unavoidable, for the true explanation is at hand in the diary of Padre Mufioz, who accom- panied the Gabriel Moraga expedition of 1806 into the Sierra. He says: "This spot [not far from the Merced river], was called Las Mari- posas (the butterflies), on account of their great multitude, especially at night and in the morning, so much so that they became excessively annoy- ing, carrying their desire to hide from the rays of 318 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE the sun so far that they followed us everywhere, and one even entered into the ear of one of the leaders of the expedition, causing him a great deal of annoyance, and not a little trouble in getting it out." This story is corroborated by the fact that at the present day equally great numbers of butterflies, equally annoying, swarm through the mountain forests during a certain part of the autumn. YOSEMITE Yosemitc (grizzly bear, not large grizzly bear, according to the scientists), said to have been called Yohamite by the natives, is one of the few Indian names whose meaning has been ascer- tained with a reasonable degree of certainty. It must be remembered that Yosemite, like most Indian words, has been greatly corrupted from its original form, which was u-zu-mai-ti, o-so- mai-ti or uh-zu-mai-ti, according to the tribe using it, and the valley was never known by this name to the Indians, but always as A-wa-ni, from the name of their principal village. Considering the great alteration of the name from its native form, 321 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA it does not seem to be a matter of vital importance whether it shall now be used as one word, Yosem- ite, or in two words, Yo Semite, although the latter form was at one time the more general usage, and is greatly preferred by some persons. The valley was discovered in 1851 by Major James D. Savage of the United States army, while chasing the Indians, who had a bad habit of sallying forth from their hiding-place in the valley to commit depredations. The name was chosen by Dr. L. H. Bunnell, surgeon of the ex- pedition, who tells the story in his Discovery of the Yoseniite. He gave it the name of an Indian tribe living there and to whom this name had been given by other tribes, they calling themselves Ah-wah-nee. Their chief, Ten-ei-ya, said that when he was a young man the name Vosemite, or YoJmmite, had been chosen because the tribe lived in the mountains and valleys which were the favorite resorts of the bears, and because his people were expert in killing them. He also said, perhaps in a spirit of boasting, that the name was bestowed upon his tribe to express the idea that they were held in as much fear as the bears. This band of Indians was said to have been 322 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE originally composed of outlaws or refugees from other tribes, and may have well deserved their evil reputation. Indian names, few of which can be scientifically defined, have been given to many peaks and water- falls in the valley. In the folder printed by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company more or less fanciful definitions are given for these names, for which there is no foundation in fact except in the case of Yosemite itself and Himto, which really does mean ''eye," though not ^'watching eye." Tenaya Peak was probably named for the Yosem- ite chief, Ten-ei-ya. The definition of Pi-wa-ack as ''cataract of diamonds" is absurd on its face, for a moment's thought will remind any one that diamonds were wholly unknown to the Indians of that time and place. "ilfa-/a (the canyon), a generic word, in explain- ing which the Indians held up both hands to de- note perpendicular walls." — (Powers' Tribes of California.) ''Tis-se-yak is the name of an Indian woman who figured in a legend. The Indian woman cuts her hair straight across the forehead and allows the sides to drop along her cheeks, presenting a square PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA face, which the Indians account the acme of female beauty, and they think they discover this square face in the vast front of South Dome." — (Powers' Tribes of California.) Cho-ko-nip-o-deh, translated as ''baby basket" in the Southern Pacific folder, means literally ''dog-place" or "dog-house." — (Powers' Tribes of California.) MONO Mono is the name of a county on the eastern border of the state, and of the lake near the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada. This lake is fourteen miles long and nine miles wide, and is peculiar in having no outlet, its waters being strongly saline and alkaline. It lies 6730 feet above sea- level and is almost completely destitute of animal life. This name, corrupted from Monache, the name of the Indians of this region, through its resem- blance to the Spanish word mono (monkey), has been the cause of considerable confusion, and of a number of extravagant theories, such as the supposed existence of monkeys in that country, 324 \ i:rxal falls in the yose:mite valley. "The valley was called by the Indians Aumii, from the name of their principal village." THEIR MEANING AND R M A N C E or the resemblance of the natives to those animals, but the similarity between the two words is regarded by ethnologists as purely accidental. The meaning is obscure, but it is said that the name was applied to some Shoshonean tribes of southeastern California by their neighbors on the west. INYO Inyo, a word of unknown meaning, was the name of a tribe of Indians in the Sierra. Inyo County is on the eastern border of the state, adjacent to Nevada. Its largest stream is the Owens River, which flows into Owens Lake, another body of saline water having no outlet. This county has the unenviable distinction of containing within its borders the terrible "Death Valley," where the bones of so many unfortunates have been left to whiten under the desert sun, and which still claims a victim now and then. This desolate valley is forty miles long, lying far below the level of the sea, is destitute of all vege- tation, totally without water, subject to terrific heat, and in all respects well deserves its funereal 327 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA name. Inyo is unique in containing the high- est and lowest points in the United States, Mount Whitney and Death Valley, within sight of each other. In other parts of the county the mountain scenery is of remarkable grandeur, and the gold mines in which it is unusually rich are still worked with profit. AMARGOSA RIVER Amargosa (bitter), is the very appropriate name of a river of Nevada and southeastern California which flows into Death Valley, some- times known also as the xAmargosa Desert. The mountains lying northeast of the river's upper course are sometimes called the Amargosa Moun- tains. Fremont gives a characteristic picture of this dreary country in the following paragraph: "We traveled through a barren district, where a heavy gale was blowing about the loose sand, and, after a ride of eight miles, reached a large creek of salt and bitter water, running in a westerly direction, to meet the stream bed we had left. It is called by the Spaniards Amargosa, the bitter water of the desert." 328 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE SUPPLEMENTARY LIST Alta (high), is a village in Placer County, sixty- eight miles northeast of Sacramento, two miles from the great American Canyon. The altitude of this place is 3607 feet above sea level. The name is modern and was only given to the place after the building of the Central Pacific Railroad. Ccrro Gordo (large, thick hill), is the name of a famous mining camp in Inyo County. Cisco is a town in Placer County, situated at an altitude of 5934 feet above sea level. Cisco is a word of disputed origin. It has been said to be derived from the Algonquin word cisco, mean- ing a fish, a sort of oily herring found in the Great Lakes, but it seems unlikely that such a name should be transported all the way from the Great Lakes to the Sierras, especially as no fish of that kind is to be found there. Other persons believe the word to be derived from the Spanish cisco (broken pieces of coal), but for this there appears to be no legitimate reason. In the History of Placer County the statement is made that the town was named for John J. Cisco, at one time 329 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA connected with the United States Government, an explanation which is probably the true one. Esmeralda (emerald), a village in Calaveras County. Hetch Hctchy is the Indian name of a deep valley in the Sierra, lying north of the Yosemite, which will some day cease to be a valley and become a lake, as the people of San Francisco have succeeded in obtaining the permission of the United States Government to turn it into a reservoir for the city's water supply. An explanation of the meaning of the word Hetch Hetchy has been obtained through the kindness of John Muir, who says: "I have been informed by moun- taineers who know something of the Indian language that Hetch Hetchy is the name of a species of grass that the Tuolumne Indians used for food, and which grows on the meadow at the lower end of the valley. The grain, when ripe, was gathered and beaten out and pounded into meal in mortars." The word was originally spelled Hatchatchie. Lancha Plana (flat-boat), is in Amador County, and its story is thus told by Mr. Junius Farns- worth, an old resident of Stockton: "This town 330 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE is located across the Mokelumne River from Pov- erty Bar, a name given to a gravel bar in the river which was exceedingly rich in placer gold, and to which thousands of early day miners were attracted. Those who came from the north side of the Mokelumne centered in Lancha Plana and reached Poverty Bar by means of a flat-boat, or flat ferry. The Spanish soon designated the set- tlement on the north bank of the river as Lancha Plana, as it was the point at which the flat-boat tied up." Moquelumne is the name of a river which rises in the high Sierra in Alpine County, flows southwesterly and empties into the San Joaquin. The word is a corruption of the Miwok Waka- l limit oh, the Indian name of the river. The Moquelumne family was made up of an aggrega- tion of tribes which occupied three sections, one lying between the Cosumnes and Fresno Rivers, another in Marin, Sonoma, and Napa Counties, and a third occupying a small area in the south end of Lake County. — (A. L. Kroeber, in Ameri- can Antkfop. VIII, no. 4, 1906.) The Miwoks constituted the great body of this family, the different branches of which were connected by a PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA similarity of languages. The Miwoks are de- scribed as being quite low in the scale of civili- zation, and ^'it has been asserted that this tribe of Indians ate every variety of living creature indigenous to their territory except the skunk. The skins of jack-rabbits were rudely woven into robes, and they bought bows and arrows from the mountain Indians for shell money. Cremation of the dead was usual, and all posses- sions of the departed were burned with them. Their names were never afterward mentioned and those who bore the same names changed them for others. Widows covered their faces with pitch, and the younger women singed their hair short as a sign of widowhood." — {Handbook of American Indians.) Muk-kel was the name of the principal village of this tribe, and if unine does in fact mean ''people of", Moquelumne may be ^'people of the village of Muk-kel." Panamint Range of mountains was named for the Panamint tribe, who belonged to the Sho- shonean family, and lived around the Panamint Valley, in Inyo County, southeastern California. Many unfortunate seekers after gold have lost their lives in this desolate mountain range. 332 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Pinto Range (])ainted or spotted range), so- called because of the variegated colors of the rocks. This range is in Inyo County. San Andreas (St. Andrew), is the county-seat of Calaveras County, and is situated near the Calaveras River, fifty-six miles southeast of Sacramento. Placer gold mining was at one time extensively carried on here. St. Andrew, the patron saint of this place, was the brother of Simon Peter, and was the first called to be an apostle. He suffered martyrdom by being crucified, supposedly on a cross shaped like the one that bears his name. He is the patron of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and of the great Order of the Cross of St. Andrew. — (Stories of the Saints.) San Andreas is anomalous in being almost the only Spanish name in the mining district. The circum- stances of its naming have not been ascer- tained. Sonora, named for the province of Sonora in Mexico, is the capital of Tuolumne County, and is situated ninety miles southeast of Sacramento. It received its name from the large number of Sonorans from the Mexican province who mined there in the very early days. This is a mining 333 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA period name and has no real connection with Spanish names. Tenaya Peak in Yosemite Valley is named for Ten-ei-ya, chief of the Yosemite Indians. Vallecito (little valley), is in Calaveras County, fifty-five miles northeast of Stockton. Wawona, in Mariposa County, is said by some authorities to be a Moquelumnan word meaning ''big tree," but this definition is regarded by ethnologists with doubt. CAMINO REAL C amino Real (royal road, or the King's high- way). The Camino Real was the road connect- ing the missions, and was the chief means of intercourse between the different settlements during the early years of the state's history. After American occupation the road fell into disuse, but at present is being reconstructed along the old route, with many extensions and branches, and will, when finished, be one of the finest roads in the United States. 334 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH NAMES. While it scarcely falls within the province of this book to enter into an elaborate discussion of the matter of pro- nunciation of Spanish names, it is thought desirable to present a few of the simplest rules, with some examples, so that persons unacquainted with the language may avoid at least the worst of those pit-falls set for their inexperienced feet by our nomenclature. It should be mentioned that in California the Spanish-American usage, rather than the Castilian, is followed in the pronunciation of the c and z. The rules of pronunciation quoted here are those given in Ramsey's text books, generally regarded as excellent authority. VOWELS. A sounds like a in ah, midway between the English a in father and that in fat. Example, Pala, pronounced Pah'lah. E sounds like a in hay, its sound being slightly varied according to situation. Example, Rode'o, pronounced Ro-day'o. I sounds like ee in bee. Example, Vista, pronounced Vees'tah. O sounds like o in hope. Example, Contra Costa, pro- nounced Cone' tr ah Coast' ah. This name is frequently mispronounced by using the short sound of o, as in not. 335 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA U sounds like u in rule. Example, La Pnnta, pro- nounced La Poon'tah. Y, when a vowel, is equivalent to i. Y is considered a vowel only when standing alone, as in y (the conjunction and), or at the end of a word, as in ley (law), but is some- times used interchangeably with / at the beginning of a word, as in San Ysidro, pronounced San Ee-see'dro, and sometimes spelled Isidro. In other cases it is a consonant and is pronounced like the y in the English yard. CONSONANTS. Only those consonant sounds diiTering from English usage need be mentioned here. C has two sounds. Before e and i it is pronounced like s in seat, that is, in Spanish-American usage; examples, Cerro, pronounced Ser'ro, and Cima, pronounced See'mah. In all other cases c has the sound of k; examples, Carlos, pronounced Kar'loce, Colorado, pronounced Ko-lo-rah'do (each long, as in hope), Cuesta, pronounced Kwes'tah, and Cruz, pronounced Kroos. Ch has the sound of ch in church. Example, Chico, pro- nounced C/?€e'^o. D is slightly softened, and when occurring between vowels and at the end of words it is almost like th in theji. Examples, Andrade, pronounced Ahn-drah'-dthay, and Soledad, pronounced Sole-ay-dadth. G has two sounds. Before e and i it has the sound of strongly aspirated h. Examples, German' , pronounced Hare-mahn' , and giro, pronounced hee'ro. In all other THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE cases it sounds like (^ in ^o. Examples, Gaviota, Golcfa, Guadalupe, Granada. In f^ue and f^ui the u is regularly silent; exceptions to this rule are marked by the diaeresis, as in ArgucUo, pronounced Ar-gwayl'yo, or in Spanish- American, Ar-gway'yo. H is silent except in the combined character cJt. Ex- ample, La Honda, pronounced La On'dah, with long o, as in hope. J has the sound of strongly aspirated h. Examples, Pdjaro, pronounced Pah'hah-ro, and San Jose, pronounced San Ho-say' . This letter is one of the worst stumbling- blocks in the pronunciation of Spanish names. LI has the sound of the letters /// in the English mill ion, but in many parts of Spanish-America it is pronounced like y in beyond. The latter is not considered an elegant pronunciation. Example, Vallejo, properly pronounced Val-yay'ho, but in Spanish-American, Va-yay'ho. N has the sound of the letters ni in the English pinion. Example, Cafiada, pronounced Can-yah'dthah. Q only occurs before Jie and ui, and sounds like k, the following 11 being always silent. Example, Sajt Quintin, pronounced San Keen-teen' . S has the hissing sound of 5 in say, base, and is never pronounced like sh as in mansion, or z as in rose. Thus in Santa Rosa the 5 is sharply hissed and is not pronounced as Santa Roza. Z is sounded in Spanish-America like sharply hissed s, as in say or base. Example, Zamora, pronounced Sah- mo'rah. 337 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA A peculiarity of pronunciation common to almost all Spaniards is the confusion of the b and the v so that one can hardly be distinguished from the other. Vowel sounds are pronounced shortly and crisply, never with the drawling circumflex sound sometimes heard in English. Without going into the complications of the division of syllables, it may be stated that the fundamental principle is to make syllables end in a vowel as far as possible; examples, Do-lo-res (not Do-lor-es), Sa-li-nas (not Sal-in-as. ACCENT. All words ending in n or 5 or a vowel are regularly accented on the next to the last syllable; examples, Sausalito, Alturas, comen. All others are accented on the last syllable; examples, San Rafael', Avenal' . In words following the above rules no mark is used, but in the exceptions, w^hich are many, the stress must be indicated by the written accent. Examples, Portold, Jolon, Alamo, Los Angeles. ARTICLES. In the Spanish language articles agree with their nouns in gender and number. The forms of the definite article are el (singular) and los (plural) for the masculine, la (singular) and las (plural) for the feminine. Examples, El Portal (the portal, or gate), Los Gatos (the cats), La Paz (the peace), Las Vir genes (the virgins). ?>Z^ THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE LIST OF NAMES MOST LIKELY TO BE MISPRO- NOUNCED, WITH THEIR PHONETIC PRO- NUNCIATION. Agua pronounced Aguajito " Alameda " Los Angeles " Asuncion " El Cajon' Camino Real " Canada " Carpinteria " Carquinez " Conejo " Corral " Dolores " Farallones " Los Gatos " Ah'gwah. Spanish Ameri- cans often mispronounce this word by leaving out the g, calling it ah'wa. Ah-gwah-hee'to. A h-lah-may'dthah. Loce Ahng' hell-ess. Ah-soon-see-on', with the long, as in hope. El Kah-hon' , with the o long, as in hope. Kah-mee'no Ray-ahl' . Kahn-yah'dtha, with the d slightly softened like th in then. Kar-peen-tay-ree' ah. Kar-kee'ness. Ko-nay'ho. Kore-rahV . Do-lo'ress. Fah-rahl-yo'ness, in Span- ish-American, Fa-rah-yo' ness. Loce Gah'tos, the o long, as in hope. 339 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA '>e pronounced La Jolla " La Joya " La Junta " Laguna Seca " Lagunitas " Matilija " Merced " Mesa Ojo Pdjaro " Paso Rohles " Portold " Punta Arenas " Rodeo " Salinas " Sa7i Geronimo " San Jacinto " San Joaquin " San Jose " San Juan Bautista. " San Julian " San Luis Obispo. . . " San Martin " Gwa-dah-loo' pay . La Hole' yah, or in Span- ish-American, Ho'yah. La Ho'yah. La Hoon'tah. Lah-goo'nah Say'cah. Lah-goo-nee'tas. Mah-tee-lee'hah. Mare-sedth', with the d sHghtly softened Hke th in then. May'sah. O'ho, with the j strongly aspirated. Pah'hah-ro. Pah' so Ro'blace. Por-to-lah' . Poo7i'tah Ah-ray'nas. Ro-day'o. Sah-lee'nas. Sahn H ay -ro' nee-mo. Sahn Hah- seen' to. Sahn Wha-keen' . Sahn Ho-say'. Sahn Whan Bau-tees'ta. Sahn Hoo-lee-ahn'. Sahn Loo-ees' 0-bees'po. Sahn Mar-teen'. 340 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Sail Quintin pronounced Sahn Keen-teen' , colloqui- ally spelled Quentin. Santa Fe " Sahnta Fay' . Santa Inez " Sahnta Ee-ness'. San Ysidro " Sahn Ee-see'dro also spelled Isidro. Sufiol " Soon-yole'. Vallejo " Val-yay'ho, in Spanish- American Vah-yay'ho. Las Vir genes " Las Veer' hen-ess 341 Lfjno 9 1 0. r Bl; r^^r^'^^r^ " ff - '" r/ t ^ ?f=^-=r-?' MAP OF THE MISSIONS. Used by the courtesy of Father Engelhardt. THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE FINAL LIST AND INDEX AhaJonc (the great sea-snail of the Pacific Coast). See page 75. .4 cam/?(? (common pasture). See page 282. This name is used here in the sense of ''camp," and was given by the Southern Pacific Railroad years ago, in reference to a camp of wood choppers and Chinese which was located there. Acolito (acolyte), is in Imperial County. Adelante (onward, forward), now changed to Napa Junction, is in Napa County. This place was called Adelante in the hope that its location on Napa River would cause it to become the principal city of the valley. Adobe (sun-dried brick). Agua (water), is in very common use in referring to springs, usually accompanied by a quahfying adjective. See page 339. This word is usually mispronounced by Spanish Americans. Agua Amargosa (bitter water). See page 154. Agua Caliente (hot water, hot spring). See pages 76 and 259. Agua Cay end (falling water). 347 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Agica Duke (sweet water, fresh water). Agua Fria (cold water, cold spring). Agua Hedionda (stinking water, sulphur spring). Aguaje del Centinela (water hole, or watering place of the sentinel), the title of a land grant. Agua del Medio (middle spring). Aguajito (little water hole). Near Monterey, in a delightful little glen, there were a number of these springs, or water holes, where the women were in the habit of doing the town washing, kneeling upon the ground and washing the cloth- ing directly in the springs. This place was called Los Aguajitos (the water holes), by the Spanish residents, and 'Washerwoman's canyon" by the Americans. In the pastoral days of California, entire families climbed into their ox-carts, made with solid wooden wheels, and, provided with a liberal lunch basket, made a picnic of ''blue Monday" under the green trees of Los Aguajitos canyon. See page 339. Agua Mansa (still water, smooth-running cur- rent). One writer, for what reason does not appear, defines this as "house water." This place is in Southern California, near Colton. Agua Puerca (dirty or muddy water). 348 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Agua Pucrca y las Trancas (muddy water and the bars, or stiles). This was the pecuhar title of a land grant, based, no doubt, upon some trivial circumstance now forgotten. One writer has translated it as ''water fit for pigs and French- men," a gratuitous insult to the French people of which the Spaniards were not guilty. This writer evidently mistook the word puerca (muddy or dirty) for pucrca (sow), and by some strange twist of the imagination, seems to have taken trancas to mean Frenchmen! Agua Tibia (tepid or warm water, warm spring). See page 36. Agua de Vida (water of life). Aguilar (the place of eagles). Las Aguilas (the eagles). Real dc las Aguilas means the ''camp of the eagles." Ahwanec (an Indian place name), popularly but not authentically translated as "a deep or grassy valley," is the name of a place in Madera County. "A-wa-ni was the name of a large village stand- ing directly at the foot of Yosemite Fall." — (Powers' Tribes of California.) Alameda (an avenue shaded by trees, or a Cottonwood grove). This word is derived from 349 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA alamo, a poplar tree known in the West as cotton- wood. See pages 208 and 339. Lo5^/awito5 (the little CO ttonwoods). Seepage 76. Alamo (cottonwood) . See page 227. Los Alamos (the cottonwoods). See page 105. Los Alamos y Agua Caliente (the cottonwoods and hot spring), the title of a land grant. Alcalde (mayor, justice of the peace). This place is in the southern part of Fresno County. Alcatraz (pelican), see page 203. Alessandro (Alexander). This place is in River- side County. Alliambra, near Los Angeles, was named for the famous Alhambra of Spain. The Alhambra was an ancient palace and fortress of the Moorish mcnarchs of Granada in Southern Spain, prob- ably built between 1248 and 1354. The word signifies in Arabic "the red," and was perhaps given to this building in allusion to the color of the bricks of which the outer walls are con- structed. ''The marvelous beauty of the archi- tecture of this structure has been greatly injured by alterations, earthquakes, etc., yet it still remains the most perfect example of Moorish art in its final European development." 350 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE El Alisal (alder grove). AUso (alder), see page 76. Los Alisos (the alders). Ahnaden (mine, mineral). See page 178. Aha (high). See page 329. Alto (high), is near San Francisco. Los Altos (the heights), is about fifteen miles from Los Gatos. Alturas (heights). See page 259. Alvarado (a surname). See page 227. Alviso (a surname). See page 178. Amador (a surname). See page 310. Amargosa (bitter). See page 328. American River. See page 299. Anacapa Island. This name is Indian, but the popular story that it means ''vanishing island, disappearing island," is probably not authentic. ''Anacapa is a corruption of Vancouver's Indian name of the island, Enneeapah; the engraver spelled it Enecapah on the chart, and subsequent compilers have endeavored to give it a Spanish form." — (Geo. Davidson in United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.) Andrade (a surname). This place is near Calexico. 351 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles (the angels). See pages 51 and 339. Angel Island. See page 204. Las Animas (the souls). See page 65. Ano Nuevo (new year). See page 157. Aptos is said to be an Indian name, meaning ''the meeting of two streams," in reference to Valencia and Aptos Creeks. As this was a method of naming very much in vogue among the Indians, it is likely that this is the true expla- nation of Aptos. Arena (sand). See page 259. Las Arenas (the sands). Punta de Arenas (sandy point), a cape on the coast of Mendocino County. Argiiello (a surname). See page 106. Armada (fleet, squadron). The Armada was the name of the great fleet sent against England by Philip II in 1588. Whether the name of this town, situated in Riverside County, has this origin has not been ascertained. Las Aromitas y Agua Caliente (the little per- fumes and hot spring) , title of a land grant. Aromas (the odors, perfumes), is in San Benito County. Arroyo (a creek or small stream). The designa- 352 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE tion arvoyo is sometimes applied to the dry bed of a former stream. It does not, as is sometimes thought, refer only to a bed with steep sides, but is applied as well to shallow streams flowing through level country. Arroyo de la Alameda (creek of the cotton wood grove). Arroyo Buenos Aires (creek of the good airs). See page 282. Arroyo del Burro (jackass creek). Arroyo Chico (little creek). See page 283. Arroyo de los Dolores (creek of the sorrows). Dolores Creek in San Francisco was so-named ''because this was the Friday of Sorrows." Arroyo de los Gatos (creek of the cats — wild- cats). Arroyo Grande (big creek). See page 127. Arroyo Hondo (deep creek). See page 179. Arroyo de la Laguna (creek of the lagoon). Arroyo Medio (middle creek). Arroyo de las Nueces y Bolhones (creek of the walnuts and Bolbones). The meaning of Bolbones has not been ascertained, but it may have been the name of an Indian tribe. Arroyo del Xorte (creek of the north). 353 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Arroyo Real de las Aguilas (creek of the camp of the eagles). Arroyo del Rodeo (creek of the cattle round- up). Arroyo Seco (dry creek). See page 157. Asfalto (asphalt), incorrectly spelled asphalto, is in southwestern Kern County. Asuncion (ascension). See pages 97 and 339. Atascadero (bog-mire). See page 127. The Atascadero is one of the largest ranches in the state, comprising 22000 acres. Avena (oats), is in Inyo County. Avenal (a field sown with oats). See page 127. Avenales (wild oats). Avila (a surname), eight miles from San Luis Obispo, was probably named for a pioneer family of Los Angeles. Azusa. See page 77. This is the name of a place in Los Angeles County. El Bailarin (the dancer). See page 99. Ballena (whale). See page 39. Bandini (a surname). See page 77. Los Baiios (the baths), is in Merced County, thirty-five miles southwest of Merced. This place was so-called from the creek, which has large, deep 354 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE pools of clear water that were used by the early inhabitants as a bathing place. Barranca (ravine). La Barranca Colorada (the red ravine) . Barril (barrel). Barro (clay) . Batata (sweet potato) , is in Merced County, and is so-called because it lies in the best sweet potato growing district in California. Baulines, see page 228. Bella Vista (beautiful view). Bellota (acorn), is in San Joaquin County. Benicia (a surname). See page 223. Berenda, probably a misspelling of berrenda (female antelope), is in Madera County. Berrendo (antelope). See page 40. Berrendos (antelopes). See page 40. Berros (water-cresses), is in San Luis Obispo County. Berry essa (a surname). Blanco (white). See page 157. In early days an American named Thomas White lived near the pres- ent town of Blanco. His name was translated into the Spanish form for white, blanco,hy the native re- sidents, and the place became known by that name. 355 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Boca (mouth), in this case refers to the mouth of the Truckee River, in Nevada County. La Boca de la Canada del Pinole (the mouth of the valley of the cereal meal). This was a land grant, which received its peculiar name from the fact of the Spaniards having been compelled to live on pinole while they awaited the return of a party with supplies from Monterey. See Pinole^ page 231. Boca de la Play a (mouth of the beach) . Boca de Santa Monica (mouth of Santa Monica) . Bodega (a surname). See page 259. Bolinas, probably a corruption of Baulines, an Indian word. See page 228. Bolsa (pocket), often used to mean a ''shut-in place." See page 78. La Bolsa (the pocket), is near Newport Beach. Las Bolsas (the pockets). Bolsa de CJimnisal (pocket of the wild cane, or reeds). The chamisal, sometimes incorrectly spelled chemisal, is defined in the dictionaries as wild cane, or reed, but in California, at least, it is applied to a ''shrub attaining a height of six or eight feet. Its thickets are almost impassable except by bears or similar animals, as the branches 356 THEIR AI K A N I N G A N I) R O IM A N C E are low and very stiff and tough. In some places men are only able to penetrate it by crawling." —(Mr. Charles B.Turrill.) Bolsa Chica (little pocket). Bolsa dc las Escorpinas (pocket of the perch.) Bolsa Xueva y Mora Cojo (new pocket and lame Moor). The word Moro was often used to mean anything black, as, for instance, a lame black horse, for which the Moro Cojo Rancho, near Monterey, is said to have been named. Bolsa del Pdjaro (pocket of the bird). Bolsa del Potrero, y Moro Cojo 6 la Sagrada Familia (pocket of the pasture, and the lame Moor or the Holy Family). This is the combined name of several land grants. Bolsa de San Felipe (pocket of St. Philip). Bonito (pretty). See page 228. La Brea (the asphalt). See page 54. El Buchon (the big craw). See page 127. Buena Vista (good view). Bueyes (oxen). Los Burros (the donkeys, or jackasses), is in San Luis Obispo County. Caheza (head). Dos Cabezas (two heads). 357 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Caheza de Santa Rosa (head of St. Rose). Cabezon (big head). See page 78. Cahrillo (a surname), the name of a cape on the coast of Mendocino County. See page 259. Cadiz, between Needles and Barstow, was probably named for the well-known Spanish city of the same name. "In naming the stations on the Southern Pacific Railroad from Mojave to Needles going east, an alphabetical order was used. Bar- stow, Cadiz, Daggett, etc., until Needles was reached."— (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) Cahto, Mendocino County, Indian, probable meaning "lake." Cahuenga, near Los Angeles, is an Indian name, that of a former village. Cahuilla, is said to be a corruption of the Indian word Ka-wia. See page 78. El Cajon (the box, or canyon). The name of El Cajon was first given to a valley lying about fifteen miles east of San Diego. The valley com- prises about 16,000 acres of level land entirely surrounded by hills several hundred feet high, thus presenting a box-like appearance that gave rise to its name. See pages 41 and 339. Cajon Pass is in San Bernardino County. 358 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Calahazas (pumpkins), see page 79. Calaveras (skulls). See page 311. Calexico, on the border of Lower California, is a hybrid word made up of the first part of California and the last of Mexico. Its counterpart on the Mexican side is Mexicali, in which the process is reversed. Caliente (hot). See page 282. Calient e Creek. See page 41. This creek was so-named because its water is warm. California^ see page 13. Calistoga, see page 259. Calneva and Calvada are two more hybrids, made up of syllables from California and Nevada. Calor, near the Oregon line, is likely to cause confusion by its resemblance to the Spanish word calor, (heat); this Calor is one of those composite words to w^hich Californians are so regrettably addicted, and is made up of the first syllables of California and Oregon. Calpella was named for the chief of a village situated just south of the present town, near Pomo, in Mendocino County. The chief's name was Kalpela. Calzona is another trap for the unwary, through 359 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA its resemblance to the Spanish word calzones (breeches); it is one more of those border towns bearing names made up of the syllables of two state names, in this case, California and Arizona. Camanche, a post town in Calaveras County, was so-named in honor of the great Camanche, or Comanche tribe, whose remarkable qualities are thus described by Father Morfi in his Memorias de Texas, a document written about the year 1778: ''The Comanche nation is composed of five thou- sand fighting men, divided into five tribes, each with a different name. They are very superior to all the others in number of people, extent of the territory that they occupy, modesty of their dress, hospitality to all who visit them, humanity towards all captives except Apaches, and their bravery, which is remarkable even in the women. They live by hunting and war, and this wandering disposition is the worst obstacle to their reduction, for it induces them to steal. Nevertheless, they are very generous with what they have, and so proud that one alone is capable of facing a whole camp of enemies if he cannot escape without witnesses to his flight." Both spellings are used in the original records. 360 r HEIR iM i: A N I N G AND R O M A N C E Carnaritas (small cabins or rooms). The appli- cation of this name has not been ascertained. It may refer to Indian huts seen by the Spaniards, or may have a totally different meaning. Camino Real (royal road, or the King's high- way). See page 339. Campo (a level field, a camp, the country). See page 41. El Campo (the field or camp), places in Marin and San Diego Counties. Campo de los Franceses (field or camp of the Frenchmen). Campo scco (dry field or camp), in Calaveras County. Camulos, or Kamulas. See page 105. Canada (valley or dale between mountains). See page 339. Canada de los Alisos (valley of the alders). Canada del Bautismo (valley of the baptism). See page 41. Canada de los Capitancillos (valley of the little captains) . Canada de la Carpinteria (valley of the car- penter-shop). See page 100. Canada de los Coches (valley of the pigs) . Coclie, 361 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA used in the sense of "pig", is a Mexicanism, said to have originated in the state of Sonora. Canada del Corte de Madera (valley of the wood- cutting place) . Canada del Hambre y las Bolsas (valley of hun- ger and the pockets), a name said to have been given to this canyon because some Spanish soldiers nearly perished of starvation there. A holsa is a pocket, or shut-in place. Canada Larga (long valley). Canada de los Muertos (valley of the dead). Canada de los Nogales (valley of the walnut- trees) . Canada de los Noques (valley of the tan-pits). Canada del Osito (valley of the little bear). See page 127. Canada de los Osos y Pecho y I slay, valley of the bears and breast (perhaps referring to Pecho Mountain in San Luis Obispo County), and wild cherry. Islay is said to be a California Indian word meaning wild cherry. Islais Creek, San Francisco, may take its name from the wild cherry. Canada de los Pinos (valley of the pines). Canada de Raymundo (valley of Raymond). Canada del Rincon en el Rio San Lorenzo de 362 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Santa Cruz (valley of the corner section on the river San Lorenzo of Santa Cruz). Canada dc Sal si Piiedes (valley of ''get out if you can"). See page 109. Canada dc San Felipe y las Animas (valley of St. Philip and the souls). Canada Segunda (second valley). Canada de los Vaqueros (valley of the cow-boys). Canada Verde, y Arroyo de la Ptirisinia Con- cepciofz (green valley and creek of the immacu- late concepcion). Capay, in Yolo County, is Indian, but its mean- ing has not been ascertained. Capistrano, see page 35. El Capitdn (the captain) , the name of a precipice in the Yosemite Valley. Capitdn (capitan), the name of a flag station in Santa Barbara County. It was named for a ranch owned by Captain Ortega, which was called Capi- tan, in reference to his title. Capitan Grande (big captain). The origin of this name has not been ascertained. La Carbonera (the charcoal pit) . Carnadero, sl corrupt word used to mean "butchering-place. " 3^3 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Came Humana (human flesh). See page 246. Cameras (sheep). Camera is especially applied to sheep used for mutton, rather than wool. Carpinteria (carpenter-shop). See pages 100 and 339. Carquinez. See pages 228 and 339. Carriso (large water bunch grass or reed-grass) . See page 42. Casa Blanca (white house). See page 79. Casa Grande (big house). This place was so- called by the Spanish explorers on account of an unusually large Indian house they saw here. They speak of finding a "large village of many houses, and among them one extremely large." This place is not to be confused with the famous Casa Grande in Arizona. El Casco (the skull, or outside shell of anything). See page 79. As casco also has the meaning of potsherd, or fragment of a broken vessel, a theory has been deduced that it was so-called because of a resemblance between the hollow in the hills where the place is located and a potsherd. This is one of those extremely far-fetched theories which are not likely to have any basis in fact. Castac, an Indian word. The Castake was one 364 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE of several tribes occupying the country from Buena Vista and Kern Lakes to the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range. Castake Lake in the Tejon Pass region derives its name from this tribe. According to Professor A. L. Kroeber, castac means ''my eyes." Casiroville, a composite word made up of Castro, a surname, and the French villc (town). The Castro family was perhaps the most numerous in Cahfornia. Its most prominent member was General Jose Castro, of whom Bancroft says: ''The charges against him of mal- treatment of settlers were unfounded. His conduct was more honorable, dignified, and consistent than that of Fremont, and he treated immigrants with uni- form kindness. He was not a very able man, but energetic, popular, true to his friends, and in public ofifice fairly honest. An injustice has been done him in painting him as a cowardly, incom- petent braggart. He was at one time Com- mandante General of California." The town of Castro ville, named for this prominent family, is near Monterey. Catalina, see page 62. Cayegtias was named for a former Indian village 365 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA near San Buenaventura. This village was among those mentioned in the mission archives. The meaning of the word Cayeguas is ''my head."— (A. L. Kroeber.) Cayucos. See page 127. Cazadero (hunting-place). See page 260. Centinela (sentinel). El Centra (the center) , three miles from Imperial and so-named because it is practically the center of the valley. This name is recent. Cerro (hill), near Sacramento. Cerro Chico (little hill). Cerro Gordo (fat, thick hill). See page 329. Los Cerritos (the little hills), in Los Angeles County. Los Cerros (the hills). Cerro de las Pasas (hill of the pools or wells). The translation "hill of the seat" has been given to this by one writer, apparently without any justi- fication. Posa, or posa, was in constant use among the Spaniards in the sense of "pool" or "well." Cerro del Venada (hill of the deer). El Chamisal (thicket of wild cane or reed). Chico (little). See page 282. 366 THEIR MEANING AND R O M A N C E Chilcno (Chilean, native of Chile). Seepage 260. Las chimeneas (the chimneys), old volcanic rock shaped like chimneys. This place is in San Luis Obispo County. Chino, a word which may mean a Chinese, or a person with curly hair. The town of Chino, in San Bernardino County, took its name from the land grant called Sa^tta Ana del Chino, but why the grant was so-called has not been ascertained. Chiqiiita (little). Chiquito Peak (little peak), is in Fresno County. Cholanie was the name of an Indian tribe. See page 128. El Chorro (a gushing stream of water). This place is in San Luis Obispo County. Chowchilla was the name of a Yokuts tribe of the Central Valley. See page 283. Chualar. See page 157. Chiila Vista (pretty view). See page 42. Cienega (swamp), is in Los Angeles County. Las Cienegas (the swamps). Las Cienegitas (the little swamps). Cienega del Gabildn (the swamp of the hawk). Cienega de los Paicines, swamp of the Paicines (Indian tribe). 367 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Cima (summit), between San Bernardino and Las Vegas. Cimarron (wild, unruly). The Spaniards applied this word to plants or animals indiscriminately, sometimes using it in reference to the wild grapes which they found growing in such profusion in California, sometimes in reference to wild Indians. The writer who translated it as ''lost river" must have drawn upon his imagination for that defini- tion. Cisco. See page 329. Los Coches (the pigs). Codornices Creek (quail creek). Cojo (lame). See page 106. Rancheria del Cojo (village of the lame one), so-called from a lame Indian seen there. Coloma, a town in El Dorado County, so-named from the Koloma tribe, a division of the Nishinam family. It was at this place that Sutter's Mill, where gold was discovered in 1848, was situated, and it is also there that the native sons erected a monument to John W. Marshall. Colorado (red). Colusa, an Indian word, meaning not ascer- tained. See page 265. 368 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Concepcion. See page io6. Conejo (rabbit), is the name of several places. See pages 79 and 339. Conejo Peak (rabbit peak), is in Ventura County. Contra Costa (opposite coast). See page 229. Cordero (literally ''lamb"), but probably a surname here. Cordova, near Sacramento. Cordova or Cor- doba is the name of a province of the Argentine Republic, in South America. Cattle raising is its chief industry. The California town may have been directly named for the city of Cordova in Mexico. Corona (crown). Coronado Beach, see page 29. Corral (yard, enclosed piece of ground). See pages 157 and 339. Los Corralitos (the little yards). Corral de Piedra (yard enclosed by a stone fence) . See page 158. Corral de Tierra (earth corral). See page 158. Cortina, a town in Colusa County. Cortina, the Spanish word for ''curtain," is a corruption of Kotina, the name of the chief of a former village near the east bank of Cortina Creek. 369 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Coso Mountains, in Inyo County, were named for the Coso or Cosho Indians. La Costa (the coast). See page 42. Cosumne, a word of Indian derivation, said to mean ''fish, salmon." See page 272. If the theory that the sufhx umne means "place of" be correct, then it may be that the meaning of Cosumne is "place of fish," probably referring to salmon fisheries. Cotate, in Sonoma County, derived its name from a former Indian village. Mr. George Page, whose family have been in possession of the Cotate ranch since 1849, states that he has never been able to ascertain the meaning of the word. Coyote (western wolf). See pages 42 and 179. Los Coyotes (the wolves). C nicer 0, a word having several meanings, possibly in this case "cross-roads." Las Cruces (the crosses), is in Santa Barbara County. Cruz (cross) . Santa Cruz (holy cross) . See page 153. Cucamonga, in San Bernardino County, derived its name from an Indian village. See page 80. Cueros de Venado (hides of deer), the name of a land grant. 370 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Cucsta (hill, ridge, slope of a hill). Cuesta is the name of the old stage road leading from Santa Margarita to San Luis Obispo. It was so named because the road came over the crest of the Santa Lucia range. See page 128. Cuyamaca. See page 42. Cypress Point. See page 145. Dehesa (pasture ground), is in San Diego County. Delgada Point (thin, or narrow point). See page 260. De Liiz (literally ''of light"), but in this case a surname. Del Mar (of the sea). Modern. Del Monte (of the wood or hill). The Hotel del Monte, near Monterey, was so called from the grove of magnificent live-oaks in which it stands. Modern. Del Norte (of the north), is the name of the county in the extreme northwestern corner of the state. Del Paso (of the pass). Del Rey (of the king). Del Rio (of the river). Del Rosa (of the rose). Unless this is a surname, 371 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA the construction is incorrect, and should be De la Rosa. Descanso (rest). See page 43. Diablo (devil). See page 217. Dolores (sorrows, pains). For Mission Dolores See pages 194 and 339. El Dorado (the gilded man). See page 300. Dos (two) . Dos Cabezas (two heads). Dos P almas (two palms) . Dos Palos (two sticks, or trees). See page 283. Dos Pueblos (two towns). See page 106. Dos Valles (two valleys). Duarte (a surname). See page 80. Dulzura (sweetness). See page 43. Point Duma, on the coast north of San Pedro, was named by Vancouver for "the reverend friar Father Francisco Duma, priest at Buena Ven- tura," as an expression of his gratitude for the father's courtesy in furnishing the explorers with abundant supplies of vegetables from the mission gardens. — (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) Eliseo (Elisha). Embarcadero (landing-place). There were a number of embarcaderos in the state, in Sonoma, 372 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Santa Clara and other places. The street skirting the San Francisco water front is now called the Embarcadcro, having been recently changed from East Street. Encanto (enchantment, charm), is in San Diego County. Encanto ''was so named on account of its especially pleasant climate, being frostless, and always cool in the summer, with beautiful views of the ocean and bay and the city of San Diego. It was named by Miss AKce Klauber." — (W. A. Shaules.) Encinal (oak woods), is in Santa Clara County. Encinal y Buena Esperanza (oak woods and good hope), the combined name of two land grants. Las Encinitas (the little live-oaks). See page 43. El Encino (the live-oak). See page 211. Ensenada (bay), used often by the Spaniards in referring to a large, wide-open bay. Entre Napa (between Napa), the name of a land grant referring to the land between Napa Creek and Napa River. Entre Napa 6 Rincon de los Carneros, combined name of two land grants (between Napa or corner of the sheep). Escalon (step), is the name of a place twenty 373 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA miles from Stockton, on the Santa Fe Road. According to Mr. Romane Moll, a resident of Escalon, the word is used in the sense of "stepping- stone," and was taken from a city in Mexico, where an important battle was fought during the recent revolution. Escondido (hidden). See page 43. El Escorpion (the scorpion). Esmeralda (emerald). See page 330. Espada (sword). See page 102. Esparto (a sort of tough feather grass). See page 283. Esperanza (hope). See page 283. Espinosa (a surname). This place is in Mon- terey County. Espifitu Santo (holy ghost). Esquon (a surname). Estero (an estuary or creek into which the tide flows at flood time). Los Ester OS (the estuaries). See page 128 . Estero Americano (American Estuary). Estrada (a surname). This place is in Mon- terey County. Estrella (a star). See page 128. Esttidillo (a surname). Near San Leandro. 374 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE EHwanda, in San Bernardino County, is a transplanted Indian name, given in honor of an Indian chief of Michigan, by Mr. George Chaffey, founder of the California colony. Falda (skirt, slope of a hill). In San Diego County. Famoso (famous), is in Kern County. The origin of this name has not been ascertained. Fandango Peak is in Modoc County. The fandango is a Spanish dance. Its application in this case has not been ascertained. Farallones (small pointed islands in the sea). See pages 212 and 339. Feather River , see page 297. Felipe (Philip). Feliz (happy, fortunate), also a surname. Fernandez (a surname). Fernando (Ferdinand). Point Firmin, north of San Pedro, was named by Vancouver for the father president of the Fran- ciscan Order. — (Mr. Charles B. Turrill.) Las Flores (the flowers). See page 80. Fortunas (fortunes). Cape Fortunas is on the coast of Humboldt County, north of Cape Mendo- cino. See page 260. 375 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Fresno (ash tree). See page 277. Gabildn, or Gavildn (hawk). See page 159 , Las Gallinas (the chickens), in Marin County. A tribe called Gallinomero occupied Dry Creek and Russian River below Healdsburg, and there may be some connection between this name and Las Gallinas Rancho in Marin County. Las Gallinas may be a mere corruption of Gallinomero. Gamhoa Point, on the coast of Monterey County. Gamhoa is a surname. Garcia (a surname). See page 260. Garvanza (chick-pea). See page 80. Los Gatos (the cats). See pages 177 and 339. Gaviota (sea gull). Probably so called from the large number of these birds which frequent the mouth of the little creek that flows into the sea at this point. See page 107. German (a surname of a pioneer family). Golden Gate. See page 197. La Goleta (the schooner). This place is said to have been so called because a schooner was stranded there in early days. See page 107. Gonzales (a surname). See page 159. Gorda (fat). See page 159. Graciosa (graceful, witty). 376 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Granada is twenty-seven miles from San Fran- cisco, on the Ocean Shore Line, and was probably named for the province in Spain of the same name. Granada also means pomegranate. Las Grullas (the cranes). See page 159. Guadalupe (a Christian name). See pages 107 and 340. Guadalupe y Llanitos de los Correos (Guadalupe and the plains of the mails), combined name of two land grants. Correos (mails), may have been used in reference to mails brought by mes- senger to the Spaniards while they were encamped upon these plains. Gualala. See page 260. Guenoc, an Indian word, meaning not ascer- tained. Los Guilicos, in Sonoma County, named for a former Indian tribe living in Napa County, near Santa Rosa. Guinda (fruit of the wild cherry). This place is in Yolo County, near Woodland. La Habra (the opening, or pass), here refers to an opening in the hills, and is situated a short distance southeast of Whittier, in Orange County. Hermosa (beautiful). See page 80. 377 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Hermosillo, probably named for the town of Hermosillo in Mexico. Hernandez (a surname), is in San Benito County. Hetch Hetchy. A deep valley in the Sierra. See page 330. Honcut, a place south of Oroville, in Butte County, named from a tribe of Maidu Indians who formerly lived near the mouth of Honkut creek. Honda (deep). Honda is in Santa Barbara County, and there is also La Honda, referring to a deep canyon, in San Mateo County. The name is incomplete in this form, and probably in its original form was La Canada Honda. Hoopa. See page 261. Hornitos (little ovens). See page 283. Huasna, in San Luis Obispo County, received its name from a former Indian village near Puri- sima Mission in Santa Barbara County. The signification of the word has not been ascer- tained. Hueneme, the name of a former Chumash Indian village on the coast, a few miles south of Saticoy, in Ventura County. Los Huecos (the hollows). 378 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Hucrhiicro Creek. Hucrhucro is said to be a corruption of gilerguero, a stream of water which makes a gurgling noise. An attempt is made to imitate the sound by the word. Huerhuero Creek is in San Luis Obispo County, near Paso de Robles. Huerta ck Romiiahio 6 el Chorro (orchard of Romualdo, a Christian name, or the gushing stream). This is the combined name of two land grants. Hiiichica, the name of a land grant derived from an Indian village called Hutclii, formerly situated near the plaza in the town of Sonoma. Huililic, the name of a former Indian rancheria near Santa Barbara. Mentioned in the mission archives. Hunto (eye), is the Indian name of a mountain in the Yosemite. Hyampom, in Trinity County, is an Indian name, meaning not ascertained. laqud, the name of a place in Humboldt County, was a sort of familiar salutation, something like our "hello," with which the Indians of Humboldt and adjacent counties greeted each other when they met. From hearing the word so often the 379 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA whites finally adopted it as the name of this place. Ignacio (Ignatius). Inaja, or Inoje, was the name of a former Indian village near San Diego. Mentioned in the mission archives. The meaning of the word Inaja is "my water." India (Indian). See page 80. Inyo. See page 327. Isleta (small island). Jacinto (hyacinth), also used as a Christian name. Jamacha was a former Indian village near San Diego. Jamon (ham). The application of this peculiar name has not been ascertained, and there is always the possibility that it is a corrupted word and has no such meaning. Jamul, in San Diego County, is a place name of the Diegueno Indians. Jarame, the name of a tribe thought to have been natives of the region around San Antonio, Texas. Jesus Maria (Jesus Mary). Jimeno, a surname of a pioneer family. 380 THEIR ]\I E A N I N G AND R O M A N C E La Jolla. See pages 44 and 340. Jolon. See page 159. La Joya (the jewel). This name is compara- tively modern, and has its origin in the fact that the residents, like those of every other California town, thought their place the bright particular "jewel" of the locality. La Joya Peak is in Los Angeles County. See pages 80 and 340. Jiian (John). Juana (Jane). Juarez (a surname). The name of Benito Juarez, the Mexican patriot who led the national armies to victory against Maximilian, is one of which every native of that country must be proud. This man was a brilliant example of the triumph of natural genius over tremendous obstacles. He was of pure native blood, and had so few advantages in his youth that at the age of twelve he was still unable to read or write, or even to speak the Spanish language. Yet, his ambition once aroused, he succeeded in acquiring a collegi- ate education, graduating with the degree of Bachiller (bachelor in science or art), and later became President of the Mexican Republic. Among the early settlers of California is the name of Cayetano Juarez, who was at one time an official 381 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA at Solano, and who took part in many Indian expeditions. La Junta (union, junction, meeting of persons for consultation). See page 340. Las Juntas (the junctions, or meetings). Kawia, the name of an Indian tribe near Fresno. Kings County and River. See page 278. Klamath. See page 249. Laguna (lake or lagoon) , in Sonoma and Orange Counties. There were many lagunas in the state. See page 80. Laguna del Corral (lake or lagoon of the yard). See page 44. Point Laguna (lake or lagoon point). See page 261. Laguna de las Calabasas (lagoon of the pump- kins). Calabasas in this case may be a corruption of the name of an Indian tribe, Calahuasa. See page 79. Laguna de la Merced (lagoon or lake of mercy). Lake Merced. Laguna de los Palos Colorados (lagoon of the redwoods). Laguna Puerca (muddy lagoon), in the San 382 T HEIR MEANING AND R O M A N C I-: Francisco district. This name does not mean ''Hog Lake," as has been stated. Laguna del Key (lagoon of the king). Laguna de San Antonio (lagoon of St. Anthony). Laguna Seca (dry lagoon). See page 340. Lagunitas (little lagoons or lakes), one in Inyo County and one in Marin County. See page 340. Lancha Plana (fiat-boat). See page 330. Largo (long). This place is in Mendocino County. The name of this station represents an inversion of the usual order of naming, since it is a translation into Spanish of the name of Mr. L. F. Long, a pioneer of Mendocino County. Lanreles (laurels). See page 159. Leon (lion). See page 80. This name turns out not to be Spanish in origin, but merely the name of an American who first had charge of the post- office there. Lerdo (a surname), is in Kern County. La Liebre (the hare, or jack-rabbit). Linda Rosa (lovely rose), is forty-eight miles from San Bernardino. Linda Vista (lovely view). See page 45. Llagas (wounds, or stigmata). See page 179. 385 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Llanada (a wide, level plain). See page 159. Llanitos de los Correos (plains of the mails). Correo was used to mean a King's messenger, mail or bag of letters, and it is possible that at this point a messenger or mail carrier caught up with the exploring party. Llano (a flat, level field). There are places bearing this name in Los Angeles and Sonoma Counties. Llano de Buena Vista (plain of the good view). Llano de Santa Rosa (plain of St. Rose). Llano Seco (dry plain). Llano de Tequisquite (plain of saltpetre). Te- quisquite is an Aztec word. Llorones (the weepers), a name given to a place in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, for the reason given in Palou's account of the expedition to that region in 1776, as follows: ''The launch went out again with the pilot Bautista Aguiray to examine the arm of the sea that runs to the south- east; they saw nothing more than two or three Indians who made no other demonstration than to weep, for which reason the place was called La Ensenada de los Llorones (the bay of the weepers)." 386 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Lobitos (little seals), is on the Ocean Shore Line, near San Francisco. Lohos (wolves, also sea- wolves, or seals). See pages 1 60 and 226. Lonia (hill). Point Loma (hill point). See page 45. Loma Linda (beautiful hill), is in San Ber- nardino County. Loma Prieta (dark hill). See page 160. Lomas de la Ptirificacidn (hills of the purifi- cation) . Lomas de Santiago (hills of St. James). Loma Vista (hill view), near Los Angeles. Modern and improper in construction. It should be Vista de la Loma. Lomerias Muertas (dead hills), possibly should be Lomerias de los Muertos (hills of the dead). Lomitas (little hills), north of San Francisco. Lompoc, an Indian name. See page 108. Lopez (a surname). See page 128. Lorenzo (Lawrence). Lugo (a surname), that of a family of early settlers. This place is thirty miles from San Bernardino. De Luz (a surname). See page 45. 387 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Madera (wood). See page 277. Madrone, properly spelled Madrono, a native tree of California. See page 179. Malaga, the name of a province in Southern Spain celebrated for its exports of grapes, raisins, oranges, lemons, figs and almonds. As raisins are among the chief products of this part of Fresno County, the town of Malaga was so named from the Spanish province. Manca, or Manka. To prevent the unwary rom falling into the erroneous belief that this name is Spanish or Indian, the rather humorous story of Manka is told here. The story goes that it was named for a German who came there in '67, built a little sixteen by twenty-four foot shanty and sold whiskey. It was his proud boast that in the fifteen years he ran this business he never renewed his stock. The inference may be drawn. Manteca (lard, butter), is near Modesto. This place was so called by the railroad company in reference to a creamery existing there. In Spanish America butter is called mantequilla. Manzana (apple), is in Los Angeles County. Manzanita (little apple), a native shrub that is one of the most striking objects in the Cali- 388 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE fornia woods. Fremont says of it: ''A new and singular shrub was very frequent to-day. It branched out near the ground, forming a clump eight to ten feet high, with pale green leaves of an oval form, and the body and branches had a naked appearance as if stripped of the bark, which is very smooth and thin, of a chocolate color, con- trasting well with the pale green of the leaves." Towns in Marin, San Diego, and Tehama Counties bear the name of Manzanita. Powers, in his Tribes of California, describes the method of making manzanita cider practiced by the Indians, as follows: ''After reducing the berries to flour by pounding, they carefully remove all the seeds and skins, then soak the flour in water for a considerable length of time. A squaw then heaps it up in a little mound, with a crater in the center, into which she pours a minute stream of water, allowing it to percolate through. In this way she gets about a gallon an hour of a really delicious beverage, clear, cool, clean, and richer than most California apple cider. As the Indians always drink it up before it has time to ferment, it is never intoxicating." F'remont also mentions this as a very deli- 389 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA cious drink that he had tasted when among the Indians. Manzanita Knob, in Tulare County, is near the summit of the Sierras. M apache Peak (raccoon peak). Mar (the sea). Del Mar (of the sea). Mare Island. See page 206. Maricopa is the name of an Arizona tribe. The word is said to mean ''bean people," which is probably the correct definition. — (A. L. Kroeber.) Marin. See page 219. Mariposa (butterfly). See page 317. Martinez (a surname). See page 229. Matilija. See pages 103 and 340. Medanos, also spelled Meganos (sand-banks, or dunes). This place is in Contra Costa County. Media (middle), is in Madera County. Mendocino. See page 248. Mendota (a surname), is in Fresno County. Merced (mercy). See pages 276 and 340. Mesa (table, table-land). See pages 45 and 340. La Mesa (the table or table-land), is in San Diego County. Mesa Grande (big table-land). See page 46. 390 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Mesa dc Ojo de Agua (table-land of the spring). Mesquitc (a native shrub of the locust variety). Mil pitas (little patches of corn). This word is said to be the diminutive of milpa (a patch of maize or corn) , but in that case must have referred to corn cultivated by Mexicans, since the Cali- fornia Indians raised no cultivated crops, but subsisted entirely on the natural products of the land. Mil pitas is a village in Santa Clara County, which for some unexplained reason, has come to be used as a term of derision, the ''jumping off place of creation." It was probably the name of a land grant. La Mirada (the view). See page 80. Miramar (sea-view^), is the name of a post town in San Diego County and of a summer resort near Santa Barbara. Miramontes (a surname). Candelario Mira- montes, a native of Mexico, was the grantee of the Pilarcitos Rancho in '41. Mision Vieja, or La Paz (old mission or the peace). Land grant. Mision Vieja de la Purisima (old mission of the Immaculate Conception) . 391 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Mocho Peak, in Santa Clara County. Mocho means ''cropped, cut off." Modesto (modest). See page 288. Modoc (people of the south). See page 250. Mojave, or Mohave. Mojave, also spelled Mohave, is an Indian tribal name of disputed meaning. It has been stated that it comes from hamucklihabi (three hills), but this view is posi- tively contradicted by scientists. In the docu- ments of the Spanish explorers the Mojaves are referred to as Amajabas. The Mojave River is remarkable in that it has no true outlet, but sinks into the alkaline soil of the desert near the middle of San Bernardino County. Mokelumne. See Moquelumne. Molino (mill, or mill-stone). See page 80. Los Molinos (the mills, or mill-stones). See page 80. El Rio de los Molinos (the river 01 che mill- stones), now called Mill Creek, in Tehama County. See page 80. Mono. See page 324. Monta^vo (a surname), in Ventura County. See page 81. Monte (hill or wood) . Monte was generally used 392 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE in the sense of ''wood" or ''forest" by the Spanish- Americans of the eighteenth century. El Monte (the hill or the wood) . Del Monte (of the wood or hill). In the case of the Hotel del Monte, near Monterey, the name refers to the grove of fine live-oaks in the center of which the hotel stands. Montecito (little hill or wood). See page loi. Monterey (hill or wood of the king). See page 133. Monte Vista (mountain view). Modern and improper in construction. It should be Vista del Monte. Moquelumne, or Mokelmnne. See page 331. Moreno (a surname). One of the leading mem- bers of this numerous family was Antonio Moreno, a native of Lower California. Moro Cojo (lame Moor). See page 160. Moron (hillock, mound). This place is near Bakersiield. Morro (a round headland, bluff). It is upon such a rock that the well-known Morro Castle at Havana is situated. See page 128. This place receives its name from Morro Rock, a remarkable round rock, 600 feet high, situated at the entrance 393 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA to the bay. The name has no reference to its grey color, as some people imagine, but refers to its shape — round like a head. Mugu Point, on the coast of Ventura County. The Mugus were a tribe of Indians. The word mugu means ''beach." Muniz (a surname). Murietta (a surname). See page 8i. Nacimiento (birth), referring in this case to the birth of Christ. See page 128. La Nacion (the nation) . See Del Rey, page 371. Napa, formerly pronounced Napa. See page 242. Naranjo (orange-tree), in Tulare County. La Natividad (the nativity). See page 160. Natoma, is a name about which the romanticists have concocted some pleasing theories upon very slender foundation. According to scientists it is a tribal name, indicating direction, a favorite method of naming among the Indians. It may mean ''north people," or "up-stream," or "down- stream," or some such term of direction. By a severe wrench of the imagination, as has been suggested, it may be considered that "up-stream" would eventually lead to the mountains, and that in the mountains there were people, among whom 394 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE there were undoubtedly girls, and in this ''long- distance" manner Mr. Joseph Redding's definition of Natoma as the ''girl from the mountains" might be evolved, but the imagination is likely to suffer from such a violent strain. In the same way, the persons who believe it to mean "clear water" may have acquired this idea from the simple fact that the word contains an indirect reference to the stream in pointing out the direc- tion of its current. It is disappointing perhaps, but nevertheless true, that Californian Indian nomenclature has little of romance behind it. The Indians usually chose names based upon practical ideas, most often ideas of direction, such as "north people," "south people," etc. Navajo, also spelled lavajo (a pool where cattle go to drink). Navarro (a surname). In Mendocino County, west of Ukiah. Nevada (snowy). See page 293. El Nido (the nest). See page 46. It is thought that this place was so named because of its loca- tion in the hills and mountains suggesting the idea of a nest in the landscape, but there is no definite information about it. 395 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Los Nietos (literally "the grandchildren," but in this case a surname). See page 8i. Nimshew, in Butte County. This is an Indian word, from Nimsewi (big river), a division of Maidu Indians living on upper Butte Creek, in Butte County, near the edge of the timber. Nipomo, in San Luis Obispo County, is probably Indian, but its meaning has not been ascertained. Los Nogales (the walnut-trees). Del Norte (of the north). See page 260. Novato (new, beginning anything, but possibly in this case a surname). The exact origin of the name of this California town has not been ascer- tained. The place is in Marin County and as there was a land grant there called El Rancho de Novato, the probabiUties are that it is a surname of some family of early settlers. Noyo, is in Mendocino County. It was the Indian name of a creek, not the one now bearing the name of Noyo, but of another one in the vicinity. Nuestra Senora del Refugio (our lady of refuge) . Nuevo (new). In San Diego County. Oakland was originally called Las Encinas (the oaks), having been named by the com- 396 THEIR M E A N 1 N G A N IJ) R O M A N C E mandante at Monterey as a result of the report of Lieutenant Vallejo of the great number of those trees growing upon the spot. — (Memoirs of the Vallejos, edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 1914.) Oceano (ocean), near San Luis Obispo. Ojai, the name of a former Indian village in Ventura County, popularly translated as ''nest" or ''big tree," neither of which can be looked upon as authentic. According to Professor A. L. Kroeber, the meaning of the word Ojai is "moon." Los Ojitos (little springs). See page 58. Ojo de Agiia (spring of water). See pages 59 and 340. Ojo de Agua de Figueroa (spring of Figueroa), the last word being a surname. The Figueroa family were among the earliest settlers Ojo Caliente (hot spring). Ojo de Agua del Cache (spring of the pig). Olancha, in Inyo County, just below Owens Lake, was named for the Olanches Indians of southeastern California. Olema. See page 230. Oliver as (olive-trees), in San Luis Obispo County. Olivera is also a surname. 397 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Los Olivos (the olives). See page io8. Olla (a round earthen pot, also a whirlpool in a river or sea). Its application here has not been ascertained. Olompali was named for a former large Moquel- umnan village in Marin County, about six miles south of Petaluma. Omo, in El Dorado County, is the name of a Moquel village. Oro Fino (fine gold), in Siskiyou County. See page 261. Oro Grande (large or coarse gold), forty-nine miles north of San Bernardino. Also in Madera County. Oroville (gold- town). See page 288. Oso Flaco (thin bear). In San Luis Obispo County. Los Osos (the bears). See page 128. Ota}\ or Otai, was the name of a former Indian village near San Diego. It may have first been applied to the Otey or Otay land grant. Otero (literally a ''hill, or eminence," but probably a surname here). Pachappa^ near Riverside, Indian name, mean- ing not ascertained. 398 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Paclicco (a surname). See page 230. Pacoima, near Los Angeles, an Indian word, meaning not ascertained. Paicines, also spelled Pajines. See page 160. Pdjaro (bird). See pages 152 and 340. Pala. See page 33. Palmas (palms). Dos Palmas (two palms), in Riverside County, so called from two giant palms near a spring. Palo, literally ''stick," was used by the Span- iards in the sense of ''tree." Palo Alto (high tree). See page 172. Palo Blanco (white stick, or tree). Palo Cedro (cedar tree), in Shasta County. Palo Colorado (redwood tree). These trees were first observed and named by Caspar de Portola, the discoverer of San Francisco Bay. Dos Palos (two sticks, or trees). See page 283. Paloma (dove, pigeon). Palo Verde (green tree). Panamint Range. See page 332. Panocha. See page 160. La Panza (the paunch), in San Luis Obispo County, so named by some hunters who placed the paunch of a beef to catch bear. La Paleta 399 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA (shoulder-blade) and El Carnaso (loin) were put out in other places, and the names still remain. Las Papas (potatoes) Hill, is in the San Fran- cisco district. Papa (potato), is provincial and American. Par also (paradise). See page i6i. Paraje de Sanchez (place or station of Sanchez). Pasadena (crown of the valley). See page 82. Paskenta, in Tehama County, is Indian and means ''under the bank." Paso (pass). El Paso (the pass), of the Truckee River. El Paso Peak (the pass peak), in Kern County. Del Paso (of the pass), near Sacramento. Paso de Bartolo (pass of Bartolo), the last a Christian name. Paso de Rohles (pass of the oaks). See pages 124 and 340. Pastoria de las Borregas (pasture of the ewe- lambs) . La Patera (a place where ducks congregate). In early days the fresh water swamps near here abounded with ducks. La Patera is a flag station in Santa Barbara County. La Paz (the peace). Probably a peace arranged 400 THEIR MEANING A N D R O Al A N C ¥. with the Indians, or it may have been named for La Paz in Lower CaHfornia. Pecho Rock, near San Luis Obispo. The reason for this name has not been discovered, but it may be a reference to the shape of the rock. Pecho means ''breast." Pedernalcs (flints). See page 104. Los Pcnasqiiitos (the Kttle chffs), in San Diego County. Peralta (a surname), that of a pioneer family. Pcras (pears) Creek, in Los Angeles County. Los Perros (the dogs), possibly Indian dogs. Pescadero Point (iishing-place point). See page 231. Pctaluma. See page 261. Picachos Mountains, a ridge east of San Fran- cisco Bay. Pichacos are frequent, isolated, conical peaks. Picacho (top, sharp-pointed summit), is the name of a post village in Imperial County. Pico (a surname), ten miles from Los Angeles. Jose Maria Pico of Sinaloa was the founder of this family, and its most notable member was his son, Pio Pico, at one time governor of California. According to Bancroft, the character of Pio Pico 401 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA was a mixture of good and bad, in which the good predominated. ''He was abused beyond his deserts ; he was a man of ordinary intelhgence and hmited education; of a generous, jovial disposition, reckless and indolent, fond of cards and women; disposed to be fair and honorable in transactions, but not strong enough to avoid being made the tool of knaves. He did not run away with large sums of money obtained by sales of missions, as has been charged." Piedra (stone, rock), near Fresno. Piedras Blancas (white rocks). See page 128. Piedras Grandes (big rocks). La Piedra Pintada (the painted rock). See page 108. Pilar (literally "pillar of stone"). Point Pilar may have been named for Nuestra Senora del Pilar, (Our Lady of the pillar), from a church at Saragossa, Spain, where there is an image of the Virgin on a marble pillar. Pilar is also a surname, that of a pioneer family, for whom this point may have been named. Pilarcitos (little pillars, or little Pilar Ranch). Pilitas (basins or water-holes in rock). El Pinal (the pine grove) , in San Joaquin County. 402 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE F 1)10 Blanco (white pine), in Mariposa County. Fino Grande (big pine), in El Dorado County, near Placer ville. Finole (parched corn ground into meal). Point Pinole was so named because the expedition under Lieutenant Vallejo had nothing to eat but pinole while they waited at that spot for the return of the car gadores with, provisions from Monterey. — {Mem- oirs of the VallejoSj edited by James H. Wilkins, San Francisco Bulletin, January, 1914.) Fin on (pine kernel, also the scrub pine, a very picturesque tree bearing a delicious nut). Foint Finos (point of pines). See page 148. Tres Finos (three pines). See page 163. Fintado (painted, mottled). Finto Range (painted or mottled range). See page 332. El Fiojo (the louse), in Monterey County, a short distance south of Jolon. FirUy near Camulos, the name of a former Indian village. Fismo. See page 128. Fit River. See page 294. La Fita, in San Diego County. Fita haya is the fruit of the cactus called ''prickly pear." 403 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Placer. See page 304. Placerville. See page 305. Planada (a plain, level ground), seventy-four miles from Stockton. Piano (a level surface), in Tulare County. La Playa (the beach), in Santa Barbara County. Pleito (quarrel, lawsuit, bargain). See page 161. Plumas (feathers). See page 297. Las Plumas (the feathers), near Oroville. Porno. See page 261. Poncho (cloak, blanket). Poonkiny (wormwood). Poonkiny, sometimes misspelled Pookiny, is from the Yuki Indian language. El Portal (the gate), the entrance to the Yosem- ite Valley. P or told (a surname). See pages 231 and 340. Posa (well, pool, also spelled by the Spaniards pozo, poso) . The fact that posa also has the mean- ing of ''passing bell for the dead" has caused some rather ludicrous mistakes. For instance. La Posa de los Ositos (the pool of the little bears) , evidently refers to a place where some bears were seen drinking, and certainly would be absurd trans- lated as ''the passing bell of the httle bears." 404 THEIR M E A NINO A N D R O M A N C E When used as names of ])laces the connection makes it quite clear that they were so called in reference to pools of water present on the spot. Las Positas (the little pools). Las Positas y la Calera (the little wells, or pools, and the lime-kiln). Poso (pool, or well), in Kern County, and Poso in San Luis Obispo County. Los Posos (the pools, or wells), in Ventura County. La Posta (person who rides or travels post, post-house, military post, etc.). In the case of La Posta, 170 miles from the Mission Tule River Agency, it probably means post-station. Potrero (pasture, generally for horses). See pages 46, 161 and 231. Potrero de los Cerritos (pasture of the little hills). Potrero Chico (little pasture). Potrero Grande (big pasture). Potrero y Rincon de San Pedro de Reglado (pasture and corner of St. Peter Regalato). St. Peter Regalato was a Franciscan, and was ''es- pecially distinguished for his sublime gift of prayer." This was the name of a land grant. 405 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA El Potrcro dc San Carlos (the pasture of St. Charles) . Potrero de San Francisco (pasture of St. Francis). This district still goes by the name of "the po- trero" in the city of San Francisco. Potrero de San Luis Obispo (pasture of St. Louis the Bishop). El Potrero de Santa Clara (the pasture of St. Clara). Poway, in San Diego County, is an Indian place name. Pozo (pool, well). See page 128. Prado (meadow), in Riverside County. See page 82. This place was so named on account of its resemblance to a prairie. La Presa (dam, dike). See page 46. This place is so called from the Sweetwater irrigation dam located there. Presidio (garrison, prison). See page 231. Prieta (dark), a place north of San Francisco. Los Prietos (the dark ones) . Providencia (providence) . Pueblo (town). Los Dos Pueblos (the two towns). See page 106. Puente (bridge), near Los Angeles. See page 82. 406 1 H E I R MEANING A N I) R O M A N C E Las Puentcs (the bridges). See page ibi. El Puerto (the port), of San Diego. Pidgas (fleas). See pages 82 and 224. La Piinta (the point), in San Diego County. Piinta Almejas (mussel point). Piinta Afio Nuevo (point New Year). See page 157. Punta Arenas (sandy point). See page 340. Punt a de la Concepcion (point of the immacu- late conception). Punta Delgada (thin or narrow point). See page 260. Punta Gorda (fat or thick point). See pages 108 and 260. Punta Guijarros (pebble or boulder point). Punta de la Laguna (point of the lagoon). See page 261. Punta Loma (hill point), near San Diego. See page 45. It should be Punta de la Loma. Punta de Pinos (point of pines). Near Monterey. Page 148. Punta de los Reyes (point of the kings). See page 232. Punta de las Ritas (point of the rites). See page 108. 407 PLACE N A M ES OF CALIFORNIA Purisima Point (point of the most pure con- ception). On the Santa Barbara Coast. Purisima (most pure), in San Mateo County. Point Sal (a surname). See page io8. Point Stir (south point). See page 162. La Qtiemada (the burned place), from the verb quemar (to burn). This name refers to a custom prevalent among the Indians of burning over large tracts of land for the purpose of killing the under- brush and encouraging the growth of grass, which resulted in attracting game. The diaries of the Spaniards refer frequently to this custom, and speak of finding a great deal of country burned over in this way. One writer has offered to his astonished readers the translation of La Quemada as ''the over- full, having enough to eat." Quien Sabe (who knows), a familiar expression among the Spaniards. Quintin. See page 235. Quinto (a surname). Simon Tadeo Quinto was one of the members of this pioneer family. Raimundo (Raymond). Ramirez (a surname), near Marysville. Ramona (a Christian name) , well known as that of the heroine of Mrs.Helen Hunt Jackson's romance. 408 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Ranchcria, a word meaning ''settlement," but generally used by the Spaniards to mean an Indian village. Rancherid del Baile dc las Indias (village of the dance of the Indian women). See page loo. Rancher la del Corral (village of the yard). Rancheria de la Espada (village of the sword). See page 102. Rancheria del Rio Estanislao (village of the river Stanislaus). Ranchita de Santa Fe (little ranch of holy faith). Rantho del Puerto (ranch of the pass). Raton (mouse). Real de las Agiiilas (camp of the eagles). Redondo (round). See page 82. Refugio (refuge), is in Santa Barbara County. Refugio is also a Christian name. Represa (dam), so called on account of a dam at that point, west of the state prison at Folsom. Del Rey (of the king), also known as El Rancho Nacional because it was used to provide meat and horses for the military. This ranch was in Fresno County. Reyes (kings). See page 232. Ricardo (Richard), is in Kern County. 411 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Rincon is the interior angle formed by the junction of two walls or lines, and is one of the terms used in the apportionment of land grants. Rincon (corner), is in San Bernardino County. El Rincon (the corner), is in Los Angeles County, and comprises rich agricultural land on either side of the Santa Ana River. Rinconada is the corner formed by two houses, streets, roads, or between two mountains. Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito (corner of the creek of little St. Francis). Land grant. Rincon de los Cameras (corner of the sheep). Land grant. Rinconada de los Gatos (corner of the cats — wild-cats). Land grant. Rincon de la Brea (corner of the asphalt). Land grant. Rincon de los Bueyes (corner of the oxen) . Land grant. Rincon del Diablo (corner of the devil). Land grant. Rincon de los Ester os (corner of the estuaries). Land grant. Rincon Point (corner point). See page io8. 412 THEIR MEANING A N J) R O M A N C T; Rincon dc la Puente del Monte (corner of the bridge of the wood, or hill). Land grant. Rincon de las Salinas (corner of the salt marshes). Land grant. Rincon de las Salinas y Potrero Viejo (corner of the salt marshes and the old pasture). Land grant. Rincon de San Francisquito (corner of little San Francisco). Land grant. Rincon del Sanjon (corner of the slough). Land grant. Rio (river). El Rio de los Berrendos (the river of the ante- lopes). See page 40. Rio Grande (big river). Rio Jesiis Maria (River Jesus Mary). Land grant. El Rio de los Molinos (the river of the mill- stones). See page 80. El Rio del Nido (the river of the nest), referring to the nest of an eagle once seen in a tree on the banks of this stream. The name is now short- ened into Rio Nido, or Rionido. El Rio de Santa Clara (the river of St. Clara). Land grant. 413 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA El Rio de los Santos Reyes (the river of the holy kings). See page 278. Rio Seco (dry river). Rio Vista (river view). See page 289. Im- proper construction. It should be Vista del Rio. El Rito (the rite, ceremony). Rivera, literally ''brook, creek," but also a surname. The Rivera family were among the pioneers. See page 82. Rohlar de la Miseria (oak grove of poverty, wretchedness). It is likely that in this grove the Spaniards suffered from a shortage of food sup- plies, and named it in memory of their suffer- ings. Land grant. Los Rohles (the oaks), ten miles from Los Angeles. Rodeo (cattle round-up). See pages 232 and 340. The town of Rodeo was first laid out to maintain a large packing-house for meat, but this was abandoned, and it has become an oil-refining town. Rodeo de las Aguas (gathering of the waters). See page 82. Del Rosa (of the rose), in San Bernardino County. If this is not a surname it is improper in construc- tion, and should be De la Rosa. 414 THEIR MEANING ANT) ROMANCE Los Rosalcs (the rose-bushes). Rosario (rosary), procession of persons who recite the rosary. Also a Christian name. Sacatc (grass, hay). Sacramento (sacrament). See page 271. Sal, in the case of Point Sal a surname. See page 108. Salada (salted, salty, saline land). Near San Francisco. Salazar (a surname), that of a pioneer family. Salida (exit, out-gate), village in Stanislaus County, seven miles northwest of Modesto. Salinas (salt-marshes). See pages i48and 340. Sal si Puedes ("get out if you can"). Seepage 109. La Salud (health). See page 174. San Andreas (St. Andrew). See page 333. San Andres (St. Andrew). See page ^2)2>' San Anselmo (St. Anselm). See page 232. San Antonio (St. Anthony). San Antonio de Padua (St. Anthony of Padua). See page 141. San Ardo (St. Ardo), is in Monterey County. St. Ardo, in Latin Smaragdus, was a Benedictine monk who wrote a life of St. Benedict which is considered reliable. He died in 843. 415 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA San Augustine (properly Agustin), born in Numidia, was the son of Santa Monica. ''In his youth he was so devoted to pleasure that his mother feared the destruction of his char- acter," but he became converted by the preaching of St. Ambrose, and it is thought that the Te Deum was composed in honor of the occasion of his baptism. It is told of him that "while walking on the sea-shore, lost in meditation on his great theme, the Discourse on the Trinity , he saw a little child bringing water and endeavor- ing to fill a hole which he had dug in the sand. Augustine asked him the motive of his labors. The child said he intended to empty all the water of the sea into this cavity. 'Impossible!' ex- claimed St. Augustine. 'Not more impossible,' answered the child, 'than for thee, Augustine, to explain the mystery on which thou art now meditating.' St. Augustine is the patron of theologians and learned men." — {Stories of the Saints.) San Benito (St. Benedict). See page i6i. San Bernabe (St. Barnabas, or Barnaby). This saint was a native of Cyprus, and a cousin of St. Mark. "He labored with Paul at Antioch, and 416 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE tradition says he preached from the gospel of St. Matthew, written by the Evangehst himself, which he carried always with him, and that it had power to heal the sick when laid upon their bosoms. He was seized by the Jews and cruelly martyred, while preaching in Judea." — {Stories of the Saints.) Sail Bernardino (St. Bernardinus). See page 74. San Bernardo (St. Bernard). There were two saints of this name, one born in 1190 at Fontaine, and the other in Savoy. The latter, St. Bernard of Menthon, is famous as the founder of the St. Bernard hospitals in the Alps, where ''the monks, assisted by their dogs, search out and care for travelers who are lost in the passes of the moun- tains, where the storms are severe, and the cold intense." San Bruno (St. Bruno). See page 232. San Buenaventura (St. Bonaventure). See page 95. San Carlos (St. Charles). See page 138. San Clemente (St. Clement). See page ^^. San Diegito (little St. James). San Diego (St. James). See page 21. San Dimas "probably St. Dismas, is popularly 417 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA supposed to have been the good or converted robber on the right side of Christ on Good Friday. In places he is celebrated by the Latins on March 25. The Greeks have him on a much later date." — (Fray Zephyrin Engelhardt, O. F. M). San Dimas is the name of a post- village in Los Angeles County. San Domingo (St. Dominick). St. Dominick was a Castilian of noble descent, and was the originator of the Dominican Order of barefoot priests, and of the use of the rosary. Sanel, the name of a former Indian village called variously Se-nel, Sah-nel, Sai-nel and Sanel. ''Sanel is derived from cane (sweathouse) , and was the name of a very large village situated south of the town of Sanel, on the eastern side of Hop- land Valley." — (Barrett, in Univ. Publ. in Arch, and Tech.) San Emygdio, "English or Latin St. Emygdius, Bishop and Martyr, feast August 5. The Roman Martyrology has this on him: 'St. Emygdius, Bishop and Martyr, was consecrated Bishop by Pope St. Marcellus and sent to preach the Gospel at Ascoli. He received the crown of Martyrdom for confessing Christ, under Diocletian.' He is 418 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE invoked against earthquakes." — (Fray Zephyrin Engelhardt) . San Felipe (St. Philip). See page i8o. San Fernando (St. Ferdinand). See page 69. San Francisco (St. Francis). See page 185. San Francisco de las Llagas (St. P'rancis of the ''stigmata"). See page 179. San Francisqiiito (Kttle St. Francis). Land grant. San Gabriel (St. Gabriel). See page 66. San Geronimo (St. Jerome). See pages 233 and 340. San Gorgonio Mountains and Pass are in the Coast Range in Southern California. Their patron saint, Gorgonius, suffered martyrdom in 304 at Nicomedia during the persecution of Diocletian. Gorgonius, who had held a high position in the Emperor's household, was subjected to most frightful torments, and was finally strangled and his body thrown into the sea. It was, neverthe- less, secured by the Christians and was afterwards carried to Rome. San Gregorio (St. Gregory). See page 233. San Ignacio (St. Ignatius). St. Ignatius Loyola was the founder of the order of the Jesuits. "In 419 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA his youth he was a page in the court of Ferdinand the CathoHc, and later a brave and gay soldier." He became a permanent cripple through being severely wounded in both legs. While confined by these sufferings, he devoted himself to reading the life of Christ, and was thus induced to take up religious work. After some years of study, he induced five men to join him in forming a com- munity under the title of the ''Company of Jesus," whose especial duties are ''first, preach- ing; second, the guidance of souls in confession; third, the teaching of the young." San Isidro, also spelled Ysidro (St. Isidore). There were two saints bearing this name. St. Isidore the ploughman could neither read nor write, but performed many miracles. His master objected to the time wasted by Isidore in prayer, but his objections were silenced when he found, upon entering the field one day, the plough being drawn by two angels, while St. Isidore knelt at his devotions. The other St. Isidore was Bishop of Seville, and in the church in that city bearing his name, there is a "magnificent picture which re- presents him dying on the steps of the altar, having given all his property to the poor." See page 341. 420 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE SiDi Jaciuto (St. Hyacinth). Sec pages 83 and 340. San Jacinto Vicjo (St. Hyacinth the Old). San Joaquin (St. Joachim). See pages 274 and 340. Sanjon (deep ditch or slough). Also spelled zanjon. Sanjon de losMoquelumnes (Moquelumne slough) . San Jose (St. Joseph). See pages 168 and 340. San Jose de Buenos Aires (St. Joseph of good airs). San Jose y Siir Chiquito (St. Joseph and little south). These are the names of two creeks near Monterey. San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist). See pages 154 and 340. San Juan Cajon de Santa Ana (St. John canyon, literally ''box," of St. Anne). Deep canyons were often called cajones (boxes). San Juan Capistrano. See page 35. San Juan Point (St. John Point). See page ^7,. San Jididn (St. Julian). This seems to have been a favorite name for saints, since there were twelve who bore it. Only two, however, are of special importance, St. Julian Hospitator, and 421 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA St. Julian of Rimini. The first had the fearful misfortune to kill his own father and mother through an error, and to make reparation, he built a hospital on the bank of a turbulent stream in which many persons had been drowned. "He constantly ferried travelers over the river without reward, and, one stormy night in winter, when it seemed that no boat could cross the stream, he heard a sad cry from the opposite bank. He went over, and found a youth, who was a leper, dying from cold and weariness. In spite of his disease the saint carried him over, and bore him in his arms to his own bed, and he and his wife tended him till morning, when the leper rose up, and his face was transformed into that of an angel, and he said: 'Julian, the Lord hath sent me to thee; for thy penitence is accepted, and thy rest is near at hand' .... St. Julian is patron saint of ferrymen and boatmen, of travelers and of wandering minstrels." Little is known of St. Julian of Rimini except that he "endured a pro- longed martyrdom with unfailing courage." — (Stories of the Saints.) See page 340. Sa7t Justo (St. Justus). Little authentic is known of this saint, except that he was the fourth 422 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE archbishop of Cantcrbun-, and died there about 627. San Lcandro (St. Leander). See page 233. San Lorenzo (St. Lawrence). See page 234. San Lucas (St. Luke). See page 162. San Luis Gonzaga (St. Louis (^onzaga). This saint, also known as St. Aloysius, was the son of a noble Italian lady, the Marchese di Castiglione. ''He entered the Society of Jesus when not yet eighteen years old, and became eminently dis- tinguished for his learning, piety and good works. He died at Rome in 1591 of fever, which he con- tracted while nursing the sick." — (Stories of the Saints.) San Luis Obispo (St. Louis the Bishop). See pages 117 and 340. San Luis Rev (St. Louis the king). See page 30. San Marcial (St. Martial) was the Bishop of Limoges, and is especially noted for the conver- sions he accompKshed, in particular that of the beautiful virgin St. Valerie, who suffered martyr- dom for her faith. San Marcos (St. Mark). "This evangelist was a disciple of St. Peter. He founded the church at Alexandria, and on account of his miracles the 423 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA heathen accused him of being a magician; and at length, while celebrating the feast of their god Serapis, they seized St. Mark and dragged him through the streets until he died. Then imme- diately there fell a storm of hail, and a tempest of lightning came with it which destroyed his mur- derers." His remains were removed in A. D. 815 to Venice, where the splendid cathedral of St. Mark was erected over them. Many legends are told of this saint, among them the story of his having saved the city of Venice from destruction by demons, who raised a great storm and came in a boat for that purpose, but were driven away by St. Mark, who went to meet them and held up a cross. San Marino, near Los Angeles, was named for a saint who was born in Dalmatia in the fourth century. He was a poor laborer and was em- ployed in the reconstruction of the bridge of Rimini. His piety attracted the attention of the Bishop of Brescia, who ordained him as a deacon. Marino retired to Mount Titano, and gave him- self up entirely to religious practices. His cell attracted others, and this was the origin of the city and republic of San Marino, the smallest republic in the world. 424 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE San Martin (St. Martin). See pages i8i and 340. San Mateo (St. Matthew). See pages 234 and 340. San Mateo Point (St. Matthew Point). See page ^2>- San Miguel (St. Michael). See page 123. San Miguelito (little St. Michael). San Nicolas (St. Nicholas). Little that is authentic can be obtained concerning the history of this saint, but there are numerous legends of miracles performed by him, several of them con- nected with raising children from the dead, and similar stories. St. Nicholas is the chief patron of Russia and of many sea-port towns, and is the protector against robbers and violence. He is also the patron of children and schoolboys in par- ticular, and of poor maidens, sailors, travelers, and merchants. San Onofre (St. Onophrius). See page 83. San Pablo (St. Paul). See page 234. San Pasqual (St. Pascal). This saint was a Spanish peasant, born in Aragon in 1540. He was a member of the Franciscan order, and was re- markable for his unfailing courtesy and charity to the poor. 425 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA San Pedro (St. Peter). See page 84. San Pedro, Santa Margarita, y las Gallinas (St. Peter, St. Margaret, and the chickens), com- bined names of three land grants. San Quentin (St. Quentin). See pages 235 and 341. San Rafael (St. Raphael). See page 220. San Ramon (St. Raymond). See page 235. San Simeon (St. Simeon). See page 128. Santa Ana (St. Anne). See page 59. Santa Ana y Quien Sabe (St. Anne and "who knows"), combined names of two land grants. Santa Anita (St. Annie, or httle St. Anne). Santa Barbara. See page 89. Santa Catalina (St. Catherine). See page 62. Santa Clara (St. Clara). See page 167. Santa Clara del Norte (St. Clara of the north). Santa Cruz (holy cross). See page 153. Santa Fe (holy faith), near Los Angeles. See page 341. Santa Cruz Island. See page 10 1. Santa Gertrudis (St. Gertrude). St. Gertrude the Great was a benedictine nun and mystic writer, born in Germany in 1256. She is especially noted for her learning and religious writings, all of 426 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE which were wriUen in Latin. She was charitable to the poor and had the gift of miracles. Santa Inez, also spelled Yncz (St. Agnes). See pages 109 and 341. Santa Lucia (St. Lucy). See page 129. Santa Margarita (St. Margaret). See page 129. Santa Margarita y las Flores (St. Margaret and the fiowxrs), combined names of two land grants. Santa Maria (St. Mary). See page no. Santa Monica (St. Monica). See page 61. Santa Paula (St. Paula). See page 113. Santa Rita is the name of a village in Monterey County, near Salinas. The patron saint of this place was born at Rocca Porena in 1386 and died in 1456. Her feast day is May 22, and she is represented as holding roses, or roses and hgs. When but twelve years of age Santa Rita was com- pelled by her parents to marry a cruel, ill-tem- pered man. This man was murdered, and after his death, his widow desired to enter the convent at Cascia, but was at first refused admission on account of her widow-hood. She was finally received, however, and so many miracles were reported to have been performed at her inter- cession that she was given in Spain the title of 427 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA La Santa de los Imposibles (the saint of the im- possibiHties). Santa Rosa (St. Rose). See page 246. Santa Susana (St. Susanna). This saint, who was remarkable for her beauty and learning, was a relative of the Emperor Diocletian, who desired her as a wife for his adopted son Maximus. St. Susanna, having made a vow of chastity, refused this offer, and Diocletian, angered by her refusal, sent an executioner to kill her in her own house. Santa Teresa, was born at Avila in Castile, March 28, 1515. During her earliest youth, through reading the lives of the saints and martyrs, she formed a desire to take up religious work. In accordance with this desire, at the age of twenty years, she entered the convent of Carmelites, and chose as her life work the reforming of the order of Mount Carmel, as well as the establishment of a number of convents for men. It was she who made the Carmelites go barefoot, or sandalled. Santa Teresa had distinct literary gifts, and her history of her life is a work of absorbing interest, which is still read with genuine pleasure by stu- dents of the literature of Spain. She attained a position of such authority in that country that 428 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Philip III chose her for its second patron saint, ranking her next to Santiago (St. James). Santa Ynez. See Santa Inez. See page loy and 341. Santa Ysabel, also spelled Isabel (St. Isabella of France), who founded the convent at Long- champs, was sister to the saintly King Louis. She was educated with her brother by their mother, Blanche of Castile. St. Isabel dedicated her convent to the ''humihty of the Blessed Vir- gin," and gave to it all her dowry. As long as the convent existed the festival of this saint was cele- brated with great splendor.— {Stories of \he Saints) Santiago de Santa Ana (St. James of St. Anne). Land grant. San Timoteo (St. Timothy). St. Timothy was the beloved disciple of St. Paul, whom he accom- panied on many journeys. It is said that he was Bishop of Ephesus, until at the age of eighty years he suffered the cruel fate of being beaten to death by pagans. San Tomaso (St. Thomas), was a Galilean fisherman and one of the apostles. ''So great was his incredulity that he has always been remem- 429 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA bered for that rather'^than for his other charac- teristics," and it was in this way that the famihar expression "sl doubting Thomas" arose. At the time of the ascension of the Virgin, Thomas refused to beheve in the event, and the legend relates that in order to convince him the Virgin dropped her girdle to him from the heavens. Three other saints also bear this name, St. Thomas a Becket, the celebrated English historical char- acter; St. Thomas Aquinas, a grandnephew of Frederick I and a man of great learning; and St. Thomas the Almoner, who was so charitable that "as a child he would take off his own clothes to give away to children in the street." It is related of the last named that he wore the same hat for twenty-six years, and that his whole life was "but a grand series of beneficent deeds. When the hour of his death came he had given away every- thing except the pallet on which he lay, and this was to be given to a jailer who had assisted him in executing his benevolent designs." There is a remarkably beautiful picture of him by Murillo, representing him as a child, dividing his clothing among four ragged little ones. San Vicente (St. Vincent). Three saints bear 430 THEIR MEANING AN D R O IVl A N C E this name. St. Vincent of Saragosa was martyred during the persecution of the Christians by Diocletian. Legend has it that his remains were guarded by crows or ravens, and when in the year 1 147 Alonzo I removed them to Lisbon, two crows accompanied the vessel, one at the prow and one at the stern. In pictures St. Vincent is always represented as accompanied by a crow or raven. St. Vincent Ferraris was born at Valencia in 1357. He was a celebrated preacher and missionary, and ''so moved the hearts of his ncarers that he was often obliged to pause that the sobbing and weeping might subside." The third of this name, St. Vincent de Paul, was the son of a Gascon farmer, and his charities were so various and so many as to cause his name to be revered by all, irrespective of religious differences. He estab- lished the Hospital La Madeleine for the Magda- lens of Paris, a foundling hospital, and numerous other charities. In truth, the practical good done by this man during his life makes him well worthy of the title of ''saint." San Ysidro. See San Isidro. See page 341. Saticoy. See page 84. Saucito (little alder). 431 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Saucos (alder-trees). Sausal (willow-grove). Sausalito (little willow-grove). See page 218. Sausal Redondo (round willow-grove). See Redondo Beach, page 82. El Segundo (the second), so called because at that place the Standard Oil Company's second refinery on the Pacific Coast is located. Modern. Sequoia, the giant tree of California, was named for the Cherokee, Sequoyah, who invented an alphabet for his tribe. Sequoyah, also known as George Gist, or Guess, was the son of a white man and a Cherokee woman of mixed blood, and was, after all, more white man than Indian. He had a natural genius for mechanical invention, and, having been crippled for life in a hunting accident, he occupied his time in devising the alphabet, which was accepted with such enthusi- asm by his people that every Cherokee, of what- ever age, had learned to read and write in a few months. Sequoia, although not a place name, is given here for the interest it may have for tourists and other persons unacquainted with the origin of the name of the famous ''big trees." Serena (serene). See page 113. This name is 432 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE spelled on some maps as Scrcno, but is called Serena by the people of the neighborhood. Serra (a surname). See page 84. Scspc, named for a former Chumash Indian \'illage said by Indians to have been on Sespe Creek, in Ventura County. Shasta. See page 251. Sierra (saw, saw-toothed mountains). See page 293. Sierra Madre (mother sierra). See page 293. Sierra Morena (brown range) is the name of a spur of the Coast Range commencing about ten miles south of San Francisco and running through San Francisco County into Santa Clara County. This mountain range, which contains some very charming scenery, may have been so named on account of its color, or it may be the namesake of the Sierra Morena of Spain. The name is some- times spelled Moreno^ and one of the possibilities is that it was named for the pioneer Moreno family. Sierra Nevada (snowy sierra). See page 293. Simi^ in Ventura County, is an Indian place name. Siskiyou. See page 256. Sis QuoCj a town and river in Santa Barbara 433 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA County, named from Sotiscoc, a former Chumash village near the Santa Inez Mission. Sohrante (residue, surplus), a term applied to a piece of land left over after measuring off land grants. Sohrante de San Jacinto, residue of the grant called St. Hyacinth. Solano. See page 268. Soledad (solitude). See page 151. SomiSy in Ventura County, is an Indian place name. Sonoma. See page 241. Sonora. See page 333. Soquel, or Souqnel, was probably derived from Usacalis, a Costanoan Indian village situated in 18 19 within ten miles of the Santa Cruz Mission. Soscol. See Suscol. Sotoyome, a former Chumash Indian village near Santa Inez Mission, in Santa Barbara County. Stanislaus. See page 275. Suerte, a word of many meanings (luck, chance, lot of ground). In the apportionment of land by the Spaniards a suerte was a cultivable lot of land granted to colonists near the pueblos and within the four leagues assigned to the pueblo. Each 434 THEIR M E A N I N G AN 1) R O iM A N C E suerte consisted of two hundred varas of length and two hundred of breadth, a vara being about thirty-three inches. Thus one siicrte is one lot (of land), and not, as one writer has translated it, ^'one chance." Dos suertes is two lots. Suisun. See page 269. Sunol (a surname). See pages 236 and 341. Sur (south). For Point Sur see page 162. In this vicinity the scenery is remarkably pictur- esque. Del Sur (of the south), is in Los Angeles County. Suscol was the name of a Moquelumnan tribe who lived in a village on the east bank of Napa River. See Soscol. Tahoe. See page 306. Tallac, an Indian word, meaning not ascer- tained. Tamalpais. See page 213. l^ambo (South American for inn, or hotel, so called because in early days there was a stopping place in this vicinity for travelers crossing the continent. Near Marysville. Tenaya Peak, in Yosemite Valley, named for Ten-ei-ya, chief of the Yosemite Indians. Tasajara, the name of a resort near Monterey, 435 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA is probably a corruption of tasajera, a place where jerked meat is hung up to cure. Tassajara in Contra Costa County, and Tasajero creek in Contra Costa and Alameda Counties are probably different spellings of the same word. Tecolote (owl). Tehachapi. See page 289. Tehama. See page 265. El Tejon (the badger), is in Kern County. Tejon Pass is badger pass. Temecula. See page 47. Temecula is in the southern part of Riverside County. Temescal (sweathouse) . See page 70. Tequisquite is an iVztec word, probable meaning salt-petre. Tia J nana. See page 47. Tihuron (shark). See page 220. Tierra Seca (dry land). Tocaloma. See page 236. Todos Santos (all saints). Todos Santos y San Antonio (all saints and St. Anthony) . Tolenos, in Yolo County, is probably a misspel- ling of Yolenos, from the Indian Yolo. See page 268. 436 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE ^•< l^oliica, near Los Angeles, is probably derived from Tolujaa, or Tilijaes, a tribe among the original ones at San Juan Capistrano in 1731, although there is also a place named Toluca in Mexico. Tomalcs. See page 236. Topo Creek (gopher creek). l^oro (bull). See pages 85 and 163. Toros (bulls). Tortiiga (turtle, tortoise). Trabuco (blunderbuss, a sort of wide-mouthed gun), but it may not be used in that sense in this case. See page 85. Trabuco Canyon is in Orange County. Trampa del Oso (bear trap). Trampas (traps, snares), perhaps named in reference to traps which were in common use among the Indians to catch game, as well as their human enemies. In Contra Costa County. Tranqiiillon Mountain is in Santa Barbara County. Tranquillon is a mixture of two kinds of grain, such as wheat and rye, called in English ''mastlin," or ''maslin." jyes Ojos de Agua (three springs of water). Tres Pinos. See page 163. 439 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Trigo (wheat), is 128 miles from Stockton. Trinity County. See page 257. Trinidad Bay and town. See page 257. Triunfo (triumph), is in Los Angeles County. Tropica (tropical), near Los Angeles. Truckee. See page 305. Tulare (place of rushes). See page 281. Tularcitos (little rushes, little Tulare ranch). Tulucay Rancho, near Napa State Hospital, is derived from the Indian word tiduka (red). Tunitas is a place near San Francisco on the Ocean Shore Road. The tunita is a beach plant sometimes called the ''beach apple." Tuna is the Spanish name for the common cactus known as "prickly pear." Tuolumne. See page 315. Tustin (a surname), a place in Orange County, near Santa Ana. Fernando Tustin was one of the early settlers, and came to California in 1845. Ukiah. See page 262. Usal, in Mendocino County. This is an Indian word, derived from yosal, or yusal, the name of a tribe of Pomos, living on the coast from Usal northward. Las Uvas (the grapes). See page 163. 440 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE Vacaville. See page 289. Valencia Peak, near San Luis Obispo. Valencia is a surname. Valle (valley). Vallecito (little valley) is the name of places in Calaveras and San Diego Counties. See page 334. Los Vallccitos de San Marcos (the little valleys of St. Mark). Vallejo (a surname). See pages 236 and 341. Valle Mar (sea valley), on the Ocean Shore, near San Francisco. Improper construction. It should be Valle del Mar (valley of the sea) . Valle de San Felipe (valley of St. Philip). Dos Valles (two valleys). Valle de San Jose (valley of St. Joseph). Valle Verde (green valley). See page 85. Valle Vista (valley view). See page 85. Im- proper construction. It should be Vista del Valle (view of the valley) . Vega, an open plain, or tract of level land. Vega is also a surname. Las Vegas (the meadows). Fremont refers to the vegas of the Southern Central Valley in these terms: "We encamped in the midst of another very large basin, at a camping ground called Las 441 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Vegas, a term which the Spaniards use to signify fertile or marshy plains, in contradistinction to llanos, which they apply to dry and sterile plains." Vega del Rio del Pdjaro (plain of the river of the bird). Venado (deer), is in Colusa County. Ventura (fortune). See page 113. Verano (summer), is west of Napa. Verde (green), twelve miles from San Luis Obispo. Verdugo (a surname in this case). See page 85. Los Vergeles (flower gardens, beautiful or- chards) . Vicente Point (Point Vincent). See page 85. Viento (wind), is in San Bernardino County. Las Vir genes (the virgins). See page 341. Vista (view), in San Diego County. Bella Vista (beautiful view). Buena Vista (good view). Chula Vista (charming view). See page 42. Vista Grande (large view), is in San Mateo County. Monte Vista (mountain view). Improper con- struction. It should be Vista del Monte (view of the mountain). 442 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCF Rio Vista {river view). See page 289. Improper construction. It should be Vista del Rio (view of the river). Vizcaino Cape, named for the celebrated Span- ish explorer Sebastian Vizcaino, who touched at various points on the California coast in the year 1602. Vol can (volcano) . Wahtoque is an Indian word meaning ''pine nut," the name of a place near Fresno. Wawona, an Indian word of disputed meaning. See page 334. Weitchpec, near Hoopa valley, Humboldt County. ''The Weitspekan family consisted of the Yurok tribe alone, inhai^iting the lower Kla- math River and adjacent coast. The name is adapted from Weitspekw, the name of a spring in the village. At the site of the present post office of Weitchpec was one of the most populous Yurok villages, and one of only two or three at which both the Deerskin dance and the Jumping dance were held." — (A. L. Kroeber in Handbook of American Indians.) Las Yegnas (the mares), referring to a pasture where mares were kept. 443 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA Verba Buena (good herb). See page 205. Yokolil, in Tulare County. This was the name of a Yokuts tribe formerly living on the Kaweah River, Tulare County. Yolo. See page 268. Yorba (a surname). This was the name of one of Captain Fages' original Catalan volunteers. Yorba is near Los Angeles. Yosemite (grizzly bear). See page 321. Yreka. See page 258. Yuba. See page 266. Yucaipe, in San Bernardino County, is an Indian place name. Zamora, probably named for the province of the same name in the ancient kingdom of Leon, in Spain. There is an old proverb about this place which says: "No se gano Zamora en una hora" (Zamora was not taken in an hour) , the same idea as expressed in "Rome was not built in a day." Zapatero Creek (shoemaker creek). 444 THEIR MEANING AND ROMANCE ADDENDA Las Calahazas means ''the squashes" or *'the gourds," particularly with reference to the wild gourds that grow in that locality. — (Mr. Charles F. Lummis.) El Chorro (the gushing stream), is the name of a creek near San Luis Obispo, and was so named from a waterfall on its course. Garvanza is a corrupt word, possibly corrupted from garhanzo (chick-pea). The town name is a modern one, not given by Spaniards but by tender- feet, and there is no known reason for its appli- cation. — (Mr. Charles F. Lummis.) Leon turns out not to be of Spanish origin. In a recent publication on a California subject the definition of Palo Alto is given as ''high hill," and of Palo Verde as "green hill," both of which are, of course, incorrect. Anyone who will take the trouble to consult an ordinary Spanish dic- tionary will find that palo means "stick." As stated elsewhere in this book, the Spaniards used this word in the sense of "tree," and Palo Alto consequently means "high tree," as is fully set 445 PLACE NAMES OF CALIFORNIA forth under the heading of this name in these pages. The meaning of Palo Verde is, of course, ''green tree." Pecho (breast) Rock is so named from the shape of the rock. Prado (meadow) is a modern name appKed with- out much regard for its fitness. — (Mr. Charles F. Lummis.) Rivera should be spelled with a ''b ' instead of a 'V." It means ''banksof a stream," and the name is given for this reason. — (Mr. Charles F. Lummis.) Serena (serene) is incomplete in this form, as Spaniards do not use an adjective standing alone as a place name. It may have been originally La Ensenada Serena (the serene bay) in reference to the charming little cove situated there. lyiunfo (triumph) is a modern real estate name, and has no historical significance that can be dis- covered. — (Mr. Charles F. Lummis.) ■i -9 1935	Sierra
What is the basic monetary unit of Australia?	L / "S" S, Z S - "Mirror History" dictionary designates letter S to signify the fourth of ten descending sound groups that define its alphabetical order. Letters inhabiting this group include: S, Z, and X [depending on language]. Theoretical definitions for sound group S include: Divided Sphere, Figure 8 Symbol, Existence, Generation, Numeral 3. Note: The letter ts was initially included in this group, but has since been reassigned to sound group "T". However, some of the words that begin with ts will remain in this group (besides) for speculative purposes.[- E.M.] S - "Glyphs believed to represent S include: a tied papryus role, book [sat]; a single S shape; two crossed S-like shapes; the side view of a chair back; a figure eight pattern; a single vertical line. History: reportedly, S is from the Greek Sigma which in turn came from the Phoenician letter Shin that resembled our modern W. S is phonetically known as a voiceless sibilant. The Romans used ST as a symbol of silence." S - "Twenty-first letter [Shin] in the Hebrew alphabet. The older form shows a capital W shape. The modern form resembles a staffless trident, or three-pronged U-like shape. General meanings arrtibuted to Shin include: tooth." S - Tzaddi [Tz,Ts] - "In Old Hebrew the letter Tzaddi appeared like a flattened-out w-like shape with a short descending verticle appendage at right. In modern block-style script it appears like a Y, or V-like shape supported by a leftward-facing angle, or wedge-like shape. At the end of a word it can appear as a Y-like shape - with its staff slanting to the right. Meanings attributed to Tzaddi include: Righteousness. Trivia: Tzaddi corresponds with the 19th letter [Sigma] in the Greek alphabet. Along with T [Teth], Ch [Chet] and Q [Koph], Tzaddi is one of four letters absent from the names of Jacob's sons. Associated spellings/words: Sadhe. Trivia: '[....] It is also clear that the interdentals / t, d / underwent a particularly large number of modifications, especially from the first millennium BCE - thus, in Hebrew / t / shifts to / s / (cf. Ugaritic tr, Hebrew sor), / d / to / z / (Ugaritic 'hd, Hebrew 'hz [chz]), / t / to / s [ts] / (Ugaritic tl [tsl], Hebrew sel [tsel]), and, similarly, / d / shifts to / s [ts] / (South Arabian 'rd, Hebrew 'eres [erets]). [....][Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 20].' " S - "Fifteenth letter [Samech] in the Hebrew alphabet. The older form shows a straight verticle staff with three horizontal bars - something like a modern telephone pole. The modern form in block style script resembles a closed U-like or rounded square shape. General meanings attributed to S include: support. Trivia: '[....] It is also clear that the interdentals / t, d / underwent a particularly large number of modifications, especially from the first millennium BCE - thus, in Hebrew /t/ shifts to /s/ (cf. Ugaritic tr, Hebrew sor), /d/ to /z/ (Ugaritic 'hd, Hebrew 'hz [chz]), /t/ to /s [ts]/ (Ugaritic tl [tsl], Hebrew sel [tsel]), and, similarly, /d/ shifts to /s [ts]/ (South Arabian 'rd, Hebrew 'eres [erets]). [....][Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, (2000 edition), p. 20].' " S - "Trivia: Reportedly, from the first millennium BCE, Hebrew t shifts to s; d to z; and in some case, d to s." (D.R.D.) s - "Definitions: a causitive (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: s-." S - "The Hungarian runic symbol for S reportedly depicts a conical tent called SATOR. It can also be the rafters or tent poles." S - "Reported healing sound for lung and large intestines. Stretch consists of looking up with arms held [palms up] over the head. Associated spellings/words: ssssssssssss." Z - "Glyphs believed to represent Z include: a set of two parallel horizontal lines; a capital I-like shape; a sword and a shield; an arrow. Reported meanings attributed to Z include: weapon [zayin], arrow. History: reportedly, Z started up as the Greek letter Zeta and the Phoenician letter Zayin, both of which were placed at the beginning of the alphabet. These early letters resembled modern uppercase I's with broad top & bottom strokes. Though the Romans borrowed Z from the Greeks it quickly fell out of use in favor of the S sound. Z was not fully adopted into the Roman alphabet until the 1st century A.D., when the Romans began having more contact with the Greeks." [ see link ] Trivia: '[....] It is also clear that the interdentals / t, d / underwent a particularly large number of modifications, especially from the first millennium BCE - thus, in Hebrew / t / shifts to / s / (cf. Ugaritic tr, Hebrew sor), / d / to / z / (Ugaritic 'hd, Hebrew 'hz [chz]), / t / to / s [ts] / (Ugaritic tl [tsl], Hebrew sel [tsel]), and, similarly, / d / shifts to / s [ts] / (South Arabian 'rd, Hebrew 'eres [erets]). [....][Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 20].' " Z - "Seventh letter in Hebrew alphabet. The older form shows a capital I shape. The modern form shows a verticle staff with a small square-like head. General meanings attributed to Z include: sustenance." Z - "The Hungarian runic symbol for the letter Z is reportedly a closing gate, quite similar to G except that it has three cross bars in the gate. ZAR means lock, or to close." X - "Reportedly, X originated as the Phoenician letter Samech, which has been translated as prop, support, post, or a fish. X was related to the Greek Xei, which sounded like Ks. The Romans adopted the Greek Xei but used the form of the Greek Chi. X was the last letter of the Roman alphabet until around 50 A.D." SZ - "The Hungarian letter SZ is pronounced like the S in English. The runic symbol is reportedly a vertical line which can represent Szal [thread], Szeg [nail], or Szalfa." TS - "The Hungarian runic symbol for C is pronounced only one way, like TS. The Hungarian letter for this resembles an arrow, since CEL is target, direction." sa - "Egyptian word for the holy blood of Isis, which made pharaohs and other selected heroes immortal; counterpart of the Hindu soma, the divine fluid of sovereignty and eternal life." (Egyptian Mythology) sa - "Definitions; earth, ground, land, soil (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: sa gzhi." sa - "Definitions: sinew, tendon; cord; net; mat; bundle; a string instrument." (Sumerian) sa - "Definitions: [prefix] co-, fellow-; having [with one], accompanied by, possessing, sharing, ect. (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: sah - [pron.] that, the, that one, he, ect.] (Sanskrit); asau ['that']." sa - "Definitions: four (Korean). Associated spellings/words: si (suh) ['four'] (Chinese)." sa - "Definitions: cast; throw; scatter, spread (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: sae ['bird'] (Korean)." se - "Definitions: apart, aside." (Latin) zh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'this' [Genesis 5:1, 7:1]; 'he' [Exodus 15:2 ]. Other definitions include: that. Associated spellings/words: zeh." za - "Definitions: strong harvest; time." (Hebrew) ze [e4] - "Definitions: ci [i4] ('pictograph of tree's needles or thorns; spur') - phonetic + bei [e4] ('shell; money') - phonetic. General meanings include: demand, blame, responsibility. Sounds like: za." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/179/x100.htm sh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'lamb' [Genesis 22:7]; 'cattle' [Genesis 30:32], [Isaiah 7:25; 43:23], [Ezekiel 34:17, 20, 22]; 'sheep' [Exodus 22:1, etc.]; 'ewe' [Leviticus 22:28]. Associated spellings/words: seh." sh - "Reported healing sound for liver and gall bladder. Stretch consists of bending to the left (with palms up and fingers interlaced), and looking up. Associated spellings/words: shhhhhhhhhhh." sah - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'respect' [Genesis 4:4]. Other definitions include: to look at; to regard; gaze at or about. Associated spellings/words: saha." sah - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'wondering' [Genesis 24:21]. Associated spellings/words: sha'ah." sha - "Definitions: kill, slaughter; sand, granulated; yarn, gause; brake, stop." (Chinese) sha - "Definitions: flesh." (Tibetan) she [e2] - "Definitions: ta [a1] ('snake') + hui [u3] ('small snake, or snake-like insect'). (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/179/x68.htm zah - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'sweat' [Genesis 3:19]." Xei [X,SH] - "Fourteenth letter in the Greek alphabet. The capital form resembels a set of three parallel horizontal lines with the middle line shorter. Other glyphs for Xei include: three parallel horizontal lines of varied length bisected by a single vertical line; an enclosed square encompassing a box. The small form of X resembles a rightward-facing cursive, or squiggly capital E-like shape. Reported meanings for X include: fifteen fixed stars; a fish [skeleton]; a tree with branches; framework, infrastructure, support; the older 15th letter; number 60. Associated spellings/words: xi ['appear above the waters'] (Mayan)." xie - "Definitions: twisty, not square and straight up, devious, deviant, obscene, all things related to ghosts, demons, and various disembodied spirits. Associated spellings/words: shay." [Based on: Article ("Have No Twisty Thoughts" / Concepts of Evil and Qi in Traditional Chinese Medicine) by Ken Rose, pg. 85, Parabola Vol. 24, No. 4 (Evil) 1999] Shea - "Definitions: majestic." (Gaelic) saha - "Definitions: together with." (Sanskrit) schh - "Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'bowed' [Genesis 18:2, 19:1]; 'worship' [Genesis 22:5]; 'worshipped' [Genesis 24:26]. Associated spellings/words; shachah." saa - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'delight' [Genesis Psalm 94:19]; 'shut' [Isaiah 6:10]; 'play' [Isaiah 11:8]; 'cry' [Isaiah 29:9]; 'dandled' [Isaiah 66:12]. Other definitions include: pleasure. Associated spellings/words: sha'ar [shin + ayin + ayin]." zai [a1] - "Definitions: chuan [a1] ('streams joining; river') + huo [u3] ('pictograph of rising flames; fire'). General meanings include: disaster" (Chinese) zai [a1] - "Definitions: kou [o3] ('mouth') + cai [i2] ('wound') - phonetic. General meanings include: Alas!" (Chinese) zai [a1] - "Definitions: mu [u4] ('tree') + cai [i2] ('wound') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. plant" (Chinese) zai [a3] - "Definitions: che [e1] ('cart, chariot, vehicle') + cai [i2] ('wound') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. carry, record, register." (Chinese) zai [a3] - "Definitions: xin [i1] ('crime') + mian [a2] ('roof'). General meanings include: criminal judged under court roof; v. govern; v. slaughter." (Chinese) zai [a3] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + zai [a3] ('child'). General meanings include: assume, take on; adj. careful; n. yound animal." (Chinese) zai [a4] - "Definitions: che [e1] ('cart') + cai [a2] ('wound') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. carry, record, register." (Chinese) zai [a4] - "Definitions: cai [a2] ('pictrograph of a sprouting plant; natural talent, gift, endowment') - phonetic + tu [u3] ('pictograph of object rising through the earth; earth'). General meanings include: endowement of earth; prep. at, on; v. exist; adv. in the process of; What are you doing?" (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x98.htm zai [a4] - "Definitions: gou [o4] ('interlocking framework; structure') + yi [i1] ('one'). General meanings include: structure folded over into one; adv. again, then. Associated spellings/words: zaici [a4i4] (adv. 'once more, again'); zaidu [a4u4] (adv. 'once more, again'); zaijian [a4a4] ('Good-bye!'); zaisan [a4a1] (adv. 'repeatedly'); zaisheng [a4e1] (n. 'rebirth'); zaizhe [a4e3] (conj. 'furthermore')." (Chinese) shahid - "Definitions: witness." (Arabic) zao [a3] - "Definitions: ri [i4] ('sun') + shi [i2] ('ten'). General meanings include: sun rising above all directions; n. morning; adj. early; phrase: Good morning! Associated spellings/words: zaochen [e2] (n. 'early morning')" (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x173.htm sahu - "Definitions: spiritual body." (Egyptian) shao - "Name for a pictograph believed to show a spoon with dot representing its contents. General meanings include: spoon." (Chinese) shao [a4] - "Definitions: mi [i4] ('threads twisted together') + zhao [a4] ('summon, convene; connect') - phonetic. Assoiated spellings/words: Jieshao [e4a4] ('to introduce, introduction')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/178/x208.htm savo - "Definitions: my, our, your." (Lithuanian) zaoshang [a3a4] - "Definitions: zao [a3] ('morning') + shang [a4] (adj. 'above, upper, previous'). General meanings include: morning" (Chinese) savl - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'grave' [Genesis 37:35, 42:38, 44:29, 31], [1 Samuel 2:6], [1 kings 2:6, 9], [Job 7:9, 14:13, 17:13]; 'pit' [Numbers 16:30, 33], [Job 17:16]; 'hell' [Deuteronomy 32:22], [2 Samuel 22:6], [Job 11:8], [Psalm 9:17, 16:10, 55:15]. Associated spellings/words: shaeowl, sheol." Zahur - "Hur in Arabic means the beauties of the Heaven, its real meaning is the expression of heavenly beauty. Zahur in Arabic means manifestation, especially that of God in nature. Ahura Mazda is the name of God known to the Zoroastrians. This first word Ahura suggests Hu, upon which the whole name is built. [NP] All of these examples signify the origin of God in the word Hu; and the life of God in every thing and being." Link: http://wahiduddin.net/mv2/II/II_8.htm - [T.D. - 11/03/07] savoka - "Definitions: notion, concept, conception." (Lithuanian) zaochen [a3e2] - "Definitions: early morning." (Chinese)Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x173.htm zao fan [a3a4] - "Definitions: zao [a3] ('morning') + fan [a4] ('cooked rice, meal'). General meanings include: n. breakfast." (Chinese) zasui - "Definitions; mixed pieces (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: chop suey." sahasradal - "Definitions: one thousand [sahasra] - petals [dal]. Definitions: the true center of all the astral worlds." (Sanskrit) Sahasradal Kanwal - "Definitions: the thousand-petalled lotus, the name of the first spiritual region, the astral region [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 463] (Sanskrit). Other definitions include: the lightning world; the true center of all the astral worlds. Associated spellings/ words: Sahansdal Kamal." zi - "Definitions: breathing; breath of life; throat; soul (Sumerian). Associated spellings/words: zi ['mind'] (Gypsy); sia ['consciousness'] (Egyptian)." zi - "Definitions: cold, frozen, vapor, smoke." (Mayan) zi - "Definitions: above." (Amdo) zi - "Pictograph of an infant, legs bundled together. General meanings include: child; son; egg, seed; first Earthly Branch." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x108.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: ci [i4] ('second; well-ordered') - phonetic + bei [e4] ('shell; money'). General meanings include: capital, funds. Associated spellings/words: zixun [i1u4] (n. 'information')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/184/x234.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: nu [u3] ('woman') + ci [i4] - phonetic. General meanings include: manner." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x186.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: ci [i4] - phonetic + kou [o3] ('mouth'). General meanings include: inquire." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x116.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + zi [i1] ('inquire') - phonetic. General meanings include: words of inquiry, inquire." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/191/x212.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: pu [u1] ('strike') + zi ('child') - phonetic. General meanings include: diligent." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/167/x182.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: cao [a3] ('multiple sprouts; grass') + si ('threads twisted together; silk') - phonetic. General meanings include: grasses like silk, lush; this; now." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/175/x247.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: xuan [a2] ('dark'). General meanings include: doubly dark, black; this; now." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/175/x89.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: shui [i3] ('water') + zi [i1] ('lush'). General meanings include: nourish." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/180/x254.htm zi [i1] - "Definitions: zi ('child') + zi [i1] ('lush') - phonetic. General meanings include: reproduce prolifically." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/180/x70.htm zi [i3] - "Definitions: shui [u3] ('water') + zai [a3] ('govern') - phonetic. General meanings include: dregs." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/183/x186.htm zi [i3] - "Definitions: Pictograph of an infant, legs bundled together. General meanings include: child, son, egg, seed, first earthly Branch." (Chinese) zi [i3] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + zi ('child') - phonetic. General meanings include: assume, take on; careful." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x74.htm zi [i3] - "Definitions: nu [u3] ('woman') + jie [e3] ('growth blocked') - phonetic. General meanings include: sister. Associated spellings/words: jie ['e3] ('sister'), jiejie [1e3] ('elder sister')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/169/x110.htm zi [i3] - "Definitions: mi [i4] ('threads twisted together') + ci [i3] - phonetic. General meanings include: purple." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/181/x181.htm zi [i4] - "Definitions: zi ('child') - phonetic + mian [a2] ('pictograph of a hut, roof'). General meanings include: love, care for; character, lolograph, letter; a name given to young man upon coming of age." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x114.htm zi [i4] - "Definitions: shui [u3] ('water') + ze [e4] ('demand, blame, responsibility') - phonetic. General meanings include: stain." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/186/x123.htm zi [i4] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a nose. General meanings include: self; personal; since, from; naturally." (Chinese) xi - "Definitions: appear above the waters." (Mayan) xi [i1] - "Definitions: yao [a2] ('cross, intersect') + jin [i1] ('towel, cloth'). General meanings include: adj. rare; v. hope. Associated spellings/words: xihan [i1a3] (adj. 'rare, scarce'); xiwang [i1a4] ('hope')." (Chinese) xi [i1] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a crescent moon. General meanings include: evening, night, dusk." (Chinese) xi [i1] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a bird roosting, suggesting sunset and the direction thereof; west (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: xiyang ['setting sun']." xi [i3] - "Definitions: kou [o3] ('mouth') + zhu [u3] ('celebratory dishes and a stick; drum'). General meanings include: adj. happy; v. like; n. happiness. Associated spellings/ words: xiai [i3a4] (v. 'like, enjoy'); xihao [i3a4] ('like, enjoy'); xihuan [i3a4] (v. 'like, enjoy'); xiju [i3u4] ('comedy'); xishi [i3i4] ('joyous occasion'); xiyue [i3e4] ('joy')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/179/x223.htm xi [i3] - "Definitions: yin [i3] ('conceal, cover') + yi [i1] ('bar, line'). General meanings include: conceal with a cover; box, chest." (Chinese) sy - "Definitions: gift, present, gift offered as homage (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shay." si - "Definitions: yes." (Spanish) si - "Definitions: horn[s], antena[s]; ray[s]; light; plowland; to stand upright; to be straight; to be in order, to be completely still." (Sumerian) si [i1] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a curved line, suggesting a lack of straightforwardness. General meanings include: selfish; private, secret." (Chinese) si - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a snake, or possibly a fetus; sixth Earthly Branch." (Chinese) si [i4] - "Pictograph of a square divided in parts; four." (Chinese) se - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'thee' [Mark 1:24]." ze - "Definitions: strike." (Mayan) SE /p - "Definitions: apart, aside, without. Associated spellings/words: se; sed." she - "Definitions: tounge; snake, serpent." (Chinese) sie - "Definitions: she (German). Associated spellings/words: si ['him, her'] (Gaelic); siad ['they']; sibh ['y'all']." SEE - "Definitions: perceive by the eye. Associated spellings/words: theoria ['seeing, an intense gazing at'] (Greek)." shi - "Definitions: bi [i3] ('spoon-like object') + shi [i4] ('right under the light of day; correct, right, yes, be') - phonetic. General meanings person acting as official, envoy." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/176/x205.htm shi [i1] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + si [i4] ('court, temple') - phonetic. General meanings include: aspire, poetry, poem." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/184/x214.htm shi [i1] - "Pictograph of a person sitting or lying down. General meanings include: corpse." (Chinese) Link: hhttp://zhongwen.com/d/164/x114.htm shi [i1] - "Definitions: shi [i1] ('reclined body') - phonetic + si [i4] ('dead'). General meanings include: corpse." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x205.htm shi - "Definitions: dead, died." (Tibetan) shi [i1] - "Definitions: xin [i4] ('pictograph of a bird flying rapidly') - phonetic + hui [u3] ('snake-like insect'). General meanings include: louse, lice." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/189/x190.htm shi [i1] - "Definitions: yan [a4] ('pictograph of a waving banner') + ye [e3] ('pictograph of ancient funnel or wash basin; also, too'). General meanings include: wave, flutter; grant, bestow, make, do, apply, use." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/172/x73.htm shi [i1] - "Definitions: yi [i3] ('ideograph suggesting effort of sprouting seed; second Heavenly Stem') + shou [o3] ('hand'). General meanings include: lose." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x162.htm shi [i1] - "Definitions: shui [u3] ('water') + xian [a3] ('silk threads in the sunlight; visible, apparent') - phonetic. General meanings include: damp, moist, humid, wet." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x162.htm shi [i1] - "Name for an ideograph showing dui [u1] ('small hill, pile; multitude, legion') and za [a1] ('circle, encompass; to go round'). General meanings include: multitude of people gathered round a central pivot, teacher, master; troops, army, a group of 2,500 people; the 7th hexagram: earth above, water below." (I Ching) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/174/x118.htm shi [i1] - "Definitions: quan [e3] ('dog') + shi [i1] ('master') - phonetic. General meanings include: lion." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/183/x224.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: ji [i2] ('three lines; many, gather') + xiang bi [a1i1] ('spoon and a pictograph of a rice pot'). General meanings include: collected rice; food." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/173/x185.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: shi [i2] ('food') - phonetic + ren [e2] ('person'). General meanings include: give food to a person, feed." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/u/xse.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: shi [i2] ('food') - phonetic + hui [u3] ('insect'). General meanings include: eat away at; eclipse." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/187/x107.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: han [a3] ('cliff') + piece (written as kou [o3]). General meanings include: stone, rock." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x219.htm shi [i2] - "Name for an ideograph showing a cross. General meanings include: the four directions and the center; adj. complete; number: ten." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x81.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: ri [i4] ('sun') + si [i4] ('court, temple'). General meanings include: season, time, hour; o'clock. Associated spellings/words; shihou [i2o4] (n. 'time, hour')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/174/x201.htm ? shi [i2] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + shi [i2] ('ten') - phonetic. General meanings include: men in group of ten." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x176.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: shou [o3] ('hand') + he [e2] ('many mouths as one; union, agreement, join, combine') - phonetic. General meanings include: pick up, collect." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/172/x66.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + zhi [i2] ('lance and sound; watch tower') - phonetic. General meanings include: know, knowledge." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/195/x209.htm shi [i2] - "Definitions: guan [a4] ('pierced shells/money') + mian [a2] ('roof'). General meanings include: wealthy; substantial, solid, true, actual, reality, fact; fruit, seed." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/185/x234.htm shi [i3] - "Definitions: ru [u4] ('pictograph of roots descending into the earth; enter') with marks for arrowhead and flights. General meanings include: arrow." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x218.htm shi [i3] - "Definitions: shi [i1] ('corpse, body') + mi [i3] ('rice'). General meanings include: excrement, shit." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x203.htm shi [i3] - "Definitions: nu [u3] ('woman') + yi [i2] ('mouth exhaling; joy'). General meanings include: begin, start." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/169/x108.htm shi [i3] - "Definitions: you [o4] ('pictograph of the right hand') + zhong [i2] ('line bisect- ing an enclosure; center, middle'). General meanings include: scribe; history; a surname." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x118.htm shi [i3] - "Definitions: ma [a3] ('horse') + shi [i3] ('scribe') - phonetic. General meanings include: fast, operate a vehicle." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/190/x112.htm shi [i3] - "Definitions: ren [a2] ('person') + li [i4] ('primary scribe, official') - phonetic. General meanings person acting as official, envoy." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x207.htm shi [i3] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a boar; pig." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x168.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: san [a1] ('three') + shang [a4] ('above'). General meanings include: teach, show." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x220.htm http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=shi shi [i4] - "Definitions: jin [i1] ('towel') + shi [i2] ('feed') - phonetic. General meanings include: polish, adorn, decorate." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/185/x162.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: kou [o3] ('mouth') + qi [i2] ('old') - phonetic. General meanings include: mouth used to old tastes; habit, become adicted to." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/182/x221.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: person who knows all from one to ten; scholar, gentleman." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x104.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + shi [i4] ('scholar') - phonetic. General meanings include: study, enter government service, official." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x75.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + si [i4] ('court') - phonetic. General meanings include: person at court, attendant, serve." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x205.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: xin [i1] ('heart') + si [i4] ('court') - phonetic. General meanings include: rely on, depend on." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x238.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: sa [a3] ('three times ten, thirty') years. General meanings include: generation, lifetime, age, era, world." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x64.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: gong [o1] ('work') + yi [i4] ('pictograph of a stake'). General meanings include: pattern, model, type, style." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x161.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + shi [i4] ('pattern'). General meanings include: try, test." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/184/x213.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: shou [o3] ('hand') + shi [i4] ('pattern, model, type, style'). General meanings include: wipe." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x248.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: bian [a4] ('pictograph of claw marks; differentiate, determine') + yi [i4] ('watch') - phonetic. General meanings include: release, set free, explain." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/196/x192.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: zhu [u2] ('bamboo shoots') + wu [u2] ('work of two people; sorcery'). General meanings include: divine." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/184/x98.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: kou [o3] ('mouth') + shi [i4] ('divine') - phonetic. General meanings include: bite." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/190/x189.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: yi [i4] ('cultivate') + li [i4] ('strength'). General meanings include: force, influence; situation." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/182/x213.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: jiong [i3] ('distant lands') + ji [i2] ('accumulate') with zhi [i1] - phonetic. General meanings include: market, city." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/165/x171.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + zhi [i2] ('lance and sound; watch tower'). General meanings include: know, knowledge." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/195/x209.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: shi [i3] ('scribe') + zhi [i1] ('plant rising from the ground'). General meanings include: job, occupation, affair, matter, business." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x198.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: chuo [u4] ('movement') + chi [i4] ('only, merely'). General meanings include: follow, suitable, appropriate." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/190/x65.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: zheng [e4] ('right') + ri [i4] ('sun'). General meanings include: right under the light of day; adj. correct, right; particle: yes; v. be, (indicating concession). Associated spellings/words: shide [i4] (adj. 'yes, right'); shifei [i4e1] (n. 'right and wrong; dispute'); shifou [i4o3] (conj. 'whether or not'); shiyi [i4i1] (conj. 'therefore, hence')" (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/172/x79.htm / http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=shi shi [i4] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + zhe [e2] ('hand using an axe') - phonetic. General meanings include: vow, pledge." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/187/x125.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: chuo [u4] ('walk') + zhe [e2] ('hand using an axe') - phonetic. General meanings include: depart." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/179/x117.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: pictograph of a plant's roots. Associated spellings/words include: shizu [i4u2] (n. 'clan')." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x243.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: shi [i4] ('teach, show') - phonetic + jian [a4] ('see'). General meanings include: see, watch, consider as, regard as." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/181/x248.htm shi [i4] - "Definitions: mian [a2] ('roof') - phonetic + zhi [i4] ('arrive, stop'). General meanings include: roof where one stops; room." (Chinese) Links: http://zhongwen.com/d/171/x199.htm SHE - "Definitions: feminine personal pronoun [accusative hie] (Old English). Associated spellings/words: heo." xie - "Definitions; few." (Chinese) xie [e3] - "Definitions: mian [a2] ('roof') + xi [i4] ('pictograph of a bird') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. write." (Chinese) Shai - "Definitions: gift." (Aramaic) shei - "Definitions: who?" (Chinese) sia - "Definitions: consciousness, understanding." (Egyptian) xia [a4] - "Name for an ideograph originally depicting two parallel horizontal lines (bottom line shorter) with a vertical line added later. General meanings include: adj. below, lower, next. Associated spellings/words: xiaban [a4a1] (v. 'get off work'); xiabian [a4a1] (adj. & n. 'underneath, below'); xiaci [a414] (n. 'next time, another time'); xiajiang [a4i4] (v. 'descend, drop'); xialai [a4a2] (v. 'come down'); xiamian [a4a4] (prep. 'below, underneath'); xiaqu [a4u4] (v. 'go down; go on, continue'); xiashou [a4o3] (v. 'begin, start'); xiawu [a4u3] (n. 'afternoon'); xiaxiang [a4a1] (v. 'go to the countryside'); xiayou [a4o2] (adj. 'down- stream'); xiayu (v. 'rain')." (Chinese) syh - "Definitions: to forget, deprive (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shayah." sych - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'plant' [Genesis 2:5]; 'shrubs' [Genesis 21:15]; 'bushes' [Job 30:4, 30:7]; 'speak' [Psalms 145:5]. Other definitions include: rehearse. Associated spellings/words: siyach." Xi He - "Mother of the Ten Suns" (Chinese Mythology) Shi'a - "separate or distinct [party]" (Arabic) / Shi'ite Shi He - "Name for an ideograph composed of shi [to bite] and he [to close and unite]. General meanings include: close the mouth to bite; biting through; gnawing; eradicating; the 21st hexagram: fire above, thunder below (I Ching). Associated spellings/words: Shi ['an ideograph believed to represent an act of divination']." zyv - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'brightness' [Daniel 2:31]. Associated spellings/words: ziyv." Ziu - "Definitions: oak; aconite; Tyr; lightning bolt; the 35th Rune (Runic). Associated spellings/words: su ['fire'] (Basque)." Xiao [a3] - "Definitions: gen [e3] ('vertical line') + ba [a1] ('division, separate'). General meanings include: adj. small. Associated spellings/words: xiaojie [a3e3] ('Miss, Ms., n. young woman')." (Chinese) Xi He - "Definitions: Mother of the Ten Suns." (Chinese Mythology) shihou [i2o4] - "Definitions: shi [i2] ('time') + hou [o4] (v. 'hope, expect, wait'). General meanings include: time, hour." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/174/x201.htm Sioux - "A French rendering of the Ojibwa word nadewisou [treacherous snakes]." (Native American) xiawu [a4u3] - "Definitions: xia [a4] ('below, lower; next') + wu [u3] ('pictograph of a pestle; noon'). General meanings include: afternoon." (Chinese) Z'i-wa - "Definitions: peaceful." (Tibetan) xiaohan - "Small cold [January 6th - January 21st], name for one of twenty-four Chinese climatic periods recorded in the Ying-yang li." xiaohua - "Definitions: joke." (Chinese) xiuxi [u1] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + mu [u4] ('tree') = person against a tree, rest, stop, cease & xin [i1] ('heart') + zi [i4] ('nose') - phonetic. General meanings include: rest, to rest." (Chinese) Link: http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=xiuxi Xiao Xu - "Name for an ideograph showing xiao [little] and xu [to store up]. General meanings include: Little Accumulation; the 9th hexagram; wind above, heaven below." (I Ching) xiaoxue - "Little snow [November 23d - December 7th], name for one of twenty-four Chinese climatic periods recorded in the Ying-yang li." xiaoshu - "Small heat [July 8th - July 23rd], name for one of twenty-four Chinese climatic periods recorded in the Ying-yang li." Ziusudra - "Sumerian prototype of Noah, the flood hero, carrying the seeds of a new universe through watery chaos between destruction of one world and the birth of the next. Associated spellings/words: Xisuthros." siusti - "Definitions: send." (Lithuanian) syvn - "Hebrew month 3: [May - June / 30 days]. Associated spellings/words: Sivan." Link: http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/jewish.html tsyvn - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Zion' [2 Samuel 5:7], [1 Kings 8:1], [2 Kings 19:21, 31], [1 Chronicles 11:15], [2 Chronicles 5:2]. Other definitions include: sunny; height, one of the eminences on which Jerusalem was built. Associated spellings/words: tsiyown (Hebrew); Sion, siy'on [Deuteronomy 4:48]; Sirion, sryvn [Deuteronomy 3:10]; Hermon, chermown [Deuteronomy 3:8]; Sion (Greek)." xihuan [i3a1] - "Definitions: xi [i3] (adj. 'happy; v. like') + huan [a1] ('bird exhaling; adv. 'joyfully'). General meanings include: like." (Chinese) xiong - "Name for an ideograph depicting an X-like shape [yi] inside a pit [kan]. General meanings include: unlucky; fierce; evil. In combination with person [ren] it is believed to represent a person under evil influnence." (Chinese) xiwang [i1a4] - "Definitions: hope" (Chinese) xiaoman - "Grain fills [May22nd - June 7th], name for one of twenty-four Chinese climatic periods recorded in the Ying-yang li." siol - "Definitions: seed." (Gaelic) SEAL - "Definitions: aquatic animal. Associated spellings/words: seol, seolh, sel, seel, zele, selah, selr." xe'al - "Definitions: root." (Mayan) sheol - "Definitions: pit, cavern, whomb, the underworld, or place of abode after death (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shaol, savl." siule - "Definitions: seam (Lithuanian). Associated spellings/words: siulas ['thread']." Xiu Lian - "Definitions: cultivation practice." (Chinese) Xiao Guo - "Name for an ideograph composed of xiao [small, little] and guo [to exceed, etc.]. General meanings include: preponderance of the small; Little Exceeding; the 62nd hexagram: thunder above, mountain below." (I Ching) siuti - "Definitions: sew." (Lithuanian) sys - "Definitions: to bleach, whiten, alabaster (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shayish." ziiz - "Definitions: cold (Mayan). Associated spellings/words: sisira ['cold'] (Sanskrit)." Sais - "Capital of Egypt during the 7th century B.C., where the Great Goddess Isis-Neith ruled supreme in her temple carved with the words later copied by the biblical God: 'I am all that was, that is, and that is yet to come.' A thousand years later, the temple of the Goddess at Sais was taken over by Christians and converted into a church of the virgin Mary." SEETHE - "Definitions: boil; soak, steep; be inwardly agitated. Associated spellings/words: seooan, siodan, zieden, sieden, sjooa." xiexie [1e4] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + she [e4] ('shoot') - phonetic. General meanings include: n. part, take leave; v. thank; v. decline, wither." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/193/x194.htm shisei - "Definitions: attitude, posture, bearing, positioning, presence; tatooing." (Japanese) shishya - "Definitions: disciple (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: sisya." shizuka na - "Definitions: calm, non agitation, serenity, stillness (Japanese). Associated spellings/words: shizuka ['quiet (an), peaceful']." sysn - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words: 'lily' [1 Kings 17:19], [Song of Solomon 2:1]; 'Soshannim' [Psalm 45:1, 69:1]. Associated spellings/words: shuwshan; seshshen ['lily, iris, lotus'] (Egyptian)." ziznak - "Definitions: embryo." (Sumerian) Xizang - "Definitions: Tibet." (Chinese) Sin - "Definitions: The Sumerian Nanna, the moon. The chief astral deity, sometimes regarded as the son of Enlil and Ninlil; father of Utu-Shamash, the sun, and of Ishtar. He is lord of the calendar, fixing the seasons, and also a vegetation-deity and patron of fertility. With Shamash and Hadad he makes up the second triad of Mesopotamian gods. His chief temple was in Ur." [Based on: Micha F. Lindemans] Sin - "Definitions: the name Sin is the Semitic form of Sumerian Enzu meaning lord of knowledge. The Mesopotamians ascribed very great importance to him. It was he who governed the passing of the months through his waxing and waning.... The unvarying lunar cycle gave Sin a special connection with order and wisdom and with immortality. The number seven is lunar in origin and is applied to the seven days of creation,the seven levels of hell and the seven great planets, Moon, Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn." Sin - "Definitions: The original Moon-god of Mount Sinai. He was reportedly born of the Virgin Queen of Heaven, Nanna or Inanna; God of time; number 30; 1/2 (Semitic). Associated spellings/words: Zuin; Enzu ['Lord of Knowledge'] (Sumerian)." Sin - "A sky god, cheif deity of the Haida Indians of the North Pacific Coast. The Haida word for day." (Native American) xin - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a bird flying rapidly, with feathers tight together." (Chinese) xin [a1] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a heart. General meanings include: heart; mind; feelings; center, middle (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: guanxin [a1i1] ('to care for something; caring; concerned; shin ('a man and his sayings; trust') (Japanese)." xin - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a skull with brain inside." (Chinese) xin [i1] - "Definitions: jin [i1] ('axe') + chen [e1] ('wood'). General meanings include: n. cut firewood, adj. new. Associated spellings/words: Happy New Year = xin [i1] nian [a2] kuai [a4] le [e2]" (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/183/x115.htm xin [i4] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + yan [a2] ('words'). General meanings include: person's word; n. & v. trust, n. letter." (Chinese) Syn - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Sin' [Exodus 16:1, 17:1], [Numbers 33:11, 12], [Ezekiel 30:15, 16]." syn - "Definitions: to urinate, urine (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shayin." SYN /p - "Definitions: with, together, similarly, alike (Latin). Associated spellings/words: sun (Greek)." xian [a1] - "Definitions: zhi [i1] ('plant rising from the ground') + ren [e2] ('human legs'). General meanings include: advance repeatedly; call on, visit. Associated spell- ings/words: xianqian [a1a2] (adv. 'before, previously'); xianmin [a1i2] (n. 'ancients')." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: gong [o3] ('hands joined in jesture of respect') + yao [a1] ('hands and head; high') + jie [e2] ('seal; kneeling person'). General meanings include: rise." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + shan [a1] ('mountains') - phonetic. General meanings include: n. fairy, god; adj. divine. Associated spellings/words: xiannu [a1u3] (n. 'fairy, beautiful woman'); xianren [a1e2] (n. 'immortal'); xianzi [a1i3] (n. 'immortal, fairy, beautiful woman')." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: shou [o3] ('hand') + xin [i1] ('joy') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. lift. Associated spellings/words: xiankai [a1a1] (v. 'lift open'); xianqi [a1i3] (v. 'bring about, set off')." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: yu [u2] ('fish') + yang [a2] ('sheep') - phonetic. General meanings include: adj. fresh, savory. Associated spellings/words: xian [a3] ('rare'); xianming [a1i2] (adj. 'clear, distinct'); xianshao [a1a3] (adj. 'rare')." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + jiu [i4] ('mortar'). General meanings include: person falling into a hole/mortar; pit, trap." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: jiu [i3] ('pictograph of plant with diverging stems; scallions, chives') & cong [a2] ('one person behind another; follow, obey') + ge [e1] ('halberd, lance') - phonetic. General meanings include: n. wild scallion." (Chinese) xian [a1] - "Definitions: mi [i4] ('thread') + xian [a1] ('scallions') - phonetic. General meanings include: thread thin like wild scallion; adj. slender. Associated spell- ings/words: xianwei [a1e2] (n. 'fiber')." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: shui [u3] ('water') + qian [a4] ('yawn, exhaled') - phonetic. General meanings include: salivate." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: jin [i1] ('metal') + xing [i2] ('go'). General meanings include: n. bit (to control a horse); v. hold in mouth. Associated spellings/words: xianjie [a2e1] (v 'join, connect')." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: xu [u1] ('lance leaving slash mark; wound, kill') + kou [o3] ('mouth'). General meanings include: n. wound with the mouth; bite; adj. all. Associated spellings/words: xianxin [a2i4] (v 'generally believed')." (Chinese) Xian [a2] - "Name for an ideograph showing xian [a2] ('all, together, mutual') + gan [a3] ('moving one's heart, influence'). General meanings include: mutual influence; newlyweds; the 31st hexagram (first hexagram in the Lower Canon): lake above, mountain below (I Ching). Trivia: reportedly, when the ideograph for heart (xin / i1) appears underneath xian, then xian becomes gan ('influence')." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching_hexagram_31#Hexagram_31 xian [a2] - "Definitions: lu [u3] ('dots of something from the west; salt') + xian [a2] ('bite') - phonetic. General meanings include: n. salty." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: gong [o1] ('bow') + xuan [a2] ('cover what is already obscure/tiny') - phonetic. General meanings include: n. bowstring, string. Associated spellings/ words: xianyue [a2e4] ('string music')." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: yue [e4] ('moon') + men [e2] ('door') - phonetic. General meanings include: moonlight through a door; crack; adj. tranquil, idle; n. leisure time. Associated spellings/words: xianguang [a2a4] (v. 'stroll'); xianhua [a2a4] (n. 'gossip'); xiantan [a2a2] (v. 'chat'); xianxia [a2a2] (n. 'leisure time'); xianzhi [a2i4] (adj. 'idle')." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: men [e2] ('door') + mu [u4] ('wood'). General meanings include: door blocked by wood; n. barrier; adj. idle." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: nu [u3] ('woman') + xian [a2] ('barrier; idle') - phonetic. General meanings include: adj. refined. Associated spellings/words: xianshou [a2o2] (adj. 'adept, skilled')." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: shui [u3] ('water') + yan [a2] ('extend') - phonetic. General meanings include: saliva." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: shui [u3] ('water') + jian [a2] ('simultaneously') - phonetic. General meanings include: n. suspicion; v. dislike, mind, be bothered by. Associated spellings/words: xianfan [a2a4] (n. 'suspect'); xianqi [a2i4] (v. 'reject in disgust'); xianxi [a2i4] (n. 'enmity, grudge'); xianyi [a2i2] (v. 'suspect')." (Chinese) xian [a2] - "Definitions: jian [a1] ('hand controlling servant; firm') - phonetic + bei [e4] ('shells; money'). General meanings include: adj. worthy, virtuous, versatile, talented. Associated spellings/words: xiancai [a2a2] (n. 'virtuous and talented person'); xiande [a2e2] (n. 'virtue'); xianhui [a2u4] (n. 'virtuous and dutiful woman'); xianming [a2i2] (adj. 'capable and wise'); xianneng [a2e2] (adj. 'virtuous and talented'); xianshu [a2u2] (adj. 'virtuous woman')." (Chinese) xian [a3] - "Definitions: qian [a1] ('gathering of talking people; n. all') - phonetic + fu [u4] ('pictograph of three steps, the bottom one altered; hill'). General meanings include: all hills; adj. obstructed, dangerous. Associated spellings/words: xiane [a3e4] (adj. 'dangerous, perilous, sinister'); xianxie [a3e1] ('dangerously close to; narrowly')." (Chinese) xian [a3] - "Definitions: xian [a1] ('advance'). General meanings include: advance repeatedly; call on, visit." (Chinese) xian [a3] - "Definitions: si [i1] ('threads twisted together') + ri [i4] (sun'). General meanings include: silk threads in the sunlight; visible, apparent." (Chinese) xian [a3] - "Definitions: xian [a3] ('prominent') - phonetic + ye [e4] ('head'). General meanings include: prominent forehead; adj. eminent, apparent, evident; v. show, display. Associated spellings/words: xianming [a3i2] (adj. 'obvious')." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: mi [i4] ('thread') + quan [a2] ('white water; spring') - phonetic. General meanings include: a thread of spring water; thread, string, wire." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: rou [o4] ('meat, flesh') + quan [a2] ('white water; spring') - phonetic. General meanings include: gland." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: yang [a2] ('sheep, mutton') + xian [a2] ('salivate') - phonetic. General meanings include: mutton inducing salivation; v. envy, covet. Associated spellings/words: xianmu [a4u4] (v. 'envy')." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: fu [u4] ('hill') + gen [e4] ('rude') - phonetic. General meanings include: hill rudely blocking travel; v. restrict, limit; n. limit. Associated spellings/words: xianzhi [a4i4] (v. 'limit, restrict')." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: mu [u4] ('eye') + xin [i1] ('heart') + hai [a4] ('harm'). General meanings include: adj. intelligent; n. constitution." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: yu [u4] ('jade') + jian [a4] ('visible') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. emerge, appear; adj. current, present. Associated spellings/words: xianzai [a4a4] (adv. now, currently')." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: cao [a3] ('multiple sprouts; plant') + jian [a4] ('visible; see') - phonetic. General meanings include: amaranth." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: fu [u4] ('hill') + xian [a1] ('person falling into a hole; pit, trap') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. sink, submerge, entrap. Associated spellings/words: xianru [a4u4] (v. 'sink into')." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: shi [i2] ('collected rice; food') + xian [a1] ('person falling into a hole; pit, trap') - phonetic. General meanings include: food trapped; n. fill- ing, stuffing. Associated spellings/words: xianru [a4u4] (v. 'sink into')." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: jiao [a1] ('head hanging upside down') + xi [i1] ('pull a thread; tied') - phonetic. General meanings include: hang, suspend." (Chinese) xian [a4] - "Definitions: quan [a3] ('dog') + li [i4] ('cauldron') & hu [u1] ('tiger'). General meanings include: v. donate, offer." (Chinese) Shin - "Definitions: faith, or trust." (Korean) Shin [SH,S] - "Glyphs thought to represent Shin include: tooth, the bottom half of a tooth; a W-like shape; a W-like shape turned on its side [Sigma]; a capital E-like shape turned on its side; a three-pronged V-like shape. Reported meanings for Shin include: teeth [shinayim]; divine fire; consumption and transformation; shoot with a bow and arrow; detachment; the 21st letter [3rd mother] in the Hebrew alphabet; number 300; the 24th ['God made the beasts of the field'] of 32 Zayin [Z] - "Definitions: its symbol is believed to be a kind of Egyptian sceptre; decorated staff; a weapon; ownership; 7th [3rd Elemental] letter in the Hebrew alphabet; the 6th ['God called the light day'] of 32 reported paths, or states of consciousness (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: Zain; Waz, or Was Sceptre." seiein - "Definitions; to shake." (Greek) ziehen - "Definitions: pull." (German) siena - "Definitions: wall, border, boundary." (Lithuanian) shina - "Definitions: many open boxes, goods, things." (Japanese) Syny - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Sinai' [Exodus 16:1, 19:1]: the mountain upon which Moses reportedly received the ten commandments." Shi-nay - "Definitions: Tranquil Rest." (Tibetan) shahiyena - "Definitions: unintelligible speakers (Natave American / Dakota). Associated spellings/words: Cheyenne." sin you - "Definitions: divine sheep, unicorn; judge." (Japanese) xi nao - "Definitions: wash brain; brainwash." (Chinese) sinus - "Definitions: curving sea." (Latin) xenos - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'stranger' [Matthew 25:35]; 'strange' [Acts 17:18]; 'host' [Romans 16:23]. Other definitions include: alien, strangers. Associated spellings/words: xhnos." xenon - "Definitions: one of the inert or noble gasses that seldom if ever will bond with other elements. Associated spellings/words: xenos ['stranger'] (Greek)." Zenon - "The Cyprian sage who taught Aphrodite philosophy." (Greek Mythology) Shin Hoang - "The primeval Emperor of China during the Golden Age." (Chinese) xianzai [a4a4] - "yu [u4] ('jade') + jian [a4] ('see') - phonetic & zai [a4] (at, on; exist'). General meanings include: adv. now, currently." (Chinese) xin xing - "Definitions: heart/mind nature." (Chinese) xiansheng - "Definitions: gentelman, husband, teacher, 1st born." (Chinese) sinister - "Definitions: left (Latin). Associated spellings/words: gawk; mancino; link." Shin-Mu - "China's Holy Virgin who miraculously concieved her firstborn son and was later claimed to have given birth to 33,333 creatures." (Chinese Mythology) sing - "Definitions: a horn." xing [i1] - "Definitions: ri [i4] ('sun') with sheng [e1] ('plant rising from ground') - phonetic. General meanings include: star. (Chinese). Associated spellings/ words: xingqiu [i1i2] ('star'); xingxing [i2i1] ('planet')." xing [i1] - "Definitions: shan [a1] ('lines or fine feathers') + jian [a1] ('two stems of equal height') - phonetic. General meanings include: lines equalling reality; pictograph, shape, form." (Chinese) xing [i4] - nu [u3] ('woman') + sheng [e1] ('pictograph of a plant rising from the ground; grow, give birth to') - phonetic. General meanings include: from a woman born; surname, family name." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/169/x109.htm xiang [a3] - "Definitions: xiang [a1] ('eye behind a tree, v. examine, study; appearance') - phonetic + xin [i1] ('heart'). General meanings include: examine the mind/ heart; think, consider; think of, miss. Associated spellings/words: xiangbi [a3i4] (adv. 'presumably, probably'); xiangbudao [a3u4a4] (v. 'unexpected'); xiangchu [a3u1] (v. 'figure out'); xiangdao [a3a4] (v. 'think of'); xiangfa [a3a3] (n. 'view, opinion'); xiangnian [a3a4] (v. 'think of, miss'); xiangqi [a3i3] (v. 'think of, remember'); xiangxiang [a3a4] (v. 'imagine'); xiangyao [a3a4] (v. 'want, feel like')." (Chinese) xiang - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent an elephant. General meanings include: elephant; image." (Chinese) Singha - "Definitions: lion. Associated spellings/words: Singha Nada ['Lion's Roar'] (Sanskrit); Singh ['a Hindu family name meaning lion]." xiangce [a4e4] - "Definitions: a Chinese computer term ... means?." (Chinese) singhi - "Definitions: horn." (Hindu) xingqi - "Definitions: week." (Chinese) sinchit - "Definitions: the store of unpaid past karmas. It is from this store that the fate karmas (pralabdh) are drawn [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466]. Associated spellings/words: sanchit." xingqu - "Definitions: interest [in] (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shingaku ['heart [mind] learning'] (Japanese)." shingon - "Definitions: true or mystical word, mantra." (Japanese) shing rta - "Definitions: cart, wagon." (Tibetan) xingqi - "Definitions: ri [i4] ('sun') with sheng [e1] ('plant rising from ground') - phonetic + yue [e4] ('month') with qi [i2] ('stool with basket on top') - phonetic. General meanings include: week." (Chinese) Link: http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=xingqi xingqitian [i1i1a1] - "Definitions: end of the week; Sunday. Associated spellings/words: xingqiri [i1i1i4]." (Chinese) Sinfiotli - "Son of Sigmund and Signy. [....]" Link: http://www.authorama.com/nibelungenlied-2.html - [T.D. 12/08/07] Shinto - "Definitions: way of the Kami or gods; layman, believer, adherent, follower, laity (Japanese). Associated spellings/words: Shin Tao; Shin-do." sindhu - "Definitions: river; a river in india." (Sanskrit) shin tu - "Definitions: extremely, very; absolute, entirely." (Tibetan) sim - "Definitions: heart (Hakka). Associated spellings/words: xin (Mandarin)." Siam - "Definitions: British name for the country of Thailand." simha - Definitions: 'the powerful one'; lion, etc." (Sanskrit) LInk: http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche Simha - "Definitions: Lion; the fifth zodiacal sign, Leo, said by some mystics to represent the jivatman or spiritual ego, corresponding to the immanent christos. (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: singha ['lion'] (Hindu)." Link: http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/sh-sir.htm simhah - "Definitions: pleasure, gladness." (Hebrew) simi - "Definitions: mouth." (Quechua) simos - "Definitions: full." (Greek) Simon - "Definitions: hearkening or listening, from Hebrew shim'on. In the New Testament, Simon was the most important of Jesus' apostles. He was called Peter by Jesus. In the Old Testament, Simon [Smavn] was the second son of Jacob [by Leah] and the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel." (Hebrew) Simanu - "Sign, season; Third Akkadian month name; May - June. Associated spellings/words: Sivan (Hebrew)." simbel - "Definitions: always." (Anglo-Saxon) sir - "Definitions: hymns." (Sumerian) syr - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'sang' & 'song' [Exodus 15:1]. Other definitions include: sing, singing, singer, singers, singeth, sung, song, songs, singing, music, musical. Associated spellings/words: shiyr." zil - "Definitions: make edges (Mayan). Associated spellings/words: cila ['seat'] (Mayan)." SEAL - "Definitions:aquatic animal; device [piece of wax] for stamping a design; something that closes" sha'ir - "Definitions: poet." (Arabic) zira - "(mwd) 1 m. = %{ziras}, the head MBh. Pan5car. &c.; the root of Piper Longum L. (v.l. %{sira}); Betula Bhojpatra L.; a Boa L.; a bed , couch L." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ sila - "Definitions: character, conduct, morality (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: shila." sira - "Definitions: head." (Pali) sierra - "Definitions: mountain range." (Spanish) Zillah - "Definitions: shadow, the biblical wife of Lamech." Sirius - "Trivia: at 8.7 light years away, Sirius is the second closest star to our own solar system. The brightest star in the sky, its heliacal rising was believed to mark the beginning of the ancient Egyptian year. Associated spellings/words: po tolo / po ['smallest seed'] + tolo ['star'], the po star (Dogon); Sothis ['the star of the god- dess Isis'] (Egyptian Mythology). It is now known that Sirius is a binary [or perhaps even trinary] star system. See: Emme Ya ['Sorghum Female'] (Dogon)." Shirin - "Definitions: sweet." (Persian) Siridean - "Definitions: searcher." (Gaelic) Sirens - "Having the upper half of women and the lower half of birds, they lure sailors to their deaths by singing enchanting songs."(Greek Mythology) Zair Anpin - "[....] ... Lesser Countenance, whose body is composed of the Sefiroth Hesed, Gevurah, Tifereth, Netsah, Hod, & Yesod [....]" [Based on: Kabbalah (Original Copyright 1973), Charles Ponce, Second Quest edition, 1980, p. 127] silex - "Definitions: flint (Latin). Associated spellings/words: silicis, silica, silicon." Sylph - "Greek word for a female spirit of the element air; an invisible angel whose voice might be heard in the breeze." (Greek Mythology) sirat - "Definitions: way or path." (Arabic) http://wahiduddin.net/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/search_rjs?query=sirat&pr=mv2_public&prox=page&rorder=250&rprox=750&rdfreq=500&rwfreq=250&rlead=0&sufs=2&order=r&cq=&jump= Zilpah - "Definitions: fraility." (Hebrew) Silvia - "Definitions: wood (Latin). Associated spellings/words: Silvester ['of the forest']." zyqh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'fetters' [Job 36:8]; 'chains' [Psalm 149:8], [Isaiah 45:14], [Nahum 3:10]; 'firebrands' [Proverbs 26:18]; 'sparks' [Isaiah 50:11]. Associated spellings/words: ziyqah." shig - "Definitions: one, single; louse." (Tibetan) SEEK - "Definitions: search for." SICK - "Definitions: not in good health. Associated spellings/words: seoc, siok, ziek, sioh, sjukr, siuks." SIZE - "Definitions: ordinance for payment of tax, etc; fixed standard of food, etc; magnitude. Associated spellings/words: assize." SEIZE - "Definitions: take possession or hold of. Associated spellings/words: sacire." SIEGE - "Definitions: persistent attack." shaikh - "Definitions: old man." (Arabic) Ziku - "Definitions: the heavenly firmament; ocean of the celestial waters." (Sumerian Myth- ology) sigao - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words: 'close' [Luke 9:36]; 'held their peace' [Luke 20:26]; 'hold their peace' [Acts 12:17]; 'silence' [Acts 15:12], [1 Corinthians 14:28, 34]; 'held' & 'peace' [Acts 15:13]; 'let' & 'peace' [1 Corinthians 14:30]; 'secret' [Romans 16:25]. Other definitions include: be silent, shut up. Associated spellings/words: siagw; hsuxia, hesychia ['silence, quietness']." xi guan - "Definitions: habit (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shyi guann." SEQUENCE - "Definitions: continuous or connected series. Associated spellings/words: sequi ['follow']." Xikum - "Definitions: Babylonian Tree of Heaven, emblem of Ishtar, spreading her branches into the celestial and nether worlds, holding the Savior Tammuz in her midst. History: Moslems diabolized this Mother-tree and mentioned her in the Koran as Zakkum, the Tree of Hell. Other definitions include: the Babylonian Istar in the form of a divine fig tree; primeaval mother at the central place of the earth, protectress of the savior Tammuz. Associated spellings/words: Zakkum." SEAL - "Definitions: (piece of wax for impressing) a device used in attesting a document; something that closes. Associated spellings/words: seal, seel, sigillum, signum." SEQUEL - "Definitions: consequence or result. Associated spellings/words: sequi ['follow']." SECURE - "Definitions: feeling no care; safe, certain. Associated spellings/words: se + cura ['care']." zikkurat - "Definitions: monument." siksa - "Definitions: phonetics." (Sanskrit) sigsig - "Definitions: silence." (Sumerian) SIGN /r - "Definitions: gesture to convey a meaning; mark having a meaning; token. Associated spellings/words: SIGNI; signum ['mark, token']." sikan - "Definitions: hour." (Korean) zaijian [a4a4] - "Definitions: gou [o2] ('structure') + yi [i1] ('one') = structure folded over into one; again & mu [u4] ('eye') + ren [e2] ('person') = eye above a standing person. Zaijian means: good-bye [lit. again see; see you again later]." (Chinese) Links: http://www.zhongwen.com/ / http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=zaijian Signy - "[....] From Odin is descended King Volsung, who has a family of ten sons and one daughter. The eldest son is Sigmund, twin-born with his sister Signy. King Siggeir of Gautland sues for the hand of Signy, whom her father gives to Siggeir against her will. [....]" Link: http://www.authorama.com/nibelungenlied-2.html - [T.D. 12/08/07] Cygnus - "Definitions: Celestial Swan. (Greek). Associated spellings/words: The Northern Cross." SIGNAL - "Definitions: sign of command or warning." SIGNIFY - "Definitions: show by a sign, mean." SIGNIFICANCE - "Definitions: meaning, importance." Sigma [S] - "Eighteenth letter in the Greek alphabet. The capital form resembles a sideways M-like shape. The small form gives a circle with a small appendage at the 1 o'clock position, or a small s-like shape. Reported meanings for S include: lord of the dead; god of the underworld [Rashnu]; Hermes; psychopomp; number 200." zi-ik-ma - "Definitions: cold air..." (Mayan) Sigmund - "Victory shield, or victory protector. Mythology: youngest of the Volsung who alone could remove Odin's magic sword [Branstock] from the oak." (Volsunga Saga) Sigmund - "[....] To begin the creation of the hierarchy of the Sons of God, Wotan overshad- owes a mortal woman; and from that union she conceives of a Holy Spirit, a God, gust, geist, spirit, a breath - twins, Sigmund and Sieglinde brother and sister. [....] Sigmund and Sieglinde come to their doom in the opera, and after Sigmund's death, Sieglinde bears a son. In the Nordic sagas he is Sigurd and in the Germanic sagas he is Siegfried, the hero of the world. [....]" [Based on: Horizon Magazine, Fall 1945, Vol. 5, No. 2 (The Ring of the Nibelung), Manly P. Hall] Sigmund - "[....] From Odin is descended King Volsung, who has a family of ten sons and one daughter. The eldest son is Sigmund, twin-born with his sister Signy. King Siggeir of Gautland sues for the hand of Signy, whom her father gives to Siggeir against her will. [....]" Link: http://www.authorama.com/nibelungenlied-2.html - [T.D. 12/08/07] Sigrun - "Definitions: victory secret." (Old Norse) Sieglinde - "Definitions: victory gentle. Mythology: the mother of Siegfried in the Nibelungenlied." (Teutonic) Sieglinde - "[....] To begin the creation of the hierarchy of the Sons of God, Wotan overshad- owes a mortal woman; and from that union she conceives of a Holy Spirit, a God, gust, geist, spirit, a breath - twins, Sigmund and Sieglinde brother and sister. [....] Sigmund and Sieglinde come to their doom in the opera, and after Sigmund's death, Sieglinde bears a son. In the Nordic sagas he is Sigurd and in the German- ic sagas he is Siegfried, the hero of the world. [....]" [Based on: Horizon Magazine, Fall 1945, Vol. 5, No. 2 (The Ring of the Nibelung), Manly P. Hall] Sigrid - "Definitions: victory beautiful." (Old Norse) SECRET - "Definitions: hide out of sight, hidden. Associated spellings/words: se + cernere ['separate']." Sigurd - "Definitions: victory guardian. Mythology: son of Sigmund and Hiordis, and last of the Volsungs. He was the slayer of the dragon Fafnir (Volsung Saga). Associated spellings/words: sirg ['victory'] + vorthr ['guardian']." Link: http://www.authorama.com/nibelungenlied-2.html - [T.D. 12/08/07] Sieghard - "Definitions: victory brave (Teutonic). Associated spellings/words: sige ['victory'] + hard ['brave']; Siegfried; Parsifal." ziggurat - "Definitions: Mountain of Heaven." (Babylonian) Sieghild - "Definitions: victory battle." (Teutonic) SECLUDE - "Definitions: shut off alone. Associated spellings/words: se + claudere ['shut']." SIGHT - "Definitions: view or glimpse. Associated spellings/words: siho, gesiho, gesiht, gisiht, sichte, sicht, zicht." Siegfried - "Definitions: victory peace; the chief character in the Nibelungenlied (Teutonic). Associated spellings/words: Sieghard; Sigurd; Parsifal." Siegfried - "[....] To begin the creation of the hierarchy of the Sons of God, Wotan overshad- owes a mortal woman; and from that union she conceives of a Holy Spirit, a God, gust, geist, spirit, a breath - twins, Sigmund and Sieglinde brother and sister. [....] Sigmund and Sieglinde come to their doom in the opera, and after Sigmund's death, Sieglinde bears a son. In the Nordic sagas he is Sigurd and in the German- ic sagas he is Siegfried, the hero of the world. Siegfried is born of a widow. He is the widow's son that occurs again and again in symbolism child. [....] Siegfried does not appear until the third opera of the four that tell the story of The Ring. He emerges before the end as the world hero. Siegfried is nothing more nor less than humanity itself. The human creation is the creature given the mind, and therefore made master of the world. The incarnation of the principle of intellect which occurs in the human being - by which he is divided from all animal creation, the incarnation of the principle of the mind - is the establish- ment of the world hero. But the world hero is not only man as humanity. It is man as human thought, the power of the thinker. [....]" [Based on: Horizon Mag- azine, Fall 1945, Vol. 5, No. 2 (The Ring of the Nibelung), Manly P. Hall] Links: http://www.authorama.com/nibelungenlied-2.html sip - "Definitions: ten." (Korean) Zip - "Definitions: Mayan calendar month name 3 [20 Sep - 9 Oct], Obsidian butterfly, vulture, serious, deep, wise, realistic." Link: http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/maya.html [T.D. - 12/25/06] Siv - "Definitions: bride; the long golden-haired wife of Thor (Norse Mythology). Associated spellings/words: Sif." syt - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'appointed' [Genesis 4:24]. Other definitions include: to put, set. Associated spellings/words: shiyth." syt - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'thorns' [Isaiah 5:6]. Other definitions include: thorn bushes. Associated spellings/words: shayith." syt - "Definitions: rowing (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shayit; svt; shuwt ['to go, go or rove about, go to and fro']." SEAT - "Definitions: place to sit." SEED - "Definitions: that which is or is to be sown; offspring; semen. Associated spellings/ words: saed, sed, sad, sat, sao, -seps." SIDE - "Definitions: long surface, opposite to top, bottom, or end; lateral slope, shore, etc; contrast or opposing position or group." side - "Definitions: a round barrow, mound, or hill (Old Irish). Associated spellings/words: sid, siod, sithein ['faery hills']." zeit - "Definitions: time." (German) Sheep - "Year of the Sheep, the 8th twelve-year cycle in the Chinese calendar." ziva - "(mwd) ziva - mf(%{A4})n. (according to Un2. i, 153 , fr. 1. %{zI}, `" in whom all things lie "'; perhaps connected with %{zvi} cf. %{zavas}, %{zizvi}) auspicious, propitious, gracious, favourable, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly, dear (%{a4m} ind. kindly, tenderly) RV. &c. &c.; happy, fortunate BhP.; m. happiness, welfare (cf. n.) R. v, 56, 36; liberation, final emancipation L.; `" The Auspicious one "' N. of the disintegrating or destroying and reproducing deity (who constitutes the third god of the Hindu1 Trimu1rti or Triad, the other two being Brahma1 `" the creator "' and Vishn2u `" the preserver "'; in the Veda the only N. of the destroy- ing deity wss Rudra `" the terrible god "', but in later times it became usual to give that god the euphemistic N. S3iva `" the auspicious "' [just as the Furies were called $ `" the gracious ones "'], and to assign him the office of creation and reproduction as well as dissolution; in fact the preferential worship of S3iva as developed in the Pura1n2as and Epic poems led to his being identified with the Supreme Being by his exclusive worshippers [called S3aivas]; in his character of destroyer he is sometimes called Ka1la `" black "', and is then also identified with Time "', although his active destroying function is then oftener assigned to his wife under her name Ka1li1, whose formidable character makes her a general object of propitiation by sacrifices; as presiding over reproduction consequent on destruction S3iva's symbol is the Lin3ga [q.v.] or Phallus, under which form he is worshipped all over India at the present day; again one of his representations is as Ardha-na1ri1, `" half-female "', the other half being male to symbolize the unity of the generative principle [RTL. 85]" [....]" (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html siva - "1 (mwd) siva or m. one who sews or stitches, a sewer, stitcher L." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ seva - "Definitions: service; voluntary service to the Master or his disciples. Of the four types of seva (monetary, physical, mental, spiritual), the highest form is the spiritual, the meditation practice [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 465]. Associated spellings/words: sewa, saywa." sidh - "Definitions: to be accomplished, successful, succeed." (Sanskrit) Sita - "Literally, furrow; the goddess of agriculture; the Hindu goddess of the harvest; the name for the wife of Rama in Hindu legend." (Vedic Mythology) zaiva - "(mwd) zaiva - 1 mf(%{I})n. (fr. %{ziva}) relating or belonging or sacred to the god S3iva, coming or derived from S3iva R. Katha1s. Pur. &c.; m. patr. fr. %{ziva} Pa1n2. 4-1, 112; `" a worshipper or follower of S3iva " [....]" (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html Shiva - "[....] The Sanskrit word Shiva (Devanagari: ???, s'iva) is an adjective meaning 'auspicious, kind, gracious'.[5][6] As a proper name it means 'The Auspicious One', used as a name for Rudra.[6] In simple English transliteration it is written either as Shiva or Siva. The adjective s'iva, meaning 'auspicious', is used as an attributive epithet not particularly of Rudra, but of several other Vedic deities. [7][....] The worship of Shiva is a pan-Hindu tradition, practiced widely across all of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.[21][22] Some historians believe that the figure of Shiva as we know him today was built up over time, with the ideas of many regional sects being amalgamated into a single figure.[23] How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented.[24] [....]" Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva Shiva - "Definitions: god of destruction in the Hindu trinity of creator, preserver, destroyer (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva); ruler of the heart chakra; the dissolving force, governed by the attribute of inertia, darkness (tamas) [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466]. Other definitions include: benign; the destroyer; the Hindu god of destruction who is often shown with a third eye, the husband of the mother goddess Parvati (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: Siva; Seeva ['Slavonic goddess of love'] (Lithuanian)." sheva - "Definitions: to cry (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shava." saivo - "Definitions: helping spirits." (Sami / Lapp) xiaba - "Definitions: chin (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shiah-ba." shita - "Definitions: tounge; down or below." (Japanese) cibei [tsi-bei] - "Definitions: mercy, compassion, benevolence, universal love." (Chinese) seide - "The sacred stones or luck stones of the Lapps. Natural stones having a peculiar form. Associated spellings/words: seid ['blow, inflate'] (Gaelic)." siddhi - "Definitions: accomplishment, performance, fulfillment, complete attainment, success, perfection (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: siddha; siddhis ['powers']." shibui - "Definitions: simplicity; unassuming tastefulness, tasteful [clothing]; unpretentious virtue." (Japanese) xibian [i1a1] - "Definitions: xi [i1] ('bird roosting, sunset, west') + bian [a1] ('movement on edge; side'). General meanings include: west side." (Chinese) shiatsu - "Definitions: finger pressure." (Japanese) Sivan - "Definitions: Tamil name for Shiva?" ziban - "(cap) zIban - a. lying, resting (---)." (cap) = Capeller's Sanskrit-English Dictionary Link: http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html sivana - "6 (mwd) sIvana n. sewing, stitching Sus3r.; a seam, suture MW.; (%{I}) f. a needle ib.; the frenum of the prepuce L.; the part of the body of a horse below the anus L. " (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ Shi-Tien Yen Wang - "The Lords of Death, the ten rulers of the underworld." (Chinese Mythology) tsydvn - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Sidon' [Genesis 10:15]. Other definitions include: the firstborn of Canaan [knan]. Associated spellings/words: tsiydown." shitang [i2a2] - "Definitions: shi [i2] ('food') + tang [a2] ('roof held high above ground; n. hall'). General meanings include: dining hall, dining room." (Chinese) Sybil - "Definitions: cavern dweller; prophetess; a Latin form of Cybele, the Great Mother of Gods; name of a group of female prophets who worshipped the Greek god Apollo." sippur - "Definitions: soul, spirit, communication, telling." (Hebrew) seipeal - "Definitions: chapel." (Gaelic) THEATER - "Definitions: building or room for viewing a play or movie. Associated spellings/ words: THEATRICAL ['involving exagerated motion']." SIDEREAL - "Definitions: pertaining to the stars, constellation. Associated spellings/words: sidus, sider, sidereus." Xibalba - "The Mayan Netherworld, which in common with other Central American peoples, was located in the sky." sivaka - "2 (mwd) sivaka m. one who sews or stitches, a sewer, stitcher L." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ Sipapu - "The womb of the Earth according to the Hopi peoples of the Southwest (Native American). shipap ['womb of the Earth'] (Pueblo)." su - "Definitions: prefix meaning: good; well, very; easily." (Sanskrit) su - "Definitions: to grow, to multiply, to spread, to pour (Sumerian). Associated spellings/ words: Zu ['tempest; storm bird'] (Sumerian Mythology); su ['fire'] (Basque); xiu ['cultivation, self-improvement'] (Chinese)." Zu - "Zu, also known as Anzu and Imdugud, in Persian and Sumerian, (from An 'heaven' and Zu 'far', in the Sumerian language) is a lesser divinity of Akkadian mythology, and the son of the bird goddess Siris. He is also said to be conceived by the pure waters of the Apsu-gods and the wide Earth.[1] Both Zu and Siris are seen as massive birds who can breathe fire and water, although Zu is alternately seen as a lion-headed eagle (cf: The Griffin)." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu_%28mythology%29] Zu - "Name for an ideograph believed to show an upper garment with two pieces of girdle. General meanings include: servant retained for making clothes, servant; soldier." (Chinese) zv - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Zif' [1 Kings 6:1, 37]. Other meanings include: possible foreign name for the second month of the year; brightness; April - May. History: reportedly, the months of Bul, Ziv, and Ethanim are not mentioned anywhere in the Torah [first five books of the Old Testament]. These names are mentioned only four times - in the book of Kings. Associated spellings/words: Ziv; Iyyar; Ayaru (Akkadian)." so - "Definitions: tooth (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: skod (Zhang-Zhung)." SO - "Definitions: in the manner or to the extent indicated. Associated spellings/words: swa, sva, suad, svai, hos." Xu - "Name for an ideograph believed to represent raindrops descending from clouds, or a person praying for rain. General meanings include: needing; waiting; the 5th hexagram: water [cloud] above, heaven below (I Ching). Associated spellings/words: xue ['snow'] (Chinese)." xuw - "Definitions: wood ready for use, firewood, timber, etc. Associated spellings/words: xylon, xulon ['ship-timber']." (Greek) SOW - "Definitions: scatter abroad. Associated spellings/words: su ['to press, to sew'] (Hindu)." sho - "Definitions: small." (Japanese) sao - "Definitions: scratch; titillate; sweep; clear away (Chinese). Associated spellings/ words: shao ['burn; few, little; young']." xue [e2] - "Name for an ideograph showing hands [ju], cover [mi] and teach [jiao]. General meanings include: hands reaching down through covered mind to teach; learn, study." (Chinese) Shu - "Definitions: "Although the words Shu and Hu combined together as in 'Shu-hu' means 'lightning,' it is believed that this combined word was intentionally broken down by Chuangtzu in this myth (in the third-fourth century B.C.E.) to denote the truth that when the illumination from light strikes chaos, it leads to the creation of life and the restoration of order." [Based on: Parabola article (Repaying Hun-tun's Kindness), Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2003 (Chaos And order), subscript, p. 61] Shu - "Definitions: the firstborn of Ra and Hathor. The brother of Tefnut. Shu was looked upon as a symbol of the Celestial Forces. His color was generally black; by other reports, he was the god of the air who kept the sky [Nut] seperate from the earth [Geb]; dry, empty." (Egyptian) Shu - "Egyptian Zodiac sign 6 [January 26 - February 24]: God of sunlight and wind. Those born under Shu are incredibly creative. Whenever their talents are proved, their success becomes inevitable. Nevertheless, they are always apprehensive of possible failure. Associated spellings/words: Su, (pA-n)mxr (Egyptian), Mshir (Coptic), Amshir (Arabic)." Link: http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/egyptian.html shu - "Definitions: snake." (Sumerian) shu [u1] - "Definitions: you [o4] ('right hand') + shu [u2] ('short wing; flap') - phonetic. General meanings include: hand holding a weapon; strike with stick." (Chinese) shu [u1] - "Name for an ideograph showing yu [u4] ('write a line; pen') + zhe [e3] ('clear/white') - phonetic. General meanings include: v. write; n. book; letter; document (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shuji (n. 'books, works, literature'); shuxin (n. 'letter, correspondence')." shu - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a top-heavy grain plant. General meanings include: sorghum, millet." (Chinese) shu - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a bean sprout. General meanings include: beans." (Chinese) xue [e2] - "Definitions: ju [u2] ('two hands lowered') + mi [i4] ('cover') + jiao [a1] ('teach'). General meanings include: hands reaching down through covered mind to teach; v. learn, study." (Chinese) xue - "Definitions: snow." (Chinese) tsv - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'precept' [Isaiah 28:10, 13]; 'commandment' [Hosea 5:11]. Other definitions include: to do, to order. Associated spellings/words: saw." sao - "Definitions: scratch; titillate; sweep; clear away." (Chinese) sho - "Definitions: small." (Japanese) zou [o1] - "Definitions: yi [i4] ('city') + chu [u2] ('bundles of grass, hay') - phonetic. General meanings include: a surname." (Chinese) zou [o3] - "Definitions: yao [a3] ('pictograph of a person with head leaning forward; bent over') + zhi [i3] ('pictograph of a foot with protruding toes, toes; v. stop, arrive, limit'). General meanings include: v. walk, move, leave, depart. Associated spellings/words: zoujin [o3i4] (v. 'approach'); zoukai [o3a1] (v. 'Get lost!'); zoulang [o3a2] (n. 'hallway, corridor'); zoulu [o3u4] (v. 'walk'); zousi [o3i1] (v. 'smuggle'); zouzou [1o3] (v. 'take a walk')." (Chinese) zou [o4] - "Definitions: report to the emperor; play (an instrument). Associated spellings/ words: zouyue [o4e4] (v. 'play music')." (Chinese) zou [o4] - "Definitions: shou [o3] ('hand') + zou [o4] ('report to the emperor; play (an instrument)' - phonetic. General meanings include: v. beat, hit. Associated spellings/words: ." (Chinese) zou [o4] - "Definitions: ma [a3] ('horse') + ju [u4] ('bring together people; v. assemble, gather'). General meanings include: v. gallop. Associated spellings/words: zouran [o4a2] (v. 'suddenly')." (Chinese) zuo [u2] - "Definitions: ri [i4] ('sun') + zha [a4] ('try to hide but meet obstacle; suddenly') - phonetic. General meanins include: day suddenly past, yesterday. Associated spellings/words: zuori [u2i4] ('yesterday'), zuotian [u2a1] ('yesterday'), zuowan [u2a3] ('last night, yesterday evening'), zuoye [u2e4] ('last night')." (Chinese) zuo [u3] - "Definitions: pictograph of the left hand." (Chinese) zuo [u3] - "Definitions: zuo [u3] ('left hand') - phonetic + gong [o1] ('work'). General meanings include: left hand helping with the work; left." (Chinese) zuo [u3] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + zuo [u3] ('left hand helping') - phonetic. General meanings include: assist." (Chinese) zuo [u3] - "Definitions: shou [o3] ('hand') + zu1 [u4] ('cover and take; steal') - phonetic. General meanings include: pinch. Associated meanings/words: cuo [u2] ('pick up with fingers')" (Chinese) zuo [u4] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + zha [a4] ('suddenly') - phonetic. General meanins include: person suddenly active; v. do, make; act as, regard as; n. work, product." (Chinese) zuo [u4] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('person') + gu [u4] ('past & strike; cause, reason; former, previous') - phonetic. General meanins include: person and cause; v. do, make." (Chinese) zuo [o4] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('two people') + tu [u3] ('object rising through the earth; ground'). General meanins include: sit, ride. Associated spellings/words: zuowei [u4e4] (n. 'seat'); zuoxia [u4a4] (v. 'sit down')." (Chinese) zuo [o4] - "Definitions: zuo [u4] ('two people on the fround; sit') - phonetic + yan [a3] ('room'). General meanins include: seat." (Chinese) suo [o3] - "Definitions: jin [i1] ('axe') + hu [u4] ('door'). General meanings include: axe swinging like a door; n. place; pron. which." (Chinese) shou [u1] - "Definitions: yan [a2] (words') + dui [u4] ('rejoice') - phonetic. General meanings include: words of rejoicing; v. explain, speak, say. Associated spellings/ words: shuoshuo [u1] ('to say'); shuobuding [u1u4i4] (adv. 'perhaps, maybe'); shuodao [o1a4] ('say'); shuodao [o1a4] (v. 'refer to, touch on'); shuohua [o1a4] (v. 'speak'); shuo fu ('persuade'); shuohuang [u1a3] ('lie'); shuoming [u1i2] ('explain'); soy ['woven material; the spoken word; seven'] (Egyptian?)." shou [o1] - "jiu [i4] ('intertwined vines') + pu [u1] ('hand holding a stick'). Shou means: catch, trap, collect, gather, accept, receive." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x172.htm shou [o2] - "shu [u2] ('lamb taken; cooked') + huo [u3] ('fire'). Shou means: cooked, ripe, well-versed, familiar with, experienced." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/188/x244.htm shou [o3] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a hand. General meanings include: hand." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x226.htm shou [o3] - "Definitions: mian [a2] ('hut, roof, house') + cun [u4] ('laws'). General meanings include: house of laws; abide by; guard, defend." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/166/x117.htm shou [o3] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a face. General meanings include: speak, talk, say (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shuo fu ['persuade']; soy ['woven material; the spoken word; seven'] (Egyptian?)." shou [03] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a face + river / hair on top. General meanings include: head, chief, measure word for songs and poems. (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shuo fu ['persuade']; soy ['woven material; the spoken word; seven'] (Egyptian?)." Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/173/x186.htm shou [o4] - "Definitions: lao [a3] ('old') + an ancient character for fields - phonetic. General meanings include: longevity, age." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/185/x216.htm shou [o4] - "Definitions: quan [a3] ('dog') + shou [o3] ('on guard') - phonetic. General meanings include: hunt." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/172/x188.htm shou [o4] - "Definitions: chuang [a2] ('lie down; sickness') + sou [o3] ('hand and a flame in a house, search; venerable old man, elderly') - phonetic. General meanings include: thin, skinny, frail." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/189/x71.htm shou [o4] - "Pictograph showing dog (chuan - a3), ears, head, paws and tail. General meanings include: beast, animal." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/195/x126.htm shou [o4] - "Definitions: zhou [o1] ('dugout canoe, boat') - phonetic + piao [a3] ('from hand above to hand below, pass down') - phonetic. General meanings include: receive, accept, suffer, endure." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x252.htm shou [o4] - "Definitions: kou [o3] ('mouth') + zhui [u2] ('bird with short tail') - phonetic. General meanings include: sell." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/176/x226.htm zoe - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'life' [Matthew 7:14, etc.]; [John 1:4]. Other definitions include: 'natural life, the principle that allows things to move and grow [Based on: Lawrence O. Richards, Zondervan's Encyclopedia of Bible Words]'. Associated spellings/words: zoe, zwh; zoo, zoon ['a living being']; zao ['to live, breathe']; Jupiter, Zue Pater ['Heaven Father'] (Greek); zu ['horse; the god Zu'] (Babylonian)." sva - "Definitions; self, a reflexive adjective suggesting my own, your own, his own, their own, etc. (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: svayam ['personally, of one's own accord']; suus (Latin)." sva - "Definitions: to tremble." (Aramaic) sva - "Definitions: cry, cry for help, cry out; opulence, wealth (Hebrew). Associated spell ings/words: shuwa." svh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'vain' [Exodus 20:7]; 'false' [Deuteronomy 5:20]; 'lies' [Isaiah 59:4]. Other definitions include: deceit. Associated spellings/words: saw, sawah." tsvh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'commanded' [Genesis 2:16]. Other definitions include: to command, to charge, charged. Associated spellings/words: sawah." zhua - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a hand or paw facing down (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: zhao." svah - "Definitions: tomorrow." (Sanskrit) Sui - "Name for an ideograph believed to represent the procession of a commander-in-chief with guards accompanying and following. General meanings include: following; the 17th hexagram: lake above, thunder below." (I Ching) sui [i1] - "Definitions: go slowly." (Chinese) sui [14] - "Definitions: bu [u4] ('one foot and then the other; step, first step; condition, situation') + xu [u2] ('lance leaving slash mark; wound, kill') - phonetic. General meanings include: years, old; How old are you?." (Chinese) shui [u3] - "Name for a pictograph generally believed to represent streams flowing together; water." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/164/x244.htm shui [u2] - "Definitions: yan [a2] ('words') + zhui [u1] ('pictograph of a bird with a short tail') - phonetic; who. Sounds like shei [e2]." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/189/x214.htm SWAY - "Definitions: bias; rule, dominion; swing gently from side to side; influence." zwei - "Definitions: two." (German) shui jiao [1i4a4] - "Definitions: shui [i4] ('sleep') + jiao [a4] ('see, perceive'). General meanings include: v. go to bed, go to sleep. Associated spellings/words: shuimian [1i4a2] (n. 'sleep'); shuixing [i4i3] (v. 'wake up'); shuiyi [i4i1] ('pajamas'); shuizhao [i4a2] (v. 'fall asleep')." (Chinese) zuvuya - "Definitions: circut by which all things return to themselves. Associated spellings/ words: zuyuya." (Mayan?) shouhuo [o4o4] - "Definitions: shou [o4] ('sell') + huo [u4] (v. 'money and change, money'). General meanings include: v. sell goods. Associated spellings/words: shouhuoyuan [o4o4a2] (n. 'shop assistant')." (Chinese) SWING - "Definitions: sway." Swayambhuva - "Swayambhouva is the unrevealed deity; it is the Being existent through and of itself; he is the central and immortal germ of all that exists in the universe. Three trinities emanate and are confounded in him, forming a Supreme unity. These trinities, or the triple Trimurti, are: Nara, Nari and Viradyi - the init- ial triad; the Agni, Vaya, and Sourya - the manifested triad; Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, the creative triad. Each of these triads becomes less metaphysical and more adapted to the vulgar intelligence as it descends. Thus the last becomes the symbol in its concrete expression; the necessarianism of a purely metaphysical conception. Together with Swayambhouva, they are the ten Sephiroth of the Hebrew kabalists, the ten Hindu Prajapatis - the En-Soph of the former, answering to the great Unknown, expressed by the mystic A U M of the latter. [....]" [Based on: H.P. Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, reprint (1998, Vol.2) of the 1877 edition, pp. 39-40] suil - "Definitions: eye; sun." (Gaelic) sui ran - "Definitions: although." (Chinese) suigh - "Definitions: sit; absorb." (Gaelic) Tsui'goab - "A rain god and hero of the Khoi people of southern Africa whose name means wounded knee." zuijin [i4i4] - "Definitions: zui [i4] (adv. 'most') + jin [i4] (adj. 'near, close'). General meanings include: adv. recently." (Chinese) SWEEP - "Definitions: move over with speed and force." sui bian - "Definitions: as you please, any way one likes." (Chinese) Savitri - "Definitions: God of the rising and setting Sun; the mother of Hindu civilization; a symbol of marital faithfulness. Associated spellings/words: Sarasvati." sus - "Definitions: bearer, birth giver, mother." (Vedic) svs - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'horse' [Exodus 15:1]. Other definitions include: horses. Associated spellings/words: soos." sus - "Definitions: glad enthusiasm, joy." (Hebrew) soos - "Definitions: friend, comforter." (Cornish) Zeus - "Mythology: Greek God of justice who wields thunderbolts at his enemies from mount Olympus, where he is King; the highest god; sky-god; a national god of the Greeks that corresponds to the Roman Jupiter ['father of helps']. Son of: Cronus [Saturn] & Rhea [Cybele, Ops]. Consort of: Metis; Hera; Leto; Mnemosyne [memory]; Eurynome; Themis. Brother of: Demeter; Hestia; Hades [Pluto]; Poseidon [Neptune]. Father of: Calliope [epic poetry], Clio [history], Erato [love poetry], Euterpe [music], Melpomene [tragedy], Polyhymnia [hymns], Terpsichore [dance], Thalia [comedy], Urania [astronomy] by Mnemosyne; The Graces: Dike [justice], Eirene [peace], Eunomie [order], Clotho [thread of life], Lachesis [chance], Atropos [inevitability] by Themis. Associated spellings/words: Jupiter, Jove [Roman Mythology]; Ziu (Runic); zoo, zoh, zoe ['life'] (Greek); jiv ['life force, to live, to be alive'] (Sanskrit); Shu ['firstborn of Ra and Hathor'] (Egyptian); Shui ['water'] (Chinese); Ziusudra ['the Sumerian flood hero'] (Sumerian Mythology)." zise - "Definitions: purple." (Chinese) soos - "Definitions; friend, comforter." (Cornish) sushe [u4e4] - "Definitions: su [u4] ('spend the night') + she [e4] ('shed, hut'). General meanings include: dormitory, living quarters." (Chinese) xuexi [e2i2] - "Definitions: xue [u2] ('hands reaching down through covered mind to teach; learn, study') + xi [i2] ('wings and white; flap wings repeatedly, practice'). General meanings include: to study." (Chinese) xuexiao [e2a4] - "Definitions: xue [e2] (v. 'learn, study') + xiao [a4] ('school'). General meanings include: n. school." (Chinese) sozo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'save' [Matthew 1:21]; 'whole' [Matthew 9:21]; 'healed' [Mark 5:23]; 'well' [John 11:12]; 'preserve' [2 Timothy 4:18]. Other definitions include: saved. Associated spellings/words: swzw; diasozo; soter ['savior'], soteria, soterios." sausis - "Definitions: January." (Lithuanian) sausas - "Definitions: dry." (Lithuanian) Sosiosh - "Name for the cosmic monster that battled with Tiamat." Svsn - "Definitions: lily. Mythology: a woman falsely accused of adultery in the Old Testament Apocrypha. Associated spellings/words: shoshan, susanna (Hebrew)." Susanowo - "Shinto goddess of the sea or storms whose name means impetuous." (Japanese Mythology) xuesheng [e2] - "Definitions: xue [e2] ('hands reaching down through covered mind to teach') + sheng [e1] ('pictograph of a plant rising from ground; grow, give birth to, bear, produce; student')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/190/x199.htm Sosimo - "Definitions: full of life (Greek). zoe ['life'] + simos ['ful']." sausuma - "Definitions: [dry] land." (Lithuanian) Svasam-vedana - "Definitions: the reflection which analyses itself, self-analysing reflection (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: Paramartha." (Based on: The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky - Vol. 1) zusammen - "Definitions: together." (German) Sushumna - "Definitions: the central current in the finer body, starting from the eye center and leading upward to the higher spiritual regions, located and traversed by means of the spiritual practice taught by a perfect Master; also known as Shah Rag. It is not to be confused with sushumna of the yogis, which is the central canal along the spine in the lower body and is to be ignored by satsangis and spiritual practitioners. The sushumna divides into two currents, on the left is ida and on the right is pingala [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466]. Other definitions include: the chief, or median nerve [Sushumna-nadi] located in the human body (Sanskrit); the sixth ventricle. Associated spellings/ words: sushmana." sushupanam - "Definitions: 'fast asleep' " (Sanskrit) syschematizo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'conformed' [Romans 12:2]; 'fashioning yourselves according to' [1 Peter 1:14]. Other definitions include: transformed. Associated spellings/words: susxmatizw; symmorphos, symmorphoomai." zvesda - "Definitions: white, luminous; star." (Russian) syzeteo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'questioned' [Mark 1:27]; 'quest- ioning' [Mark 9:14]; 'disputing' [Acts 6:9]. Other definitions include: question, enquire, reasoned, disputing, disputed, argue, argument. Associated spellings/words: suzhtho, zetesis." susto - "Definitions: 'soul loss'." (Hispanic) svastica - "Definitions: so be it, amen; an ancient four-armed hooked cross symbol." (Sanskrit) sun - "Definitions: an opening, to force open; arrow; to suffer pain, to be ill; to destroy; pool, lake, tank." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sun - "Definitions: to suffer pain, distress, suffering, destruction. Associated spellings/ words: sunit ['sickness, malady']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sun - "Definitions: to know, wise or learned men." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egypt- ian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sun - "Definitions: together, similarly, alike (Greek). Associated spellings/words: syn (Latin)." SYN /p - "Definitions: Latinized form of Greek sun-, comb. form of sun prep. together, similar- ly, alike; assim. before l to syl-, before b, p, m to sym-, before simple s to sys-, before s + consonant and z to sy-. [Based on: T.F. Hoad, The Concise Oxford Diction- ary of English Etymology, 1993 paperback edition. First published 1986.]. Associated spellings/words: sun (Greek)." sun - "Definitions: fed up, annoyed (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: son ['passing through; seed'] (Tibetan)." Sun - "Name for an ideograph showing shou [image of a hand holding something in a fist], an ancient sacrificial vessel, and a mouth. General meanings include: Decreasing, losing, damaging; the 41st hexagram: mountain above, lake below." (I Ching) Sun - "Definitions: largest planet at the center of our solar system; ancient symbol for old Earth empires. Associated spellings/words: Sol (Latin); Helios (Greek); Shamash (Babylonian); Utu (Sumerian)." Xun - "The name for an ideograph showing si [the image of two snakes] surmounting the pictograph gong [together]. General meanings include: two snakes proceeding together; following the wind; Proceeding Humbly; the 57th hexagram: wind above, wind below." (I Ching) son - "Definitions: passing through; seed." (Tibetan) son - "Definitions: hand." (Korean) suen - "Definitions: crescent moon." (Sumerian) shun - "Definitions: layer, cover, skin, peel." (Tibetan) zoon - "Definitions: living being, animal, creature (Greek). Associated spellings/words: zoe, zwh ['life']." (Greek) xuan [a2] - "Definitions: cover what is already obscure/tiny. General meanings include: obscure, distant, dark, abstruse. Associated spellings/words: xuanmiao [a2a4] ('abstruse, profound')." (Chinese) SOON - "Definitions: before long. Associated spellings/words: sona, sano." sawan - "Definitions: to sow (seed, etc.)." (Indo-European) Sawan - "Definitions: 'Sawan is a fifth month in the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with July and August in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long.' " Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawan Sivan - "Third Exilic Hebrew month name; May - June; Simanu ['sign,' 'season'] (Akkadian)." suna - "Definitions: wild cows." (Sumerian) sunna - "Definitions: path, example; way, course, manner of acting; established decree of Allah, sayings of Allah; words of the prophet Muhammad." (Arabic) Savannah - "Definitions: large grassy plain." (English) Shawnee - "Definitions: southern people; an Algonquin tribe that originally lived in the Ohio valley." (North American Indian) sunya - "Definitions: empty, devoid [of], deserted, desolate." (Sanskrit) sunyata - "Definitions: primordial uncreated, unformed void; emptiness; openness (Hindu / Sanskrit); sunyam ['empty']; sunya ['empty, devoid [of], deserted, desolate'], synya ['nought']." sunu - "Definitions: to bear, bring forth, son. Associated spellings/words: sonyun ['boy'] (Korean)." sunu - "Definitions: pool, lake, tank, canal, aqueduct; wall, fortress, seat, throne." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sunu - "Definitions: a god and a town." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shu'nun - "Term for 'soul,' or 'heart' among the Tubatulabal Indian tribe on the edge of the Mohave desert in east-central California." (Native American) syneudokeo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'allow' [Luke 11:48]; 'consenting' [Acts 8:1; 22:20]; 'pleasure' [Romans 1:32]; 'pleased' [1 Corinthians 7:12, 13]. Other definitions include: complete approval, willing. Associated spellings/ words: sunhudokho." synesis - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'understanding' [Mark 12:33]; 'knowledge' [Ephesians 3:4]. Other definitions include: insight. Associated spellings/words: sunhsis; syniemi, sunihmi." sunsun - "Definitions: to entreat, to petition, to supplicate, to converse." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) synistemi - "Definitions: demonstrate; suggests drawing the evidence together, to sum it up in a single exibit [Based on: Lawrence O. Richards, Zondervan's Encyclopedia of Bible Words, copyright 1985, 1991]. Associated spellings/words: sunisthmi." synanamignymi - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'company' [1 Corinthians 5:9]. Other definitions include: to mix together, to be mixed up with. Associated spellings/words: sunanamignumi." syniemi - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'understand' [Matthew 13:13]; 'knowledge' [Ephesians 3:4]. Other definitions include: understandeth, understood, understanding, considered, wise. Associated spellings/words: sunhimi; synhsis, sunhsis." Sonal - "Definitions: golden." (Sanskrit) synelauno - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'would have set' [Acts 7:26]. Other definitions include: reconcile. Associated spellings/words: sunhlauno." zong - "Name for an ideograph showing mian [roof, hut, building] and shi [worship]. General meanings include: building of worship; ancestors; religion (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: chong ['mountain great like ancestors; lofty; worship; idolize']." Song - "Definitions: to dispute; to demand justice, or to bring a case to court; conflict; contention, unification of people via speech; the 6th hexagram; heaven above, water below (I Ching). Associated spellings/words: zunge ['tounge'] (German)." zhong [o3] - "Definitions: he [e2] ('grain on the stalk, grain') + zhong [o4] (adj. 'heavy, serious; v. emphasis, value; v. repeat'). General meanings include: grain repeating; measure word; type, kind, sort. Associated spellings/words: chong [o2] (v. 'repeat; measure word: layer']." (Chinese) Sonic - "Definitions: relating to sound waves or the speed of sound." Sohang - "Definitions: I am that; one of the greatest lords of the upper worlds." (Hindu) Tsao Wang - "Definitions: God of the hearth." (Chinese Mythology) Sonaja - "Definitions: rattle." (Mexican) synecho - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'taken' [Matthew 4:24], [Luke 4:38; 8:37]; 'throng' [Luke 8:35]; 'straitened' [Luke 12:50]; 'keep' [Luke 19:43]; 'held' [Luke 22:63]; 'stopped' [Acts 7:57]; 'pressed' [Acts 18:15]; 'sick of' [Acts 28:8]; 'constraineth' [2 Corinthians 5:14]; 'strait' [Philippians 1:23]. Other definitions include: confining pressure, control. Associated spellings/words: sunhcho." Xuanguan - "Definitions: mysterious pass." (Chinese) SYNCHRONIZE - "Definitions: occur or cause to occur at the same instant. Associated spellings/ words: sugkhronos, syn + khronos ['time']." synchraomai - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'dealings' [John 4:9]. Other definitions include: to have dealings with, associate. Associated spellings/ words: sugchraomai, sugxraomai." synagoge - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'synagogues' [Matthew 4:23]; 'synagogue' [Mark 1:21]. Other definitions include: place of Sabbath meeting, the Jewish faith. Associated spellings/words: sunagwgh." shuangjiang - "Frost falls [October 24th - November 8th], one of twenty-four Chinese climatic periods recorder in the Ying-yang li." synkatathesis - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'agreement' [2 Corinthians 6:16]. Other definitions include: to have dealings with, associate. Associated spellings/words: sunkatathesis, sugkatathesis." sunt - "Definitions: the art of the physician. Associated spellings/words: sunu ['physician, doctor']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sunth - "Definitions: a god who traversed heaven nine times in a night." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SOUND - "Definitions: swimming; sea; water; unhurt, uninjured, healthy; that which is or may be heard; penetrate, measure the depth of water. Associated spellings/words: sund ['swimming, straight']; isund, gesund, gisunt; son, sonus, sonare, sonder." Svantovit - "The Slavic god of war having four heads and who holds a bull-horn cup. Associated with Rod." syneidesis - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'conscience' [John 8:9, etc.]. Other definitions include: 'a look back into one's past, an evaluation of remembered events in relationship to good and evil [Zondervan]'. Associated spellings/words: sunhidhsis." syndesmos - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'bond' [Acts 8:23], [Ephesians 4:3], [Colossians 3:14]; 'bands' [Colossians 2:19]. Other definitions include: that which binds together. Associated spellings/words: sundhsmos." synedomai - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'delight' [Romans 7:22]. Other definitions include: joyfully agree with. Associated spellings/words: sunhdomai." SYNDROME - "Definitions: particular group of symptoms. Associated spellings/words: Associated spellings/words: syn + dramein ['run']." synedrion - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words: 'council' [Matthew 5:22, etc.]. Other definitions include: a sitting together, councils; Jewish body [Sanhedrim] made up of seventy-one men, with the high priest as chairman. Associated spellings/ words: sunhdrion; Sanhedrin (Greek). See: Numbers 11:16 & Matthew 26:3." SYNTAX - "Definitions: orderly arrangement of parts. Associated spellings/words: Associated spellings/words: syntaxe, syn + tassein ['arrange']." SUNDAY - "Definitions: Sun + Day; the Sun, or 'Sunday' was at one time [79 C.E.] listed as the second day of the Roman week; 1st day of the week. Associated spellings/words: Solis dies (Latin); Dominicus dies ['the Lord's Day]." syntheke - "Definitions: terms of a partnership, covenant (Greek). Associated spellings/words: diatheke ['a will']." (Greek) SYNDICATE - "Definitions: business association." synapago - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'condescend' [Romans 12:16]; 'carried away' [Galatians 2:13]; 'led away' [2 Peter 3:17]. Associated spellings/ words: sunapagw; apago ['to lead away'] (Greek)." SYNTHESIS - "Definitions: proceeding from cause to effect; formation of a compound by combining its elements; combination of parts or elements into a whole. Associated spellings/words: suntithenai, syn + tithenai ['place, put']." SYNTHETIC - "Definitions: proceeding from cause to effect; formation of a compound by combining its elements. Associated spellings/words: sunthesis, syn + tithenai ['place, put']." sym /p - "Definitions: with, together, similarly, alike, along with (Latin). Associated spellings/words: sum; SYN; SYL; SYS." svm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'put' [Genesis 2:8, 24:2, 9, 24:47, 28:11, 30:42, 31:34, 32:16, 33:2, 37:34, 40:15, 41:42, 43:22, 44:1, 2, 47:29, 48:18]; 'set' [Genesis 4:15, 6:16, 24:33, 28:22, 30:36, 31:21, 37, 43:31, 32, 44:21, 48:20,], [Exodus 1:11]; 'laid' [Genesis 9:23, 22:6, 9, 30:41]; 'make' [Genesis 13:16, 21:13, 18, 32:12, 46:3, 47:6]; 'putting' [Genesis 21:14]; 'made' [Genesis 27:37, 45:8, 9, 47:26, 48:20]; 'preserve' [Genesis 45:7]; 'gave' [Proverbs 8:29]. Associated spellings/words: sum." sum - "Definitions: island." (Korean) shum - "Definitions: to cry, weep." (Tibetan) sawm - "Definitions: fasting." (Arabic) SWIM - "Definitions: propel oneself in water." SEAM - "Definitions: junction made by sewing; line made by two abutting edges. Associated spellings/words: seam, som, zoom, soum, saum, saumr." SEEM - "Definitions: give the impression of being. Associated spellings/words: soema ['honour'], soemr ['fitting, seemly'], som ['reconciliation'], seman ['settle, reconcile']." So'ham - "Definitions: He am I." (Hindu) soma - "Definitions: the Moon; the food of the Gods; pressed juice or plant; the lord of plants (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: sav ['to press'] (Sanskrit)." soma - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'body' [Matthew 5:29, 30; 6:22, etc.]; 'bodies' [Matthew 27:52], [John 19:31], [Romans 1:24: 8:10; 12:1], [1 Corinthians 15: 40]. Other definitions include: corpse, physical life, mortal life. Associated spell- ings/words: swma; somatos, swmatos; ptoma ['body, corpse'] (Greek); bsr, basar ['flesh'] (Hebrew)." zyme - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'leaven' [Matthew 13:13]. Other definitions include: sourdough, yeast. Associated spellings/words: zumh." Sumi - "Definitions: arranged, taken care of, settled; charcoal; corner, nook; ink (Japanese). Associated spellings/words: sumiko, sumi-e ['painting']." Soami - "Definitions: Lord; the supreme being; the Master; commonly applied to all spiritual teachers [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466]. Associated spellings/words: Swami." somya - "Definitions: 'inspired' (Vedic). Associated spellings/words: somyaya. Link: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/vedol-3-X.html Suman - "Definitions: good mind or wise." (Sanskrit) sumun - "Definitions: old." (Sumerian) SUMMON - "Definitions: send for or call together." Somnus - "Definitions: In Roman mythology, the god of sleep: identified with the Greek Hypnos." Summanus - "Assur/Asari was borrowed by the Etruscans under the name of Summanus, the winged god of nocturnal thunder, as opposed to Tinia (Jupiter), the god of diurnal (day- light) thunder. The Romans also built temples to him, circa 278 B.C.E. In the Roman pantheon, he was the only winged god, having claws instead of the legs, resembling to an eagle. [NP] The fact that Summanus' temple stood at the Circus Maximus, meaning 'the largest circle' (a solar symbol), and his feast was on June 20, at the summer solstice, suggests that he was originally a solar god. [NP] Saint Augustine wrote: 'For, as we read in their own authors, the ancient Romans paid greater honors to I know not wha Summanus, to whom they attributed nocturnal thunderbolts, than to Jupiter, to whom diurnal thunderbolts were held to pertain. But, after a famous and conspicuous temple had been built to Jupiter, owing to the dignity of the building, the multitude resorted to him in so great numbers, that scarce one can be found who remembers even to have read the name of Summanus, which now he cannot once hear named." (Saint Augustine, The City of God, Book IV, Chapter 23) [....] " Link: http://sunlight.orgfree.com/history_of_sun_gazing.htm sumer - "Definitions: flat lands or plains (Naga-Maya). Associated spellings/words: Shumerum ['Akkadian name for ancient Sumer, Sumeria']." Sumeria - "Reportedly an ancient city existing around 5,000 B.C. at the southeasternmost corner of the lower Euphrates river valley. The Bible calls it Shinar." symmorpho - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'conformable' [Philippians 3:10]. Associated spellings/words: summorpho, summorphoomai." symmorphos - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'conformed' [Romans 8:29]; 'fashioned' [Philippians 3:21]. Associated spellings/words: summorphos." SUMP /r - "Definitions: take, use, waste. Associated spellings/words: SUME, sumere, sumptus." symphoneo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'agree' [Matthew 18:19], [Acts 15:15]. Other definitions include: to be in harmony with. Associated spellings/ words: sumphwnhw; symphonesis: 'concord' [2 Corinthians 6:15]; symphonos 'consent' [1 Corinthians 7:5]; synkatathesis, sugkatathesis: 'agreement' [2 Corinthians 6:16]." symphonesis - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'concord' [2 Corinthians 6:15]. Other definitions include: agreement. Associated spellings/words: sumphonhsis." symboulion - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'council' [Matthew 12:14]. Other definitions include: counsel, counsultation, panel of advisors employed by all Roman governors. Associated spellings/words: sumboulion." symbouleuo - "Definitions: to take counsel [bouleou] together [sym] (Greek). Associated spell- ings/words: sumboulhuo." Swayambhuva - "Swayambhouva is the unrevealed deity; it is the Being existent through and of itself; he is the central and immortal germ of all that exists in the universe. Three trinities emanate and are confounded in him, forming a Supreme unity. These trinities, or the triple Trimurti, are: Nara, Nari and Viradyi - the initial triad; the Agni, Vaya, and Sourya - the manifested triad; Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, the creative triad. Each of these triads becomes less metaphysical and more adapted to the vulgar intelligence as it descends. Thus the last be- comes the symbol in its concrete expression; the necessarianism of a purely metaphysical conception. Together with Swayambhouva, they are the ten Sephiroth of the Hebrew kabalists, the ten Hindu Prajapatis - the En-Soph of the former, answering to the great Unknown, expressed by the mystic A U M of the latter. [....]" [Based on: H.P. Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, reprint (1998, Vol.2) of the 1877 edition, pp. 39-40] sympascho - "Definitions: to suffer together with, to suffer the same thing (Greek). Associated spellings/words: sumpasxo; pascho ['suffering']; pathema ['suffering'] (Greek); sympathy." symphero - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words: 'profitable' [Matthew 5:29]; 'better' [Matthew 8:6]; 'good' [Matthew 19:10]; 'brought' & 'together' [Acts 19:19]. Other definitions include: profit, advantageous, expedient. Associated spellings/ words: sumphrw." symballo - "Definitions: to fight (Greek). Associated spellings/words: sumballo." symparakaleo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'comforted together' [Romans 1:12]. Other definitions include: to encourage together. Associated spellings/ words: sumparakalho, symparakaleomai." Xul - "Definitions: Mayan calendar month name 6 [19 Nov - 9 Dec], baby jaguar, Venus evening star." Link: http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/maya.html [T.D. - 12/25/06] Sol [S] - "Definitions: sun; one part of the holy solar wheel [commonly depicted by a swastika- like shape, or a cross within a circle]; thunderbolt; magical will; the 16th rune commonly depicted by an S or zigzag-like shape (Runic). Associated spellings/words: sowilo, saugil, sigil; hvel ['magical wheels'] (Old Norse); Sowilo ['magical will']; Sunna ['spiritual power']." Sol - "Definitions: sunflower; Sol; the sun's disc; the 38th Rune (Runic). Associated spellings/ words: sval ['living, alive'] (Etruscan); SVARA ['symbolic sound for breath'] (Tibetan Buddhism)." svr - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'removed' [Genesis 8:13]; 'turned in' [Genesis 19:3]; 'turn aside' [Deuteronomy 11:28]. Other definitions include: depart, off. Associated spellings/words: soor, sr." svr - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'stranger' [Exodus 29:33, etc.]; 'strange' [Exodus 30:9, etc.], [Proverbs 2:16]; 'fanners' [Jeremiah 51:2]. Other definitions include: estranged, from another place. Associated spellings/words: zuwr." zur - "Definitions: side, edge, corner." (Tibetan) sor - "Definitions: finger (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: sor tshig ['an inch']." SUR /p - "Definitions: over, above, more." svar - "Definitions: sunlight, heaven; to shine." (Sanskrit) Shor - "Definitions: Taurus, the Hebrew month of Iyar." SOAR - "Definitions: fly upward. Associated spellings/words; essorer, ex + aura ['air in motion']." SURE - "Definitions: safe; secure; trustworthy, steadfast; subjectively certain; objectively certain; confident. Associated spellings/words: surte." shor - "Definitions: lost; loss, to lose, slips away." suil - "Definitions: eye (Irish). Associated spellings/words: sauil ['sun'] (Gothic); sol ['shining'] (Munda); sulu ['torch'] (Samoan)." shvl - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'grave' [Genesis 37:5]; 'pit' [Numbers 16:30], [Job 17:16]; 'hell' [Deuteronomy 32:22], [2 Samuel 22:6], [Job 11:8]. Associated spellings/words: sol, sheol; qeber." SOIL - "Definitions: piece of ground or earth; land, country; ground as cultivated; muddy place; take to water; stain, pollution. Associated spellings/words: solium ['seat'], solum; sol ['ground']." SOUL - "Definitions: +life; spiritual or emotional part of man; disembodied spirit of a man (Old English); vital principle XIV; essential part of XVI. Associated spellings/words: sawol, sawel; saiwala; seola; ziel; seula; seele; aiolos ['quick moving, easily moved'] (Greek). Saul - "Definitions: asked for, or prayed for; the first king of Israel who ruled just before king David. Also the original name of St. Paul before his conversian to Christianity." (Hebrew) zahur - "Definitions: manifestation, especially that of God in nature." (Arabic) shvar - "Definitions: Lord." (Sanskrit) Saule - "Definitions: The Baltic Sun goddess." Zohar - "Definitions: the book of splendor." (Hebrew) SWELL - "Definitions: enlarge, bulge." sura - "Definitions: strong, mighty (Persian). Associated spellings/words: Surya." sura - "Definitions: alcohol, a vile brew in Vedic India." sula - "Definitions: stake, spit, lance, trident [of Siva]." (Sanskrit) sula - "Definitions: before." (Gaelic) svara - "Definitions: sound, noise; voice; rhythm." (Sanskrit) Surya - "Definitions: the sun and the sun god (Hindu Mythology). Associated spellings/words: svar ['to shine; the sky'] (Hindu)." Zorya - "The Three Fates in Slavic myth. Three little sisters, three little Zorya: she of the Evening, she of Midnight, and she of Morning. Their duty is to guard a dog which is tied by an iron chain to the constellation of the Little Bear. When the chain breaks it will be the end of the world." (Slavic Mythology) xoris - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'without' [John 1:3]. Associated spellings/words: choris." SOLO - "Definitions: whole, complete." sauros - "Definitions: lizard." (Greek) Zurvan - "Definitions: the primal Crone of Time who simultaneous conceived both Ahriman and Ahura Mazda; The primal two-faced androgynous being who personified Infinate Time to the Persians (Persian Mythology). Associated spellings/words: zruvan ['time'] (Avestan)." SURF - "Definitions: swell of the sea breaking on the shore; mass of foamy water on a shore." SOLVE - "Definitions: loosen, unbind; explain, clear up; clear off [a debt]. Associated spellings/words: solvere ['unfasten, free, pay for']." SURVEY - "Definitions: oversee, supervise; determine the conditions of [a tract of ground]; inspect; take a wide view of. Associated spellings/words: super + videre ['see']." SURVIVE - "Definitions: remain alive or in existence. Associated spellings/words: super + vivere ['live']." Svarozhich - "Son of Svarog and Slavic god of fire." SURROUND - "Definitions: overflow; encompass, go round, enclose on all sides." solas - "Definitions: light." (Gaelic) SURRENDER - "Definitions: give up." SOVEREIGN - "Definitions: [supreme] ruler. Associated spellings/words: soverien; super." xylon - "Definitions: ship-timber; a stick or piece of wood; a collar of wood, put on the neck of a prisoner to confine him; cross. Associated spellings/words: xulon; stauros." (Greek) solen - "Definitions: channel, pipe, shellfish." (Greek) Solon - "Definitions: wisdom; the name of an Athenian statesman who reformed the laws and government of the city." (Greek) zhuren - "Definitions: owner." (Chinese) Sauron - "Definitions: The Abhorred (High Elven)" Link: http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_RZ.html [T.D. - 06/29/08] zuhoren - "Definitions: listen." (German) Savarna - "Definitions: Same Looks; a double that Saranyu created of herself to look after her twin sons." (Vedic Mythology) Solange - "Definitions: religious; the name of a French shepherdess who became a saint after she was killed by her master." (Latin) solenoid - "Definitions: pipe or channel-like shape; coil of wire." SWARM - "Definitions: body of bees in a compact mass; large crowd moving together." SOLEMN - "Definitions: accompanied with ceremony; grave, serious. Associated spellings/words: solennel." SURMISE - "Definitions: charge upon, allege against; devise, suppose; infer conjecturally. Associated spellings/words: super + mittere ['put']." surmadi - "Definitions: intoxication (Sufi). Associated spellings/words: sarmad; saute surmadi (Sufi); anahad ['limitless sound'] (Sanskrit) svarmadhya - "Definitions: n. the central point of the sky , zenith MW." (Sanskrit) Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ SWIRL - "Definitions: eddy." SURGE - "Definitions: fountain, source; sudden increase." SOURCE - "Definitions: rising on the wing; fountain-head of a stream; point of origin. Associated spellings/words: sourdre, surgere." Svarog - "Definitions: the supreme slavic god, who had two sons. Associated spellings/words: Svargaloka ['the moon, the sun, and higher planets'] (Hindu)." Svarog - "In pre-Christian Slavic mythology, the swastika was dedicated to the sun god Svarog and was called kolovrat, (Polish kolowrót). In the Polish first Republic the symbol of the swastika was also popular with the nobility. According to chronicles, Varangians prince Oleg who in the 9th century with his Rus Vikings had captured Constantinople, had nailed his shield to the city's gates, which had a large red swastika painted on it. [NP] To this time Bulgarians call Sourjvaki the New Year, as it falls in with the festival in honor of the ancient Slavonian god Sourja. In the Slavonian mythology this deity Sourja or Sourva, evidently identical with the Aryan Surya . . . sun . . . is the god of heat, fertility, and abundance. The celebration of this festival is of an immense antiquity, as, far before the days of Christianity, the Bulgarians worshipped Sourva, and consecrated New Year's day to this god, praying him to bless their fields with fertility, and send them happiness and prosperity. The following stanzas are addressed by them to those they visit: [see link]" Link: http://sunlight.orgfree.com/history_of_sun_gazing.htm swarga - "Definitions: heaven." (Sanskrit) sorcha - "Definitions: 'light'." (Celtic) Sourja - "In the Slavonian mythology this deity Sourja or Sourva, evidently identical with the Aryan Surya . . . sun . . . is the god of heat, fertility, and abundance. The celebration of this festival is of an immense antiquity, as, far before the days of Christianity, the Bulgarians worshipped Sourva, and consecrated New Year's day to this god, praying him to bless their fields with fertility, and send them happiness and prosperity. The following stanzas are addressed by them to those they visit: [see link]" Link: http://sunlight.orgfree.com/history_of_sun_gazing.htm zorki - "Definitions: eagel-eyed (Russian). Associated spellings/words: zorka ['sunrise'] (Yugloslavian); zerakh ['sunrise'] (Hebrew)." tzolkin (zol keen) - "Definitions: 260 days; the Mayan sacred calendar." (Mayan) Tzolk'in - "Definitions: 'The Tzolk'in is the Sacred calendar of the Maya and is based on the cycles of the Pleiades. Tzolk'in in Mayan means "sequence of days." The cycle of the Pleiades uses 26,000 years, but is reflected in the calendar we are using by encompassing 260 days. It uses the sacred numbers 13 and 20. The 13 represents the numbers and 20 represents the sun/glyphs. The Tzolk'in has four smaller cycles called seasons of 65 days each guarded by the four suns of Chicchan, Oc, Men and Ahau. There are also portal days within the Tzolk'in that create a double helix pattern using 52 days and the mathematics of 28. This sacred calendar is still being used for divination by the traditional all over the Yucatan, Guatemalam, Belize, and Honduras. [....]' " Link: http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/maya.html SORCERY - "Definitions: witchcraft. Associated spellings/words: sorser, sorcier, sors." sylogogeo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'spoil' [Colossians 2:8]. Other definitions include: to be carried away as booty. Associated spellings/words: sulagwgho." SURGICAL - "Definitions: relating to surgery." SOLICIT - "Definitions: disturb, trouble; entreat, petition, encite; manage attend to; urge, plead; sue for. Associated spellings/words: sollus ['whole, entire'] + citus, ciere ['put in motion']." Surt - "Definitions: the chief fire giant of Muspell. He will destroy both the Asgard and Earth at the battle of Ragnarok (Norse Mythology). Associated spellings/words: Surtr." SORT - "Definitions: kind, species; manner, way." surat - "Definitions: another name for soul." (Sanskrit) SOLID - "Definitions: free from empty spaces; of three dimensions; firm and substantial. Associated spellings/words: solidus ['dense'] (Latin)." sweart - "Definitions: swarthy, dark." (Anglo-Saxon) svarat - "Definitions: fully independent." Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_Shesha Surat Shabd Yoga - "Definitions: the practice of joining the soul (surat) with the Word (shabd) and merging (yoga) with it; once the soul merges into the Shabd, it is carried by the Shabd to its source, the Lord [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466]." (Sanskrit) SOLITUDE - "Definitions: state of being alone." SOLDIER - "Definitions: person in military service. Associated spellings/words: souder." SOLITARY - "Definitions: alone." SOLIDARITY - "Definitions: unity of purpose." SURFACE - "Definitions: the outside of an object or body." zug - "Definitions: train (German). Associated spellings/words: zugel ['reins']." sog - "Definitions: shoulder-blade, scapula (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: sog pa." soch - "Definitions: happy." (Gaelic) swog - "Definitions: noise." (Old English) SOAK - "Definitions: absorb." SUCK - "Definitions: draw in. Associated spellings/words: sug." SUCH - "Definitions: of this or that kind. Associated spellings/words: so + lik ['body']." SOCK - "Definitions: light shoe; short stocking." sukha - "[....] Sargeant, et. al. (2009: p. 303) provides the etymology of the Sanskrit words sukha and duh.kha: It is perhaps amusing to note the etymology of the words sukha (pleasure, comfort, bliss) and duh.kha (misery, unhappiness, pain). The ancient Aryans who brought the Sanskrit language to India were a nomadic, horse- and cattle-breed- ing people who travelled in horse-or ox-drawn vehicles. Su and dus are prefixes indicating good or bad. The word kha, in later Sanskrit meaning "sky," "ether," or "space," was originally the word for "hole," particularly an axle hole of one of the Aryan's vehicles. Thus sukha meant, originally, "having a good axle hole," while duhkha meant "having a poor axle hole," leading to discomfort.[2] Sanskrit prefix 'su' is used as an emphasis suggesting wholesome, high, evolved, desirable, strong and such. [3] [....] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha] s ukkah - "Definitions: a booth, or temporary shelter." (Hebrew) suki - "Definitions: to love, to like; good, nice (Japanese). Associated spellings/words: suku." shouji [o3i1] - "Definitions: shou [o3] ('hand') + ji [i1] ('wood for subtle work; loom, machine; opportunity, chance'). General meanings include: n. cellphone, mobile phone." (Chinese) SOCIAL - "Definitions: unite, associate, social gathering. Associated spellings/words: sociare ['unite']." Xochiquetzal - "According to Aztec mythology only two human beings survived the deluge of the Fourth Sun: a man Coxcoxtli, and his wife, Xochiquetzal." Sukhavati - "Definitions: pure land." (Buddhist) zaochen - "Definitions: morning." (Chinese) sUKSma - "3 (cap) sUkSma - a. fine, small, minute, subtile, intangible, inconceivable, atomic; abstr. {-tA} f., {-tva} n." (cap) = Capeller's Sanskrit-English Dictionary Link: http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html sukhmana - "Definitions: 'The subtle central nadi (the fire channel) in between the Ida and Pingla' [See: 1st link]. Associated spellings/words: SUSHMANA, Sushumna." Links: http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/gloss.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini http://www.sultani.co.uk/kalam_e_bahu_poetry.htm zogreo - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'catch' [Like 5:10]; 'captive' [2 Timothy 2:26]. Other definitions include: trap. Associated spellings/words: zwgrhw." SYNCHRONIZE - "Definitions: occur or cause to occur at the same instant. Associated spellings/ words: sugkhronos, syn + khronos ['time']." sugchraomai - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'dealings' [John 4:9]. Other definitions include: to have dealings with, associate. Associated spellings/ words: sugxraomai; synchraomai, sunxraomai ['associate, to have dealings with']." sujud - "Definitions: movement of worship in which the person first kneels and the touches the head to the ground." (Arabic) sukkar - "Definitions: 'sugar' (Arabic). Associated spellings/words: sarkara ['grit' or 'gravel'] (Sanskrit)." zaukra - "Definitions: mf(%{I})n. (fr. %{zukra}) seminal, relating to semen or sperm &c. MW.; relating to the planet Venus VarBr2S. ; (%{am}) n. (with %{ahan}) Tuesday Vishn2." [Based on: (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon] Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ - [T.D. - 05/23/10] Socrates - "Definitions: self control; the name of an important Greek philosopher. He left no writings of his own, virtually everything we know of his beliefs comes from his pupil Plato. He was sentenced to death for impiety." (Greek) suqta - "Definitions: six." (Quechua) sukhada - "Definitions: bestower of blessings." (Hindu) sugkatathesis - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'agreement' [2 Corinthians 6:16]. Other definitions include: to have dealings with, associate. Associated spellings/words: synkatathesis." sof - "Definitions: limit or boundary (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: soph ['end']; safah ['to cease to exist, to annihilate']; sufah ['whirlwind, hurricane']; sho'ah." suf - "Definitions: cloak of wool." (Islamic) svp - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'bruise' [Genesis 3:15]; 'breaketh' [Job 9:17]; 'cover' [Psalm 139:11]. Associated spellings/words: shuwph, shoof." svp - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'consume' [Daniel 2:44]. Associated spellings/words: soof." svb - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'return' [Genesis 3:19, 8:3, 16:9]; 'returned' [Genesis 21:32]; 'fro' [Genesis 8:7]; 'go again' [1 Samuel 5:11]; 'turn' [1 Kings 8:35]. Associated spellings/words: shuwb." sub - "Definitions: to throw, discard, remove." (Sumerian) sub - "Definitions: shine." (Sanskrit) SUB /p - "Definitions: underneath, beneath, at the bottom; close to, up to, towards. Associated spellings/words: hupo." zub - "Definitions: tooth." (Russian) svt - "Definitions: to go, go or rove about, go to and fro (Hebrew). Associated spellings/ words: shuwt." sut - "Definitions: to treat with scorn or contempt." (Hebrew) zvd - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'presumptously' [Deuteronomy 1:43]. Other definitions include: arrogance." sod - "Definitions: kill." (Tibetan) SOPH /r - "Definitions: wisdom. Associated spellings/words: sophos, sophia (Greek); SOPHISTICATED ['complex']; sophos ['wise, clever']." soop - "Definitions: forest." (Korean) shub - "Definitions: to return, to repent. (Hebrew) Associated spellings/words: svb, sub." (Hebrew) SWAB - "Definitions: mop." svat - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'cry' [Exodus 2:23], [1 Samuel 5:12]. Associated spellings/words: shav' ah." svet - "Definitions: light (Slavic). Associated spellings/words: Svetlana ['a Russian translation of the Greek name Photine']." svad - "Definitions: to sweeten, taste." (Sanskrit) SOUTH - "Definitions: to or toward the south. Associated spellings/words: suo, suth, sud, sudri, sunt." SOOTH - "Definitions: truth. Associated spellings/words: satya ['truthful, faithful']." SOOTHE - "Definitions: prove to be true; declare to be true; confirm, encourage; please or flatter by assent; gloss over; calm, mollify; allay, assuage." svph - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Red sea' [Numbers 21:14]; 'storm' [Job 21:18, etc.]; 'tempest' [Job 27:20]; 'whirlwind' [Job 37:9, etc]. Associated spellings/words: soofaw." sobha - "Definitions: brilliance, beauty." (Sanskrit) shubha - "Definitions: favorable, fortunate, auspicious." (Sanskrit) svadha - "Definitions: self law; energy (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: priyam dhama; freedom." suti - "Definitions: subconscious." sodi - "Definitions: 'path'." (Sanskrit) sophia - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'wisdom' [Matthew 11:19], [1 Corin- thians 1:24]. Other definitions include: an unusual ability, an attribute; philosophic or speculative knowledge. Associated spellings/words: sophos ['wise'] (Greek)." Link: http://www.lunaea.com/goddess/wisdom/sophia.html sophia - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'wisdom' [Matthew 11:19], [1 Corinthians 1:24]. Other definitions include: an unusual ability, an attribute; philosophic or speculative knowledge. Associated spellings/words: sophos ['wise']; philo-sophos ['lover of wisdom'] (Greek)." http://www.lunaea.com/goddess/wisdom/sophia.html Sophia - "Definitions: [....] A first step is to realize that the Crone was once a vital part of divinity, as real to her followers as the Holy Ghost to traditional Christians. In fact, even early Christianity - the nontraditional or Gnostic kind - had its own Crone figure, the feminine forerunner of the later, masculinized Holy Ghost. She was sometimes Sophia, personification of Wisdom; sometimes the Pneuma or Holy Spirit; sometimes Grandmother of God; sometimes the feminine Thought without whom God could not have functioned as a creator. The gnostic scripture Trimorphic Protennoi spoke of her as the typical pre-Christian female trinity: 'the one born first of all beings, the one who has three names and yet exists alone, as one. She dwells at all levels of the universe; she is the revealer who awakens those that sleep, who utters a call to remember, who saves.'(57) [....] [Based on: The Crone - Woman of Age, Wisdom, and Power, by Barbara G. Walker (Copyright 1985), p. 38] - (57) The Other Bible, Willis Barnstone, p. 288 sophia - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'wisdom' [Matthew 11:19], [1 Corinthians 1:24]. Other definitions include: an unusual ability, an attribute; philosophic or speculative knowledge. Associated spellings/words: sophos ['wise']; philo-sophos ['lover of wisdom'] (Greek)." Link: http://www.lunaea.com/goddess/wisdom/sophia.html sufism - "Definitions: a particular spiritual teaching which incorporates many Buddhist and Hindu features." Saut-i Sarmad - "Abstract sound is called Saut-i Sarmad by the Sufis." Link: http://wahiduddin.net/mv2/II/II_8.htm - [T.D. - 11/03/07] Svadishthana - "Definitions: the 2nd nerve center [chakra] which is the center of the sex organs." (Sanskrit) zuotian [o4a1] - "Definitions: ri [i4] ('sun') with zha [a4] ('try to hide but meet obstacle; suddenly') - phonetic + tian ('the expanse above humans'). General meanings include: yesterday." (Chinese) SUPINE - "Definitions: lying on one's back; mentally or morally inert. supinus (Latin)." Zodiac - The word zodiac is derived from the Greek ... (zodiakos), which means "a circle of animals," or, as some believe, "little animals." It is the name given by the old pagan astronomers to a band of fixed stars about sixteen degrees wide, apparently encircling the earth. Robert Hewitt Brown, 32°, states that the Greek word zodiakos comes from zo-on, meaning "an animal." He adds: "This latter word is compounded dir- ectly from the primitive Egyptian radicals, zo, life, and on, a being." [....] Some authorities are of the opinion that the zodiac was originally divided into ten (instead of twelve) houses, or "solar mansions." In early times there were two separ- ate standards--one solar and the other lunar--used for the measurement of the months, years, and seasons. The solar year was composed of ten months of thirty-six days each, and five days sacred to the gods. The lunar year consisted of thirteen months of twenty-eight days each, with one day left over. The solar zodiac at that time consisted often houses of thirty-six degrees each. [....] [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta12.htm] shodo - "Definitions: the Way of Calligraphy." (Japanese) sophos - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'wise' [Matthew 11:25, etc.]. Associated spellings/words: sophia ['wisdom'] (Greek)." zophos - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'darkness' [2 Peter 2:4], [Jude 1:6]; 'mist' [2 Peter 2:17]: '[....] mist [zophos] of darkness [skotos] [....]'; 'black- ness' [Jude 1:13]; '[....] blackness [zophos] of darkness [skotos] [....]'. Associated spellings/words: zopos; phos, pws ['light'] (Greek)." sudowan - "Definitions: monastery." (Korean) SUBVERT - "Definitions: overturn, overthrow. Associated spellings/words: sub + vertere ['turn']." Sotuknang - "Definitions: one who created Kokyangwuti (Spider Woman) from Tokpela (the first world) to remain on earth and be his helper." (Native American / Hopi Mythology) Zots - "Definitions: Mayan calendar month name 4 [10 Oct - 29 Oct], dominance, organized, creating at night." Link: http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/maya.html [T.D. - 12/25/06] shodas - "Definitions: sixteen." (Sanskrit) Sothis - "Definitions: Greco-Egyptian name of the star Sirius, which rose in the east to announce the advent of the Savior Osiris each year at the onset of the Nile flood." SUBSIST - "Definitions: exist as substance or entity; provide for; support oneself [on] acquire the necessities of life. Associated spellings/words: sub + sistere ['stand']." SUBSEQUENT - "Definitions: following after. Associated spellings/words: sub + sequi ['follow']." SUBSCRIBE - "Definitions: write [one's name] on; promise over one's signiture to pay." SUBSIDE - "Definitions: die down in intensity. Associated spellings/words: sub + sidere ['settle, sink']." SUBSTANCE - "Definitions: essence; a being; that which underlies phenomena; material; matter; means, wealth. Associated spellings/words: substantia, sub + stare ['stand']." SUBSTANTIAL - "Definitions: plentiful, considerable." SUBSTANDARD - "Definitions: falling short of a standard or norm." suden - "Definitions: south." (German) SUDDEN - "Definitions: happening quickly or unexpectedly. Associated spellings/words: sodein, sudein, soudain, subitus, subire ['go stealthily'], sub + ire ['go']." suten - "Definitions: lake, flood, inundation." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) suten - "Definitions: to kill. Associated spellings/words: suteniu ['butchers, slaughterers']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-uten - "Definitions: to make straight." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) suteni - "Definitions: to be king, to rule. Associated spellings/words: sutenit ['the state of being king, kingdom, kingship, sovereignty, royalty']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SUBNORMAL - "Definitions: falling below what is normal." SUBMERGE - "Definitions: put or plunge under the surface of water." SUBMIT - "Definitions: place onself under control. Associated spellings/words: submittere, submiss." sopar - "Definitions: horn for blowing." (Hebrew) soter - "Definitions: savior (Greek). Associated spellings/words: soteria, soterios; sozo ['save'] (Greek)." sudhir - "Gender: masculine. Derived from the Sanskrit prefix ?? (su) 'very' combined with ??? (dhira) 'wise, considerate'. (Indian / Hindu) Link: http://www.behindthename.com/name/sudhir Savitar - "Definitions: 'Birther' (Vedic). Associated spellings/words: sus." Links: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/vedol-2-X.html sutra - "Definitions: a string or thread (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: sutta; sudra ['generic term for the lowest Hindu caste']." SUPER /p - "Definitions: above, on the top of, beyond, besides. Associated spellings/words: SUPR." SUPREME - "Definitions: loftiest, topmost; highest degree. Associated spellings/words: supra + extreme." SUBLIME - "Definitions: raise to a higher state, lofty, exalted. Associated spellings/words: sublimare, sub + limen, limin ['threshold'], limus ['oblique']." SUPERIOR - "Definitions: situated higher; of higher degree or status; directional anatomical term refering to a position toward the head [cranial]. Associated spellings/words: superus ['that is higher']." SUPERVISE - "Definitions: have charge of." Sophronio - "Definitions: self-controlled." (Greek) subluarpok - "Definitions: blows [wind]." (Eskimo) SUPERNATURAL - "Definitions: beyond the observable physical world." swadharma - "Definitions: law of one's own life; self imposed duties." SUPERFICIAL - "Definitions: located close to or on the [body] surface; external; relating to what is only apparent. superficialis, super + facies ['face'] (Latin)." SUBORDINATE - "Definitions: lower in rank." SUBCONSCIOUS - "Definitions: existing without conscious awareness." SUGGEST - "Definitions: remind one by association of ideas. Associated spellings/words: sub + gerere ['bear, carry, bring']; SUGGESTIVE ['imply something']; SUGGESTION." SUCCUMB - "Definitions: bring down, overwhelm; fail in a cause; sink under pressure; give up, die. Associated spellings/words: sub + cumbere ['lie']." SUBJUGATE - "Definitions: bring under one's control. Associated spellings/words: sub + jugum ['yoke']." SUBJECT - "Definitions: one who is under the dominion of a sovereign, ect; substance; matter operated upon; thinking agent. Associated spellings/words: soget, subiect, sub + jacere ['throw, cast']." SUBJECTIVE - "Definitions: deriving from an individual viewpoint or bias." SUCCEED - "Definitions: come next after another; follow in the course of events; obtain a desired end. Associated spellings/words: sub + cedere ['go']; SUCCESSIVE ['following in order']; SUCCESSION ['series']." SUBDUE - "Definitions: conquer; bring into subjection. Associated spellings/words: sudewe, sub + ducere ['lead, bring']." Savitar - "Definitions: Birther (Vedic). Associated spellings/words: sus." SUBTLE - "Definitions: of thin or fine consistency; fine discrimination. Associated spellings/ words: sutil, subtilis; sub ['beneath'] + tela ['web'] (Latin)." svadharma - "Definitions: God-given duty." (Sanskrit) SUBTRACT - "Definitions: withdraw; deduct. Associated spellings/words: sub + trahere ['draw']." SWITCH - "Definitions: slender tapering riding-whip; thin flexible shoot; mechanical device for altering direction. Associated spellings/words: switz, swukse." s vbb - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'compasseth' [Genesis 2:13]. Other definitions include: apostacy. Associated spellings/words: sawbab; sbb." svbb - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'frowardly' [Isaiah 57:17]; 'backsliding' [Jeremiah 31:22]. Associated spellings/words: sobab, sobeb, showbab." SOFT - "Definitions: agreeable; gentle, mild; impressionable, compliant; silly simple; presenting a yeilding surface. Associated spellings/words: softe, sefte, safti, semfti." sohbet - "Definitions: conversation (Sufi). Associated spellings/words: sahaba ['companions'] (Arabic)." SOJOURN - "Definitions: reside, stay. Associated spellings/words: sub + diurnum ['day']." SUPPOSE - "Definitions: believe, think, guess; assume to be true. Associated spellings/words: sub + poser." SUSPEND - "Definitions: hold upput off; hang [up]. Associated spellings/words: suspendere, sub + pendere ['hang']." SUSTAIN - "Definitions: support; uphold the course of, keep in being; undure without falling; bear the weight. Associated spellings/words: sustein, sub + tenere ['hold']." SUSTENANCE - "Definitions: something that sustains or supports." sas - "Definitions: govern, teach; six." (Sanskrit) sas - "Definitions: numeral six." (Egyptian) Zas - "The Chinese Sun-god whose trumpeter was the Golden Cock." zaz - "Definitions: to move (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: zazea ['to cause to shake']; zaazoua ['shock']." shes - "Definitions: wisdom (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: ye shes." sesh - "Definitions: to shine, to give out light; night, evening, darkness." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sesh - "Definitions: fire, prop, support, universal being, white, bright." (Hebrew) sesh - "Definitions: to write, to draw, to make a design, writing, inscription, written roll of papryus, book, copy of a document, documents, archives; writer, designer, scribe; plur. Associated spellings/words: seshit ['wall paintings, mural designs with descrip- tive texts']; Seshit ['a consort of Thoth']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sesh - "Definitions: to draw the bolts of a door, to open, to pass through, to make a passage, passage, opening, to spread out a skin. Associated spellings/words: sesh-t ['passage, open way']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sesh - "Definitions: to scorn, to despise, scorn, contempt; devil." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SASH - "Definitions: turban; scarf worn around the body; broad band worn around the waist or shoulder." SAUCE - "Definitions: dressing for salads or meats." sasa - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'delight' [Psalm 119:24, 77, 174], [Proverbs 8:30]; 'delights' [Psalm 119:92, 143], [Proverbs 8:31]; 'pleasant' [Isaiah 5:7], [Jeremiah 31:20]. Associated spellings/words: sha'shua'; sasvaym." Sesha - "Definitions: residue. Mythology: the world serpent of Hindu mythology; the coiled up world snake representing eternity; one of the Naga kings who ruled in Patala. Associated spellings/words: Sesa, Sheshanaag." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesha ssy - "Definitions: noble (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: sheshay." seshu - "Definitions: ancestors." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Seshu - "Definitions: a god of learning, writing, and literature." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Zasis - "Definitions: goose." (Lithuanian) seshesh - "Definitions: lotus flower, lily." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-sun - "Definitions: to destroy by fire, to scorch, to blast. Associated spellings/words: sesun-t ['a withering, a scorching']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sasin - "Definitions: moon." (Sanskrit) s-sen - "Definitions: to smell, to breathe. Associated spellings/words: sesen-t ['breathing, breath, smell']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Diction- ary, Vol. 2) s-sen - "Definitions: to make to open. Associated spellings/words: seshen ['to open, to make a way through']; s-sens ['to acclaim, to congratulate']; s-seni ['to make open']; sesen-t ['an opening']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Diction- ary, Vol. 2) sexen - "Definitions: reportedly, an Egyptian word meaning: to embrace, to copulate." zazen - "Definitions: sitting cross-legged in meditation." (Japanese) s-shen - "Definitions: to alight, to hover over." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egypt- ian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) seshen - "Definitions: to weave. Associated spellings/words: seshen-t ['web in a hand loom, cloth']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) seshen - "Definitions: storm, hurricane." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) seshen - "Definitions: the lotus, an Egyptian symbol for the sun, creation, and re-birth." seshen - "Definitions: a field of lilies; lily water, extract of lotus; seshshen ['lily, iris, lotus']; sysn ['lily'] (Hebrew)." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sesenu - "Definitions: the eight primeval gods." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-senb - "Definitions: to make sound or healthy, to heal." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sesen-t - "Definitions: breathing, breath, smell." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egypt- ian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) seshemu - "Definitions: reportedly, an Egyptian word for sexual intercourse." zazil - "Definitions: light." (Hindu, Naga-Maya) Sessrumnir - "Definitions: 'In Norse mythology Sessrúmnir ("Room of seat") was Freyja's hall in the Fólkvangr. Her half of the those slain on the battlefield (the other half were the einherjar of Valhalla) live on in Sessrúmnir.[....]" (Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir) - (T.D. - 01/14/07) Sahasrara - "Definitions: the supreme, or 7th psychic nerve-center [Sahasrara-chakra] situated in the brain (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: Sahasrara-Padma ['Thousand- Petalled-Lotus']." shes rab - "Definitions: absolute wisdom." (Tibetan) Sahasra-Dal-Kanwal - "Definitions: thousand-petalled lotus; crown chakra." (Sanskrit) Sa-skya - "Definitions: tawny earth." (Tibetan) SESQUI /p - "Definitions: one and a half. Associated spellings/words: sesqui (Latin)." SIST /r - "Definitions: stand. Associated spellings/words: stare, sistere, stiti, steti, status (Latin & Greek)." Seshat - "Definitions: Egyptian Goddess of writing, measurements, calculation, record-keeping, and heiroglyphics; Mistress of the House of Books, Lady of the Builder's Measure." shes pa - "Definitions: knowledge, intelligence, know, perceive (Tibetan). Associated spellings/ words: du'shes ['consciousness']." sastas - "Definitions: verses." (Hindu) SYSTEM - "Definitions: organized whole; arrangement of units that function together; organs that function cooperatively to accomplish a common purpose are said to be part of a body system. Ten major systems in the human body include: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. Associated spellings/words: systeme, systema, sustema ['organized whole'], sy + sta ['stand']." sastra - "Definitions: teaching, command, instruction, science, authority on a subject." (Hindu) sn - "Definitions: sustainer." (Hebrew) sn - "Definitions: to change, alter (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shana." san - "Definitions: to rub, to rub dry, to wipe, to wipe away, to anoint, to crush grain; to hasten the steps; run, fire-stick, fire-drill, wood for kindling fire; to turn back; to beautify. Associated spellings/words: sann ['to bind, to tie, to twist']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) san - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'rest' [Genesis 18:4]; 'stay' [Isaiah 10:20]. Other definitions include: lieth, leaned, rely, relied. Associated spellings/ words: sha'an." san [a1] - "Definitions: name for an ideograph showing three parallel horizontal lines [yi]. It was generally believed to represent heaven, earth, and humanity; three; hill, mountain. Associated spellings/words: shan." (Chinese) san - "Definitions: four; the four powerful ones; sixteen." (Akkadian, Chaldaen, Mayan) san [S] - "Definitions: letter S; the light of the one." (Dorian) sen - "Definitions: numeral two (Egyptian). Associated spellings/words: sni ['second'] (Hebrew)." sen - "Definitions: to copy, to make a likeness or transcript of anything. Associated spellings/ words: senit ['model, copy, likeness, archetype (of a book); senn ['copy, duplicate, transcript, list, notes of a case, report']; sennu [likeness, image, copy, figure, statue']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen - "Definitions: brother, kinsman. Associated spellings/words: sena; sen-t ['sister']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen - "Definitions: they, them, their; to bow, to pay homage, to entreat. Associated spellings/ words: senu ['suppliant; homage']; sennti ['worshipper, adorer']; sennit ['acclamations']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen - "Definitions: ploughshare; to open." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen - "Definitions: thief." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Diction- ary, Vol. 2) sen - "Definitions: needy, sufferer. Associated spellings/words: senn ['to be wretched, needy or miserable']; senu ['helpless, infirm']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egypt- ian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen - "Definitions: to smell, to kiss. Associated spellings/words: sen ta ['to smell the earth, to kiss the ground in homage']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) zen [e3] - "Definitions: xin [i1] ('pictograph of a heart') + zha [a4] ('try to hide but meet obstacle; suddenly') - phonetic. General meanings include: mind/heart suddenly uncertain; pron. why, how, what. Associated spellings/words: zenme [e3] (pron. 'what, why, how')." (Chinese) SUN - "Definitions: largest celestial body in our solar system. Associated spellings/words: sunna, sunno ['beside'], eelios, helios, sol, haul." shen - "Definitions: to speak, to proclaim, to tell, to relate, to ask, to enquire into, to cast a spell, to recite incantations, to adjure, to conjure, to curse, to blaspheme, to work magic. Associated spellings/words: shnu; shni ['invoker, pleader']; shni-t ['adjuration, incantation, spellban, curse, order for allotment']; shnu ['magical formulae, spells, incantations; litigant, disputant, party in a law case']; shenn ['to demand; to cry out, to invoke, to entreat']; shenn-t ['appeal, a seeking, enquiry, petition']; shenit ['a legal interrogation, a case for trial by law; a seeking out, quest']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen [a1] - "Name for a pictograph believed to represent a human profile. General meanings include: body; life; oneself." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x173.htm shen - "Definitions: spirit; vital principle; mood; significance; soul." (Japanese) shen - "A circular loop of rope [Shen Ring] which represented 'eternity' and 'protection' to the Egyptians." shen - "Definitions: to tie up, to tie together, to load. Associated spellings/words shni; shen-t ['a tie, binding']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen - "Definitions: to rage, to wrangle, to fight, to dispute. Associated spellings/words: shen ['hateful, hostile, inimical']; shenn ['to dispute']; shenn-t ['dispute']; shenau ['wrangler, striver']; shnu ['soldiers, warriors, fighters']; shennu ['fighters, enmity, strife']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Diction- ary, Vol. 2) Shen - "Definitions: a storm cloud that covered the right eye of Ra." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen - "Definitions: hair, foliage of a plant or tree. Associated spellings/words: shennu ['wig']; shen-ti ['hairy']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen - "Definitions: groves, gardens. Associated spellings/words: shenn; shen ta ['a kind of tree']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shan [a1] - "Definitions: ce [e4] ('book') + dao [a1] ('knife'). General meanings include: Erase book by scraping with knife; v. excise, delete. Associated spellings/ words: shanchu [a1u2] (v. 'excise, delete')." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/167/x82.htm shan [a1] - "Name for a pictograph showing three vertical lines [tallest in center] arising from a horizontal base. General meanings include: mountain peaks; mountain; hill." (Chinese) shan [a1] - "Name for a pictograph showing three consecutive hash marks. The image is believed to represent fine feathers. It is also used to indicate markings." (Chinese) s han - "Definitions: benevolence, kindness." (Chinese) shan - "Definitions: slaughter, cleaver (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: shan ['slaughter; cleaver']; san ['mountain'] (Korean)." shan - "Name for an ideograph believed to represent a person in a door." (Chinese) sahn - "Definitions: the central courtyard of a Muslim mosque." tsan - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'sheep' [Genesis 4:2, 12:16]; 'flock' [Genesis 21:28; 30:31]. Other definitions include: cattle. Associated spellings/words: tso'n, so'n; soneh." TION /s - "Definitions: originally expressing the state of being what the past participle imports. Associated spellings/words: -cioun, -cion, -ciun, -tio, -on, -cao [pronounced -saong], -zione, -sion." TIAN /s - "Definitions: having a certain skill or art. CIAN." SION /s - "Definitions: act of, state of, result of. Associated spellings/words: TION; zione (Italian); cao [saong] (Portuguese)." SANE - "Definitions: mentally healthy. Associated spellings/words: sanus." zehn - "Definitions: ten." (German) zahn - "Definitions: tooth." (German) shenn - "Definitions: circle, circuit. Associated spellings/words: shenn-t ['circle']; shen-t ['a circulating, a going round, revolution']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shenn - "Definitions: to be ill, sick; mental sickness, disgust; trouble, nausea. Associated spellings/words: shen-t ['sickness, illness']; shenn-t ['oppression, weariness']; shnu ['evils, evil beings or things']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-hen - "Definitions: to provide." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-hen - "Definitions: to make to go back. Associated spellings/words: sehenti ['repulser']; s-henhen ['to turn away']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) snh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'years' [Genesis 5:3, 5:4, 5:6, etc.]; 'in' [Genesis 7:11]. Other definitions include: year, to repeat, do again, change, alter. Associated spellings/words: shaneh; snym." snh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'sleep' [Genesis 28:16], [Daniel 2:1], [Judges 16:14]. Associated spellings/words: senah." snh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'bush' [Exodus 3:2, 3, 4], [Deuteronony 33:16]. Associated spellings/words: sanah." sna - "Definitions: nose." (Tibetan) sna - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words: 'hate' [Genesis 24:60, 26:27], [Exodus 20:5]; 'hated' [Genesis 29:31]; 'enemies' [Exodus 10:1]. Other definitions include: strong antagonism, and opposition. Associated spellings/words: sane'." sna - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words: 'doubled' [Genesis 41:32]; 'changed' [1 Samuel 21:13], [Psalm 34:1], [Jeremiah 52:33]; 'second time' [1 Samuel 26:8], [1 Kings 18:34]; 'again' [2 Samuel 20:10], [Nehemiah 13:21], [Job 29:22]; 'disguise' [1 Kings 14:2]; 'diverse' [Esther 1:7; 3:8]; 'preferred' [Esther 2:9]; 'changest' [Job 14:20]; 'alter' [Psalm 89:34]; 'repeateth' [proverb 17:9]; 'change' [Proverb 24:21], [Jeremiah 2:36], [Malachi 3:6]; 'returneth' [Proverb 26:11]; 'pervert' [Proverb 31:5]. Associated spellings/words: shanah'." znh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'harlot' [Genesis 34:31]; 'whore' & 'whoredom' [Leviticus 19:29]. Other definitions include: fornication. Associated spellings: zanah." sneh - "Definitions: to tie, to bind, to fetter. Associated spellings/words: snehneh; snehu ['binding, bandage, tie, fetter']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sana - "15 (mwd) 2 mf(%{A})n. (derivation doubtful; for 1. see p. 1140 , col. 3) old, ancient (%{am} ind. "' of old, formerly "') RV. AV.; lasting long BhP.; m. N. of a R2ishi (one of the four or seven spiritual sons of Brahma1; cf. %{sanaka}) MBh. Hariv. [Cf. Lat. {senex}, {senior}; Lith. {se4nas}; Goth. {sinista}.]" (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ sena(?) - "Definitions: winds, breaths." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sena - "Definitions: to turn back, to repulse." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shna - "Definitions: to repulse, to drive back, to turn away. Associated spellings/words: shna-t ['repulse']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dict- ionary, Vol. 2) shna - "Definitions: fish, spawn." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shna - "Definitions: lion." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dict- ionary, Vol. 2) shna - "Definitions: storm, tempest, hurricane. Associated spellings/words: shnar ['storm, tempest']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shna - "Definitions: the side of a road." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shna - "Definitions: granary, barn." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sanna - "Definitions: seated, past participle of sad [sit]." (Sanskrit) sny - "Definitions: second; two; that which repeats (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: snym." shni - "Definitions: to seek after." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sani - "Definitions: the planet Saturn or its regent, the god of bad luck." (Hindu Mythology) sheni - "Definitions: to be sick, to be helpless, depressed, cast down." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-nehi - "Definitions: to muster soldiers, to marshal forces; to command. Associated spellings/ words: s-heni ['to command, to order, to direct, to rule, to administer, to entrust with a commission']; sehen-t ['authority, command, administration, list, summary']; sehenu ['order, decree, delivery']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sanya - "Definitions: radiant." (Arabic) seniai - "Definitions: long ago, a long time ago." (Lithuanian) Sheniut - "Definitions: the chamber of punishment of Osiris." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sannyasi - "Definitions: One who has renounced the world, who is free from attachments [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464]." (Sanskrit) Sannyasin - "Definitions: renouncer; one who gives up or lays aside (Hindu); the feminine form of sannyasi. Associated spellings/words: samnyasin." snynh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'byword' [Deuteronomy 28:37]; 'taunt' [Jeremiah 24:9]. Associated spellings/words: seninah." snying - "Definitions: heart, essence (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: snying po." snym - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'years' [Genesis 1:14]; 'both' [Genesis 2:25, 21:27, 31]; 'two' [Genesis 4:19, 6:19, 7:15]." snyams pa - "Definitions: think, imagine." (Tibetan) senu - "Definitions: numeral eight (Egyptian). Associated spellings/words: xemennu." senu - "Definitions: bread, breadcakes; pot, vase, vessel, jar." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-nu - "Definitions: to bind, to tie. Associated spellings/words: shnu ['evils, evil beings or things; a sick man']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnu - "Definitions: musician." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnu - "Definitions: food, produce; fruit, grain. Associated spellings/words shnu-t ['granary']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SNOW - "Definitions: crystals formed from water vapor." shnau - "Definitions: cabin of a boat, shrine." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sehnu - "Definitions: crown." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shenu - "Definitions: to go round, to encircle, to surround, to enclose, to shut up in the hand, to beleaguer a city, to obstruct a road. Associated spellings/words: shenu ['circuit, circle, periphery, circumference, orbit, revolution']; shenu ['endless time, eternity']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Diction- ary, Vol. 2) shenu - "Definitions: court official, court nobleman. Associated spellings/words: shenit [the nobles at court; the four sons of Horus']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shenu - "Definitions: lake, the Nile flood. Associated spellings/words: shenu ['vases, vessels']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Shenu - "Definitions: the honourable or beautiful dead." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sha Nu - "Definitions: the Celestial ocean." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senove - "Definitions: old[en] times, antiquity (Lithuanian). Associated spellings/words: senoviskas ['ancient']." shenu en ta - "Definitions: the circuit of the earth." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shenu ent pet - "Definitions: the circuit of heaven." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) snvr - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'blindness' [Genesis 19:11]; [2 Kings 16:18]. Associated spellings/words: san-vare." Shen ur - "Definitions: the Great Circle; the circuit of the Great Circle." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-nukh - "Definitions: to warm, to heat, to cook, to burn up, to boil, to scorch, to shrivel." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnu-t - "Definitions: granary." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Shannon - "Definitions: name of the longest river in Ireland." (Gaelic) SYNONYM - "Definitions: word with the same meaning as another. Associated spellings/words: syn + onuma [name]." senas - "Definitions: old, ancient (Lithuanian). Associated spellings/words: senatve ['old age']." shens - "Definitions: a kind of cake or bread." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sensh - "Definitions: to open, to make a way into; to open the ears; read." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SENSE - "Definitions: meaning, signification; faculty of perception or sensation; actual perception or feeling." s-nehas - "Definitions: to make watchful or vigilant, to keep awake." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sensu - "Definitions: to praise, to adore, to acclaim, praises." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SENSUOUS - "Definitions: having strong appeal to the senses." sensen - "Definitions: to praise, to acclaim; to breathe, to snuff the air. Associated spellings/words: sensen-ti ['a breathing']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sensen - "Definitions: to meet, to join, to associate with, to be friends, to unite, friend- ship. Associated spellings/words: sensen ['the festival of the two bulls, i.e., of the conjunction of the sun and moon in the month of Epiphi']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) zanshin - "Definitions: readiness; movement completion; attentiveness." (Japanese) shanshan - "Definitions: flash, sparkle (Chinese). Associated spellings/words: shanliang ['flash of light']." sunsaeng - "Definitions: teacher." (Korean) Sen-zar - "Definitions: '... the secret sacerdotal tongue from the words of the Divine Beings, who dictated it to the sons of Light, in Central Asia, at the very beginning of the 5th (our) race; for there was a time when its language (the Sen-zar) was known to the Initiates of every nation, when the forefathers of the Toltec understood it as easily as the inhabitants of the lost Atlantis, who inherited it, in their turn, from the sages of the 3rd Race, the Manushis, who learnt it direct from the Devas of the 2nd and 1st Races. (Based on: H.P. Blavatsky, T.S.D., Vol. 1, Intro. - link: http://www.sacred-texts.com/the/sd/sd1-0-in.htm). SENSUAL - "Definitions: pleasing the senses." SENSORY - "Definitions: relating to sensation or the senses. Associated spellings/words: sentire ['feel']." zensko - "Definitions: female." (Bosnian) sanskar - "Definitions: impressions or tendencies from previous births, early upbringing, traditions and social influences, which shape the basic outlook and behavior patterns of a human being [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464] (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: sanskara, sanskaras." sanskrit - "Definitions: name for an ancient Indian [Hindu] language. Associated spellings/ words: samscrta." SENSITIVE - "Definitions: having power of feeling." SENSITIZE - "Definitions: make or become sensitive." SENSIBLE - "Definitions: capable of sensing or being sensed." senn - "Definitions: to slit, to cut open, to overthrow." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senn - "Definitions: to make a mistake in speaking, blunder, a false statement, lie." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) snam - "Definitions: swimming." (Irish) senm - "Definitions: food; abundance, plenty; greediness, voracity. Associated spellings/words: s-nems ['to feed, to nourish, to fill, to provide with']; snem-t ['food supply, provisions, offerings in abundance']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senm - "Definitions: to grieve, to mourn, grief, sorrow. Associated spellings/words: snem ['flood, storm, tempest, thunder rain']; s-nem ['to pray, to supplicate, to beg']; snemehu ['prayer, petition, entreaty, supplication, begging']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnem - "Definitions: to join, to unite with, to attain to, to be protected. Associated spellings/words: shnem-t ['nurse']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnem - "Definitions: to smell; smell, odour." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sanhem - "Definitions: locust, grasshoper; plur." (Egyptian) zenme [e3] - "Definitions: zen [e3] (pron. 'why, how, what') + me ('tiny'). General meanings include: pron. what, why, how." (Chinese) shenme [e2] - "Definitions: ren [e2] ('pictograph of a human') + shi [i2] ('ten') - phonetic & me [e2] ('tiny, small; an interrogative particle'). General meanings include: pron. what?, who?; something, anything." (Chinese) Link: http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=shenme shenmo - "Definitions: what?" (Chinese) sunmool - "Definitions: gift, gifts." (Korean) snar - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Shinar' [Genesis 10:10; 11:2, etc.], [Daniel 1:2], [Zechariah 5:11]. Other definitions include: the land wherein existed the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom. Associated spellings/words: shin'ar." shanr - "Definitions: to rub off, to rub away." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnar - "Definitions: to turn back, to drive back, to keep off. Associated spellings/words: shenra." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Shnar - "Definitions: a sacred serpent." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SNORE - "Definitions: breathe with a hoarse noise." SNARE - "Definitions: capture and hold." sanal - "Definitions: the one who has gone, a ghost." (Hindu) sanarys - "Definitions: joint, articulation." (Lithuanian) Shenla Okar - "Shenlha Okar, (alt. Shenla Odker, Shenla Odkar, Shenla Wökar, Wylie: gShen lHa 'od dkar) or Shiwa Okar (Wylie: zhi ba 'od dkar)[1]is the most important deity in the Yangdrung Bön tradition of Tibet.[2]He is counted among the 'Four Transcendent Lords' (Dewar Shekpa, Wylie: bde bar gshegs pa) along with Satrig Ersang (Sherab Chamma), Sangpo Bumtri, and Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenla_Odkar] sanerk - "Definitions: dust." (Eskimo) SANG /r - "Definitions: blood. Associated spellings/words: sanguis (Latin); SANGUI." SONG - "Definitions: music and words to be sung. Associated spellings/words: sang, sanc, sangr." sung - "Definitions: castle (Korean). Associated spellings/words: sangaku shinko ['mountain religion'] (Japanese)." sang - "Definitions: funeral, mourning; silkworm; throat, voice (Chinese). Associated spellings/ words: shang ['wound, injury, hurt; discuss, cunsult; up, upward, higher'] (Chinese)." s ankh - "Definitions: to vivify." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sheng [e1] - "Definitions: Pictograph of a plant rising from ground. General meanings include: v. grow, give birth to, bear, produce; adj. fresh, unripe, raw. Associated spellings/words: shenghuo [e1u2] (n. 'life; v. live'); shengji [e1i4] (n. 'live- lihood'); shengli [e1i3] (n. physiology'); shengri [e1i4] (n. 'birthday')." (Chinese) Sheng - "Name for an ideograph showing a sun, underneath of which is sheng [an ancient unit of measure for grain or cloth; approximately one liter]. General meanings include: to rise, to ascend; to promote; to promote in an upward direction; Growing upward; the 46th hexagram: earth above, wood below." (I Ching) shang [a4] - "Name for an ideograph originally showing two parallel horizontal lines (shorter line on top). Later by a vertical line, and then by both. General meanings include: adj. above, upper, top, previous. Associated spellings/words: shangban [a4a1] (v. 'go to work, go to the office'); shangceng [a4e2] (n. 'upper level'); shangchuang [a4a2] (v. 'go to bed'); shangci [a4i4] (n. 'last time'); shangdang [a4a4] (v. 'be cheated, be fooled'); shangdi [a4i4] (n. 'God'); shangfeng [a4e1] (n. 'winward, advantage'); shangke [a4e4] (v. 'attend class'); shangmian [a4a4] (n. & adv. 'top, above'); shangqian [a4a2] (v. 'come forward'); shangqu [a4u4] (v. 'go up to'); shangsheng [a4e1] (v. 'ascend'); shangsi [a4i1] (n. 'boss, superior'); shangsu [a4u4] (v. 'appeal'); shangtai [a4a2] (v. 'go on stage'); shangtian [a4a2] (n. 'heaven'); shangwu [a4u3] (n. 'morning'); shangxia [a4a4] (prep. 'above and below'); shangxue [a4e2] (v. 'attend school'); shangyin [a4i3] (v. 'become addicted to'); Shang Yuan [a4a2] (v. Lantern Festival); shangzhang [a4a3] (v. 'rise')." (Chinese) SINCE - "Definitions: from a past time until now." s-ankh - "Definitions: to feed, to nourish, to support, to bring up, to nurture. Associated spellings/words: s-nekh ['to bring up, to rear a child']; s-nekhekh ['to prolong one's life, to become old']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sangha - "Definitions: community, assembly (Pali). Associated spellings/words: sang ['union']." sangja - "Definitions: box." (Korean) shankha - "Definitions: a shell." (Hindu) sankhya - "Definitions: 'number', 'enumeration' (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: samkhya." seng ge - "Definitions: lion." (Tibetan) Sanjaya - "Definitions: secretary of Dhrtarastra in the Bhagavad-gita." (Sanskrit) sanjiao - "Definitions: triangle." (Chinese) Shango - "Legendary third king of the Yoruba, a fierce fire-breathing ruler whose emblem was a double axe." (African) shangwu [a4u2] - "Definitions: shangwu [a4u3] - "Definitions: shang [a4] ('upper') + wu [u3] ('pictograph of a pestle'). General meanings include: morning." (Chinese) Sankhiu - "Definitions: the gods who sustain life. Associated spellings/words: sankhu ['Peasant, sustainer, vivifier']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shangwang [a4a3] - "Definitions: shangwang [a4a3] - "shang [a4] ('upper') & mi [u3] ('cover') + yi [i4] (lines cutting left and right representing interwoven ropes; net, network'). General meanings include: surf the net." (Chinese) sangusuitok - "Definitions: constant, is constant." (Eskimo) shangsheng - "Definitions: ascend." (Chinese) sangsara - "Definitions: the round of death and birth, as known to mankind bound to the Wheel of Nature." (Sanskrit) Sangskara - "Definitions: mental activity; the 2nd Nidana; conformation." (Sanskrit) sngon - "Definitions: blue." (Tibetan) Sengen - "Shinto goddess of Mount Fuji known as the princess who makes the flowers of the tree blossom." (Japanese) s-nekhen - "Definitions: to rejuvenate." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SINGLE - "Definitions: one only. Associated spellings/words: sengle, sim." SINGULAR - "Definitions: relating to a word form denoting one." Sankara - "Definitions: 'The Mystics and the Philosophers, the Eastern and Western Pantheists, synthesize their pregenetic triad in the pure divine abstraction. The orthodox, anthropomorphize it. Hiranyagarbha, Hari, and Sankara - the three hypostases of the manifesting 'Spirit of the Supreme Spirit' (by which Prithivi - the Earth - greets Vishnu in his first Avatar) - are the purely metaphysical abstract qualities of formation, preservation, and destruction, and are the three divine Avasthas (lit. hypostases) of that which 'does not perish with created things' (or Achyuta, a name of Vishnu); .... (Based on: H.P. Blavatsky, T.S.D., Vol. 1, Proem).' " sankhara - "Definitions: an event, a happening, a deed, an act; an existing thing. Associated spellings/words: samskara." shengri [e1] - "Definitions: sheng [e1] ('pictograph of a plant rising from the ground') + ri [i4] ('sun'). General meanings include: birthday." (Chinese) SAINT - "Definitions: holy or godly person. Associated spellings/words: sanct, sanctus ['sacred']." senk-t - "Definitions: darkness, evening." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-nekht - "Definitions: to strengthen." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sinchit - "Definitions: the store of unpaid past karmas. It is from this store that the fate karmas (pralabdh) are drawn [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466]. Associated spellings/words: sanchit." senniagut - "Definitions: alongside." (Eskimo) shang-ti - "Definitions: a classic name for God (Chinese). Associated spellings/wordsd: shang-di." SANCTION - "Definitions: authoratative approval." shangtian [a4a1] - "Definitions: shang [a4] ('above, upper') + tian [a1] ('heaven')." (Chinese) Link: http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=shangtian shangdian [a1a4] - "Definitions: shang [a1] ('discuss, trade, business, commerce, merchant') - phonetic + dian [a4] ('storehouse, shop, store'). General meanings include: n. store, shop." (Chinese) snef - "Definitions: the year that is past, last year." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senp - "Definitions: to cut, to slay. Associated spellings/words: senf ['blood']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SNAP - "Definitions: bite at something." SNIP - "Definitions: cut off by bits." senb - "Definitions: to bind, to tie, to tear into strips, strip of cloth or linen, girdle, belt, bandage. Associated spellings/words: s-nefekhfekh ['to loosen, to untie, to undo mummy bandages']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Diction- ary, Vol. 2) senb - "Definitions: wall, fortification, to surround with walls. Associated spellings/words: senb-t ['a wall, fortification; plur']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senb - "Definitions: to overthrow, to drive back, to repel." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senb - "Definitions: evil person or thing, a beast of a man." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senb - "Definitions: to be sound or healthy, health, strength; to protect. Associated spellings/ words: senbi ['health, vigor']; senbeb [to say 'good health' to anyone]; Senbu ['the Health-god']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senb - "Definitions: a cool, wholesome wind or breeze. Associated spellings/words: s-nefi ['to produce air, to fan']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) snab - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Shinab' [Genesis 14:2]. Other definitions include: king of Admah [admh]." sant - "Definitions: saint; one who has attained the fifth spiritual region (Sach Khand); a God-realized soul [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464]." sent - "Definitions: sails of a boat." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sent - "Definitions: garment, bandlet. Associated spellings/words: tunic, cloth." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sent - "Definitions: fear, timidity. Associated spellings/words: senti ['crier']; sentiu ['enemies']; sentu ['timid man']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SEND - "Definitions: cause to go, propel." shnep - "Definitions: to sniff the air, to smell, nostrils." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shnep - "Definitions: to seize, to carry off, to draw off." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Shnep - "Definitions: a title of the Nile-flood." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egypt- ian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-neb - "Definitions: to kindle, to light a fire. Associated spellings/words: snebb, s-nebneb." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shneb - "Definitions: a horn weapon or tool." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-ant - "Definitions: to make strong. Associated spellings/words: s-antu ['to destroy']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen-t - "Definitions: sister. Associated spellings/words: sen ['brother']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen-t - "Definitions: draughtboard and draughts. Associated spellings/words: case, box." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sen-t - "Definitions: pole, mast, flagstaff. Associated spellings/words: senit ['masts, flag- staffs']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shent - "Definitions: seal, sealer." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shent - "Definitions: brushwood, 'bush,' thicket, thorny growth." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shent - "Definitions: to revile, to abuse, to curse. Associated spellings/words: shenth ['to revile, to abuse']; shent-t ['revilings, curses, abomidable persons and things']; shenti ['accursed']; shenti ['enemy, foe, grief, distress, sickness, trouble']; shentiu ['men of violence']; shentiu ['court nobles, ministers']; shentiu ['companies, assemblies']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senth - "Definitions: to cut down timber; to found, to establish, custom, habit. Associated spellings/words: senthi ['founder']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen-t - "Definitions: a tie, binding. Associated spellings/words: shna-t [cord, tie, rope']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen-t - "Definitions: flesh, member, limb." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen-t - "Definitions: a circulating, a going round, revolution. Associated spellings/words: sheni-t ['circle, circuit']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shna-t - "Definitions: storm, hurricane, tempest; hailstones. Associated spellings/words: shni-t [rainstorm, tempest']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Shenit - "Definitions: the divine court of Osiris." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Shenit - "Definitions: a cow goddess." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) shen-t - "Definitions: a circulating, a going round, revolution. Associated spellings/words: sheni-t ['circle, circuit']; shena-t ['the circuit of heaven']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) SENATE - "Definitions: self-born (Latin). Associated spellings/words: se-natus." sen ta - "Definitions: to smell the earth, to kiss the earth, to do homage by bowing with the face to the ground. Associated spellings/words: senn ta; sennti ta ['payer of homage']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senti - "Definitions: the two halves of Egypt, i.e., Upper and Lower Egypt, a double shrine of Ra which was symbolic of all Egypt." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) senti - "Definitions: to found, to establish." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sandhi - "Definitions: juncture." (Sanskrit) shenti [e1i3] - "Definitions: shen [e1] ('pictograph of a human profile; n. body, life; pron. oneself') + ti [i3] ('bones and sacrificial vessel; body') - phonetic. General meanings include: human body, health." (Chinese) Link: http://zhongwen.com/d/168/x173.htm shanti - "Definitions: quiet, peace, or tranquility (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: santosh, santosha." SENTIENT - "Definitions: capable of feeling. Associated spellings/words: sentitu ['feel'] (Basque)." SENTIMENT - "Definitions: belief, feeling. Associated spellings/words: sentire ['feel']." santykis - "Definitions: relation, relationship." (Lithuanian) sentu - "Definitions: timid man." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sehentu - "Definitions: a piece of armour." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) santosh - "Definitions: peace, peace of mind, contentment. Associated spellings/words: santosha; shanti." (Sanskrit) shentong - "Definitions: divine powers." (Chinese) santvarka - "Definitions: system, order." (Lithuanian) shen aten - "Definitions: the circuit of the solar disk." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Santana - "The ego, human nature, is sustained by a continuous flow or succession called Santana, in the Sanskrit tongue. It simply means the continued flow of a stream, and when applied to man it means the stream fed by karmic activities." (Paul Twitchell, The Spiritual Notebook, 10th printing, 1983, pp. 134-135] sanatana - "mf(%{I} , m.c.also %{A})n. eternal, perpetual, permanent, everlasting, primeval, ancient S3Br. &c. &c.; m. N. of Brahma1 L.; of Vishn2u Bhat2t2.; of S3iva L.; a guest of deceased ancestors, one who must always be fed whenever he attends S3ra1ddhas L.; N. of a R2ishi (in MBh. and later `" a mind-born son of Brahma1 "') TS. &c. &c.; of a king Buddh.; (with %{zarman} and %{go-svAmin}) of two authors Cat.; pl. N. of partic. worlds Hariv.; (%{I}) f. N. of Durga1 Cat. [1141,2]; of Lakshmi1 or Sarasvati1 L.." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ SENTENCE - "Definitions: judgement of a court. Associated spellings/words: sententia." sanatanatama - "m. `" most eternal or ancient "'N. of Vishn2u MBh." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ Sant Mat - "Definitions: the teachings (mat) of the saints (sant) [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464]. Other definitions include: Santon ki Shiksha." Shandar - "Definitions: proud." (Sanskrit) snether - "Definitions: incense." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) santaka - "Definitions: confluence, junction." (Lithuanian) santuoka - "Definitions: marriage." (Lithuanian) senb-t - "Definitions: beaker, jar, vase, libation vessel; plur. Associated spellings/words: senb-t ['wall, fortification; plur']. Associated spellings/words: senba-t ['jar, vase, vessel, pot']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sentit - "Definitions: sight, seer." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) Sentit - "Definitions: a Canopic jar-goddess." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'name' [Genesis 2:19; 11:4; 21:33], [Isaiah 56:5]; 'renown' [Genesis 6:4]. Other definitions include: reputation, fame, glory; memorial, monument; that by which one is remembered; sky-chamber. Associated spellings/words: shem, sham, shu-mu; sma ['hear, listen']." sm - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'name' [Ezra 5:1, 14; 6:12], [Daniel 2:20, 26; 4:8, 19; 5:12]; 'names' [Ezra 5:4, 10]. Associated spellings/words: svm, shum." sm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'there' [Genesis 2:8; 11:2, 7; 26:17; 32:29], [Proverbs 8:27]; 'thence' [Genesis 11:8]; 'put & arranged' [Genesis 28:11]; 'therein' [Exodus 40:3]; 'thereout' [Leviticus 2:2]; 'in thither' [Deuteronomy 1:37]; 'wither' [2 Samuel 17:18]; 'thereof' [1 Kings 17:13]; 'it' [2 Chronicles 6:11]; 'whither' [Psalm 122:4]. Other definitions include: 'thither' [after verbs of motion]; yonder; from there; then [as an adverb of time]. Associated spellings/words: sham, shem." Sm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the eldest son of Noah [Genesis 5:32]. 'And Noah was five hundred years old; and Noah begot Shem, Ham, and Japeth.' The sons of shem include: Elam [aylm], Asshur [asvr], Arphaxad [arpksd], Lud [lvd], and Aram [arm.]. The descendents of Shem reportedly occupied the Arabian peninsula and the regions adjoining it to the north, including the Tigris-Euphrates region, which is the center of interest in the early portions of Genesis. The languages of the people dwelling in this region are referred to as Semitic. These languages include Hebrew, Assyrian, Aramaean, and Arabic." zm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'imagined' [Genesis 11:6]. Other definitions include: thought, devise, devised, propose, proposed, plotteth. Associated spellings/words: zmv, zmm." sam - "Definitions: self." (Slavic) sam - "Definitions: along with, together, equal (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: samaya ['agreement, contract'] (Hindu); sym, sum ['with, together with, like'] (Greek)." sam - "Definitions: three (Korean). Associated spellings/words: sum ['three'] (Tibetan)." shm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'onyx' [Genesis 2:12]." zam - "Transliterated Old Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'become angry'. Associated spellings/words: kas." shmm - "Definitions: heavens (Ugaritic Poems). Associated spellings/words: shamayim, shamayn." sham - "Definitions: fringe." (Tibetan) SAME - "Definitions: being the one referred to." SOME - "Definitions: one specified. Associated spellings/words: SUM ['amount']." sma - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'heard' [Genesis 3:8; 21:17, 26, 24: 30]; 'hearkened' [Genesis 3:17; 16:2]; 'understand' [Genesis 11:7]; 'obeyed' [Genesis 22:18]. Other definitions include: to hear, listen, obey, obedient. Associated spell- ings/words: shama." sma - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'heard' [Genesis 3:8; 21:17, 26; 24:30]; 'hearkened' [Genesis 3:17; 16:2]; 'understand' [Genesis 11:7]; 'obeyed' [Genesis 22:18]. Other definitions include: to hear, listen, obey, obedient. Associated spellings/words: shama." smh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words: 'astonishment' [Deuteronomy 28:37]. Other definitions include: waste, horror, appalment. Associated spellings/words: shammah; asm ['to offend, be guilty, trespass'], asham; ysm ['to ruin, be desolate'], yasham." sama - "Definitions: sacred meetings." (Sufi) shma - "Definitions: (1.) a sign, mark, token: the mark or star on a horse's forehead. (2.) a sign from heaven, an omen, portent: also, (3.) a battlesign, signal. (4.) a mound, barrow, Lat. tumulus, to mark a tomb by: generally, a grave, tomb. (5.) in plur. writt- en characters: the shmata lugra of Bellerophon in the Iliad were not written letters, but pictorial tokens or devices. (6.) the device or bearing on a shield: also the de- vice on a seal, a seal. (7.) a constellation: in plur. the heavenly bodies, Lat. signa (Based on: A Lexicon - Abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon - 17th Edition, Boston Ginn & Company - 1891, p. 633). Other definitions and/or meanings in clude: 'coded message' (Gregory Nagy). Associated spellings/words: sema, sama." smma - "Definitions: desert." (Hebrew) smch - "Definitions: to rejoice, be glad (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: samach." Zeme - "Definitions: a name for Earth (Latavian / Old Czech, etc.). Associated spellings/ words: Zemya, Zemlja, Zemlya, Zyamlya." Link: http://www.nineplanets.org/days.html za ma - "Definitions: food, eatables." (Tibetan) shamah - "Definitions: that which is highward." smy - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'heaven' [1 Kings 8:27]: hnh hsmym vsmy hsmym - 'behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens...' " Zemi - "Wooden or cotten idols formerly worshipped by the ancient Taino of the West Indies." SEMI /p - "Definitions: half." Saami - "Definitions: the indigenous people of far northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. Associated spellings/words: Sami, Same; Lapps, Laplanders." samaya - "12 (cap) samaya m. meeting or place of meeting, intercourse with (instr.), agreement, convention, contract, obligation, condition; trial, ordeal, (a fixed) point of time, i.g. time, season, occasion; case, occurrence, circumstance; rule, norm, doctrine; custom, usage." (cap) = Capeller's Sanskrit-English Dictionary Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ smin - "Definitions: matured, ripe; eyebrows." (Tibetan) smyn - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'heaven' [Ezra 5:11, 12; 6:9, 10; 7:12, 21, 23], [Jeremiah 10:11], [Daniel 2:18, 19; 2:28, 37, 38, 44; 4:11, 12, 13, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37; 5:21, 23; 6:27; 7:2, 13, 27 ], 'heavens' [Jeremiah 10:11], [Daniel 4:26]. Associated spellings/words: smym, shamayin (Hebrew)." semeion - "Transliterated Greek spelling for the word/words 'sign' [Matthew 12:38]; 'miracles' [John 2:11]; 'wonder' [Revelation 12:1, 3]; 'wonders' [Revelation 13:13]. Other definitions include an authenticating mark or token, signs, miracle. Associated spellings/words: shmhion." smym - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'heaven' [Genesis 1:1]: IN THE beginning God created the heaven and the earth [brasyt bra alhym at hsmym vat hartz]; 'air' [Genesis 1:26, 6:7]; 'heavens' [Genesis 2:4, 11:4], [Psalm 33:6], [Proverbs 3:19]; [Isaiah 51:6]. Other definitions include: sky. Note: this word reportedly 'comes from an unused root meaning to be lofty.' Associated spellings/words: shamayim, samayim; smyn, shamayin." Links: http://www.studylight.org/lex/heb/view.cgi?number=08065&l=en samyama - "Definitions: immersion of self." (Hindu) samu - "Definitions: heaven." (Akkadian) sh-mo - "Definitions: his name." (Hebrew) smvah - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'report' [1 Samuel 2:24]; 'bruit' [Jeremiah 10:22]. Other definitions include:tidings, fame, rumour, news, doctrine, mentioned. Associated spellings/words: semuah." semua - "Definitions: all (Indonesian). Associated spellings/words: semunya ['everything, all [of them]'] (Indonesian)." Sama Veda - "Definitions: Veda of Chants; one of the four classic Vedas." (Sanskrit) smon - "Definitions: wish, aspire, desire." (Tibetan) Smavn - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for Jacob's 2nd son, 'Simeon' [Genesis 29:33]: And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Because the LORD hath heard that I was hated, he hath therefore given me this son also: and she called his name Simeon. Jacob's 2nd sibling conceived by Leah." samone - "Definitions: consciousness." (Lithuanian) shemonah - "Definitions: fertility." (Hebrew) smavl - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'left' [Genesis 13:9 ]. Other definitions include: left hand, the left. Associated spellings/words: samowl, smal." Samuel - "Definitions: asked of God; God hears; God listens; a judge in the Old Testament who annointed Saul to be the first king of Israel (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: shaulmeel." Shamvara - "Definitions: The Chief of Happiness." (Sanskrit) samvrt - "Definitions: happen (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: samvrtta ['past participle of samvrt; became, has become']." SIMULATE - "Definitions: create the effect or appearance of." samvriti - "Definitions: origin of delusion, false conception (Sanskrit). (Based on: The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky - Vol. 1) smug - "Definitions: creep (Anglo-Saxon). Associated spellings/words: smugan ['to squeeze through a hole'] (Germanic); smeag ['to dig, penetrate'] (Old English)." See: Smaug @ http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_RZ.html samudra - "Definitions: Samudra is a Sanskrit term for 'ocean', literally the 'gathering together of waters' (sam.- meaning 'together' and -udra meaning 'water'. [....] Associated spellings/words: sagar, sagara." Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra sms - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'sun' [Genesis 15:12; 28:11; 32:31]. Associated spellings/words: shemesh." sms - "Definitions: to minister, serve." (Aramaic) sems - "Definitions: mind, thought, thinking process (Tibetan). Associated spellings/words: sim ['pleasure, well being']." Samas - "Definitions: a name for the Sun." (Babylonian) Link: http://www.nineplanets.org/days.html Shamash - "Shamash or Sama, was the common name of the sun-god in Babylonia and Assyria. [NP] The name signifies perhaps 'servitor,' and would thus point to a secondary position occupied at one time by this deity. Both in early and in late inscriptions Sha-mash is designated as the 'offspring of Nannar,' i.e. of the moon-god, and since, in an enumeration of the pantheon, Sin generally takes precedence of Shamash, it is in relationship, presumably, to the moon-god that the sun-god appears as the dependent power. Such a supposition would accord with the prominence acquired by the moon in the calendar and in astrological calculations, as well as with the fact that the moon-cult belongs to the nomadic and therefore earlier, stage of civiliz- ation, whereas the sun-god rises to full importance only after the agricultural stage has been reached. The two chief centres of sun-worship in Babylonia were Sippara (Sippar), represented by the mounds at Abu Habba, and Larsa, represented by the modern Senkerah. At both places the chief sanctuary bore the name E-barra (or E-babbara) 'the shining house' - a direct allusion to the brilliancy of the sun-god. Of the two temples, that at Sippara was the more famous, but temples to Shamash were erected in all large centres - such as Babylon, Ur, Nippur and Nineveh. [....] Together with Sin and Ishtar, Shamash forms a second triad by the side of Anu, Bel and Ea. The three powers, Sin, Shamash and Ishtar, symbolized the three great forces of nature, the sun, the moon and the life-giving force of the earth. At times, instead of Ishtar, we find Adad, the storm-god, associated with Sin and Shamash, and it may be that these two sets of triads represent the doctrines of two different schools of theological thought in Babylonia which were subsequently harmonized by the recognition of a group consisting of all four deities. [....] Link: http://www.fact-index.com/s/sh/shamash.html Shamash - "The Akkadian/ Babylonian sun god Shamash or Shemesh, also a bringer of light, upholder of law and order, and prophetic oracle, was originally an eagle-shaped Sun-goddess, as seen into an Sumerian artifact, and as demonstrated in personal names Ummi-Shamash which means My Mother is Shamash. Phoenicians called her Shapash and was the goddess of the Sun. Called the Luminary of the Deities, the Torch of the Gods, She sees all that transpires on Earth by day and guards the souls of the dead in the underworld by night. Like the Akkadian Shamash, She is a deity of justice, often serving to mediate for the deities in disputes. She is related to Shamsh, Chems, an Arabic Sun-goddess worshipped at sunrise, noon, and sunset." Link: http://sunlight.orgfree.com/history_of_sun_gazing.htm Samson - "Hebrew version of the sun god called Shams-On in Arabia, and Shamash in Babylon. Samson's mill was the same as Omphale's wheel, to which Heracles was bound. Associated spellings/words: Shimshon." Shams-On - "Definitions: 'the sun bound to the "mill-wheel" of the circling year.' " zmzm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Zamzummims' [Deuteronomy 2:20]. History: the Ammonite name for the people who by others were called Rephaim, and were described as a numerous nation giants; perhaps the same as 'Zuzim'. Associated spellings/ words: Zamzom." zamzam - "Definitions: a pre-Islamic sacred well located beside the Kaba in Mecca." (Arabic) samsara - "Definitions: incessantly in motion; going through, wandering, the world of becomming, rebirth, endless cycle of reincarnations, conditioned existence." (Hindu) sems can - "Definitions: animated being." (Tibetan) samskara - "Definitions: an event, a happening, a deed, an act, to put together, to make perfect; an existing thing (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: sankhara (Pali)." samscrta - "Definitions: polished, [grammatically] correct, elegant language." (Sanskrit) s hem stone - "Definitions: shining stone, radiating stone, fire stone, rounded stone; fiery rocketship; sky chamber." zmn - "Transliterated Biblical spelling for the word/words 'appointed' [Ezra 10:14], [Nehemiah 10:34; 13:31]. Associated spellings/words: zaman." zmn - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'time' [Ezra 5:3], [Daniel 2:16; 3:7, 8; 4:36; 7:22]; 'seasons' [Daniel 2:21]; 'times' [Daniel 6:10, 13; 7:25]; 'season' [Daniel 7:12]. Associated spellings/words: zaman." zmn - "Transliterated Biblical spelling for the word/words: 'time' [Nehemiah 2:6], [Esther 9:27]; 'times' [Esther 9:31]; 'season' [Ecclesiastes 3:1]. Assocaiated spellings/words: zaman." zmn - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'prepared' [Daniel 2:9]. Associated spellings/words: zaman." smen - "Definitions: order, foundation." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) sman - "Definitions: a kind of incense or perfume. Associated spellings/words: Sman ['an Incense god']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) s-men - "Definitions: to stablish, to be established. Associated spellings/words: smenn ['established']; smenu ['image, form, statue']." (Based on: Sir E.A. Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. 2) samen - "Definitions: seeds." (German) saman - "Definitions: one who died, shaman." (Tungusic) shemen - "Definitions: oil, fat (Aramaic). Associated spellings/words: shaman." samhain - "Definitions: Feast of the Dead celebrated at the end of October. Festival of the beginning of winter (Celtic). Associated spellings/words: sow-in, soween, sovan, saven, sowan; halloween." smnh - "Definitions: eight." (Hebrew) samana - "Definitions: Lord of Death, quieting; a Hindu title of the death-god Yama (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: samyana ['restraint from worldly pleasures']." semnos - "Definitions: worthy of honor, noble (Greek). Associated spellings/words: timen ['honor']." (Greek) samanos - "Definitions: moss (Lithuanian). Associated spellings/words: samanomis ['overgrown with moss']." samandi - "Definitions: meditation, spiritual petition." (Hindu) smm - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'desolate' [Leviticus 26:22]; 'destroyed' [1 Samuel 5:6]; 'astonishment' [2 Chronicles 7:21]; 'astonied' [Job 17:8]; 'astonished' [Jeremiah 2:12; 4:9], [Ezekiel 3:15]. Other definitions include: to be desolate, be appalled, stun, stupefy. Associated spellings/words: shamem, samem; smh, sammah ['astonishment']." smr - "Definitions: to remember (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: smrti ['that which is remembered'].' smr - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'keep' [Genesis 2:15; 3:24; 17:9, 10], [Proverbs 8:32]; 'keeper' [Genesis 4:9]; 'beware' [Genesis 24:6]; 'observe' [Exodus 12:17], [Numbers 28:2], [Deuteronomy 8:1]; 'circumspect' [Exodus 23:13]; 'wait' [Numb- ers 3:10]; 'preserve' [Proverbs 2:11]. Other definitions include: guard, to watch or observe, give heed, take great care [with or of]. Associated spellings/words: shamar, samar." smr - "Definitions: friend." (Egyptian) zmr - "Transliterated Aramaic spelling for the word/words 'musick' [Daniel 3:15]. Associated spellings/words: zaemar." smal - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'left' [Genesis 13:9 ]. Associated spellings/words: sama'l." Samir - "Definitions: companion in evening talk." (Arabic) zamar - "Definitions: singer." (Hebrew) SMEAR - "Definitions: spread." SMELL - "Definitions: perceive the odor." SMILE - "Definitions: happy facial expression." (Scandinavian) SIMIL /r - "Definitions: like, resembling. SIMUL. simul ['together']." SIMILE - "Definitions: similitude; comparison of unlike things using like or as." SUMMER - "Definitions: second and warmest season of the year. Associated spellings/words: sumar, sama ['half-year, year'], ham, haf ['summer']." Semele - "Definitions: Virgin mother of Dionysus, associated with both the earth and the moon; the daughter of Kadmos." (Greek Mythology) SIMILAR - "Definitions: alike; resembling eachother in some ways. Associated spellings/words: similis, simul ['together']." Sammael - "Definitions: Dread Lord; Semitic version of the Asiatic Sama, Samana, or Samavurti, the Leveller, Judge of the Dead, identified with the underworld king Yama. The Sama Veda called him a storm god, clothed in black clouds." smlh - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'garment' [Genesis 9:23]. Other definitions include: clothes, raiment, cloth, clothing, apparel. Associated spellings/ words: simlah." SUMMARY - "Definitions: concise statement." simran - "Definitions: repetition or loving remembrance; repetition of the five holy names according to the instructions of a perfect Master. The simran that a perfect Master gives is charged with his power; disciples concentrate the attention at the third eye (tisra til) and carry on repetition with love and one-pointed attention. This practice enables them to withdraw the soul currents from the body to the third eye, from where the real spiritual journey begins [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 466] (Sanskrit). Associated spellings/words: smarana, sumiran." smarana - "Definitions: repeating of holy names." (Sanskrit) samallum - "Reportedly, Hamurapi's code [#103] regulates relationships between the business entrepreneur [tamkarum] and his travelling agent [samallum]." shamrock - "Definitions: the national emblem of Ireland; clover. Associated spellings/words: seamrog, seamair." zmrt - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'song' [Exodus 15:2 ]. Associated spellings/words: zimrath." SMART - "Definitions: be acutely painful; sharp pain, suffer severely for; intelligent or resourceful." smrti - "Definitions: that which has been remembered, tradition." (Sanskrit) smra bsam - "Definitions: talking and thinking." (Tibetan) smk - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'sustained' [Genesis 27:37]; 'put' [Exodus 29:10]; 'on which it was borne up' [Judges 16:29]; 'upholdeth' [Psalm 145:14]. Other definitions include: lay, laid, lean, leaned rested, uphold, lieth hard, stand fast, established, stay, stayed, set. Associated spellings/words: sawmak." smch - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'glad' [Exodus 4:14]. Other definitions include: rejoice, rejoiced, joy. Associated spellings/words: samah." SMOG - "Definitions: fog and smoke. Associated spellings/words: Yen ['smoke'] (Chinese)." SMACK - "Definitions: taste, flavour; trace, tinge, touch; seperate the lips with a sharp noise; crack." SMASH - "Definitions: break into pieces." SMOKE - "Definitions: sooty gas from burning." Samekh [S] - "Definitions: a prop, support, mutual independence; the 15th letter [9th Elemental] in the Hebrew alphabet; number 60; the 27th ['God created man'] of 32 paths, or states of consciousness (Hebrew). Associated spellings/words: xi (Greek)." schmuck - "Definitions: jewelry." (German) samkhya - "Definitions: knowledge, wisdom. Associated spellings/words: veda." (Sanskrit) Samjna - "Definitions: the daugher of Vishvakarma. Spouse of Vivasvan." (Hindu Mythology) samkak - "Definitions: triangle." (Korean) smd - "Definitions: to destroy, exterminate, be destroyed, be exterminated. Associated spellings/words: shamad." (Hebrew) smth - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words: 'rest' [Exodus 23:11]. Other definitions include: to release, let drop or loose or rest or fall, throw down. Associated spellings/words: shamat." SMITE - "Definitions: strike heavily or kill." SMOOTH - "Definitions: having a surface without bends, curves or irregularities. Associated spellings/words: smoo, smeoe, smethe, smeeth." sempa - "Vajra - diamond-holder. In Tibetan Dorjesempa; sempa meaning the soul, its adamantine quality referring to its indestructibility in the hereafter." (Based on: The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky - Vol. 1) samhita - "Definitions: a code of laws, e.g., the Manu Samhita [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464]. Other definitions include: joined, connected, compiled (Sanskrit); Samhitas [the 'collections' of the four Vedas]." sampo - "A magical mill that granted any wish." (Finnish Mythology) Zambu - "The World Tree known to the Mongols." samata - "Definitions: estimate." (Lithuanian) samati - "Definitions: sameness of mind." (Sanskrit) samadhi - "Samadhi (Sanskrit: ?????) in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and yogic schools is a higher level of concentrated meditation, or dhyana. In the yoga tradition, it is the eighth and final limb identified in the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali. [....]" Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi samadhi - "Definitions: a state of concentration in which all consciousness of the outer world is transcended [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464]. Other definitions include: putting together, composing, concentration (Hindu). Associated spellings/words: samadhi ['divine illumination'] (Tibetan Buddhism); samadhi (sumadhi) ['Self-Realization']; samdhya ['twilight'] (Hindu); samudaya ['arising'] (Hindu)." saMdhya - "1 (mwd) saMdhya 1 mfn. (for 2. see col. 3) being on the point of junction &c. S3Br. Gobh. Sus3r.; based on Sam2dhi or euphonic combination Pra1t. ; (%{A}) f. see next." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ saMdhya - "2 (mwd) saMdhyA 1 f. holding together, union, junction, juncture, (esp.) jñjuncture of day and night, morning or evening twilight Br. Gr2S3rS. MBh. &c.; juncture of the three divisions of the day (morning, noon, and evening) VarBr2S.; [....]" (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ saMdhya - "3 (mwd) saMdhya 2 mfn. (for 1. see col. 2) thinking about, reflecting Va1s. Sch." (mwd) = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon Link: http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ samdhya-bhasa - "Definitions: 'twilight language'. Associated spellings/words: sandha-bhasa" Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_twilight_language Zampun - "The Tibetan tree of life." SYMBOL - "Definitions: something that represents or suggests another thing. Associated spellings/words: sumbolon ['mark, token, watchword']." sampan - "Definitions: small Chinese boat. Associated spellings/words: sanpan, san ['three'] + pan ['board']." samten - "Definitions: 'concentrated absorbtion' 'Yoga of Meditative Concentration' 'contemplation'. Associated spellings/words bsam gtan." *Links: http://www.keithdowman.net/dzogchen/naturalperfection.htm http://www.jonangfoundation.org/kalachakra-practice-outline http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/sam-saq.htm samadhan - "Definitions: deep meditation, superconsciousness; a state of rapture [Julian Johnson, The Path Of The Masters, 16th printing, 1997, p. 464] (Sanskrit)." smabr - "Transliterated Hebrew spelling for the word/words 'Shemeber' [Genesis 14:2]. Other definitions include: king of Zeboiim [tsbaym]." SIMPLE - "Definitions: free from duplicity; of humble condition; ordinary, homely; devicient in knowledge; silly; with nothing added; not complex. Associated spellings/words: simplus, haploos." SAMPLE - "Definitions: example; piece or item that shows the quality of the whole. Associated spellings/words: assample, essample." SEMBLANCE - "Definitions: appearance." sampradayas - "Definitions: specific whorship traditions within Hinduism." SMUDGE - "Definitions: soil or blur by rubbing. Associated spellings/words: smutch, smooch." Semitic - "Definitions: pertaining to Semites, the descendants of Shem, the son of Noah; the language group including Aramaic, Punic (Phoenician), Hebrew, Amharic, and Arabic." sampatti - "Definitions: wealth or treasure." (Hindu) SYMPATHY - "Definitions: ability to understand or share the feelings of another. Associated spellings/words: sym + pathos ['feeling']." SYMPTOM - "Definitions: indication. Associated spellings/words: sumptoma ['chance, accident']; sumpiptein ['fall upon, happen to']; sym + piptein ['fall']; SUMP."	i don't know
The Dettifoss Waterfalls are in which country?	Dettifoss \| World Waterfall Database CATALOGED This waterfall has been surveyed, mapped and measured in person by the World Waterfall Database. Dettifoss is the largest waterfall in the Jökulsá á Fjöllum (River), as well as one of the largest (in terms of scale) in Iceland. Situated on the second step of the Jokulsargljufur - Selfoss occupies the first step just upstream - the river rumbles across a broad exposure of columnar basalt, stretching to a width of about 500 feet, and then hurtles 167 feet in a massive, immensely powerful curtain of water into the canyon below. As the river sources in several huge lobes of the massive Vatnajökull, and flows through areas of active volcanism, there is almost always a high volume of silt in the water. This causes the river to assume a color ranging from slightly gray to straight up chocolate milk during the warmest summer months. As the river plunges over the precipice the color of the water actually accentuates the power of the falls. Though the Jökulsá á Fjöllum is (apparently) on average only the third largest river by volume in Iceland, because of the height and width of the falls, Dettifoss is often considered to be the most powerful waterfall in Europe. While it may be difficult to quantify such a claim, it's hard to discount such a statement given that there are very few other waterfalls of similar or greater size on rivers of similar volume elsewhere in Europe. Signs at the falls indicate that the river's discharge averages about 14,125 cubic feet per second in the summer months, but most sources we've been able to find suggest the average annual discharge for the river is closer to 6,200 cubic feet per second, which would suggest the volume during the winter is greatly reduced from that number even (however since the roads to the falls are closed in the winter, there seems to be little information to back this up). In addition to the wildly varying volume of the river, the Jökulsá á Fjöllum has been prone to several immense Jokulhaups, or Glacial Outburst Floods, in the past. Often these floods have been instigated by volcanic activity in the Barðarbunga caldera, which lies beneath the glacier that sources the river. The canyon which forms Dettifoss was likely formed by several such floods repeatedly scouring the bedrock. Some analysis suggests that in order to account for boulders which have been deposited in certain locations throughout the canyon that the volume of water involved in such floods would have had to have been greater than the volume of the Amazon River! Obviously such an event would be short lived however. This hypothesis has achieved recent attention due to the present volcanic activity at Barðarbunga - which in fact began the day we arrived in Iceland, and two days after we visited Dettifoss the roads accessing the falls were closed off in precaution (the volcano didn't begin erupting until after we had left the country). Thus far there has been no indication of an imminent flood, however should one occur as a result of the activity, there is potential for Dettifoss to be permanently altered. Movie goers may recognize Dettifoss from the opening scene in Ridley Scott's Sci-fi film Prometheus. HISTORY AND NAMES Dettifoss is the Official name of this waterfall Our thoughts To state the obvious right up front, Dettifoss is without question the most impressive waterfall in Iceland. There really is no comparison or competition of any kind. And while we can't yet say for sure whether it is or is not truly the most powerful waterfall in Europe (if that is a metric that can even be quantified beyond hyperbole), it certainly looks and feels like it's the most powerful waterfall in Europe when you're standing right at its brink. Though it may be a long, long way from Reykjavik and the most touristy areas of the country, Dettifoss really is a must-see location for anyone visiting Iceland, die-hard waterfall hunters or otherwise. Location and directions Dettifoss is found in the northeast part of Iceland between Myvatn and Egilsstaðir, north of Highway 1. There are two roads which access the falls, one on either side of the suspension bridge along Highway 1 which spans the Jökulsá á Fjöllum, which itself is found 130km west of Egilsstaðir, or 35km east of the Reykjahið (Myvatn). Both roads are signed for Dettifoss. To reach the east side (easier access) of the falls, take Route 864 - which branches from Highway 1 just east of the bridge - north from Highway 1 for 32km, then turn left where a sign points to Dettifoss, the parking area will be found another 0.75km down the road. A trail then leads about one-third of a kilometer down to the first viewpoint, and continues further to the very brink of the falls. Note that Route 864 is gravel and as of August 2014 was in pretty rough condition (2wd vehicles are allowed on this road, it just needs to be driven slowly). To reach the west side of the falls, take Route 862 - which branches from Highway 1 about 9.5km west of the bridge - north from Highway 1 for 22km - then turn right where a sign points to Dettifoss, the parking area will be found just over 3km further. A trail then leads down to the rim of the gorge opposite the falls in another kilometer. Note that Route 862 was formerly classified as an F-Road (4wd high clearance only), but that does not appear to be the case any longer.	Iceland
Which city, whose name means 'fortification at Eidyn', was the first to host the Commonwealth Games twice?	Biggest waterfall in Iceland - Review of Dettifoss waterfall, Lake Myvatn, Iceland - TripAdvisor Review of Dettifoss waterfall 4X4 Private Tour from Akureyri See more tours on Viator “Biggest waterfall in Iceland” Reviewed September 10, 2015 Great waterfall. Approach on road 864. On the East. The 862 on west leaves a long hike to see falls Road rough Visited September 2015 Ask DOCBABE_SCOUT about Dettifoss waterfall This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. 1,249 reviews from our community Visitor rating “Big falls, everyone will see it” Reviewed September 9, 2015 This is the largest waterfall in Europe. We were impressed how accessible it is. One thing that struck us was the variety of grey. Grey stones, grey gravel, grey water and not much vegetation. The falls paired with all the grey cars in the car park made it very even. Visited September 2015 Ask AtlCanTraveller about Dettifoss waterfall This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. joycarpediem Reviewed September 9, 2015 via mobile This one is generally considered the most powerful waterfall in all of Europe and surprisingly it is in one of the most arid regions of the country. Worth the 30 km gravel road ride Visited September 2015 Ask joycarpediem about Dettifoss waterfall This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Chris C “On an island of many waterfalls this was differentiated by its sheer power” Reviewed September 9, 2015 We approached from the east as we'd read reviews warning of the amount of spray from the western side. The drive is tougher on the east side, many miles of gravel road but I believe we made the correct decision. To be able to stand at the top of the falls within (literally) touching distance of the drop was awe inspiring. Visited August 2015	i don't know
Valletta is the capital of which European country?	Valletta \| national capital, Malta \| Britannica.com national capital, Malta George Borg Olivier Valletta, also spelled Valetta, seaport and capital of Malta , on the northeast coast of the island of Malta. The nucleus of the city is built on the promontory of Mount Sceberras that runs like a tongue into the middle of a bay, which it thus divides into two harbours, Grand Harbour to the east and Marsamxett Harbour to the west. Valletta, Malta. Aerial view of seaport in Valletta, Malta. © Goodshoot/Jupiterimages Harbour area and city of Valletta, Malta. age fotostock/SuperStock Built after the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, which checked the advance of Ottoman power in southern Europe , it was named for Jean Parisot de la Valette , grand master of the order of Hospitallers (Knights of St. John of Jerusalem), and became Malta’s capital in 1570. The Hospitallers were driven out by the French in 1798, and a Maltese revolt against the French garrison led to Valletta’s seizure by the British in 1800. After 1814 the city became a strategic British Mediterranean naval and military base of the first order; it was subjected to severe bombing raids in World War II and was the place where the Italian fleet surrendered to the Allies in 1943. Sunset view of Valletta, Malta. Geoff Tompkinson/GTImage.com (A Britannica Publishing Partner) One of the most-notable buildings in Valletta is St. John’s Co-Cathedral. Formerly a conventual church belonging to the Hospitaller order, this church is outwardly austere but inwardly sumptuous and is now almost equal in rank to the archbishop’s cathedral at Mdina . Built between 1573 and 1578, it was designed by the Maltese architect Gerolamo Cassar. Other buildings by Cassar include the Palace of the Grand Masters (1574; now the residence of the president of the Republic of Malta, the seat of the House of Representatives, and the site of the armoury of the Hospitallers), the Auberge d’Aragon (1571; now home to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs), the Auberge de Provence (1571; now the National Archaeology Museum), and the Castille and León Auberge (1573; now the office of the prime minister). Of the other auberges (lodges built for every langue [nationality] of the Hospitallers), those of France and Auvergne were destroyed in World War II, and that of Italy was heavily damaged. The National Library of Malta was built in the late 18th century, the University of Malta was founded by Pope Clement VIII in 1592, the Manoel Theatre dates from 1731–32, and the National Museum of Fine Arts (opened 1974) is housed in a residence dating from 1571. St. John’s Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta. © Ralf Siemieniec/Shutterstock.com Courtyard of the Palace of the Grand Masters, Valletta, Malta; designed by Gerolamo Cassar. © Ron Gatepain (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Similar Topics	Malta
In the game of Scrabble, how many points is a 'V' tile worth?	Valletta: the Tiny Capital of Malta Travel Health and Safety Valletta: the Tiny Capital of Malta Published/Revised March 25, 2016 By Claudia Flisi This post may contain affiliate links. Please read my disclosure for more info. Share Valletta, the capital of Malta, is the smallest capital in the European Union, with a city population of about 6,400. (The whole country is only twice the physical size of the US capital city of Washington, D.C.). It was founded by Jean de Valette, Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, in 1566, because of its strategic location between two deep harbors, one of them the deepest in Europe. View from above the Gun Saluting Battery of Upper Barrakka Gardens Its compact size, signage in English, and seaside location are ideal for picturesque walking tours, and Valletta has become a popular port of call for cruise ships in the Mediterranean. This popularity has led to the proliferation of schlock shops selling eight-pointed crosses, “hand-embroidered” lace doilies, beer by the cup and pizza-by-the-slice along the town’s main east-west streets. Nevertheless, there are many genuine attractions to be found in this Lilliputian town. Valletta Attractions Start with the entrance, which was completely revamped by Italian architect Renzo Piano and completed in 2015. The original gate and bridge to the town had been designed to suggest strength and power, befitting its military origins. These qualities had been diluted with many modifications over the centuries. The Piano project re-established the grandeur of the City Gate, re-landscaped the moat, created an open-air theater area within the ruins of the former Royal Opera House (destroyed by a bomb in World War II), and constructed a new Parliament building. The modern steps of Renzo Piano’s renovation echo medieval streets The remaining architectural “feel” of the city is Baroque, befitting its 16th century origins. It was one of the first planned cities of Europe, and has a simple grid of streets running north-south and east-west. Arguably its most important attraction is St. John’s Co-Cathedral, built by the Knights of Malta with a sober, fortress-like façade, but an ornate interior including the only signed painting by Italian master Caravaggio. This is one of 24 churches in Valletta, including two for Protestants. The architectural melange found in Valletta A private home version of the Baroque era is on display at Casa Rocca Piccola, the 16th century home of a noble Italian who was also a Knight of Malta. The same family still owns the property but have transformed it into a museum, complete with restaurant and gift shop. If you are curious about the lifestyles of the rich and famous dating from 1646, this is a good way to satisfy that curiosity. Other museums worthy of attention are the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Archeology, the Grandmaster’s Palace Armory Museum, the War Museum, and the Toy Museum. Streets in Valletta can be steep and narrow The Upper and Lower Barrakka Gardens overlook the Grand Harbor. Locals as well as tourists come here for recreational strolls and so did the original visitors to the gardens – Italian members of the Knights of Malta. Greek revival temples in the Upper Barrakka Gardens Recreation of another sort can be found in Valletta’s clubs and bars. Late singer David Bowie sang at one of the most famous, Café Premier, and a snippet of Valletta at Carnival time appears in a Paul McCartney music video. Strait Street is a gentrifying area where many up-and-coming night spots can be found. Some streets in Valletta rival those of San Francisco Just south of Valletta proper, a short photogenic ferry ride away, are the three fortified cities of Birgu (also known as Vittoriosa), Senglea , and Cospicua (also known as Bormia). They predate Valletta by centuries: Birgu, the oldest, dates back to the Phoenician conquest. The street names are largely what remains of the original settlements, as most buildings were destroyed by Axis bombings in World War II, and subsequently rebuilt. The ports and harbors of the Three Cities sport open-air restaurants and cafés, ideal locations for people and boat watching in pleasant weather (which is most of the time). postcard-perfect port in the Three Cities South of the Three Cities, an easily-walked distance, lie two of Malta’s most outstanding treasures – the underground Hypogeum in Paola and the above- ground temples of Tarzxien. These UNESCO World Heritage sites bear witness to the mysterious Neolithic culture that created them some 3,000 years BC and then, inexplicably, vanished. Visits to the Hypogeum are strictly controlled; only 10 visitors an hour are allowed and you must reserve in advance for your € 30 per person tickets. In the winter, that can mean a week or 10 days. In high season you need to book two months ahead. If you think that requires too much advance planning, keep in mind that Valletta will be recognized as a European Capital of Culture in 2018. The whole area is already gearing up for the celebration, and what may seem like long waits now could be interminable by then. Meanwhile, off-season is the best way to tap this capital’s cultural delights. Written by and photos by Claudia Flisi for EuropeUpClose.com More Travel Tips	i don't know
"In the Bible's Old Testament Book of Proverbs, what is stated to be more precious than rubies, better than silver and gold, and ""...all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto her...""?"	Proverbs 3:15 She is more precious than rubies; nothing you desire can compare with her. Matthew Henry Commentary 3:13-20 No precious jewels or earthly treasures are worthy to be compared with true wisdom, whether the concerns of time or eternity be considered. We must make wisdom our business; we must venture all in it, and be willing to part with all for it. This Wisdom is the Lord Jesus Christ and his salvation, sought and obtained by faith and prayer. Were it not for unbelief, remaining sinfulness, and carelessness, we should find all our ways pleasantness, and our paths peace, for his are so; but we too often step aside from them, to our own hurt and grief. Christ is that Wisdom, by whom the worlds were made, and still are in being; happy are those to whom he is made of God wisdom. He has wherewithal to make good all his promises.	Wisdom
What is the process in which hair and small blemishes are removed from the body by the application of heat using electric current?	Proverbs - Chapter 3 - Coffman's Commentary of the New Testament on StudyLight.org My son, forget not my law; But let thy heart keep my commandments: For length of days, and years of life, And peace will they add to thee. Let not kindness and truth forsake thee; Bind them about thy neck; Write them upon the tablet of thy heart: So shalt thou find favor and good understanding In the sight of God and man. Trust in Jehovah with all thy heart, And lean not upon thine own understanding: In all thy ways acknowledge him, And he will direct thy paths. Be not wise in thine own eyes; Fear Jehovah, and depart from evil: It will be health to thy navel, And marrow to thy bones. Honor Jehovah with thy substance, And with the first-fruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, And thy vats shall overflow with new wine." Verses 1-10 My son, forget not my law; But let thy heart keep my commandments: For length of days, and years of life, And peace, will they add to thee. Let not kindness and truth forsake thee: Bind them about thy neck; Write them upon the tablet of thy heart: So shalt thou find favor and good understanding In the sight of God and man. Trust in Jehovah with all thy heart, And lean not upon thine own understanding: In all thy ways acknowledge him, And he will direct thy paths. Be not wise in thine own eyes; Fear Jehovah, and depart from evil: It will be health to thy navel, And marrow to thy bones. Honor Jehovah with thy substance, And with the first-fruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, And thy vats shall overflow with new wine. ( Proverbs 3:1 ). Harris wrote that, These words are not to be pressed as a reference to Moses' law; F3 but we believe that the word [~torah] (the Hebrew word which is translated law) here could hardly refer to anything else. The same writer admitted that there is probably an allusion to Exo. 20:12 in the following verse; and Walls pointed out that, The reference to first-fruits in Prov. 3:9 points back to the Mosaic Law in Deut. 26, where the worshipper was commanded to bring each year as an offering to God the first-fruits of his fields and flocks. F4 There are definite reflections of the Book of Genesis in Prov. 3:19-20. Also, as Kidner wrote, The term [~torah] as used here is the Jewish name for the Pentateuch. F5 We have often pointed out that practically the whole Bible from the end of Deuteronomy to Malachi is written in the shadow of the Law of Moses, the nearest thing to an exception to that being the Book of Job. There is certainly nothing in the Book of Proverbs that diminishes that conviction. Length of days, years of life, and peace ( Proverbs 3:2 ). These are the blessings that come of right living. F6 Some profess not to believe this, but it is true. See Christ's promise ( Mark 10:30 ). In spite of exceptions, this is the divine law; and whenever there are variations from it, they are clue to the element of chance that happens to all men ( Ecclesiastes 9:11 ), to divine chastening, to the devices of Satan, to the exercise by wicked men of the freedom of their will, or to the curse that rests upon the earth for Adam's sake. The most obvious proof of this is the fact that the material prosperity of every nation on earth is directly related to the degree of their acceptance of Christianity. Just take a look at the wretched squalor of those countries where God's Word is not honored! Let not kindness and truth forsake thee ( Proverbs 3:3 ). The KJV reads mercy and truth, and the RSV reads loyalty and faithfulness. Neither of the more recent versions is any improvement over the King James in this passage. Cook noted that, Mercy shuts out all selfishness and hate, and that truth shuts out all falsehood, hypocrisy and deceit. F7 Write them upon the tablet of thy heart ( Proverbs 3:3 ). This is simply a metaphor that means, Whatever you do, do not forget the commandments of the Lord. The literalizing of such passages as this resulted in the phylacteries worn by the Pharisees. Favor. in the sight of God and man ( Proverbs 3:4 ). This verse brings to mind Luke 2:52, where it is said that Jesus increased in favor with God and men. Christian character blesses and beautifies human personality; and the people who live godly lives are instinctively loved, trusted, and favored by their fellow mortals. The devil's caricature of a godly person as a disagreeable old sour-puss is a malicious and ridiculous exaggeration. Trust in Jehovah with all thy heart. etc ( Proverbs 3:5-6 ). Any preacher of the gospel can identify with the words of McGee on this passage. In any religious service where people are invited to quote favorite passages of scripture, these verses are invariably quoted. F8 These beautiful lines deserve the loving appreciation that has been lavished upon them. In all thy ways acknowledge him ( Proverbs 3:6 ). Not merely in acts of solemn worship, or in great crisis only, but in all thy ways, acknowledge the Lord. F9 Many people turn to God, acknowledge him by their prayers and supplications in times of great anxiety, distress or danger; but the true servant of God continually acknowledges God, without intermission, during long years that may progress evenly without emergency or crisis, doing so as a constant way of life, never deviating from the constant worship on Lord's Days. Be not wise in thine own eyes ( Proverbs 3:7 ). The great hindrance to all true wisdom is the conceit that one has already attained it. F10 This same warning is given repeatedly in Proverbs. He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool ( Proverbs 28:26 ). True wisdom is found only in the Lord and in his holy word. True confidence cannot be placed in one's own ability to think and act; the fear (and obedience) of Jehovah is the real basis of confidence. F11 The world boasts many men who are allegedly wise; "But we cannot be truly wise unless we renounce all dependence upon our own wisdom and become fools, depending fully upon the Lord." F12 Something like this is what Jesus meant when he said, "Let a man deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me" ( Matthew 16:24 ). Isaiah wrote, "Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes" ( Proverbs 5:21 ); and the same precept was advocated by Paul, "Be not wise in your own conceits" ( Romans 12:16 ). It will be health to thy navel ( Proverbs 3:8 ). Here we have another ridiculous emendation in the RSV that gives us the word flesh instead of navel. If translators would stop trying to tell us what the Holy Spirit was trying to say, and give us what he actually said, it would greatly expedite Biblical interpretation. As Adam Clarke stated it, There is no better translation of the Hebrew word here than navel. F13 The meaning of this is that, Just as the umbilical cord (of which the navel is a part) is the only source of life and growth for the unborn child, so also that wisdom that comes from God is the only source of life and growth for God's servant. F14 Honor Jehovah with your substance ( Proverbs 3:9 ). This means simply, Don't forget to give to God's work as the Scriptures command. The word first-fruits in this same verse recalls Deut. 28:4; 26:2; and Amos 6:6. The promise in Prov. 3:10 agrees with Deut. 28:8 and Mal. 3:10-12. F15 Thus we have further confirmation of the truth that the entire Old Testament from Deuteronomy to Malachi carries countless reflections of the Pentateuch. So shall thy barns be filled with plenty ( Proverbs 3:10 ). See under Prov. 3:2 above, for a discussion of the prosperity that God promises his faithful. The passage cited above by Tate from the Book of Malachi is another Old Testament witness to the same truth. Wilson cited Prov. 3:9-10 here as an example of the parallelism in Proverbs in which the first clause is elaborated in succeeding lines that extend or explain the meaning. F16 Of course, there are far more wonderful blessings that result from the faithful service of God than material prosperity. The remaining verses in the chapter carry the reminder of better prizes than prosperity. F17 HAPPINESS AND BLESSING OF THOSE WHO TRUST IN GOD My son, despise not the chastening of Jehovah; Neither be weary of his reproof: For whom Jehovah loveth he reproveth, Even as the father the son in whom he delighteth. Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, And the man that getteth understanding. For the gaining of it is better than silver, And the profit thereof than fine gold. She is more precious than rubies: And none of the things that thou canst desire are to be compared unto her. Length of days is in her right hand; In her left hand are riches and honor. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, And all her paths are peace. She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her: And happy is every one that retaineth her. Jehovah, thy Wisdom founded the earth; By understanding he established the heavens. By his knowledge the depths were broken up, And the skies drop down the dew." In this paragraph are enumerated a number of the marvelous blessings of trusting in the Lord which far exceed and surpass any material prosperity. Happiness, peace, pleasantness, honor, length of days -- these are the things more profitable than silver or gold. "These are truly `the good things' of life, the blessings which all men are seeking." F18 Verses 11-20 My son, despise not the chastening of Jehovah; Neither be weary of his reproof: For whom Jehovah loveth he reproveth; Even as a father the son in whom he delighteth. Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, And the man that getteth understanding. For the gaining of it is better than the gaining of silver, And the profit thereof than fine gold. She is more precious than rubies: And none of the things thou canst desire are to be compared unto her. Length of days is in her right hand; In her left hand are riches and honor. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, And all her paths are peace. She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her: And happy is every one that retaineth her. Jehovah by wisdom founded the earth; By understanding he established the heavens. By his knowledge the depths were broken up, And the skies drop down the dew. ( Proverbs 3:11 ). This understanding of the utility of sufferings and misfortunes borne by the righteous, Is the same solution to that problem that was proposed by both Eliphaz (Job 5:17f) and Elihu. F19 And, although their understanding of it as it regarded the miseries of Job was inaccurate, it is nevertheless one of the valid reasons why God causes his saints to pass through afflictions. "God's people, like Jonah, may fall into sin and fall asleep in the storm; but for those whom God's loves, he will send some terrible tempest to awaken them. The true Christian is thankful for the very afflictions that some despise, because he is able to use them as the occasion for his complete return to duty." F20 "Heb. 12:5-6 quotes this passage verbatim from the Septuagint (LXX) and Sinaiticus Versions of the Old Testament." F21 For further commentary on the subject of Chastening, we refer to Vol. 10 in our New Testament Commentaries (Hebrews), pp. 293-296. Happy is the man that findeth wisdom ( Proverbs 3:13 ). Tate observed that here there are two elements in the admonition regarding wisdom: This verse speaks of finding wisdom; and Prov. 3:18 says `Happy is the man that retaineth it. F22 The gaining of it (wisdom) is better than the gaining of silver ( Proverbs 3:14 ). We like Kidner's terse comment on this that, Wisdom will make you richer than money ever will. F23 This writer is deeply impressed with the personification of Wisdom in Prov. 3:15-16; and we have taken the liberty of capitalizing Wisdom here. To the Christian "Christ is our Wisdom" ( 1 Corinthians 1:30 ); and, as Tate observed, "There is presumed some degree of an independent existence of Wisdom which antedates the creation of the universe ( Proverbs 3:19-20 )." F24 This harmonizes completely with the fact of God's having created all things by Jesus Christ our Lord ( Hebrews 1:2 ). Cook also noted that, "This passage is a link in the chain which connects the Wisdom mentioned here with the Divine Word ([@Logos]) of John 1:3; and therefore this passage takes its place among the proofs of the dogmatic statements of the Nicene Creed." F25 She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her ( Proverbs 3:18 ). The Book of Proverbs is the only book in the Bible that mentions the tree of life except the first (Genesis) and last (Revelation). F26 Other references in Proverbs to the tree of life are Prov. 11;30; 13:12; and Prov. 15:4. This first section of Proverbs (Prov. 1--9) exists in the format of some ten speeches, most of them beginning with the words, "My son." Walls pointed out that, "The 3rd, 4th, and 5th of these speeches begin in Prov. 3:1,11,21 in this chapter." F27 We have now come to this fifth speech. THE CONFIDENCE AND SECURITY OF THOSE WHO WALK WITH GOD My son, let them not depart from thine eyes; Keep sound wisdom and discretion: So shall they be life unto thy soul, And grace to thy neck. Then shalt thou walk in thy way securely, And thy foot shall not stumble. When thou liest down, thou shalt not be afraid: Yea, thou shalt lie down, and thy sleep shall be sweet. Be not afraid of sudden fear, Neither the desolation of the wicked, when it cometh: For Jehovah will be thy confidence, And will keep thy foot from being taken. Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, When it is in the power of thy hand to do it. Say not unto thy neighbor, Go, and come again, And tomorrow I will give; When thou hast it by thee. Devise not evil against thy neighbor, Seeing he dwelleth securely by thee. Strive not with a man without cause, If he have done thee no harm. Envy thou not the man of violence, And choose none of his ways. For the perverse is an abomination to Jehovah; But his friendship is with the upright. The curse of Jehovah is in the house of the wicked; But he blesseth the habitation of the righteous. Surely he scoffeth at the scoffers; But he giveth grace unto the lowly. The wise shall inherit glory; But shame shall be the promotion of fools." "We have been watching celestial processes, but here we are brought firmly back to earth." F28 Not only did the previous paragraph speak of the Creation; but the separation of the beneficial waters by the heavens, dividing those beneath from those above, appeared in the mention of `the depths' and the `dew from the skies' ( Proverbs 3:19-20 ). Verses 21-35 My son, let them not depart from thine eyes; Keep sound wisdom and discretion: So shall they be life unto thy soul, And grace to thy neck. Then shalt thou walk in thy way securely, And thy foot shall not stumble. When thou liest down, thou shalt not be afraid: Yea, thou shalt lie down, and thy sleep shall be sweet. Be not afraid of sudden fear, Neither of the desolation of the wicked, when it cometh: For Jehovah will be thy confidence, And will keep thy foot from being taken. Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, When it is in the power of thy hand to do it. Say not unto thy neighbor, Go, and come again, And to-morrow I will give; When thou hast it by thee. Devise not evil against thy neighbor, Seeing he dwelleth securely by thee. Strive not with a man without cause, If he have done thee no harm. Envy thou not the man of violence, And choose none of his ways. For the perverse is an abomination to Jehovah; But his friendship is with the upright. The curse of Jehovah is in the house of the wicked; But he blesseth the habitation of the righteous. Surely he scoffeth at the scoffers; But he giveth grace unto the lowly. The wise shall inherit glory; But shame shall be the promotion of fools. ( Proverbs 3:21-22 ). The main thrust here is the security that wisdom gives. F29 The plural `them' refers to both wisdom and discretion. There is also a stern warning here that wisdom and discretion may be lost, escape, slip away, or depart from thine eyes. Therefore a constant guard must be posted against such a disaster. Then shalt thou walk in thy way securely ( Proverbs 3:23 ). Here it becomes very clear that wisdom means walking with God, F30 doing his will, keeping his commandments, and doing so continually. Lawton reminds us that, "No wisdom is sound that is not taught in the Word of God. Some kinds of wisdom highly esteemed in the world are not merely useless, but folly." F31 Withhold not good from them to whom it is due ( Proverbs 3:27 ). These verses ( Proverbs 3:27-35 ) are declared by Tate to, Have little or no direct connection, F32 with the preceding verses. He made this a separate paragraph on, Being a Good Neighbor! Deane also wrote that these verses are, A sixth admonitory address which demonstrates the conditions upon which wisdom and happiness are to be attained. It consists of a number of detached proverbs. F33 In these final verses of the chapter, we are impressed with the fact that, "The value of the Book of Proverbs is its revelation of the application of wisdom to all sorts and conditions of people, and to the ordinary affairs of human life." F34 The curse of Jehovah is in the house of the wicked ( Proverbs 3:33 ). It is not only the physical dwelling which is meant here, but especially the `family' or `household' of the wicked; but it appears from Zech. 5:3-4 that the physical residence of the wicked is also included. This curse continues from generation to generation, the source of ever-recurring woes. F35 Surely he (God) scoffeth at the scoffers ( Proverbs 3:34 ). This is also rendered, He scorneth the scorners. The word from which these translations come has many overtones of wickedness. It is one of the many synonyms for a wicked man. It carries the meaning of arrogant; and the opposite of it is `lowly' or `humble.' F36 "It is pride that makes men scorners; men having an overweening conceit of themselves are likely to behave insolently toward others. Nebuchadnezzar, Haman, and Herod are Biblical examples of this wickedness." F37 Footnotes for Proverbs 3	i don't know
What is the edible sea snail of the genus Haliotis, which has an ear-shaped shell with a pearly interior?	Ear-shell - definition of ear-shell by The Free Dictionary Ear-shell - definition of ear-shell by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ear-shell Noun 1. ear-shell - any of various large edible marine gastropods of the genus Haliotis having an ear-shaped shell with pearly interior Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Abalone
The fundamental philosophical and devotional epic stories Mahabharata and Ramayana originated in Sanskrit in which ancient country?	abalone nedir, ne demek, abalone anlamı - Sesli Sözlük teriminin İngilizce İngilizce sözlükte anlamı An edible univalve mollusc of the genus Haliotis, having a shell lined with mother-of-pearl A mollusc whose shell is iridescent on the inside Abalone is a source of mother of pearl which is used in jewellery making Also known for its delicious edible flesh Mollusk; layered, iridescent blue-green interior of shell is carved or cut and used for inlay work, jewelry and small carvings A large mollusk A univalve, or non filtered feeder, unlike a bivalve They are immune to red tides and dont build up bacteria in polluted waters Farm raised in California, Mexico and Japan Fresh are extremely expensive Shell is the source of Mother-of-Pearl a GASTROPOD MOLLUSK found along the coastlines of California, Mexico and Japan The edible portion is the adductor muscle, a broad foot by which the abalone clings to rocks As with any muscle, the meat is tough and must be pounded to tenderize it before cooking Abalone, used widely in Chinese and Japanese cooking, can be purchased fresh, canned, dried or salted any of various large edible marine gastropods of the genus Haliotis having an ear-shaped shell with pearly interior A mollusk, related to a sea snail, similar in flavor to a clam It may be cooked by various methods and is best suited to very long or very short cooking times Also called "Awabi" in Japanese cuisine and "Loco" in South American cuisine It has been over-harvested and is very expensive when available A small amount is being commercial raised ttouch - large, flat-hand TTouch that uses the entire hand, except for the very center of the palm, to move a larger area of of the skin A less-invasive type of touch, useful to prepare a horse for cinch, surcingle - encourages breathing A mollusk that is popular ingredient in Chinese and Japanese dishes In China it is featured in Cantonese cooking Abalone is a member of the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flat shell It is available fresh, dried, or canned In dried form it must be soaked for several days before using A univalve mollusk of the genus Haliotis Abalone is a shellfish that you can eat and that has a shiny substance called mother-of-pearl inside its shell. a kind of shellfish which is used as food and whose shell contains mother-of-pearl. Any of several marine snail species (genus Haliotis, family Haliotidae), found in warm seas worldwide. The outer surface of the single shell has a row of small holes, most of which fill in as the animal grows; some remain open as outlets for waste products. Abalones range from 4 to 10 in. (10-25 cm) across and up to 3 in. (8 cm) deep. The largest is the 12 in. (30 cm) abalone (H. rufescens). The shell's lustrous, iridescent interior is used in ornaments, and the large muscular foot is eaten as a delicacy. Commercial abalone fisheries exist in California, Mexico, Japan, and South Africa The shell is lined with mother-of-pearl, and used for ornamental purposes; the sea-ear Several large species are found on the coast of California, clinging closely to the rocks	i don't know
What was the tribe of ancient Britons of Eastern England whose queen was Boudica (Boadicea)?	Boudicca: Warrior Queen of the Iceni Boudicca: Warrior Queen of the Iceni By Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor \| May 31, 2013 05:43pm ET MORE Credit: Claudio Divizia Shutterstock Boudicca (also spelled Boudica or Boudicea) was the queen of the Iceni, a tribe based in modern day Norfolk, in eastern England. In A.D. 60, she led a revolt against the Romans that resulted in the destruction of two (possibly three) Roman settlements and almost drove the empire off the island. Much of what we know about her comes from two Roman writers, Publius Cornelius Tacitus (A.D. 56-117) and Cassius Dio (A.D. 150-235). The revolt began after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, around A.D. 60. Tacitus writes that the Romans seized Iceni property, flogged Boudicca and raped her two daughters. She then raised an army and led a rebellion against the Romans which, after initial success, was crushed at the Battle of Watling Street. For a society as patriarchal as imperial Rome, the fact that a woman had succeeded in killing so many Romans was disconcerting to say the least. “Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame,” wrote Dio (translation by Earnest Cary, through penelope.uchicago.edu ). The only physical description of Boudicca that survives comes from Dio. Although it may not be accurate, it leaves readers with the impression that Boudicca was a determined war leader. “In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire ...” wrote Dio, who added that she clutched a spear when she spoke to her people. Dio (unlike Tacitus) doesn’t mention the flogging of Boudicca, or the rape of her daughters, and claims the uprising was over a Roman loan. The Romans and the Iceni The Roman Empire, under Emperor Claudius, launched a successful invasion of Britain in A.D. 43 with an army estimated to be around 40,000 men. Military campaigns had been launched by earlier Roman leaders against the Brits (one notably led by Julius Caesar) but this time the Romans were here to stay. [ Related: Hadrian's Wall: Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire ] Claudius’ force didn’t try and defeat every British tribe. Several leaders offered to make their kingdoms “client-states” of Rome. This basically meant that as long as their leaders lived, and did Rome’s bidding when asked, they could maintain some level of sovereignty within the Roman Empire. The Iceni were one of the tribes who agreed to this arrangement and they remained a client state of Rome up until the death of Prasutagus around A.D. 60. The Iceni, at the time of the Roman invasion, were a wealthy people (as evidenced by hoards of precious metals that have been found) whose leaders had been minting coins for nearly a century. Some of the earliest Iceni coins show an image of what Miranda Aldhouse-Green, a Cardiff University professor, calls a “snapping wolf,” a choice that may offer an insight into the psyche of these people. The “wolf is both a wild creature, a potential enemy to humans, and also lives and hunts in packs; it therefore may have acted as a symbol of independent solidarity,” she writes in her book, "Boudica Britannia: Rebel, War-Leader and Queen" (Pearson Education, 2006). She also notes that the Iceni people also kept making ceramics by hand, even though they had access to the potter’s wheel. Even before Boudicca, the Iceni’s client-state relationship with Rome was problematic. In A.D. 47, a short-lived unsuccessful revolt was launched by the Iceni against Rome. This rebellion may have led to the elevation of Prasutagus to the leadership of the tribe, perhaps being seen by the Romans as a leader who could keep the Iceni in line. Aldhouse-Green notes that the design of the coins minted by Prasutagus appear to strike a balance between showing the tribe’s allegiance to Rome and displaying a degree of independence, as if Prasutagus was trying to walk a fine line between the two sides. The coins “are imitations of early Neronian issues and their obverse depicts a high-relief portrait that closely resembles Nero himself,” she writes, “the reverse redresses the cultural balance and bear a very un-Roman design of a fantastic horse, a motif common to a range of tribal rulers’ coinage.” Even in his will, Prasutagus tried to strike a balance between the Iceni and the Romans. In it he left his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman emperor Nero. The exclusion of Boudicca in his will has led historians to speculate that, even when her husband was still alive, the Iceni queen held strong anti-Roman views. This client-state arrangement came crashing down upon the death of Prasutagus, however, with the Romans treating the Iceni, Boudicca and her daughters terribly. His “kingdom was plundered by centurions, his house by slaves, as if they were the spoils of war. First, his wife Boudicea was scourged (flogged), and his daughters outraged. All the chief men of the Iceni, as if Rome had received the whole country as a gift, were stripped of their ancestral possessions, and the king's relatives were made slaves...” wrote Tacitus (Translation by Alfred John Church, through Perseus Digital Library ) Initial success With her kingdom’s independence lost, her daughters raped, and herself having been personally flogged, Boudicca had had enough. She raised an army, gaining supporting from another aggrieved tribe known as the Trinovantes. 'Boadicea Haranguing the Britons (called Boudicca, or Boadicea),' by William Sharp, after John Opie line engraving, published 1793. Credit: National Portrait Gallery, London She focused her wrath on the Roman settlements of Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester) and Londinium (London), burning both of them to the ground. Archaeologists have found evidence of the fires her forces lit. “At Camulodunum and Londinium the results of the Boudican revolt may be compared, on a smaller scale, with those of the volcanic eruptions that smothered Pompeii and Herculaneum,” write researchers Richard Hingley and Christina Unwin in their book, "Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen" (Cambridge University Press, 2005). The towns were destroyed. In addition, Tacitus claims that Boudicca also destroyed the town of Verulamium, although the archaeological evidence for this is less clear. Boudicca was helped by the fact that at the time her rebellion was launched much of the Roman army in Britain was on the Isle of Anglesey, in Wales, destroying a Druid site at Mona. This meant that, for awhile, the rebels would only encounter small numbers of Roman troops. After her successes, Dio records, Boudicca’s army had swelled to 230,000 people, a figure that was probably exaggerated. Battle of Watling Street University of Leicester professor David Mattingly writes that the Roman commander on the island, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, amassed what forces he could, numbering perhaps only 10,000 men. He gave battle to Boudicca somewhere near Watling Street, an ancient road on the island. While Paulinus was heavily outnumbered, he did have several other advantages. His legionnaires were well trained, equipped and probably battle hardened. Boudicca’s forces on the other hand were anything but. In “a fast-moving rebellion there was neither time to fabricate large numbers of arms, nor, evidently, was there the opportunity for rebel forces to pillage major stockpiles of Roman weaponry,” Mattingly writes in his book "An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire" (Penguin Books, 2006). He notes that while a “core” of Boudica’s army was properly armed “many of the rebels will have had no body armour and will have been provided with makeshift weapons, such as agricultural tools.” Additionally, while scholars don’t know precisely where Paulinus engaged Boudicca, we know from Tacitus that it was in a “narrow defile” with a forest at the rear. This meant that Boudicca could not bring her superior numbers to bear on the Roman forces. Also, Tacitus notes that Boudicca made a tactical mistake in placing her supply wagons close to the front lines, blocking her troops when they had to retreat. The Roman legions started the battle by launching spears at the British. These spears would have killed some Brits and hit the shields of others, possibly sticking to them and rendering them useless. Then the Roman troops “rushed out in a wedge-like column. Similar was the onset of the auxiliaries, while the cavalry with extended lances broke through all who offered a strong resistance.” The rebels tried to flee but “flight proved difficult, because the surrounding wagons had blocked retreat,” writes Tacitus. The Romans massacred all who they could, even killing the animals which the rebels used to move their supplies. The battle over, Tacitus said that Boudicca took poison to avoid being captured, while Dio said that she died of illness (possibly from a wound). Mattingly writes that Paulinus then “set about re-subjugating the implicated areas by ‘fire and sword’ and this extended not only to the most hostile peoples, but also even to those who had simply wavered in their loyalty.” Britain would remain part of the Roman Empire until the fifth century A.D. when the western half of the empire collapsed. Boudicca today While Boudicca’s rebellion failed to drive the Romans out of Britain, the Iceni queen has become something of a modern-day heroine. [ Related: Camelot, King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table ] “Boudicca has become an icon of British national history and is now a symbol not only of British freedom but also of women’s power,” writes University of Newcastle researcher Marguerite Johnson in her book "Boudicca" (Bristol Classic Press, 2012). “She has been painted and sculpted; she has ‘starred’ in films and has been the protagonist of numerous books, both of an academic and fictional nature.” In 1902, not long after the death of Queen Victoria, who was the longest reigning monarch in British history, a statue of Boudicca was unveiled next to Westminster Bridge in London. Standing in her war chariot, and clutching a spear, it shows the Iceni queen ready to take on the might of Rome.	Iceni
What is the capital of Ghana?	1000+ images about Boudicca/Boadicea on Pinterest \| Emperor, Alex kingston and British Forward Boudicca was the wife of Prasutagus, who was head of the Iceni tribe in East England, in what is now Norfolk and Suffolk. She led 100,000 who attacked Camulodunum (now Colchester), where the Roman HQ was. Suetonius most of the Roman forces were gone leaving Camulodunum undefended. The Romans Procurator Decianus fled. Her army burned the joint to the ground; only the Roman temple was left. See more	i don't know
What is the African antelope whose male of the species have lyre-shaped horns?	antelope \| mammal \| Britannica.com Antelope springbok Antelope, any of numerous Old World grazing and browsing hoofed mammals belonging to the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla ). Antelopes account for over two-thirds of the approximately 135 species of hollow-horned ruminants (cud chewers) in the family Bovidae, which also includes cattle , sheep , and goats . One antelope, the Indian blackbuck , bears the Latin name Antilope cervicapra; nevertheless, antelope is not a taxonomic name but a catchall term for an astonishing variety of ruminating ungulates ranging in size from the diminutive royal antelope (2 kg [4 pounds]) to the giant eland (800 kg [1,800 pounds]). (The North American pronghorn antelope looks and acts much like a gazelle but belongs in a separate family, the Antilocapridae.) Africa, with some 71 species, is the continent of antelopes. Only 14 species inhabit the entire continent of Asia, and all but three of them are members of the gazelle tribe (Antilopini). Seven different kinds of antelopes: the gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), the impala … Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Appearance and behaviour As in all of Bovidae, all male antelopes have horns , which range from the short spikes of duikers to the corkscrew horns (more than 160 cm [63 inches] long) of the greater kudu . Two-thirds of female antelopes bear horns; they are invariably thinner and usually shorter than those of the male. In gregarious species in which both sexes regularly associate in mixed herds, the horns are similarly shaped, and in female oryxes and elands they are often longer. Zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra). artiodactyl: Antelopes have adapted to many different ecological niches and so vary in their size, shape, locomotion, diet, social organization, and antipredator strategy. Despite the diversity of adaptations , one important generalization can be made: there is a marked difference between antelopes of closed habitats and those of open habitats. The former (e.g., duikers, reedbucks , and bushbucks ) are mostly small to medium-sized animals adapted for movement through undergrowth, with overdeveloped hindquarters, a rounded back, and short legs. This conformation is adapted to quick starts and a bounding, dodging run, which is how cover-dependent antelopes whose first line of defense is concealment try to escape predators that chance to find them. Their coloration is camouflaging. They are solitary, living alone or in mated pairs on home ranges defended as territories, and they are browsers of foliage rather than grazers of grass. By contrast, antelopes of open habitats are mostly medium to large grass eaters. They are built for speed, having level backs with long, equally developed limbs (or with higher shoulders, as in the hartebeest tribe). Their coloration is revealing. They have a gregarious social organization and a mating system based on male territoriality (except in the kudu tribe). Bohor reedbucks (Redunca redunca). Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Taxonomists assign antelopes to three subfamilies and 10 tribes that differ from one another as much as cattle (tribe Bovini) differ from sheep and goats (tribe Caprini). Yet antelopes are linked to both cattle and goats: the spiral-horned antelopes (tribe Tragelaphini, which includes the oxlike eland), are placed in the subfamily Bovinae together with cattle and the tribe Boselaphini, which includes the big nilgai and the little four-horned antelope. Although gazelles and their allies (including the blackbuck) are placed in a different subfamily (Antilopinae) from sheep and goats (Caprinae), several Asian bovids that look and behave like antelopes have been shown by DNA evidence to be caprines, notably the chiru , or Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), while three species, the Mongolian gazelle, the Tibetan gazelle, and Przewalski’s gazelle, were placed in the genus Procapra for their caprine affinities . Common eland (Taurotragus oryx). antelope - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) The term antelope is zoologically somewhat imprecise. It refers to a variety of cud-chewing hoofed animals. Antelopes belong to the family Bovidae, which also includes cattle, sheep, and goats. Of the Bovidae, there are about 50 kinds of animals considered antelopes, such as the gazelle, the impala, and the wildebeest. (The North American pronghorn antelope looks and acts much like a gazelle but is not closely related to the antelopes. It belongs in a separate family, the Antilocapridae.) Most antelopes are native to Africa. Along with general similarities in appearance, all antelopes are browsing and grazing animals. Article Contributors	Impala
What is the Roman numeral LXXXVIII?	Antelope - definition of antelope by The Free Dictionary Antelope - definition of antelope by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/antelope Related to antelope: Saiga Antelope an·te·lope n. pl. antelope or an·te·lopes 1. a. Any of various swift-running ruminant mammals of the family Bovidae, native to Africa and Eurasia and having unbranched horns. b. A pronghorn. 2. Leather made from antelope hide. [Middle English, a savage-looking heraldic beast with hoofs and sawlike horns (possibly originally based on the Arabian oryx), ultimately (partly via Old French antelop) from Medieval Latin anthalopus, from Late Greek antholops, of unknown origin.] antelope (ˈæntɪˌləʊp) n, pl -lopes or -lope 1. (Animals) any bovid mammal of the subfamily Antilopinae, of Africa and Asia. They are typically graceful, having long legs and horns, and include the gazelles, springbok, impala, gerenuk, blackbuck, and dik-diks 2. (Animals) any of various similar bovids of Africa and Asia 3. (Animals) American antelope another name for pronghorn [C15: from Old French antelop, from Medieval Latin antalopus, from Late Greek antholops a legendary beast] an•te•lope (ˈæn tlˌoʊp) n., pl. -lopes, (esp. collectively) -lope. 1. any of several ruminants of the family Bovidae, chiefly of Africa and Asia, having permanent, hollow, unbranched horns. 3. leather made from the hide of an antelope. [1400–50; < Middle French < Medieval Latin antalopus < Medieval Greek anthólops a fabulous beast] an`te•lo′pi•an, an`te•lo′pine (-pɪn, -paɪn) adj. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. antelope - graceful Old World ruminant with long legs and horns directed upward and backward; includes gazelles; springboks; impalas; addax; gerenuks; blackbucks; dik-diks Antilope cervicapra , black buck , blackbuck - common Indian antelope with a dark back and spiral horns gerenuk , Litocranius walleri - slender East African antelope with slim neck and backward-curving horns addax , Addax nasomaculatus - large antelope with lightly spiraled horns of desert regions of northern Africa gnu , wildebeest - large African antelope having a head with horns like an ox and a long tufted tail dik-dik - any of several small antelopes of eastern Africa of the genus Madoqua; the size of a large rabbit hartebeest - a large African antelope with lyre-shaped horns that curve backward Damaliscus lunatus , sassaby , topi - a large South African antelope; considered the swiftest hoofed mammal Aepyceros melampus , impala - African antelope with ridged curved horns; moves with enormous leaps gazelle - small swift graceful antelope of Africa and Asia having lustrous eyes Boocercus eurycerus , Tragelaphus eurycerus , bongo - large forest antelope of central Africa having a reddish-brown coat with white stripes and spiral horns koodoo , koudou , kudu - either of two spiral-horned antelopes of the African bush harnessed antelope - any of several antelopes of the genus Tragelaphus having striped markings resembling a harness mountain nyala , Tragelaphus buxtoni - shaggy antelope of mountains of Ethiopia blue bull , Boselaphus tragocamelus , nilgai , nylghai , nylghau - large Indian antelope; male is blue-grey with white markings; female is brownish with no horns Hippotragus niger , sable antelope - large black East African antelope with sharp backward-curving horns saiga , Saiga tatarica - goat-like antelope of central Eurasia having a stubby nose like a proboscis	i don't know
What is a bottomless pit or chasm, a very deep gorge, or a reference to something unfathomable and usually threatening or chaotic, such as hell?	barrons_word_list_4700.pdf - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. barrons_word_list_4700.pdf Last Modified: 2012-03-07 Views: 27 1 abase lower; degrade; humiliate; make humble; make (one- self) lose self-respect ♠ abash embarrass ♠ abate subside or moderate abbreviate shorten abdicate renounce; give up (position, right, or responsibil- ity) aberrant abnormal or deviant aberration deviation from the normal; mental disorder ♠ abet assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage ♠ abeyance suspended action abhor detest; hate abject (of a condition) wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology abjure renounce upon oath ablution washing abnegation renunciation; self-sacrifice; self-abnegation abolish cancel; put an end to abominate loathe; hate abominable detestable; extremely unpleasant aboriginal being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine abortive unsuccessful; fruitless abrasive rubbing away; tending to grind down abridge condense or shorten abrogate abolish ♠ abscission cutting off; separation abscond depart secretly and hide absolute complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism absolve pardon (an offense) abstain refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one’s vote;l Ý¶ abstemious sparing in eating and drinking; temperate abstinence restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote abstract theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational ♥ representational (of a style of art) showing things as they actually appear in real life abstruse obscure; profound; difficult to understand abusive coarsely insulting; physically harmful ♠ abut border upon; adjoin abysmal bottomless abyss enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit academic related to a school; not practical or directly useful accede agree accelerate move faster accessible easy to approach; obtainable accessory additional object; useful but not essential thing acclaim applaud; praise; greet with great approval; an- nounce with great approval; Ex. The new drung has been acclaimed as the most important discoveries for years; N: strong expression of approval and praise acclimate adjust to climate or environment; adapt ♠ acclivity sharp upslope of a hill; OP. declivity accolade award of merit; strong praise and approval ♥merit good quality deserving praise; merits: aspect of char- acter or behavior deserving approval or disapproval; Ex. judge each plan on its own merits; V: deserve; earn ♥ demerit fault; bad quality ♥ earn gain for the performance of service or labor; gain (something that one deserves); deserve accommodate oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommoda- tive; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging accomplice partner in crime accord agreement accost approach and speak first to a person ♠ accoutre equip; N. accoutrement accretion growth or increase in size by gradual addition; growth; increase; increase by natural growth; Ex. towers and other accretions of the castle; V. accrete accrue come to one as a gain; accumulate over time; come about by addition; Ex. benefits that accrue from scientific research; Ex. interest accruing in a bank account; N. accrual ♠ acerbity bitterness of speech and temper; ADJ. acerbic: bit- ter; acrid (in taste, manner, or tone) ♥ bitter having a sharp biting taste; H; causing sharp pain to the body or mind; filled with resentment, disappointment, or other unpleasant feelings; Ex. bitter wind/sorrow/tears ♥ biting sharply painful to the body or mind; Ex. biting wind/remarks ♠ acetic vinegary ♠ acidulous slightly sour (in taste or manner); sharp; caustic acknowledge recognize; admit ♠ acme peak; pinnacle; highest point acoustics science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in acquiesce assent; agree passively; comply without protest 1 acquittal deliverance from a charge; V. acquit: free from a charge or accusation; discharge from a duty; conduct (one- self) in a specified manner ♠ acrid bitter (to the taste or smell); sharp; bitterly pungent ♠ acrimonious stinging; caustic; bitter in words or manner; N. acrimony: bitter ill-natured animosity in speech or be- havior acrophobia fear of heights actuarial calculating; pertaining to insurance statistics actuary someone who advises insurance companies ♠ actuate motivate; activate; cause to act acuity sharpness (of mind or senses of sight or hearing) acumen mental keenness; sharpness of judgment; ability to judge quickly and well; Ex. business acumen acute (of the senses) sharp; quickly perceptive; keen; penetrating; brief and severe; Ex. acute sense of smell/analysis/pain ♠ adage wise saying; proverb ♥ proverb adage; someone or something well known for no- toriety; ADJ. proverbial: of a proverb; widely known; ADV. proverbially adamant hard; inflexible adapt make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composi- tion recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel. ♠ addendum addition; appendix to book; something that is added (as at the end of a speech or book) addiction compulsive habitual need ♠ addle make or become confused; muddle; drive crazy; be- come rotten (egg) address direct a speech to; speak to; deal with or discuss; direct one’s efforts or attention to; make with a destination; N: formal speech adept expert at; very skilled adhere stick fast; be a devotd follower; N. adhesion: adher- ing; devotion; loyality adherent supporter; follower adjacent adjoining; neighboring; close by ♥ adjoin be next to ♥ adjourn suspend until a later time; move from one place to another adjunct something attached to but holding an inferior po- sition adjuration solemn urging; V. adjure: entreat earnestly; en- join solemnly ♠ adjutant staff officer assisting the commander; assistant admonish warn or speak to with gentle disapproval; re- prove ♥ adore love deeply and respect highly adorn decorate adroit skillful (in using mind or hand) 2 adulation flattery; admiration that is more than is neces- sary or deserved adulterate make impure or of poorer quality by adding in- ferior or tainted(contaminated) substances advent arrival adventitious accidental; casual; happening by chance adversary opponent; enemy adverse going against; opposing; unfavorable; hostile adversity great hardship or affliction; misfortune; calami- tous event ♠ advert refer advocacy support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something advocate speak in favor of; support (an idea or plan); urge; plead for ♠ aegis shield; protection; defense ♠ aerie(aery,eyrie,eyry) nest of a large bird of prey aesthetic artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful (of a person or building); CF. aesthete; CF. aes- thetics affable easily approachable; easy to talk to; warmly friendly affected artificial; pretended affidavit written statement made under oath (for use as proof in a court of law) affiliation joining; associating with affinity feeling of kinship; similarity; Ex. strong affinity for her; Ex. many affinities between two languages affirmation positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath; V. affirm; ADJ. affirmative; CF. affirmative action: positive discrimination affliction state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffer- ing; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on affluence abundance; wealth affront insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect; V: in- sult or hurt the feelings of intentionally ♠ agape openmouthed ♠ agenda items of business at a meeting ♠ agglomeration collection; heap; V. agglomerate: gather into a rounded mass; N. aggolmeate: jumbled mass; heap aggrandize make greater; increase in power, wealth, rank, or honor; N. aggrandizement aggregate sum; total; ADJ. V: gather into a mass or whole; accumulate; add up to; Ex. aggregate 100 dollars aghast filled with great surprise or fear; horrified 2 agility nimbleness; ability to move quickly agitate stir up; disturb agnostic one who is skeptical of the existence or knowabil- ity of a god or any ultimate reality ♠ agog highly excited; intensely curious agrarian pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform alacrity cheerful promptness without reluctance alchemy medieval chemistry ♠ alcove nook; recess alias an assumed name esp. by a criminal (usually to mis- lead people); ADV. alias alienate make unfriendly or hostile; estrange; separate; change the ownership of alimentary supplying nourishment ♠ alimony payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after di- vorce allay calm; pacify allege state without proof allegiance loyalty ♠ allegory story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols; fable alleviate relieve (pain) alliteration repetition of beginning sound in poetry allocate assign; set apart for a particular purpose ♥ earmark set aside (money or time) for a particular purpose alloy mixture as of metals; something added that lowers in value or purity; V: mix; make less pure; lower in value or quality; spoil; CF. unalloyed: not in mixture with other maetals; pure; complete; unqualified; Ex. unalloyed happi- ness allude refer indirectly; N. allusion: indirect reference allure entice; attract; tempt ♥ siren apparatus for making sounds; womanlike creature alluvial pertaining to soil deposits left by running water ♠ aloof apart; not open in one’s relationship with other peo- ple; reserved; ADV. ♠ aloft upward; high up in the air altercation noisy quarrel altruistic unselfishly generous; concerned for others; N. al- tiruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; un- selfishness; OP. egoism ♠ amalgamate (of societies or groups) combine; unite in one body ♠ amalgam combination of different things; mixture of met- als (containing mercury) used for filling holes in teeth ♠ amass collect (gradually, in a very large amount) amazon female warrior ambidextrous capable of using either hand with equal ease ambience environment; atmosphere; Ex. restraurant with a pleasant ambience; ADJ. ambient: completely surrounding; Ex. ambient temperature ambiguous unclear or doubtful in meaning; having more than one possible interpretation ambivalence the state of having contradictory or conflict- ing emotional attitudes or opinions amble walking at an easy unhurried pace; V: walk slowly and aimlessly ♠ ambrosia food of the gods ♥ nectar drink of the gods; sweet liquid collected by bees ambulatory able to walk ameliorate improve amenable obedient; compliant; readily managed; respon- sive; willing to be led; answerable or accountable legally; responsible; able to be tested by; Ex. amenable to sensible suggestions; Ex. He is very amenable; Ex. amenable to the usual tests amend correct; change ; generally for the better 3 amenities convenient features that helps to make life pleas- ant; social courtesies amiable agreeable; lovable; warmly friendly amicable peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome; Ex. amicable settlement ♠ amiss wrong; faulty; Ex. something amiss; ADV. amity friendship; peaceful relationship as between nations amnesia loss of memory amnesty pardon (allowed by government to political crim- inals) amoral nonmoral; having no understanding of right and wrong amorous moved by sexual love; loving; of sexual love; Ex. amorous advances amorphous formless; lacking shape or definition amphibian able to live both on land and in water; N. amphitheater oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena ♠ ample enough; abundant; spacious; large in size; Ex. ample opportunity/garden; N. amplitude: quality of being ample; abundance; largeness of space amplify increase in size or effect; expand; broaden or clar- ify by expanding; intensify; make stronger; Ex. amplify one’s remarks with a graph ♠ amputate cut off part of body; prune (a limb) ♠ amok(amuck) in a state of rage; Ex. run amok ♠ amulet charm; talisman; an object worn believed to protect against evil, bad luck 3 anachronism an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time; ADJ. anachronistic ♠ analgesic causing insensitivity to pain; N. ♥ analgesia condition of being unable to feel pain analogous comparable; similar analogy similarity; parallelism; comparing two similar things anarchist person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority anarchy absence of governing body; state of disorder ♠ anathema solemn curse; someone or something regarded as a curse; V. anathematize ancestry family descent; ADJ. ancestral anchor secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; N. anchor- age ancillary serving as an aid or accessory; auxiliary; N. anecdote short story of an amusing or interesting event anemia condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic anesthetic substance that removes sensation with or with- out loss of consciousness; N. anesthesia anguish acute pain; extreme suffering angular sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded (body); bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner animadversion critical remark; V. animadvert: comment critically with disapproval animated lively; spirited animosity active enmity ♠ animus hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; dispo- sition annals records arranged in yearly parts; history anneal reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heat- ing and cooling (metal or glass) annex attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; in- corporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one annihilate destroy annotate comment; make explanatory notes annuity yearly allowance annul make void ♥ elope run away secretly with the intention of getting mar- ried ♠ anodyne drug that relieves pain or trouble; :x]j; opiate; ADJ. Ex. anodyne statement anoint consecrate; put oil on (in a religious ceremony) anomalous abnormal; irregular anomaly irregularity anonymity state of being nameless; anonymousness; ADJ. anonymous antagonism hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal char- acter in oppostion to the protagonist ♥ protagonist leader or noticeable supporter of an idea; chief character in a play or story antecede precede antecedents preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background antediluvian antiquated; extremely ancient ♠ anthem song of praise or patriotism; Ex. national anthem ♠ anthology book of literary selections by various authors; CF. omnibus anthropoid manlike; resembling a human being; N. anthropologist student of the history and science of hu- mankind anthropomorphic having human form or characteristics anticlimax letdown in thought or emotion; something un- exciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting antidote remedy to counteract a poison or disease; Ex. an- tidote to the economic troubles antipathy aversion; dislike or opposition ♠ antiquated obsolete; old-fashioned; outdated ♥ antique made in an earlier period and usu. valuable; N: object that was made in an earlier period and that is rare or valuable ♥ antiquity quality of being very old; ancient times;¦@/ antiseptic substance that prevents infection in a wound; ADJ. antithesis contrast; direct opposite of or to; ADJ. antithetic or antithetical ♥ antler bony growth on the head of a deer ♠ anvil iron block used in hammering out metals apathy lack of caring; indifference; lack of concern or inter- est in important matters; Ex. He was sunk in apathy after his failure; ADJ. apathetic ♠ ape imitate or mimic (a person’s behavior or manner) ♠ aperture opening; hole; adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light ♠ apex tip; summit; climax; highest point aphasia loss of speech due to injury or illness aphorism pithy maxim or saying; ADJ. aphoristic ♠ apiary a place where bees are kept ♥ hive box for bees; V: cause to go in a hive ♥ apiculture bee-keeping ♥ apiarist person who keeps bees ♠ aplomb poise; composure in difficult situations; assurance; self-confidence 4 ♥ poise good judgment with composure; balance; V: place in a carefully balanced position apocalyptic prophetic; pertaining to revelations especially of disaster; N. apocalypse ♠ apocryphal (of a story) widely believed but untrue apogee highest point; the point farthest from the earth; OP. perigee ♠ apolitical having an aversion or lack of concern for political affairs ♠ apologist one who writes in defense of a cause or institu- tion; N. apologia ♠ apoplexy stroke; loss of consciousness caused by too much blood in the brain ♠ apostate one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy ♠ apothecary druggist; pharmacist 4 ♠ apothegm(apophthegm) pithy, compact saying ♠ apotheosis elevation to godhood; an ideal example of something appall dismay; shock deeply apparition ghost; phantom appease pacify or soothe; Ex. appease a crying baby; N. appeasement ♠ appellation name; title append attach ♠ application diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself apposite appropriate; fitting appraise estimate value of; N. appraisal appreciate be thankful for; increase in worth; be thor- oughly conscious of; ADJ. appreciable: enough to be felt; Ex. appreciable difference apprehend arrest (a criminal); dread; perceive; N. appre- hension ♠ apprehensive fearful; discerning apprise inform approbation approval appropriate acquire; take possession of for one’s own use without permission; set aside for a particular purpose; allo- cate; CF. misappropriate ♠ appurtenances subordinate possessions; something added to a more important thing ♠ apropos with reference to; regarding; Ex. remarks apropos (of) the present situation; ADJ. ADV. aptitude fitness; talent ♠ aquiline curved; hooked; of or like an eagle; Ex. aquiline nose ♠ arable fit for growing crops; Ex. arable land arbiter person with power to decide a matter in dispute; judge who is in a position ot make influential judgments; Ex. supreme arbiter of fashion in beachware arbitrary unreasonable or capricious; random; tyrannical; Ex. arbitrary ruler arbitrate act as judge (at the request of both sides) ♠ arboretum place where different trees and shrubs are stud- ied and exhibited ♥ arboreal of or living in trees arcade a covered passageway usually lined with shops arcane esoteric; secret; mysterious; known only to the ini- tiated; Ex. arcane ritual; Ex. arcane process closed to the uninitiated listener archaeology study of artifacts and relics of early mankind ♠ archaic antiquated; no longer used; belonging to the past; N. ♠ archetype prototype; primitive pattern arch- chief; first; Ex. archbishop ♠ archipelago group of closely located islands ♠ archives public records; place where public records are kept ardor heat; passion; zeal; ADJ. ardent ♠ arduous hard; strenuous; Ex. arduous work ♠ argot slang; speech spoken by only a small group of people aria operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio ♠ arid (of land) dry; barren; unproductive aristocracy hereditary nobility; privileged class; govern- ment by nobility; N. aristocrat armada fleet of warships aromatic fragrant; having a sweet smell; N. aroma: strong pleasant smell arraign charge in court; indict ♠ array marshal; draw up in order; arrange in order; clothe splendidly; adorn; N: fine clothes; ordered group; Ex. in battle array arrears being in debt; money that should have been paid; work that should have been done ♠ arrhythmic lacking rhythm or regularity; N. arrhythmia arrogance pride; haughtiness; ADJ. arrogant: unpleasantly self-important (with a strong confidence in one’s own im- portance and a lack of respect for other people) ♠ arroyo gully; narrow channel formed by rainwater ♥ artery blood-vessel; CF. vein articulate effective; distinct; expressing ideas clearly; hav- ing clear sounds; having joints; Ex. articulate speech; V: ex- press thoughts and feeling clearly; pronounce clearly; unite by joints arsenal storage place for military equipment 5 artifacts object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced ♠ artifice deception; trickery artisan a manually skilled worker ♠ artless without guile; open and honest ascendancy controlling influence; position of controlling influence; CF. in the ascendant ascertain find out for certain; make certain ascetic practicing self-denial; avoiding physical pleasures and comforts; austere; Ex. ascetic life of Buddhist monks; N. asceticism ascribe refer; attribute; assign aseptic preventing infection; having a cleansing effect ♠ ashen ash-colored; deadly pale ♠ asinine stupid; Ex. asinine remarks ♠ askance with a sideways or indirect look (with disapproval or distruct); Ex. look askance at ♠ askew crookedly; slanted; at an angle asperity sharpness; roughness; severity (of temper or weather); Ex. asperities of a Russian winter aspersion slanderous remark; Ex. cast aspersions on aspirant seeker after position or status aspire seek to attain (position or status); long for; Ex. aspire to become president; Ex. aspire to/after the leadership assail assault ♠ assay analyze (to discover what materials are present); evaluate (soil or ore) assent agree; accept; N. assessment ♠ assert state strongly or positively; demand recognition of (rights, claims, etc.); make a claim to (by forceful action); Ex. assert one’s independence assiduous diligent assimilate absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking) assuage mak less severe; ease or lessen (pain); satisfy (hunger); soothe (anger) assumption something taken for granted; the taking over or taking possession of; Ex. her assumption of power; V. assume ♥ regent a person who governs in place of a ruler who is ill, absent, or still a child; ADJ. Ex. the Prince regent assurance firm statement that something is certainly true; promise or pledge; certainty; confidence in one’s own abil- ity; self-confidence; Ex. In spite of all his assurances, he did not come back; Ex. assurance of his loyalty; Ex. The teacher lacked assurance in fron of his class; V. assure; tell firmly with confidence; ensure; make (something) certain to heappen; make (someone) feel sure; give confidence to; ADJ. assured: self-assured; confident in one’s own ability; showing certainty asteroid small planet ♠ astigmatism eye defect which prevents proper focus; OP. stigmatism 5 ♠ astral relating to the stars astringent binding; causing contraction (stopping bleed- ing); harsh or severe; stringent; Ex. astringent criticism astronomical enormously large or extensive astute wise; shrewd; keen; seeing quickly something that is to one’s advantage ♠ asunder into parts; apart; V. sunder asylum place of refuge or shelter; protection (religious or political) asymmetric not identical on both sides of a dividing central line ♠ atavism resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; throwback; ADJ. atavistic atheistic denying the existence of God; N. atheism atone make amends for; pay for; Ex. atone for atrocity brutal deed; ADJ. atrocious atrophy wasting away; V: weaken and lose flesh and mus- cle (through lack of blood or lack of use) attentive alert and watchful; listening carefully; paying at- tention; considerate; thoughtful; politely helpful; Ex. at- tentive audience; Ex. He was attentive to the old lady; N. attentions: act of courtesy and consideration attenuate make thin; weaken attest testify; bear witness attribute essential quality; V: ascribe; explain attrition rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of attrition ♠ atypical not normal; not typical audacious daring; bold; N. audacity audit examination of accounts of a business; official exami- nation; V. augment increase; add to ♠ augury omen; prophecy; sign of coming events; V. augur: predict; foretell; be a sign of (something in future) august impressive; majestic ♠ aureole sun’s corona; halo; bright circle of light ♠ auroral pertaining to the aurora borealis; CF. aurora aus- tralis auspicious favoring success; giving signs of future success; Cf. auspices 6 austere forbiddingly stern; ascetic; without comfort or en- joyment; severely simple and unornamented; Ex. a monk’s austere life; Ex. austere grandeur of the cathedral; N. aus- terity authenticate prove genuine authoritarian subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another’s will; Ex. authoritarian regime/father authoritative having the weight of authority; regarded as providing knowledge that can be trusted; reliable; peremp- tory and dictatorial; Ex. authoritative dictionary/manner; CF. definitive autocratic having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial; N. autocrat, autocracy automaton mechanism that imitates actions of humans; machine that works by itself autonomous self-governing; N. autonomy autopsy examination of a dead body; postmortem; V. auxiliary offering or providing help; additional or sub- sidiary; N: helper; assistant avalanche great mass of falling snow and ice avarice greediness for wealth avenge take vengence for something or on behalf of some- one; Ex. They avenged his death by burning the village; Ex. He swore to avenge his brother; Ex. They avenged them- selves on their enemy. aver state confidently; declare as true averse reluctant; disinclined; not liking or opposed; Ex. averse to cats/doing the house work aversion firm dislike avert prevent; avoid; turn away (eyes or thought); Ex. An accident was averted by his quick thinking; Ex. She averted her eyes from the terrible sight. aviary enclosure for birds; large cage ♠ avid greedy; extremely eager for; Ex. avid learner; N. avid- ity avocation secondary or minor occupation avow declare openly; N. avowal avuncular of or like an uncle awe solemn wonder; feeling of respect mixed with wonder and fear; V: fill with awe; ADJ. awesome ♥ awful terrible; very bad ♠ awl pointed tool used for piercing ♠ awry distorted; crooked; bent; Ex. Our plans have gone awry. axiom self-evident truth requiring no proof ♠ azure sky blue ♠ babble chatter idly or foolishly; make continuous sounds like water running gently over rounded stone; N. ♠ bacchanalian drunken ♥ bacchanal noisy party with a lot of drinking ♥ Bacchanalia the ancient Roman festival in honor of Bacchus ♠ badger pester; annoy continually with demands; persuade by asking again and again; Ex. The children badgered me into taking them into the cinema; N: a kind of mountain animal ♠ badinage teasing conversation; banter; joking talk baffle frustrate; perplex ♠ bait harass; tease; torment; Ex. badger baiting; N: food or other lure used to catch fish or trap animals ♠ baleful evil; malignant in intent or effect; deadly; having a malign influence; portending evil; ominous; threatening; Ex. baleful look ♠ balk stop short, as if faced with an obstacle, and refuse to continue; foil; stop or get in the way of; frustrate ♠ ballast heavy substance used to add stability or weight; V. supply with ballast ♠ balm something that relieves pain; oily liquid with a pleas- ant smell from trees ♥ pang sudden sharp feeling of pain ♠ balmy soft and mild (of air); fragrant banal hackneyed; commonplace; trite; lacking originality; cliche´d ♠ bandy discuss lightly or glibly; discuss in a frivolous man- ner; exchange (words) heatedly; quarrel; Ex. bandy words with bane posion; cause of ruin; ADJ. baneful: harmful; poi- sonous bantering joking talk; good-naturedly ridiculing; N.V. ban- ter barb sharp projection from fishhook, arrow, or other object; openly cutting remark 6 ♠ bard poet ♠ barefaced shameless and noticeable; blatant; bold; uncon- cealed; having no covering on the face; Ex. barefaced lie ♥ unregenerate making no attempt to change one’s bad prac- tices ♠ baroque highly ornate barrage barrier laid down by artillery fire; overwhelming profusion; large number of questions or statements; Ex. a barrage of criticism barrister counselor-at-law or lawyer in the higher court of law; CF. bar ♥ solicitor lawyer in the lower court of law barterer trader; V. barter: trade; exchange good for other goods rather than money ♠ bask luxuriate; take pleasure in warmth 7 ♥ luxuriate take pleasure in great comfort ♠ bastion stronghold; something seen as a source of protec- tion; Ex. the last bastion of male chauvinism ♠ bate let down; lessen the force of; moderate; restrain; Ex. with bated breath; CF. abate ♠ bauble trinket; cheap jewel; trifle ♠ bawdy indecent; obscene; about sex in a rude funny way; CF. bawd ♠ beatific giving or showing bliss; blissful ♥ bliss complete happiness; ADJ. blissful ♠ beatitude blessedness; state of great happiness ♥mystic of hidden meaning and spiritual power; Ex. mystic ceremonies; N. CF. mysticism ♠ bedizen dress with vulgar finery ♥ finery beautiful clothes for a special occasion ♠ bedraggle wet thoroughly; ADJ. bedraggled: draggled ♠ beeline direct quick route ♠ befuddle confuse thoroughly ♥ fuddle make stupid or confused as with alcholic drink; N. in a fuddle: confused beget father; become the father of; produce; give rise to ♠ begrudge envy; give or allow unwillingly; grudge; Ex. We shouldn’t begrudge him his success. ♥ grudge deep feeling of dislike; Ex. grudge fight; V. ♠ beguile deceive; mislead or delude; cheat; pass time pleas- antly; charm or attract; Ex. beguiling smile ♠ behemoth huge creature; something of monstrous size or power ♠ beholden obligated; indebted; owing thanks; obliged or in- debted from gratitude ♠ behoove(behove) be suited to; be incumbent upon; be right and necessary; Ex. It behooves one to do. ♠ belabor harp on; dwell on tediously; explain or go over excessively or to a ridiculous degree; assail verbally; beat severely; attack physically ♠ belated delayed ♠ beleaguer besiege or attack (with an army); harass; beset ♠ belie contradict; give a false impression; disguise; Ex. The poor sales belied our high hopes; Ex. Her smile belies her true feeling of displeasure. belittle disparage; depreciate bellicose warlike belligerent quarrelsome ♠ bemoan lament; moan for; express sorrow or disapproval of ♠ bemused confused; lost in thought; preoccupied benediction blessing benefactor gift giver; patron; person who does good or who gives money for a good purpose beneficent kindly; doing good beneficial helpful; useful; advantageous beneficiary person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an in- surance policy or will ♠ benefit advantage; anything that brings helpl, advantage, or profit; money provided by the government to the peo- ple; fund-raising public entertainment; Ex. unemployment benefit; V: receive benefits; be beneficial to; give benefits benevolent generous; charitable; having a wish to do good benign kindly; favorable; not malignant (disease); Ex. be- nign tumor benison blessing bent determined; Ex. bent on advancing in the business; N: natural talent or inclination bequeath leave to someone by means of a will; hand down in his will; N. bequest ♠ berate scold strongly ♠ bereavement state of being deprived of something valu- able or beloved; state of being bereaved or bereft ♠ bereaved deprived of (someone beloved through death) ♠ bereft deprived of (something valuable); lacking ♠ berserk mad with violent anger; frenzied; madly excited beseech beg; plead with ♠ beset harass or trouble from all directions; hem in ♥ hem surround tightly so that movement is impossible; Ex. hem in; N. besiege surround with armed forces; harass (with re- quests); annoy continually ♠ besmirch soil; defile; make dirty ♠ bestial beastlike; brutal; inhuman; very cruel bestow confer ♠ betoken signify; indicate; be a sign of ♥ token outward sign; Ex. a token of our gratitude ♠ betray be unfaithful; reveal (unconsciously or unwillingly); Ex. Her trembling hands betray her anxiety. ♠ betroth become engaged to marry ♠ bevy large group; Ex. a bevy of starlets bicameral two-chambered as a legislative body bicker quarrel biennial every two years ♠ bifurcated divided into two branches; forked ♠ bigotry stubborn intolerance ♥ bigot one who is intolerant (in matters of religion or poli- tics) ♥ intolerant not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one’s own; CF. tolerant; CF. tolerate 8 ♠ bilious suffering from indigestion; sick from having too much bile; irritable; easily irritated ♠ bilk swindle; cheat ♠ billowing swelling out in waves; surging ♥ billow large wave of water; a great swell or surge (of smoke); V: surge, swell, roll in billows ♥ swell long wave of water that moves continuously without breaking; V. ♥ surge powerful movement of or like a wave; V. ♠ bivouac temporary encampment; camp without tents; V. bizarre fantastic; violently contrasting; noticeably odd; strikingly unconventional ♠ blanch bleach; whiten; make white or pale ♠ bland soothing or mild (food); agreeable; causing no trou- ble or offence ♠ blandishment flattery ♠ blare loud or harsh roar or screech; dazzling blaze of light ♥ screech unpleasant high sharp sound; shriek; V. ♥ dazzle make blind with a sudden intense light; amaze; fill with wonder ♠ blase´ bored with pleasure or dissipation; uninterested or bored ♠ blasphemy irreverence; sacrilege; cursing; bad language about God or holy things; V. blasphem; ADJ. blasphemous; CF. sacrilege ♠ blatant extremely (offensively) obvious; loudly offensive; Ex. blatant lie; N. blatancy ♠ bleak cold or cheerless; frigid; unlikely to be favorable; de- pressing ♠ blighted suffering from a disease; destroyed ♥ blight plant disease; V: infect with blight; ruin; destroy ♠ blithe(blithesome) gay; joyous ♠ bloated (unpleasantly) swollen or puffed as with water or air ♠ blowhard talkative boaster; braggart ♠ bludgeon club; heavy-headed weapon; V. ♠ bluff pretense (of strength); deception; high cliff; ADJ: rough but good-natured 7 blunder error; stupid mistake ♠ blurt utter impulsively from nervousness or excitement ♠ bluster blow in heavy gusts; threaten emptily; bully; speak in a noisy or bullying manner; CF. breeze, gust, gale ♥ bully one who is habitually cruel to weaker people; V. bode foreshadow; portend bogus counterfeit; not authentic; intentionally false; Ex. bo- gus interview ♠ bohemian unconventional (in an artistic way) boisterous violent; rough; noisy ♠ bolster support; reinforce ♠ bolt door bar; fastening pin or screw; length of fabric; large roll of cloth; V: dash or dart off; fasten (a door); gobble down ♥ dart move or throw suddenly and quickly ♥ gobble eat very quickly ♠ bombardment attack (as with missiles or bombs); V. bom- bard ♠ bombastic pompous; using inflated language ♥ bombast grandiloquent, pompous speech ♠ boon blessing; benefit; something very helpful ♠ boorish rude; insensitive ♥ boor rude, insensitive person ♠ bouillon clear beef (or meat) soup ♠ bountiful generous; graciously generous; showing bounty ♥ gracious kind in a generous way (to someone less impor- tant) bourgeois middle class; selfishly materialistic; too inter- ested in material possessions bovine cowlike; placid and dull; slow-thinking; calm ♠ bowdlerize expurgate; CF. Thomas Bowdler ♠ brackish somewhat saline ♠ braggadocio boasting ♥ brag boast ♠ braggart boaster; bragger ♠ brandish wave around (a weapon); flourish ♠ bravado swagger; assumed air of defiance; false show of bravery ♥ swagger walk or behave with an over-confident manner ♠ brawn human muscle; muscular strength; sturdiness ♥ brawny muscular; having well-developed muscles ♥ sturdy strong and firm (in the body) ♠ brazen insolent; without shame; bold; Ex. brazen lie; V: face with bold self-assurance or with unshamed confidence ♥ brawl noisy quarrel ♠ breach breaking of contract or duty; fissure or gap; open- ing; V. breadth width; extent brevity conciseness; shortness of duration ♠ brindled tawny or grayish with streaks or spots (of ani- mals) ♥ tawny brownish yellow ♠ bristling rising like bristles; showing irritation ♥ bristle short stiff hair; V: (hair or fur) stand up stiffly 9 ♠ brittle hard but easily broken; difficult; unstable; Ex. brittle situation ♠ broach introduce as a subject; moot; open up ♠ brocade rich, figured(patterned) fabric brochure pamphlet ♠ brooch ornamental clasp; pin ♥ clasp hold firmly within arms ♠ brook tolerate; endure; Ex. brook no interference; N: small stream ♠ browbeat bully; intimidate ♠ browse graze; feed on growing grass; skim or glance at ca- sually ♥ graze (of an animal) feed on growing grass; cause (an ani- mal) to feed on grass; scrape (esp. the skin) or touch lightly in passing; brush; Ex. We can’t graze the cattle till summer; N: surface wound ♥ skim read or glance through quickly; touch lightly in pass- ing; brush; remove from the surface of a liquid ♠ brunt main impact or shock (of an attack or blow); Ex. brunt of the argument ♠ brusque blunt; abrupt; curt; not wanting to waste time be- ing nice ♠ buccaneer pirate ♠ bucolic rustic; pastoral ♠ buffet strike forcefully; slap; batter; knock out; N: table with food set out for people to server themselves; meal at which people help themselves to food that’s been set ♥ slap hit quickly with the flat part of the hand; N. CF. smack ♠ buffoonery clowning ♥ buffoon stupid person; clown ♥ clown act stupidly; play the fool; N. ♠ bugaboo bugbear; object of baseless terror ♠ bullion gold and silver in the form of bars ♠ bulwark strong wall built for defense; earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends ♠ bungle mismanage; blunder; botch; blow; spoil by clumsy behavior ♥ botch mismanage; blow buoyant able to float; cheerful and optimistic; N. buoyancy; Ex. buoyancy of wood/water/American market bureaucracy overregulated administrative system marked by red tape; ADJ. bureaucratic ♠ burgeon grow rapidly; grow forth; send out buds; Ex. bur- geoning computer industry; CF. bludgeon ♠ burlesque give an imitation that ridicules; imitate mock- ingly ♠ burnish make shiny by rubbing; polish ♠ buttress support; prop up; N. stationary structure to sup- port wall; Ex. flying buttress ♥ prop support placed under or against something; V. ♠ buxom full-bosomed; plump; jolly ♥ plump pleasantly fat; nicely rounded ♠ cabal small group of persons secretly united to promote their own interests cache hiding place; V. cacophonous discordant; inharmonious; N. cacophony: unpleasant mixture of loud sounds cadaver corpse; dead human body cadaverous like a corpse; pale ♠ cadence rhythmic rise and fall (of words or sounds); beat; regular beat of sound; rhythm ♠ cajole persuade by praise or false promise; coax; wheedle ♥ coax persuade by flattery calamity disaster; misery calculated deliberately planned; likely ♠ caldron(cauldron) large kettle ♠ caliber ability; quality; diameter of the inside of a round cylinder; Ex. work of very high caliber calligraphy beautiful writing; excellent penmanship ♠ callous hardened; unfeeling; without sympathy for the suf- ferings of others; unkind ♥ callus area of thick hard skin ♠ callow youthful; immature; inexperienced ♠ calorific heat-producing; N. calorie calumny malicious misrepresentation; slander ♠ camaraderie good-fellowship; CF. comrade ♠ cameo shell or jewel carved in relief; star’s special appear- ance in a minor role in a film ♠ canard unfounded false rumor; exaggerated false report ♠ candor frankness; open honesty; ADJ. candid ♠ canine related to dogs; doglike ♠ canker any ulcerous sore; ulcer; any evil; CF. cancer ♥ ulcer sore place appearing on the skin inside or outside the body; Ex. stomach ulcer; ADJ. ulcerous; V. ulcerate ♠ canny shrewd in money matters; thrifty ♠ cant insincere speech or expression of piety; jargon of thieves; special words used by a particular group of peo- ple cantankerous ill-humored; irritable ♠ cantata story set to music to be sung by a chorus (shorter than an oratorio) ♠ canter slow gallop; V. CF. trot 8 ♠ canto division of a long poem ♠ canvass determine or seek opinions, votes, etc.; go through (a region) to solicit votes or orders; conduct a survey; N. 10 capacious spacious ♠ capacity mental or physical ability; role; position or duty; ability to accommodate; Ex. in my capacity as president ♠ capillary having a very fine bore; resembling a hair; fine and slender; Ex. capillary attraction; N: very fine hairlike tube; CF. capillarity ♠ capitulate surrender; give up all resistance caprice whim; sudden change of mind without any real cause capricious unpredictable; fickle caption title; chapter heading; text under illustration ♠ captious faultfinding; too critical ♠ carafe glass water bottle; decanter ♠ carapace shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.) ♠ carat(karat) unit of weight for precious stones; measure of the purity of gold ♠ carcinogenic causing cancer; N. carcinogen ♠ cardinal chief; most important; N: priest; cardinal number: number that shows quantity rather thatn order cardiologist doctor specializing in ailments of the heart ♠ careen lurch; sway from side to side; move with irregular swinging movement; stagger ♥ career rush wildly; go at full speed ♥ sway swing from side to side; influence (someone) to change one’s opinion; N. caricature distortion; burlesque carillon a set of bells (often in a tower) capable of being played carnage destruction of life; slaughter; killing of large num- bers of people or animals carnal fleshly; sensual; concerning the desires of the body carnivorous meat-eating; N. carnivore; CF. herbivore ♠ carousal drunken revel; V. carouse ♠ carping petty criticism; fault-finding; fretful complaining; quibble ♠ carrion rotting flesh of a dead body; CF. vulture ♠ cartographer map-maker cascade small waterfall ♠ caste one of the hereditary classes in Hindu society; social stratification; prestige castigation punishment; severe criticism or disapproval casualty serious or fatal accident; person killed or wounded in an accident or battle ♥ casual happening by chance; irregular; occasional; in- formal; showing or feeling little interest; Ex. casual reader/labor/remark ♠ cataclysm deluge; upheaval; earthquake; violent and sud- den event or change ♠ catalyst agent which brings about a chemical change while it remains unaffected and unchanged; CF. catalysis catapult slingshot; hurling machine; V: fire from catapult ♥ hurl throw forcefully; shout out violently ♠ cataract great waterfall; eye abnormality (causing a gradual loss of eyesight) catastrophe calamity ; disaster ♠ catcall shout of disapproval or displeasure (made at the theater or a sports match); boo; V. ♠ catechism book for religious instruction in question-and- answer form; religious instruction by question and answer; V. catechize categorical without exceptions; made without any doubt in mind; unqualified; absolute ♥ qualify reach a necessary standard; limit the meaning of something stated catharsis purging or cleansing of any passage of the body; purging and weakening of strong emotions as a result of experiencing a dramatic work of art cathartic purgative; medicine that causes the bowels to empty; ADJ. ♠ catholic (of likings and interests) universal; general; broad; including many different parts; wide-ranging liberal; Ex. catholic opinions/tastes ♠ caucus private meeting of a group of people in a political party to select officers or determine policy; CF. the Caucus club of Boston ♠ caulk(calk) make watertight (by blocking up cracks as in a ship) causal implying a cause-and-effect relationship; N. causal- ity caustic burning; corrosive; able to burn by chemical action; sarcastically biting; (of remarks) intended to hurt; bitter; harmful; OP. harmless ♠ cauterize burn (a wound or snakebite, etc.) with hot iron or caustic substance to stop bleeding and prevent infection ♠ cavalcade procession of riders or horse-drawn carriages; parade; CF. cavalry ♠ cavalier casual and offhand; arrogant; N: knight ♠ cavil quibble; make frivolous objections; find fault unnec- essarily ♠ cede yield (title or territory) to (esp. after losing a war); surrender formally; N. cession celerity speed; rapidity celestial heavenly ♥ hereafter life after death ♥ afterlife life after death; later part of one’s life ♠ celibate abstaining from sexual intercourse; unmarried; N. celibacy censor (in ancient Rome) overseer ofmorals (also taking the census); person who eliminates inappropriate matter; V. 11 ♠ censorious severely critical censure blame; criticize; express strong disapproval; N: se- vere criticism; strong disapproval centaur mythical figure, half man and half horse centigrade denoting a widely used temperature scale (basi- cally same as Celsius) centrifugal radiating; departing from the center centrifuge machine that separates substances by whirling them centripetal tending toward the center centurion Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers) cerebral pertaining to the brain or intellect; intellectual rather than emotional; CF. cerebrum cerebration thought; working of the brain ♠ ceremonious marked by formality; extremely formal and polite; CF. ceremony: conventional social courtesy ♥ unceremonious not done politely without due formalities ♠ certitude certainty cessation stoppage ♠ cession yielding to another; ceding ♠ chafe warm by rubbing; make sore by rubbing; N. ♠ chaff worthless products of an endeavor; husk(outer seed cover) separated from grain; Ex. separate the wheat from the chaff ♠ chaffing bantering; joking ♠ chagrin annoyance and disappointment; vexation (caused by humiliation or injured pride) ♠ chalice goblet; consecrated cup chameleon lizard that changes color in different situations 9 champion support militantly; fight for; N: person who fights for or supports strongly (a principle, movement, per- son, etc.) ♥ championship position of champion; defense or support; competition held to determine a champion chaotic in utter disorder charisma divine gift; great popular charm or appeal; mag- netism ♠ charlatan quack; pretender to knowledge (esp. in medicine) ♠ chary cautious; unwilling to take risks; sparing or re- strained about giving; OP. bold ♠ chase ornament a metal surface by indenting; follow rapidly to catch chasm abyss; very deep crack ♠ chassis framework and working parts of an automobile; framework to which components are attached chaste morally pure; virginal; abstaining from illicit sexual acts; modest; simple (of a style of writing); not highly dec- orated; austere ♠ chasten discipline; punish in order to correct; CF. castigate ♠ chastise punish as by beating; criticize severely chauvinist blindly devoted patriot; zealous adherent of a group, cause, or sex; ADJ. chauvinistic; CF. chauvinism; Nicolas Chauvin check stop motion; curb or restrain ♠ checkered(chequered) marked by great changes in fortune; with many changes of fortuene; CF. checked: having a pat- tern of squares ♠ cherubic angelic; innocent-looking; N. cherub; CF. seraph: winged angel of the highest order ♠ chicanery trickery; deception ♠ chide scold; rebuke (someone who has done wrong) ♠ chimerical fantastically improbable; highly unrealistic; N. chimera: unreal fancy; fire-breathing female creature ♠ chisel swindle or cheat; N: wedgelike tool for cutting ♥ chip lose a small piece from the surface or edge; N: small piece broken off something; CF. French fry; Potato chip/crisp chivalrous courteous; faithful; brave; N. chivalry ♠ choleric hot-tempered; bad-tempered; irritable; easily an- gered; CF. cholera ♠ choreography art of representing dances in written sym- bols; arrangement of dances ♥ chore daily domestic task (such as cleaning, cooking, and shopping); unpleasant task ♠ chortle chuckle with delight; N. ♥ chuckle laugh quietly chronic long established as a disease chronicle report; record (in chronological order) ♠ churlish boorish; rude; N. churl: boor; yahoo ♠ ciliated having minute hairs; CF. cilium; CF. cilia: eyelash cipher nonentity; worthless person or thing; zero; secret code; V. circlet small ring; band of gold, silver, jewel, etc. (worn on the head, arms, or neck as decoration) circuitous roundabout ♥ circuit closed circular line around an area; circumference; regularly repeated journey from place to place circumlocution indirect or roundabout expression (by us- ing an uncecessarily large number of words esp. when try- ing to avoid answering a difficult question directly) circumscribe limit; confine; draw a line around ♠ circumspect prudent; cautious; acting after careful thought circumvent outwit; defeat by behaving more cleverly; out- smart; baffle; avoid; get around 12 ♠ cistern reservoir or water tank citadel fortress cite quote; commend; Ex. cited for bravery in an official record civil having to do with citizens; not military or religious; courteous and polite; Ex. married in a civil ceremony; Ex. civil strife/disorder/law; N. civility; CF. civic clairvoyant having foresight; fortuneteller; N. clairvoyance ♥ hindsight understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened ♠ clamber climb by crawling with difficulties; scramble clamor loud continous noise; continuous demand or com- plaint made by a large number of people; V: make a clamor; express (a demand) continually and loudly; ADJ. clam- orous clandestine secret ♥ chaperon older person who accompanies and supervises a young unmarried woman ♠ clangor loud resounding noise; sound of repeated clanging ♠ clapper striker (tongue) of a bell ♥ clap strike the palms of the hands together with a sud- den explosive sound; come together suddenly with a sharp sound; put or send promptly; Ex. clap the thief in jail; N: clapping; loud or explosive sound; CF. applause ♠ clarion shrill, trumpetlike sound; kind of trumpet used in former times claustrophobia fear of being locked in ♠ clavicle collarbone ♥ scrimmage disorderly fight between two or more people cleave split or sever; cling to; remain faithful to; N. cleav- age; ADJ. cloven ♠ cleft N: split ♠ clemency disposition to be lenient in deciding punish- ments; mildness as of the weather; ADJ. clement cliche´ phrase dulled in meaning by repetition; platitude; ADJ. cliche´d ♥ bromide platitude; chemical compound used to calm ex- citement ♠ clientele body of customers climactic relating to the highest point; N. climax; CF. cli- matic ♠ clime climate ♠ clique small exclusive group of people cloister monastery or convent ♠ clout great influence (especially political or social); hard blow with fist cloying distasteful (because excessive); excessively sweet or sentimental; V. cloy: become unpleasant through too much sweetness or excess ♠ coagulate congeal; thicken; clot; N. coagulant ♥ clot half-solid lump formed from a liquid (or blood); V. ♥ pudding hot sweet dish coalesce combine; fuse; N. coalescence coalition partnership; league; union of separate political parties ♠ coda concluding section of a musical or literary composi- tion ♠ coddle treat gently; indulge excessively; pamper; molly- coddle; baby; cook in water just below boiling point; Ex. coddled eggs ♠ codicil supplement to the body of a will; later addition to a will codify arrange (laws or rules) as a code; classify; N. code: system of words used instead of ordinary writing; collec- tion of laws, rules, established social customs coercion use of force to get someone to object; compelling; V. coerce ♠ coeval living at the same time as; existing during the same period of time; contemporary; of the same age ♠ cog tooth projecting from a wheel cogent convincing cogitate think over; ponder cognate having a common origin; related linguistically; al- lied by blood; similar or akin in nature; Ex. cognate lan- guages; N. cognitive having to do with knowing or perceiving related to the mental processes; N. cognition: the mental process of knowing cognizance knowledge; ADJ. cognizant; having knowl- edge; aware ♠ cohabit live together cohere stick together cohesion tendency to keep together ♠ cohorts group of people who share some common quality; armed band; a group of between 300 and 600 soldiers under one commander (in the ancient Rome) ♠ coiffure hairstyle coin make coins; invent or fabricate (a word or phrase); N. coinage: word or phrase recently invented coincidence the chance occurrence, at the same time, of two ormore seemingly connected events; V. coincide: happen at the same time; be in agreement; CF. coincident; CF. coinci- dental ♠ colander utensil with perforated bottom used for straining 10 collaborate work together; cooperate treasonably with the enemy ♠ collage work of art put together from fragments 13 ♥ scrap small bit or fragment; discardedwaste material; fight; Ex. a scrap of paper/cloth; V: break into parts for disposal; discard as worthless; fight; quarrel ♥ scraps leftover food ♥ scrappy quarrelsome collate examine and compare in order to verify authentic- ity; arrange in order (the sheets of a book before they are bound) collateral security given for loan; ADJ: secondary; de- scended from the same person but through different sons or daughters ♠ collation a light meal; collating colloquial pertaining to conversational or common speech; informal; N. colloquialism: colloquial expression colloquy informal discussion; conversation collusion conspiring in a fraudulent scheme to cheat or de- ceive others; V. collude colossal huge colossus gigantic statue; person or thing of great size or im- portance ♠ comatose in a coma; extremely sleepy ♥ coma deep prolonged unconsciousness caused by disease, poison, or a severe blow combustible easily burned; N. CF. combustion comely attractive; agreeable; having a pleasing appearance ♥ homely not good-looking; unattractive comestible something fit to be eaten ♠ comeuppance deserts; well-deserved punishment or mis- fortune; rebuke ♥ deserts what someone deserves ♠ comity courtesy; civility; Ex. comity of nations commandeer take (private property) for military use with- out needing permission or giving payment; draft for mili- tary purposes ♥ draft first rough form; conscription; draught; V: make a draft of; conscript ♥ draught current of air (through a room or to a fire); act of pulling roads; act of swallowing liquid or amount of liquid swallowed at a time ♠ commemorative remembering; honoring the memory of; Ex. commemorative stamp ♥ commemorate honor the memory of; serve as a memorial to; Ex. commemorate the 100th anniversary/those who died in the war commensurate equal in extent; of the same size commiserate feel or express pity or sympathy for commodious spacious and comfortable ♠ communal held in common; public; of a group of people; of a commune ♥ commune small (often rural) community whose members share work and income; V: exchange thoughts or feelings; Ex. commune with nature compact agreement; contract; ADJ: tightly packed; firm; brief; concise; Ex. compact statement compatible harmonious; in harmony with; able to exist to- gether compelling overpowering; irresistible in effect; holding one’s attention; that compels one to do something; Ex. a compelling adventure story; V. compel ♥ compulsion compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse ♥ compulsory obligatory; that must be done ♥ compulsive resulting from compulsion compendium brief, comprehensive summary; ADJ. com- pendious compensatory making up for; repaying compilation listing of information in tabular or book form; compiling compile assemble; gather; accumulate; make (a report or a book) from facts and information found in various places; Ex. compile a dictionary complacency self-satisfaction; smugness; ADJ. complacent ♥ smug self-satisfied; complacent complaisant trying to please; obliging; willing to please others complement complete; consummate; make perfect; N. complementary serving to complete something compliance conformity in fulfilling requirements; readi- ness to yield; disposition to yield to others; V. comply compliant readily acting in accordance with a rule, order, or the wishes or others; yielding; comforming to require- ments complicity participation; involvement (in a questionable act or a crime) component element; ingredient ♠ comport bear one’s self; behave; Ex. comport oneself; N. comportment ♥ deport send out of the country; behave; N. deportation, de- portment ♥ bearing deportment; connection composure mental calmness compound combine; produce by combining; increase; make worse by adding to or increasing; exacerbate; Ex. compound an error; ADJ: consisting of two or more parts; N: combination of two or more parts; area enclosed by a wall containing a group of buildings; Ex. factory com- pound; CF. complex comprehensive broad; including a lot or everything; thor- ough; inclusive ♥ comprehend include; understand 14 compress force into less space; squeeze; contract; put into fewer words; N: thick mass of cloth pressed to part of the body to stop bleeding or swelling, reduce fever, etc. comprise include; consist of ♠ compromise adjust or settle by making mutual conces- sions; endanger the interests or reputation of; put into dan- ger, disrepute, or a dishonorable position; Ex. compromise one’s principle; N. compunction remorse; strong uneasiness caused by guilt compute reckon; calculate ♥ reckon count; calculate; regard as; think; suppose concatenate link as in a chain concave hollow; curved inwards; OP. convex concede admit; acknowledge as being true (often reluc- tantly); yield; grant; Ex. concede a goal conceit vanity or self-love; too high opinion of one’s own value; extravagant metaphor (in poetry) ♥ vain full of self-admiration; conceited; without result; un- successful; N. vanity concentric having a common center conception beginning; forming of an idea; fertilization; V. conceive: form an idea in the mind; devise; become preg- nant; CF. inception ♠ concerted mutually agreed on; done together by agree- ment; Ex. concerted effort; CF. in concert: working together concession an act of yielding; conceding; something con- ceded; point, right, etc. given unwillingly; privilege of maintaining a business in a certain place; Ex. oil conces- sions in the North sea; CF. concessionaire conciliatory reconciling; soothing; V. conciliate: reconcile; soothe; win the friendly feelings (by removing anger) concise brief and compact ♠ conclave private secret meeting conclusive decisive; ending all debate concoct prepare by mixing or combining; make up in con- cert; devise (something false) so as to deceive; Ex. concoct an elaborate excuse for being late; N. concoction concomitant that which accompanies; Ex. Deafnes is a fre- quent concommitant of old age; ADJ: existing or happening together with something else concord harmony; accord ♥ concordat formal agreement concur agree; coincide; happen at the same time concurrent happening at the same time; in agreement condescend (derog.) bestow courtesies with a superior air; descend to the level of one considered inferior condign adequate; (of punishment) severe and well de- served condiments seasonings; spices condole express condolences; N. condolence: sympathy for someone who has experienced great sorrow condone overlook; forgive; give tacit approval; excuse conducive helpful; contributive; V. conduce; Ex. conduce to/towards conduit aqueduct; passageway for fluids ♠ confidant(confidante) trusted friend (to whom one tells one’s secret) ♥ confide tell in confidence (to a person one trusts); be confi- dent about ♥ confidence self-assurance; calm unworried feeling based on a strong belief in one’s abilities; strong belief in the abil- ity of a person or plan; trust or faith in a person or thing; something confided; secret; Ex. confidence in your ability; Ex. I’m telling you this in confidence; Ex. exchange confi- dences about their boyfriends; ADJ. confident ♥ confidential spoken or written in secret; trusted with pri- vate matters; Ex. confidential secretary confine shut in an enclosed space; restrict; keep within lim- its; N. confinement confiscate seize; take possession of (private property) by of- ficial order (usu. as a punishment); commandeer conflagration great fire confluence flowing together; the place where two rivers flow together; crowd; gathering together conformity harmony; agreement with established rules or customs; similarity; Ex. behave in conformity with; V. con- form: be similar; act in agreement; comply; Ex. conform to the rule; CF. conformance ♥ conformist person who uncritically conforms to the cus- toms of a group; OP. nonconformist: one who does not con- form to accepted beliefs of norms ♠ confound confuse; puzzle congeal freeze; coagulate congenial pleasant; friendly; in agreement with one’s tastes and nature; Ex. congenial weather congenital existing at birth 11 conglomeration mass of material sticking together ♥ conglomerate corporation made up of several different companies in diversified fields; mass of various material gathered together; rock consisting of small stones held to- gether by clay; V. congruence correspondence of parts; harmonious relation- ship; CF. congruity congruent in agreement; harmonious; corresponding; coin- ciding exactly; CF. congruous ♠ conifer pine tree (usu. evergreen); cone-bearing tree; ADJ. coniferous; CF. deciduous; CF. evergreen conjecture surmise; guess; V. 15 conjugal pertaining to marriage conjure cause to appear by magic; summon (a devil or a spirit) bymagical power; practice magic (esp. by very quick movement of the hands); evoke; conjure up: bring into the mind; Ex. The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat. connivance pretense of ignorance of something wrong; as- sistance; permission to offend; V. connive: feign ignorance (of a wrong); cooperate secretly in an illegal action; conspire connoisseur person competent to act as a judge of art, etc. (whose judgments are respected); a lover of an art connotation suggested or implied meaning of an expres- sion; V. connote connubial pertaining to marriage or the matrimonial state ♥matrimony state of being married ♥ patrimony property inherited from a father consanguinity kinship; relationship by birth ♥ consanguineous(consanguine) having a common ancestor conscientious scrupulous; through and careful; Ex. consci- entious worker conscript draftee; person forced into military service; V. consecrate dedicate; sanctify; declare as sacred; Ex. conse- crate one’s life to helping the poor consensus general agreement; opinion reached by a group consequential self-important; significant; consequent; fol- lowing as a result; Ex. consequential air; CF. subsequent conservatory(conservatoire) school of the fine arts (espe- cially music or drama); glass-enclosed area; CF. conser- vancy consign send to a person or place for sale; deliver officially; entrust; put into the care of another; set apart (for a special purpose); N. consignment; CF. consignor, consignee consistency absence of contradictions; uniformity; degree of thickness or firmness; Ex. consistency of thick cream; CF. viscous console lessen sadness or disappointment; give comfort; al- lay the sorrow of; N. consolation consolidation unification; process of becoming firmer or stronger; V. consolidate: merge; strengthen consonance harmony; agreement ♥ consonant harmonious; in agreement; N. consort associate with; keep company; N: husband or wife (or a ruler) conspiracy treacherous plot; secret plan against the law (by two or more people) ♥ conspire take part in a conspiracy; (of events) work to- gether; combine; Ex. Events conspired to produce great dif- ficulties. ♥ consternation great shock; dismay constituent supporter; voter; member of a constituency; component ♥ constituency voters represented by an elected official; dis- trict so represented; group of supporters (or constituents) ♥ constitution constituting; system of laws; composition of something; physical makeup or structure of a person; Ex. men with strong constitutions constraint restraint; compulsion; repression of feelings; ret- icence; V. constrain: hold back; restrain; compel; oblige; confine forcibly; imprison construe explain; interpret; Ex. construe her silence as meaning that she agreed; CF. misconstrue consummate complete; V. contagion infection (by contact); ADJ. contagious; CF. in- fectious: that can be passed by infection in the air ♥ drastic strong; violent and severe; Ex. drastic changes/measures contaminate pollute contempt scorn; disdain; ADJ. contemptuous; CF. con- temptible contend struggle; compete; assert earnestly; state strongly contention assertion; claim; thesis; struggling; competition ♥ thesis opinion put forward and supported by reasoned ar- guments ♥ boost lift by pushing up from below; increase; raise; N: push upward; increase contentious quarrelsome; controversial; likely to cause ar- guments contest dispute; argue about the rightness of; compete for; try to win; Ex. contest the election results; Ex. contest a seat in Parliament; N. context writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs contiguous adjacent to; touching upon ♠ continence self-restraint; sexual chastity; sexual absti- nence; voluntary control over bladder and bowel functions; ADJ. continent ♠ contingent dependent on something uncertain or in the fu- ture; conditional; happening by chance; accidental; N: a group of soldiers, ships to a larger force; CF. contingency: future event that may or may not occur; possibility; Ex. pre- pare for every contingency contortions twistings; distortions; V. contort: twist vio- lently out of shape; CF. contortionist ♠ contraband illegal trade; smuggling; smuggled goods; ADJ. ♠ contravene contradict; oppose; violate (a rule, law, or cus- tom); N. contravention contrite penitent; repentant; N. contrition 16 ♠ contrived unnatural and forced; artificial; not spontaneous; Ex. The ending was rather contrived. ♥ contrive invent or fabricate in a clever way (by improvisa- tion); manage; Ex. contrive to attract his attention ♥ contrivance something contrived; machine or apparatus; clever deceitful plan; scheme controvert oppose with arguments; attempt to refute; con- tradict; ADJ. controversial; N. controversy contumacious stubborn and disobedient; resisting author- ity (esp. disobedient to an order made by a court) contusion bruise ♥ bruise injure without breaking the skin; N. ♠ conundrum riddle; difficult problem convene come together; assemble; call to meet; Ex. convene the council convention social or moral custom; established practice; formal meeting; international agreement conventional ordinary; typical; not nuclear; Ex. conven- tional weapons converge approach; tend to meet; come together conversant familiar with; having knowledge of converse opposite; ADJ. convert one who has adopted a different religion or opin- ion; V: change into another form; (persuade to) adopt a par- ticular religion or belief convex curving outward conveyance vehicle; transfer; act of conveying; Ex. public conveyance conviction judgment that someone is guilty of a crime; strongly held belief convivial pleasantly merry; festive; joyous; gay; character- ized by joviality; jovial convoke call together; Ex. convoke Parliament; N. convo- cation convoluted coiled around; twisted; involved; complicated; intricate; complex; N. convolution: twist; one of the convex folds of the surface of the brain ♥ convulsion violent uncontrollable shaking movement (caused by illness); V. convulse; ADJ. convulsive ♠ copious plentiful ♠ coquette flirt; flirtatious woman; woman who tries to at- tract the admiration of men without sincere feelings; V. ♥ flirt behave in a way that attracts (sexual) attention; deal triflingly with; N: one (or woman) given to flirting; ADJ. flirtatious cordial warmly friendly; gracious; heartfelt; Ex. cordial welcome ♠ cordon extended line of men or fortifications to prevent ac- cess or egress; (#QL:\"f ×¼\|½Ó x9 Ü¼Ð u H) ©d o :r; V. ♠ cornice projecting molding on building (usually above columns or pillars);% ©d ♠ cornucopia horn (or horn-shaped container) overflowing with fruit and grain; symbol of abundance; horn of plenty corollary natural consequence (which naturally follows from something else) ♠ corporeal bodily (rather than spiritual); of a bodily form; material; tangible corpulent very fat; N. corpulence ♥ corpus collection (of writings or information); Ex. the cor- pus of Shakespear’s works; Cf. corpse ♥ corpuscle red or white cell in the blood correlation mutual relationship ♥ correlate either of the correlated things; V. corroborate confirm; support; strengthen corrode destroy or wear away gradually by chemical action (over a long period) corrosive eating away by chemicals or disease; (of lan- guage) fierce ♠ corrugated wrinkled; ridged ♥wrinkle small ridge on a smooth surface (face or cloth); V. ♥ crinkle wrinkle cosmic pertaining to the universe; vast ♠ coterie group that meets socially; select circle; close group of people with shared interests countenance approve; support; tolerate; Ex. countenance his rude behavior; N: face; appearance ♠ countermand cancel; revoke (an order) 12 counterpart thing that completes another; things very much alike; thing that has the same purpose in a different system ♠ coup highly successful action or sudden attack; coup(s) d’e´tat; CF. coup de graˆce: deathblow or shot which kills couple join; unite; OP. uncouple ♠ courier messenger ♠ covenant binding agreement between two groups or peo- ple; compact; V: enter into a covenant; promise ♥ bargain agreement between two groups or people; some- thing for sale at a price advantageous to the buyer; V: nego- tiate; trade; Ex. bargaining power covert secret; hidden; implied; OP. overt ♠ covetous avaricious; desirous of (someone else’s posses- sions); V. covet: desire eagerly (someone else’s possessions) ♠ cow terrorize; intimidate ♠ cower shrink quivering as from fear; cringe 17 ♠ coy shy (flirtatiously); showing a (pretended) lack of self- confidence; modest; coquettish; CF. job offer\ ¦~ÃÎ¤ `¦M: ♠ cozen cheat; hoodwink; swindle ♠ crabbed sour; bad-tempered; peevish; difficult to read as handwriting ♥ peevish bad-tempered; irritable; V. peeve: make angry ♠ crass very unrefined; grossly insensible; crude and undis- criminating; Ex. crass behavior craven cowardly credence belief ♠ credo creed credulity belief on slight evidence; gullibility; naivete´; ADJ. credulous creed system of religious or ethical belief crescendo increase in the volume or intensity as in a musi- cal passage; climax; CF. crescent ♥ far-fetched too improbable to be believed; implausible; Ex. far-fetched story ♥ overture musical introduction to a long musical piece; first offer or proposal (to begin talks in the hope of reaching an agreement); Ex. overtures for peace ♠ crestfallen dejected; dispirited ♥ crest top (as of a hill or wave); showy feathers on the head of a bird ♠ crevice crack; fissure cringe shrink back as if in fear; cower criteria standards used in judging; CF. criterion ♠ crone hag; ugly old woman ♠ crotchety (of someone old) eccentric; odd; whimsical; bad- tempered; N. crotchet: odd or whimsical notion ♠ crux essential or main point; Ex. the crux of the problem; ADJ. crucial: of deciding importance crypt secret recess or vault usually used for burial; under- ground room (under a church) cryptic mysterious; hidden; secret ♠ cubicle small chamber used for sleeping or work ♥ compartment one of the parts into which an enclosed space is divided ♠ cuisine style of cooking; Ex. French cuisine ♠ culinary relating to cooking or kitchen ♠ cull pick out from others (to kill the weakest members); re- ject; select; collect (information); N. culmination highest point; climax; V. culminate in: reach the highest point in; end in; Ex. a series of minor clashes culminating in war culpable deserving blame; blameworthy ♥ culprit one guilty of a crime ♠ culvert artificial channel for water; drain crossing under a road cumbersome heavy and awkward to carry or wear; bur- densome; Ex. cumbersome parcel/uniform cumulative growing by addition; accumulative cupidity greed (for wealth); CF. cupid; CF. Cupid curator superintendent; manager (in charge of a museum or a library) ♠ curmudgeon churlish, miserly individual; bad-tempered old person ♠ cursive (of writing) flowing; running; having the succes- sive letters joined cursory casual; hastily done with little attention to detail curtail shorten; reduce cynical skeptical or distrustful of human motives; N. cyn- icism; CF. cynic: person who believes all people are moti- vated by selfishness ♠ cynosure object of general attention; person or thing that is a center of attention; CF. Ursa Minor ♠ dabble work at in a nonserious fashion; splash around; move noisily in a liquid ♠ dais raised platform for speakers or other important people ♠ dally trifle with; toy with; treat without the necessary seri- ousness; procrastinate; waste time ♠ dank damp; unpleasantly wet ♠ dapper neat and trim (in appearance); (of small men) neat in appearance and quick in movements; neat; spry ♠ dappled spotted ♠ daub smear (as with paint); cover with something sticky; Ex. daub one’s clothes with mud/paint; N: small bit of sticky substance; Ex. a daub of paint ♥ smear spread or cover with a sticky substance; N: mark made by smearing ♥ smudge dirty mark with unclear edges made by rubbing; V. daunt intimidate; frighten; discourage; dishearten dauntless bold; fearless dawdle loiter; hang around; waste time doing nothing deadlock standstill resulting from the opposition of two unrelenting forces; stalemate ♥ standstill condition of no movement or activity; stop ♠ deadpan wooden; impassive; with no show of feeling; with an expressionless face dearth scarcity de´baˆcle sudden disastrous downfall or defeat; complete disaster debase degrade; reduce in quality or value; degenerate; lower in esteem; disgrace; N. debasement ♥ kneel go down on one’s knee(s) ♠ debauch corrupt morally; seduce from virtue; N. debauch- ery: wild behavior (with sex and alcohol) 18 ♥ seduce lead away from proper conduct; entice; ADJ. seduc- tive debilitate weaken (esp. through heat, hunger, illness); en- feeble ♥ bout match; short period of great activity; Ex. wrestling bout; bout of drinking/flu ♠ debonair (of men) friendly, charming, and fashionably dressed; aiming to please; CF. of good disposition de´bris rubble; wreckage; scattered remains of something broken or destroyed ♠ debunk expose as false, exaggerated, worthless, etc.; ridicule ♠ debutante young woman making formal entrance into so- ciety ♥ debut de´but; first public appearance; formal presentation of a young woman to society decadence decay; fall to a lower level (of morality, civiliza- tion, or art); ADJ. decadent decant pour off gently (wine or liquid) decapitate behead decelerate slow down 13 ♠ deciduous falling off at a specific season or stage of growth as of leaves; Ex. deciduous tree/teeth decimate kill (usually one out of ten or every tenth man); destroy or kill a large part of decipher decode; CF. indecipherable ♠ declivity downward slope ♠ de´collete´ (of a dress) having a low-cut neckline; CF. de´colletage: low neckline (on a dress) ♥ decree authoritative order; edict; judgment of a court of law; V: order or judge by decree ♠ decomposition decay; V. decompose: decay; break and separate into simple parts decorum propriety; orderliness and good taste in manners; appropriateness of behavior or conduct ♥ decorous proper (in behavior, conduct, or appearance) decoy lure or bait; V. decrepitude state of collapse or weakness caused by illness or old age ♥ decrepit weak and in bad condition from old age or hard use; Ex. decrepit old chair/man ♠ decry express strong disapproval of; condemn openly (something dangerous to the public); disparage; Ex. decry the violence of modern films deducible derived by reasoning; V. deduce: infer; derive by reasoning deface mar; disfigure ♥mar spoil the appearance of defame harm someone’s reputation; malign; speak evil of; slander; N. defamation; ADJ. defamatory default failure to act; failure to perform a task or be present; V. ♠ defeatist resigned to defeat or failure; accepting defeat or failure as a natural outcome; N. CF. defeatism defection desertion ♥ defect shortcoming; V: desert (in order to join the opposite one) defer give in respectfully; submit; delay till later; exempt temporarily; N. deferment; CF. show respect, comply with, courteous deference courteous regard for another’s wish; courteous yielding to another’s wish or opinion (showing respect); ADJ. deferential; OP. effrontery defiance refusal to yield; resistance; V. defy; ADJ. defiant defile pollute; make filthy or dirty; corrupt morally; pro- fane; desecrate; N: narrow passage or gorge through moun- tains definitive most reliable; authorative and complete; that cannot be improved; conclusive; decisive; definite; Ex. definitive decision by the supreme court deflect turn aside; turn away from a straight course ♠ defoliate destroy leaves; deprive of leaves (by the use of chemicals); N. defoliant ♠ defray provide for the payment of; undertake the payment of; pay ♠ defrock strip a priest or minister of church authority; un- frock ♥ frock long loose garment (worn by monks) deft neat; skillful defunct dead; no longer in use or existence degenerate becomeworse in quality; deteriorate; ADJ: hav- ing become worse; Ex. a degenerate species; N: depraved or corrupt person degradation humiliation; debasement; degeneration; V. de- grade: debase; disgrace; degenerate; reduce (something) in worth; demote (someone); reduce in rank ♥ dishonor disgrace; N. ADJ. dishonorable ♠ dehydrate remove water from; dry out deify turn into a god; make a god of; idolize; Ex. Kings were deified; CF. deity ♠ deign condescend; stoop ♥ stoop bend forward and down; lower or debase oneself; fall to a lower standard of behavior by doing something; con- descend; Ex. stoop to lying delete erase; strike out ♠ deleterious harmful deliberate consider; ponder; ADJ: done on purpose; slow delineate portray; depict; sketch; describe; N. delineation 19 delirium mental disorder marked by confusion; uncon- trolled excitement; ADJ. delirious delta flat plain of mud or sand between branches of a river delude deceive deluge flood; rush; V. delusion false belief; hallucination; deluding; Ex. delu- sions of grandeur; Ex. under the delusion that delusive deceptive; likely to delude; misleading; raising vain hopes; Ex. delusive promises ♠ delve dig; search deeply; investigate demagogue person who appeals to people’s prejudice; false leader of people; CF. demagoguery demean disgrace; humiliate; debase in dignity; behave demeanor behavior; bearing demented insane demise death ♠ demographic related to population balance; N. demogra- phy: statistical study of human population demolition destruction; V. demolish ♠ demoniac(demoniacal) fiendish; cruel; N. demon: evil su- pernatural being; devil ♥ fiend evil spirit; devil ♠ demotic of or pertaining to the people ♠ demur object (because of doubts, scruples); raise an objec- tion (showing qualms); hesitate; Ex. demur at the idea of working on Sunday ♠ demure (of a woman or child) grave; quiet and serious; coy; pretending to be demure denigrate blacken; defame denizen (animal, person, or plant) inhabitant or resident of a particular place; regular visitor denotation meaning; distinguishing by name; V. denote: indicate; refer to directly; mean; CF. connotation ♠ de´nouement final outcome; final development of the plot of a play or other literary work; the end of a story when everything is explained denounce condemn; criticize; N. denunciation depict portray ♥ expose´ public revelation of something discreditable deplete reduce; exhaust deplore regret; express sorrow and severe disapproval for something bad; Ex. deplore their violent behavior; ADJ. de- plorable: very bad; deserving severe disapproval; Ex. de- plorable living condition deploy spread out (troops) in an extended though shallow battle line; distribute (persons or forces) systematically or strategically ♥ battalion army unit made up of four or more companies depose dethrone; remove from office; give a deposition; testify deposition testimony under oath; deposing; dethroning depravity extreme corruption; wickedness; V. deprave deprecate express disapproval of; deplore; protest against; belittle; ADJ. deprecatory depreciate lessen in value; belittle; represent as of little value depredation plundering; destruction deranged insane ♥ institute organization for a special purpose; V: establish ♥ institution instituting; (building for the) organization; es- tablished custom, practice, or relationship in a society; men- tal hospital; Ex. institution of marriage ♥ institutionalize make into an institution; put or confine in an institution derelict negligent; (of someone) neglectful of duty; (of something) deserted by an owner; abandoned; N: aban- doned property; homeless or vagrant person ♥ dereliction neglect of duty; abandonment deride ridicule; treat with contempt; make fun of; OP. re- spect derision ridicule; ADJ. derisive; CF. derisory derivative unoriginal; obtained from another source; Ex. derivative prose style; N. ♥ derivation deriving; origin or source of something; Ex. the derivation of the word dermatologist one who studies the skin and its diseases ♥ acne skin disease (on the face) 14 derogatory expressing a low opinion; disparaging; V. dero- gate: detract; disparage ♠ descry catch sight of (something distant) desecrate profane; violate the sanctity of ♥ violate break (a law); defile; desecrate; assault sexually; Ex. violate graves desiccate dry up desolate (of a place) deserted; unpopulated; (of a person) lonely; forlorn; joyless desolate make desolate; forsake; abandon and desert ♠ desperado reckless, desperate outlaw ♥ desperate having lost all hope; despairing; reckless and vi- olent because of loss of hope or despair; undertaken as a last resort despise look on with scorn; regard as worthless or distaste- ful; ADJ. despicable: contemptible despoil plunder; sack; Ex. despoil the village despondent without hope and courage; depressed; gloomy; N. despondency: loss of hope with gloom; dejection 20 despot tyrant; harsh, authoritarian ruler; CF. despotism destitute extremely poor; lacking means of subsistence; ut- terly lacking; devoid; Ex. destitute of any experience ♥ impoverish make poor; deprive of natural strength or something important; Ex. impoverished soil desultory aimless; haphazard; digressing at random ♠ detached emotionally removed; free from emotional in- volvement; calm and objective; physically separate; N. de- tachment; CF. attachment ♥ detain keep waiting; prevent from leaving or going; N. de- tention ♠ determinate having a fixed order of procedure; precisely defined; invariable; fixed; conclusive; final ♠ determination resolve; firmness of purpose; measurement or calculation; decision deterrent something that discourages or deters detonation explosion detraction slandering; aspersion; detracting; CF. detractor detrimental harmful; damaging; N. detriment deviate turn away from (a principle, norm); move away from an accepted standard; swerve; depart; diverge; N. de- viation; Ex. deviation of the path of light by a prism ♠ devious roundabout; erratic; deviating from the straight course; not straightforward; not completely honest; Ex. de- vious route devise think up; invent; plan; bequeath; N: bequest devoid empty; lacking ♠ devolve deputize; pass or be passed to others (power, work, or property); Ex. devolve on/upon/to ♥ deputize work or appoint as a deputy; N. deputy: person who has the power to take charge when the leading person is away devotee enthusiastic follower; enthusiast; Ex. devotee of Bach devout pious; deeply religious; sincere; earnest; Ex. my de- vout hope ♥ religious of religion; (of a person) pious; having reverence for a deity dexterous skillful; skill in using hands or mind; N. dexter- ity diabolical diabolic; devilish; fiendish ♠ diadem crown dialectical relating to the art of debate; mutual or recipro- cal; Ex. dialectical situation; N. dialectic: art of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments diaphanous sheer; transparent ♠ diatribe bitter scolding or denunciation; invective; abuse dichotomy division into two opposite parts; split; branch- ing into two parts (especially contradictory ones) ♠ dictum authoritative and weighty statement (made by a judge in court); saying; maxim; CF. obiter dictum: inciden- tal, nonbinding remark (something said in passing) ♠ didactic (of speech or writing) intended to teach a moral lesson; teaching; instructional; N. didacticism ♠ die metal block used for shapingmetal or plastic; device for stamping or impressing; mold; CF. dice diffidence shyness; lack of self-confidence; timidity; ADJ. diffident ♠ diffuse wordy; verbose; rambling; spread out (like a gas); V: spread out in all directions; disperse; N. diffusion; CF. suffuse digression wandering away from the subject; V. digress dilapidated falling to pieces; in a bad condition; ruined be- cause of neglect; Ex. dilapidated old car/castle; N. dilapi- dation dilate expand; dilate on/upon: speak or write at length on (a subject) dilatory delaying; tending to delay dilemma situation that requires a choice between equally unfavorable options; problem; choice of two unsatisfactory alternatives ♠ dilettante aimless follower of an art or a field of knowledge (not taking it seriously); amateur; dabbler; CF. delight diligence steadiness of effort; persistent hard work dilute make (a liquid) less concentrated; reduce in strength; Ex. dilute the influence of the president diminution lessening; reduction in size; V. diminish din continued loud noise; V:make a din; instill bywearying repetition ♥weary tired after long work; V. ♠ dinghy small boat (often ship’s boat) ♥maroon leave helpless on a deserted island or coast; ADJ. red brown ♠ dingy (of things and place) dirty and dull; Ex. dingy street/curtain ♥ dull (of colors or surfaces) not bright; cloudy; overcast; bor- ing; (of edge or sound) not sharp; not rapid; sluggish; slow in thinking and understanding; stupid; V. ♠ dint means; effort; Ex. by dint of hard work ♠ diorama life-size, three-dimensional scene from nature or history; three-dimensional scene with modeled figures against a painted background ♠ dire warning of disaster; disastrous; (of needs and dangers) very great; urgent; Ex. dire prediction/need of food ♠ dirge funeral song; slow mournful piece of music (sung over a dead person) disabuse correct a false impression; undeceive; free from a wrong belief ♠ disaffected disloyal; lacking loyality; V. disaffect: cause to lose affection or loyalty 21 disapprobation disapproval; condemnation ♠ disarray state of disorder; a disorderly or untidy state; Ex. with her clothes in disarray ♠ disavowal denial; disclaiming; repudiating; disowning; V. disavow; CF. disclaim ♠ disband dissolve; disperse; (of a group) break up and sep- arate; Ex. The club has disbanded. ♠ disburse pay out (as from a fund); N. disbursement; CF. purse discernible distinguishable; perceivable; Ex. discernible improvement discerning mentally quick and observant; having insight; perceptive; able to make good judgments; V. discern: per- ceive ♠ disclaim disown; renounce claim to; deny; CF. disclaimer disclose reveal; N. disclosure ♠ discombobulated discomposed; confused ♥ discompose disturb the composure of; confuse discomfit frustrate; put to rout; defeat; disconcert; embar- rass; perturb ♠ disconcert confuse; upset; embarrass; perturb disconsolate hopelessly sad (at the loss of something) discord conflict; lack of harmony; dissonance (when musi- cal notes are played) discordant not harmonious; conflicting ♠ discount disregard; regard (a story or news) as unimpor- tant; deduct from a cost discourse serious speech, writing, or conversation; formal discussion (either written or spoken); conversation; V. discredit defame; disgrace; destroy confidence in; disbe- lieve; N. CF. discreditable: causing discredit; shameful discrepancy lack of consistency or agreement as between facts; difference; Ex. discrepancy between two descriptions discrete separate; unconnected discretion prudence; ability to adjust actions to circum- stances; freedom of action or judgment; ADJ. discreet; CF. discretionary discriminating able to see differences; discerning; preju- diced; N. discrimination ♥ discriminate distinguish; make distinctions on the basis of preference ♥ brisk quick and active; marked by liveliness and vigor ♠ discursive (of a person or writing) digressing; rambling (without any clear plan) disdain treat with scorn or contempt ♠ disembark debark; go ashore (from a ship); unload cargo from a ship; CF. embark disenfranchise disfranchise; deprive of a civil right; OP. en- franchise ♠ disengage uncouple; separate; disconnect; stop fighting; OP. engage disfigure mar the appearance of; spoil ♠ disgorge surrender something (stolen); eject; vomit; OP. gorge ♠ disgruntle make discontented 15 dishearten discourage ♠ disheveled untidy (of hair or clothing); V. dishevel disinclination unwillingness ♠ disingenuous not naive; not candid; sophisticated; worldly wise; OP. ingenuous ♠ disinter dig up; unearth; OP. inter disinterested unprejudiced; free from bias and self-interest; objective disjointed disconnected; lacking coherence; V. disjoint: dis- connect; disjoin disjunction act or state of separation; disunity; CF. disjunc- tive: expressing a choice between two ideas; CF. conjunc- tion; CF. conjunctive ♠ dislodge remove (forcibly); force out of a position; Ex. dis- lodge the food caught in his throat; CF. lodge ♠ dismantle take apart; disassemble ♥mantle loose sleeveless outer garment; cloak; something that covers or envelops; the layer of the earth between the crust and the core ♥ crust hard outer covering (as of earth or snow) dismember cut into small parts; cut (a body) apart limb from limb ♠ dismiss eliminate from consideration; no longer consider; put out of court without further hearing; reject; discharge from employment; direct to leave; ADJ. dismissive; N. dis- missal disparage belittle maneuver(manoeuver) strategic military or naval move- ment (done for training purposes); carefully planned pro- cess; stratagem; V: carry out a military maneuver; use ma- neuvers in gaining an end disparate basically different; impossible to compare; unre- lated disparity difference; condition of inequality; OP. parity dispassionate calm; impartial; not influenced by personal feelings dispatch speediness; prompt execution; message sent with all due speed; V: send to a specified destination; finish promptly; kill dispel scatter; drive away; cause to vanish ♥ dispense distribute; prepare and give out (medicines); N. dispensation: dispensing; religious system; official exemp- tion from an obligation or a rule 22 disperse scatter; Ex. disperse the cloud/crowd ♠ dispirited lacking in spirit ♠ disport amuse; Ex. disport oneself; CF. divert disputatious argumentative; fond of argument disquietude uneasiness; anxiety; V. disquiet: make anxious ♠ disquisition formal systematic inquiry; explanation of the results of a formal inquiry; long formal speech or written report dissection analysis; cutting apart in order to examine ♠ dissemble disguise; hide the real nature of; pretend disseminate distribute; spread; scatter (like seeds) dissent disagree dissertation formal essay; treatise dissident dissenting (with an opinion, a group, or a gov- ernment); rebellious; N. ♠ dissimulate pretend; conceal by feigning; dissemble dissipate squander; waste foolishly; scatter ♠ dissolution disintegration; reduction to a liquid form; looseness in morals; sensual indulgence; debauchery; ADJ. dissolute: lacking in moral restraint; leading an immoral life ♥ reduce diminish; bring to a weaker or more difficult condi- tion; demote; lower in rank; separate into components by analysis; Ex. reduced to the ranks; Ex. reduce the house to rubble; N. reduction dissuade persuade not to do; discourage; N. dissuasion ♥ dissonance discord ♠ distant reserved or aloof; cold in manner; Ex. distant greet- ing; ADV. distantly distend expand; swell out distill refine (a liquid by evaporating and subsequent con- densation); concentrate; separate the most important parts from; Ex. distill fresh water from sea water; CF. brew ♠ distinction honor; excellence; difference; contrast; discrim- ination; Ex. graduated with distinction; Ex. a writer of real distinction ♥ distinct clearly different; clearly noticed ♥ distinctive clearly different from others of the same kind distort twist out of shape; give a false account of; misrepre- sent; N. distortion ♠ distrait absentminded; distracted ♠ distraught upset; distracted by anxiety; very anxious and troubled almost to the point of madness; Ex. distraught with grief/worry ♥ distract take (one’s attention) off something; upset emo- tionally; make anxious; ADJ. distracted diurnal daily; occurring during the daytime diva operatic singer; prima donna diverge vary; go in different directions from the same point; ADJ. divergent: differing; deviating diverse differing in some characteristics (from each other); various; N. diversity: variety; dissimilitude; lack of resem- blance diversion act of turning aside; pastime; V. divert: turn aside from a course; distract; amuse divest strip (as of clothes); deprive (as of rights); dispos- sess; N. divestiture(divestment) divine perceive intuitively (by or as if by magic); foresee the future; foretell; dowse; ADJ. N. divination ♥ dowse use a divining rod to search for underground water or minerals divulge reveal docile obedient; easily managed; submissive ♥ ferocious fierce; violent; N. ferocity ♠ docket program as for trial; book where such entries are made; list of things to be done; agenda; label fixed to a pack- age listing contents or directions; V: describe in a docket ♠ doctrinaire unable to compromise about points of doctrine; dogmatic; unyielding; marked by inflexible attachment to a doctrine without regard to its practical difficulties doctrine teachings in general; particular principle (reli- gious, legal, etc.) taught; dogma; tenet; ADJ. doctrinal ♥ indoctrinate cause to accept a doctrine without questioning it; Ex. indoctrinated with mindless anti-communism ♠ document provide written evidence (for a claim); record with documents; N. ♠ doddering shaky; infirm from old age; V. dodder ♥merit deserve; ADJ. meritorious: deserving reward or praise ♠ doff take off; OP. don ♠ dogged determined; stubborn; stubbornly persevering; tenacious; Ex. Inspector Javert’s dogged pursuit of Jean Val- jean ♥ persevere continue steadily in spite of difficulties ♠ doggerel poor verse dogmatic opinionated; holding stubbornly to one’s opin- ion; arbitrary; doctrinal ♠ doldrums blues; listlessness(lack of spirit or energy); slack(inactive) period; period of stagnation; ocean area near the equator where ships cannot move because there is no wind; Ex. in the doldrums ♥ blues state of depression or melancholy; style of slow, mournful music (evolved from southern Black American songs) dolorous sorrowful; N. dolor ♠ dolt slow-thinking stupid person; CF. dull ♠ domicile home; V. ADJ. domiciled: having one’s domicile; Ex. He is domiciled in Britain. ♠ domineer rule over tyrannically 23 ♥ dominate control; rule; enjoy a commanding position in; overlook from a height;?/ 9 Ð ♥ dominant exercising the most influence; high and easily seen; stronger than the other part of a system; not recessive ♠ don put on; OP. doff ♥ outfit clothing or equipment for a special purpose; Ex. cow- boy outfit dormant sleeping; temporarily inactive; lethargic; latent ♠ dormer window projecting upright from roof; CF. sleeping room dorsal relating to the back of an animal; Ex. dorsal fin ♠ dossier file of documents on a subject or person; file; CF. bundle of papers labeled on the back ♠ dotage senility; feeblemindedness of old age; Ex. In one’s dotage ♠ dote be excessively fond of; show signs of mental decline ♠ dour sullen; gloomy; stubborn ♥ sullen silently showing ill humor or resentment; dark; gloomy ♥ brood sit on in order to hatch; think deeply or worry anx- iously; N: the young of certain animals; group of young birds hatched at one time ♠ douse plunge into water or liquid; dip; immerse; drench; wet throughly; extinguish; throw water over; dowse ♠ dowdy untidy (of a woman or clothes); slovenly; dressed in an unattractive way; shabby; CF. unattractive woman ♠ downcast disheartened; dejected; sad; directed downward ♠ drab dull; lacking color; cheerless ; Ex. drab coat/life ♠ draconian extremely severe; Ex. draconian punishment; CF. Draco: Athenian politician ♠ dregs sediment in a liquid; lees; worthless residue ♠ drivel nonsense; foolishness; V: talk nonsense ♥ nonsense speech or writing with no meaning; foolish be- havior or language; Ex. make (a) nonsense of: spoil; cause to fail ♥ dribble flow or fall in drops; let saliva flow out slowly from the mouth; move a ball; N. ♥ drip fall or let fall in drops; shed drops; N: action or sound of falling in drops; liquid that falls in drops ♥ trickle flow in drops or in a thin stream; N. ♠ droll queer and amusing ♥ queer strange; eccentric; deviating from the normal ♠ drone idle person who lives on other people’s work; male bee ♠ drone talk dully; buzz or murmur like a bee; N. ♥murmur low, indistinct, continuous sound; V. CF. mumble ♠ dross waste matter; worthless impurities drudgery hard unpleasant work; menial work ♥ drudge do drudgery; N: person who drudges ♠ dubious questionable; (of something) causing doubt; (of someone) filled with doubt; N. dubiety ♠ ductile malleable; pliable; (of metals) easily pulled into shape; flexible; (of someone) easily influenced or controlled ♠ dulcet sweet sounding; pleasing to the ear; melodious ♠ dumbfound(dumfound) astonish (making dumb); ADJ. dumbfounded, dumfounded, dumbstruck ♠ dupe someone easily fooled or deceived; V: deceive ♠ duplicity double-dealing; hypocrisy; being dishonest and deceitful; ADJ. duplicitous 16 duration length of time something lasts ♠ duress forcible restraint, especially unlawfully; coercion by threat; illegal coercion; Ex. a promise made under duress ♠ dutiful(duteous) (of people or their behavior) respectful; obedient (filled with a sense of duty) ♠ dwindle shrink; reduce gradually dynamic energetic; vigorously active ♥ dynamo generator for producing electricity; energetic per- son ♠ dyspeptic suffering from indigestion; N. dyspepsia: indi- gestion; difficulty in digesting food ♥ dys- abnormal; impaired ♥ dyslexia word blindness; learning disorder marked by im- pairment of the ability to read ♥ dysentery inflammatory disorder of the lower intestinal tract ♠ earthy unrefined; coarse; of earth; Ex. earthy remarks; OP. ethereal ♥ earthly of this earth; terrestrial; worldly; not divine; possi- ble; Ex. no earthly reason ebb (of the tide) recede; lessen; diminish; N. OP. flow: rise of tide ebullient showing excitement; overflowing with enthusi- asm; boiling; N. ebullience; N. ebullition: state of boiling eccentric irregular; odd; unconventional; whimsical; bizarre; not concentric eccentricity oddity; idiosyncrasy ecclesiastic ecclesiastical; pertaining to the church; N: min- ister; priest; cleric; clergyman ♥ chapel small church (in a prison, college, or hospital) ♥ chaplain clergyman attached to a chapel ♥ padre chaplain (in the armed forces) eclectic selective; composed of elements drawn from dis- parate sources; selecting individual elements from a variety of sources; N. eclecticism 24 ♥ selective careful in choosing; having an effect only on cer- tain things; not general; Ex. eclectic weed killer eclipse darken; extinguish; outshine; surpass; cause an eclipse ♥ ecliptic path of the sun and the planets ecologist person concerned with the interrelationship be- tween living organisms and their environment; person con- cernedwith the detrimental effects of human civilization on the environment; CF. ecology ♥ ecosystem ecological community together with its environ- ment economy efficiency or conciseness in using something; thrifty management of resources ecstasy rapture; very strong feeling of joy and happiness; any overpowering emotion; ADJ. ecstatic: causing or expe- riencing ecstasy ♥ rapture great joy and delight; ecstasy; ADJ. rapturous ♠ eddy swirling current of water, air, etc.; V. edict decree (especially one issued by a sovereign); official command ♥ sovereign ruler in a monarchy; ADJ: (of a country) in- dependent and self-governing; having supreme power; supreme; excellent ♥ sovereignty complete independence and self-government (of a country); supremacy of authority; power to govern ♠ edify instruct; correct morally ♥ edifice building (of imposing size) eerie weird; causing fear because strange efface rub out; remove the surface of effectual able to produce a desired effect; valid ♥ effective effectual; producing a strong response; striking; in operation; in effect; Ex. effective speech/photograph ♥ effectuate effect; produce; achieve; Ex. effectuate a recon- ciliation effeminate having womanly traits ♥ emasculate weaken; castrate ♥ castrate remove the sex organs (of a male animal or person) ♠ effervescence inner excitement or exuberance; showing high spirits; emitting bubbles forming inside; bubbling from fermentation or carbonation; ADJ. effervescent; V. ef- fervesce effete having lost one’s original power; barren; worn out; exhausted efficacy power to produce desired effect; ADJ. efficacious: effectual effigy dummy; likeness of a person made of wood, paper, or stone; Ex. burn an effigy of the President ♥ dummy imitation of a real object used as a substitute; effigy ♠ effluvium noxious(harmful) smell effrontery rudenesswithout any sense of shame; shameless boldness; presumptousness; nerve; cheek ♥ effulgent shining brightly; brilliant effusion pouring forth; unrestrained outpouring of feeling; V. effuse: pour out; ADJ. effusive: pouring forth; gushing ♥ gush (of liquid) pour out in large quantities from a hole; make an excessive display of feeling (without true feeling); Ex. Blood gushed from the wound. egoism excessive interest in one’s self; belief that one should be interested in one’s self rather than in others; self- ishness; ADJ. egoistic, egoistical ♥ ego one’s opinion of oneself; self-esteem egotistical egotistic; excessively self-centered(egocentric); self-important; conceited ♥ egotism tendency to speak or write of oneself excessively; conceit; self-importance egregious notorious; conspicuously bad or shocking ♠ egress exit; opening for going out; act of going out; OP. ingress ♠ ejaculation exclamation; abrupt ejection (to discharge sperm); V. ejaculate ♠ elaboration addition of details; intricacy ♥ elaborate work out carefully; add more detail or informa- tion; ADJ. elated filled with excited joy and pride; overjoyed; in high spirits; joyful and proud; Ex. elated crowd; V. elate; N. ela- tion ♠ elegy poem or song expressing lamentation (for the dead); ADJ. elegiacal, elegiac elicit draw out fact or information (by discussion or from someone) ♠ elixir cure-all; panacea; something invigorating ellipsis omission of words from a text; mark used to in- dicate an omission (when the meaning can be understood without them); PL. ellipses elliptical elliptic; oval; of an ellipse; containing an ellip- sis; ambiguous either purposely or because key words have been left out eloquence expressiveness; persuasive speech; ADJ. elo- quent: movingly expressive; expressing ideas well so that the hearers can be influeneced elucidate explain; make clear; clarify; enlighten; CF. lucid elusive evasive; not frank; baffling; hard to grasp, catch, or understand; V. elude: escape from; escape the understand- ing or grasp of; Ex. elude the hunter; Ex. His name eludes me. ♠ elysian relating to paradise; blissful ♥ Elysium place or condition of bliss emaciated thin and wasted (from hunger or illness) emanate issue forth; come out emancipate set free; liberate 25 embargo ban on commerce or other activity embark commence; go on board a boat; begin a journey embed(imbed) enclose; place in something; fix firmly in a surrounding mass embellish adorn; ornament; enhance as a story (by adding fictitious details) embezzlement taking for one’s own use in violation of trust; stealing (of money placed in one’s care) ♥ emblazon ornament richly (a shield or flag); N. emblazon- ment ♥ embody give a bodily form to; incorporate; include ♠ emboss produce a design in raised relief; decorate with a raised design embrace hug; clasp with the arms; adopt or espouse; accept readily; encircle; include; Ex. embrace the cause/socialism; Ex. all-embracing; CF. brace; CF. bracelet ♥ encircle surround embroider decorate with needlework; ornament (a story) with fancy or fictitious details; embellish embroil throw into confusion; involve in strife, dispute, or quarrel; entangle; CF. imbroglio embryonic undeveloped; rudimentary; N. embryo: organ- ism in the early stage of development emend correct (usually a text); N. emendation: correction of errors; improvement ♠ emetic substance causing vomiting; ADJ. ♠ eminent rising above others; high; lofty; distinguished; Ex. eminent position emissary agent (sent on a mission to represent another); messenger emollient soothing or softening remedy (for the skin); ADJ. emolument salary; payment for an office; compensation ♠ empathy ability to identify with another’s feelings, ideas, etc.; identification with and understanding of another’s feelings; V. empathize; CF. sympathy ♥ compassion sympathy for the suffering of others; ADJ. compassionate empirical based on experience ♠ emulate imitate; rival; try to equal or excel (through imita- tion) ♠ enamored in love; Ex. enamored of his own beauty; V. en- amor: inspire with love encipher encode; convert a message into code; put into ci- pher enclave territory enclosed within an alien land encomiastic praising; eulogistic; N. encomium: very high praise; eulogy encompass surround; include; Ex. His activities encom- pass publishing and computers. encroachment gradual intrusion; Ex. I resent all these en- croachments on my valuable time; V. encroach: take an- other’s possessions or right gradually or stealthily; intrude; Ex. encroach on/upon 17 encumber burden; N. encumbrance ♠ endearment fond word or act; expression of affection ♥ endear make beloved; Ex. endear her to everyone; ADJ. dear: loved; cherished; high-priced endemic prevailing among a specific group of people or in a specific area or country; peculiar to a particular region or people; CF. pandemic endorse approve; support; write one’s signature on the back of; N. endorsement; CF. dorsal endue provide with some quality; endow enduring lasting; surviving; V. endure: bear (pain or suf- fering) for a long time; remain alive (in spite of difficulties); last; survive energize invigorate; give energy to; make forceful and ac- tive enervate weaken; take away energy from enfranchise admit to the rights of citizenship (especially the right to vote); CF. franchise ♠ engage attract; employ; hire; pledge oneself; confront; fight; enter into confliction; interlock; lock together; partici- pate; N. engagement: agreement to marry; arrangement to meet someone or to do something; battle engaging charming; attractive ♥ engaged employed; busy; betrothed; involved in conflict engender cause; produce; give rise to engross occupy fully; absorb enhance increase; make greater (as in value, reputation, or usefulness); improve enigma puzzle; mystery; ADJ. enigmatic: obscure; puz- zling ♥ puzzle baffle or confuse by a difficult problem; ponder over a problem in an effort to solve; clarify or solve by reasoning; Ex. puzzle out the answer; N. enjoin command; order; forbid enmity ill will; hatred; hostility ♠ ennui boredom; listlessness and dissatisfaction resulting from lack of interest; CF. annoy enormity hugeness (in a bad sense); excessive wickedness; Ex. enormity of the crime; ADJ. enormous ♠ enrapture please intensely; fill with rapture and delight ♠ ensconce settle comfortably; place comfortably (in a secure place) ensue follow (as a result) 26 entail make necessary; require; necessitate; involve; limit the inheritance of (property) to a specified succession of heirs; Ex. entail A on/upon B ♠ enterprising full of initiative; showing enterprise ♥ enterprise willingness to take new ventures; initiative; business organization; plan (that is difficult or daring); Ex. their latest enterprise to sail round the world in a small boat enthrall capture; enslave; captivate; hold the complete at- tention of (as if magic); hold spellbound entice lure; persuade to do (something wrong); attract; tempt ♥mischief behavior (of children) causing trouble with no se- rious harm; damage; harm; Ex. mischief to the crops; ADJ. mischievous: causing mischief; playfully troublesome entity real being entomology study of insects ♠ entrance put under a spell(condition caused by magical power); carry away(fill with strong feeling) with emotion; put into a trance; fill with delight ♥ trance hypnotic state; ecstatic state; detachment from one’s physical surrounding (as in contemplation or daydream- ing); CF. transition ♥ hypnosis induced sleeping state; ADJ. hypnotic; V. hypno- tize entreat plead; ask earnestly ♠ entree(entre´e) entrance; a way in; right to enter; main dish of a meal; Ex. entree into the exclusive circle entrepreneur businessperson (who assumes the risk of a business venture); contractor; ADJ. entrepreneurial enumerate list; mention one by one ♠ enunciate announce; proclaim; utter or speak, especially distinctly; pronounce clearly; articulate; Ex. This theory was first enunciated by him. environ enclose; surround; N. environs: surrounding area (as of a city) ♠ eon(aeon) long period of time; an age; longest division of geologic time containing two or more eras ♠ epaulet(epaulette) ornament worn on the shoulder (of a uniform, etc.) ♥ fringe decorative edge of hanging threads; edge ephemeral short-lived; fleeting ♥ fleet fast; rapid; N. ADJ. fleeting: passing quickly; ephemeral epic long heroic poem, novel, or similar work of art (cele- brating the feats of a hero); ADJ: (of stories or events) re- sembling an epic; grand epicure connoisseur of food and drink; gourmet; ADJ. epi- curean; CF. Epicurus ♥ Epicurean believing that pleasure is good and suffering is bad and should be avoided; N. ♠ epigram witty thought or saying, usually short epilogue short speech at conclusion of dramatic work ♠ episodic (of a story or play) loosely connected; made up of separate and loosely connected parts; N. episode: incident in the course of an experience ♠ epistemologist philosopher who studies the nature of knowledge; N. epistemology ♠ epitaph inscription in memory of a dead person (as on a tombstone) ♠ epithet word or phrase characteristically used to describe a person or thing; descriptive phrase to characterize a person (often contemptous) epitome perfect example or embodiment; brief summary; Ex. epitome of good manners; V. epitomize: make an epit- ome of; be an epitome of; embody epoch period of time equable tranquil; of even calm temper; (of temperature) steady; uniform equanimity calmness of temperament; composure ♠ equestrian rider on horseback; ADJ. equilibrium balance of opposing forces; balance of the mind; equanimity ♠ equine resembling a horse; Ex. equine face equinox period of equal days and nights; the beginning of spring and autumn; Ex. vernal/autumnal equinox; ADJ. equinoctial ♠ equipoise balance; balancing force; equilibrium equitable fair; impartial; OP. inequitable equity fairness; justice; OP. inequity ♠ equivocal (of words or statements) ambiguous; intention- ally misleading; (of behavior) questionable; OP. unequivo- cal ♠ equivocate use equivocal language to deceive people; lie; mislead; attempt to conceal the truth; N. equivocation erode eat away; wear away gradually by abrasion; Ex. The sea erodes the rocks. erotic pertaining to passionate love or sexual love ♠ errant wandering (esp. in search of adventure); straying from proper moral standards; Ex. knight-errant ♠ erratic odd; irregular in movement or behavior; unpre- dictable erroneous mistaken; wrong; incorrect erudite (of a person or book) learned; full of learning; scholarly; N. erudition ♥ scholarly full of learning; erudite; like a scholar; Ex. schol- arly journal escapade prank; flighty conduct; reckless adventure that disobeys rules ♥ prank mischievous trick ♥ flighty (esp. of a woman’s behavior) capricious; often changing, esp. from one lover to another; impulsive 27 ♠ eschew avoid habitually; Ex. eschew alcoholic drinks ♠ esoteric hard to understand; known only to the chosen few, esp. initiates; N. esoterica espionage spying ♠ espouse adopt; support (an idea or aim); marry; N. es- pousal esteem respect; value; judge; N. ♥ estimable (of a person) worthy of esteem; admirable; de- serving esteem; possible to estimate ♥ inestimable impossible to estimate; (apprec) invaluable; of immeasurable worth estranged separated; alienated; V. estrange: alienate (peo- ple in a family); N. estrangement ♠ ethereal like a spirit or fairy; unearthly light; heavenly; un- usually refined; Ex. She has an ethereal beauty; CF. ether: upper air ♥ airy of air; high in the air; lofty; immaterial; unreal ♠ ethnic relating to races ♠ ethnology study of humankind; study of the different races of human beings; CF. anthropology ♠ ethos underlying character of a culture, group, etc.; charac- ter or ideas peculiar to a specific person, group, or culture; Ex. the company ethos etymology study of word parts; study of the origins of words eugenic pertaining to the improvement of race; N. eugen- ics: study of hereditary improvement of the human race eulogistic praising; full of eulogy 18 ♠ eulogy expression of praise, often on the occasion of some- one’s death; V. eulogize euphemism mild expression in place of an unpleasant one; ADJ. euphemistic euphony sweet sound; ADJ. euphonious ♠ euphoria feeling of exaggerated or un- founded(ungrounded; baseless) well-being; feeling of great happiness or well-being (when unreasonable); ADJ. euphoriaric euthanasia mercy killing evanescent fleeting; vanishing; soon disappearing; V. evanesce ♠ evasive not frank; trying to hide the truth; eluding; evad- ing; V. evade: avoid (a duty or responsibility) or escape from by deceit evince show clearly ♠ evenhanded impartial; fair evocative tending to call up (emotions, memories) evoke call forth (memory or feeling); Ex. That old film evoked memories of my childhood; N. evocation ♠ ewe female sheep ♥ ram male sheep; V. strike or drive against with a heavy im- pact exacerbate worsen; aggravate; embitter ♥ embitter make bitter; fill with painful or bitter feelings; make sad and angry; Ex. He was embittered by many dis- appointments. exacting extremely demanding; Ex. exacting standard of safety ♥ exact demand and obtain by force; Ex. exact a promise from him; N. exaction exalt raise in rank or dignity; praise highly; inspire; Ex. ex- alt the imagination; ADJ. exalted; N. exaltation ♠ exasperate vex; annoy or make angry (by testing the pa- tience) ♠ exceptionable objectionable; likely to cause dislike; offen- sive; CF. unexceptionable: entirely acceptable ♥ except exclude; N. exception: objection; exclusion; ADJ. ex- ceptional: unusual; of unusually high quality ♠ excerpt selected passage (written or musical) taken from a longer work; V. ♠ exchequer treasury; Ex. Chancellor of the exchequer ♥ chancellor legal official of high rank; CF. chan- cellery(chancellory): position of a chancellor ♥ treasure keep as precious; cherish excise cut away; cut out; N: government tax on good pro- duced and used inside a country; N. excision exclaim cry out suddenly; N. exclamation; ADJ. exclama- tory ♠ excoriate scold with biting harshness; censure strongly; strip the skin off exculpate clear from blame or guilt ♠ execrable very bad; detestable execrate curse; express abhorrence for; detest execute put into effect; carry out; kill as a lawful punish- ment; N. execution ♥ executor person designated to execute the terms of a will; \VÕüt¾¡§_ ]j ♥ executioner person administering capital punishment ♥ executive person having administrative authority; one branch of government executing laws; ADJ: relating to exe- cuting ♥ legislature legislating branch of government; CF. legislate: make laws ♥ judiciary judicial branch of government ♠ exegesis explanation, especially of biblical(of the bible) passages exemplary serving as a model; outstanding; Ex. exem- plary punishment/behavior; N. exemplar: typical example; model 28 exemplify show by example; furnish an example; serve as an example of; Ex. His pictures exemplify that sort of paint- ing. exempt not subject to a duty or obligation; free from a duty; V. exertion effort; expenditure of much physical work; V. ex- ert oneself: make a great effort ♥ exhale breathe out; OP. inhale exhilarating invigorating and refreshing; cheering; V. ex- hilarate: make cheerful and excited; Ex. exhilarated by the ride in the sports car ♠ exhort urge (by strong argument or advice); Ex. The gen- eral exhorted his men to fight bravely; N. exhortation ♥ urge drive or force forward (by causing impulses); drive to take action; impel; entreat earnestly; Ex. urge horses; N: impulse that prompts action ♥ urgent compelling immediate action; pressing; persistent; importunate; Ex. urgent in his demands exhume dig out of the ground; remove from a grave ♥ coroner public official who investigates any death thought to be of other than natural causes exigency urgent situation; ADJ. exigent exiguous small in amount; minute ♠ existential pertaining to existence; pertaining to the philos- ophy of existentialism exodus departure (of a large number of people) exonerate acquit; exculpate; free from blame or guilt exorbitant (of costs or demands) excessive; exceeding rea- sonable bounds exorcise drive out evil spirits exotic not native; from another part of the world; strange; intriguingly unusual; Ex. exotic flower/dress ♥ intrigue make secret plans; plot; arouse the curiosity of; N: secret scheme; plot; secret love affair ♠ expansive (of a person) outgoing and sociable; broad and extensive; able to increase in size ♥ outgoing sociable; eager to mix socially with others ♠ expatiate talk at length; speak or write in detail expatriate exile; someone who has withdrawn from his na- tive land; V: exile; banish; leave one’s country expedient suitable (for a particular purpose although not necessarily morally correct); practical; politic(prudent); N: something expedient expedite hasten; make go faster ♥ expeditious done with speed; quick; N. expedition expenditure payment or expense; expending; something expended; output; Ex. receipt for the expenditure; Ex. ex- penditure of all the energy expertise specialized knowledge (in a particular field); ex- pert skill expiate make amends for (a sin) ♠ expletive meaningless word; interjection; profane oath; swear-word ♥ interjection exclamation; Ex. “Ouch” ♥ swear vow; promise; use profane oaths; use offensive words ♥ swear-word word considered offensive; Ex. “bloody” ♥ oath solemn promise; blasphemous use of sacred words to express strong feelings; swear-word; Ex. “For Christ’s sake” explicate explain in detail; interpret; clarify; CF. explicable explicit totally clear; definite; outspoken exploit brave and successful act; deed or action, particu- larly a brave deed; CF. crossing the Atlantic ocean exploit make use of, sometimes unjustly; N. exploitation expository explanatory; serving to explain; N. exposition: explaining; exhibition ♠ expostulation protest; remonstrance; reasoning with some- one to correct or dissuade; V. expostulate exposure risk, particularly of being exposed to disease or to the elements; unmasking; act of laying something open; Ex. exposure of governmental corruption expound explain ♠ expropriate take possession of (often for public use and without payment) ♠ expunge cancel; remove a word or name (from a book or list); erase expurgate clean; remove offensive parts of a book extant (of something written or painted) still in existence extemporaneous not planned; impromptu; extempore ♠ extenuate weaken; mitigate; lessen the seriousness of (bad behavior) extirpate root up; uproot; destroy completely ♠ extol praise very highly; glorify extort wring from; get money by threats, etc.; obtain by force or threats; CF. extortionate: exorbitant ♥wring twist (to extract liquid); extract by twisting; wrench painfully (necks or hands) ♠ extradition surrender of prisoner by one state to another; Ex. extradition treaty; V. extradite ♠ extraneous not essential; irrelevant; superfluous; external; coming from the outside; Ex. extraneous details/noise/to the subject ♠ extrapolation projection; conjecture; V. extrapolate: infer (unknown information) from known information extricate free from an entanglement or difficulty; disentan- gle ♥ inextricable from which it is impossible to get free; that cannot be untied; Ex. inextricable troubles; Ex. inextrica- ble two histories 29 extrinsic external; not essential or inherent; extraneous; OP. intrinsic extrovert person interested mostly in external objects and actions ♥mingle mix together in close association ♠ extrude force or push out; thrust out; shape (plastic or metal) by forcing through a die ♠ exuberance overflowing abundance; joyful enthusiasm; flamboyance; lavishness; ADJ. exuberant: high-spirited and lively; growing abundantly and strongly ♥ glow shine brightly without a flame (as of eyes or met- als); show redness and heat (in the face) after hard work or because of strong feelings; N: light produced by a heated body; brilliance of a color ♠ exude flow out slowly; discharge (gradually); give forth; N. exudation ♥ ooze (of a thick liquid) pass or flow slowly; N: mud or thick liquid as at the bottom of a river exult rejoice fabricate build; lie; make up (a story) in order to deceive; Ex. fabricate the whole story; CF. fabric: underlying struc- ture; Ex. fabric of society ♠ facade(fac¸ade) front or face (of building); superficial or false appearance facet small plane surface (of a gem(precious stone)); a side ♠ facetious joking (often inappropriately); unserious; humor- ous ♠ facile easily accomplished; ready or fluent; superficial; not deep; Ex. facile solution to a complex problem; Ex. facile speaker; N. facility: ability to do something easily and well; ease in doing resulting from skill or aptitude; something that facilitates an action; amenity; Ex. with great facility facilitate help bring about; make less difficult facsimile copy ♠ faction party; clique (within a large group); dissension ♥ dissension disagreement of opinions causing strife within a group ♠ factious inclined to form factions; causing dissension ♠ factitious artificial; produced artificially; sham; false; Ex. factitious tears ♠ factotum handyman; person who does all kinds of work; CF. do everything faculty mental or bodily powers; teaching staff 19 fallacious false; based on a fallacy; misleading; N. fallacy: false idea or notion; false reasoning; Ex. popular fallacy; Ex. fallacy of the argument fallible liable to err ♥ falsify make (something written) false by changing ♠ fallow (of land) plowed but not sowed (to improve the quality); uncultivated ♥ sow plant or scatter seed ♠ falter hesitate; weaken in purpose or action; walk or move unsteadily through weakness; N. ♥ stumble trip and almost fall; proceed unsteadily; act falter- ingly; N. fanaticism excessive zeal; extreme devotion to a belief or cause; N. fanatic; ADJ. fanatic fancied imagined; unreal ♠ fancier breeder or dealer of animals; one who has a special interest, as for raising specific plant or animal ♠ fanciful whimsical; visionary; imaginary; produced by imagination; Ex. fanciful scheme ♥ fancy imagination (of a whimsical or fantastic nature); capricious liking; V: imagine; be fond of; ADJ. decorative; elaborate ♠ fanfare call by bugles or trumpets; showy display; spectac- ular public display ♠ farce broad comedy; mockery; humorous play full of silly things happening; ADJ. farcical ♠ fastidious difficult to please; squeamish; fussy; finicky ♥ squeamish easily shocked or sickened by unpleasant things; fastidious; Ex. A nurse should not be squeamish. ♠ fatalism belief that events are determined by forces or fates beyond one’s control; ADJ. fatalistic; CF. fatal: causing death fathom comprehend; investigate; determine the depth of; N. unit of measurement for the depth of water ♥ fathomless too deep to be measured or understood; un- fathomable ♠ fatuous smugly and unconsciously foolish; inane; silly; N. fatuity, fatuousness fauna animals of a period or region; CF. flora ♠ fawning courting favor by cringing and flattering; V. fawn: exhibit affection as a dog; seek favor or attention by obse- quiousness ♥ court attempt to gain; seek; woo; risk; behave so as to in- vite; attempt to gain the favor of by attention; Ex. court disaster ♠ faze disconcert; dismay; embarrass feasible practical; able to be carried out; practicable ♠ febrile feverish ♠ fecundity fertility; fruitfulness; ADJ. fecund: very produc- tive of crops or young ♥ fertile producing many young, fruits, or seeds; (of land) producing good crops; V. fertilize ♥ fruitful producing results; profitable; prolific; producing in abundance feign pretend 30 ♠ feint trick; shift; sham blow; feigned attack to draw away defensive action; V. ♥ shift change position or place; exchange (one thing) for an- other; change in direction or position; Ex. shift the stolen goods; N. group of workers which takes turns with other groups; working period of such a group ♠ felicitous (of a word or remark) apt; suitably expressed; well chosen ♠ felicity happiness; appropriateness (of a remark, choice, etc.); quality of being felicitous ♥ feline of a member of the cat family; N. ♠ fell cruel; (of a disease) deadly ♠ fell cut or knock down (a tree or a person); bring down (with a missile) felon person convicted of a grave crime; CF. felony: serious crime ♠ feral (of an animal) not domestic; wild ♠ ferment agitation; commotion(noisy and excited activity); unrest (of a political kind); V. produce by fermentation; un- dergo fermentation; cause (a state of trouble) ♥ fermentation chemical reaction that splits complex organic compounds; unrest; agitation ♠ ferret drive or hunt out of hiding; hunt with ferrets; drive out (as from a hiding place); expel; uncover or discover by searching; Ex. ferret out the secret; N. small fierce animal which catches rats and rabbits by going into their holes ♠ fervent ardent; zealous; hot ♠ fervid ardent; zealous; hot ♥ impassioned (of speech) filled with passion; fervent ♠ fervor glowing ardor; intensity of feeling; quality of being fervent or fervid; zeal; intense heat ♠ fester rankle; produce irritation or resentment; (of a cut or wound) generate pus or rot; Ex. His insult festered in my mind for days. festive joyous; celebratory; relating to a feast or festival ♠ fete(feˆte) honor at a festival; celebrate or honor with a feast; N. (outdoor) festival or feast; CF. feast ♠ fetid(foetid) malodorous; foul ♥ foul very bad or disagreeable; very dirty; Ex. foul smell/flavor/temper/language/air/deed/weather/means; N. act against the rules; V. make or become foul; commit a foul ♥ fetish(fetich) object believed to have spiritual powers; ob- ject of excessive attention or reverence; CF. fetishism ♠ fetter shackle; restrict the freedom of; N. chain or shackle for the foot of a prisoner; CF. foot ♠ fiasco total failure; CF. bottle ♠ fiat command; arbitrary order; Ex. presidential fiat; CF. let it be done fickle changeable (in affections or friendship); faithless ♠ fictitious imaginary; non-existent; purposely invented to deceive; untrue; Ex. fictitious name/boyfriend; CF. fictional fidelity loyalty; accuracy ♠ figment invention; something invented; imaginary thing; Ex. figment of your imagination figurative not literal but metaphorical; using a fig- ure(impression) of speech ♥ figure written symbols; number; amount represented in numbers; outline or silhouette of a thing or human body; person (well-known); impression; diagram; pattern; group in a dance; Ex. figure of speech; V. calculate with numbers; adorn with figures; appear; consider; Ex. My name did not figure in the list. ♠ figurine small ornamental statuette(very small statue) ♠ filch steal (things of small value) ♥ pilfer steal things of small value; filch; snitch ♠ filial pertaining to or befitting a son or daughter; Ex. filial respect ♠ filibuster block legislation or prevent action in a lawmak- ing body by making very slow long speeches; N; freebooter ♥ freebooter pirate or plunderer who makes war in order to grow rich ♥ bust piece of sculpture showing a person’s head, shoulders, and upper chest; V: break up; arrest; Ex. crimebuster ♠ filigree delicate ornamental lacelike metalwork ♥ lace cord used to draw and tie together two opposite edges (as of a shoe); delicate fabric made of fine threads; V: draw together by tying a lace ♠ filing particle removed by a file finale conclusion; concluding part ♠ finesse delicate skill; V: handle with finesse ♠ finicky too particular; fussy; difficult to please; too con- cerned with unimportant details or quality; Ex. finicky about her food ♥ fussy fastidious; finicky; easily upset ♥ fuss: trouble or worry over trifles; make nervous; pay too much attention to; N: needless concern or worry (about a trivial thing); anxious nervous condition; display of atten- tion; Ex. make a fuss over the baby finite limited ♠ firebrand piece of burning wood; hothead; troublemaker; person who stirs up trouble ♥ hothead personwho does things too quicklywithout think- ing; ADJ. hotheaded fissure crevice; crack ♠ fitful spasmodic; intermittent; irregular ♥ fit sudden outburst of an illness or feeling; convulsion caused by epilepsy ♠ flaccid flabby; lacking firmness; weak; Ex. flaccid muscles 31 ♥ limp walk lamely; ADJ: lacking firmness; weak ♠ flag droop; grow feeble; decline in vigor or strength; ADJ. flagging; CF. unflagging ♥ droop bend or hang downward; become weakened; Ex. His shoulders drooped with tiredness; N. flagrant conspicuously wicked, bad, or offensive; blatant; outrageous outrage act of extreme violence or viciousness; resentful anger; V: commit an outrage on; produce anger in; ADJ. outrageous: offensive ♠ flail beat with or as if with a flail; move wildly; thresh grain by hand; strike or slap; toss about; N: threshing tool con- sisting of a stick swinging from the end of a long handle ♥ thresh beat (cereal plants) with a machine or flail to sepa- rate the grains from the straw ♥ toss throw lightly; move or lift (the head) with a sudden motion; flip (a coin) to decide something ♠ flair talent ♠ flamboyant ornate; highly elaborate; richly colored; osten- tatious; showy; CF. flame ♠ flaunt display ostentatiously; Ex. “Honey, if you’ve got it, flaunt it !” ♠ flay strip off skin; plunder; remove the skin from; criticize harshly ♠ fleck spot; mark with flecks; N: small mark or spot ♠ fledgling(fledgeling) inexperienced; N: young bird that has acquired wing feathers and is learning to fly; inexpe- rienced person ♠ fleece wool coat of a sheep; V: shear the fleece from; rob by a trick; swindle; plunder ♥ shear remove (fleece or hair) by cutting; remove the hair or fleece from; cut with or as if with shears; N: shears; pair of scissors ♥ trickster person who cheats people ♠ flick light stroke as with a whip; V: move with a light quick blow; strike with a light quick blow (as from a whip); Ex. flick the switch ♥ flicker burn unsteadily or fitfully; move waveringly; N: flickering movement or light; brief sensation; Ex. flicker of excitement ♥ flutter (of a bird with large wings) wave (the wings) lightly, rapidly, and irregularly; vibrate rapidly or erratically; fly by waving quickly; flitter; N. ♠ flinch hesitate; shrink back (in fear of something unpleas- ant); Ex. She did not flinch in the face of danger. 20 ♠ flippant lacking proper seriousness; Ex. flippant remarks about death; N. flippancy ♥ flip send (something) spinning, often into the air, by strik- ing with a light quick blow; turn over; Ex. flip over ♠ flit fly; fly or move lightly or quickly; dart lightly; pass swiftly by; Ex. a bee flitting from flower to flower ♠ floe flat mass of floating ice flora plants of a region or era ♥ florescence condition or period of flowering ♠ florid ruddy; (of a complexion) reddish; flowery; very or- nate; CF. rose ♥ flush redden; blush; flow suddenly and abundantly; wash out by a rapid brief flow of water; N: reddish tinge; blush; brief rush; rush of strong feeling; Ex. flush of pride; ADJ: having surfaces in the same plane; even; blushing ♥ blush become red in the face (from embarrassment or shame); become red or rosy; N. ♥ tinge give a slight degree of a color or quality to; N: slight degree of a color or quality; Ex. tinged with grey/jealousy ♥ tint slight degree of color; V: give a tint to ♥ flowery full of flowers; full of ornate expressions ♠ flotsam drifting wreckage ♥ jetsam things thrown from a ship (to lighten the ship) ♠ flounder struggle and thrash about; proceed clumsily or falter (as in water, mud, snow, etc.); proceed in confusion ♥ thrash beat with a whip or flail; defeat utterly; talk about thoroughly in order to find the answer; move wildly or vi- olently; Ex. The fishes thrashed about in the net. flourish grow well; prosper; make sweeping gestures; wave; brandish; Ex. The trees flourished in the sun. N: showy movement or gesture; embellishment or ornamen- tation (esp. in handwriting) ♠ flout reject; mock; show contempt for; scorn; Ex. flout the rules ♥ curb chain or strap usedwith a bit to restrain a horse; some- thing that checks; V: check; restrain fluctuate waver; shift; rise and fall as if in waves; change or vary irregularly fluency smoothness of speech; ADJ. fluent ♠ fluke unlikely occurrence; stroke of fortune; accidental stroke of good luck; ADJ. fluky ♠ fluster confuse; make nervous and confused; N. ♠ fluted having vertical parallel grooves (as in a pillar); V. flute: make long parallel inward curves in; N. flute: long rounded groove incised on the shaft of a column ♥ groove long narrow channel made in a surface to guide the movement of something; Ex. groove of the record ♥ stammer speak with involuntarily pauses or repetitions ♠ flux flowing; series of changes; fluctuation; Ex. in a state of flux ♠ fodder coarse food for cattle, horses, etc.; feed for livestock; CF. food ♠ foible small weakness of character; slight fault; CF. feeble 32 ♠ foil contrast; one that by contrast enhances the distinctive characteristics of another ♠ foil defeat; frustrate; prevent from being successful; thwart; CF. fail ♠ foist insert improperly; impose upon another by coercion; palm off; pass off as genuine or worthy; CF. fist ♥ palm conceal in the palm of the hand; palm off: pass off; Ex. palm off some bad oranges onto the lady/the painting as a real Renoir ♥ pass off present falsely; represent falsely to be ♠ foliage masses of leaves; CF. defoliate ♠ foment stir up; incite; instigate; promote the growth of (something evil or unpleasant) ♠ foolhardy rash; reckless; foolishly daring ♠ foppish vain about dress and appearance; N. fop: manwho takes too much interest in his clothes and appearance ♠ foray raid; sudden raid or military advance; V. ♠ forbearance patience; forgiveness; V. forbear: refrain from (in a generous and forgiving way); be patient; Ex. forbear to send him to prison ♠ ford place where a river can be crossed on foot; V. ♠ forebears(forbears) ancestors foreboding premonition of evil; feeling of coming evil; V. forebode: be a warning of (something unpleasant) ♠ forensic suitable to debate or courts of law; of or used in legal proceedings and the tracking of criminals; Ex. forensic science/medicine ♥ forum public square of an ancient Roman city; public place for open discussion; court of law foreshadow give an indication beforehand; be a sign of (what is coming); portend; prefigure ♥ prefigure be a sign of; foreshadow ♥ forerunner predecessor; one that comes before and indi- cates the approach of another foresight ability to foresee future happenings; prudence in providing for the future forestall prevent by taking action in advance ♥ nuptial of marriage or the wedding ceremony; N; nuptials; wedding ceremony ♥ forfeit something surrendered as punishment for a crime or breach of contract; V: lose as a forfeit; N. forfeiture ♥ forge counterfeit; reproduce fraudulently; form by heating in a forge and hammering into shape; move with a sudden increase of speed or power; Ex. forged ahead in the last two years; N: furnace where metals are heated forgo(forego) give up; do without forlorn sad and lonely; wretched; desolate formality ceremonious quality; ceremonious adherence to rules; something done just for form’s sake; Ex. mere for- mality formidable menacing; arousing fear; threatening; difficult to defeat; Ex. formidable foe/question ♥menace threat; V: threaten ♠ forsake desert; abandon; renounce ♠ forswear renounce under oath; abandon; make a solemn promise to give up; CF. abjure forte strong point or special talent in a person’s character ♠ forthright straightforward; direct; frank ♥ forthcoming happening in the near future; ready; willing to help; Ex. No answer was forthcoming. fortitude bravery; courage; strength of mind ♠ fortuitous accidental; by chance; N. fortuity ♠ foster rear; bring up (for a certain period only); encourage; promote the development of (feelings or ideas); Ex. help foster friendly relations; ADJ: giving parental care although not related by blood; Ex. foster parents ♠ founder fail completely; sink; CF. flounder founder person who establishes (an organization or busi- ness) ♠ fracas brawl(noisy quarrel or fight) in which a number of people take part; melee ♠ fractious unruly; peevish; cranky; bad-tempered; Ex. frac- tious horse frail weak; N. frailty franchise right or privilege granted by authority; right to vote; license to sell a product in a particular territory ♠ frantic wild; distraught as from fear or worry; Ex. frantic with fear fraudulent cheating; deceitful; Ex. fraudulent means; N. fraud: deception; swindle ♠ fraught filled (with something unpleasant); full; Ex. fraught with danger and difficulties; CF. freight ♠ fray brawl; fight; V: wear away or unravel by rubbing; have loose threads developing; cause to become worn out (a per- son’s temper or nerves); CF. rub ♠ frenetic(phrenetic) frenzied; frantic ♠ frenzied madly excited; N. frenzy: violent wild excitement ♠ fresco painting on wet plaster (usually fresh) ♥ paste smooth viscous mixture as of flour(powder made by crushing grain) and water (used as an adhesive); V: cause to adhere by applying paste ♥ pastry paste of flour and water (eaten when baked) ♥ plaster paste that hardens to a smooth solid and is used for coating walls; V. ♠ fret be annoyed or vexed; Ex. fret over your poor grades; N: irritation of mind; ADJ. fretful friction clash or conflict in opinion; rubbing against ♠ frieze ornamental horizontal band on a wall frigid intensely cold; cold in manner; Ex. frigid zone 33 ♠ fritter waste (time or money on unimportant things) frivolous lacking in seriousness; flippant; self-indulgently carefree; unworthy of serious attention; relatively unimpor- tant; trivial ♥ self-indulgence excessive indulgence of one’s own desire ♥ carefree free from worries; having no problems ♠ frolicsome prankish; gay; playful; merry; frisky ♥ frolic play and jump about happily; frisk; Ex. frolicking young lambs ♠ frond fern leaf; palm or banana leaf ♥ litter waste material thrown away (as bits of paper scat- tered untidily); V: cover untidily with scattered litter ♠ fructify bear fruit; produce fruit frugality thrift; economy; ADJ. frugal: practicing economy; costing little; inexpensive fruition bearing of fruit; fulfillment; realization; Ex. come to/be brought to fruition frustrate thwart; defeat; prevent from accomplishing a pur- pose fugitive fleeting or transitory; lasting only a short time; roving(wandering); running away or fleeing as from the law; N: one who flees; Ex. fugitives at large ♠ fulcrum support on which a lever rests or pivots ♠ fulminate thunder; explode; issue a severe denunciation ♠ fulsome disgustingly excessive; offensively flattering; Ex. fulsome praise/expressions of admire fumble move the fingers and hands awkwardly (in search of something); mishandle or drop a ball that is in play; bun- gle; botch; spoil by mishandling; N. ♠ functionary official (who performs a particular function) ♥ functional made for practical use only (without decora- tion); functioning; Ex. functional modern furniture; CF. functionalism fundamental basic; primary; essential ♠ funereal sad; solemn; suitable for a funeral ♠ furor frenzy; great anger and excitement; CF. fury ♠ furtive stealthy; quiet and secret (trying to escape notice); sneaky; Ex. furtive glance ♥ sneak move, give, or take in a quiet, stealthy way; N: one who sneaks; ADJ. sneaky ♥ underhand(underhanded) done slyly and secretly (being dishonest) ♥ sly clever in deceiving; secretive; not telling one’s inten- tions ♠ fusillade simultaneous firing or outburst (of missiles, ques- tions, etc.) fusion union; coalition; V. fuse futile useless; hopeless; ineffectual ♠ gadfly animal-biting fly; irritating person ♠ gaffe social blunder 21 ♠ gainsay deny ♠ gait manner of walking or running; speed galaxy large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way; collection of brilliant personalities gale windstorm; gust of wind; emotional outburst (laugh- ters, tears); Ex. gale of laughter ♠ gall bitterness of feeling; nerve; effrontery; {a v(bile); CF. gall bladder ♠ gall annoy; exasperate; chafe; N: skin sore caused by rub- bing (as on the skin of a horse); exasperation galleon large three-masted sailing ship ♥ galley low ship with sails (rowed along by slaves) ♥ clipper sailing vessel built for great speed ♥ pinnace small boat ♥ clip cut off with shears; fasten; N: something clipped off (as a short extract from film); clasp or fastener ♠ galvanize stimulate or shock by an electric current; stim- ulate by shock; shock into action; stir up; coat with rust- resistant zinc by using electricity ♥ galvanic of the production of electricity by the action of an acid on a metal; having the effect of an electric shock; Ex. galvanic cell; galvanic effect; CF. Luigi Galvani ♠ gambit opening in chess in which a piece is sacrificed; ac- tion made to produce a future advantage ♥ ploy strategem to gain an advantage; tactic; Ex. manage- ment ploy ♠ gambol romp; skip about; leap about playfully; frolic; N. ♥ romp play or frolic boisterously; gambol; N. ♥ zest outer skin of an orange used for giving a special taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited enjoyment; Ex. add a certain zest to the affair; Ex. zest for life ♠ gamely in a spirited manner; with courage; Ex. fight gamely against a superior boxer; ADJ. game ♠ gamut entire range ♠ gape open widely; open the mouth wide; stare wonder- ingly with the mouth open; CF. agape ♠ garbled mixed up; jumbled; distorted; V. garble: mix up or distort (a message) to such an extent as to make misleading or unintelligible ♥ jumble mix in a confused way ♠ gargantuan huge; enormous; gigantic; CF. the hero of Gar- gantua and Pantagruel gargoyle waterspout carved in grotesque figures on a building ♠ garish overbright in color; unpleasantly bright; gaudy 34 ♥ trim make neat or tidy by clipping; reduce by removing what is unnecessary; ornament; decorate (round the edges); Ex. trim the cost; Ex. jacket trimmed with fur; N. ADJ: tidy; in good order ♠ garner gather; store up; amass ♠ garnish decorate; add a garnish to; decorate (food or drink) with small items such as lemon slices; N. ♠ garrulous loquacious; wordy; talkative; N. garrulity ♠ gastronomy art and science of preparing and serving good food; CF. gastronome gauche clumsy (in social behavior); coarse and uncouth ♠ gaudy flashy; showy ♥ flashy showy; gaudy; giving a momentary brilliance ♥ gild cover with a thin layer of gold ♠ gaunt lean and angular; thin and bony; emaciated; barren ♠ gavel hammerlike tool; mallet(wooden hammer) used by a presiding officer or an auctioneer; V. ♥ bid command; utter (a greeting); offer as a price; N: offer of a price; amount offered; earnest effort to gain something; Ex. bid for freedom ♠ gawk stare foolishly; look in open-mouthed awe ♠ gazette official periodical publication; newspaper genealogy record of descent; lineage; ancestry; study of an- cestry generality vague statement; general statement which is not detailed; quality of being general; greater part; most; Ex. generality of people generate cause; produce; create generic characteristic of an entire class or species; of a genus ♥ genus division of animals or plants, below a family and above a species genesis beginning; origin ♠ geniality cheerfulness; kindliness; sympathy; ADJ. genial: cheerful and good-tempered genre particular variety of art or literature ♠ genteel well-bred; elegant; striving to convey an appear- ance of refinement; Ex. genteel poverty ♠ gentility those of gentle birth; high social class; refinement; quality of being genteel ♥ breed produce young; rear; bring up; produce (an undesir- able condition); N: kind or sort of animal or plant ♥ crossbreed hybridize; N: hybrid; CF. interbreed; CF. in- breed ♥well-bred of good upbringing; well-mannered and refined ♠ gentry people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility ♥ gentle kindly; soft; mild; of good family ♠ genuflect bend the knee as in worship germane pertinent; bearing upon(having connection with) the case at hand; appropriate ♠ germinal pertaining to a germ; creative; Ex. germinal idea ♥ germ earliest form of an organism; seed or bud; something that may develop into something larger or more important; microbe germinate cause to sprout; sprout ♥ sprout begin to grow; give off shoots or buds; N: new growth on a plant; shoot ♥ shoot new growth from a plant gerontocracy government ruled by old people ♥ gerontology study of the sociological phenomena associ- ated with old age ♥ geriatrics medical treatment and care of old age ♠ gerrymander change voting district lines in order to favor a political party; N. CF. Elbridge Gerry + (sala)mander ♠ gestate evolve as in prenatal growth; N. gestation: period of development from conception until birth ♥ natal connected with birth; CF. prenatal; CF. postnatal ♠ gesticulation motion; gesture; V. gesticulate: make ges- tures (while speaking) ♠ ghastly horrible; terrifying; resembling ghosts; CF. aghast ♠ gibberish nonsense; nonsensical or unintelligible talk or writing; babbling ♠ gibe mock; make jeering remarks; N: jeering remarks ♠ giddy light-hearted; not serious; frivolous; dizzy; causing dizziness; Ex. giddy youth; Ex. giddy climb/height ♠ gingerly very carefully; ADJ. ♠ girth distance around something; circumference ♠ gist essence; main point; substance glacial like a glacier; of an ice age; extremely cold; Ex. glacial epoch; CF. iceberg ♠ glaring (of something bad) highly conspicuous; harshly bright; shining intensely and blindingly ♥ glare shine intensely and blindingly; stare fixedly and an- grily; N. ♠ glaze cover with a thin and shiny surface; apply a glaze to; N: thin, smooth, shiny coating (as for pottery); Ex. unglazed pottery ♠ glean gather leavings; gather grain left behind by reapers; gather bit by bit (facts or information) often with difficulty glib fluent (with insincerity or superficiality); facile; slick ♥ slick make smooth or glossy; N: smooth surface; Ex. oil slick; ADJ: smooth; glossy; deftly executed; adroit; glib ♥ sleek smooth and shining (as from good health); V. ♠ glimmer shine erratically; twinkle; N: dim or unsteady light; faint indication; Ex. glimmer of hope ♥ glitter shine brightly with flashing points of light; Ex. glit- tering diamond ring; N: sparkling light; attractiveness; glamor; Ex. glitter of the sun on the waves 35 ♥ glamor compelling charm; ADJ. glamorous ♠ gloat express evil satisfaction; look at or think about with evil satisfaction; view malevolently; Ex. The thief gloated over the stolen jewels. ♠ gloss over explain away with the intention of deceiving or hiding faults ♥ gloss brief explanation note or translation of a difficult ex- pression; V. glossary brief explanation of words used in the text ♠ glossy smooth and shining; N. gloss: shiny brightness on a surface; superficially attractive appearance; Ex. gloss of good manners ♥mat not shiny; matte; having a dull finish; N: flat piece of material used as a floor covering; V. ♥ finish surface texture; completeness of execution ♥ finished properly made and complete; Ex. finished prod- uct/performance ♠ glower scowl; glare; look or stare angrily ♥ scowl frown angrily; N: angry frown ♠ glut overstock; fill beyond capacity (with food); fill to ex- cess; N: oversupply ♠ glutinous sticky; viscous; gluey glutton someone who eats too much; ADJ. gluttonous: given to gluttony; greedy; CF. gluttony: habit of eating too much ♠ gnarled twisted ♥ gnarl protruding knot on a tree; V. gnome dwarf; underground spirit who guards treasure hoards goad urge on; drive with a goad; cause (someone) to do something by continued annoyance; Ex. They goaded him into doing it by saying he was a coward; N: sharp-pointed stick for driving cattle; stimulus; CF. annoy continually ♠ gorge narrow canyon; steep rocky cleft; ravine (made by a stream which runs through it) ♠ gorge stuff oneself (with food); glut; CF. gorgeous: daz- zlingly beautiful ♠ gory bloody; N. gore: blood (from a wound) ♥ shudder shake uncontrollably; tremble; V. ♠ gossamer sheer; very light; like cobwebs; N: soft and sheer fabric; cobweb ♥ sheer pure; thin and transparent; very steep 22 ♠ gouge tear out; cut out (as if with a gouge); Ex. gouge his eyes out; N: chisel for cutting out hollow areas in wood ♠ gouge overcharge (with high price); extort from; Ex. gouge the public; CF. usury ♠ gourmand epicure; person who takes excessive pleasure in food and drink ♠ gourmet connoisseur of food and drink; epicure graduated arranged by degrees (of height, difficulty, etc.) ♥ graduate arrange into categories or grades; divide into marked intervals (for use in measurement); Ex. graduated ruler ♠ granary storehouse for grain grandeur impressiveness; stateliness; majesty ♥ stately formal; ceremonious; grand in style or size; majestic grandiloquent (of a person or speech) using high sounding or important-sounding language; pompous; bombastic grandiose affectedly grand; pretentious; high-flown; ridiculously exaggerated; impressive; great in size or scope; grand; Ex. grandiose ideas ♥ high-flown highly pretentious or inflated ♥matine´e(matinee) dramatic or musical performance given in the afternoon ♠ granulate form into grains or granules; N. granule: grain or particle graphic pertaining to the art of delineating; vividly de- scribed ♥ vivid (of light or color) bright and distinct; evoking lifelike mental images; Ex. vivid red hair/description ♥ graphite black form of carbon used in lead pencils ♠ grapple wrestle; come to grips with; take hold of and strug- gle with; Ex. grapple with the burglar ♠ grate make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; shred by rubbing against a rough surface; Ex. grated cheese N: framework of metal bars to hold fuel in a fireplace gratify please; satisfy; Ex. gratify a desire ♠ gratis free; without charge; ADJ. gratuitous given freely; unwarranted; uncalled for; done without good reason; Ex. gratuitous comment gratuity tip gravity seriousness; ADJ. grave gregarious sociable; (of an animal) tending to form a group grievance cause of complaint; complaint ♠ grill question severely; cook on a grill; broil; N: cooking surface of parallel metal bars ♥ broil cook by direct heat; N. ♥ grim causing great fear; unrelenting; determined in spite of fear; Ex. grim smile ♠ grimace facial distortion to show feeling such as pain, dis- gust, etc; V. ♠ grisly ghastly; horrifying; Ex. grisly remains of the bodies ♥ groom man employed to take care of horses; V: make neat and trim; clean and brush (an animal) grotesque fantastic; comically hideous; strange and unnat- ural (causing fear or amusement) 36 ♥ hideous repulsive to the sight; ugly; repugnant; Ex. hideous face/scream ♠ grotto small cavern ♠ grouse complain; fuss; grumble; grouch; N: plump chick- enlike game bird ♥ grumble complain; mutter discontentedly; grouch; N. ♥mutter utter (complaining words) indistinctly in low tones ♥ rumble make or move with a deep rolling sound (as thun- der or stomach) ♠ grovel crawl or creep on ground; remain prostrate; behave in a servile manner grudging unwilling; reluctant; stingy(giving reluctantly) ♠ gruel thin liquid porridge ♥ porridge soft food made by boiling oatmeal ♥ oatmeal crushed oats used for making porridge ♠ grueling exhausting; Ex. grueling marathon race ♠ gruesome grisly; horrible ♠ gruff rough-mannered; (of a voice) rough; hoarse ♥ grunt utter a deep guttural sound (as a pig does); N. ♠ guffaw boisterous laughter; V. guile deceit; duplicity; wiliness; cunning; Ex. persuade her by guile ♥ cunning clever in deceiving; sly; N: cleverness in deceiv- ing; deceit guileless without deceit guise outward appearance; costume; Ex. in a new guise ♠ gull trick; deceive; hoodwink; N: person who is easily tricked; dupe gullible easily deceived ♠ gustatory affecting or relating to the sense of taste ♠ gusto eager enjoyment; zest; enthusiasm gusty windy ♥ gust strong abrupt rush of wind; V. CF. bluster ♠ guy cable or chain attached to something that needs to be braced or steadied; CF. guide ♥ topple become unsteady and fall down ♥ overthrow topple; N. ♥ overturn turn over; capsize; topple ♥ capsize (of a boat) turn over gyroscope apparatus used to maintain balance, ascertain direction, etc. ♠ habituate accustom or familiarize; addict ♠ hackles hairs on back and neck, especially of a dog; Ex. make someone’s hackles rise ♥ growl low, guttural, menacing sound (as of a dog) hackneyed commonplace; trite ♠ haggard wasted away; gaunt; Ex. haggard faces of the res- cued miners ♠ haggle argue about prices (in an attempt to bargain) ♠ halcyon calm; peaceful; Ex. halcyon days ♠ hale healthy ♥ hail frozen rain drop; V: salute or greet; precipitate hail ♠ hallowed blessed; consecrated; Ex. hallowed ground; V. hallow: set apart as holy hallucination delusion; false idea; false perception of ob- jects with a compelling sense of their reality; objects so per- ceived; V. hallucinate; ADJ. hallucinatory ♠ halting hesitant; faltering; not fluent; Ex. halting steps/voice; V. halt: proceed or act with uncertainty; falter; hesitate; waver; stop ♥waver move or swing back and forth; be uncertain or un- steady in decision or movement; Ex. wavering between ac- cepting and refusing hamper obstruct; prevent the free movement of; N:d «Ñ¾¡§ s _ 4¤1px `¦{ H ½¨m ♠ hap chance; luck haphazard random; by chance; happening in an unplanned manner; Ex. haphazard growth of the town ♠ hapless unfortunate; luckless ♠ harangue long, passionate, and vehement speech; V. harass annoy by repeated attacks harbinger forerunner (which foreshadows what is to come) harbor give protection (by giving food and shelter); pro- vide a refuge for; hide; keep in mind (thoughts or feelings); Ex. harbor a grudge/criminal; N: place of shelter; refuge ♥ habitat natural home of a plant or animal; CF. habitation ♠ hardy (of people or animals) sturdy; robust; (of plants) able to stand inclement(stormy) weather ♠ harping tiresome dwelling on a subject; V. harp: dwell on(think or speak a lot about) tediously ♠ harrowing agonizing; distressing; traumatic; V. harrow: break up and level (soil) with a harrow; inflict great dis- tress on; agonize; N: farming machine to break up the earth harry harass, annoy, torment (by repeated attacks); raid hatch deck opening; lid covering a deck opening; V: emerge from an egg; produce (young) from an egg ♥ latch fastening or lock consisting of a movable bar that fits into a notch; V: close with a latch ♥ notch V-shaped cut in a surface; V. haughtiness pride; arrogance; ADJ. haughty ♥ haunt (of a spirit) visit (a place); come to mind continually; visit (a place) regularly; frequent; Ex. haunted house; Ex. haunted by his last words; N: place much frequented ♠ haven place of safety; refuge; harbor; Ex. tax haven 37 ♥ havoc widespread damage; disorder; chaos hazardous dangerous ♥ hazard venture; put in danger; risk; Ex. hazard a guess; N: possible source of danger hazy slightly obscure; misty; unclear; N. haze: light mist or smoke; confused state of mind ♠ headlong hasty; rash; headfirst; ADV. ♥ headfirst moving with the head leading; headlong ♠ headstrong willful; stubborn; unyielding; determined to have one’s own way; CF. no ’excessive’ ♠ heckler person who verbally harasses others; V. heckle: verbally harass as with gibes (by interrupting a speaker or speech) hedonist one who believes that pleasure is the sole aim in life; CF. hedonism: practice of living one’s life purely for pleasure heedless not noticing; disregarding ♥ heed pay attention to; N: close attention ♠ hegemony dominance especially of one nation over others ♠ heinous atrocious; wicked; hatefully bad; Ex. heinous crime ♥ gross total; fragrant; clearly wrong; (of people’s behavior) coarse; corpulent; Ex. gross insolence/behavior; V: earn as a total amount; N: 12 dozens ♥ helm steering wheel of a ship; position of control herbivorous grain-eating; CF. herbivore heresy opinion contrary to popular belief; opinion contrary to accepted religion; ADJ. heretical; CF. heretic ♠ hermetic sealed by fusion so as to be airtight; airtight ♠ hermetic concerning alchemy or magic; obscure and mys- terious; occult ♥ sterile incapable of producing young; free from microor- ganism; V. sterilize ♠ hermitage home of a hermit ♠ herpetologist one who studies reptiles; CF. herpetology: branch of zoology that deals with reptiles and amphibians ♠ heterodox (of beliefs) against accepted opinion; unortho- dox; unconventional heterogeneous dissimilar; mixed; not homogeneous; con- sisting of dissimilar elements or plants ♠ hew cut to pieces with ax or sword; chop; N. ♠ heyday time of greatest success or power; prime ♥ prime period of ideal or peak condition; earliest or begin- ning stage; Ex. in the prime of life; Ex. prime of the year(spring); ADJ: first in importance or rank; first; V: make ready; prepare ♥ primary first in rank or importance; principal; earliest in time; Ex. primary stages; N. CF. first ♥ primal first in rank or importance; being first in time; orig- inal; Ex. man’s primal innocence ♥ primate group of mammals including humans ♠ hiatus gap; pause; gap or interruption in space or time; break 23 ♠ hibernal wintry; wintery; of or like winter hibernate sleep throughout the winter; N. hibernation hierarchy arrangement by rank or standing; authoritarian body divided into ranks; body of persons having authority ♥ totem animal, plant, or natural object serving as a symbol of a clan or family; representation of this; Ex. totem pole hieroglyphic picture writing; ADJ. ♠ hilarity boisterous mirth(merriment; laughter); ADJ. hilar- ious: full of laughter ♠ hindmost furthest behind; farthest to the rear ♥wage begin and continue (a war) hindrance block; obstacle; V. hinder ♠ hinterlands back country; inner part of a country; OP. fore- land ♠ hireling one who serves for hire (usually used contemp- tuously); one who works solely for compensation; Ex. hireling politician ♠ hirsute hairy; having a lot of hair ♠ histrionic theatrical; excessively dramatic or emotional; af- fected; of actors or acting; N. histrionics: histrionic behavior ♥ historic important in history; Ex. historic battle ♥ historical connected with history; based on events in his- tory (whether regarded as important or not) ♠ hoard stockpile; accumulate for future use; N: supply stored for future use ♠ hoary white with age ♠ hoax trick whichmakes someone take action; practical joke; Ex. hoax mail; V. ♠ holocaust destruction by fire; CF. burnt whole; CF. Holo- caust ♠ holster leather pistol case (that hangs on a belt around the waist) homage honor; tribute; great respect; Ex. pay/do homage to ♠ homeostasis tendency of a system or organism to maintain relative stability or internal equilibrium; CF. homeo-: con- stant; Ex. homeotherm homespun domestic; made at home; spun or woven at home; simple and ordinary; Ex. homespun philosophy ♥ spin rotate swiftly; make (thread) by twisting (cotton, wool, etc.); N. ♠ homily sermon; tedious moralizing lecture; serious warn- ing; ADJ. homiletic homogeneous of the same kind; uniform in composition throughout 38 ♠ hone sharpen (a tool); N: whetstone for sharpening a tool ♠ hoodwink deceive; delude ♠ horde crowd; swarm ♥ swarm large group of insects moving in a mass; crowd of people or animals; V: move in a crowd or mass ♠ hortatory encouraging; exhortive; marked by exhortation; CF. exhort ♠ horticultural pertaining to cultivation of gardens; N. hor- ticulture: science or art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants; CF. agriculture: science or art of farming or growing crops hostility unfriendliness; hatred; enmity; ADJ. hostile ♠ hovel shack; small wretched house ♥ hut crude dwelling; shack ♥ shack crude cabin ♥ shed small roofed structure for storage and shelter; V: pour forth; lose by natural process; repel with- out allowing penetration; radiate; cast; Ex. shed tears/light/water/skin/leaves ♠ hover hang about; (of birds or aircraft) stay in the air in one place; (of people) wait nearby; stay around one place; wa- ver; be in an uncertain state ♠ hubbub confused uproar; loud noise; din ♠ hubris arrogance; excessive self-conceit ♠ hue color; aspect; Ex. opinions of every hue ♠ hue and cry outcry; loud cry or clamor; strong protest; Ex. hue and cry against the new rule humane marked by kindness or consideration; kind and compassionate; humanitarian humanitarian one devoted to the promotion of humanwel- fare; CF. humanism ♠ humdrum dull; monotonous humid damp; N. humidity ♠ humility humbleness of spirit ♥ humble of low rank or position; modest; having a low opinion of oneself and a high opinion of others; unassum- ing; not proud; V. humiliate: make humble; cause to feel ashamed or to lose the respect of others ♠ hummock small hill; hillock ♠ humus substance or rich soil formed by decaying vegetable matter; CF. soil ♠ hurtle crash; rush; move with great speed; Ex. hurtling runaway train ♠ husband use sparingly; conserve; save; Ex. husband one’s energy; CF. house holder ♠ husbandry frugality; thrift; economy; agriculture; farming; Ex. animal husbandry; CF. husbandman hybrid mongrel; mixed breed; V. hybridize ♥mongrel plant or animal (esp. a dog) of mixed breed; ADJ. ♥ pedigree line of ancestors; ancestry; lineage; ADJ. (of an an- imal) descended from of a chosen family; Ex. pedigree dog; CF. crane’s foot ♠ hydrophobia fear of water; rabies ♥ rabies disease passed on by the bite of an infected animal (causing madness and death) ♥ hygiene science and practice of the promotion and preser- vation of health; ADJ. hygienic: showing careful attention to cleanness (to prevent disease); Ex. hygienic condition ♠ hyperbole exaggeration; overstatement; ADJ. hyperbolic: of hyperbole; of a hyperbola hypercritical excessively exacting; too critical (without noticing good qualities) ♠ hypochondriac person unduly worried about his health; worrier without cause about illness; ADJ. CF. hypochon- dria: neurosis that one is or is becoming ill; CF. abdomen hypocritical pretending to be virtuous; deceiving; N. hypocrisy: profession of beliefs one does not possess; CF. hypocrite hypothetical based on assumptions or hypotheses; sup- posed; N. hypothesis ♠ ichthyology study of fish; CF. ichthyo-: fish icon(ikon) religious image; idol; image or representation ♠ iconoclastic attacking cherished traditions; N. iconoclast: one who attacks traditional ideas; one who destroys sacred images ideology system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture ♠ idiom expression whose meaning as a whole differs from the meanings of its individual words; distinctive style (of expression); Ex. idiom of the modern popular music; ADJ. idiomatic idiosyncrasy individual trait usually odd in nature; behav- ioral peculiarity; eccentricity; attitude, behavior, or opinion peculiar to a person; anything highly individual or eccen- tric; ADJ. idiosyncratic ♠ idolatry worship of idols; excessive admiration or devo- tion; ADJ. idolatrous ♠ idyllic charmingly carefree; simple and happy; Ex. idyllic scene ♥ idyll(idyl) short poem idealizing rural life; simple happy period of life (in the country); scene from such a time; Ex. idyll of two young lovers ♠ igneous produced by fire; of fire; volcanic; (of rocks) formed from lava; Ex. igneous meteorite ignite kindle; light; catch fire or set fire to ♠ ignoble unworthy; not noble; dishonorable; Ex. ignoble deed ♠ ignominy deep disgrace; shame or dishonor; ADJ. igno- minious; Ex. ignominous defeat illicit illegal 39 ♠ illimitable infinite; limitless illuminate brighten; clear up or make understandable; en- lighten; enable to understand; Ex. illuminating remarks illusion misleading vision or visual image; false idea or be- lief; CF. delusion illusive deceiving; based on illusion; causing illusion; de- ceptive illusory illusive; deceptive; not real imbalance lack of balance or symmetry; disproportion ♥ disproportion lack of proportion (between the parts); ADJ. disproportionate ♠ imbecility weakness of mind; state of being an imbecile; N. imbecile: stupid person; fool imbibe drink in ♠ imbroglio complicated situation (as in a play); painful or complex misunderstanding (as in a play); entanglement; confused mass (as of papers); V. embroil ♠ imbue saturate(soak thoroughly); fill; Ex. imbue someone with feelings 24 immaculate spotless; flawless; absolutely clean ♥ tenant one that pays rent to use property owned by another ♥ tenancy possession of land or building by rent; period of a tenant’s occupancy imminent impending; near at hand immobility state of being immovable ♠ immolate offer or kill as a sacrifice (by fire) immune resistant to; free or exempt from; N. immunity ♠ immure imprison; shut up in confinement; CF. wall immutable unchangeable impair injure; hurt; damage ♠ impale pierce (with a sharp point); Ex. impaled by the spear impalpable imperceptible(not easily understood); intangi- ble; OP. palpable: tangible; easily perceptible impartial not biased; fair; N. impartiality ♥ impart grant a share of; make known; Ex. news to impart impassable not able to be traveled or crossed impasse predicament(dangerous condition) from which there is no escape; situation allowing for no further progress impassive without feeling; expressionless; imperturbable; stoical; Ex. impassive face ♠ impeach charge (a public official) with crime in office; raise doubts about; indict; Ex. impeach a witness’s credibility ♠ impeccable faultless ♥ credential evidence concerning one’s authority; written proof of a person’s position; Ex. The new ambassador pre- sented his credentials to the court. impecunious without money impede hide; retard or obstruct the progress of; block ♥ retard delay (in development); ADJ. retarded: (as of a child) slower in development impediment hindrance; stumbling-block; speech defect preventing clear articulation; Ex. speech impediment impel drive or force onward; drive to take action; urge to action impending nearing; approaching; about to happen impenetrable not able to be pierced or entered; beyond un- derstanding; impossible to understand; Ex. impenetrable mystery impenitent not repentant imperative absolutely necessary; that must be done; criti- cally important; expressing command; Ex. It is imperative that; N: something that must be done imperceptible unnoticeable; impossible to perceive; unde- tectable imperial like an emperor; related to an empire; CF. imperi- alism ♥ imperil put in danger ♠ imperious domineering; too commanding; haughty; CF. imperial/emperor impermeable impervious; not permitting passage through its substance; impossible to permeate impertinent insolent; rude; not pertinent; N. impertinence imperturbable unshakably calm; placid ♥ collected composed; calm; self-possessed ♠ impervious impenetrable; incapable of being damaged or distressed; incapable of being affected (in one’s opinions); Ex. impervious to water/criticism impetuous violent; hasty; rash; impulsive; without careful thought; Ex. impetuous decision impetus moving force; momentum; force of a moving body; incentive; stimulus; impulse impiety irreverence; lack of respect for God or piety ♠ impinge infringe; encroach; influence; touch; collide with; Ex. The effects are impinging on every aspect of our lives. impious irreverent implacable incapable of being pacified; impossible to ap- pease; Ex. implacable enemy implausible unlikely (to be true); unbelievable; Ex. im- plausible alibi implement put into effect; enforce; carry out; supply with tools; Ex. implement the plan/suggestion; N: tool or instru- ment implicate incriminate; involve incriminatingly; show to be involved (in a crime); Ex. implicate someone in the crime 40 implication something hinted at or suggested; implying; implicating implicit understood but not stated; implied; unquestioning and complete; Ex. implicit trust implode burst inward; CF. vaccum tube implore beg imply suggest a meaning not expressed; signify ♠ impolitic not wise; not expedient; not politic imponderable weightless; that cannot undergo precise evaluation; CF. pound import significance; importance; meaning ♥ significant expressing a meaning; important; Ex. signifi- cant smile; N. significance: importance; meaning; V. signify: denote; mean; signal; make known; matter; be significant ♠ importunate urging; always demanding; troublesomely urgent or persistent ♠ importune beg persistently; make repeated requests (in an annoying way) imposture assuming a false identity; masquerade; CF. im- postor ♥masquerade wear a mask or disguise; pretend; N: costume party or ball at which masks are worn; pretense; disguise impotent weak; ineffective; lacking in physical strength or power ♥ crave desire; want intensely ♠ imprecation curse; swearword ♠ impregnable invulnerable; impossible to capture or enter by force; Ex. impregnable fort/argument; CF. take ♥ impregnate make pregnant; fill thoroughly; saturate impromptu without previous preparation; off the cuff(end of a sleeve); on the spur of the moment impropriety improperness; unsuitableness improvident thriftless; not providing for the future improvise compose on the spur of the moment imprudent lacking caution; not prudent; injudicious impudence impertinence; insolence ♠ impugn dispute or contradict (often in an insulting way); attack as false or questionable; challenge; gainsay; CF. fight ♠ impuissance powerlessness; feebleness impunity freedom from punishment or harm; CF. punish ♠ impute attribute; ascribe; charge; N. imputation inadvertently unintentionally; by oversight; carelessly ♥ oversee watch over and direct; supervise; N. oversight: un- intentional failure to notice or do something; supervision inalienable not to be taken away; nontransferable; Ex. in- alienable rights ♠ inane silly; senseless; Ex. inane remarks; N. inanity inanimate lifeless; not animate ♠ inarticulate speechless; producing indistinct speech; not articulate; not expressing oneself clearly ♥ speechless unable for the moment to speak (because of strong feeling); Ex. speechless with anger inaugurate begin formally; install in office; induct into of- fice by a formal ceremony; N. inauguration; ADJ. inaugural ♠ incandescent strikingly bright; shining with intense heat; emitting visible light when heated; Ex. incandescent light bulb; CF. candle ♠ incantation singing or chanting of magic spells; magical formula; (the saying of) words used in magic; CF. enchant ♥ chant tune(melody) in which a number of words are sung on the same note; V: sing (a chant); utter (a slogan) in the manner of a chant ♥ charm quality of pleasing; amulet; action or formula thought to have magical power; spell; V: attract; cast a spell on; bewitch ♥ bewitch cast a spell over; captivate completely ♥ recite repeat aloud (something learned); describe; Ex. recite his complaints; N. recitation ♥ recital act of reciting publicly; detailed account; perfor- mance of music or dance (by a solo performer) ♠ incapacitate disable; N. incapacity: lack of capacity incarcerate imprison incarnate endowed with flesh; invested with bodily form; personified; Ex. devil incarnate; V: give bodily form to; em- body incarnation act of assuming a human body and human na- ture; one who personifies something; personification; Ex. previous incarnation/reincarnation ♥ personify represent (an inanimate object) as a person; be the embodiment or perfect example of; Ex. She is evil/patience personified; N. personification incendiary arsonist; ADJ: causing fire; of arson; Ex. incen- diary bomb incense enrage; infuriate(make furious); make extremely angry; outrage; N: aromatic substance burned to produce a pleasant odor incentive spur; motive; something which encourages one to greater activity inception start; beginning incessant uninterrupted; unceasing 25 ♠ inchoate (of desire, wish, plan) recently begun; not explicit; at the beginning of development; rudimentary; elementary; Ex. inchoate mass incidence rate of occurrence; particular occurrence; Ex. high incidence of infant mortality incidental not essential; minor; N: something incidental 41 ♥ incident event; event that causes a crisis ♥ incinerate burn to ashes incipient beginning; in an early stage incisive (appreciatively) cutting; sharp; Ex. incisive re- marks; V. incise: make a cut into incite arouse to action; goad; motivate; induce to exist; Ex. incite a riot/the crowd to rebellion ♠ inclement stormy; unkind; unmerciful; CF. clement incline slope; slant; Ex. steep incline inclined tending or leaning toward; bent; V. incline: slant; dispose; be disposed; tend ♥ tend have a tendency; take care of; minister; serve at; apply one’s attention; attend inclusive tending to include all; all-inclusive; Ex. inclusive charge incognito with identity concealed; using an assumed name; ADJ. incoherent unintelligible; muddled; unable to express one’s thoughts in an orderly manner; illogical; lacking co- hesion; not coherent incommodious not spacious; inconvenient incompatible inharmonious; N. incompatibility incongruity lack of harmony; absurdity; ADJ. incongruous: lacking in harmony; inappropriate ♥ attire clothe; N: clothing; array; apparel inconsequential insignificant; unimportant inconsistency state of being self-contradictory; lack of uni- formity or steadiness; ADJ. inconsistent: displaying a lack of consistency; erratic; contradictory; incompatible incontinent lacking self-restraint; not continent; licentious incontrovertible indisputable; impossible to dispute; not open to question; unquestionable incorporate introduce something into a larger whole; in- clude; embody; give material form to; ADJ. ♠ incorporeal without a material body; insubstantial incorrigible uncorrectable incredulity tendency to disbelief incredulous withholding belief; skeptical; showing disbe- lief increment increase incriminate accuse of or implicate in a crime; serve as evi- dence against; cause to seem or make guilty of a crime; Ex. incriminating evidence ♠ incrustation hard coating or crust; V. incrust: encrust; cover with a crust incubate hatch; warm (eggs) with the body to promote hatching; maintain at optimal environment conditions for development; be holding in one’s body an infection which is going to develop into a disease; N. incubation; CF. incu- bation:disease ♥ inasmuch as since; owing to the fact that incubus burden; very worriying problem; mental care; nightmare; male devil; CF. succubus inculcate teach (ideas or principles); instill incumbent obligatory; imposed as an obligation; currently holding an office; N: person who holds an office incur bring upon oneself incursion temporary invasion; CF. excursion: short journey ♥ inroad hostile invasion; advance that lessens the quantity or difficulty of something; Ex. The long illness made seri- ous inroads on his savings; CF. raid indefatigable tireless; untiring; showing no sign of getting tired indelible not able to be erased ♠ indemnify make secure against damage or loss; compen- sate for damage or loss; CF. make uninjured indentation notch; deep recess; V. indent; CF. tooth ♠ indenture bind as servant or apprentice to master; bind by indenture; N: contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified time (as between an apprentice and his master) indeterminate uncertain; not clearly fixed; indefinite indicative suggestive; implying; serving to indicate indices signs; indications; Ex. indices of a student’s poten- tial; CF. index: something that reveals or indicates; sign; Ex. cost-of-living index indict charge; N. indictment indifferent unmoved or unconcerned by; having no inter- est in; mediocre; neither good nor bad indigence poverty indigenous native; Ex. plant indigenous to the New World indigent poor; destitute indignation anger at an injustice; Ex. righteous indigna- tion; ADJ. indignant ♥ righteous morally upright; just ♥ rightful legally correct; Ex. rightful owner indignity treatment or situation that causes shame or loss of dignity, respect; offensive or insulting treatment; humil- iating or degrading treatment; Ex. I suffered the indignity of having to say that in front of them. indiscriminate choosing at random; confused; not based on careful distinctions indisputable too certain to be disputed; beyond doubt indissoluble permanent; impossible to dissolve or disinte- grate indite write; compose indolent lazy indomitable unconquerable; unyielding 42 ♠ indubitable unable to be doubted; which cannot be doubted; unquestionable induce persuade; lead to do something; bring about; N. in- ducement inductive pertaining to induction or proceeding from the specific to the general ♥ induct place formally in office; install; admit as a member; initiate; N. induction: inducting; process of deriving gen- eral principles from particular facts indulgent humoring; yielding; lenient; showing indul- gence ♥ indulge yield to; gratify; allow oneself a special pleasure; Ex. indulge one’s every whim/a child/in a big cigarette; N. indulgence ♥ humor indulge; comply with the wishes of; N. quality that makes something amusing; state of mind; mood; Ex. in a bad humor; Ex. out of humor industrious diligent; hard-working; N. industry ♠ inebriated habitually intoxicated; drunk; N. inebriety ♥ inebriate make drunk; intoxicate; N. intoxicated person ♥ intoxicate make drunk; stimulate or excite; Ex. intoxicated by all the money he might win ♠ ineffable unutterable; not to be uttered; taboo; that cannot be expressed in speech; indescribable; unspeakable; inex- pressible; Ex. ineffable name/joy ineffectual not effective; not having a desired effect; weak ♠ ineluctable irresistible; not to be escaped; unavoidable inept unsuited; inappropriate; lacking skill; incompetent; CF. inapt: (of statements or ideas) inappropriate inequity unfairness; ADJ. inequitable ♠ inerrancy infallibility ♠ inert inactive; lacking power to move; unable to move or act; Ex. chemically inert; N. inertia: state of being inert; force which keeps a thing in the position or state inevitable unavoidable ♠ inexorable relentless; unyielding; implacable; not capable of being changed by entreaty or efforts; Ex. inexorable price rises infallible unerring; never making mistakes infamous notoriously bad; notorious; well known for be- ing bad; Ex. infamous behavior; N: infamy: infamous act; evil fame or reputation infantile childish; infantlike infer deduce; conclude; N. inference ♠ infernal pertaining to hell; devilish; N. inferno: place of fiery heat or destruction ♠ infidel unbeliever (with respect to a particular religion) infiltrate pass into or through; penetrate or enter (an orga- nization) sneakily; Ex. infiltrate the troops into enemy ter- ritory; CF. infiltrator ♥ penetrate enter into; pierce; permeate; see through; grasp the inner significance of; understand infinitesimal very small infirmity weakness inflated exaggerated; pompous; enlarged (with air or gas) influx flowing into infraction violation (of a rule or regulation); breach 26 infringe violate (a law); encroach (the right of another per- son) ingenious marked by inventive skill; clever; resourceful; N. ingenuity ♥ resourceful clever and imaginative (in dealing with diffi- cult situations); N. resource, resourcefulness ingenuous naive and trusting; young; unsophisticated; candid ♥ ingenue inge´nue; young innocent girl ingrained deeply established; firmly rooted; Ex. ingrained dirt/prejudice ingrate ungrateful person (not expressing thanks) ♠ ingratiate become popular with; bring (oneself) in favor of another; Ex. ingratiate himself with the boss inherent firmly established by nature or habit; intrinsic inhibit restrain; prohibit; retard or prevent; N. inhibition ♥ inhibited (of a person) unable to express what one really feels ♥ uninhibited having no inhibitions; free in behavior and feelings ♠ inimical (of someone) unfriendly; hostile; (of something) harmful; detrimental; CF. enemy inimitable matchless; not able to be imitated iniquitous wicked; immoral; unrighteous; N. iniquity; Ex. den of iniquity initiate begin; originate; receive into a group; introduce to a new field or activity; Ex. initiate someone into themysteries of a secret religion; N: one who has been initiated injurious harmful; causing injury ♠ inkling hint; slight indication innate inborn innocuous harmless innovation change; something newly introduced; intro- duction of something new; V. innovate: begin or introduce (something new); be creative; ADJ. innovative ♠ innuendo indirect or subtle (derogatory) hint; insinuation; Ex. sexual innuendo inopportune untimely; inappropriate or ill-timed; poorly chosen ♠ inordinate beyond reasonable limits; unrestrained; exces- sive; Ex. inordinate demands 43 inquisitor questioner (especially harsh); investigator; per- son making an inquisition ♥ inquisitive eager for knowledge; unduly curious ♠ insalubrious unwholesome; not healthful; Ex. insalubrious place ♥ healthful conducive to good health; Ex. healthful moun- tain air ♥ healthy possessing good health; healthful ♥wholesome conducive to mental or physical health; health- ful insatiable not easily satisfied; unquenchable; Ex. insatiable appetite ♠ inscrutable difficult to understand; impenetrable; not read- ily understood; mysterious ♠ insensate without feeling; lacking sense; foolish ♠ insensible unconscious; unresponsive; insensitive; un- aware; imperceptible; Ex. insensible of his danger/to pain; Ex. insensible change; CF. not the opposite of sensible ♠ insidious treacherous; stealthy; sly; working or spreading harmfully in a stealthy manner; Ex. insidious spreading of dry rot insightful discerning; perceptive ♠ insinuate hint; imply; suggest indirectly; creep in; intro- duce or insert (oneself) by artful means; Ex. insinuate him- self into the boss’s favor; CF. ingratiate ♥ creep move with body close to the ground; move stealthily or slowly; N. ♥ artful exhibiting art or skill; deceitful; cunning; CF. artifice ♠ insipid lacking in flavor; lacking interest; dull; Ex. insipid food/character insolence impudent disrespect; haughtiness; ADJ. insolent; CF. haughty + rude insolvent bankrupt; lacking money to pay; N. insolvency insomnia wakefulness; inability to sleep ♠ insouciant without concern or care; unconcerned; indiffer- ent ♠ instigate start; urge; provoke; incite; Ex. instigate a search/quarrel insubordination disobedience; rebelliousness; ADJ. insub- ordinate insubstantial lacking substance; insignificant; frail; imma- terial ♠ insularity narrow-mindedness; isolation; ADJ. insular: of an island; isolated; narrow-minded; CF. peninsula insuperable insurmountable; unbeatable; Ex. insuperable difficulties ♥ odds chances; probability; disagreement; Ex. The odds are that it will rain. Ex. at odds with insurgent rebellious; N. insurmountable overwhelming; unbeatable; insuperable insurrection rebellion; uprising intangible not able to be perceived by touch; vague integral complete; necessary for completeness; Ex. integral part integrate make whole; combine; make into one unit integrity honesty; uprightness; wholeness; state of being whole and undivided; completeness ♥ upright (sitting or standing) straight up; honest; moral intellect higher mental powers; person of great intellectual ability intelligentsia intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily) inter bury; N. interment ♥ cemetery place for burying the dead interdict prohibit; forbid; N. interim meantime; Ex. in the interim; ADJ. taking place during an interim; Ex. interim paper ♠ interloper intruder; one who interferes interminable endless intermittent periodic; on and off; stopping and starting at intervals internecine mutually destructive ♠ interpolate insert between ♠ interregnum period between two successive reigns or gov- ernments ♠ interrogate question closely; cross-examine; cross-question intervene come between; interfere; Ex. intervened to pre- vent a fight; N. intervention ♠ intimate hint; suggest; imply; ADJ: marked by close rela- tionship; familiar; private; personal; Ex. intimate knowl- edge/thoughts in the diary; N: close friend or confidant; CF. intimacy intimidate frighten; N. intimidation intractable unruly; difficult to manage; Ex. intractable problem/child intransigence refusal of any compromise; stubbornness; ADJ. intransigent: uncompromising intrepid fearless intrinsic essential; inherent; built-in ♠ introspective looking within oneself; N. introspection: self- examination introvert one who is introspective or inclined to think more about oneself; ADJ. introverted ♠ intrude put or force in without being asked; trespass; enter as an uninvited person; Ex. intrude one’s own opinion into the report; CF. thrust in intuition immediate insight; power of knowing without reasoning; ADJ. intuitive; V. intuit: know by intuition 44 inundate flood; overflow; submerge; cover completely; Ex. inundated with work ♥ overwhelm (of water) cover completely; defeat completely by much greater force; Ex. overwhelmed by grief ♥ submerge place under water; dip; go under water; cover completely (as with water); Ex. submerged in work ♥ engulf surround and swallow up ♠ inured accustomed; hardened; Ex. inured to the Alaskan cold; V. inure: make used to something undesirable; harden; CF. unfeeling invalidate weaken; destroy; make invalid; nullify ♥ invalid one incapacitated(disabled) by a chronic illness; ADJ: incapacitated by illness; not valid; null; V: allow to leave (a military force) because of ill-health invective abuse ♠ inveigh denounce; utter censure or invective; Ex. inveigh against the evils of drink ♠ inveigle deceive; lead astray by deception; whee- dle(cajole); Ex. inveigle her into joining the club; CF. interest dishonestly inverse opposite invert turn upside down or inside out; reverse the position or condition of 27 inveterate deep-rooted; habitual; CF. grow old ♠ invidious designed to create ill will or envy; tending to rouse ill will or envy; Ex. invidious comparison invincible unconquerable ♠ inviolable secure from corruption, attack, or violation(or profanation); unassailable; Ex. inviolable oath/rights; N. inviolability ♠ invocation prayer for help (used in invoking); calling upon as a reference or support; act of invoking ♠ invoke call and bring into use (a right or law); call on/upon (a higher power or god) for help; ask for; beg for; conjure (a spirit); Ex. invoke the veto power; Ex. invoke one’s advi- sor/God invulnerable incapable of injury; impossible to damage or injure iota very small quantity ♠ irascible irritable; easily angered ♠ irate angry; CF. ire: anger; wrath ♠ iridescent exhibiting rainbowlike colors; Ex. iridescent oil slick; N. iridescence irksome annoying; tedious; V. irk: annoy ironic expressing irony; occurring in an unexpected and contrary manner ♠ irony hidden sarcasm or satire; use of words that seem to mean the opposite of what they actuallymean; use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning irreconcilable impossible to reconcile; incompatible; not able to be resolved irrefutable indisputable; incontrovertible; undeniable irrelevant not applicable; unrelated irremediable incurable; uncorrectable; impossible to rem- edy irreparable not able to be corrected or repaired; impossible to repair irrepressible unable to be restrained or held back; impossi- ble to hold back irreproachable beyond reproach; blameless; impeccable; Ex. irreproachable conduct irresolute uncertain how to act; weak; lacking in resolution; indecisive; N. irresolution ♥ indecisive marked by indecision; inconclusive; Ex. indeci- sive battle ♥ indecision irresolution; inability to make up one’s mind irretrievable impossible to recover or regain; CF. retrieve irreverence lack of proper respect or reverence; ADJ. irrev- erent irrevocable unalterable; irreversible; impossible to revoke isotope varying from of an element ♠ isthmus narrow neck of land connecting two larger bodies of land ♠ itinerant wandering; traveling from place to place (to per- form work); Ex. itinerant preacher ♠ itinerary plan of a trip; record of a trip ♠ jabber chatter rapidly or unintelligibly ♥ jab poke abruptly with something sharp; punch with short blows ♠ jaded tired or uninterested by surfeit; fatigued; surfeited; worn out; wearied; Ex. jaded appetite jargon language used by special group; technical terminol- ogy; gibberish; nonsensical or incoherent talk ♠ jaundiced yellowed; prejudiced (envious, hostile, or re- sentful) from long and disappointing experience of human affairs; Ex. with a jaundiced eye ♥ jaundice medical condition in which the skin, the white part of the eyes, etc. turn yellow; V: affect with jaundice; affect with prejudice, envy, or hostility; bias ♠ jaunt trip; short journey ♠ jaunty cheerful and pleased with life; lighthearted; ani- mated; easy and carefree; dapper in appearance; Ex. jaunty person/hat jeopardize endanger; imperil; put at risk; N. jeopardy: dan- ger ♠ jettison throw overboard (from a ship or plane) ♠ jibe agree; be in harmony with; gibe jingoist extremely aggressive and militant patriot; warlike chauvinist; N. jingoism: extreme nationalism 45 ♠ jocose given to(having a tendency of) joking ♠ jocular said or done in jest or playfully; marked by joking ♥ jest playful remark or act; V. act or speak playfully ♠ jocund merry ♠ jollity gaiety; cheerfulness; ADJ. jolly: merry; gay ♠ jostle shove; bump; push against (someone) rather roughly; Ex. jostled by the crowds ♥ shove push forward; push roughly; Ex. pushing and shov- ing to get on the bus; N. ♥ bump hit or knock against with force; N. ♠ jovial good-natured; merry; cheerful jubilation rejoicing; great joy judicious sound on judgment; wise ♠ juggernaut irresistible crushing force; overwhelming ad- vancing force that crushes everything in its path ♥ jug pitcher; container for holding liquids ♠ juncture crisis; point in time; joining point; joint; act of join- ing ♠ junket trip especially one taken for pleasure by an official at public expense ♠ junta group of persons joined in political intrigue; cabal; group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power (by force) ♠ jurisprudence science of law ♥ jurisdiction right and power to apply the law; authority ♥ juridical of the law and its administration; CF. judicial: of courts of law; CF. judiciary ♠ juxtapose place side by side; CF. next ♠ kaleidoscope tube in which patterns made by the reflection in mirrors of colored pieces of glass, etc. produce interest- ing symmetrical effects; series of changing events; Ex. kalei- doscope of European history; CF. beautiful ♠ ken range of knowledge; Ex. beyond one’s ken kernel central or vital part; core; whole seed (as of corn) ♠ killjoy grouch; spoilsport; one who intentionally spoils the pleasure of others ♥ grouch bad-tempered complaint; person who keeps com- plaining; V: complain; grumble ♥ spoilsport one who spoils the pleasure of others kindle start a fire; ignite; inspire; arouse ♠ kindred related; belonging to the same group; similar in nature or character; Ex. kindred languages; N: relative; kin; kinship kinetic producing motion; of motion ♠ kismet fate; destiny; Ex. Kismet is the Arabic word for fate. ♠ kleptomaniac person who has a compulsive desire to steal ♠ knave untrustworthy person; rogue; scoundrel; jack; N. knavery ♠ knead mix; work dough; mix and work into a uniform mass (with the hands); Ex. knead dough ♠ knell tolling of a bell especially to indicate a funeral, disas- ter, etc.; sound of the funeral bell; V. ♥ toll sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals; N: sound of a bell; fixed tax or charge ♥ curfew regulation requiring all people to leave the streets at stated times; signal (as a bell) announcing the hour of a curfew ♠ knit contract into wrinkles; grow together; join together closely; make (a fabric or garment) by interwining yarn or thread; Ex. knit the brow; Ex. The bones should knit to- gether in a few weeks. ♥ crochet make (a piece of needlework) by looping thread with a hooked needle; N. CF. crotchet ♠ knoll little round hill; hillock ♠ knotty intricate; difficult; tangled; CF. knot ♠ kudos honor; glory; acclaim or praise for exceptional achievement ♥ entourage group of attendants; retinue; CF. surround ♠ labile likely to change; unstable; Ex. emotionally labile; N. lability laborious demanding much work or care; tedious labyrinth maze ♠ laceration torn ragged wound; V. lacerate: tear (the skin as with broken glass); wound ♥ rip tear or be torn quickly and violently; Ex. The sail ripped under the force of the wind; N. ♥ rag scrap of cloth; ADJ. ragged: old and torn; seeming un- finished and imperfect; Ex. ragged debut/performance ♠ lachrymose producing tears; tearful ♠ lackadaisical lacking interest or effort; lacking purpose or zest; lazy; halfhearted; languid ♥ halfhearted exhibiting little interest or enthusiasm ♠ lackluster lacking luster(shine; gloss); dull ♠ laconic brief and to the point; using few words; terse ♠ laggard slow; sluggish; N: one who lags; straggler ♥ lag move or develop more slowly; straggle; Ex. lag behind the rest; N. ♥ straggle stray or fall behind (a main group); spread out in a scattered group; Ex. straggling marathon racer; Ex. strag- gling branch 28 ♠ lagoon shallow body of water or lake near a sea; lake sepa- rated from a sea by sandbars or coral reefs ♠ laity laypersons; laymen; persons not connected with the clergy ♥ layman man who is not a cleric; man who is nonprofes- sional 46 lament grieve; express sorrow; N. lamentation ♠ lampoon ridicule; N: written attack ridiculing or satirizing a person, group, or institution ♠ lancet small surgical tool for making incisions ♥ lance pierce with a lance; cut into; N: spearlike weapon languid lacking energy or vitality; weary; sluggish; listless languish lose animation or strength languor lack of physical or mental energy; lassitude; de- pression ♠ lank long and thin; Ex. Lank, gaunt, Abraham Lincoln ♠ lap take in food or drink with one’s tongue; splash gently; Ex. waves lapping the shore; N: front area from the waist to the knees of a seated person ♠ larceny theft; Ex. petit larceny ♠ larder pantry; place where food is kept ♠ largess generous gift (given to people who do not have enough) lascivious lustful ♥ lust intense sexual desire; intense eagerness; V. ♠ lassitude languor; weariness; listlessness latent present but not yet noticeable or active; dormant; hidden; N. latency; CF. potential lateral of or coming from the side ♠ latitude freedom from narrow limitations laud praise; N. ADJ. laudable: praiseworthy; ADJ. lauda- tory: expressing praise ♠ lavish liberal; wasteful; generous or wasteful in giving or using; abundant; profuse; great; Ex. decorated lavishly; V. give in abundance ♠ lax careless; negligent; not paying enough attention; Ex. lax service ♠ leaven add leaven to; cause to rise or grow lighter; enliven; N: agent, such as yeast, that causes dough to rise (by fer- mentation); element that lightens or enlivens ♥ enliven make lively or spirited; animate lechery gross lewdness; lustfulness; ADJ. lecherous; N. lecher: lecherous man ♠ lectern reading desk or stand for a public speaker ♠ leery (of someone) suspicious; wary; cautious ♠ leeway room to move; margin; latitude; Ex. leeway for the deadline ♥margin border; room; allowance beyond what is needed; Ex. margin of safety ♥marginal of a margin; barely within a limit; Ex. marginal effect/writing ability legacy gift made by a will; something handed down from an ancestor legend explanatory list of symbols on a map ♠ legerdemain sleight(dexterity) of hand; CF. light of hand leniency mildness; permissiveness; ADJ. lenient: not se- vere in judgment or punishment ♥ permissive allowing much freedom; lenient; Ex. permis- sive society leonine like a lion lethal deadly lethargic drowsy; dull; N. lethargy: state of sluggishness and inactivity ♠ levee earthen or stone embankment to prevent flooding; CF. raise ♠ levitate rise and float in the air (especially by magical means); CF. light levity lack of seriousness or steadiness; frivolity; lightness of manner ♠ levy impose (a fine); collect (a payment); impose or collect (a tax); Ex. levy a tax on tobacco lewd lustful ♠ lexicographer compiler of a dictionary; CF. lexicography: work of compiling a dictionary ♠ lexicon dictionary ♠ liability drawback; handicap; debts; obligation; responsi- bility; condition of being liable; ADJ. liable: likely; respon- sible (for paying) liaison contact that keeps parties in communication; com- munication between groups; one that maintains communi- cation; go-between; secret love affair; V. liaise: keep a con- nection libel defamatory written statement; act of writing some- thing that smears a person’s character; V. ADJ. libelous ♠ libertine debauched person; dissolute or licentious person; roue´; CF. free ♥ roue´ lecherous man libidinous lustful ♠ libido psychic and emotional energy or urges behind hu- man activity; sexual desire ♠ libretto text of an opera or oratorio; CF. book licentious amoral; lewd and lascivious; unrestrained ♥ license official or legal permission; latitude of action or speech; excessive freedom that causes harm or damage; V. ♠ lien legal claim or right on a property ♠ ligneous like wood ♠ lilliputian extremely small; CF. Lilliput in Gulliver’s Trav- els ♠ limber flexible; supple; pliable; V. ♠ limbo region near heaven or hell where certain souls are kept; prison (slang); Ex. Purgatory and Limbo ♥ abode dwelling place; home ♥ abide dwell; abide by: comply with; put up with; tolerate; Ex. abide by the rules; Ex. I can’t abide rude people. ♠ limn draw; outline; describe; CF. line ? 47 ♠ limpid crystal clear lineage descent; ancestry ♠ lineaments features especially of the face; distinctive shape or contour of the face; CF. line ♥ feature distinctive part of the faces (as the eyes or mouth); features: overall appearance of the face; prominent or dis- tinctive quality; prominent article; film; V: make prominent ♥ linger loiter or dawdle; be slow in leaving; delay going; continue or persist; be slow to disappear; Ex. The smell lingered for days. ♥ persist continue in existence; last; continue in a course of action in spite of opposition; Ex. persist in/with something; ADJ. persistent linguistic pertaining to language ♥ lionize treat (a person) as a celebrity ♥ liquidate settle accounts; pay off (a debt); clear up; elimi- nate; kill or abolish ♥ list tilt (as of a ship); lean over (to one side) listless lacking in spirit or energy; languid ♠ litany supplicatory prayer; prayer in which the priest calls out and the people replies in the same words ♠ lithe flexible; supple; CF. limber ♥willowy flexible; pliant; slender; CF. willow ♠ litigation lawsuit; N. litigant: one party in a lawsuit; V. liti- gate ♠ litotes understatement for emphasis; Ex. “not bad(=pretty good)” ♥ understate state with less truth than seems warranted by the facts; Ex. He understated the seriousness of the crime; N. understatement; OP. overstate ♠ livid lead-colored; black and blue (as from a bruise); ashen; enraged; extremely angry ♠ loath reluctant; unwilling; disinclined; Ex. Romeo and Juliet were both loath for him to go. loathe detest; ADJ. loathsome: arousing loathing; offen- sive; Ex. loathsome smell ♠ lode metal-bearing vein(long deposit of an ore) lofty very high ♥ loft room or space under the roof; attic log record of a voyage or flight; record of day-to-day activ- ities; section of a trunk; V. loiter hang about/around; stand idly about; linger ♠ loll lounge about ♥ lounge stand, sit, or lie in a lazy, relaxed way longevity long life; long duration ♠ loom appear or take shape (usually in an enlarged, indis- tinct, or distorted form); Ex. The shadow of the gallows loomed threateningly. N: apparatus for making thread into cloth ♥ gallows framework fromwhich a noose is suspended (used for execution by hanging) ♥ noose loop formed in a rope ♠ lope gallop slowly loquacious talkative; N. loquacity 29 ♠ lout clumsy person; ADJ. loutish; CF. from countrysides ? ♠ low moo; make the sound of a cow ♥ lubricate apply a lubricant to; N. lubricant: substance that reduces friction lucid easily understood; clear; intelligible; N. lucidity lucrative profitable; producing wealth ♠ lucre money; profit; Ex. filthy lucre ♥ filth dirty matter; ADJ. filthy ♠ ludicrous laughable; ridiculous; trifling ♠ lugubrious mournful; sorrowful ♠ lull moment of calm; period of reduced activity; Ex. a lull in the rain; V: cause to become less active; cause to sleep or rest; Ex. lull the opponents into a false sense of security; CF. lullaby ♠ lumber move heavily or clumsily; Ex. The bear lumbered through the woods; N: timber ♠ lumen unit of light energy (one candle’s worth) ♠ luminary celebrity (in a specific field); dignitary; object that gives light (as a celestial body) ♥ dignitary person of high rank or position ♠ luminous shining (esp. in the dark); issuing light; Ex. lu- minous paint/road signs lunar pertaining to the moon ♥ lunatic insane; Ex. lunatic asylum ♠ lurid wild; sensational; graphic; gruesome; horrible; Ex. lurid details of the murder ♠ lurk stealthily lie in waiting; slink; exist unperceived ♥ slink move furtively; ADJ. slinky: stealthy; furtive; sneaky (as in ambush) ♠ luscious pleasing to taste or smell; delicious ♠ luster shine; gloss (of a polished surface) ♠ lustrous shining; brilliant; Ex. lustrous hair ♠ luxuriant abundant; growing healthily and in large amounts; excessively ornate; rich and splendid; fertile; Ex. luxuriant forests/prose; CF. luxurious, luxuriate ♠macabre gruesome; grisly; ghastly; CF. of death ♥morgue mortuary; place where bodies are kept before burial or cremation ♥ cremate incinerate (a corpse); N. crematory, crematorium ♠mace ceremonial staff used as a symbol of authority; club- like medieval weapon 48 ♠macerate soften by soaking in liquid; waste away; Ex. mac- erate powdered wood to make paper ♠Machiavellian crafty; double-dealing; of the political doc- trine of Machiavelli, which holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing political power ♠machinations evil schemes or plots; schemes or plots to achieve an evil end; V. machinate ♠maculated spotted; stained; CF. immaculate ♠madrigal pastoral song; song for several singers without instruments ♠maelstrom violent whirlpool; violent or tublent situation; CF. stream ♠magisterial authoritative; imperious; commanding; of a magistrate; Ex. magisterial study of Roman law; Ex. mag- isterial manner ♥magistrate official with power to administer the law magnanimity generosity; ADJ. magnanimous: generous ♠magnate person of prominence or influence; powerful or influential person (in business or industry); Ex. oil magnate magniloquent boastful; pompous magnitude greatness (in size or extent); extent ♠maim mutilate; injure lastingly; disable; cripple; Ex. maimed for life ♥mangle tear or cut to pieces; mutilate or disfigure; Ex. badly mangled bodies maladroit clumsy; not skillful; awkward; bungling malady illness ♠malaise uneasiness; vague feeling of ill health (without any particular pain or appearance of disease) ♠malapropism comic misuse of a word; CF. Mrs. Malaprop ♥malapropos inappropriate; ADV. malcontent person dissatisfiedwith existing state of affairs; discontented person; ADJ: discontented malediction curse malefactor evildoer; criminal ♥maleficient doing evil; N. maleficience malevolent wishing evil; exhibiting ill will; N. malevolence ♠malfeasance wrongdoing; misconduct (by a public official) malicious hateful; spiteful; expressing malice; N. malice: desire to harm others; spite malign speak evil of; bad-mouth(criticize spitefully); de- fame; ADJ: harmful; Ex. malign influence malignant tending to cause death; highly injurious; aggres- sively malevolent; Ex. malignant tumor malingerer one who feigns illness to escape duty; V. ma- linger: feign illness to avoid work ♠malleable (of a metal) capable of being shaped by pound- ing(beating); pliable; (of someone) impressionable(easily influenced); easily controlled; tractable malodorous foul-smelling ♥ compost mixture of decaying organic matter used as fertil- izer; V: put or make compost mammal vertebrate animal whose female suckles its young ♥ vertebrate having a backbone or spinal column; N: group of animals having a segmented spinal column ♥ suckle give or take milk at the breast or udder ♥ nurse suckle; take care of (as a nurse); bear in mind; Ex. nursing mother; Ex. nurse a hope/grudge against someone mammoth gigantic; enormous manacle restrain; handcuff; N. ♠mandate order; charge; authoritative command; power to govern another country; power to given to a government; region under administration; V: give a mandate to; place under a mandate; Ex. mandated territory mandatory obligatory; compulsory; of a mandate ♠mangy shabby; wretched; suffering from mange; of bad ap- pearance ♥mange skin disease (esp. of domestic animals) marked by loss of hair maniacal raging mad; insane; N. maniac: insane person; CF. mania: disorder of the mind; intense enthusiasm manifest evident; visible; obvious; V: show plainly ♠manifestation outward demonstration; manifesting; indi- cation of the presence of something; Ex. manifestation of his pronounced musical bent ♥ pronounced distinct; very noticeable; Ex. pronounced limp manifesto public declaration of principles; statement of policy ♠manifold many in number or kind; numerous; varied ♠manipulate operate with one’s hands; control or play upon (people, forces, etc.) artfully; maneuver; Ex. how to manip- ulate publicity and men; ADJ. manipulative ♠mannered affected; not natural; Ex. mannered way of speech ♥mannerism distinctive behavioral trait; affected style in art (according to a set of styles) ♠manumit emancipate; free from slavery or bondage marital pertaining to marriage ♠maritime bordering on(adjacent to) the sea; nautical; of the ships or the sea; Ex. Maritime Provinces marked noticeable; targeted for vengeance or attack; Ex. marked improvement/man ♠marred damaged; disfigured; V. mar: spoil; disfigure 49 ♠marshal put in order; guide ceremoniously to the correct place; Ex. marshal the children into the museum; N: mili- tary officer; official ♥ enlist (cause to) join the armed forces; obtain (help, sympa- thy, or support) ♠marsupial one of a family of mammals that nurse their off- spring in a pouch(pocket of skin or leather); CF. kangaroo, opossum, wombat martial warlike; of war; Ex. martial art/law ♥ cadet student at a military school ♠martinet strict disciplinarian; person who demands total obedience to rules and orders; CF. Jean Martinet martyr one who voluntarily suffers death for his or her reli- gion or cause; great sufferer; Ex. martyr to his rheumatism masochist person who enjoys his own pain; CF. masochism ♠masticate chew materialism preoccupation with physical comforts and things; excessive regard for worldly concerns (rather than spiritual matters) maternal motherly; N. maternity: motherhood matriarch woman who rules a family or larger social group ♠matriculate enroll (in college or graduate school); CF. ma- trix ♠matrix point of origin; array of numbers or algebraic sym- bols; mold or die; Ex. the matrix of Western civilization ♠maudlin effusively sentimental ♥ sentimental swayed by sentiment; appealing to the senti- ments ♠maul handle roughly; batter; injure by beating; Ex. mauled by his overexcited fans; N: heavy long-handled hammer 30 ♠mausoleum monumental tomb; large stately tomb; CF. Mausolos ♠mauve pale purple ♠maverick rebel; nonconformist (in a group) ♠mawkish mushy(sentimental) and gushy; icky-sticky sen- timental; excessively and objectionably sentimental maxim proverb; truth pithily stated ♠mayhem injury to body; crime of willfully maiming or crip- pling a person; violent disorder; Ex. mayhem in the zoo; CF. maim meager scanty; inadequate ♠mealymouthed indirect in speech (when something un- pleasant must be said); hypocritical; evasive ♠meander wind or turn in its course; follow a winding or turning course; move aimlessly and idly ♠meddlesome interfering; V. meddle: interfere mediate settle a dispute through the services of an outsider; act as an intermediary; produce by mediating; Ex. mediate a cease-fire ♥ intermediary intermediate; acting as a mediator; N: medi- ator; go-between mediocre ordinary; commonplace; neither good nor bad meditation reflection; thought; V. meditate medium element that is a creature’s natural environment; nutrient setting in which microorganisms are cultivated; appropriate occupation or means of expression; channel of communication; compromise; middle position between extremes; intervening substance through which something else is transmitted ♠medley mixture ♠meek submissive; patient and long-suffering ♥ suitor man who is courting a woman ♠megalomania mania for doing grandiose things; mental disorder characterized by delusions of wealth, power, or importance melancholy gloomy; morose; blue; N. ADJ. melancholic; CF. melancholia ♥ blue gloomy; depressed melee fight ♠mellifluous (of words or a voice) sweetly or smoothly flow- ing; melodious; having a pleasant tune ♠memento token; reminder of the past; keepsake; Ex. me- mento of your visit memorialize commemorate ♥memorial something, such as a monument or holiday, in- tended to honor the memory of a person or event; ADJ: commemorative ♠menagerie collection of wild animals on exhibition; zoo ♠mendacious lying; habitually dishonest; N. mendacity ♠mendicant beggar; ADJ: living as a beggar ♥ alms money or goods given to the poor ♠menial suitable for servants; lowly; mean; N: someonewho does menial work (esp. servant in a house) ♠mentor counselor; teacher ♠mercantile concerning trade or merchants mercenary motivated solely by money or gain; N. ♠mercurial capricious; quick and changing; fickle; contain- ing the element mercury; Ex. mercurial temper; CF. mood ♥ quicksilver mercury ♠meretricious flashy; tawdry; attractive on the surface but of no real value; Ex. metericious argument/jewel; CF. pros- titute ♥ vulgar of the common people; deficient in refinement; not refined; coarse; Ex. vulgar display of wealth; N. vulgar- ism: vulgarity; crudely indecent word; CF. vulgarian: vul- gar person; boor; lout 50 ♠merger combination (of two business corporations); act of merging ♠mesmerize hypnotize; N. mesmerism; CF. Franz Mesmer ♠metallurgical pertaining to the art of removingmetals from ores; N. metallurgy: science that deals with extracting met- als from ores metamorphosis change of form; Ex. metamorphosis of caterpillar to butterfly; V. metamorphose: change by meta- morphosis metaphor implied comparison; CF. simile ♥ soar rise or fly high in the air; Ex. The rocket soared into the sky. metaphysical pertaining to speculative philosophy; of metaphysics; N. metaphysics: branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality ♠mete measure; distribute; administer; Ex. mete out jus- tice/punishment meteoric like a meteor; swift; momentarily brilliant; Ex. meteoric rise to fame; N. meteor methodical systematic; N. method: systematic method of procedure meticulous excessively careful (with great attention to de- tail); painstaking; scrupulous metropolis large city ♠mettle courage (to continue bravely in spite of difficulties); spirit; ADJ. mettlesome ♠miasma swamp gas; heavy vaporous atmosphere often em- anating from decaying matter; pervasive corrupting influ- ence; noxious atmosphere or influence ♥ swamp wetland; marsh; V: flood; overwhelm; drench in with liquid microcosm small representative world; world in miniature; Ex. microcosm of English society ♥miniature small model; small painting; ADJ: small migrant changing its habitat; wandering; Ex. migrant birds/workers; N: one that migrates migratory wandering; V. migrate: move from one region and settle in another; move periodically from one region to another ♠milieu social environment; means of expression; Ex. feel out of one’s milieu; Ex. His proper milieu is watercolor. militant combative; bellicose; N. ♠militate work against; Ex. militate against the chances of promotion; CF. serve as a soldier ♥militia army composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers millennium thousand-year period (as in the New Testa- ment); hoped-for period of happiness and prosperity mimicry imitation ♥mime pantomime(act without dialogue); mimicry; mimer; V: mimic; pantomime ♠minatory menacing; threatening ♠mincing affectedly dainty(delicate); V. mince: cut (esp. meat) into very small pieces; walk with exaggerated prim- ness; walk in an unnatural way, taking little short steps; Ex. The actor minced across the stage; CF. mincemeat; CF. min- cer ♥ dainty delicate; delicately beautiful; fastidious; not easy to please; Ex. dainty movement/dress ♥ exquisite delicate; very finely made; extremely beautiful; Ex. exquisite piece of jewelry ♥ choice delicate; of very fine quality ♠minion servile dependent; obsequious follower ♠minuscule(miniscule) extremely small minute extremely small; CF. minutes: official record of the proceedings at a meeting ♠minutiae petty or trivial details; CF. minutia mirage unreal reflection; optical illusion ♠mire entangle; stick in swampy ground; stick or sink in mire; N: bog; deep mud; Ex. sucked deeper into the mire ♠mirth merriment; laughter ♠misadventure mischance; ill luck; Ex. death by misadven- ture misanthrope one who hates mankind; misanthropist ♥ vile despicable; unpleasant; disgusting; Ex. vile slander misapprehension error; misunderstanding; V. misappre- hend miscellany mixture of writings on various subjects; collec- tion of various items ♥miscellaneous made up of a variety of parts ♠mischance ill luck misconstrue interpret incorrectly; misinterpret; misjudge ♠miscreant wretch; wrongdoer; villain; Ex. kindness to the miscreant; CF. believe ♥wretch miserable person; bad or despicable person; ADJ. wretched: miserable; bad; contemptible; vile misdemeanor minor crime; misdeed; wrongdoing ♥misconduct immoral behavior; bad management; V. miserly stingy; mean ♠misgivings doubts ♠mishap unfortunate accident ♠misnomer wrong or improper name; incorrect designation 31 misogamy hatred of marriage misogynist hater of woman; CF. misogyny missile object to be thrown or projected ♠missive letter; written statement; CF. sent ♠mite very small object or insect-like creature; small coin 51 mitigate appease; moderate; make or become less in force or intensity ♠mnemonic pertaining tomemory; assisting thememory; N: device, such as as formula or rhyme, used as a mnemonic aid mobile movable; not fixed; N. mobility ♠mock ridicule; deride; imitate often in derision mode prevailing style; current fashion; manner; way of do- ing something; Ex. in the latest mode; Ex. simple mode of life ♠modicum limited quantity; small amount; Ex. He does not have a modicum of sense; CF. moderate ♠modish fashionable; conforming to the current fashion ♠modulate tone down in intensity; change the intensity or tone of; regulate; change from one musical key to another; Ex. modulate from E to G ♠mogul powerful person; Ex. oil moguls; CF. Mogol, Moghul; CF. Mongolian molecule the smallest particle (one ormore atoms) of a sub- stance that has all the properties of that substance ♠mollify soothe an angry person ♠mollycoddle pamper; coddle; baby; indulge excessively ♠molt(moult) periodically shed or cast off hairs or feathers (for replacement by a new growth) ♠molten melted; Ex. molten lava momentous very important; N. moment; CF. momentary momentum quantity of motion of a moving body; impetus; moving force monarchy government under a single ruler monastic related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns monetary pertaining to money monochromatic having only one color ♥monochrome painting in only one color; ADJ. ♥monogram design composed of one or more initials of a name; V. ♥monograph scholarly article ♠monolithic solidly uniform; unchangeable; unyielding; N. monolith: large block of stone monotheism belief in one God monotony sameness leading to boredom; monotonous- ness; ADJ. monotonous; CF. monotone ♠monumental massive; impressively large; built as a monu- ment ♠moodiness fits of depression or gloom; ADJ. moody: given to changeable moods; subject to periods of depression; gloomy CF. mood: state of mind or emotion ♠moratorium legal delay of payment or action; Ex. declare moratorium on the building of new houses ♠morbid given to unwholesome or unhealthy thought; moody; characteristic of disease; Ex. morbid curiosity; N. morbidity; CF. disease ♠mordant biting; sarcastic; stinging; (apprec.) incisive; cut- ting; Ex. mordant pen/wit ♠mores conventions; moral standards; moral customs ♠moribund dying; at the point of death; CF. death ♠morose ill-humored; sullen; sullenly melancholy ♠mortician undertaker; CF. death ♥ undertaker funeral director; one whose business is to ar- range burials ♠mortify humiliate by embarassing excessively; shame; punish the flesh; discipline (one’s body) by self-denial; Ex. mortified by her blunder; Ex. mortify the flesh; CF. cause to die mosaic picture made of small colorful inlaid tiles; ADJ. ♠mote small speck (esp. of dust) ♥ speck small piece or mark; Ex. speck of dust in the eye ♠motif theme; recurrent thematic element in a musical or lit- erary work; single or repeated pattern; figure ♠motility ability to move spontaneously; ADJ. motile: mov- ing spontaneously ♠motley multi-colored (as of a garment worn by a jester); mixed; heterogeneous; CF. jester: one who jests (as a paid fool at medieval courts) ♥motto brief statement used to express a principle ♠mottled blotched in coloring; spotted; Ex. mottled face; V. mottle: mark with blotches of different colors ♥ blotch spot; blot; CF. blot+botch ♥ blemish mar; spoil the beauty or perfection of; N: flaw or defect (that spoils perfection); Ex. blemishes in the crystal; CF. unblemished ♠mountebank charlatan; boastful pretender ♥ peddle travel about selling (wares); CF. foot ♠muddle confuse; mix up confusedly; N: state of confusion ♠muggy (of weather) warm and damp ♠mulct defraud a person of something; swindle; Ex. mulct the boy of his legacy ♠multifarious varied; greatly diversified; Ex. multifarious activities multiform having many forms multilingual having many languages; fluent in several lan- guages multiplicity state of being numerous or multiple; large number; Ex. multiplicity of details; ADJ. multiple: of more than one element ♠mundane worldly as opposed to spiritual; everyday; of the ordinary; Ex. mundane existence; CF. world ♠munificent very generous in giving; Ex. munificent bene- factor; N. munificience 52 ♠mural wall painting ♠murky dark and gloomy; thick with fog; vague; Ex. murky night/fog; N. murk: partial or complete darkness; gloom ♠muse ponder at length; N: source of inspiration (esp. of a poet) ♠musky having the odor of musk; N. musk: odorous sub- stance secreted by an Asian deer ♠muster gather; assemble (troops); Ex. muster up one’s strength for the ordeal; N. ♠musty stale (in odor or taste); spoiled by age; CF. moist mutablility ability to change in form; fickleness; ADJ. mu- table: able to change; fickle; CF. mutate; CF. mutant muted silent; muffled; toned down; Ex. muted traffic noise ♥mute silent; without speech; not pronounced; unable to speak; N: one who is incapable of speech; V: soften the sound, color, shade of ♠mutilate maim; injure lastingly; deprive of a limb or an es- sential part ♠mutinous unruly; rebellious; Ex. mutinous teenagers; N. mutiny: open rebellion; CF. mutineer ♠myopic nearsighted; lacking foresight; N. myopia ♠myriad very large number; ADJ. CF. ten thousand ♠ nadir lowest point; point on the celestial sphere diametri- cally opposite the zenith naivete´(naivety) quality of being unsophisticated; simplic- ity; artlessness; gullibility; ADJ. naive(naı¨ve): ingenuous; lacking worldliness; simple; credulous narcissist conceited person; N. narcissism; CF. narcissus narrative related to telling a story; N: narrated account; story; V. narrate: tell (a story); CF. narration ♠ nascent incipient; coming into being or existence; Ex. nascent ability in music 32 natation swimming ♠ natty neatly or smartly dressed; dapper; smart; Ex. natty dresser ♥ smart intelligent; quick and energetic; fashionable; Ex. smart pace/restaurant; V: cause or feel a sharp pain; N: smarting pain nauseate cause to become sick; fill with disgust; fill nausea ♥ nausea feeling of sickness and desire to vomit; disgust; CF. seasickness ♥ nauseous causing nausea; feeling nausea nautical pertaining to ships or navigation ♠ navigable (of a body of water) wide and deep enough to allow ships to pass through; (of a ship or aircraft) able to be steered ♠ nebulous vague; hazy; cloudy; of a nebula; Ex. nebulous proposal ♥ nebula diffuse mass of interstellar dust or gas; galaxy ♠ necromancy black magic; sorcery; dealings with the dead; art that professes to communicate with the spirits of the dead so as to predict the future; CF. necromancer; CF. necro+divination; CF. necro-: death; Ex. necropolis ♠ nefarious very wicked negate cancel out; nullify; cause to have no effect; deny; N. negation negligence neglect; failure to take reasonable care; ADJ. negligent: neglectful; lax; not taking enough care negligible so small, trifling, or unimportant as to be easily disregarded nemesis someone seeking revenge; source of downfall or ruin; CF. Nemesis ♠ neologism new or newly coined word or phrase ♠ neophyte recent convert; newmember of a religious group; beginner; CF. plant ♠ nepotism favoritism (to a relative); CF. nephew ♥ favoritism display of partiality toward a favored person ♠ nether lower; Ex. nether garments/regions ♠ nettle irritate; annoy; vex; ADJ. nettlesome ♠ nexus connection ♠ nib beak(bill); pen point ♠ nicety precision; accuracy; minute distinction or difference; Ex. to a nicety: exactly; precisely; Ex. distinguish between niceties ♠ niggardly meanly stingy; parsimonious; N. niggard: stingy person ♠ niggle spend too much time on minor points (esp. when finding fault); find fault; Ex. niggle over details; ADJ. nig- gling ♠ nihilist one who considers traditional beliefs to be ground- less and existence meaningless; absolute skeptic; revolu- tionary terrorist; CF. nihilism: belief that nothing has mean- ing or value; belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement ♠ nip snip off; stop something’s growth or development; bite; make numb with cold; Ex. nip the plan; Ex. A guard dog nipped the postman; Ex. fingers nipped by the extreme chill ♥ snip short quick cut with scissors; V: cut with scissors ♥ pinch squeeze between the thumb and a finger, or other edges; Ex. I had to pinch myself to make sure I wasn’t dreaming. N: amount that can be held between the thumb and a finger ♠ nirvana in Buddhist teachings, the ideal state in which the individual loses himself in the attainment of an impersonal beatitude ♥ impersonal not being a person; not showing personal feel- ings; Ex. impersonal force/manner/organization nocturnal done or active at night; Ex. nocturnal ani- mals/raids; CF. nocturne 53 ♠ noisome foul smelling; very unpleasant; unwholesome nomadic wandering; N. nomad: tribe who migrates from place to place nomenclature terminology(system of specialized words); system of names or naming things nominal in name only; of a name; trifling; (of a sum of money) very small; CF. nominate: propose as a candidate; appoint ♠ nonchalance indifference; lack of concern; composure; ADJ. nonchalant: unconcerned; cool; indifferent; Ex. non- chalant attitude to his debts noncommittal neutral; refusing commitment to a particu- lar opinion; unpledged; undecided ♠ nondescript undistinctive; ordinary; ordinary-looking; Ex. nondescript fellow in a crowd nonentity person of no importance; nonexistence ♠ nonplus put at a loss; bring to a halt by confusion; perplex; CF. no more nostalgia homesickness; longing for the past; Ex. nostalgia for the clothes of 1920s; ADJ. nostalgic ♠ nostrum questionable medicine; quack medicine; CF. our (remedy) notable conspicuous; worthy of note; remarkable; impor- tant; distinguished; noted notoriety disrepute; ill fame ♥ nova star that suddenly becomes much brighter and then returns to its original brightness ♠ novelty something new; newness; ADJ. novel: new; origi- nal novice beginner noxious harmful; CF. obnoxious ♠ nuance shade of slight difference in meaning or color; sub- tle distinction ♥ shade slight difference in degree; nuance; degree of color; Ex. shades of meaning/grey ♥ gradation series of gradual stages; degree in such a pro- gression ♠ nubile marriageable; of marriageable age; CF. connubial ♠ nugatory worthless; futile nullify make invalid; make null; invalidate ♠ numismatist person who collects coins; N. numismatics: study or collection of money, coins, and medals ♠ nuptial related to marriage or the wedding ceremony; N. nuptials: wedding ceremony ♠ nurture nourish; feed; educate; rear; care for while it is growing or developing; foster; cultivate; N: something that nourishes; rearing ♠ nutrient nourishing substance; ADJ: providing nourish- ment ♥ nutrition process of nourishing or being nourished; CF. malnutrition ♥ nutritious providing nourishment ♥ nourish provide with food necessary for life and growth ♥ nourishment something that nourishes; food ♠ oaf stupid awkward person; CF. elf obdurate stubborn; refusing to change one’s belief obeisance bow (to show respect and obedience) obelisk tall column tapering(becoming gradually narrower toward the end) and ending in a pyramid obese excessively fat; N. obesity ♠ obfuscate confuse; muddle; cause confusion; make need- lessly complex; make so confused as to be difficult to un- derstand ♠ obituary death notice (esp. in a newspaper); ADJ. objective not influenced by emotions; fair; N: goal; aim obligatory binding; required; compulsory; V. oblige: con- strain; make grateful; do a favor; accommodate oblique indirect; slanting (deviating from the perpendicu- lar or from a straight line); Ex. oblique reference obliterate destroy completely; wipe out; Ex. obliterate the village oblivion obscurity; condition of being completely forgot- ten; forgetfulness ♠ oblivious inattentive or unmindful; unaware; wholly ab- sorbed; forgetful(having the habit of forgetting) obloquy slander; disgrace; infamy ♠ obnoxious offensive; disagreeable; Ex. obnoxious smell obscure dark; vague; unclear; not well known; Ex. obscure meaning/village; V: darken; cover; make unclear; Ex. ob- scure the moon/meaning obsequious slavishly attentive; servile; full of servile com- pliance; sycophantic ♥ slavish of or like a slave; servile; showing no originality; copied very closely; Ex. slavish devotion/copy of the orig- inal obsequy funeral ceremony obsessive related to thinking about something constantly; of an obsession; preoccupying; N. obsession: compulsive preoccupationwith a fixed idea; compulsive idea; V. obsess: preoccupy the mind of excessively obsidian black volcanic rock ♥ scion detached plant shoot used in grafting; descendant 33 obsolete outmoded; no longer used obstetrician physician specializing in delivery(assisting in giving birth) of babies; N. obstetrics; CF. midwife obstinate stubborn; hard to control or treat; Ex. obstinate cough; N. obstinacy obstreperous boisterous; noisy and uncontrollable 54 ♠ obtrude push (oneself or one’s ideas) forward or intrude; impose (oneself or one’s ideas) on others; butt in; stick out or extrude; thrust out; Ex. obtrude A on B; ADJ. obtrusive; N. obtrusion; CF. unobtrusive obtuse blunt; not sharp; stupid; slow in understanding obviate make unnecessary; get rid of; Ex. obviate the need Occident the West ♠ occlude shut; close; obstruct; Ex. A blood clot occluded an artery. occult mysterious; secret; supernatural; beyond human comprehension; CF. mysterious to human ?; OP. bare oculist physician who specializes in treatment of the eyes ♠ odious arousing strong dislike; hateful(causing hatred); vile ♠ odium detestation; quality of being odious; hatefulness; disrepute (resulting from hateful conduct) ♠ odoriferous giving off an odor odorous having an odor ♠ odyssey long, eventful, adventurous journey offensive attacking; insulting; distasteful; V. offend: vio- late; hurt the feelings of; N. offense: offending; violating of a moral or social code; crime; attack; Ex. first offense offhand casual; done without prior thought or preparation ♠ officious meddlesome; excessively pushy in offering one’s services; overly eager in offering unwanted services or ad- vices; Ex. officious bellboy ♥ pushy disagreeably aggressive ♠ ogle look at amorously; make eyes at; Ex. old men ogling young girls ♠ olfactory concerning the sense of smell oligarchy government by a privileged few ominous threatening; of an evil omen ♥ threat sign or warning (of coming danger); Ex. threat of rain; V: express a threat; give warning of (something bad); Ex. The cloud threatens rain. omnipotent all-powerful; having unlimited power omnipresent universally present; ubiquitous omniscient all-knowing omnivorous eating both plant and animal food; devouring everything ♠ onerous burdensome ♠ onomatopoeia words formed in imitation of natural sounds ♥ rustle make slight sounds like silk moving or being rubbed together onslaught vicious assault; fierce attack; Ex. unexpected on- slaught of the enemy ♥ slaughter killing of animals for food; massacre; V: butcher (animals) for food; kill in large numbers ♠ onus burden; responsibility ♥ spare give; use; refrain from harming; save from experienc- ing; exempt; Ex. spare me 5 minutes; Ex. Take this money and spare my life; Ex. The emperor was spared the onus; ADJ: kept in reserve; free for other use; unoccupied; Ex. spare time ♠ opalescent iridescent; lustrous; like an opal; N. opalescence opaque dark; not transparent; N. opacity opiate medicine to induce sleep or deaden pain; something that relieves emotions or causes inaction; sleep-producing drug containing opium opportune timely; well-chosen opportunist individual who sacrifices principles for expe- diency by taking advantage of circumstances; N. oppor- tunism ♠ opprobrium infamy; disgrace arising from shameful con- duct; vilification(slander); scorn; contempt; Ex. oppro- brium hurled against him; ADJ. opprobrious: expressing contempt; shameful or infamous optician maker and seller of eyeglasses optimist person who looks on the bright side; N. optimism optimum most favorable; optimal; N: most favorable con- dition optional not compulsory; left to one’s choice; N. option: act of choosing; choice; freedom or power to choose; something available as a choice; Ex. have no option; Ex. two options optometrist one who fits glasses to remedy visual defects opulence extreme wealth; luxuriousness; abundance; ADJ. opulent: possessing great wealth; abundant ♠ opus work (esp. musical composition); Ex. magnum opus: masterpiece; CF. opera ♠ oracular of an oracle; prophetic; uttered as if with divine authority; mysterious or ambiguous; hard to understand; N. oracle: wiser person; prophecy made by an oracle orator public speaker oratorio dramatic poem set to music; long musical work with singing but without acting; CF. cantata ♠ ordain decree or command; grant holy orders; predestine; install as a minister, priest, or rabbi; N. ordainment; CF. or- dination ordeal severe trial or affliction; difficult experience; trial(test of patience or endurance); affliction ordinance decree; authoritative order ♠ ordination ceremony conferring holy orders; ceremony of ordaining a priest ♠ orgy wild drunken revelry; unrestrained indulgence in an activity; Ex. orgy of shopping orient get one’s bearings; adjust; make familiar with a situ- ation; orientate orientation act of finding oneself in society; orienting 55 ♠ orifice mouthlike opening; small opening (esp. to a cavern or passage of the body); CF. mouth ornate excessively or elaborately decorated ♠ ornithologist scientific student of birds; N. ornithology: scientific study of birds orthodox traditional; (of someone) conservative in belief; adhering to an established doctrine ♠ orthography correct spelling; CF. ortho-: straight; correct; Ex. orthodontics oscillate vibrate pendulumlike; waver ♠ osseous made of bone; bony ♠ ossify change or harden into bone; become hard and un- changing in one’s ideas ostensible apparent; appearing as such; pro- fessed(pretended); pretended; Ex. ostensible purpose of the expedition ♥ apparent evident; easily seen or understood; appearing as such; Ex. apparent improvement ♠ ostentatious showy; trying to attract attention; pretentious; N. ostentation: showy display ♠ ostracize banish from a group; exclude from public favor; ban; Ex. His friends ostracized him. N. ostracism ♥ blackball vote against (an applicant); ostracize; N: negative vote ♠ oust expel; drive out; force out; N. ouster: ousting outlandish bizzare; peculiar; unconventional outmoded no longer in fashion or use; no longer stylish; old-fashioned ♠ outskirts fringes; outer borders (as of a city); Ex. outskirts of Boston outspoken candid; blunt ♥ blunt having a dull edge; abrupt and frank in speech or manner; brusque; V: make or become blunt ♠ outstrip outrun; surpass; outdo outwit outsmart; defeat by behaving more cleverly ♠ ovation enthusiastic applause overbearing bossy; domineering and arrogant; decisively important; Ex. overbearing manner/importance; V. over- bear: dominate overt open to view; public; not secret; CF. covert ♠ overweening arrogant; presumptuous 34 ♠ overwrought nervous or excited; extremely agitated; hys- terical; wrought-up; CF. wrought: made or done ♥ hysteria excessive or uncontrollable excitement; N. hys- teric: person suffering from hysteria; CF. hysterics: attack of hysteria ovoid egg-shaped; CF. ovum; CF. ovulate pachyderm thick-skinned animal pacifist one opposed to force; antimilitarist; ADJ. N. paci- fism: opposition to war as a means of resolving disputes pacify soothe; make calm or quiet; subdue; bring peace to ♠ paean song of praise or joy; Ex. paeans celebrating the vic- tory ♠ painstaking taking pains; showing hard work; taking great care; very careful and through ♠ palatable agreeable; pleasing to the taste ♠ palate roof of the mouth; sense of the taste ♠ palatial of or suitable for a palace; magnificent ♠ paleontology study of prehistoric life or fossils; CF. paleo- : ancient or prehistoric; Ex. paleography: study of ancient written documents palette board on which painter mixes pigments(coloring matters) ♠ palimpsest parchment or piece of writing material used for second time after original writing has been erased ♥ parchment writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat ♠ pall become boring; grow tiresome ♠ pallet small poor bed; Ex. straw pallet ♠ palliate ease pain (without curing); make less severe or of- fensive (a crime or illness) ♠ pallid pale; wan; Ex. pallid complexion palpable tangible; (of something bad) easily perceptible; obvious; Ex. palpable blunder ♠ palpitate throb; beat rapidly; flutter; tremble; Ex. Her heart began to palpitate. ♥ throb (of a heart or machine) beat rapidly or violently; N. Ex. hearthrob: heartbeat; sweetheart ♠ paltry insignificant; petty; trifling; contemptible; Ex. paltry sum; CF. trash ♠ pan criticize harshly panacea cure-all; remedy for all diseases ♠ panache flair; manner of doing things without any diffi- culty (causing admiration); flamboyance; bunch of feathers (on a helmet); Ex. with great panache; CF. ïß A Ð ; `¦ NS?/ H5Åu} pandemic widespread; affecting the majority of people; N: pandemic disease; CF. all people pandemonium wild tumult(commotion); wild noisy disor- der; CF. Paradise Lost ♠ pander cater to (the low desires of others) ♥ cater provide food and drink (for); cater to: try to satisfy (desires of a bad kind) ♠ panegyric formal praise; encomium; Ex. I don’t deserve such panegyrics. panoramic denoting an unobstructed and comprehensive view; N. panorama: unbroken view of a wide area 56 pantomime acting without dialogue; V. papyrus ancient paper made from stem of papyrus plant ♠ parable short simple story teaching a moral paradigm model; example that serves as a model; pattern; list of all the inflectional forms of a word paradox something apparently contradictory in nature (that may nonetheless be true); statement that looks false but is actually correct paragon model of perfection; Ex. paragon of virtue parallelism state of being parallel; similarity; analogy ♥ parallel similar; analogous; corresponding; N: parallel line; person or thing that is parallel (to another); similarity; Ex. know of no parallel to the case; Ex. without parallel; V: be similar to; make parallel; Ex. Your experience parallels mine; CF. unparalleled ♠ parameter limit; independent variable; Ex. parameters of the problem; Ex. within the parameters of the budget paramount foremost in importance; supreme; CF. para-: beyond; above; Ex. paranormal paramour illicit lover ♥ inamorata woman whom a man loves paranoia psychosis marked by delusions of grandeur or persecution; N: ADJ: paranoid, paranoiac paraphernalia equipment; odds and ends used in a partic- ular activity; personal belongings; Ex. photographic para- phernalia; CF. married woman’s property exclusive of her dowry ♥ dowry money or property brought by a bride to her hus- band at marriage paraphrase restate a passage in one’s own words while re- taining thought of author; N: restatement of a text in other words parasite animal or plant living on another; toady; syco- phant; CF. para-: beside ♥ infest inhabit in numbers large enough to be harmful; Ex. Mice infested the house; Ex. shark-infested waters ♠ parched extremely dry; very thirsty; V. parch: make or be- come extremely dry (by exposure to heat) ♠ pariah social outcast; Ex. Mariah the pariah ♥ outcast one that has been excluded from a society; ADJ. parity equality; close resemblance; CF. disparate ♠ parlance language; manner of speaking; idiom; Ex. in le- gal/common parlance ♠ parley conference (between opponents); CF. speak ♠ parochial narrow in scope or outlook; provincial; related to parishes ♥ parish area in the care of a single priest and served by one main church ♥ outlook point of view; view from a particular place; expec- tation for the future; prospect; Ex. outlook on life; Ex. pleas- ing outlook; Ex. weather outlook parody humorous imitation; spoof; takeoff; travesty; V. ♥ spoof parody ♥ takeoff burlesque; act of leaving the ground paroxysm fit or attack of pain, laughter, rage; sudden out- burst ♠ parquet floor made of wood strips inlaid in a mosaic like matter; CF. strip: long narrow piece parry ward off a blow; deflect; Ex. He parried the unwel- come question very skillfully; N. CF.} H H>h¥Æ s _ ♥ward administrative division of a city; division in a hospital or prison; incompetent person placed under the protection of a guardian; V: guard; ward off: avert parsimony stinginess; excessive frugality; ADJ. parsimo- nious partial incomplete; favoring one side over another; having a liking for something partiality state of being partial; inclination; favorable bias; special fondness; preference ♠ partisan one-sided; prejudiced; committed to a party (with dislike of any others); N: strong supporter of a party; guer- rilla ♥ parvenu upstart; newly rich person partition divide into parts ♠ passe´ old-fashioned; past the prime passive not active; acted upon; receiving an action without acting in return; accepting without resistance ♠ pastiche imitation of another’s style in musical composi- tion or in writing; work of art openly imitating the works of other artists pastoral rural; of rural life; idyllic; of a pastor patent obvious; easily seen; open for the public to read; of or protected by a patent; Ex. patent to everyone; N. pathetic causing sadness, compassion, pity; touching ♥ touching causing a feeling of pity or sympathy; pathetic; V. touch: cause to feel pity or sympathy; ADJ. touched pathological pertaining to disease; N. pathology: study of disease ♠ pathos tender sorrow; pity; quality in art or literature that produces these feelings; Ex. pathos that runs through the novel ♠ patina green crust on old bronze works or copper; tone slowly taken by varnished painting ♥ varnish paint used to coat a surface with a glossy film; glossy coating produced by using this substance; Ex. nail varnish; V. ♠ patois local or provincial dialect patriarch father and ruler of a family or tribe ♠ patrician noble; aristocratic; N: person of high rank; aristo- crat; CF. member of the governing classes in ancient Rome; CF. plebian 57 patronize support; act superior toward; treat in a conde- scending manner; be a customer of; N. patron: one that supports; regular customer; N. patronage; CF. boycott paucity scarcity; dearth pauper very poor person ♠ peccadillo slight offense or fault; CF. sin ♥ swipe hit with a sweeping motion; N. 35 pecuniary pertaining to money pedagogue teacher; CF. child leader pedagogy teaching; art of education ♠ pedant scholar who overemphasizes book learning, trivial details of learning, or technicalities ♠ pedantic bookish; showing off learning; marked by an ex- cessive ostentatious concern for book learning; N. pedantry ♥ bookish fond of books and reading ♥ studious given to diligent study ♠ pedestrian ordinary; dull; unimaginative(lacking in imagi- nation); going on foot; Ex. pedestrian prose; N. ♥ precinct division of a city for election or police purposes; precincts: space that surrounds a building; Ex. precincts of the college ♥ pedigree ancestry; lineage pediatrician physician specializing in children’s diseases; N. pediatrics peerless having no equal; incomparable ♥ peer one who has equal standing with another; nobleman; V: look intently; N. peerage; CF. peeress ♠ pejorative (of a word or phrase) suggesting that someone is of little value; negative in connotation; having a belittling effect; Ex. Many women now considers “housewife” a pe- jorative expression, because it patronized them. ♠ pell-mell in confusion; disorderly; Ex. dash pell-mell ♠ pellucid transparent; limpid(crystal clear); clear in mean- ing; easy to understand ♠ penance self-imposed punishment for sin; Ex. do penance for one’s sins; CF. penitent ♠ penchant strong inclination; strong liking (esp. for some- thing that is disapproved of by other people); Ex. penchant for fast cars pendant(pendent) hanging down from something; pend- ing; N: ornament (hanging from a necklace etc.) ♥ pending not yet decided or settled; impending; Ex. pend- ing decision; PREP. while awaiting; until; Ex. delay the de- cision pending his return ♠ pendulous hanging; suspended ♥ suspend cause to stop for a period; interrupt; hold in abeyance; defer; hang from above; exclude for a period from a position; Ex. suspended state; Ex. suspend judg- ment; Ex. suspended from the team; N. suspension ♥ suspense state of being undecided; anxiety or apprehen- sion resulting from uncertainty penitent repentant; N. ♠ pensive dreamily or deeply thoughtful; sadly thoughtful; thoughtful with a hint of sadness; contemplative; CF. think over ♠ penumbra partial shadow (in an eclipse); CF. almost shadow penury extreme poverty; stinginess; ADJ. penurious: very poor; stingy ♠ peon landless agricultural worker; bond servant; menial worker; N. peonage perceptive insightful; showing a good ability at perceiving and understanding; aware; wise; of perception ♠ percussion striking one object against another sharply; Ex. percussion instrument; N: striking together of two bodies; sound caused by percussion ♠ perdition damnation; complete ruin; hell ♥ damn condemn; criticize severely; condemn to everlasting punishment; doom; bring to ruin; N. damnation ♥ doom condemnation to a severe penalty; ruin; fate (esp. a tragic or ruinous one); V. peregrination journey; V. peregrinate ♠ peremptory demanding and leaving no choice; imperative; Ex. peremptory decree/knock perennial something long-lasting; perennial plant; ADJ: lasting through the year or many years; lasting for a long time; enduring perfidious treacherous; disloyal; N. perfidy: treachery perforate pierce; put a hole through perfunctory done routinely and with little care; superficial; not thorough; lacking interest, care, or enthusiasm; Ex. per- functory kiss perigee point of moon’s orbit when it is nearest the earth; CF. apogee perimeter outer boundary; length of the outer boundary; circumference ♥ bound leap or spring; limit or confine; constitute the limit of; Ex. bounded by Canada; N: leap or jumping; bound- ary; ADJ: certain; having a duty to do something (legally or morally); confined by bonds; Ex. We are bound to be late; Ex. I am bound to say my opinion; CF. bounce, rebound ♠ peripatetic walking about from place to place (to work); moving; Ex. peripatetic school of philosophy ♠ peripheral of a periphery; marginal; outer; of minor impor- tance; not central; Ex. peripheral nerve/interest ♠ periphery outside edge especially of a round surface; perimeter; Ex. periphery of the town perjury false testimony while under oath; V. perjure one- self: testify falsely under oath permeable that can be permeated; penetrable; porous; al- lowing liquids or gas to pass through; V. permeate: spread or flow throughout; charge 58 ♠ pernicious very harmful; deadly; very destructive; Ex. per- nicious effect/anemia ♠ peroration conclusion of an oration; perorating; V. per- orate: conclude a speech; speak at great length ♠ perpetrate commit an offense; do (something wrong) perpetual everlasting perpetuate make perpetual; make something last for a long time; preserve from extinction; N. perpetuity ♠ perquisite(perk) any gain above stipulated salary; Ex. perquisites such as free meals and a car ♠ personable attractive (in personality or appearance) perspicacious (of someone) having insight; penetrating; as- tute perspicuity clearness of expression; freedom from ambigu- ity perspicuous (of something) plainly expressed; easy to un- derstand; Ex. perspicuous comments ♠ pert (esp. of a girl or young woman) impertinent; forward; trim; jaunty; Ex. pert young miss/hat ♥ forward presumptuous or bold pertinacious holding tenaciously to an action; stubborn; persistent pertinent suitable; to the point; relevant perturb disturb greatly ♠ peruse read through with care; N. perusal pervasive spread throughout; V. pervade: (of smells, ideas, feelings) spread throughout; charge; permeate ♠ perverse purposely continuing to do something wrong; stubbornly wrongheaded; perverted; directed away from what is right; wicked and unacceptable; Ex. perverse satis- faction; Ex. Hannibal Lecter in a perverse mood; N. perver- sity perversion corruption; turning from right to wrong ♥ pervert corrupt; turn from right to wrong; misuse; Ex. perverted sexual desire/scientific knowledge; N: person whose sexual behavior is not natural ♥wrongheaded stubbornly wrong pessimism belief that life is basically bad or evil; gloomi- ness; tendency to take the gloomiest possible view of a sit- uation; ADJ. pessimistic ♠ pestilential(pestilent) causing plague; tending to cause death; baneful; N. pestilence: fatal epidemic disease (esp. bubonic plague) ♠ pestle tool for mashing or grinding substances in a hard bowl or mortar ♥mortar vessel in which substances are crushed with a pestle ♥mash crush into mash; convert into mash; N: mixture of ground grain and nutrients fed to livestock and fowl ♠ petrify turn to stone; cause to become stonelike; stun or paralyze petty trivial; unimportant; very small; small-minded; petty-minded ♠ petulant touchy; peevish; ill-tempered ♥ phalanx formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense) ♠ pharisaical pertaining to the Pharisees, who paid scrupu- lous attention to tradition; self-righteous; hypocritical ♥ pharisee Pharisee: member of an ancient Jewish group that emphasized strict observance of the Mosaic law (consider- ing themselves very holy); hypocritical self-righteous per- son ♥ self-righteous sure of one’s own righteousness; moralistic ♠ phenomena observable facts; subjects of scientific investi- gation; SG. phenomenon: observable fact; very unusual person, thing, or event; marvel; wonder; CF. phenomenons; ADJ. phenomenal: very unusual; extraordinary; of a phe- nomenon; Ex. phenomenal strength philanderer faithless lover; flirt 36 philanthropist lover of mankind; doer of good; N. philan- thropy ♠ philatelist stamp-collector; N. philately: stamp collecting ♠ philistine narrow-minded person, uncultured and exclu- sively interested in material gain; uncultured person who is indifferent to artistic and cultural values; member of an ancient people in Palestine; OP. aesthete ♠ philology study of language or words ♠ phlegmatic calm and unexcitable; not easily disturbed; CF. phlegm: sticky mucus produced in the respiratory tract phobia morbid fear phoenix symbol of immortality or rebirth; Ex. phoenix ris- ing from its ashes ♠ phylum major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division ♠ physiognomy face (as showing the character and the mind); art of judging human character from facial features ♠ physiological pertaining to the science of the function of living organisms; N. physiology ♠ piebald of different colors; mottled; spotted in different colors (esp. in black and white); Ex. piebald horse; CF. pie+bald ♠ piecemeal one part at a time; gradually; in stages; Ex. read a novel piecemeal ♠ pied piebald; variegated(many-colored); multicolored piety devoutness; reverence for God; ADJ. pious ♠ pigment coloring matter (usually powder to be mixed with water or oil) pillage plunder 59 pillory punish by placing in a wooden frame or pillory; subject or expose to criticism and ridicule; N. ♠ pine long for; yearn; languish from longing or grief; decline ♠ pinion restrain or immobilize by binding the wings or legs; N: bird’s wing pinnacle peak; highest point; acme; Ex. pinnacle of fame pious devout; religious; N. piety ♠ piquant pleasantly tart-tasting; spicy; pleasantly stimulat- ing; Ex. piquant situation when my old enemy asked for my help ♥ tart sharp to the taste; acid-tasting; caustic; sarcastic; Ex. tart apple/reply ♥ sour having a sharp or acid taste; acid; tart; bad-tempered; V. pique irritation; resentment from wounded pride (eg. loss in a contest); V: provoke; arouse; annoy; cause to feel re- sentment; Ex. pique her curiosity ♠ piscatorial pertaining to fishing; CF. Pisces pitfall hidden danger; concealed trap ♥ beware be cautious (of) ♠ pith core or marrow; spongelike substance in the center of stems; essence; substance ♥marrow soft fatty tissue that fills most bone cavities and is the source of blood cells pithy concise and meaningful; substantial; meaty ♠ pittance small amount (of money); small allowance or wage pivotal of a pivot; central; critical; crucial placate pacify; bring peace to; conciliate; appease ♠ placebo harmless substance prescribed as a dummy pill ♥ tablet small round piece of medicine; flat piece of stone or metal bearing an inscription; Ex. stone tablet on the wall placid peaceful; calm; Ex. placid child/lake ♠ plagiarize steal another’s ideas or writings and pass them off as one’s own; Ex. ideas plagiarized from my article; N. plagiarism; CF. kidnap ♠ plaintive expressing sorrow; mournful; Ex. plaintive song ♠ plait braid; interwine; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; Ex. plaited hair; N: braided length as of hair o fabric; CF. pigtail, ponytail ♠ plasticity ability to be molded; ADJ. plastic: capable of be- ing shaped or molded; Ex. plastic material such as clay platitude trite remark; commonplace statement; ADJ. plat- itudinous ♥ commonplace ordinary; N: something ordinary or com- mon; trite remark ♥ commonwealth nation governed by the people; republic; people of a nation platonic purely spiritual; theoretical; without sensual de- sire ♠ plaudit praise; enthusiastic approval; round(succession or series) of applause; ADJ. plauditory; CF. applaud plausible conceivably true; having a show of truth but open to doubt; specious ♠ plebeian common; vulgar; pertaining to the common peo- ple; N: common people in ancient Rome; CF. patrician ♥ plebiscite direct vote by the entire electorate (on an impor- tant issue) ♥ referendum direct vote by all the people ♠ plenary (of power) complete; full; fully attended by all qualified members; Ex. plenary power ♠ plenitude abundance; plenty; great amount; completeness; fullness; CF. plenary, plenty ♠ plethora excess; overabundance; Ex. a plethora of excuses pliable flexible; easily influenced; yielding; adaptable pliant flexible; easily influenced plight difficult condition; condition or state (esp. a bad state or condition); predicament ♠ pluck courage; V: pull off or out; pull out the hair or feath- ers of; ADJ. plucky: courageous; brave ♠ plumage feathers of a bird; ♥ plume feather, esp. large or showy one; something that rises into the air (like the shape of a feather); Ex. plume of smoke: !Q$Á ½¨2£§ ♠ plumb exactly vertical; N: weight on the end of a line; V: examine very carefully or critically in order to understand; measure depth (by sounding); Ex. plumb the depth of ♥ plumber one who installs and repairs pipes and plumb- ing(pipes) ♠ plummet fall sharply; fall straight down; Ex. Stock prices plummeted. plutocracy society ruled by the wealthy podiatrist doctor who treats ailments of the feet; chi- ropodist; N. podiatrics podium pedestal; raised platform ♥ pedestal support or base as for a pillar or statue ♠ poignancy quality of being deeply moving; keenness of emotion; ADJ. poignant: touching; deeply moving; (of sor- row, grief, etc.) painful; keenly distressing to the mind; Ex. poignant memory/anxiety; CF. prick ♠ polarize split into opposite extremes or camps ♥ polarity state of having two opposite qualities ♥ polar of a pole; characterized by opposite extremes; Ex. po- lar opposites ♥ camp group sharing a common cause or opinion ♠ polemic attack or defense of an opinion; controversy or refutation; argument in support of point of view; N. polemics: art of debate or controversy ♠ polemical(polemic) aggressive in verbal attack; disputa- tious (rather than simply expressing opinions) 60 politic prudent; judicious; well judged; expedient; well de- vised polity (particular form of) political organization; form of government of nation or state; Ex. student polity polygamist one who has more than one spouse at a time; CF. bigamy; CF. polyandry polyglot speaking several languages; multilingual; Ex. polyglot person/society; N. pomposity self-important behavior; acting like a stuffed shirt(pompous person); ADJ. pompous: self-important ♠ ponderous having great weight; weighty; unwieldy; lack- ing lightness; dull; Ex. ponderous body/style of writing ♠ pontifical pertaining to a bishop or pope; pompous or pre- tentious; CF. pontiff: pope; bishop ♠ pore study industriously; ponder; scrutinize; Ex. pore over the book; N. porous full of pores; like a sieve ♥ interstice narrow space between things portend foretell; presage; be a sign or warning of; N. por- tent: sign; omen; forewarning ♥ soothsayer one who foretells the future ♠ portly stout; corpulent ♥ stout rather fat; strong in body; sturdy; resolute; deter- mined; strong in determination; Ex. stout stick/supporter ♠ poseur person who pretends to be sophisticated, elegant, etc., to impress others; person who poses; CF. pose ♥ pose assume a particular posture; put forward; present; af- fect a particular attitude (to impress others); Ex. pose a threat; N. ♠ posterity descendants; future generations; Ex. go down to posterity; CF. posterior, anterior ♠ posthumous after death (as of child born after father’s death or book published after author’s death); coming or occurring after one’s death; Ex. posthumous fame/novel ♥ postmortem autopsy; ADJ: occurring after death; of a post- mortem ♠ postulate self-evident truth; something assumed without proof; V: assume the truth of (as a basis of an argument) ♠ posture assume an affected pose; act artificially; N: pose; attitude ♠ potable suitable for drinking; drinkable potent powerful; convincing; persuasive; greatly influen- tial ♠ potentate monarch; sovereign potential expressing possibility; latent; N: capacity for growth potion dose (of liquids); liquid dose ♠ potpourri heterogeneous mixture; medley; mixture of dried flower petals a pot (to give a pleasant smell to a room) ♠ poultice soothing application applied to sore and inflamed portions of the body practicable feasible practical based on experience; of or acquired through prac- tice (rather than theory); useful; Ex. practical man pragmatic practical (as opposed to idealistic); concerned with practical worth or impact of something; Ex. pragmatic test of the skill pragmatist practical person; N. pragmatism: pragmatic way of dealing with things ♥ prance move about in a spirited manner (proudly and con- fidently) ♠ prate talk idly; speak foolishly; boast idly ♠ prattle talk idly; babble; N. CF. prate ♥ idle not working; not employed or busy; lazy; without pur- pose; useless; lacking substance; baseless; not based on truth; Ex. idle worker; Ex. talk idly; V. preamble introductory statement ♠ precarious unsafe; lacking in stability; uncertain; risky; Ex. precarious living precedent something preceding in time which may be used as an authority or guide for future action; V. precede; CF. unprecedented precedent preceding (in time, rank, etc.) 37 precept practical rule guiding conduct; Ex. mother’s pre- cept precipice cliff; dangerous position; Ex. on the edge of the precipice ♥ brink edge (at the top of a cliff); Ex. on the brink of the Grand Canyon precipitant something that causes a substance in a chemical solution to separate out in solid form;gË> ]j; OP. solvent precipitate hurl downward; throw headlong; hasten; cause to happen sooner; condense and fall as rain or snow; cause (a solid substance) to be separated from a solution; ADJ. hasty; rash; premature; sudden precipitous steep; overhasty; precipitate ♠ pre´cis abstract; concise summing up of main points; con- cise summary of a text precise exact preclude make impossible; prevent; exclude; eliminate precocious advanced in development; N. precocity precursor forerunner; predecessor predator predatory animal or bird; predatory person; crea- ture that seizes and devours another animal; person who robs or exploits others; ADJ. predatory: living by preying on other organisms; plundering; N. predation predecessor former occupant of a post 61 predetermine determine in advance; predestine; settle or decide beforehand; influence markedly predicament difficult situation; tricky or dangerous situa- tion; dilemma ♠ predilection preference; partiality ♠ predispose give an inclination toward (in advance); make susceptible to; Ex. predispose people to certain cancer; N. predisposition preeminent outstanding; superior ♠ preempt prevent in advance; head off(forestall); forestall by acting first; appropriate for oneself before others; supplant; take the place of; displace; Ex. preempt any attempts; ADJ. preemptive ♠ preen make oneself tidy in appearance; feel self-satisfaction or pride; (of a bird) smooth or clean (feathers) with the beak; Ex. preen oneself on; CF. prune prefatory introductory; of a preface ♠ prehensile capable of grasping or holding (esp. by wrap- ping around); Ex. prehensile tails ♠ prelate church dignitary; priest of high position in the church (esp. bishop) prelude introduction; introductory performance or event; forerunner premeditate plan in advance; Ex. premeditated murder premise assumption; postulate; proposition uponwhich an argument is based premonition forewarning; presentiment; foreboding premonitory serving to warn preponderance superiority of power, quantity, etc.; V. pre- ponderate: be greater in power, weight, or importance; ADJ. preponderant preposterous absurd; completely unreasonable; ridiculous prerogative privilege; unquestionable right; CF. ask before presage foretell; be a warning or sign of; N: presentiment; foreboding; omen ♠ prescience ability to foretell the future; knowledge of ac- tions before they occur; ADJ. prescient presentiment premonition; foreboding; feeling something will happen; anticipatory fear prestige respect or admiration; impression produced by achievements or reputation; ADJ: causing admiration; ADJ. prestigious: having prestige ♠ presumptuous going beyond what is right; excessively for- ward; arrogant; taking liberties ♥ presume take for granted; assume; act overconfidently; take liberties; presume on/upon: take unfair advantage of (someone’s kindness or connection); N. presumption ♠ pretentious ostentatious; showy; pompous; making unjus- tified claims; overambitious; Ex. pretentious films that claim to be art ♥ pretend feign; pretend to: claim to possess; make preten- sions to; Ex. I don’t pretend to much expertise; N. pretense ♥ pretension pretentiousness; claim (without foundation); Ex. I make no pretensions to skill as an artist. ♠ preternatural beyond what is normal in nature; supernatu- ral; Ex. preternatural strength/forces pretext excuse ♠ prevail be widespread; triumph over; gain victory; prevail on: persuade; induce; Ex. Justice has prevailed; Ex. prevail on someone to do something prevalent widespread; generally accepted ♠ prevaricate lie; hide the truth (by equivocating) prey target of a hunt; victim; V: hunt and eat as prey; vic- timize; Ex. Cats prey on mice. ♠ prim proper to the point of affectation; very precise and for- mal; exceedingly proper ♠ primogeniture seniority by birth; state of being the first- born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents) primordial existing at the beginning (of time); rudimentary ♠ primp groom oneself with care; adorn oneself ♠ pristine unspoiled; remaining in a pure state; characteris- tic of earlier times; primitive; Ex. an old book in pristine condition ♠ privation lack of the basic necessities or comforts of life; hardship; want; CF. deprive ♠ privy secret; hidden; not public; made a participant in something secret; Ex. privy chamber government; Ex. be privy to a discussion; CF. private probe explore with a probe or tools; investigate; N: slender instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; device designed to investigate an unknown region; thorough in- vestigation; Ex. space probe probity uprightness; honesty; incorruptibility ♥ defalcate embezzle ♠ problematic causing a problem; open to doubt; doubtful; unsettled; questionable; Ex. Whether the arena will ever be completed is problematic. proclivity inclination; natural tendency (esp. towards something bad) procrastinate postpone; delay or put off procurement obtaining; V. procure: obtain by effort; obtain (a prostitute) for another ♠ prod poke (with a pointed object); stir up; urge; goad to action; N: pointed object used to prod; prodding prodigal wasteful; reckless with money; profuse; Ex. a mind prodigal of ideas; N. prodigality prodigious enormous; marvelous; extraordinary; Ex. prodigious amount/memory 62 prodigy highly gifted child; person with exceptional tal- ents; marvel; wonder profane violate; desecrate (something holy); treat un- worthily; be profane for; ADJ: secular; nonreligious; irrev- erent for holy things ♠ profligate wasteful (of money); dissipated; wildly immoral; dissolute; N: profligate person; N. profligacy profound deep; not superficial; complete; Ex. profound thinker/remark/silence/deafness; N. profundity profusion great amount; plenty; overabundance; excess; lavish expenditure; Ex. profusion of choices; ADJ. profuse: plentiful; copious; giving or given abundantly; extravagant progenitor ancestor ♠ progeny children; offspring; descendants prognosis forecasted course of a disease; prediction; CF. prognostic prognosticate predict (according to present indications) prohibitive so high as to prohibit purchase or use; tending to prevent the purchase or use of something; prohibiting; inclined to prevent or forbid; Ex. prohibitive tax projectile missile; fired or thrown object (such as stone or bullet) proletarian member of the working class; blue collar guy; N. proletariat: working class (who have to work for wages) proliferate grow rapidly (in numbers); spread; multiply; N. proliferation prolific producing offspring or fruit in abundance; fertile; fecund; abundantly fruitful; producing abundant works; Ex. prolific writer ♠ prolixity tedious wordiness; verbosity; ADJ. prolix: wordy; verbose; diffuse prologue introduction (to a poem or play) ♥ feud bitter prolonged quarrel (usually between two peo- ples or families); V. CF. Romeo and Juliet; CF. feudal, feu- dalism prolong lengthen; extend; draw out prominent protruding(sticking out); conspicuous; notable; eminent ♠ promiscuous mixed indiscriminately; indiscriminate; not choosing carefully; indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners; irregular, particularly sexually; Ex. promiscuous life/girl; N. promiscuity promontory headland ♠ promote advance in rank; advance; help to flourish; advo- cate; help actively in forming; publicize or popularize; Ex. Milk promotes health; Ex. promote a match/bill; Ex. pro- mote a new product ♠ prompt cause; urge; provoke; provide a cue (for an actor); ADJ: done without delay; done at the right time; punctual; on time; N: reminder or cue ♥ cue word or signal (as in a play to prompt another actor’s speech or entrance); reminder or hint; V: give a cue to ♠ promulgate announce; proclaim a doctrine or law; make known by official publication prone inclined to; likely to (suffer); prostrate; lying with the front downward; Ex. prone to disease/make mistakes; Ex. accident-prone propagate increase in number by producing young; multi- ply; spread; Ex. Most plants propagate by seed; Ex. news- paper propagating their ideas propellant(propellent) substance which propels or drives forward (such as an explosive charge or a rocket fuel) propensity natural inclination prophetic of a prophet or prophecy; having to do with pre- dicting the future; N. prophecy; V. prophesy; N. prophet prophylactic used to prevent disease; N: something pro- phylactic; condom; N. prophylaxis: prevention of disease ♠ propinquity nearness (in space or relationship); proximity; kinship ♠ propitiate appease; conciliate; make peaceful; ADJ. propi- tiatory 38 ♠ propitious favorable; auspicious; advantageous; fortunate; Ex. propitious day/sign ♥ horoscope diagram of the positions of stars at a given mo- ment (eg. of a person’s birth) used by astrologers proponent supporter; backer; opposite of opponent propound put forth for consideration or analysis; set forth; Ex. propound a problem/theory propriety fitness; quality of being proper; correct conduct; conformity to prevailing customs and usages; CF. propri- etor, proprietary ♥ usage act or manner of using; accepted practice; way in which words are actually used propulsive driving forward; N. propulsion ♠ prosaic lacking in imagination; dull and unimaginative; matter-of-fact(concerned with facts, not imagination or feelings); factual; CF. prose ♠ proscenium part of stage in front of curtain; front arch of a stage proscribe prohibit; ostracize; banish; outlaw ♥ outlaw fugitive from the law (excluded from legal protec- tion); V: declare (someone) to be an outlaw; deprive of the protection of the law; declare illegal; Ex. Drinking has been outlawed. ♠ proselytize (induce someone to) convert to a religion or be- lief; N. proselyte: new convert to a doctrine or religion ♠ prosody art of versification; study of the metrical structure of verse 63 ♥metrical metric; written in the form of poetry; Ex. metrical translation of Homer ♥meter arrangement of words in the form of poetry (by ac- centual rhythm) prosperity good fortune and financial success; physical well-being ♥ prosper become successful (esp. financially); thrive; grow well; Ex. children prospering under his care ♥ prosperous successful; rich; affluent; well-to-do; well-off prostrate stretch out full on ground; make prostrate; ener- vate; Ex. prostrating illness; ADJ: lying face down; having lost all strength ♠ protean able to take on many forms; versatile; CF. Proteus: sea god to change his shape at will prote´ge´ person receiving protection and support from a pa- tron ♠ protocol diplomatic etiquette; ceremony and etiquette ob- served by diplomats; first copy of a treaty before its ratifica- tion; Ex. Protocol demands that the queen meet him at the airport. prototype original work used as a model by others protract prolong; lengthen in time; draw out protrude stick out; jut; project; Ex. protruding teeth ♠ protuberance protrusion; swelling; bulge ♥ bulge protruding part; swelling of a surface; Ex. The apple made a bulge in his pocket; V: swell outward; protrude ♠ provenance place of origin; origin or source of something; Ex. Gunpowder is of Chinese provenance; CF. come ♠ provender dry food for livestock; fodder provident providing for future needs; displaying foresight; thrifty; preparing for emergencies; OP. improvident ♥ providence quality of being provident; divine care; god’s care; Providence: god; Ex. It seemed like providence that the doctor happened to be there; ADJ. providential: of di- vine providence; fortunate provincial pertaining to a province; limited in outlook; nar- row; unsophisticated provisional tentative; temporary proviso stipulation; condition in an agreement; provision ♥ provision act of providing; something provided; prepara- tory measure; provisions: necessary supplies (esp. food); stipulation; condition in an agreement; Ex. According to the provisions of the agreement provocative arousing anger or sexual interest; annoying; Ex. provocative in tight jeans; V. provoke: incite to anger; cause (an unpleasant action or feeling); N. provocation ♠ prowess extraordinary ability; military bravery; Ex. prowess in battle proximity nearness; ADJ. proximate proxy authorized agent; authority to act for another ♠ prude excessively modest or proper person (who is easily shocked by improper things, esp. of a sexual nature); N. prudery; ADJ. prudish: excessively concerned with propri- ety prudent cautious; careful; prudential prune cut away; trim ♠ prurient having or causing lustful desires and thoughts; arousing immoderate sexual desire ♠ pry inquire impertinently (someone else’s private affairs); use leverage to raise or open something; prize; N. pries: tool for prying ♥ prize pry; move with a lever; value highly; esteem; Ex. his most prized possession; N: something captured during war-time (esp. an enemy ship) pseudonym pen name; fictitious name assumed by an au- thor; ADJ. pseudonymous psyche soul; mind psychiatrist doctor who treats mental diseases ♥ psychic of psyche; mental; of or possessing extraordinary mental powers psychopathic pertaining to mental dearrangement; N. psy- chopath: person with an antisocial personality disorder psychosis mental disorder; ADJ. N. psychotic ♥ psychosomatic of the influence of the mind on the body (esp. with respect to disease) ♠ pterodactyl extinct flying reptile; CF. wing+finger ♠ puerile childish; immature; CF. puer: boy pugilist boxer; CF. pugilism: boxing ♠ pugnacity combativeness; disposition to fight; ADJ. pugna- cious: (of people) belligerent; combative in nature ♠ puissant powerful; strong; potent; N. puissance: power ♠ pulchritude beauty; comeliness; ADJ. pulchritudinous ♠ pulmonary pertaining to the lungs ♠ pulsate throb; beat regularly; vibrate regularly ♥ pulse rhythmical throbbing of arteries; brief sudden change in a normally constant quantity; V: pulsate pulverize crush or grind into very small particles ♠ pummel pommel; beat or pound with fists punctilious minutely attentive (perhaps too much so) to fine points; stressing niceties of conduct or form; N. punc- tilio, punctiliousness: careful attention payed to every small exact detail ♠ pundit authority on a subject; expert; learned person pungent stinging; acrid; sharp in taste or smell; (of speech or writing) caustic; N. pungency ♠ punitive punishing; Ex. punitive measures ♠ puny tiny; weak; insignificant ♠ purchase secure grasp or hold; firm grasp or footing purgatory place of spiritual expiation; temporary state or place in which the souls must expiate their sins 64 purge remove or get rid of something or someone un- wanted; eliminate; free from blame or guilt; cleanse or pu- rify (esp. of sin, guilt, or defilement); N. purport intention; purpose; meaning; V: claim; profess; Ex. order which purports to be signed by the general purported alleged; claimed; reputed or rumored; Ex. pur- ported Satanists ♥ rooster cock; adult male chicken ♥ rabble mob; noisy crowd ♠ purse pucker; contract (lips) into wrinkles; N: wallet ♥ pucker gather into wrinkles or folds; N: wrinkle or fold ♠ purveyor furnisher of foodstuffs; caterer; V. purvey: supply (eg. food); furnish; CF. provide ♠ pusillanimous cowardly; lacking courage; fainthearted ♠ putative supposed; reputed; generally regarded as such; Ex. putative father of the child ♠ putrid decayed and foul-smelling; foul; rotten; decayed; N. putridity ♥ putrefy make or become putrid; N. putrefaction ♥ putrescent becoming putrid; putrefying ♥ gangrene decay of body tissue caused by insufficient blood supply (usually following injury); ADJ. gangrenous pyromaniac person with an insane desire to set things on fire quack charlatan; impostor ♠ quadruped four-footed animal; ADJ. CF. biped ♠ quaff drink with zest; drink with relish(zest; hearty enjoy- ment);ÜãJ, ÜãJ, r ; CF. sip ♠ quagmire bog; marsh; soft, wet, boggy land; predicament; complex or dangerous situation from which it is difficult to free oneself ♥ bog soft wet land; V: hinder or be hindered; Ex. bogged down in the mud ♠ quail cower; shrink back in fear; lose heart quaint odd in an old-fashioned way; odd; old-fashioned; picturesque qualified limited; restricted; V. qualify: limit the meaning of; modify ♠ qualms uneasy feelings; misgivings; uneasy fears espe- cially about matters of conscience; Ex. I have no qualms about giving this assignment to Helen. ♠ quandary dilemma; state of uncertainty; Ex. She is in a quandary about whether to go. ♠ quarantine isolation of a person, place, or ship to prevent spread of infection; V: isolate in quarantine ♠ quarry person or animal of pursuit; victim; object of a hunt; prey ♠ quarry dig into (to get stone); N: mine;G $3 © ♥ bank heap; piled-up mass; embankment; lateral tilting (as of an aircraft in turning); V: pile up; protect with a bank; tilt in turning 39 ♠ quash crush; suppress; squash; subdue; annul; Ex. quash a rebellion/the decision of the low court ♥ squash crush; quash; suppress quay dock; wharf; pier; landing place (for boats) ♠ queasy experiencing nausea; nauseated; easily nauseated; squeamish; Ex. feel a little queasy ♠ quell suppress; put an end to; put down forcibly; extin- guish; quiet; Ex. “Army Quells Rebellion” in newspaper; CF. kill ♠ quench assuage or satisfy (thrust); slake; douse or extin- guish; put out; suppress ♥ squelch produce a splashing sound (when stepping through mud); crush; squash; CF. f ° `¦ 0A\"f µ1á `¦ M: ♠ querulous given to complaining; complaining; fretful; whining ♥whine complain (in a sad voice); make a high sad sound (as in pain or supplication) query inquiry; question; V. queue line (of waiting people or vehicles) ♠ quibble minor objection or complaint; V: raise minor objec- tions; carp; cavil ♠ quiescent dormant; temporarily inactive; at rest; N. quies- cence quietude tranquillity; calmness ♠ quintessence purest and highest embodiment; per- fect example; apotheosis; most essential element; Ex. quintessence of wit; ADJ. quintessential; CF. fifth essence ♠ quip taunt; clever sarcastic remark; V. ♥ taunt deride or provoke; challenge in derision; N. ♠ quirk sudden sharp turn or twist; startling twist; caprice; idiosyncrasy; peculiarity of behavior; Ex. by a quirk of fate ♠ quisling traitor who aids invaders; CF. Vidkun Quisling ♠ quiver case for arrows ♠ quiver tremble; shake; N. ♥ leash restraining rope fastened to the collar of an animal (to control it); Ex. a dog on a leash ♠ quixotic idealistic but impractical; CF. Don Quixote ♠ quizzical curious; suggesting puzzlement (without say- ing); questioning; teasing; mocking; bantering; Ex. quizzi- cal glance ♠ quorum minimal number of members necessary to conduct a meeting ♠ quotidian daily; commonplace; customary; Ex. quotidian routine ♠ rabid of or suffering rabies; like a fanatic; extremely zeal- ous; furious; CF. rabies: hydrophobia ♠ raconteur story-teller; one who tells stories with wit and skill 65 ♠ ragamuffin dirty child in torn clothes; person wearing tat- tered clothes ♥ tatter torn piece of cloth; ADJ. tattered: (of clothes) old and torn; (of a person) dressed in old torn clothes ♠ rail complain bitterly; scold; rant; Ex. the weaker railing against injustices ♠ raiment clothing; garments; Ex. I have no raiment fit to wear. ♠ rakish jaunty; stylish; sporty; morally corrupt; dissolute; Ex. He wore his hat at a rakish and jaunty angle. ♥ rake angle of a slope; V: slant from the perpendicular ♥ rake immoral or dissolute person rally come or bring together; call up or summon (forces, vital powers, etc.); revive or recuperate (after illness or dif- ficulty); N: act of rallying; mass gathering ramble wander aimlessly (physically or mentally); digress ramification branching out; subdivision; one branch of a system; one of the results following from an action or de- cision; Ex. ramifications of a business/the decision ramify branch out; divide into branches or subdivisions ♠ ramp slope; inclined plane or roadway (connecting two lev- els) ♠ rampant growing or spreading uncontrollably; growing in profusion; unrestrained; Ex. rampant lawlessness/weed rampart defensive mound of earth ♠ ramshackle (of a building or vehicle) poorly constructed; rickety; falling apart ♥ rickety (of buildings) likely to break or fall apart; of rickets; CF. rickets; CF. vitamin D ♥ ransack search thoroughly; pillage (going through a place); Ex. Enemy soldiers ransacked the town. ♠ rancid having the odor of stale or decomposing fat; rank ♥ rank offensive in odor or flavor ♠ rancor long-lasting hatred; bitterness; Ex. negotiation with- out rancor; ADJ. rancorous random without definite purpose, plan, or aim; haphazard; Ex. random shots; Ex. chosen at random ♥ lot object used in making a determination at random; fate; piece of land ♥ draw choosing of a lot or card ♥ lottery contest in which winners are selected in a drawing of lots ♥ raffle lottery; V: award as a prize in a raffle; Ex. raffle off a new car ♠ rankle irritate; fester; annoy ♠ rant speak violently or excitedly; rave; talk excitedly show- ing anger; scold; make a grandiloquent speech; Ex. The priest ranted about the devil. ♠ rapacious voracious; ravenous; taking everything one can; excessively grasping; plundering; subsisting on live prey; Ex. rapacious birds rapport close relationship; emotional closeness; harmony ♠ rapt engrossed; absorbed; enchanted; Ex. rapt listener ♠ rarefied made less dense (of a gas); V. rarefy: make less dense; N. rarefaction ♥ rare (of air) thin in density; rarefied; Ex. rare air of the mountains ♠ raspy making a harsh noise; grating; harsh ♥ rasp (of a sound) grate on (eg. nerves); make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; rub with something rough; Ex. The cat’s tongue rasped my hand. ratify approve formally; confirm; verify ♠ ratiocination reasoning; act of drawing conclusions from premises; V. ratiocinate: reason logically rationale fundamental reason or principle (on which a sys- tem or principle is based); fundamental reason or justifica- tion; grounds for an action rationalize make rational; devise false reasons for (one’s behavior); offer an excuse; give a plausible reason for an action in place of a true, less admirable ones; N. rational- ization ♥ rational (of a person) having reason; (of ideas) based on reason; logical ♥ ration fixed portion; V: distribute as rations ♠ raucous (of voice) harsh and unpleasant; (of people) disor- derly and boisterous; Ex. raucous shouts ravage devastate; plunder; despoil; Ex. crops ravaged by storms ♥maraud move in search of plunder; Ex. marauding army ♠ rave overwhelmingly favorable review; V: talk wildly as if mad; Ex. raving lunatic ravel fall apart into tangles; entangle; unravel or untwist ♠ ravenous extremely hungry; voracious ♠ ravine narrow valley with steep sides; gorge; CF. gully, canyon raze destroy completely; Ex. raze the city to the ground reactionary strongly opposed to social or political change; opposing progress; politically ultraconservative; N. OP. radical ♥ reinstate restore to a previous condition or position realm kingdom; field or sphere; Ex. not within the realms of possibility reaper one who harvests grain; Ex. the Grim Reaper; V. reap: cut and gather (crop); harvest a crop rebate return of part of a payment; discount; V. ♠ rebuff reject bluntly; snub; beat back; Ex. She rebuffed his invitation; N. ♥ snub ignore or behave coldly toward; Ex. I made a sugges- tion but she snubbed me; N. rebuke scold harshly; criticize severely 66 ♠ rebus representation of words in the form of pictures or symbols; puzzle in which pictures or letters stand for words; Ex. “R U 18” is a rebus for “Are you 18”. ♠ rebuttal refutation; response with contrary evidence; V. re- but: refute; disprove ♠ recalcitrant disobedient or resisting authority even after be- ing punished; obstinately stubborn; determined to resist authority; unruly; Ex. recalcitrant child recant disclaim or disavow; retract a previous statement; openly confess error; Ex. recant one’s faith/a statement recapitulate summarize ♠ recast reconstruct (a sentence, story, statue, etc.); fashion again ♥ fashion give shape to; make; Ex. fashion the pot out of clay receptive quick or willing to receive (ideas, suggestions, etc.); Ex. receptive to the proposal recession withdrawal; retreat; time of low economic activ- ity ♥ recess pause; temporary cessation; alcove; secret inner place; Ex. parliament in recess; V. CF. recessive recidivism habitual return to crime (even after being pun- ished); N. recidivist recipient receiver reciprocal mutual; given and received in return; exchange- able; interacting; Ex. reciprocal trade agreement ♠ reciprocate do or give something in return; repay in kind; give or take mutually; interchange; move backwards and forwards; Ex. reciprocate his invitation by inviting him; N. reciprocity: reciprocal relationship; mutual interchange of advantages between two groups; Ex. reciprocity in trading rights recluse hermit; loner; ADJ. reclusive reconcile make friendly again (after quarrel); make consis- tent (two ideas in opposition); correct inconsistencies; Ex. reconcile one’s political principles with one’s religious be- liefs recondite abstruse; not easily understood; profound; secret reconnaissance survey of enemy by soldiers; reconnoiter- ing; V. reconnoiter: make a preliminary inspection of (esp. to gather military information) ♠ recount narrate or tell (a story); count over again recourse resorting to help when in trouble; Ex. without re- course to ♥ resort turn to for help; Ex. resort to violence; N. ♥makeshift temporary expedient or substitute (in the case of urgent need); Ex. makeshift shelter ♥ recreant disloyal; cowardly; N: disloyal and cowardly per- son recrimination countercharges; V. recriminate rectify set right; correct; CF. rect-: right ♠ rectitude moral correctness; moral uprightness; moral virtue; correctness of judgment recumbent reclining; lying down completely or in part ♥ recline lie down recuperate recover; return to health; regain; Ex. recuperate losses recurrent occurring again and again 40 redolent odorous; fragrant; suggestive (of an odor); Ex. redolent of onions/mystery ♠ redoubtable formidable; causing fear ♠ redress remedy; compensation; Ex. seek redress for the damage to your car; V: put right; remedy or rectify (a wrong); make amends for redundant superfluous; more than is necessary; verbose; excessively wordy; repetitious ♠ reek emit (an unpleasant odor or smoke); give off an un- pleasant odor; give out smoke; Ex. reeking chimney; N: unpleasant odor; stench ♥ stench strong foul odor; reek; stink ♥ stink stench; V: emit a strong foul odor ♠ refectory dining hall; room where meals are served (in a school) refraction bending of a ray of light ♠ refractory unmanageable; disobedient and stubborn; Ex. refractory horse ♠ refrain abstain from; resist; forbear; N: chorus ♥ chorus phrase repeated throughout a song or poem refulgent effulgent; brilliant; brightly shining; gleaming; Ex. refulgent moon ♥ gleam brief flash of light; glow; V. ♠ refurbish renovate; make clean, bright, or fresh (make new) again; make bright by polishing; Ex. refurbish an old theater; CF. furbish: polish refute disprove; prove to be false; N. refutation regal royal; of a monarch; Ex. regal manner ♠ regale entertain ♠ regatta boat or yacht race regeneration spiritual rebirth; Ex. regeneration of the pris- oners; V. regenerate: give or obtain new life; reform spiritu- ally ♥ penology study of prison management and criminal reha- bilitation regicide murder of a king or queen regime method of system or government ♠ regimen prescribed course of diet or exercise; prescribed diet and habits; Ex. daily regimen of a dancer ♠ regiment military unit; V: subject to strict order; Ex. regi- mented society 67 rehabilitate restore to proper condition (health or useful life); restore the former rank of reimburse repay; pay back reiterate repeat ♠ rejoinder reply; retort; comeback; V. rejoin: say in reply ♥ comeback retort; quick clever reply; return to former status rejuvenate make young again ♠ relegate put into a lower or worse place; banish to an infe- rior position; delegate; assign; Ex. relegate the old furniture to the children’s room; Ex. relegated to the second division relent become less severe; give in(surrender); ADJ. relent- less: unyielding; continuously severe relevant having importance; pertinent; referring to the case in hand; N. relevance, relevancy ♠ relic surviving remnant (from an extinct culture); me- mento; keepsake; relics: corpse; Ex. ancient relics; Ex. relics of his travel; Ex. His relics are buried at X. relinquish give up something (with reluctance); yield; re- lease; Ex. relinquish power/the claim to the land/his hold on my arm ♠ relish enjoy; savor; N: enjoyment; zest remediable reparable reminiscence recollection; V. reminisce: recollect the past ♥ reminiscent suggestive of something (in the past); of remi- niscence remiss negligent; careless about a duty remission temporary moderation (of disease symptoms); remitting of a debt or punishment; cancelation of a debt; pardon; Ex. The disease went into remission; Ex. Christians pray for the remission of sins. ♥ remit transmit (money) in payment; free someone from a debt or punishment ♥ remittance remitting of money; amount of money remitted remnant remainder remonstrate protest; objection; V. remonstrate: say in protest remorse deep regret for wrongdoing; guilt; self-reproach remunerative (of work) compensating; rewarding; prof- itable; well-paid; V. remunerate: reward; pay (someone) for work or trouble rend split; tear apart; N. rent; CF. heartrending: causing deep sorrow render give; deliver; provide; represent in verbal or artistic form; depict; perform; make; translate; Ex. render the song beautifully rendezvous meeting place; meeting at a set time or place; V. rendition rendering; translation; artistic interpretation of a song, etc ♠ renegade deserter; traitor; ADJ. ♠ renege break a promise; deny; go back on; Ex. renege on the contract/paying off the debt renounce abandon; give up (by formal announcement); disown; repudiate; Ex. renounce one’s claim to the prop- erty/one’s religion; N. renunciation renovate restore to good condition; renew renown fame; ADJ. renowned ♥ herald messenger; sign of something to come; V: announce; proclaim; Ex. unheralded researcher ♠ rent tear made by rending; rip; split reparable capable of being repaired ♠ reparation compensation (for loss or wrong); amends; Ex. make reparation for the damage; CF. repair repartee quick clever reply ♠ repast meal; feast; banquet repeal revoke; annul repel drive away; disgust; Ex. repel the attack/moisture; Ex. repelled by the dirty room; CF. repulsion repellent driving away; disgusting; offensive; repulsive; unattractive; N. repercussion rebound; reaction; reverberation; Ex. serious repercussion repertoire list of works of music, drama, etc., a performer is prepared to present; CF. repertory ♠ repine fret; complain; be annoyed; Ex. repine over the un- done work replenish fill up again replete fully filled; filled to the brim or to the point of being stuffed; abundantly supplied; Ex. report replete with errors ♥memoir memoirs; autobiography; biography ♥ brim uppermost edge of a cup; projecting rim (as on a hat); Ex. The glass was full to the brim; V: be full to the brim replica copy replicate reproduce; duplicate repository storehouse ♥ repose resting; state of being at rest; calmness; V: lie at rest; relax; put or place; Ex. repose our hopes in a single man reprehensible deserving blame; blameworthy; V. repre- hend: blame repress hold back (the natural expression of); restrain; crush; oppress; Ex. repressed child; Ex. repress a laugh/rebellion reprieve postponement or cancelation of a punishment; temporary stay; V: postpone or cancel the punishment of reprimand reprove severely; rebuke; N. reprisal retaliation 68 ♠ reprise musical repetition; repeating of a piece of music; re- peat performance; recurrent action; Ex. reprise in the finale; Ex. constant reprises reproach blame (not angrily but sadly); express disap- proval or disappointment; N. ADJ. reproachful ♠ reprobate morally disapproved person; person hardened in sin, devoid of a sense of decency; CF. disapproved by God ? reprobation severe disapproval; CF. approbation reprove censure; rebuke; N. reproof repudiate disown; disavow; deny repugnance disgust; strong dislike; loathing; ADJ. repug- nant: arousing disgust; repulsive repulsion distaste; disgust; act of driving back; ADJ. repul- sive: causing disgust; tending to drive away; V. repel (not ‘repulse’) ♥ repulse reject with rudeness or coldness (an offer or friend- ship); drive back (an enemy attack); CF. repulse 6= cause repulsion reputable respectable; having a good reputation reputed supposed; Ex. reputed father of the child; V. re- pute: consider; N. repute: reputation; esteem requiem mass for the dead; dirge ♥mass Christian religious ceremony; CF. Mass: ceremony of the Eucharist requisite necessary requirement; something required; ADJ: required; necessary ♥ requisition formal demand or request; Ex. requisition for more computing equipment; V. ♠ requite make return for; repay; reciprocate; revenge; N. re- quittal 41 rescind repeal; annul; cancel (a law, decision, or agreement) resentment indignation; bitterness; displeasure; V. resent: feel anger about reserve self-control; self-restraint; formal but distant man- ner; reticence; Ex. without reserve: freely and openly; ADJ. reserved: shy and uncommunicative residue remainder; balance ♥ residual remaining; left over; of a residue; N: residue resignation patiently submissiveness; statement that one is quitting a job; ADJ. resigned: acquiescent ♥ resign give up (a position, right, or claim); submit (oneself) passively resilient elastic; having the power of springing back; able to recover quickly (as from misfortune) ♥ elastic able to spring back into shape; quick to recover (as from disappointment); able to adapt to change; Ex. elastic plans; N: elastic material resolution determination; resoluteness; ADJ. resolute: firm or determined in purpose resolve determination; resolution; firmness of purpose resolve decide; settle; solve; separate; make a determined decision; N. resolution resonant (of a sound) echoing; resounding(sounding loudly); deep and full in sound; producing resonance; Ex. resonant voice; N. resonance ♥ resound (of a place) be filled with sound; (of a sound) sound loudly; sound back; echo; Ex. hall resounded with laughter respiration breathing; exhalation; ADJ. respiratory ♠ respite time for rest; interval of relief; delay in punishment; reprieve resplendent brilliant; splendid in appearance; dazzling; glorious responsiveness state of reacting readily to appeals, orders, etc.; ADJ. responsive: readily reacting; Ex. responsive to treatment ♠ restitution returning something (lost or stolen) to the right- ful owner; reparation; indemnification; compensation for loss, damage, or injury ♠ restive impatiently restless (induced by external coercion or restriction); restlessly impatient; obstinately resisting control; Ex. restive horses because of wolves; CF. not a gen- eral synonym for ‘restless’ restraint moderation or self-control; controlling force; re- striction resumption taking up again; recommencement; V. resume: begin or take up again; take or occupy again; Ex. Kindly resume your seats. ♠ resurge rise again; flow to and fro; N. resurgence; ADJ. resurgent: (of ideas or beliefs) experiencing revival; surg- ing again ♥ resurrect revive resuscitate revive; bring back to life or consciousness; Ex. resuscitate the drowned child retain keep; maintain possession of; employ (esp. a lawyer or advisor); N. retainer: servant; fee paid to retain an advi- sor retaliate repay in kind (usually for bad treatment); V. retal- iate ♠ retentive holding; able to retain things (esp. facts in the mind); having a good memory ♠ reticent inclined to silence; uncommunicative; reserved; Ex. He was reticent about the reasons; N. reticence retinue following; attendants ♠ retiring shy and reserved (of a person); modest; Ex. her retiring personality retort quick sharp reply; V. retract withdraw; take back; draw back; Ex. retract a state- ment/an offer/claws; N. retraction; CF. retractile 69 ♠ retrench cut down; cut down expenses; economize ♠ retribution deserved punishment for wrongdoing; punish- ment for offenses; compensation; vengeance; CF. pay back retrieve recover; put right; find and bring in; regain; Ex. retrieve the situation ♠ retroactive taking effect before its enactment (as a law) or imposition (as a tax); (of a law) having effect on the past as well as the future ♥ enact make (a bill) into law ♠ retrograde go backwards; recede; degenerate; deteriorate; ADJ. retrospective looking back on the past; N. retrospection; V. retrospect ♠ revelry boisterous merrymaking; V. revel: engage boister- ous festivities; enjoy greatly; N: boisterous festivity or cele- bration ♠ reverberate echo repeatedly; resound; Ex. The thunder re- verberated across the valley. reverent respectful; worshipful; V. revere: regard with rev- erence; N. reverence: profound respect ♥ reverend deserving reverence; N: priest ♠ reverie daydream; abstracted musing revert relapse; backslide; turn back to; return to the former owner; N. reversion ♥ relapse return to a former state (esp. after improvement); N. ♥ backslide revert (to bad habits); N. reverter ♠ revile attack with abusive language; vilify(slander) revoke cancel; retract; CF. irrevocable ♠ revulsion sudden strong feeling of disgust; sudden violent change of feeling; negative reaction; Ex. revulsion from the scenes of torture ♠ rhapsodize speak or write in an exaggeratedly enthusiastic manner; Ex. rhapsodize over the beauty of the scenery ♥ rhapsody excessively enthusiastic expression of feeling; musical composition of irregular form (as if made up as one plays it) ♠ rhetoric art of effective communication; art of using lan- guage effectively and persuasively; style of speaking or writing; grandiloquent language; Ex. political rhetoric; ADJ. rhetorical; CF. rhetorical question: question to which no answer is expected as “Who knows it ?” ♠ ribald marked by vulgar lewd humor; wanton; profane; N. ribaldry: ribald language or joke ♠ riddle pierce with holes; permeate or spread throughout; Ex. The gunman riddled the car with bullets; Ex. The whole report is riddled with errors; N. large sieve (sepa- rating earth from stone) ♠ rider amendment or clause added to a legislative bill ♠ rife (of something bad) widespread; abundant; current ♠ rift narrow opening in a large mass; break in a friendly re- lation; Ex. through a rift in the clouds; OP. reconcilation ♠ rig fix or manipulate; manipulate dishonestly for personal gain; Ex. rig the election ♥ rig arrangement of masts and sails; V: equip (a ship) with rigging; ADJ. rigging: ropes that hold up a ship’s sails rigid hard and unbending; stiff and unyielding; fixed in be- havior or views; strict; rigorous; Ex. rigid rule rigor severity; Ex. rigors of the Russian winter ♠ rile irritate; vex; muddy ♠ riveting holding one’s attention; absorbing; engrossing ♥ rivet metal pin used for fastening metal plates together; V: fasten with a rivet; engross ♠ rivulet small stream; CF. rill ¡ rivulet ¡ river robust strong; vigorous rococo ornate; highly decorated; N. CF. 18th century ♠ roil make liquids murky by stirring up sediment; disturb ♠ roseate rosy; optimistic; Ex. roseate views ♠ roster list (of names) ♠ rostrum raised platform for speech-making; pulpit ♥ pulpit raised platform used in preaching (in a church) ♠ rote repetition; memorization through repetition without understanding; Ex. learn poetry by rote ♠ rotunda circular building or hall covered with a dome ♠ rotundity roundness; sonorousness of speech ♥ rotund (of a person) fat and round ♠ rousing lively; inducing excitement; stirring; V. rouse: waken; arouse from sleep or depression; excite; stir up rout put to rout; stampede; drive out; N: complete defeat and disorderly retreat ♥ stampede sudden frenzied rush (of panic-stricken animals or people); V: participate in or cause stampede; Ex. stam- pede before the price rises rubble fragments (esp. from a destroyed building) ♥mason one who builds or works with stone or brick; N. ma- sonry: work of a mason; stonework or brickwork ♠ rubric title or heading (in red print); directions for religious ceremony; protocol ♠ ruddy reddish; (of the face) reddish and healthy-looking rudimentary elementary; not developed; crude; N. rudi- ment: fundamental element or principle; Ex. rudiments of the language ♠ rue regret; lament; mourn; Ex. He will rue the day; N. ADJ. rueful ♠ ruffian violent scoundrel; bully ♠ ruminate chew over and over (mentally or, like cows, phys- ically); mull over(ponder) ♥ ruminant animal that ruminates; ADJ. 70 rummage ransack; thoroughly search ♠ runic mysterious; set down in an ancient alphabet; N. rune: one of the letters of an alphabet used by ancient Germanic peoples (cut on stone or wood); magic charm ♠ ruse trick to deceive; stratagem rustic pertaining to country people; unsophisticated; sim- ple; crude; uncouth; (of furniture) rough with the bark left on; N. rural person; rustic person rusticate banish to the country; dwell in the country ruthless pitiless; merciless; cruel saboteur one who commits sabotage; destroyer of prop- erty; N. sabotage: destruction of property (usually carried out secretly) saccharine cloying sweet; characteristic of sugar or saccha- rin sacrilegious desecrating; profane; N. sacrilege: desecra- tion, misuse, or theft of something sacred ♠ sacrosanct invioably sacred; most sacred; inviolable 42 ♠ sadistic inclined to cruelty; N. sadism: delight in cruelty saga Scandinavian myth; any legend; long heroic narrative ♠ sagacious wise; perceptive; shrewd; having insight; N. sagacity ♠ sage person celebrated for wisdom; wise person; ADJ: wise ♠ salacious lascivious; lustful; Ex. salacious monk ♠ salient prominent; projecting beyond a line; conspicuous; Ex. salient features saline salty ♠ sallow (of the skin) yellowish and unhealthy-looking; sickly in color; Ex. sallow complexion due to jaundice ♠ salubrious healthful; conducive to health or well-being; so- cially desirable; Ex. salubrious area; CF. health ♠ salutary tending to improve; beneficial; wholesome; Ex. The punishment had a salutary effect on the boy; CF. health salvage rescue (goods or property) from loss; N: saving; property saved ♠ sanctimonious displaying ostentatious or hypocritical de- voutness; N. sanctimony: hypocritical piety sanction approve; ratify; N: permission; penalty intended to enforce compliance sanctuary place of refuge; shelter; shrine; holy place; Ex. The outlaw was granted sanctuary in the church. sanguinary bloody; with much bloodshed sanguine optimistic; cheerful; hopeful; of the color of blood; red ♠ sap diminish; weaken; undermine the foundations of (a for- tification); Ex. The element kryptonite sapped his strength. sarcasm cutting ironic remark; scornful remarks; stinging rebuke; ADJ. sarcastic ♠ sardonic scornfully mocking; disdainful; sarcastic; cynical; Ex. sardonic smile ♠ sartorial pertaining to tailors or tailoring; Ex. a man of great sartorial elegance; CF. sartor: tailor ♠ sate satisfy to the full; satisfy to excess; cloy ♥ doze sleep lightly; nap satellite small body revolving around a larger one satiate satisfy fully (physical needs such as hunger); sate; N. satiety: condition of being satiated satire form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly satirical using satire; mocking saturate soak thoroughly; imbue; impregnate; charge; fill to capacity ♠ saturnine morose; gloomy; Ex. Do not be misled by his sat- urnine countenance. ♠ satyr half-human, half-bestial being in the court of Diony- sus (resembling a goat), portrayed as wanton(unrestrained) and cunning; lecher; CF. faun; CF. goat: lecherous man ♠ saunter stroll(go for a leisurely walk) slowly; N. ♠ savant scholar; learned person; CF. savoir: know ♠ savor enjoy; have a distinctive flavor, smell, or quality; N: taste or smell; distinctive quality ♠ savory pleasant in taste; tasty; pleasing, attractive, or agree- able; Ex. savory reputation ♠ scabbard case for a sword blade; sheath ♠ scad a great quantity; Ex. scads of clothes ♠ scaffold temporary platform for workers (to work at heights above the ground); bracing framework; platform for execution scale climb up; ascend; remove or come off in scales; N: flake of epidermis; ascending or descending series of musi- cal tones scanty meager; insufficient ♠ scapegoat someone who bears the blame for others; whip- ping boy; CF. escape+goat ♠ scavenge hunt through discarded materials for usable items or food; search, especially for food; N. scavenger: one who scavenges; animal that feeds on refuse and carrion ♥ refuse anything discarded or rejected as worthless; trash scenario plot outline; screenplay(script for a movie); opera libretto; outline of possible future events schematic of a schema or scheme; relating to an outline or diagram; using a system of symbols; N. schema: diagram- matic representation; outline 71 ♥ scheme systematic plan; plot; clever dishonest plan; or- derly arrangement of elements; Ex. health insurance scheme; Ex. a scheme to escape taxes; Ex. a color scheme; Ex. a story with no scheme; V: contrive a scheme ♠ schism division into factions (esp. within a religious body); split ♠ scintilla trace; minute amount; shred; least bit; Ex. There is not a scintilla of truth; CF. spark ♠ scintillate sparkle; flash; be animated; be full of life; Ex. scintillating conversation ♠ scoff laugh (at); mock; ridicule; Ex. scoff at their threats ♠ scotch stamp out(put an end to); thwart; hinder; Ex. scotch the rumor; CF. cut; CF.Ö¸1lx `¦× ¦s H_ p ♥ score number of points; written form of a musical compo- sition; reason; group of 20; notch or incision; Ex. full/vocal score; Ex. Don’t worry on that score; V: mark with lines or notches; Ex. score the paper to make it easy to fold ♥ stamp step on heavily (so as to crush or extinguish); put an end to; imprint or impress with a mark, design, or seal; shape with a die; characterize; Ex. machine stamping out car bodies; Ex. newspaper stamping him as a liar; N. stamp- ing; implement used to stamp; impression stamped; mark; Ex. Her remarks bear the stamp of truth. ♠ scourge lash; whip (formerly used for punishment); source of severe punishment; V: whip; afflict ♠ scruple hesitate for ethical reasons; fret about; Ex. She did not scruple to read his diary; N: uneasy feeling arising from conscience; conscience scrupulous conscientious; extremely thorough; Ex. scrupu- lous worker scrutinize examine closely and critically; N. scrutiny ♠ scuffle struggle confusedly; move off in a confused hurry; N. CF. scuffling twins ? ♥ shuffle mix together; jumble; move (something) from one place to another; slide (the feet) along the ground while walking; Ex. shuffle papers from one pile to another; N. ♠ scurrilous abusive; obscene; indecent; Ex. scurrilous re- mark ♠ scurry move hastily; hurry; move briskly ♠ scurvy contemptible; despicable; N: disease caused by de- ficiency of Vitamin C ♠ scuttle sink (a ship) by cutting holes in the hull; scrap; dis- card; N: small hatch in a ship’s deck or hull ♥ hull husk; dry outer covering of a seed; frame or body of a ship ♠ seamy sordid; base; filthy; unwholesome; Ex. seamy side of city life ♥ base contemptible; morally bad; inferior in value or qual- ity; Ex. base motives/conduct; Ex. base metal such as iron ♠ sear burn the surface of; char or burn; brand; parch; cause (a plant) to wither ♥ char make or become black by burning; reduce or be re- duced to carbon or charcoal(black substance made by burn- ing wood) by incomplete combustion ♥ scorch sear; N. ♥ brand trademark; mark burned on the hide of an animal; mark burned into the flesh of criminals; mark of disgrace; V: mark with a brand; give a lasting bad name; stigmatize; Ex. The press branded him a liar. ♥ hide skin of an animal seasoned experienced ♥ season enhance the flavor of by adding a spice, etc.; inure; harden; N. seasoning: something used in seasoning ♥ seasonal of a particular season; Ex. seasonal rise in employ- ment ♥ seasonable occurring at the proper time or season; oppor- tune; Ex. seasonable intervention in the dispute secession withdrawal; V. secede: withdraw formally from membership seclusion isolation; solitude; V. seclude: set apart from oth- ers; isolate ♠ secrete conceal; hide away or cache; produce and release a substance into an organism; CF. secretive sect separate religious body; faction; group of people with common beliefs within a larger group ♥ sectarian of a sect; narrow-minded; parochial; N: member of a sect; narrow-minded person ♥ denomination religious group; unit in a system; name or designation; CF. denominator: common trait or characteris- tic secular worldly; not pertaining to church matters or reli- gion; temporal ♠ sedate composed (with no excitement); grave; V: adminis- ter a sedative to; CF. sedative sedentary requiring sitting; done while sitting; not mov- ing from one place to another; settled; Ex. sedentary job/population sedition conduct or language inciting rebellion; rebellion; resistance to authority; insubordination; ADJ. seditious ♠ sedulous diligent; assiduous; paying attention; N. sedulity ♠ seedy run-down; decrepit; disreputable; having many seeds; Ex. seedy downtown hotel ♥ run-down (of a place) dilapidated; in a bad condition; (of a person) weak or exhausted ♠ seemly (of behavior) proper; appropriate ♠ seep pass slowly through small openings; ooze; trickle; N. seepage ♠ seethe be violently disturbed; boil; (of a liquid) move about wildly as if boiling; Ex. The nation was seething with dis- content. ♠ seine seine net; net for catching fish seismic pertaining to earthquakes 72 ♠ semblance outward appearance; guise; Ex. We called in the troops to bring a/some semblance of order to the city. seminal related to seed or semen; germinal; creative; pro- viding a basis for further development; influencing future developments; Ex. seminal research in a new field ♠ seminary school for training future ministers; secondary school, especially for young women senility old age; feeblemindedness of old age; ADJ. senile: resulting from old age; showing the weakness of body or mind from old age; Ex. senile dementia ♥ feebleminded deficient in intelligence; very stupid ♠ sensitization process of being made sensitive or acutely re- sponsive to an external agent or substance; V. sensitize: make or become sensitive sensual devoted to the pleasures of the sense; carnal; voluptuous; Ex. sensual woman/curves/lips ♥ voluptuous sensual; of or giving sensual pleasure; in- dulging in sensual pleasures; Ex. voluptuous lines; Ex. voluptuous life of the Romans; N. voluptuary: voluptuous person sensuous giving pleasure to the senses; pertaining to the physical senses; operating through the senses; sensuous feeling of soft velvet on the skin ♠ sententious pithy; terse; concise; aphoristic ♠ sentient capable of sensation and conscious; aware; sensi- tive; Ex. sentient creature; N. sentience sentinel sentry; lookout ♥ lookout act of keeping watch; high place commanding a wide view; person who keeps watch ♠ septic of or causing sepsis; putrid; producing putrefaction; N. sepsis: poisoning of part of the body (producing pus) ♠ sepulcher tomb; V: place in a sepulcher; ADJ. sepulchral 43 ♠ sequester isolate; segregate; seclude; retire from public life ♠ sere sear; parched; dry ♠ serendipity gift for finding valuable things by accident; ac- cidental good fortune or luck; CF. The Three Princes of Serendip serenity calmness; placidity; ADJ. serene ♠ serpentine winding; twisting; of or like a serpent; Ex. ser- pentine course of the river; N. serpent: snake ♠ serrated having a sawtoothed edge; Ex. serrated leaf servile slavish; cringing; N. servility servitude slavery; compulsory labor imposed as a punish- ment ♠ sever separate; cut off (a part) from a whole; break up (a relationship); N. severance; CF. severance pay: extra pay given an employee upon leaving a position severity harshness; intensity; sternness; austerity; ADJ. se- vere: harsh; strict; extremely violent or intense ♠ sextant navigation tool used to determine a ship’s latitude and longitude (by measuring the altitudes of stars) ♠ shackle chain; fetter; confine with shackles; N. ♠ sham pretend; feign; ADJ: not genuine; fake; Ex. sham jew- elry; N: something that is not what it appears; impostor; pretense; Ex. The agreement was a sham. ♠ shambles (place or scene of) complete disorder or ruin; wreck; mess; Ex. After the hurricane, the coast was a sham- bles. ♠ shard fragment generally of broken pottery (glass, clay bowl, or cup) ♠ shaving very thin piece, usually of wood (cut from a sur- face with a sharp blade) ♥ plane carpenter’s tool for smoothing and leveling wood; V. CF. flat ♠ sheaf bundle of stalks of grain; any bundle of things tied together ♠ sheathe place into a case; insert into or provide with a sheath; Ex. He sheathed his dagger; N. sheath: case for a blade ♠ sherbet flavored dessert ice ♠ shimmer shine with a flickering light; glimmer intermit- tently; Ex. The moonlight shimmered on the water; N. ♠ shirk avoid (responsibility, work, etc.); malinger ♠ shoddy made of inferior material; sham; not genuine; infe- rior; dishonest; Ex. shoddy goods/trick ♠ shrew scolding woman; very small mouselike animal shrewd clever; astute ♠ shun keep away from; avoid deliberately; Ex. She has been shunned by her neighbors. ♠ shunt move (a railway train) from one track to another; turn aside; divert; sidetrack; Ex. shunt traffic around an accident; N. ♥ sidetrack switch (a railroad car) to a siding; divert from a main issue; N. CF. siding: short section of railroad track connected by switches with a main track ♠ shyster lawyer using questionable methods; unscrupulous practioner sibling brother or sister ♠ sibylline prophetic; oracular; N. sibyl: woman prophet (in the ancient world) ♠ sidereal relating to stars; Ex. sidereal day ♠ silt sediment deposited by running water (at the entrance to a harbor or by a bend in a river) ♠ simian monkeylike; N: ape or monkey simile comparison of one thing with another, using the word like or as ♠ simper smirk; smile in a silly way; smile affectedly simplistic oversimplified simulate feign; imitate 73 ♠ sinecure well-paid position with little responsibility; CF. sine cure: without care; CF. San Serif ♠ sinewy (of meat) tough; strong and firm; muscular; N. sinew: tendon; strong cord connecting a muscle to a bone singular being only one; individual; unique; extraordinary; odd; Ex. singular beauty/behavior sinister evil; ominous ♠ sinuous twisting; winding; bending in and out; not morally honest skeptic sceptic; doubter; person who suspends judgment until he has examined the evidence supporting a point of view; ADJ. skeptical; N. skepticism; scepticism ♠ skiff small light sailboat or rowboat ♠ skimp provide or use scantily; live very economically; Ex. skimp on necessities; ADJ. skimpy: inadequate in amount; scanty; stingy; niggardly ♠ skinflint miser; stingy person skirmish minor fight; minor battle in war; V. ♠ skittish inconstant; capricious; frivolous; not serious; Ex. charming but skittish young woman; CF. skit ♥ frisk move about playfully; froric; ADJ. frisky: playful ♠ skulduggery(skullduggery) dishonest behavior or action; Ex. skulduggery in the election ♠ skulk move furtively and secretly; Ex. He skulked through the less fashionable sections of the city. ♠ slacken slow up; loosen; make or become slack ♥ slack moving slowly; sluggish; inactive; (of a rope) loose; negligent; lax; Ex. slack season; Ex. slack in one’s work; N. V. ♠ slag glassy residue from smelting metal; dross; waste mat- ter slake satisfy (thirst); quench; sate slander defamation; utterance of false and malicious state- ments; V. ADJ. slanderous ♠ slapdash hasty and careless; haphazard; sloppy(carelessly done) ♠ sleazy shabby and dirty; flimsy; insubstantial; Ex. sleazy back-street hotel/fabric ♠ sleeper one that achieves unexpected success; something originally of little value or importance that in time becomes very valuable sleight dexterity; CF. sleight of hand: legerdemain; quick- ness of the hands in doing tricks ♠ slew large quantity or number; Ex. slew of errands left ♠ slight insult to one’s dignity; snub; V: treat as if of small importance; insult; snub; ADJ. small in size; of small im- portance ♠ slipshod slovenly; careless; sloppy; untidy; shabby; Ex. slipshod work ♠ slither slip or slide sloth slow moving tree-dwelling mammal; laziness; ADJ. slothful: lazy; indolent ♠ slough (of a snake) shed or cast off (dead outer skin); N: outer layer that is shed ♠ slovenly untidy; careless in work habits; slipshod; N. sloven: one who is habitually untidy or careless ♥ sledge large sled drawn by work animals ♥ sleigh large vehicle drawn by a horse over snow or ice ♠ sluggard lazy person sluggish lazy; slow; inactive; lethargic; CF. slug: nail with no shell ♠ sluice artificial channel for directing or controlling the flow of water (with a gate to regulate the flow) ♠ slur slander; insult to one’s character or reputation; V. ♠ slur pronounce indistinctly; speak indistinctly; mumble ♠ smattering slight knowledge; small scattered number or amount; Ex. smattering of German ♠ smelt melt (ore) for separating and removing the metal; melt or blend ores changing their chemical composition ♠ smirk conceited smile; offensively self-satisfied smile (of- ten at someone else’s misfortune); V. ♠ smolder smoulder; burn slowly without flame; be liable to break out at any moment; exist in a suppressed state; Ex. smoldering anger ♠ snicker half-stifled(suppressed) laugh; V. ♠ snivel complain or whine tearfully; run at the nose; snuffle; Ex. Don’t come back sniveling to me. ♥ snuffle sniffle; sniff repeatedly (in order to keep liquid from running out of the nose) sobriety moderation (especially regarding indulgence in al- cohol); seriousness ♥ sober serious; solemn; not drunken; abstemious or temper- ate; V: make or become sober ♠ sodden thoroughly soaked; dull or stupid as if from drink ♠ sojourn temporary stay; V: stay for a time ♠ solace comfort in sorrow or trouble; consolation; V: comfort or console in time of sorrow or trouble ♠ solder repair or make whole by using a metal alloy; N: metal alloy (usually tin and lead) used in the molten state to join metallic parts ♠ solecism nonstandard grammatical construction; construc- tion that is flagrantly incorrect grammatically; violation of social etiquette solemnity seriousness; gravity solicit entreat; request earnestly; seek to obtain; Ex. solicit votes; CF. solicitor: one who solicits; chief law officer ♠ solicitous anxious; worried; concerned; eager; Ex. solici- tous to do something; N. solicitude soliloquy talking to oneself (esp. in a play); CF. mono- logue: soliloquy; long speech by one person (often monop- olizing a conversation) 74 solitude state of being alone; seclusion; ADJ. solitary: ex- isting or living alone (esp. by choice); remote or secluded; single; sole; Ex. solitary life/inn; Ex. no solitary piece of proof solstice point or time at which the sun is farthest from the equator soluble able to be dissolved in a liquid; able to be worked out or solved solvent able to pay all depths; N. solvency solvent substance that dissolves another; ADJ: capable of dissolving another substance somatic pertaining to the body; bodily; physical 44 ♠ somber dark; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; CF. shadow somnambulist sleepwalker; V. somnambulate; N. som- nambulism ♠ somnolent half asleep; drowsy; N. somnolence ♠ sonorous resonant; producing a full deep sound; produc- ing sound ♥ sonic of sound or its speed in air; CF. subsonic, supersonic ♥ sonnet 14-line poetic verse form with a fixed rhyme pattern sophist teacher of philosophy; quibbler; employer of falla- cious reasoning; N. sophism: plausible but fallacious argu- ment sophisticated worldly wise and urbane; refined; complex; N. sophistication; V. sophisticate sophistry seemingly plausible but fallacious reasoning; sophism ♠ sophomoric immature; half-baked; like a sophomore ♠ soporific sleep-causing; marked by sleepiness; drowsy ♠ sordid filthy; foul; base; vile; Ex. sordid bed/story ♠ spangle small shiny metallic piece sewn to clothing for or- namentation sparse not thick; thinly scattered; scanty ♠ spartan without attention to comfort; lacking luxury and comfort; sternly disciplined; Ex. spartan living condi- tion/life ♠ spasmodic fitful; periodic; of or like a spasm; N. spasm: sudden involuntary muscular contraction; sudden burst of energy or emotion ♠ spat squabble; minor dispute; minor quarrel ♠ spate sudden flood or rush; Ex. spate of accidents spatial relating to space ♠ spatula broad-bladed instrument used for spreading or mixing spawn lay eggs (in large numbers); produce offspring (in large numbers); N: eggs of aquatic animals specious seemingly reasonable but incorrect; misleading (often intentionally) spectral ghostly; N. specter: spectre; ghost; phantom spectrum colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism; broad and continuous range; Ex. whole spectrum of modern thoughts ♠ spendthrift someone who wastes money; CF. thrift: accu- mulated wealth ♠ sphinx-like enigmatic; mysterious ♠ splice join together end to end to make one continuous length; fasten together; unite; Ex. splice two strips of tape; N. spontaneity lack of premeditation; naturalness; freedom from constraint; ADJ. spontaneous: self-generated; un- premeditated; happening without being planned ♠ spoonerism accidental transposition of sounds in succes- sive words; Ex. “Let me sew you to your sheet” for “Let me show you to your seat”; CF. William Spooner ♥ transpose reverse the order or position of sporadic occurring irregularly; intermittent ♠ sportive playful; frolicsome; merry; CF. sport: play or frolic; CF. sportsmanlike ♠ spruce neat and trim in appearance; smart; Ex. Be spruce for your job interview; V. ♠ spry (esp. of older people) vigorously active; nimble ♥ nimble quick in movement; agile; quick in understanding; Ex. nimble climber/mind ♠ spurious false; counterfeit; forged; illogical; Ex. spurious arguments ♠ spurn reject disdainfully; scorn; Ex. She spurned all offers of help. ♠ squabble minor quarrel; bickering; V: engage in a minor quarrel; Ex. squabbling children ♠ squalor condition of being squalid; filth; degradation; dirty neglected state; ADJ. squalid: dirty; sordid; morally repul- sive; Ex. squalid story squander waste; spend foolishly ♠ squat short and thick; stocky; Ex. ugly squat tower; V. N. ♠ staccato played in an abrupt manner; marked by abrupt sharp sound; Ex. staccato applause ♥ legato (of music) played smoothly stagnant (of water) not flowing (often bad-smelling); mo- tionless; stale; not developing; inactive; dull; Ex. stagnant industrial output ♠ staid serious and sedate; sober; Ex. staid during the funeral ceremony stalemate deadlock; situation in which further action is blocked ♠ stalwart physically strong; brawny; steadfast; strong in mind or determination; Ex. stalwart supporter; N: stalwart follower 75 stamina power of endurance; strength; staying power ♠ stanch stop or check flow of blood; Ex. stanch the gushing wound ♠ stanza division of a poem (composed of two or more lines) static having no motion; unchanging; lacking develop- ment; N. stasis: stable state statute law enacted by the legislature statutory created by statute or legislative action; regulated by statute; Ex. statutory age limit ♠ steadfast steadily loyal; unswerving; steady stealth action of moving secretly or unseen; slyness; sneak- iness; secretiveness; ADJ. stealthy ♠ steep soak; saturate; Ex. steep the fabric in the dye bath; ADJ: precipitous stellar pertaining to the stars; of a star performer; outstand- ing; Ex. stellar attraction of the entire performance ♠ stem stop or check (the flow of); Ex. stem the bleeding from the slashed artery; N: main axis of a plant; stalk stem from arise from; originate from ♠ stentorian (of the voice) extremely loud; CF. Stentor: a loud herald in the Iliad stereotype one regarded as embodying a set image or type; fixed and unvarying representation; standardized mental picture often reflecting prejudice; Ex. stereotype of the happy slave; V: make a stereotype of; represent by a stereo- type; Ex. It is wrong to stereotype people; Ex. stereotyped answer ♠ stickler perfectionist; person who insists things be exactly right ♠ stifle suppress; extinguish; inhibit; smother or suffocate ♥ smother kill from lack of air; suppress; cover thickly; Ex. smothered in little stickers ♥ suffocate die or kill from lack of air; suppress ♠ stigma token of disgrace; brand; V. stigmatize: mark with a stigma; characterize as disgraceful ♠ stilted bombastic; stiffly pompous; Ex. stilted rhetoric; CF. stiff: formal ♠ stint set limits in amount or number; be thrifty; ADJ. stint- ing, unstinting; CF. stint:savings ♠ stint supply; allotted amount of work; assigned portion of work; limitation; Ex. two-year stint in the army; Ex. with- out stint ♠ stipend pay for services ♠ stipple paint or draw with dots or short strokes stipulate state as a necessary condition (of an agreement); make express conditions; specify; Ex. He stipulated pay- ment in advance ♠ stock standard; kept regularly in stock or supply; typical; routine; common; Ex. stock sizes of paper; Ex. stock ex- cuse/character; N: goods for sale in a shop; OP. unique ♠ stockade wooden enclosure or pen; fixed line of posts used as defensive barrier ♥ pen fenced enclosure for animals; confining space; Ex. sheep pen; V: confine in a pen; enclose ♠ stodgy dull; stuffy; boringly conservative; Ex. stodgy book stoic stoical; impassive; unmoved by joy or grief; N. CF. stoicism ♠ stoke stir up a fire or furnace; feed plentifully ♠ stolid dull; impassive; showing little emotion when strong feelings are expected stratagem deceptive scheme; clever trick stratified divided into classes; arranged into strata; V. strat- ify stratum layer of earth’s surface; layer of society; PL. strata ♠ strew spread randomly; sprinkle; scatter; Ex. flower girl strewing rose petals ♠ striated marked with parallel bands; striped; grooved; Ex. striated rocks; V. striate; N. stria: thin groove or line ♠ stricture severe and adverse criticism; critical comments; limit or restriction ♠ strident loud and harsh; insistent; N. stridency stringent (of rules) binding; rigid; marked by scarcity of money; Ex. stringent economic conditions ♠ strut pompous walk; V: walk in a self-important manner ♠ strut supporting bar; CF. airplane wings building 1px `¦ support ♠ studied carefully contrived; calculated; unspontaneous; deliberate; thoughtful; Ex. studied remark ♠ stultify make stupid in mind; cause to appear or become stupid or inconsistent; suppress; frustrate or hinder; Ex. stultifying effect of uninteresting work; Ex. stultify free ex- pression ♠ stupefy stun; make numb (as with a drug); amaze ♠ stupor state of being stupefied; state of apathy; daze; lack of awareness ♥ stun make unconscious or numb as by a blow; amaze; as- tound ♥ daze stun as with a blow or shock; bemuse; benumb; N. ♠ stygian unpleasantly dark; gloomy; hellish; deathly; CF. Styx: the chief river in the subterranean land of the dead ♠ stymie thwart; present an obstacle; stump ♥ stump base of a tree trunk left after the rest has been cut down; V: walk in a heavy manner; baffle; puzzle ♠ suavity urbanity; polish; ADJ. suave: smooth and courte- ous ♠ subaltern subordinate subdue less intense; quieter; Ex. subdued lighting; Ex. sub- due: conquer; make less intense; quiet; Ex. subdue one’s anger 76 subjective influenced by personal feelings; occurring or taking place within the mind; unreal; Ex. subjective sen- sation of the ghostly presence subjugate conquer; bring under control sublimate refine; purify; replace (natural urges) with so- cially acceptable activities; change between a solid state and a gaseous state sublime causing deep feelings of wonder, joy, respect, etc.; exalted; noble and uplifting; utter 45 subliminal below the threshold of conscious perception; Ex. subliminal advertisement submissive willing to obey orders; yielding; timid subordinate occupying a lower rank; inferior; submissive; N. V: put in a lower rank or class ♠ suborn persuade to act unlawfully (especially to commit perjury); N. subornation ♠ subpoena writ(written command issued by a court) sum- moning a witness to appear in court; V: summon with a subpoena subsequent following in time or order; later subservient behaving like a slave; servile; obsequious; sub- ordinate; N. subservience subside sink to a lower level; settle down; sink to the bot- tom (as a sediment); descend; grow quiet; become less; moderate; abate subsidiary serving to assist; subordinate; secondary; of a subsidy; N. subsidy direct financial aid by government, etc.; V. subsi- dize: assist with a subsidy subsistence existence; means of subsisting; means of sup- port; livelihood; V. subsist: exist; maintain life (at a meager level) substantial of substance; material; solid; essential or fun- damental; ample; considerable; well-to-do; wealthy substantiate support (a claim) with evidence; establish with evidence; verify ♠ substantive substantial; essential; pertaining to the sub- stance; substantial; considerable; Ex. substantive issues ♠ subsume include (as a member of a group); encompass ♠ subterfuge stratagem(deceptive scheme); pretense; eva- sion; Ex. resort to a harmless subterfuge subtlety perceptiveness; ingenuity; delicacy; ADJ. subtle: delicate; so slight as to be difficult to detect; able to make fine distinctions; clever; Ex. subtle mind/differences in meaning ♠ subversive tending to overthrow or ruin; V. subvert: over- throw completely (an established system); destroy com- pletely; CF. undermine ? succor assist (someone in difficulty); aid; comfort; N. ♠ succulent juicy; full of juice or sap; full of richness; N: suc- culent plant such as a cactus succumb yield (to something overwhelming); give in; die; Ex. succumb to the illness ♠ suffragist advocate of the extension of voting rights (for women); CF. suffrage ♠ suffuse spread through or over (with a color or liquid); charge; Ex. A blush suffused her cheeks. ♠ sully defile; soil; tarnish; Ex. sully one’s hands in menial labor ♥ tarnish make or become dull or discolored; N. sultry (of weather) hot; sweltering; sensual; voluptuous summation act of finding the total; summing-up; summary (esp. one given by the judge at the end of a trial) ♠ sumptuous grand suggesting great expense; lavish; rich; Ex. sumptuous feast ♠ sunder separate; part; CF. asunder ♠ sundry miscellaneous; various; several; N. sundries: small miscellaneous items ♠ superannuated retired or disqualified because of age; out- moded; obsolete supercilious haughty; arrogant; condescending; patroniz- ing; CF. eyebrow, cilium ♠ supererogatory superfluous; more than needed or de- manded superficial of the surface; not deep; shallow; not thorough; trivial; Ex. superficial analysis/knowledge superfluous excessive; overabundant; unnecessary; N. su- perfluity superimpose place over something else ♠ supernumerary person or thing excess of what is neces- sary; extra; ADJ: additional to the usual or necessary num- ber supersede replace; cause to be set aside; make obsolete; N. supersession ♠ supine lying on back; passive; inactive; Ex. The defeated pugilist lay supine; Ex. supine acceptance of the decision supplant take the place of unfairly; usurp; replace supple flexible; limber; pliant suppliant entreating; beseeching; N. supplicate petition humbly; pray to grant a favor ♥ supplicant one who supplicates; ADJ. supposition assumption; hypothesis; surmise; V. suppose ♠ supposititious assumed; counterfeit; hypothetical suppress put an end to forcibly; subdue; stifle; overwhelm; inhibit the expression of; check; prevent from being pub- lished or made public; Ex. suppress a smile; Ex. suppress the magazine/truth ♠ surfeit satiate; feed or supply to excess; stuff; indulge to ex- cess in anything; N: surfeiting; excessive amount; Ex. sur- feit of food 77 ♠ surly bad-tempered; rude; cross ♥ cross bad-tempered; showing ill-humor; angry surmise guess; N. surmount overcome surpass exceed surreptitious done secretly; secret; furtive; sneaky; hidden ♠ surrogate substitute; person or thing used in place of an- other; Ex. surrogate mother; ADJ. surveillance close observation of a person (esp. one under suspicion); watching; guarding ♠ susceptible impressionable; easily influenced; sensitive; having little resistance as to a disease; likely to suffer; re- ceptive to; capable of accepting; Ex. susceptible to persua- sion/colds; Ex. The agreement is not susceptible of alter- ation; N. susceptibility sustain suffer (harm or loss); experience; support; prop; maintain; keep in existence; nourish (to maintain life); Ex. sustain the family/the trapped miners sustenance sustaining; means of livelihood, support, food, nourishment; something that maintains life; food ♠ suture stitches sewn to hold the cut edges of a wound or incision; material used in sewing; V: sew together a wound ♠ swarthy (of a skin or complexion) dark; dusky; Ex. swarthy Italian ? ♠ swathe swath; wrap around; bandage; Ex. one’s head swathed in bandages ♠ swelter (of a person) suffer from oppressive heat; be op- pressed by heat ♠ swerve deviate; turn aside sharply from a straight course; Ex. swerve from the principle; Ex. The car swerved to the right. ♠ swill drink greedily swindler cheater ♠ sybarite lover of luxury; person devoted to pleasure and luxury; CF. Sybaris: an ancient Greek city in Italy sycophant servile flatterer; bootlicker; yes man; ADJ. syco- phantic syllogism logical formula consisting of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion; deceptive or specious ar- gument ♠ sylvan pertaining to the woods or the country ♠ symbiosis interdependent relationship (between groups, species) often mutually beneficial; ADJ. symbiotic; CF. to- gether + life symmetry arrangement of parts so that balance is obtained; congruity; ADJ. symmetrical ♥ lopsided heavier or larger on one side than the other; Ex. lopsided way of walking synchronous similarly timed; simultaneous with; occur- ring at the same time; V. synchronize synoptic providing a general overview; summary; N. syn- opsis synthesis combining parts or separate things into a whole; the whole so formed; PL. syntheses; V. synthesize synthetic not natural; artificial; resulting from synthesis; Ex. synthetic fiber; N. tacit understood (without actually being expressed); not put into words; Ex. tacit agreement ♠ taciturn habitually silent; talking little tactile pertaining to the organs or sense of touch ♥ tact skill or sensitivity in dealing with people without caus- ing offence ♥ tactful careful no to cause offence; OP. tactless ♠ taint contaminate; cause to lose purity; modify with a trace of something bad; Ex. tainted reputation; N: stain; touch of decay or bad influence; CF. touch ♠ talisman charm; object believed to give supernatural pow- ers to or protect its bearer ♠ talon claw of bird ♠ tangential only slightly connected; not central; peripheral; digressing; showing divergence; CF. tangent tangible able to be touched; real; concrete; palpable; possi- ble to realize or understand; Ex. tangible proof ♠ tanner person who turns animal hides into leather ♥ tan convert (hide) into leather; make brown by exposure to the sun ♠ tantalize tease; excite by exposing something desirable while keeping it out of reach; torture with disappointment; CF. Tantalus: Greek mythological figure ♠ tantamount equivalent in effect or value; Ex. This invasion is tantamount to a declaration of war; CF. amount 46 ♠ tantrum fit of bad temper; fit of petulance; caprice; Ex. The child went into tantrums. ♠ taper very thin candle; gradual decrease in the width of a long object; V. make or become gradually narrower toward one end ♠ tarantula venomous spider ♠ tarry linger; delay in starting or going; dawdle ♠ taut tight; strained; tense; ready; OP. slack ♠ tautological needlessly repetitious; Ex. “It was visible to the eye”; N. tautology: needless repetition of the same sense; statement that is always true ♠ tawdry cheap and gaudy; Ex. tawdry jewelry taxonomist specialist in classifying (animals, etc.); CF. tax- onomy: science of classification tedium boredom; weariness; ADJ. tedious ♠ teetotalism practice of abstaining totally from alcoholic drinks; N. teetotaler;; ADJ. teetotal; CF. T + total 78 temerity boldness; nerve; rashness; Ex. temerity to ask for a pay increase after only three day’s work temper moderate; make less severe; tone down or restrain; toughen (steel) as by alternate heating and cooling temperament characteristic frame of mind; disposition; emotional excess; ADJ. temperamental: of temperament; having frequent changes of temper; Ex. temperamental dis- like of sports; Ex. temperamental actress temperate moderate; restrained; self-controlled; moderate in respect to temperature; CF. temperance: moderation and self-restraint; abstinence of alcoholic drinks; Ex. temper- ance society ♠ tempestuous stormy; violent; impassioned; N. tempest: vi- olent storm tempo speed of music ♠ temporal of time; not lasting forever; limited by time; tem- porary; secular; worldly ♠ temporize gain time as by postponing an action; avoid committing oneself tenacious holding fast (as to a belief); persistent tenacity firmness; persistence ♠ tendentious promoting a particular point of view; biased; having an aim; designed to further a cause; Ex. tendentious rather than truth-seeking; CF. tend: move in a certain direc- tion tender offer formally; extend; Ex. tender one’s resigna- tion/the exact fare; N: formal offer; money; Ex. legal ten- der; ADJ: young and vulnerable; sensitive to the touch; sore; soft; delicate; Ex. child of tender years; Ex. tender wound tenet doctrine; dogma ♠ tensile capable of being stretched; of tension; Ex. tensile rubber ♥ tension stretching; condition of being stretched; mental strain; strained relationship between groups or people ♠ tentative not fully worked out or developed; provisional; experimental; uncertain; hesitant; not definite or positive; Ex. tentative agreement/reply ♠ tenuous thin; slim; rare tenure holding of an office or real estate; time during which such an office is held ♠ tepid lukewarm; slightly warm;p t Hô Ç; half-hearted; not eager; Ex. tepid reaction to the new film; Ex. tepid sup- porter termination end; V. terminate terminology terms used in a science or art; study of nomen- clature ♠ terminus last stop of railroad; end ♥ terminal part that forms the end; railroad or bus station; ADJ. forming an end; ending in death; fatal; Ex. terminal cancer terrestrial on or relating to the earth terse concise; abrupt; pithy ♠ tertiary third in order or rank ♠ tessellated mosaic; inlaid; Ex. tessellated pattern ♠ testator maker of a will; CF. testatrix ♠ testy irritable; impatient and bad-tempered; short- tempered; N. testiness ♠ tether tie (an animal) with a rope or tether; N: rope or chain to which an animal is tied; limit of one’s endurance; Ex. the end of one’s tether thematic of a theme; relating to a unifying motif or idea theocracy government run by religious leaders theoretical based on theory; not practical or applied; hypo- thetical therapeutic curative; N. therapy ♠ thermal pertaining to heat; producing heat; warm; Ex. ther- mal bath; N: rising current of warm air ♠ thespian pertaining to drama; N: actor or actress ♥ drama prose or verse composition to be performed by ac- tors; play; exciting and unusual situation ♠ thrall slave; bondage; slavery; Ex. Her beauty held him in thrall; CF. enthrall ♠ threadbare worn through till the threads show; shabby and poor; hackneyed; Ex. threadbare excuses thrifty careful about money; economical; N. thrift thrive prosper; flourish throes violent anguish ♠ throng crowd (of people or things); V. ♠ throttle strangle; regulate the speed of with a throttle; N: valve that regulates the flow; CF. throat ? ♥ strangle kill by choking or suffocating; suppress thwart block or hinder; baffle; frustrate ♠ tightwad miser; excessively frugal person ♠ tiller handle used to move boat’s rudder (to steer) ♠ timbre quality of a musical tone produced by a musical in- strument (which distinguishes it from others of the same pitch) timidity lack of self-confidence or courage timorous fearful; timid; demonstrating fear ♠ tipple drink (alcoholic beverages) frequently; N: alcoholic drink ♠ tirade long angry denunciatory speech; diatribe; harangue; extended scolding; denunciation ♥ tardy slow; sluggish; not on time; late; Ex. tardy arrival titanic gigantic; N. titan ♠ tithe tax of one-tenth (contributed to a church); V: pay a tithe ♠ titillate tickle; excite pleasantly; Ex. not to titillate the audi- ence but to enlighten it 79 ♥ tickle touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter; please title name (of a book, film, etc.); mark of rank; formal ap- pellation as of rank or office (such as Lord or General); right or claim to possession; championship; Ex. title as head of the family; Ex. title to the estate ♠ titter nervous giggle; nervous laugh; V. ♠ titular of a title; in name only; nominal; having the title of an office without the obligations; Ex. titular head of the company ♠ toady servile flatterer; yes man; sycophant; V: be a toady to; fawn ♠ toga Roman outer robe tome large volume; book ♥ handsome large in quantity; generous; Ex. handsome re- ward 47 ♠ tonsure shaving of the head especially by person entering religious orders; V. ♠ topography physical features of a region (such as the shape and height); CF. topo-: place ♥ torpedo underwater explosive apparatus; V. torpor lethargy; sluggishness; dormancy; ADJ. torpid: lethargic; lazy; inactive; (of an animal) dormant; hibernat- ing ♠ torque twisting force; force producing rotation ♠ torrent rushing stream; flood; Ex. The rain fell in torrents. ♠ torrid (of weather) hot or scorching; passionate; Ex. torrid love affairs ♠ torso trunk of statue with head and limbs missing; human trunk ♥ trunk main wooden stem of a tree; human body excluding the head and limbs; torso; prehensile nose of an elephant ♠ tortuous winding; full of curves; Ex. tortuous mountain road ♠ totter shake or move unsteadily; sway as if about to fall touchstone stone used to test the fineness of gold alloys; criterion; standard ♠ touchy oversensitive; easily offended; irasible; delicate; needing delicate handling; Ex. touchy situation ♠ tout promote or publicize (one’s goods or service); praise excessively (as a form of advertisement); CF. advertise toxic poisonous; N. toxicity ♠ tract propaganda pamphlet (esp. by a religious or political group); expanse of land; region of indefinite size; system of related organs; Ex. digestive tract tractable docile; easily managed; (of something) easily changed or molded; N. tractability traduce expose to slander trajectory path taken by a projectile; Ex. trajectory of a bul- let ♥ elevation elevated position; altitude; height; flat upright side of a building; angle made by pointing a gun; Ex. The elevation of her style is much admired; Ex. front elevation of the house tranquillity calmness; peace transcendent exceeding ordinary limits; superior; surpass- ing; V. transcend: go beyond; exceed; surpass; N. transcen- dancy ♥ transcendental going beyond common thought or ideas; impossible to understand by practical experiences or prac- tices; known only by studying thoughts or intuition; OP. empirical; CF. transcendentalism transcribe copy; write a copy of; N. transcription transgression violation of a law; sin; V. transgress: go be- yond (a limit); violate; do wrong transient staying for a short time; momentary; temporary; N: one that is transient transition going from one state of action to another transitory transient; impermanent; fleeting; N. transitori- ness translucent partly transparent transmute transform; change; convert to something differ- ent transparent permitting light to pass through freely; easily detected; obvious; clear; Ex. transparent lie ♠ transpire (of a fact) become known; be revealed; happen; give off (watery waste matter) through pores ♠ transport strong emotion; rapture; Ex. in a trans- port/transports of; V: move to strong emotion; enrapture ♠ trappings outward decorations; ornaments (as an outward sign of rank) ♠ traumatic (of an experience) deeply shocking; pertaining to an injury caused by violence; N. trauma: serious wound; emotional shock that causes lasting psychological damage ♠ travail strenuous work; toil; painful labor; labor of child- birth traverse go through or across ♠ travesty copy or example of something that completely misrepresents the true nature of the real thing; comical par- ody or imitation; treatment aimed at making something ap- pear ridiculous; Ex. travesty of justice; OP. paragon treatise article treating a subject systematically and thor- oughly ♠ trek travel; journey; V: make a long difficult journey tremor trembling; slight quiver (as of the earth or from ner- vous agitation) tremulous trembling; wavering trenchant cutting; incisive; keen 80 ♥ furrow long shallow trench made by a plow; deep wrinkle in the skin; V. trepidation fear; nervous apprehension ♠ tribulation suffering; ordeal; distress; trial ♠ tribunal court of justice ♥ tribune official of ancient Rome elected by the plebians to protect their rights; protector of the people tribute tax levied by a ruler; payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission; mark of re- spect (such as praise or gift); Ex. pay tribute to ♠ trident three-pronged spear ♥ prong pointed projecting part trifling trivial; unimportant ♥ trifle something of little importance or value; small amount; Ex. a trifle; V: treat without seriousness; flirt trigger set off; start ♠ trilogy group of three related works (connected by a shared subject but each complete in itself) ♠ trinket knickknack; bauble; cheap jewelry trite hackneyed; commonplace trivia trifles; unimportant matters ♠ troth pledge of good faith especially in betrothal; betrothal; Ex. by my troth ♠ trough long narrow container for feeding farm animals; lowest point (of a wave, business cycle, etc.); long narrow depression as between waves ♠ truculence aggressiveness; ferocity; ADJ. truculent: aggres- sive; pugnacious; fierce ♠ truism self-evident truth truncate cut the top off; shorten ♠ tryst meeting arranged by lovers; arrangement between lovers to meet ♠ tumid (of a part of the body) swollen; distended; bombas- tic; pompous ♠ overblown inflated; exaggerated ♠ tumult commotion of a great crowd; riot; noise; uproar; ADJ. tumultuous: noisy and disorderly tundra rolling treeless plain in Siberia and arctic North America ♥ rolling (of land) rising and falling in long gentle slopes; happening continuously by stages; Ex. rolling devolution of power to local governments ♠ turbid (of a liquid) having the sediment disturbed; muddy; thick turbulence state of violent agitation; ADJ. turbulent: vio- lently agitated or disturbed ♠ tureen deep dish for serving soup ♠ turgid swollen; distended (as from liquid) ♠ turmoil extreme confusion; great commotion and confu- sion; Ex. throw the country into turmoil ♠ turncoat traitor ♠ turpitude depravity; baseness; Ex. moral turpitude ♠ tutelage guardianship; training; function of a tutor; instruc- tion ♠ tutelary protective; pertaining to a guardianship; Ex. tute- lary deities ♠ tycoon wealthy and powerful businessperson; wealthy leader; magnate; Ex. business tycoon typhoon tropical hurricane or cyclone tyranny oppression; cruel government; ADJ. tyrannical: of a tyrant or tyranny; despotic; V. tyrannize: treat tyranni- cally; oppress tyro beginner; novice ubiquitous being everywhere; omnipresent; N. ubiquity ♥wade walk through a substance, such as water, that im- pedes movement 48 ♠ ulterior intentionally hidden; beyond what is evident; situ- ated beyond; unstated and often questionable; Ex. ulterior motive ultimate final; not susceptible to further analysis; funda- mental; Ex. The sun is the ultimate source of energy. ♥ eventual happening at last as a result; Ex. eventual victory ♠ ultimatum last demand; last warning; last statement of conditions that must be met; Ex. They have ignored our ultimatum. ♠ umbrage resentment; anger; sense of injury or insult; Ex. take umbrage at his rudeness unaccountable unexplicable; impossible to account for; un- reasonable or mysterious unanimity complete agreement; ADJ. unanimous unassailable not open to attack; impregnable; not subject to question unassuaged unsatisfied; not soothed ♠ unassuming modest; Ex. the champion’s unassuming manner ♠ unbridled violent; uncontrolled; Ex. unbridled rage/greed ♥ bridle harness fitted about a horse’s head (used to restrain); curb; check; V: put a bridle on; control or restrain; show anger ♠ uncanny strange; mysterious; Ex. uncanny knack ♥ knack special talent; art ♠ unconscionable unscrupulous; not guided by conscience; excessive; beyond reason; Ex. unconscionable demand ♠ uncouth boorish; clumsy in speech or behavior; outlandish ♠ unction the act of anointing with oil; Ex. extreme unction ♠ unctuous oily; bland; insincerely suave 81 underlying lying below; fundamental undermine weaken gradually; sap; dig a mine beneath underscore underline; emphasize undulating moving with a wavelike motion; V. undulate; CF. und: wave ♠ unearth dig up; discover (facts) by careful searching; Ex. He unearthed some secrets about her; OP. conceal ♠ unearthly not earthly; supernatural; weird; ghostly ♥weird eerie; strange; unnatural unequivocal plain; clear; obvious unerringly infallibly; ADJ. unerring: making no mistakes ♠ unexceptionable entirely acceptable; not offering any basis for criticism unfaltering steadfast; firm; not changing unfeigned genuine; real unfetter liberate; free from chains; V. unfetter ♥ hostage person who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands ♠ unfledged immature; not having the feathers necessary to fly; CF. fledgling unfrock defrock; strip a priest or minister of church author- ity ♥ disbar make (a lawyer) leave the bar or the legal profession ♥ debar bar; forbid; exclude; Ex. debarred from jury services ♥ bar railing in a courtroom; legal profession; vertical line di- viding a staff into equal measures; Ex. prisoner at the bar; V: shut in or out with bars; forbid; exclude; CF. barrister ♥ bastard illegitimate child ♠ ungainly (of someone) awkward in movement; clumsy; (of something) unwieldy; Ex. ungainly dancer/instrument ♠ unguent ointment uniformity sameness; monotony; ADJ. uniform: the same all over ♠ unilateral one-sided; involving or affecting only one side; Ex. unilateral declaration ♠ unimpeachable that cannot be impeached; beyond doubt or question; blameless and exemplary uninhibited unrepressed; free in behavior and feelings unintimating unfrightening unique without an equal; single in kind ♠ unison unity of pitch (in musical performance); complete accord; Ex. The choir sang in unison. ♥ choir group of people who sing together (esp. during reli- gious services); place for choir universal characterizing or affecting all; general; present everywhere; of the universe; cosmic; Ex. universal agree- ment; Ex. a subject of universal interest ♠ unkempt disheveled; uncared for in appearance; not combed; CF. comb ♠ unmitigated (of something bad) notmoderated; unrelieved or immoderate; without qualification; absolute; Ex. unmit- igated disaster ♠ unobtrusive inconspicuous; not blatant unprecedented having no previous example; novel; unpar- alleled ♠ unprepossessing unattractive ♥ prepossessing attractive; CF. preoccupying ? unravel disentangle; solve unrequited not requited; not reciprocated; Ex. unrequited love unruly disobedient; lawless; difficult to control unsavory distasteful; disagreeable; morally offensive; Ex. unsavory activity/reputation ♠ unscathed unharmed; Ex. escape the accident unscathed ♠ unseemly unbecoming; not proper in behavior; indecent; Ex. leave with unseemly haste ♠ unsightly ugly; unpleasant to look at ♠ unsullied untarnished; CF. sully ♠ untenable (of a position, esp. in an argument) indefensible; not able to be maintained ♠ untoward unexpected and adverse; unfortunate or un- lucky; Ex. untoward encounter unwarranted unjustified; having no justification; ground- less; baseless; undeserved unwieldy awkward (to carry or move); cumbersome; un- manageable ♠ unwitting not knowing; unaware; unintentional; Ex. She was their unwitting accomplice; Ex. unwitting insult; CF. wit: know ♠ unwonted unaccustomed; unusual; Ex. He arrived with unwonted punctuality. ♠ upbraid reprimand; severely scold ♥ braid plait; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; N: braided segment (as of hair) ♠ uproarious marked by commotion or uproar; very noisy (esp. with laughter); hilarious; causing loud laughter; ex- tremely funny ♥ uproar noisy confusion ♠ upshot outcome; final result ♠ urbane suave; refined in manner; elegant ♠ urchin mischievous child (usually a boy); CF. urchin: hedgehog; CF. porcupine: pig with spikes ?; CF. sea urchin ursine bearlike; pertaining to a bear ♠ usurp seize another’s power or rank (without legal author- ity); supplant; appropriate; N. usurpation; CF. take for one’s own use ♠ usury lending money at illegal high rates of interest 82 utopia ideal place, state, or society; ADJ. utopian ♥ Shangri-la imaginary remote paradise on earth; CF. Lost Horizon ♠ uxorious excessively submissive or devoted to one’s wife; CF. uxor: wife ♠ vacillate waver (in opinion); fluctuate; sway to and fro; N. vacillation ♠ vacuous empty; lacking in ideas; inane; stupid; Ex. vacu- ous expression; N. vacuity vagabond wanderer (without a permanent home); tramp ♥ tramp walk with a heavy step; travel on foot; N: vagrant; one who travels aimlessly about; longwalk; sound of heavy walking ♥ trample step heavily with the feet; crush under the feet ♥ tread walk; trample; N: grooved face of a tire; horizontal part of a step ♠ vagary capricious happening; caprice; whim; CF. wander vagrant wandering from place to place; roving; stray; mov- ing in a random fashion; Ex. vagrant thoughts; N. vagrancy vagrant homeless wanderer ♠ vainglorious boastful; excessively conceited; N. vainglory: great vanity valedictory pertaining to farewell; N: farewell address (esp. at graduation exercises) ♥ valediction saying farewell; expression of leave-taking ♥ leave-taking farewell or departure valid logically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; effec- tive; Ex. valid reasoning/passport ♥ sound in good condition; showing good judgment or good sense; thorough; complete; Ex. sound mind/investment/training validate make valid; confirm; ratify valor bravery; ADJ. valiant: possessing valor; brave vampire ghostly being that sucks the blood of the living ♠ vanguard forerunners; foremost position of an army; ad- vance forces; foremost position in a trend or movement; CF. rearguard ♥ avantgarde group of artists whose work is based on the newest ideas and methods; CF. vanguard vantage position giving an advantage (such as a strategic point); CF. vantagepoint ♠ vapid lacking liveliness; dull and unimaginative; insipid and flavorless; Ex. vapid lecture vaporize turn into vapor (steam, gas, fog, etc.) ♠ variegated (esp. of a flower or leaf) many-colored ♥ variegate change the appearance of (by marking with dif- ferent colors) ♠ vassal in feudalism, one who held land of a superior lord; subordinate or dependent ♠ vaunted boasted; bragged; highly publicized; V. vaunt: boast; brag ♠ veer change in direction; swerve ♠ vegetate live in a monotonous way (without interests or ac- tivity); CF. vegetation: plants of an area; CF. vegetarian; CF. vegan vehement forceful; intensely emotional; with marked vigor; strong; N. vehemence 49 velocity speed ♠ venal capable of being bribed; corrupt; CF. vernal ♠ vendetta blood feud (esp. between two families); CF. Nina Williams vendor seller ♠ veneer thin surface layer (of good quality wood, glued to a base of inferior material); cover; surface show; fac¸ade; V. ♠ venerable deserving high respect; commanding respect; CF. command: deserve and get ♠ venerate revere; treat with great respect ♠ venial (of a fault or sin) forgivable; trivial ♠ venison meat of a deer; CF. cow: beef; CF. pig: pork, ham, bacon; CF. calf: veal; CF. sheep: mutton; CF. lamb: lamb ♠ venom poison (of an animal); hatred; Ex. remarks full of venom; ADJ. venomous ♠ vent small opening; outlet (as of fumes or a gas); Ex. He gave vent to his anger by kicking the chair. ♠ vent release or discharge through a vent; express (esp. un- fairly); utter; Ex. He vented his wrath on his family. ♥ ventilate admit fresh air into to replace stale air ♠ ventral abdominal ventriloquist someone who can make his or her voice seem to come from another person or thing (without moving lips or jaws); N. ventriloquism, ventriloquy venture risk; expose to risk; dare; undertake a risk; N. ♥ brave face courageously; Ex. brave the storm venturesome (of a person) bold; adventurous; daring; (of an action) risky ♠ venue location; place (of a crime, trial, gathering, etc.); CF. come ♠ veracious (of a person) truthful ♠ veracity truthfulness; adherence to the truth verbalize put into words; ADJ. verbal: of words; spoken rather than written; oral; of a verb verbatim word for word; in the same words; repeating the actual words exactly verbiage pompous array of words; too many unnecessary words; wordiness verbose wordy; N. verbosity 83 ♠ verdant green; covered with green plants or grass; lush in vegetation; Ex. verdant meadows ♥ lush (of a plant or grass) growing very well ♠ verdigris green coating or patina on copper which has been exposed to the weather verge border; edge, rim, or margin; Ex. on the verge of: very near to; V: border on ♠ verisimilar having the appearance of truth or reality; prob- able or likely to be true; plausible ♠ verisimilitude appearance of truth; quality of appearing to be true or real; likelihood; Ex. verisimilitude of her perfor- mance as Lady Macbeth ♠ veritable being truly so; real or genuine; actual; not false or imaginary verity quality of being true; lasting truth or principle; Ex. the verity of his testimony; Ex. one of the eternal verities ♠ vernacular living language (as compared to the official lan- guage); language spoken in a country or region; natural style; Ex. lapse into the vernacular ♠ vernal pertaining to spring versatile having many talents; capable of working in many fields; having many uses or functions; N. versatility vertex summit; highest point; PL. vertices vertigo severe dizziness; giddiness ♠ verve enthusiasm (as in artistic performance or composi- tion); liveliness; vigor vestige trace; remains; Ex. vestiges of some ancient religion ♥ veto vested power to reject a bill; exercise of this right; V: prevent or forbid by exercising the power of veto vex annoy; distress viable capable of maintaining life; feasible; practical or workable; Ex. viable scheme ♠ viand food; CF. live ♠ vicarious experienced as if one were taking part in the ex- perience of another; done by a deputy for other people; act- ing as a substitute; Ex. vicarious thrill at the movies; Ex. the vicarious sufferings of Christ ♥ vicar parish priest; representative ♠ vicissitude change (esp. from good to bad); change of for- tune; CF. the last emperor of China ♠ victuals food; provisions; V. victual: provide with food vie contend; compete vigilant watchful; on the alert; watchfully awake; alert to spot danger; N. vigilance ♥ vigil keeping watch (during normal sleeping hours); Ex. all-night vigil ♥ vigilante one who without authority assumes law enforce- ment powers vigor active strength; energy; enthusiasm; ADJ. vigorous ♠ vignette small drawing placed at the beginning or end of a chapter; picture; short literary sketch; short written de- scription of a character or scene ♠ vilify slander; speak evil of; N. vilification ♠ vindicate clear from blame; free from blame or accusation (with supporting proof); exonerate; substantiate; justify or support; avenge; Ex. vindicate one’s client; Ex. vindicate one’s claim; CF. vindicator ♠ vindictive disposed to revenge; vengeful; out for revenge; spiteful; intended to cause harm; malicious; Ex. vindictive streak ♠ vintner wine merchant; winemaker; seller of wine viper poisonous snake virile manly; having masculine spirit or strength; full of strength virtual in essence; existing in essence though not in actual form; for practical purposes; Ex. virtual ruler/space virtue goodness; moral excellence; good quality; advan- tage; Ex. by virtue of; Ex. make a virtue of necessity ♠ virtuoso highly skilled artist (esp. in music); Ex. piano vir- tuoso ♠ virulent (of a disease or poison) extremely harmful or poi- sonous; (of a feeling) hostile; bitter; N. virulence; CF. virus; CF. venom virus disease communicator ♠ visage face; appearance ♠ visceral felt in one’s inner organs; N. viscera: internal body organs; CF. eviscerate ♠ viscid adhesive; gluey viscous (of a liquid) thick and sticky; gluey; viscid; CF. con- sistency ♠ vise vice; tool for holding work in place; clamping device ♠ visionary produced by imagination; fanciful; mystical; showing foresight; N: one having foresight; one given to speculative impractical ideas ♥ vision eyesight; foresight; mental image produced by the imagination; experience of seeing the supernatural vital full of life; animated; vibrant and lively; critical; of great importance; necessary to stay alive; of life; living; breathing; N. vitality; V. vitalize ♥ vibrant full of vigor or energy; vibrating ♠ vitiate spoil the effect of; make inoperative; corrupt morally ♠ vitreous of glass; pertaining to or resembling glass; V. vit- rify: change into glass; CF. petrify ♠ vitriolic causing sharp pain to the mind; caustic; corrosive; sarcastic; of vitriol; N. vitriol: sulphuric acid (which burns flesh deeply); bitterly abusive expression; caustic expres- sion; CF. glass ♠ vituperative abusive; scolding; V. vituperate: berate; scold; rail against abusively ♠ vivacious lively or animated; sprightly 84 ♥ sprightly lively vivisection act of dissecting living animals ♠ vixen female fox; ill-tempered woman; CF. shrew vociferous clamorous; noisy; V. vociferate: cry out loudly (when complaining) ♠ vogue popular fashion; Ex. Jeans became the vogue. 50 ♠ volatile changeable; of a quickly changing nature (as of temper); mercurial; tending to violence; evaporating rapidly; Ex. volatile character/situation in the street volition act of using one’s will; act of making a conscious choice; Ex. She selected this dress of her own volition. voluble fluent; talkative; glib; N. volubility ♥ volley simultaneous discharge of a number of shots; V. voluminous having great volume (as of a garment or con- tainer); bulky; large ♥ bulk size or volume (esp. when very large); main part; Ex. The bulk of the work has already been done; ADJ. bulky: having great size ♥ voodoo religion practiced chiefly in Haiti voracious ravenous; eating large quantities of food; exceed- ingly eager; insatiable; Ex. voracious animal/reader vortex whirlwind; whirlpool; center of turbulence; predica- ment into which one is inexorably plunged ♠ vouchsafe grant condescendingly; guarantee; Ex. vouch- safe your fair return on your investment ♥ vouch give a personal guarantee; Ex. I can vouch for his integrity; N. voucher ♠ voyeur Peeping Tom; person who derives sexual gratifica- tion from observing the sexual acts of others vulnerable susceptible to wounds or attack; N. vulnerabil- ity ♠ vulpine like a fox; crafty ♥ craft skill (esp. with one’s hands); skill in deceiving people; guile; ADJ. crafty: cleverly deceitful; cunning ♥ vulture carrion-eating birds ♥ vying contending; CF. vie ♠waffle speak equivocally about an issue; N. ♠waft move gently (in air or in seas) by wind or waves; Ex. leaves wafting past the window ♠waggish humorous; mischievous; tricky ♥wag shake repeatedly from side to side; Ex. The dog wagged its tail; N: humorous person; wit ♠waif homeless child or animal; Ex. waifs and strays waive give up temporarily; yield; N. waiver: waiving a right or claim; document that waives a right or claim ♠wake trail of ship or other object through water; path of something that has gone before; Ex. hunger followed in the wake of the war ♠wallow roll in mud; indulge in; (of a ship) roll in a rough sea; become helpless; Ex. wallow in the mud/luxury ♠wan having a pale or sickly color; pallid ♠wanderlust strong longing to travel ♠wane decrease in size or strength (after being full); grow gradually to an end; Ex. The moon waxes and wanes every month; N. ♠wangle achieve by cleverness or trick; wiggle out; fake; Ex. She tried to wangle an invitation to the party. ♥wiggle wriggle; move from side to side with irregular twisting motions ♥ fake not genuine; N: one that is not genuine; impostor; sham; V: counterfeit; Ex. fake the results of the experi- ment/the signature ♠wanton unrestrained; gratuitously cruel; willfully mali- cious; unchaste; sexually improper; promiscuous; Ex. wan- ton spending/killing; CF. having no just cause ♠warble (of a bird) sing; babble; N. ♥warp twist out of shape; N. warranted justified; authorized ♥warrant justification; written order that serves as autho- rization (esp. a judicial writ); Ex. search/death warrant; V: justify; guarantee warranty guarantee; assurance by seller ♠warren tunnels in which rabbits live; overcrowded living area; crowded conditions in which people live wary very cautious; watchful ♠wastrel waster; profligate ♠wax increase gradually (as the moon); grow ♠waylay ambush; lie in wait for and attack ♥ ambush act of lying in wait to attack by surprise; sudden attack made from a concealed position; Ex. lie in ambush; V. ♠wean accustom a baby not to nurse; accustom (the young of a mammal) to take nourishment other than by suckling; give up a cherished activity; cause to gradually leave (an interest or habit); Ex. wean oneself from cigarettes ♠weather pass safely through (a storm or difficult period); endure the effects of weather or other forces ♠welt raised mark from a beating or whipping ♠welter confusion; turmoil; confused mass; bewildering jumble; Ex. welter of data ♠welter wallow (as in mud or high seas); lie soaked (as in blood); Ex. The victims weltered in their blood. ♠wheedle deceive, persuade, or obtain by flattery; cajole; coax; Ex. wheedle a promise out of her ♠whelp young animal (esp. of the dog or cat family); young wolf, dog, tiger, etc. ♠whet sharpen; stimulate; Ex. whet someone’s appetite ♠whiff puff or gust (of air, scent, etc.); short-lasting smell; hint; Ex. whiff of perfume/scandal 85 ♠whimsical capricious; fanciful; amusingly strange ♥whim sudden capricious idea; fancy ♥whimsy whim; tendency to behave amusingly strangely; Ex. story full of whimsy ♠whinny neigh like a horse; CF. neigh: make the sound which horses make ♠whit small amount; smallest speck; Ex. not a whit of ♠whittle pare; cut away thin bits (fromwood); fashion in this way; reduce gradually; trim ♥ pare cut away the outer covering or skin of (with a knife); trim; Ex. pare apples/expenses ♠whorl ring of leaves around stem; ring; circular arrange- ment; Ex. whorls on the fingers willful wilful; intentional; headstrong ♥wilt loose freshness; droop wily crafty; cunning; artful; N. wile: deceitful stratagem ♠wince move back suddenly; shrink back; flinch; Ex. She winced as she touched the cold body. ♥ start move suddenly or involuntarily; Ex. start at the sight of a snake ♠windfall fallen fruit; unexpected lucky event ♠winnow sift; separate the chaff from grain by blowing; sep- arate good parts from bad; CF. wind ♥ sift put through a sieve to separate fine from coarse parti- cles; sort or examine carefully ♠winsome charming (in a childlike way); agreeable; gra- cious; engaging ♠wispy thin; slight; barely discernible ♥wisp small bunch (of hair); faint streak (of smoke) ♠wistful sadly thoughtful (because of desires or memories); sadly pensive; vaguely longing ♠withdrawn introverted; retiring; remote ♥ remote distant in manner; aloof ♠wither (of a plant) dry up from loss of moisture; lose fresh- ness; shrivel; decay ♥ shrivel make or become shrunken and wrinkled (often by drying) ♠withhold refuse to give; hold back; Ex. withholding tax withstand stand up against; resist successfully witless lacking intelligence or wit; foolish; idiotic ♠witticism witty saying; wisecrack(clever joking remark) wizardry sorcery; magic ♠wizened shriveled; withered; Ex. wizened apple/old lady woe great sorrow; deep inconsolable grief; affliction; suf- fering; Ex. financial woes ♥woeful sad; (of something bad) deplorable; deplorably bad; Ex. woeful housing conditions ♠wont (the stated person’s) habit or custom; habitual proce- dure; ADJ. wonted: customary worldly engrossed in matters of this earth; not spiritual; of the material world ♠wrangle quarrel noisily; obtain through arguing; herd cat- tle; N. ♥ herd group of animals; crowd; one who looks after a herd; Ex. shepherd/goatherd; Ex. herd instinct; Ex. herdsman; V: come together in a herd; look after a herd; Ex. herd cattle wrath anger; fury ♠wreak inflict; Ex. wreak one’s vengeance on wrench twist; pull; strain; Ex. He wrenched the gun out of her hands. ♠wrest obtain by pulling violently; pull away; take by vio- lence; Ex. wrest victory from their grasp ♠writ written command issued by a court (telling someone to do or not to do something) ♠writhe twist in coils; contort in pain ♠wry (esp. of an expression of the face) twisted; with a hu- morous twist (expressing displeasure) xenophobia fear or hatred of foreigners; N. xenophobe ♠ yen strong desire; longing; urge; Ex. yen for travel ♠ yeoman man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer yield amount produced; crop; income on investment; profit obtained from an investment; V: produce; give in; surren- der ♠ yoke join together; unite; N: crossbar used to joining two draft animals ♠ yokel rustic; country bumpkin;@r0lu ♠ yore time long past; Ex. in the days of yore ♠ zany comic; crazy; N: clown; comical person (given to out- landish behavior) zeal eager enthusiasm (to a cause or ideal); ADJ. zealous zealot one who is zealous; fanatic; person who shows ex- cessive zeal zenith point directly overhead in the sky; summit; acme; highest point ♠ zephyr gentle breeze; west wind 86 Advertisement )	Abyss
What is the flat round cake made from flaky pastry and filled with currants, named after a town in Greater Manchester, England?	gre revised.docx at Harding University - StudyBlue StudyBlue Last Modified: 2012-08-10 Views: 58 abase lower; degrade; humiliate; make humble; make (oneself) lose self-respect abash embarrass abate subside or moderate abbreviate shorten abdicate renounce; give up (position, right, or responsibility) aberrant abnormal or deviant aberration deviation from the normal; mental disorder abet assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage abeyance suspended action abhor detest; hate abject (of a condition) wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology abjure renounce upon oath ablution washing abnegation renunciation; self-sacrifice; self-abnegation abolish cancel; put an end to abominate loathe; hate abominable detestable; extremely unpleasant aboriginal being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine abortive unsuccessful; fruitless abrasive rubbing away; tending to grind down abridge condense or shorten abrogate abolish abscission cutting off; separation abscond depart secretly and hide absolute complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism absolve pardon (an offense) abstain refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one's vote abstemious sparing in eating and drinking; temperate abstinence restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote abstract theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational abstruse obscure; profound; difficult to understand abusive coarsely insulting; physically harmful abut border upon; adjoin abysmal bottomless abyss enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit academic related to a school; not practical or directly useful accede agree accelerate move faster accessible easy to approach; obtainable accessory additional object; useful but not essential thing acclaim applaud; praise; greet with great approval; announce with great approval; Ex. The new drung has been acclaimed as the most important discoveries for years; N: strong expression of approval and praise acclimate adjust to climate or environment; adapt acclivity sharp upslope of a hill; OP. declivity accolade award of merit; strong praise and approval accommodate oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging accomplice partner in crime accord agreement accost approach and speak first to a person accoutre equip; N. accoutrement accretion growth or increase in size by gradual addition; growth; increase; increase by natural growth; Ex. towers and other accretions of the castle; V. accrete accrue come to one as a gain; accumulate over time; come about by addition; Ex. benefits that accrue from scientific research; Ex. interest accruing in a bank account; N. accrual acerbity bitterness of speech and temper; ADJ. acerbic: bitter; acrid (in taste, manner, or tone) acetic vinegary acidulous slightly sour (in taste or manner); sharp; caustic acknowledge recognize; admit acme peak; pinnacle; highest point acoustics science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in acquiesce assent; agree passively; comply without protest acquittal deliverance from a charge; V. acquit: free from a charge or accusation; discharge from a duty; conduct (oneself) in a specified manner acrid bitter (to the taste or smell); sharp; bitterly pungent acrimonious stinging; caustic; bitter in words or manner; N. acrimony: bitter ill-natured animosity in speech or behavior acrophobia fear of heights actuarial calculating; pertaining to insurance statistics actuary someone who advises insurance companies actuate motivate; activate; cause to act acuity sharpness (of mind or senses of sight or hearing) acumen mental keenness; sharpness of judgment; ability to judge quickly and well; Ex. business acumen acute (of the senses) sharp; quickly perceptive; keen; penetrating; brief and severe; Ex. acute sense of smell/analysis/pain adage wise saying; proverb proverb adage; someone or something well known for notoriety; ADJ. proverbial: of a proverb; widely known; ADV. proverbially adamant hard; inflexible adapt make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composition recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel. addendum addition; appendix to book; something that is added (as at the end of a speech or book) addiction compulsive habitual need addle make or become confused; muddle; drive crazy; become rotten (egg) address direct a speech to; speak to; deal with or discuss; direct one's efforts or attention to; make with a destination; N: formal speech adept expert at; very skilled adhere stick fast; be a devotd follower; N. adhesion: adhering; devotion; loyality adherent supporter; follower adjacent adjoining; neighboring; close by adjunct something attached to but holding an inferior position adjuration solemn urging; V. adjure: entreat earnestly; enjoin solemnly adjutant staff officer assisting the commander; assistant admonish warn or speak to with gentle disapproval; reprove adorn decorate adroit skillful (in using mind or hand) adulation flattery; admiration that is more than is necessary or deserved adulterate make impure or of poorer quality by adding inferior or tainted(contaminated) substances advent arrival adventitious accidental; casual; happening by chance adversary opponent; enemy adverse going against; opposing; unfavorable; hostile adversity great hardship or affliction; misfortune; calamitous event advert refer advocacy support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something advocate speak in favor of; support (an idea or plan); urge; plead for aegis shield; protection; defense aerie(aery,eyrie,eyry) nest of a large bird of prey aesthetic artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful (of a person or building); CF. aesthete; CF. aesthetics affable easily approachable; easy to talk to; warmly friendly affected artificial; pretended affidavit written statement made under oath (for use as proof in a court of law) affiliation joining; associating with affinity feeling of kinship; similarity; Ex. strong affinity for her; Ex. many affinities between two languages affirmation positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath; V. affirm; ADJ. affirmative; CF. affirmative action: positive discrimination affliction state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffering; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on affluence abundance; wealth affront insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect; V: insult or hurt the feelings of intentionally agape openmouthed agenda items of business at a meeting agglomeration collection; heap; V. agglomerate: gather into a rounded mass; N. aggolmeate: jumbled mass; heap aggrandize make greater; increase in power, wealth, rank, or honor; N. aggrandizement aggregate sum; total; ADJ. V: gather into a mass or whole; accumulate; add up to; Ex. aggregate 100 dollars aghast filled with great surprise or fear; horrified agility nimbleness; ability to move quickly agitate stir up; disturb agnostic one who is skeptical of the existence or knowability of a god or any ultimate reality agog highly excited; intensely curious agrarian pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform alacrity cheerful promptness without reluctance alchemy medieval chemistry alcove nook; recess alias an assumed name esp. by a criminal (usually to mislead people); ADV. alias alienate make unfriendly or hostile; estrange; separate; change the ownership of alimentary supplying nourishment alimony payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce allay calm; pacify allege state without proof allegiance loyalty allegory story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols; fable alleviate relieve (pain) alliteration repetition of beginning sound in poetry allocate assign; set apart for a particular purpose alloy mixture as of metals; something added that lowers in value or purity; V: mix; make less pure; lower in value or quality; spoil; CF. unalloyed: not in mixture with other maetals; pure; complete; unqualified; Ex. unalloyed happiness allude refer indirectly; N. allusion: indirect reference allure entice; attract; tempt siren apparatus for making sounds; womanlike creature alluvial pertaining to soil deposits left by running water aloof apart; not open in one's relationship with other people; reserved; ADV. aloft upward; high up in the air altercation noisy quarrel altruistic unselfishly generous; concerned for others; N. altiruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; unselfishness; OP. egoism amalgamate (of societies or groups) combine; unite in one body amalgam combination of different things; mixture of metals (containing mercury) used for filling holes in teeth amass collect (gradually, in a very large amount) amazon female warrior ambidextrous capable of using either hand with equal ease ambience environment; atmosphere; Ex. restraurant with a pleasant ambience; ADJ. ambient: completely surrounding; Ex. ambient temperature ambiguous unclear or doubtful in meaning; having more than one possible interpretation ambivalence the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes or opinions amble walking at an easy unhurried pace; V: walk slowly and aimlessly ambrosia food of the gods nectar drink of the gods; sweet liquid collected by bees ambulatory able to walk ameliorate improve amenable obedient; compliant; readily managed; responsive; willing to be led; answerable or accountable legally; responsible; able to be tested by; Ex. amenable to sensible suggestions; Ex. He is very amenable; Ex. amenable to the usual tests amend correct; change ; generally for the better amenities convenient features that helps to make life pleasant; social courtesies amiable agreeable; lovable; warmly friendly amicable peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome; Ex. amicable settlement amiss wrong; faulty; Ex. something amiss; ADV. amity friendship; peaceful relationship as between nations amnesia loss of memory amnesty pardon (allowed by government to political criminals) amoral nonmoral; having no understanding of right and wrong amorous moved by sexual love; loving; of sexual love; Ex. amorous advances amorphous formless; lacking shape or definition amphibian able to live both on land and in water; N. amphitheater oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena ample enough; abundant; spacious; large in size; Ex. ample opportunity/garden; N. amplitude: quality of being ample; abundance; largeness of space amplify increase in size or effect; expand; broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make stronger; Ex. amplify one's remarks with a graph amputate cut off part of body; prune (a limb) amok(amuck) in a state of rage; Ex. run amok amulet charm; talisman; an object worn believed to protect against evil, bad luck anachronism an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time; ADJ. anachronistic analgesic causing insensitivity to pain; N. analgesia condition of being unable to feel pain analogous comparable; similar analogy similarity; parallelism; comparing two similar things anarchist person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority anarchy absence of governing body; state of disorder anathema solemn curse; someone or something regarded as a curse; V. anathematize ancestry family descent; ADJ. ancestral anchor secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; N. anchorage ancillary serving as an aid or accessory; auxiliary; N. anecdote short story of an amusing or interesting event anemia condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic anesthetic substance that removes sensation with or without loss of consciousness; N. anesthesia anguish acute pain; extreme suffering angular sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded (body); bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner animadversion critical remark; V. animadvert: comment critically with disapproval animated lively; spirited animosity active enmity animus hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; disposition annals records arranged in yearly parts; history anneal reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heating and cooling (metal or glass) annex attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one annihilate destroy annotate comment; make explanatory notes annuity yearly allowance annul make void elope run away secretly with the intention of getting married anodyne drug that relieves pain or trouble; opiate; ADJ. Ex. anodyne statement anoint consecrate; put oil on (in a religious ceremony) anomalous abnormal; irregular anomaly irregularity anonymity state of being nameless; anonymousness; ADJ. anonymous antagonism hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal character in oppostion to the protagonist antecede precede antecedents preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background antediluvian antiquated; extremely ancient anthem song of praise or patriotism; Ex. national anthem anthology book of literary selections by various authors; CF. omnibus anthropoid manlike; resembling a human being; N. anthropologist student of the history and science of humankind anthropomorphic having human form or characteristics anticlimax letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting antidote remedy to counteract a poison or disease; Ex. antidote to the economic troubles antipathy aversion; dislike or opposition antiquated obsolete; old-fashioned; outdated antiseptic substance that prevents infection in a wound; ADJ. antithesis contrast; direct opposite of or to; ADJ. antithetic or antithetical anvil iron block used in hammering out metals apathy lack of caring; indifference; lack of concern or interest in important matters; Ex. He was sunk in apathy after his failure; ADJ. apathetic ape imitate or mimic (a person's behavior or manner) aperture opening; hole; adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light apex tip; summit; climax; highest point aphasia loss of speech due to injury or illness aphorism pithy maxim or saying; ADJ. aphoristic apiary a place where bees are kept hive box for bees; V: cause to go in a hive apiculture bee-keeping apiarist person who keeps bees aplomb poise; composure in difficult situations; assurance; self-confidence poise good judgment with composure; balance; V: place in a carefully balanced position apocalyptic prophetic; pertaining to revelations especially of disaster; N. apocalypse apocryphal (of a story) widely believed but untrue apogee highest point; the point farthest from the earth; OP. perigee apolitical having an aversion or lack of concern for political affairs apologist one who writes in defense of a cause or institution; N. apologia apoplexy stroke; loss of consciousness caused by too much blood in the brain apostate one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy apothecary druggist; pharmacist apothegm(apophthegm) pithy, compact saying apotheosis elevation to godhood; an ideal example of something appall dismay; shock deeply apparition ghost; phantom appease pacify or soothe; Ex. appease a crying baby; N. appeasement appellation name; title append attach application diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself apposite appropriate; fitting appraise estimate value of; N. appraisal appreciate be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of; ADJ. appreciable: enough to be felt; Ex. appreciable difference apprehend arrest (a criminal); dread; perceive; N. apprehension apprehensive fearful; discerning apprise inform approbation approval appropriate acquire; take possession of for one's own use without permission; set aside for a particular purpose; allocate; CF. misappropriate appurtenances subordinate possessions; something added to a more important thing apropos with reference to; regarding; Ex. remarks apropos (of) the present situation; ADJ. ADV. aptitude fitness; talent aquiline curved; hooked; of or like an eagle; Ex. aquiline nose arable fit for growing crops; Ex. arable land arbiter person with power to decide a matter in dispute; judge who is in a position ot make influential judgments; Ex. supreme arbiter of fashion in beachware arbitrary unreasonable or capricious; random; tyrannical; Ex. arbitrary ruler arbitrate act as judge (at the request of both sides) arboretum place where different trees and shrubs are studied and exhibited arboreal of or living in trees arcade a covered passageway usually lined with shops arcane esoteric; secret; mysterious; known only to the initiated; Ex. arcane ritual; Ex. arcane process closed to the uninitiated listener archaeology study of artifacts and relics of early mankind archaic antiquated; no longer used; belonging to the past; N. archetype prototype; primitive pattern arch- chief; first; Ex. archbishop archipelago group of closely located islands archives public records; place where public records are kept ardor heat; passion; zeal; ADJ. ardent arduous hard; strenuous; Ex. arduous work argot slang; speech spoken by only a small group of people aria operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio arid (of land) dry; barren; unproductive aristocracy hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility; N. aristocrat armada fleet of warships aromatic fragrant; having a sweet smell; N. aroma: strong pleasant smell arraign charge in court; indict array marshal; draw up in order; arrange in order; clothe splendidly; adorn; N: fine clothes; ordered group; Ex. in battle array arrears being in debt; money that should have been paid; work that should have been done arrhythmic lacking rhythm or regularity; N. arrhythmia arrogance pride; haughtiness; ADJ. arrogant: unpleasantly self-important (with a strong confidence in one's own importance and a lack of respect for other people) arroyo gully; narrow channel formed by rainwater artery blood-vessel; CF. vein articulate effective; distinct; expressing ideas clearly; having clear sounds; having joints; Ex. articulate speech; V: express thoughts and feeling clearly; pronounce clearly; unite by joints arsenal storage place for military equipment artifacts object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced artifice deception; trickery artisan a manually skilled worker artless without guile; open and honest ascendancy controlling influence; position of controlling influence; CF. in the ascendant ascertain find out for certain; make certain ascetic practicing self-denial; avoiding physical pleasures and comforts; austere; Ex. ascetic life of Buddhist monks; N. asceticism ascribe refer; attribute; assign aseptic preventing infection; having a cleansing effect ashen ash-colored; deadly pale asinine stupid; Ex. asinine remarks askance with a sideways or indirect look (with disapproval or distruct); Ex. look askance at askew crookedly; slanted; at an angle asperity sharpness; roughness; severity (of temper or weather); Ex. asperities of a Russian winter aspersion slanderous remark; Ex. cast aspersions on aspirant seeker after position or status aspire seek to attain (position or status); long for; Ex. aspire to become president; Ex. aspire to/after the leadership assail assault assay analyze (to discover what materials are present); evaluate (soil or ore) assent agree; accept; N. assessment assert state strongly or positively; demand recognition of (rights, claims, etc.); make a claim to (by forceful action); Ex. assert one's independence assiduous diligent assimilate absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking) assuage mak less severe; ease or lessen (pain); satisfy (hunger); soothe (anger) assumption something taken for granted; the taking over or taking possession of; Ex. her assumption of power; V. assume regent a person who governs in place of a ruler who is ill, absent, or still a child; ADJ. Ex. the Prince regent assurance firm statement that something is certainly true; promise or pledge; certainty; confidence in one's own ability; self-confidence; Ex. In spite of all his assurances, he did not come back; Ex. assurance of his loyalty; Ex. The teacher lacked assurance in fron of his class; V. assure; tell firmly with confidence; ensure; make (something) certain to heappen; make (someone) feel sure; give confidence to; ADJ. assured: self-assured; confident in one's own ability; showing certainty asteroid small planet astigmatism eye defect which prevents proper focus; OP. stigmatism astral relating to the stars astringent binding; causing contraction (stopping bleeding); harsh or severe; stringent; Ex. astringent criticism astronomical enormously large or extensive astute wise; shrewd; keen; seeing quickly something that is to one's advantage asunder into parts; apart; V. sunder asylum place of refuge or shelter; protection (religious or political) asymmetric not identical on both sides of a dividing central line atavism resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; throwback; ADJ. atavistic atheistic denying the existence of God; N. atheism atone make amends for; pay for; Ex. atone for atrocity brutal deed; ADJ. atrocious atrophy wasting away; V: weaken and lose flesh and muscle (through lack of blood or lack of use) attentive alert and watchful; listening carefully; paying attention; considerate; thoughtful; politely helpful; Ex. attentive audience; Ex. He was attentive to the old lady; N. attentions: act of courtesy and consideration attenuate make thin; weaken attest testify; bear witness attribute essential quality; V: ascribe; explain attrition rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of attrition atypical not normal; not typical audacious daring; bold; N. audacity audit examination of accounts of a business; official examination; V. augment increase; add to augury omen; prophecy; sign of coming events; V. augur: predict; foretell; be a sign of (something in future) august impressive; majestic aureole sun's corona; halo; bright circle of light auroral pertaining to the aurora borealis; CF. aurora australis auspicious favoring success; giving signs of future success; Cf. auspices austere forbiddingly stern; ascetic; without comfort or enjoyment; severely simple and unornamented; Ex. a monk's austere life; Ex. austere grandeur of the cathedral; N. austerity authenticate prove genuine authoritarian subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another's will; Ex. authoritarian regime/father authoritative having the weight of authority; regarded as providing knowledge that can be trusted; reliable; peremptory and dictatorial; Ex. authoritative dictionary/manner; CF. definitive autocratic having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial; N. autocrat, autocracy automaton mechanism that imitates actions of humans; machine that works by itself autonomous self-governing; N. autonomy autopsy examination of a dead body; postmortem; V. auxiliary offering or providing help; additional or subsidiary; N: helper; assistant avalanche great mass of falling snow and ice avarice greediness for wealth avenge take vengence for something or on behalf of someone; Ex. They avenged his death by burning the village; Ex. He swore to avenge his brother; Ex. They avenged themselves on their enemy. aver state confidently; declare as true averse reluctant; disinclined; not liking or opposed; Ex. averse to cats/doing the house work aversion firm dislike avert prevent; avoid; turn away (eyes or thought); Ex. An accident was averted by his quick thinking; Ex. She averted her eyes from the terrible sight. aviary enclosure for birds; large cage avid greedy; extremely eager for; Ex. avid learner; N. avidity avocation secondary or minor occupation avow declare openly; N. avowal avuncular of or like an uncle awe solemn wonder; feeling of respect mixed with wonder and fear; V: fill with awe; ADJ. awesome awful terrible; very bad awl pointed tool used for piercing awry distorted; crooked; bent; Ex. Our plans have gone awry. axiom self-evident truth requiring no proof azure sky blue babble chatter idly or foolishly; make continuous sounds like water running gently over rounded stone; N. bacchanalian drunken bacchanal noisy party with a lot of drinking Bacchanalia the ancient Roman festival in honor of Bacchus badger pester; annoy continually with demands; persuade by asking again and again; Ex. The children badgered me into taking them into the cinema; N: a kind of mountain animal badinage teasing conversation; banter; joking talk baffle frustrate; perplex bait harass; tease; torment; Ex. badger baiting; N: food or other lure used to catch fish or trap animals baleful evil; malignant in intent or effect; deadly; having a malign influence; portending evil; ominous; threatening; Ex. baleful look balk stop short, as if faced with an obstacle, and refuse to continue; foil; stop or get in the way of; frustrate ballast heavy substance used to add stability or weight; V. supply with ballast balm something that relieves pain; oily liquid with a pleasant smell from trees pang sudden sharp feeling of pain balmy soft and mild (of air); fragrant banal hackneyed; commonplace; trite; lacking originality; clich\'ed bandy discuss lightly or glibly; discuss in a frivolous manner; exchange (words) heatedly; quarrel; Ex. bandy words with bane posion; cause of ruin; ADJ. baneful: harmful; poisonous bantering joking talk; good-naturedly ridiculing; N.V. banter barb sharp projection from fishhook, arrow, or other object; openly cutting remark bard poet barefaced shameless and noticeable; blatant; bold; unconcealed; having no covering on the face; Ex. barefaced lie unregenerate making no attempt to change one's bad practices baroque highly ornate barrage barrier laid down by artillery fire; overwhelming profusion; large number of questions or statements; Ex. a barrage of criticism barrister counselor-at-law or lawyer in the higher court of law; CF. bar solicitor lawyer in the lower court of law barterer trader; V. barter: trade; exchange good for other goods rather than money bask luxuriate; take pleasure in warmth luxuriate take pleasure in great comfort bastion stronghold; something seen as a source of protection; Ex. the last bastion of male chauvinism bate let down; lessen the force of; moderate; restrain; Ex. with bated breath; CF. abate bauble trinket; cheap jewel; trifle bawdy indecent; obscene; about sex in a rude funny way; CF. bawd beatific giving or showing bliss; blissful bliss complete happiness; ADJ. blissful beatitude blessedness; state of great happiness mystic of hidden meaning and spiritual power; Ex. mystic ceremonies; N. CF. mysticism bedizen dress with vulgar finery finery beautiful clothes for a special occasion bedraggle wet thoroughly; ADJ. bedraggled: draggled beeline direct quick route befuddle confuse thoroughly fuddle make stupid or confused as with alcholic drink; N. in a fuddle: confused beget father; become the father of; produce; give rise to begrudge envy; give or allow unwillingly; grudge; Ex. We shouldn't begrudge him his success. grudge deep feeling of dislike; Ex. grudge fight; V. beguile deceive; mislead or delude; cheat; pass time pleasantly; charm or attract; Ex. beguiling smile behemoth huge creature; something of monstrous size or power beholden obligated; indebted; owing thanks; obliged or indebted from gratitude behoove(behove) be suited to; be incumbent upon; be right and necessary; Ex. It behooves one to do. belabor harp on; dwell on tediously; explain or go over excessively or to a ridiculous degree; assail verbally; beat severely; attack physically belated delayed beleaguer besiege or attack (with an army); harass; beset belie contradict; give a false impression; disguise; Ex. The poor sales belied our high hopes; Ex. Her smile belies her true feeling of displeasure. belittle disparage; depreciate bellicose warlike belligerent quarrelsome bemoan lament; moan for; express sorrow or disapproval of bemused confused; lost in thought; preoccupied benediction blessing benefactor gift giver; patron; person who does good or who gives money for a good purpose beneficent kindly; doing good beneficial helpful; useful; advantageous beneficiary person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an insurance policy or will benefit advantage; anything that brings helpl, advantage, or profit; money provided by the government to the people; fund-raising public entertainment; Ex. unemployment benefit; V: receive benefits; be beneficial to; give benefits benevolent generous; charitable; having a wish to do good benign kindly; favorable; not malignant (disease); Ex. benign tumor benison blessing bent determined; Ex. bent on advancing in the business; N: natural talent or inclination bequeath leave to someone by means of a will; hand down in his will; N. bequest berate scold strongly bereavement state of being deprived of something valuable or beloved; state of being bereaved or bereft bereaved deprived of (someone beloved through death) bereft deprived of (something valuable); lacking berserk mad with violent anger; frenzied; madly excited beseech beg; plead with beset harass or trouble from all directions; hem in hem surround tightly so that movement is impossible; Ex. hem in; N. besiege surround with armed forces; harass (with requests); annoy continually besmirch soil; defile; make dirty bestial beastlike; brutal; inhuman; very cruel bestow confer betoken signify; indicate; be a sign of token outward sign; Ex. a token of our gratitude betray be unfaithful; reveal (unconsciously or unwillingly); Ex. Her trembling hands betray her anxiety. betroth become engaged to marry bevy large group; Ex. a bevy of starlets bicameral two-chambered as a legislative body bicker quarrel biennial every two years bifurcated divided into two branches; forked bigotry stubborn intolerance bigot one who is intolerant (in matters of religion or politics) intolerant not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own; CF. tolerant; CF. tolerate bilious suffering from indigestion; sick from having too much bile; irritable; easily irritated bilk swindle; cheat billowing swelling out in waves; surging billow large wave of water; a great swell or surge (of smoke); V: surge, swell, roll in billows swell long wave of water that moves continuously without breaking; V. surge powerful movement of or like a wave; V. bivouac temporary encampment; camp without tents; V. bizarre fantastic; violently contrasting; noticeably odd; strikingly unconventional blanch bleach; whiten; make white or pale bland soothing or mild (food); agreeable; causing no trouble or offence blandishment flattery blare loud or harsh roar or screech; dazzling blaze of light screech unpleasant high sharp sound; shriek; V. dazzle make blind with a sudden intense light; amaze; fill with wonder blasé bored with pleasure or dissipation; uninterested or bored blasphemy irreverence; sacrilege; cursing; bad language about God or holy things; V. blasphem; ADJ. blasphemous; CF. sacrilege blatant extremely (offensively) obvious; loudly offensive; Ex. blatant lie; N. blatancy bleak cold or cheerless; frigid; unlikely to be favorable; depressing blighted suffering from a disease; destroyed blight plant disease; V: infect with blight; ruin; destroy blithe(blithesome) gay; joyous bloated (unpleasantly) swollen or puffed as with water or air blowhard talkative boaster; braggart bludgeon club; heavy-headed weapon; V. bluff pretense (of strength); deception; high cliff; ADJ: rough but good-natured blunder error; stupid mistake blurt utter impulsively from nervousness or excitement bluster blow in heavy gusts; threaten emptily; bully; speak in a noisy or bullying manner; CF. breeze, gust, gale bully one who is habitually cruel to weaker people; V. bode foreshadow; portend bogus counterfeit; not authentic; intentionally false; Ex. bogus interview bohemian unconventional (in an artistic way) boisterous violent; rough; noisy bolster support; reinforce bolt door bar; fastening pin or screw; length of fabric; large roll of cloth; V: dash or dart off; fasten (a door); gobble down dart move or throw suddenly and quickly gobble eat very quickly bombardment attack (as with missiles or bombs); V. bombard bombastic pompous; using inflated language bombast grandiloquent, pompous speech boon blessing; benefit; something very helpful boorish rude; insensitive boor rude, insensitive person bouillon clear beef (or meat) soup bountiful generous; graciously generous; showing bounty gracious kind in a generous way (to someone less important) bourgeois middle class; selfishly materialistic; too interested in material possessions bovine cowlike; placid and dull; slow-thinking; calm bowdlerize expurgate; CF. Thomas Bowdler brackish somewhat saline braggadocio boasting brag boast braggart boaster; bragger brandish wave around (a weapon); flourish bravado swagger; assumed air of defiance; false show of bravery swagger walk or behave with an over-confident manner brawn human muscle; muscular strength; sturdiness brawny muscular; having well-developed muscles sturdy strong and firm (in the body) brazen insolent; without shame; bold; Ex. brazen lie; V: face with bold self-assurance or with unshamed confidence brawl noisy quarrel breach breaking of contract or duty; fissure or gap; opening; V. breadth width; extent brevity conciseness; shortness of duration brindled tawny or grayish with streaks or spots (of animals) tawny brownish yellow bristling rising like bristles; showing irritation bristle short stiff hair; V: (hair or fur) stand up stiffly brittle hard but easily broken; difficult; unstable; Ex. brittle situation broach introduce as a subject; moot; open up brocade rich, figured(patterned) fabric brochure pamphlet brooch ornamental clasp; pin clasp hold firmly within arms brook tolerate; endure; Ex. brook no interference; N: small stream browbeat bully; intimidate browse graze; feed on growing grass; skim or glance at casually graze (of an animal) feed on growing grass; cause (an animal) to feed on grass; scrape (esp. the skin) or touch lightly in passing; brush; Ex. We can't graze the cattle till summer; N: surface wound skim read or glance through quickly; touch lightly in passing; brush; remove from the surface of a liquid brunt main impact or shock (of an attack or blow); Ex. brunt of the argument brusque blunt; abrupt; curt; not wanting to waste time being nice buccaneer pirate bucolic rustic; pastoral buffet strike forcefully; slap; batter; knock out; N: table with food set out for people to server themselves; meal at which people help themselves to food that's been set slap hit quickly with the flat part of the hand; N. CF. smack buffoonery clowning buffoon stupid person; clown clown act stupidly; play the fool; N. bugaboo bugbear; object of baseless terror bullion gold and silver in the form of bars bulwark strong wall built for defense; earthwork or other strong defense; person who defends bungle mismanage; blunder; botch; blow; spoil by clumsy behavior botch mismanage; blow buoyant able to float; cheerful and optimistic; N. buoyancy; Ex. buoyancy of wood/water/American market bureaucracy overregulated administrative system marked by red tape; ADJ. bureaucratic burgeon grow rapidly; grow forth; send out buds; Ex. burgeoning computer industry; CF. bludgeon burlesque give an imitation that ridicules; imitate mockingly burnish make shiny by rubbing; polish buttress support; prop up; N. stationary structure to support wall; Ex. flying buttress prop support placed under or against something; V. buxom full-bosomed; plump; jolly plump pleasantly fat; nicely rounded cabal small group of persons secretly united to promote their own interests cache hiding place; V. cacophonous discordant; inharmonious; N. cacophony: unpleasant mixture of loud sounds cadaver corpse; dead human body cadaverous like a corpse; pale cadence rhythmic rise and fall (of words or sounds); beat; regular beat of sound; rhythm cajole persuade by praise or false promise; coax; wheedle coax persuade by flattery calamity disaster; misery calculated deliberately planned; likely caldron(cauldron) large kettle caliber ability; quality; diameter of the inside of a round cylinder; Ex. work of very high caliber calligraphy beautiful writing; excellent penmanship callous hardened; unfeeling; without sympathy for the sufferings of others; unkind callus area of thick hard skin callow youthful; immature; inexperienced calorific heat-producing; N. calorie calumny malicious misrepresentation; slander camaraderie good-fellowship; CF. comrade cameo shell or jewel carved in relief; star's special appearance in a minor role in a film canard unfounded false rumor; exaggerated false report candor frankness; open honesty; ADJ. candid canine related to dogs; doglike canker any ulcerous sore; ulcer; any evil; CF. cancer ulcer sore place appearing on the skin inside or outside the body; Ex. stomach ulcer; ADJ. ulcerous; V. ulcerate canny shrewd in money matters; thrifty cant insincere speech or expression of piety; jargon of thieves; special words used by a particular group of people cantankerous ill-humored; irritable cantata story set to music to be sung by a chorus (shorter than an oratorio) canter slow gallop; V. CF. trot canto division of a long poem canvass determine or seek opinions, votes, etc.; go through (a region) to solicit votes or orders; conduct a survey; N. capacious spacious capacity mental or physical ability; role; position or duty; ability to accommodate; Ex. in my capacity as president capillary having a very fine bore; resembling a hair; fine and slender; Ex. capillary attraction; N: very fine hairlike tube; CF. capillarity capitulate surrender; give up all resistance caprice whim; sudden change of mind without any real cause capricious unpredictable; fickle caption title; chapter heading; text under illustration captious faultfinding; too critical carafe glass water bottle; decanter carapace shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.) carat(karat) unit of weight for precious stones; measure of the purity of gold carcinogenic causing cancer; N. carcinogen cardinal chief; most important; N: priest; cardinal number: number that shows quantity rather thatn order cardiologist doctor specializing in ailments of the heart careen lurch; sway from side to side; move with irregular swinging movement; stagger career rush wildly; go at full speed sway swing from side to side; influence (someone) to change one's opinion; N. caricature distortion; burlesque carillon a set of bells (often in a tower) capable of being played carnage destruction of life; slaughter; killing of large numbers of people or animals carnal fleshly; sensual; concerning the desires of the body carnivorous meat-eating; N. carnivore; CF. herbivore carousal drunken revel; V. carouse carping petty criticism; fault-finding; fretful complaining; quibble carrion rotting flesh of a dead body; CF. vulture cartographer map-maker cascade small waterfall caste one of the hereditary classes in Hindu society; social stratification; prestige castigation punishment; severe criticism or disapproval casualty serious or fatal accident; person killed or wounded in an accident or battle casual happening by chance; irregular; occasional; informal; showing or feeling little interest; Ex. casual reader/labor/remark cataclysm deluge; upheaval; earthquake; violent and sudden event or change catalyst agent which brings about a chemical change while it remains unaffected and unchanged; CF. catalysis catapult slingshot; hurling machine; V: fire from catapult hurl throw forcefully; shout out violently cataract great waterfall; eye abnormality (causing a gradual loss of eyesight) catastrophe calamity ; disaster catcall shout of disapproval or displeasure (made at the theater or a sports match); boo; V. catechism book for religious instruction in question-and-answer form; religious instruction by question and answer; V. catechize categorical without exceptions; made without any doubt in mind; unqualified; absolute qualify reach a necessary standard; limit the meaning of something stated catharsis purging or cleansing of any passage of the body; purging and weakening of strong emotions as a result of experiencing a dramatic work of art cathartic purgative; medicine that causes the bowels to empty; ADJ. catholic (of likings and interests) universal; general; broad; including many different parts; wide-ranging liberal; Ex. catholic opinions/tastes caucus private meeting of a group of people in a political party to select officers or determine policy; CF. the Caucus club of Boston caulk(calk) make watertight (by blocking up cracks as in a ship) causal implying a cause-and-effect relationship; N. causality caustic burning; corrosive; able to burn by chemical action; sarcastically biting; (of remarks) intended to hurt; bitter; harmful; OP. harmless cauterize burn (a wound or snakebite, etc.) with hot iron or caustic substance to stop bleeding and prevent infection cavalcade procession of riders or horse-drawn carriages; parade; CF. cavalry cavalier casual and offhand; arrogant; N: knight cavil quibble; make frivolous objections; find fault unnecessarily cede yield (title or territory) to (esp. after losing a war); surrender formally; N. cession celerity speed; rapidity celestial heavenly hereafter life after death afterlife life after death; later part of one's life celibate abstaining from sexual intercourse; unmarried; N. celibacy censor (in ancient Rome) overseer of morals (also taking the census); person who eliminates inappropriate matter; V. censorious severely critical censure blame; criticize; express strong disapproval; N: severe criticism; strong disapproval centaur mythical figure, half man and half horse centigrade denoting a widely used temperature scale (basically same as Celsius) centrifugal radiating; departing from the center centrifuge machine that separates substances by whirling them centripetal tending toward the center centurion Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers) cerebral pertaining to the brain or intellect; intellectual rather than emotional; CF. cerebrum cerebration thought; working of the brain ceremonious marked by formality; extremely formal and polite; CF. ceremony: conventional social courtesy unceremonious not done politely without due formalities certitude certainty cessation stoppage cession yielding to another; ceding chafe warm by rubbing; make sore by rubbing; N. chaff worthless products of an endeavor; husk(outer seed cover) separated from grain; Ex. separate the wheat from the chaff chaffing bantering; joking chagrin annoyance and disappointment; vexation (caused by humiliation or injured pride) chalice goblet; consecrated cup chameleon lizard that changes color in different situations champion support militantly; fight for; N: person who fights for or supports strongly (a principle, movement, person, etc.) championship position of champion; defense or support; competition held to determine a champion chaotic in utter disorder charisma divine gift; great popular charm or appeal; magnetism charlatan quack; pretender to knowledge (esp. in medicine) chary cautious; unwilling to take risks; sparing or restrained about giving; OP. bold chase ornament a metal surface by indenting; follow rapidly to catch chasm abyss; very deep crack chassis framework and working parts of an automobile; framework to which components are attached chaste morally pure; virginal; abstaining from illicit sexual acts; modest; simple (of a style of writing); not highly decorated; austere chasten discipline; punish in order to correct; CF. castigate chastise punish as by beating; criticize severely chauvinist blindly devoted patriot; zealous adherent of a group, cause, or sex; ADJ. chauvinistic; CF. chauvinism; Nicolas Chauvin check stop motion; curb or restrain checkered (chequered) marked by great changes in fortune; with many changes of fortuene; CF. checked: having a pattern of squares cherubic angelic; innocent-looking; N. cherub; CF. seraph: winged angel of the highest order chicanery trickery; deception chide scold; rebuke (someone who has done wrong) chimerical fantastically improbable; highly unrealistic; N. chimera: unreal fancy; fire-breathing female creature chisel swindle or cheat; N: wedgelike tool for cutting chip lose a small piece from the surface or edge; N: small piece broken off something; CF. French fry; Potato chip/crisp chivalrous courteous; faithful; brave; N. chivalry choleric hot-tempered; bad-tempered; irritable; easily angered; CF. cholera choreography art of representing dances in written symbols; arrangement of dances chore daily domestic task (such as cleaning, cooking, and shopping); unpleasant task chortle chuckle with delight; N. chuckle laugh quietly chronic long established as a disease chronicle report; record (in chronological order) churlish boorish; rude; N. churl: boor; yahoo ciliated having minute hairs; CF. cilium; CF. cilia: eyelash cipher nonentity; worthless person or thing; zero; secret code; V. circlet small ring; band of gold, silver, jewel, etc. (worn on the head, arms, or neck as decoration) circuitous roundabout circuit closed circular line around an area; circumference; regularly repeated journey from place to place circumlocution indirect or roundabout expression (by using an uncecessarily large number of words esp. when trying to avoid answering a difficult question directly) circumscribe limit; confine; draw a line around circumspect prudent; cautious; acting after careful thought circumvent outwit; defeat by behaving more cleverly; outsmart; baffle; avoid; get around cistern reservoir or water tank citadel fortress cite quote; commend; Ex. cited for bravery in an official record civil having to do with citizens; not military or religious; courteous and polite; Ex. married in a civil ceremony; Ex. civil strife/disorder/law; N. civility; CF. civic clairvoyant having foresight; fortuneteller; N. clairvoyance hindsight understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened clamber climb by crawling with difficulties; scramble clamor loud continous noise; continuous demand or complaint made by a large number of people; V: make a clamor; express (a demand) continually and loudly; ADJ. clamorous clandestine secret chaperon older person who accompanies and supervises a young unmarried woman clangor loud resounding noise; sound of repeated clanging clapper striker (tongue) of a bell clap strike the palms of the hands together with a sudden explosive sound; come together suddenly with a sharp sound; put or send promptly; Ex. clap the thief in jail; N: clapping; loud or explosive sound; CF. applause clarion shrill, trumpetlike sound; kind of trumpet used in former times claustrophobia fear of being locked in clavicle collarbone scrimmage disorderly fight between two or more people cleave split or sever; cling to; remain faithful to; N. cleavage; ADJ. cloven cleft N: split clemency disposition to be lenient in deciding punishments; mildness as of the weather; ADJ. clement cliché phrase dulled in meaning by repetition; platitude; ADJ. clichéd bromide platitude; chemical compound used to calm excitement clientele body of customers climactic relating to the highest point; N. climax; CF. climatic clime climate clique small exclusive group of people cloister monastery or convent clout great influence (especially political or social); hard blow with fist cloying distasteful (because excessive); excessively sweet or sentimental; V. cloy: become unpleasant through too much sweetness or excess coagulate congeal; thicken; clot; N. coagulant clot half-solid lump formed from a liquid (or blood); V. pudding hot sweet dish coalesce combine; fuse; N. coalescence coalition partnership; league; union of separate political parties coda concluding section of a musical or literary composition coddle treat gently; indulge excessively; pamper; mollycoddle; baby; cook in water just below boiling point; Ex. coddled eggs codicil supplement to the body of a will; later addition to a will codify arrange (laws or rules) as a code; classify; N. code: system of words used instead of ordinary writing; collection of laws, rules, established social customs coercion use of force to get someone to object; compelling; V. coerce coeval living at the same time as; existing during the same period of time; contemporary; of the same age cog tooth projecting from a wheel cogent convincing cogitate think over; ponder cognate having a common origin; related linguistically; allied by blood; similar or akin in nature; Ex. cognate languages; N. cognitive having to do with knowing or perceiving related to the mental processes; N. cognition: the mental process of knowing cognizance knowledge; ADJ. cognizant; having knowledge; aware cohabit live together cohere stick together cohesion tendency to keep together cohorts group of people who share some common quality; armed band; a group of between 300 and 600 soldiers under one commander (in the ancient Rome) coiffure hairstyle coin make coins; invent or fabricate (a word or phrase); N. coinage: word or phrase recently invented coincidence the chance occurrence, at the same time, of two or more seemingly connected events; V. coincide: happen at the same time; be in agreement; CF. coincident; CF. coincidental colander utensil with perforated bottom used for straining collaborate work together; cooperate treasonably with the enemy collage work of art put together from fragments scrap small bit or fragment; discarded waste material; fight; Ex. a scrap of paper/cloth; V: break into parts for disposal; discard as worthless; fight; quarrel scraps leftover food scrappy quarrelsome collate examine and compare in order to verify authenticity; arrange in order (the sheets of a book before they are bound) collateral security given for loan; ADJ: secondary; descended from the same person but through different sons or daughters collation a light meal; collating colloquial pertaining to conversational or common speech; informal; N. colloquialism: colloquial expression colloquy informal discussion; conversation collusion conspiring in a fraudulent scheme to cheat or deceive others; V. collude colossal huge colossus gigantic statue; person or thing of great size or importance comatose in a coma; extremely sleepy coma deep prolonged unconsciousness caused by disease, poison, or a severe blow combustible easily burned; N. CF. combustion comely attractive; agreeable; having a pleasing appearance homely not good-looking; unattractive comestible something fit to be eaten comeuppance deserts; well-deserved punishment or misfortune; rebuke deserts what someone deserves comity courtesy; civility; Ex. comity of nations commandeer take (private property) for military use without needing permission or giving payment; draft for military purposes draft first rough form; conscription; draught; V: make a draft of; conscript draught current of air (through a room or to a fire); act of pulling roads; act of swallowing liquid or amount of liquid swallowed at a time commemorative remembering; honoring the memory of; Ex. commemorative stamp commemorate honor the memory of; serve as a memorial to; Ex. commemorate the 100th anniversary/those who died in the war commensurate equal in extent; of the same size commiserate feel or express pity or sympathy for commodious spacious and comfortable communal held in common; public; of a group of people; of a commune commune small (often rural) community whose members share work and income; V: exchange thoughts or feelings; Ex. commune with nature compact agreement; contract; ADJ: tightly packed; firm; brief; concise; Ex. compact statement compatible harmonious; in harmony with; able to exist together compelling overpowering; irresistible in effect; holding one's attention; that compels one to do something; Ex. a compelling adventure story; V. compel compulsion compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse compulsory obligatory; that must be done compulsive resulting from compulsion compendium brief, comprehensive summary; ADJ. compendious compensatory making up for; repaying compilation listing of information in tabular or book form; compiling compile assemble; gather; accumulate; make (a report or a book) from facts and information found in various places; Ex. compile a dictionary complacency self-satisfaction; smugness; ADJ. complacent smug self-satisfied; complacent complaisant trying to please; obliging; willing to please others complement complete; consummate; make perfect; N. complementary serving to complete something compliance conformity in fulfilling requirements; readiness to yield; disposition to yield to others; V. comply compliant readily acting in accordance with a rule, order, or the wishes or others; yielding; comforming to requirements complicity participation; involvement (in a questionable act or a crime) component element; ingredient comport bear one's self; behave; Ex. comport oneself; N. comportment deport send out of the country; behave; N. deportation, deportment bearing deportment; connection composure mental calmness compound combine; produce by combining; increase; make worse by adding to or increasing; exacerbate; Ex. compound an error; ADJ: consisting of two or more parts; N: combination of two or more parts; area enclosed by a wall containing a group of buildings; Ex. factory compound; CF. complex comprehensive broad; including a lot or everything; thorough; inclusive compress force into less space; squeeze; contract; put into fewer words; N: thick mass of cloth pressed to part of the body to stop bleeding or swelling, reduce fever, etc. comprise include; consist of compromise adjust or settle by making mutual concessions; endanger the interests or reputation of; put into danger, disrepute, or a dishonorable position; Ex. compromise one's principle; N. compunction remorse; strong uneasiness caused by guilt compute reckon; calculate reckon count; calculate; regard as; think; suppose concatenate link as in a chain concave hollow; curved inwards; OP. convex concede admit; acknowledge as being true (often reluctantly); yield; grant; Ex. concede a goal conceit vanity or self-love; too high opinion of one's own value; extravagant metaphor (in poetry) vain full of self-admiration; conceited; without result; unsuccessful; N. vanity concentric having a common center conception beginning; forming of an idea; fertilization; V. conceive: form an idea in the mind; devise; become pregnant; CF. inception concerted mutually agreed on; done together by agreement; Ex. concerted effort; CF. in concert: working together concession an act of yielding; conceding; something conceded; point, right, etc. given unwillingly; privilege of maintaining a business in a certain place; Ex. oil concessions in the North sea; CF. concessionaire conciliatory reconciling; soothing; V. conciliate: reconcile; soothe; win the friendly feelings (by removing anger) concise brief and compact conclave private secret meeting conclusive decisive; ending all debate concoct prepare by mixing or combining; make up in concert; devise (something false) so as to deceive; Ex. concoct an elaborate excuse for being late; N. concoction concomitant that which accompanies; Ex. Deafnes is a frequent concommitant of old age; ADJ: existing or happening together with something else concord harmony; accord concordat formal agreement concur agree; coincide; happen at the same time concurrent happening at the same time; in agreement condescend (derog.) bestow courtesies with a superior air; descend to the level of one considered inferior condign adequate; (of punishment) severe and well deserved condiments seasonings; spices condole express condolences; N. condolence: sympathy for someone who has experienced great sorrow condone overlook; forgive; give tacit approval; excuse conducive helpful; contributive; V. conduce; Ex. conduce to/towards conduit aqueduct; passageway for fluids confidant(confidante) trusted friend (to whom one tells one's secret) confide tell in confidence (to a person one trusts); be confident about confidence self-assurance; calm unworried feeling based on a strong belief in one's abilities; strong belief in the ability of a person or plan; trust or faith in a person or thing; something confided; secret; Ex. confidence in your ability; Ex. I'm telling you this in confidence; Ex. exchange confidences about their boyfriends; ADJ. confident confidential spoken or written in secret; trusted with private matters; Ex. confidential secretary confine shut in an enclosed space; restrict; keep within limits; N. confinement confiscate seize; take possession of (private property) by official order (usu. as a punishment); commandeer conflagration great fire confluence flowing together; the place where two rivers flow together; crowd; gathering together conformity harmony; agreement with established rules or customs; similarity; Ex. behave in conformity with; V. conform: be similar; act in agreement; comply; Ex. conform to the rule; CF. conformance confound confuse; puzzle congeal freeze; coagulate congenial pleasant; friendly; in agreement with one's tastes and nature; Ex. congenial weather congenital existing at birth conglomeration mass of material sticking together conglomerate corporation made up of several different companies in diversified fields; mass of various material gathered together; rock consisting of small stones held together by clay; V. congruence correspondence of parts; harmonious relationship; CF. congruity congruent in agreement; harmonious; corresponding; coinciding exactly; CF. congruous conifer pine tree (usu. evergreen); cone-bearing tree; ADJ. coniferous; CF. deciduous; CF. evergreen conjecture surmise; guess; V. conjugal pertaining to marriage conjure cause to appear by magic; summon (a devil or a spirit) by magical power; practice magic (esp. by very quick movement of the hands); evoke; conjure up: bring into the mind; Ex. The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat. connivance pretense of ignorance of something wrong; assistance; permission to offend; V. connive: feign ignorance (of a wrong); cooperate secretly in an illegal action; conspire connoisseur person competent to act as a judge of art, etc. (whose judgments are respected); a lover of an art connotation suggested or implied meaning of an expression; V. connote connubial pertaining to marriage or the matrimonial state matrimony state of being married patrimony property inherited from a father consanguinity kinship; relationship by birth consanguineous(consanguine) having a common ancestor conscientious scrupulous; through and careful; Ex. conscientious worker conscript draftee; person forced into military service; V. consecrate dedicate; sanctify; declare as sacred; Ex. consecrate one's life to helping the poor consensus general agreement; opinion reached by a group consequential self-important; significant; consequent; following as a result; Ex. consequential air; CF. subsequent conservatory(conservatoire) school of the fine arts (especially music or drama); glass-enclosed area; CF. conservancy consign send to a person or place for sale; deliver officially; entrust; put into the care of another; set apart (for a special purpose); N. consignment; CF. consignor, consignee consistency absence of contradictions; uniformity; degree of thickness or firmness; Ex. consistency of thick cream; CF. viscous console lessen sadness or disappointment; give comfort; allay the sorrow of; N. consolation consolidation unification; process of becoming firmer or stronger; V. consolidate: merge; strengthen consonance harmony; agreement consonant harmonious; in agreement; N. consort associate with; keep company; N: husband or wife (or a ruler) conspiracy treacherous plot; secret plan against the law (by two or more people) conspire take part in a conspiracy; (of events) work together; combine; Ex. Events conspired to produce great difficulties. consternation great shock; dismay constituent supporter; voter; member of a constituency; component constituency voters represented by an elected official; district so represented; group of supporters (or constituents) constitution constituting; system of laws; composition of something; physical makeup or structure of a person; Ex. men with strong constitutions constraint restraint; compulsion; repression of feelings; reticence; V. constrain: hold back; restrain; compel; oblige; confine forcibly; imprison construe explain; interpret; Ex. construe her silence as meaning that she agreed; CF. misconstrue consummate complete; V. contagion infection (by contact); ADJ. contagious; CF. infectious: that can be passed by infection in the air drastic strong; violent and severe; Ex. drastic changes/measures contaminate pollute contempt scorn; disdain; ADJ. contemptuous; CF. contemptible contend struggle; compete; assert earnestly; state strongly contention assertion; claim; thesis; struggling; competition thesis opinion put forward and supported by reasoned arguments boost lift by pushing up from below; increase; raise; N: push upward; increase contentious quarrelsome; controversial; likely to cause arguments contest dispute; argue about the rightness of; compete for; try to win; Ex. contest the election results; Ex. contest a seat in Parliament; N. context writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs contiguous adjacent to; touching upon continence self-restraint; sexual chastity; sexual abstinence; voluntary control over bladder and bowel functions; ADJ. continent contingent dependent on something uncertain or in the future; conditional; happening by chance; accidental; N: a group of soldiers, ships to a larger force; CF. contingency: future event that may or may not occur; possibility; Ex. prepare for every contingency contortions twistings; distortions; V. contort: twist violently out of shape; CF. contortionist contraband illegal trade; smuggling; smuggled goods; ADJ. contravene contradict; oppose; violate (a rule, law, or custom); N. contravention contrite penitent; repentant; N. contrition contrived unnatural and forced; artificial; not spontaneous; Ex. The ending was rather contrived. contrive invent or fabricate in a clever way (by improvisation); manage; Ex. contrive to attract his attention contrivance something contrived; machine or apparatus; clever deceitful plan; scheme controvert oppose with arguments; attempt to refute; contradict; ADJ. controversial; N. controversy contumacious stubborn and disobedient; resisting authority (esp. disobedient to an order made by a court) contusion bruise bruise injure without breaking the skin; N. conundrum riddle; difficult problem convene come together; assemble; call to meet; Ex. convene the council convention social or moral custom; established practice; formal meeting; international agreement conventional ordinary; typical; not nuclear; Ex. conventional weapons converge approach; tend to meet; come together conversant familiar with; having knowledge of converse opposite; ADJ. convert one who has adopted a different religion or opinion; V: change into another form; (persuade to) adopt a particular religion or belief convex curving outward conveyance vehicle; transfer; act of conveying; Ex. public conveyance conviction judgment that someone is guilty of a crime; strongly held belief convivial pleasantly merry; festive; joyous; gay; characterized by joviality; jovial convoke call together; Ex. convoke Parliament; N. convocation convoluted coiled around; twisted; involved; complicated; intricate; complex; N. convolution: twist; one of the convex folds of the surface of the brain convulsion violent uncontrollable shaking movement (caused by illness); V. convulse; ADJ. convulsive copious plentiful coquette flirt; flirtatious woman; woman who tries to attract the admiration of men without sincere feelings; V. flirt behave in a way that attracts (sexual) attention; deal triflingly with; N: one (or woman) given to flirting; ADJ. flirtatious cordial warmly friendly; gracious; heartfelt; Ex. cordial welcome cordon extended line of men or fortifications to prevent access or egress; cornice projecting molding on building (usually above columns or pillars) cornucopia horn (or horn-shaped container) overflowing with fruit and grain; symbol of abundance; horn of plenty corollary natural consequence (which naturally follows from something else) corporeal bodily (rather than spiritual); of a bodily form; material; tangible corpulent very fat; N. corpulence corpus collection (of writings or information); Ex. the corpus of Shakespear's works; Cf. corpse corpuscle red or white cell in the blood correlation mutual relationship correlate either of the correlated things; V. corroborate confirm; support; strengthen corrode destroy or wear away gradually by chemical action (over a long period) corrosive eating away by chemicals or disease; (of language) fierce corrugated wrinkled; ridged wrinkle small ridge on a smooth surface (face or cloth); V. crinkle wrinkle cosmic pertaining to the universe; vast coterie group that meets socially; select circle; close group of people with shared interests countenance approve; support; tolerate; Ex. countenance his rude behavior; N: face; appearance countermand cancel; revoke (an order) counterpart thing that completes another; things very much alike; thing that has the same purpose in a different system coup highly successful action or sudden attack; coup(s) d'\'etat; CF. coup de gr\^ace: deathblow or shot which kills couple join; unite; OP. uncouple courier messenger covenant binding agreement between two groups or people; compact; V: enter into a covenant; promise bargain agreement between two groups or people; something for sale at a price advantageous to the buyer; V: negotiate; trade; Ex. bargaining power covert secret; hidden; implied; OP. overt covetous avaricious; desirous of (someone else's possessions); V. covet: desire eagerly (someone else's possessions) cow terrorize; intimidate cower shrink quivering as from fear; cringe coy shy (flirtatiously); showing a (pretended) lack of self-confidence; modest; coquettish; CF. job offer cozen cheat; hoodwink; swindle crabbed sour; bad-tempered; peevish; difficult to read as handwriting peevish bad-tempered; irritable; V. peeve: make angry crass very unrefined; grossly insensible; crude and undiscriminating; Ex. crass behavior craven cowardly credence belief credo creed credulity belief on slight evidence; gullibility; naivet\'e; ADJ. credulous creed system of religious or ethical belief crescendo increase in the volume or intensity as in a musical passage; climax; CF. crescent far-fetched too improbable to be believed; implausible; Ex. far-fetched story overture musical introduction to a long musical piece; first offer or proposal (to begin talks in the hope of reaching an agreement); Ex. overtures for peace crestfallen dejected; dispirited crest top (as of a hill or wave); showy feathers on the head of a bird crevice crack; fissure cringe shrink back as if in fear; cower criteria standards used in judging; CF. criterion crone hag; ugly old woman crotchety (of someone old) eccentric; odd; whimsical; bad-tempered; N. crotchet: odd or whimsical notion crux essential or main point; Ex. the crux of the problem; ADJ. crucial: of deciding importance crypt secret recess or vault usually used for burial; underground room (under a church) cryptic mysterious; hidden; secret cubicle small chamber used for sleeping or work compartment one of the parts into which an enclosed space is divided cuisine style of cooking; Ex. French cuisine culinary relating to cooking or kitchen cull pick out from others (to kill the weakest members); reject; select; collect (information); N. culmination highest point; climax; V. culminate in: reach the highest point in; end in; Ex. a series of minor clashes culminating in war culpable deserving blame; blameworthy culprit one guilty of a crime culvert artificial channel for water; drain crossing under a road cumbersome heavy and awkward to carry or wear; burdensome; Ex. cumbersome parcel/uniform cumulative growing by addition; accumulative cupidity greed (for wealth); CF. cupid; CF. Cupid curator superintendent; manager (in charge of a museum or a library) curmudgeon churlish, miserly individual; bad-tempered old person cursive (of writing) flowing; running; having the successive letters joined cursory casual; hastily done with little attention to detail curtail shorten; reduce cynical skeptical or distrustful of human motives; N. cynicism; CF. cynic: person who believes all people are motivated by selfishness cynosure object of general attention; person or thing that is a center of attention; CF. Ursa Minor dabble work at in a nonserious fashion; splash around; move noisily in a liquid dais raised platform for speakers or other important people dally trifle with; toy with; treat without the necessary seriousness; procrastinate; waste time dank damp; unpleasantly wet dapper neat and trim (in appearance); (of small men) neat in appearance and quick in movements; neat; spry dappled spotted daub smear (as with paint); cover with something sticky; Ex. daub one's clothes with mud/paint; N: small bit of sticky substance; Ex. a daub of paint smear spread or cover with a sticky substance; N: mark made by smearing smudge dirty mark with unclear edges made by rubbing; V. daunt intimidate; frighten; discourage; dishearten dauntless bold; fearless dawdle loiter; hang around; waste time doing nothing deadlock standstill resulting from the opposition of two unrelenting forces; stalemate standstill condition of no movement or activity; stop deadpan wooden; impassive; with no show of feeling; with an expressionless face dearth scarcity d\'eb\^acle sudden disastrous downfall or defeat; complete disaster debase degrade; reduce in quality or value; degenerate; lower in esteem; disgrace; N. debasement kneel go down on one's knee(s) debauch corrupt morally; seduce from virtue; N. debauchery: wild behavior (with sex and alcohol) seduce lead away from proper conduct; entice; ADJ. seductive debilitate weaken (esp. through heat, hunger, illness); enfeeble bout match; short period of great activity; Ex. wrestling bout; bout of drinking/flu debonair (of men) friendly, charming, and fashionably dressed; aiming to please; CF. of good disposition d\'ebris rubble; wreckage; scattered remains of something broken or destroyed debunk expose as false, exaggerated, worthless, etc.; ridicule debutante young woman making formal entrance into society debut d\'ebut; first public appearance; formal presentation of a young woman to society decadence decay; fall to a lower level (of morality, civilization, or art); ADJ. decadent decant pour off gently (wine or liquid) decapitate behead decelerate slow down deciduous falling off at a specific season or stage of growth as of leaves; Ex. deciduous tree/teeth decimate kill (usually one out of ten or every tenth man); destroy or kill a large part of decipher decode; CF. indecipherable declivity downward slope d\'ecollet\'e (of a dress) having a low-cut neckline; CF. d\'ecolletage: low neckline (on a dress) decree authoritative order; edict; judgment of a court of law; V: order or judge by decree decomposition decay; V. decompose: decay; break and separate into simple parts decorum propriety; orderliness and good taste in manners; appropriateness of behavior or conduct decorous proper (in behavior, conduct, or appearance) decoy lure or bait; V. decrepitude state of collapse or weakness caused by illness or old age decrepit weak and in bad condition from old age or hard use; Ex. decrepit old chair/man decry express strong disapproval of; condemn openly (something dangerous to the public); disparage; Ex. decry the violence of modern films deducible derived by reasoning; V. deduce: infer; derive by reasoning deface mar; disfigure mar spoil the appearance of defame harm someone's reputation; malign; speak evil of; slander; N. defamation; ADJ. defamatory default failure to act; failure to perform a task or be present; V. defeatist resigned to defeat or failure; accepting defeat or failure as a natural outcome; N. CF. defeatism defection desertion defect shortcoming; V: desert (in order to join the opposite one) defer give in respectfully; submit; delay till later; exempt temporarily; N. deferment; CF. show respect, comply with, courteous deference courteous regard for another's wish; courteous yielding to another's wish or opinion (showing respect); ADJ. deferential; OP. effrontery defiance refusal to yield; resistance; V. defy; ADJ. defiant defile pollute; make filthy or dirty; corrupt morally; profane; desecrate; N: narrow passage or gorge through mountains definitive most reliable; authorative and complete; that cannot be improved; conclusive; decisive; definite; Ex. definitive decision by the supreme court deflect turn aside; turn away from a straight course defoliate destroy leaves; deprive of leaves (by the use of chemicals); N. defoliant defray provide for the payment of; undertake the payment of; pay defrock strip a priest or minister of church authority; unfrock frock long loose garment (worn by monks) deft neat; skillful defunct dead; no longer in use or existence degenerate become worse in quality; deteriorate; ADJ: having become worse; Ex. a degenerate species; N: depraved or corrupt person degradation humiliation; debasement; degeneration; V. degrade: debase; disgrace; degenerate; reduce (something) in worth; demote (someone); reduce in rank dishonor disgrace; N. ADJ. dishonorable dehydrate remove water from; dry out deify turn into a god; make a god of; idolize; Ex. Kings were deified; CF. deity deign condescend; stoop stoop bend forward and down; lower or debase oneself; fall to a lower standard of behavior by doing something; condescend; Ex. stoop to lying delete erase; strike out deleterious harmful deliberate consider; ponder; ADJ: done on purpose; slow delineate portray; depict; sketch; describe; N. delineation delirium mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious delta flat plain of mud or sand between branches of a river delude deceive deluge flood; rush; V. delusion false belief; hallucination; deluding; Ex. delusions of grandeur; Ex. under the delusion that delusive deceptive; likely to delude; misleading; raising vain hopes; Ex. delusive promises delve dig; search deeply; investigate demagogue person who appeals to people's prejudice; false leader of people; CF. demagoguery demean disgrace; humiliate; debase in dignity; behave demeanor behavior; bearing demented insane demise death demographic related to population balance; N. demography: statistical study of human population demolition destruction; V. demolish demoniac(demoniacal) fiendish; cruel; N. demon: evil supernatural being; devil fiend evil spirit; devil demotic of or pertaining to the people demur object (because of doubts, scruples); raise an objection (showing qualms); hesitate; Ex. demur at the idea of working on Sunday demure (of a woman or child) grave; quiet and serious; coy; pretending to be demure denigrate blacken; defame denizen (animal, person, or plant) inhabitant or resident of a particular place; regular visitor denotation meaning; distinguishing by name; V. denote: indicate; refer to directly; mean; CF. connotation d\'enouement final outcome; final development of the plot of a play or other literary work; the end of a story when everything is explained denounce condemn; criticize; N. denunciation depict portray expos\'e public revelation of something discreditable deplete reduce; exhaust deplore regret; express sorrow and severe disapproval for something bad; Ex. deplore their violent behavior; ADJ. deplorable: very bad; deserving severe disapproval; Ex. deplorable living condition deploy spread out (troops) in an extended though shallow battle line; distribute (persons or forces) systematically or strategically battalion army unit made up of four or more companies depose dethrone; remove from office; give a deposition; testify deposition testimony under oath; deposing; dethroning depravity extreme corruption; wickedness; V. deprave deprecate express disapproval of; deplore; protest against; belittle; ADJ. deprecatory depreciate lessen in value; belittle; represent as of little value depredation plundering; destruction deranged insane institute organization for a special purpose; V: establish institution instituting; (building for the) organization; established custom, practice, or relationship in a society; mental hospital; Ex. institution of marriage institutionalize make into an institution; put or confine in an institution derelict negligent; (of someone) neglectful of duty; (of something) deserted by an owner; abandoned; N: abandoned property; homeless or vagrant person dereliction neglect of duty; abandonment deride ridicule; treat with contempt; make fun of; OP. respect derision ridicule; ADJ. derisive; CF. derisory derivative unoriginal; obtained from another source; Ex. derivative prose style; N. derivation deriving; origin or source of something; Ex. the derivation of the word dermatologist one who studies the skin and its diseases acne skin disease (on the face) derogatory expressing a low opinion; disparaging; V. derogate: detract; disparage descry catch sight of (something distant) desecrate profane; violate the sanctity of violate break (a law); defile; desecrate; assault sexually; Ex. violate graves desiccate dry up desolate (of a place) deserted; unpopulated; (of a person) lonely; forlorn; joyless desolate make desolate; forsake; abandon and desert desperado reckless, desperate outlaw desperate having lost all hope; despairing; reckless and violent because of loss of hope or despair; undertaken as a last resort despise look on with scorn; regard as worthless or distasteful; ADJ. despicable: contemptible despoil plunder; sack; Ex. despoil the village despondent without hope and courage; depressed; gloomy; N. despondency: loss of hope with gloom; dejection despot tyrant; harsh, authoritarian ruler; CF. despotism destitute extremely poor; lacking means of subsistence; utterly lacking; devoid; Ex. destitute of any experience impoverish make poor; deprive of natural strength or something important; Ex. impoverished soil desultory aimless; haphazard; digressing at random detached emotionally removed; free from emotional involvement; calm and objective; physically separate; N. detachment; CF. attachment detain keep waiting; prevent from leaving or going; N. detention determinate having a fixed order of procedure; precisely defined; invariable; fixed; conclusive; final determination resolve; firmness of purpose; measurement or calculation; decision deterrent something that discourages or deters detonation explosion detraction slandering; aspersion; detracting; CF. detractor detrimental harmful; damaging; N. detriment deviate turn away from (a principle, norm); move away from an accepted standard; swerve; depart; diverge; N. deviation; Ex. deviation of the path of light by a prism devious roundabout; erratic; deviating from the straight course; not straightforward; not completely honest; Ex. devious route devise think up; invent; plan; bequeath; N: bequest devoid empty; lacking devolve deputize; pass or be passed to others (power, work, or property); Ex. devolve on/upon/to deputize work or appoint as a deputy; N. deputy: person who has the power to take charge when the leading person is away devotee enthusiastic follower; enthusiast; Ex. devotee of Bach devout pious; deeply religious; sincere; earnest; Ex. my devout hope dexterous skillful; skill in using hands or mind; N. dexterity diabolical diabolic; devilish; fiendish diadem crown dialectical relating to the art of debate; mutual or reciprocal; Ex. dialectical situation; N. dialectic: art of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments diaphanous sheer; transparent diatribe bitter scolding or denunciation; invective; abuse dichotomy division into two opposite parts; split; branching into two parts (especially contradictory ones) dictum authoritative and weighty statement (made by a judge in court); saying; maxim; CF. obiter dictum: incidental, nonbinding remark (something said in passing) didactic (of speech or writing) intended to teach a moral lesson; teaching; instructional; N. didacticism die metal block used for shaping metal or plastic; device for stamping or impressing; mold; CF. dice diffidence shyness; lack of self-confidence; timidity; ADJ. diffident diffuse wordy; verbose; rambling; spread out (like a gas); V: spread out in all directions; disperse; N. diffusion; CF. suffuse digression wandering away from the subject; V. digress dilapidated falling to pieces; in a bad condition; ruined because of neglect; Ex. dilapidated old car/castle; N. dilapidation dilate expand; dilate on/upon: speak or write at length on (a subject) dilatory delaying; tending to delay dilemma situation that requires a choice between equally unfavorable options; problem; choice of two unsatisfactory alternatives dilettante aimless follower of an art or a field of knowledge (not taking it seriously); amateur; dabbler; CF. delight diligence steadiness of effort; persistent hard work dilute make (a liquid) less concentrated; reduce in strength; Ex. dilute the influence of the president diminution lessening; reduction in size; V. diminish din continued loud noise; V: make a din; instill by wearying repetition weary tired after long work; V. dinghy small boat (often ship's boat) maroon leave helpless on a deserted island or coast; ADJ. red brown dingy (of things and place) dirty and dull; Ex. dingy street/curtain dull (of colors or surfaces) not bright; cloudy; overcast; boring; (of edge or sound) not sharp; not rapid; sluggish; slow in thinking and understanding; stupid; V. dint means; effort; Ex. by dint of hard work diorama life-size, three-dimensional scene from nature or history; three-dimensional scene with modeled figures against a painted background dire warning of disaster; disastrous; (of needs and dangers) very great; urgent; Ex. dire prediction/need of food dirge funeral song; slow mournful piece of music (sung over a dead person) disabuse correct a false impression; undeceive; free from a wrong belief disaffected disloyal; lacking loyality; V. disaffect: cause to lose affection or loyalty disapprobation disapproval; condemnation disarray state of disorder; a disorderly or untidy state; Ex. with her clothes in disarray disavowal denial; disclaiming; repudiating; disowning; V. disavow; CF. disclaim disband dissolve; disperse; (of a group) break up and separate; Ex. The club has disbanded. disburse pay out (as from a fund); N. disbursement; CF. purse discernible distinguishable; perceivable; Ex. discernible improvement discerning mentally quick and observant; having insight; perceptive; able to make good judgments; V. discern: perceive disclaim disown; renounce claim to; deny; CF. disclaimer disclose reveal; N. disclosure discombobulated discomposed; confused discompose disturb the composure of; confuse discomfit frustrate; put to rout; defeat; disconcert; embarrass; perturb disconcert confuse; upset; embarrass; perturb disconsolate hopelessly sad (at the loss of something) discord conflict; lack of harmony; dissonance (when musical notes are played) discordant not harmonious; conflicting discount disregard; regard (a story or news) as unimportant; deduct from a cost discourse serious speech, writing, or conversation; formal discussion (either written or spoken); conversation; V. discredit defame; disgrace; destroy confidence in; disbelieve; N. CF. discreditable: causing discredit; shameful discrepancy lack of consistency or agreement as between facts; difference; Ex. discrepancy between two descriptions discrete separate; unconnected discretion prudence; ability to adjust actions to circumstances; freedom of action or judgment; ADJ. discreet; CF. discretionary discriminating able to see differences; discerning; prejudiced; N. discrimination discriminate distinguish; make distinctions on the basis of preference brisk quick and active; marked by liveliness and vigor discursive (of a person or writing) digressing; rambling (without any clear plan) disdain treat with scorn or contempt disembark debark; go ashore (from a ship); unload cargo from a ship; CF. embark disenfranchise disfranchise; deprive of a civil right; OP. enfranchise disengage uncouple; separate; disconnect; stop fighting; OP. engage disfigure mar the appearance of; spoil disgorge surrender something (stolen); eject; vomit; OP. gorge disgruntle make discontented dishearten discourage disheveled untidy (of hair or clothing); V. dishevel disinclination unwillingness disingenuous not naive; not candid; sophisticated; worldly wise; OP. ingenuous disinter dig up; unearth; OP. inter disinterested unprejudiced; free from bias and self-interest; objective disjointed disconnected; lacking coherence; V. disjoint: disconnect; disjoin disjunction act or state of separation; disunity; CF. disjunctive: expressing a choice between two ideas; CF. conjunction; CF. conjunctive dislodge remove (forcibly); force out of a position; Ex. dislodge the food caught in his throat; CF. lodge dismantle take apart; disassemble mantle loose sleeveless outer garment; cloak; something that covers or envelops; the layer of the earth between the crust and the core crust hard outer covering (as of earth or snow) dismember cut into small parts; cut (a body) apart limb from limb dismiss eliminate from consideration; no longer consider; put out of court without further hearing; reject; discharge from employment; direct to leave; ADJ. dismissive; N. dismissal disparage belittle maneuver(manoeuver) strategic military or naval movement (done for training purposes); carefully planned process; stratagem; V: carry out a military maneuver; use maneuvers in gaining an end disparate basically different; impossible to compare; unrelated disparity difference; condition of inequality; OP. parity dispassionate calm; impartial; not influenced by personal feelings dispatch speediness; prompt execution; message sent with all due speed; V: send to a specified destination; finish promptly; kill dispel scatter; drive away; cause to vanish dispense distribute; prepare and give out (medicines); N. dispensation: dispensing; religious system; official exemption from an obligation or a rule disperse scatter; Ex. disperse the cloud/crowd dispirited lacking in spirit disport amuse; Ex. disport oneself; CF. divert disputatious argumentative; fond of argument disquietude uneasiness; anxiety; V. disquiet: make anxious disquisition formal systematic inquiry; explanation of the results of a formal inquiry; long formal speech or written report dissection analysis; cutting apart in order to examine dissemble disguise; hide the real nature of; pretend disseminate distribute; spread; scatter (like seeds) dissent disagree dissertation formal essay; treatise dissident dissenting (with an opinion, a group, or a government); rebellious; N. dissimulate pretend; conceal by feigning; dissemble dissipate squander; waste foolishly; scatter dissolution disintegration; reduction to a liquid form; looseness in morals; sensual indulgence; debauchery; ADJ. dissolute: lacking in moral restraint; leading an immoral life reduce diminish; bring to a weaker or more difficult condition; demote; lower in rank; separate into components by analysis; Ex. reduced to the ranks; Ex. reduce the house to rubble; N. reduction dissuade persuade not to do; discourage; N. dissuasion dissonance discord distant reserved or aloof; cold in manner; Ex. distant greeting; ADV. distantly distend expand; swell out distill refine (a liquid by evaporating and subsequent condensation); concentrate; separate the most important parts from; Ex. distill fresh water from sea water; CF. brew distinction honor; excellence; difference; contrast; discrimination; Ex. graduated with distinction; Ex. a writer of real distinction distinct clearly different; clearly noticed distinctive clearly different from others of the same kind distort twist out of shape; give a false account of; misrepresent; N. distortion distrait absentminded; distracted distraught upset; distracted by anxiety; very anxious and troubled almost to the point of madness; Ex. distraught with grief/worry distract take (one's attention) off something; upset emotionally; make anxious; ADJ. distracted diurnal daily; occurring during the daytime diva operatic singer; prima donna diverge vary; go in different directions from the same point; ADJ. divergent: differing; deviating diverse differing in some characteristics (from each other); various; N. diversity: variety; dissimilitude; lack of resemblance diversion act of turning aside; pastime; V. divert: turn aside from a course; distract; amuse divest strip (as of clothes); deprive (as of rights); dispossess; N. divestiture(divestment) divine perceive intuitively (by or as if by magic); foresee the future; foretell; dowse; ADJ. N. divination dowse use a divining rod to search for underground water or minerals divulge reveal docile obedient; easily managed; submissive ferocious fierce; violent; N. ferocity docket program as for trial; book where such entries are made; list of things to be done; agenda; label fixed to a package listing contents or directions; V: describe in a docket doctrinaire unable to compromise about points of doctrine; dogmatic; unyielding; marked by inflexible attachment to a doctrine without regard to its practical difficulties doctrine teachings in general; particular principle (religious, legal, etc.) taught; dogma; tenet; ADJ. doctrinal indoctrinate cause to accept a doctrine without questioning it; Ex. indoctrinated with mindless anti-communism document provide written evidence (for a claim); record with documents; N. doddering shaky; infirm from old age; V. dodder merit deserve; ADJ. meritorious: deserving reward or praise doff take off; OP. don dogged determined; stubborn; stubbornly persevering; tenacious; Ex. Inspector Javert's dogged pursuit of Jean Valjean persevere continue steadily in spite of difficulties doggerel poor verse dogmatic opinionated; holding stubbornly to one's opinion; arbitrary; doctrinal doldrums blues; listlessness(lack of spirit or energy); slack(inactive) period; period of stagnation; ocean area near the equator where ships cannot move because there is no wind; Ex. in the doldrums blues state of depression or melancholy; style of slow, mournful music (evolved from southern Black American songs) dolorous sorrowful; N. dolor dolt slow-thinking stupid person; CF. dull domicile home; V. ADJ. domiciled: having one's domicile; Ex. He is domiciled in Britain. domineer rule over tyrannically dominate control; rule; enjoy a commanding position in; overlook from a height dominant exercising the most influence; high and easily seen; stronger than the other part of a system; not recessive don put on; OP. doff outfit clothing or equipment for a special purpose; Ex. cowboy outfit dormant sleeping; temporarily inactive; lethargic; latent dormer window projecting upright from roof; CF. sleeping room dorsal relating to the back of an animal; Ex. dorsal fin dossier file of documents on a subject or person; file; CF. bundle of papers labeled on the back dotage senility; feeblemindedness of old age; Ex. In one's dotage dote be excessively fond of; show signs of mental decline dour sullen; gloomy; stubborn sullen silently showing ill humor or resentment; dark; gloomy brood sit on in order to hatch; think deeply or worry anxiously; N: the young of certain animals; group of young birds hatched at one time douse plunge into water or liquid; dip; immerse; drench; wet throughly; extinguish; throw water over; dowse dowdy untidy (of a woman or clothes); slovenly; dressed in an unattractive way; shabby; CF. unattractive woman downcast disheartened; dejected; sad; directed downward drab dull; lacking color; cheerless ; Ex. drab coat/life draconian extremely severe; Ex. draconian punishment; CF. Draco: Athenian politician dregs sediment in a liquid; lees; worthless residue drivel nonsense; foolishness; V: talk nonsense nonsense speech or writing with no meaning; foolish behavior or language; Ex. make (a) nonsense of: spoil; cause to fail dribble flow or fall in drops; let saliva flow out slowly from the mouth; move a ball; N. drip fall or let fall in drops; shed drops; N: action or sound of falling in drops; liquid that falls in drops trickle flow in drops or in a thin stream; N. droll queer and amusing queer strange; eccentric; deviating from the normal drone idle person who lives on other people's work; male bee drone talk dully; buzz or murmur like a bee; N. murmur low, indistinct, continuous sound; V. CF. mumble dross waste matter; worthless impurities drudgery hard unpleasant work; menial work drudge do drudgery; N: person who drudges dubious questionable; (of something) causing doubt; (of someone) filled with doubt; N. dubiety ductile malleable; pliable; (of metals) easily pulled into shape; flexible; (of someone) easily influenced or controlled dulcet sweet sounding; pleasing to the ear; melodious dumbfound(dumfound) astonish (making dumb); ADJ. dumbfounded, dumfounded, dumbstruck dupe someone easily fooled or deceived; V: deceive duplicity double-dealing; hypocrisy; being dishonest and deceitful; ADJ. duplicitous duration length of time something lasts duress forcible restraint, especially unlawfully; coercion by threat; illegal coercion; Ex. a promise made under duress dutiful(duteous) (of people or their behavior) respectful; obedient (filled with a sense of duty) dwindle shrink; reduce gradually dynamic energetic; vigorously active dynamo generator for producing electricity; energetic person dyspeptic suffering from indigestion; N. dyspepsia: indigestion; difficulty in digesting food dys- abnormal; impaired dyslexia word blindness; learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to read dysentery inflammatory disorder of the lower intestinal tract earthy unrefined; coarse; of earth; Ex. earthy remarks; OP. ethereal earthly of this earth; terrestrial; worldly; not divine; possible; Ex. no earthly reason ebb (of the tide) recede; lessen; diminish; N. OP. flow: rise of tide ebullient showing excitement; overflowing with enthusiasm; boiling; N. ebullience; N. ebullition: state of boiling eccentric irregular; odd; unconventional; whimsical; bizarre; not concentric eccentricity oddity; idiosyncrasy ecclesiastic ecclesiastical; pertaining to the church; N: minister; priest; cleric; clergyman chapel small church (in a prison, college, or hospital) chaplain clergyman attached to a chapel padre chaplain (in the armed forces) eclectic selective; composed of elements drawn from disparate sources; selecting individual elements from a variety of sources; N. eclecticism eclipse darken; extinguish; outshine; surpass; cause an eclipse ecliptic path of the sun and the planets ecologist person concerned with the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment; person concerned with the detrimental effects of human civilization on the environment; CF. ecology ecosystem ecological community together with its environment economy efficiency or conciseness in using something; thrifty management of resources ecstasy rapture; very strong feeling of joy and happiness; any overpowering emotion; ADJ. ecstatic: causing or experiencing ecstasy rapture great joy and delight; ecstasy; ADJ. rapturous eddy swirling current of water, air, etc.; V. edict decree (especially one issued by a sovereign); official command sovereign ruler in a monarchy; ADJ: (of a country) independent and self-governing; having supreme power; supreme; excellent sovereignty complete independence and self-government (of a country); supremacy of authority; power to govern edify instruct; correct morally edifice building (of imposing size) eerie weird; causing fear because strange efface rub out; remove the surface of effectual able to produce a desired effect; valid effective effectual; producing a strong response; striking; in operation; in effect; Ex. effective speech/photograph effectuate effect; produce; achieve; Ex. effectuate a reconciliation effeminate having womanly traits emasculate weaken; castrate castrate remove the sex organs (of a male animal or person) effervescence inner excitement or exuberance; showing high spirits; emitting bubbles forming inside; bubbling from fermentation or carbonation; ADJ. effervescent; V. effervesce effete having lost one's original power; barren; worn out; exhausted efficacy power to produce desired effect; ADJ. efficacious: effectual effigy dummy; likeness of a person made of wood, paper, or stone; Ex. burn an effigy of the President dummy imitation of a real object used as a substitute; effigy effluvium noxious(harmful) smell effrontery rudeness without any sense of shame; shameless boldness; presumptousness; nerve; cheek effulgent shining brightly; brilliant effusion pouring forth; unrestrained outpouring of feeling; V. effuse: pour out; ADJ. effusive: pouring forth; gushing gush (of liquid) pour out in large quantities from a hole; make an excessive display of feeling (without true feeling); Ex. Blood gushed from the wound. egoism excessive interest in one's self; belief that one should be interested in one's self rather than in others; selfishness; ADJ. egoistic, egoistical ego one's opinion of oneself; self-esteem egotistical egotistic; excessively self-centered(egocentric); self-important; conceited egotism tendency to speak or write of oneself excessively; conceit; self-importance egregious notorious; conspicuously bad or shocking egress exit; opening for going out; act of going out; OP. ingress ejaculation exclamation; abrupt ejection (to discharge sperm); V. ejaculate elaboration addition of details; intricacy elaborate work out carefully; add more detail or information; ADJ. elated filled with excited joy and pride; overjoyed; in high spirits; joyful and proud; Ex. elated crowd; V. elate; N. elation elegy poem or song expressing lamentation (for the dead); ADJ. elegiacal, elegiac elicit draw out fact or information (by discussion or from someone) elixir cure-all; panacea; something invigorating ellipsis omission of words from a text; mark used to indicate an omission (when the meaning can be understood without them); PL. ellipses elliptical elliptic; oval; of an ellipse; containing an ellipsis; ambiguous either purposely or because key words have been left out eloquence expressiveness; persuasive speech; ADJ. eloquent: movingly expressive; expressing ideas well so that the hearers can be influeneced elucidate explain; make clear; clarify; enlighten; CF. lucid elusive evasive; not frank; baffling; hard to grasp, catch, or understand; V. elude: escape from; escape the understanding or grasp of; Ex. elude the hunter; Ex. His name eludes me. elysian relating to paradise; blissful Elysium place or condition of bliss emaciated thin and wasted (from hunger or illness) emanate issue forth; come out emancipate set free; liberate embargo ban on commerce or other activity embark commence; go on board a boat; begin a journey embed(imbed) enclose; place in something; fix firmly in a surrounding mass embellish adorn; ornament; enhance as a story (by adding fictitious details) embezzlement taking for one's own use in violation of trust; stealing (of money placed in one's care) emblazon ornament richly (a shield or flag); N. emblazonment embody give a bodily form to; incorporate; include emboss produce a design in raised relief; decorate with a raised design embrace hug; clasp with the arms; adopt or espouse; accept readily; encircle; include; Ex. embrace the cause/socialism; Ex. all-embracing; CF. brace; CF. bracelet encircle surround embroider decorate with needlework; ornament (a story) with fancy or fictitious details; embellish embroil throw into confusion; involve in strife, dispute, or quarrel; entangle; CF. imbroglio embryonic undeveloped; rudimentary; N. embryo: organism in the early stage of development emend correct (usually a text); N. emendation: correction of errors; improvement emetic substance causing vomiting; ADJ. eminent rising above others; high; lofty; distinguished; Ex. eminent position emissary agent (sent on a mission to represent another); messenger emollient soothing or softening remedy (for the skin); ADJ. emolument salary; payment for an office; compensation empathy ability to identify with another's feelings, ideas, etc.; identification with and understanding of another's feelings; V. empathize; CF. sympathy compassion sympathy for the suffering of others; ADJ. compassionate empirical based on experience emulate imitate; rival; try to equal or excel (through imitation) enamored in love; Ex. enamored of his own beauty; V. enamor: inspire with love encipher encode; convert a message into code; put into cipher enclave territory enclosed within an alien land encomiastic praising; eulogistic; N. encomium: very high praise; eulogy encompass surround; include; Ex. His activities encompass publishing and computers. encroachment gradual intrusion; Ex. I resent all these encroachments on my valuable time; V. encroach: take another's possessions or right gradually or stealthily; intrude; Ex. encroach on/upon encumber burden; N. encumbrance endearment fond word or act; expression of affection endear make beloved; Ex. endear her to everyone; ADJ. dear: loved; cherished; high-priced endemic prevailing among a specific group of people or in a specific area or country; peculiar to a particular region or people; CF. pandemic endorse approve; support; write one's signature on the back of; N. endorsement; CF. dorsal endue provide with some quality; endow enduring lasting; surviving; V. endure: bear (pain or suffering) for a long time; remain alive (in spite of difficulties); last; survive energize invigorate; give energy to; make forceful and active enervate weaken; take away energy from enfranchise admit to the rights of citizenship (especially the right to vote); CF. franchise engage attract; employ; hire; pledge oneself; confront; fight; enter into confliction; interlock; lock together; participate; N. engagement: agreement to marry; arrangement to meet someone or to do something; battle engaging charming; attractive engaged employed; busy; betrothed; involved in conflict engender cause; produce; give rise to engross occupy fully; absorb enhance increase; make greater (as in value, reputation, or usefulness); improve enigma puzzle; mystery; ADJ. enigmatic: obscure; puzzling puzzle baffle or confuse by a difficult problem; ponder over a problem in an effort to solve; clarify or solve by reasoning; Ex. puzzle out the answer; N. enjoin command; order; forbid enmity ill will; hatred; hostility ennui boredom; listlessness and dissatisfaction resulting from lack of interest; CF. annoy enormity hugeness (in a bad sense); excessive wickedness; Ex. enormity of the crime; ADJ. enormous enrapture please intensely; fill with rapture and delight ensconce settle comfortably; place comfortably (in a secure place) ensue follow (as a result) entail make necessary; require; necessitate; involve; limit the inheritance of (property) to a specified succession of heirs; Ex. entail A on/upon B enterprising full of initiative; showing enterprise enterprise willingness to take new ventures; initiative; business organization; plan (that is difficult or daring); Ex. their latest enterprise to sail round the world in a small boat enthrall capture; enslave; captivate; hold the complete attention of (as if magic); hold spellbound entice lure; persuade to do (something wrong); attract; tempt mischief behavior (of children) causing trouble with no serious harm; damage; harm; Ex. mischief to the crops; ADJ. mischievous: causing mischief; playfully troublesome entity real being entomology study of insects entrance put under a spell(condition caused by magical power); carry away(fill with strong feeling) with emotion; put into a trance; fill with delight trance hypnotic state; ecstatic state; detachment from one's physical surrounding (as in contemplation or daydreaming); CF. transition hypnosis induced sleeping state; ADJ. hypnotic; V. hypnotize entreat plead; ask earnestly entree(entr\'ee) entrance; a way in; right to enter; main dish of a meal; Ex. entree into the exclusive circle entrepreneur businessperson (who assumes the risk of a business venture); contractor; ADJ. entrepreneurial enumerate list; mention one by one enunciate announce; proclaim; utter or speak, especially distinctly; pronounce clearly; articulate; Ex. This theory was first enunciated by him. environ enclose; surround; N. environs: surrounding area (as of a city) eon(aeon) long period of time; an age; longest division of geologic time containing two or more eras epaulet(epaulette) ornament worn on the shoulder (of a uniform, etc.) fringe decorative edge of hanging threads; edge ephemeral short-lived; fleeting fleet fast; rapid; N. ADJ. fleeting: passing quickly; ephemeral epic long heroic poem, novel, or similar work of art (celebrating the feats of a hero); ADJ: (of stories or events) resembling an epic; grand epicure connoisseur of food and drink; gourmet; ADJ. epicurean; CF. Epicurus Epicurean believing that pleasure is good and suffering is bad and should be avoided; N. epigram witty thought or saying, usually short epilogue short speech at conclusion of dramatic work episodic (of a story or play) loosely connected; made up of separate and loosely connected parts; N. episode: incident in the course of an experience epistemologist philosopher who studies the nature of knowledge; N. epistemology epitaph inscription in memory of a dead person (as on a tombstone) epithet word or phrase characteristically used to describe a person or thing; descriptive phrase to characterize a person (often contemptous) epitome perfect example or embodiment; brief summary; Ex. epitome of good manners; V. epitomize: make an epitome of; be an epitome of; embody epoch period of time equable tranquil; of even calm temper; (of temperature) steady; uniform equanimity calmness of temperament; composure equestrian rider on horseback; ADJ. equilibrium balance of opposing forces; balance of the mind; equanimity equine resembling a horse; Ex. equine face equinox period of equal days and nights; the beginning of spring and autumn; Ex. vernal/autumnal equinox; ADJ. equinoctial equipoise balance; balancing force; equilibrium equitable fair; impartial; OP. inequitable equity fairness; justice; OP. inequity equivocal (of words or statements) ambiguous; intentionally misleading; (of behavior) questionable; OP. unequivocal equivocate use equivocal language to deceive people; lie; mislead; attempt to conceal the truth; N. equivocation erode eat away; wear away gradually by abrasion; Ex. The sea erodes the rocks. erotic pertaining to passionate love or sexual love errant wandering (esp. in search of adventure); straying from proper moral standards; Ex. knight-errant erratic odd; irregular in movement or behavior; unpredictable erroneous mistaken; wrong; incorrect erudite (of a person or book) learned; full of learning; scholarly; N. erudition escapade prank; flighty conduct; reckless adventure that disobeys rules prank mischievous trick flighty (esp. of a woman's behavior) capricious; often changing, esp. from one lover to another; impulsive eschew avoid habitually; Ex. eschew alcoholic drinks esoteric hard to understand; known only to the chosen few, esp. initiates; N. esoterica espionage spying espouse adopt; support (an idea or aim); marry; N. espousal esteem respect; value; judge; N. estranged separated; alienated; V. estrange: alienate (people in a family); N. estrangement ethereal like a spirit or fairy; unearthly light; heavenly; unusually refined; Ex. She has an ethereal beauty; CF. ether: upper air airy of air; high in the air; lofty; immaterial; unreal ethnic relating to races ethnology study of humankind; study of the different races of human beings; CF. anthropology ethos underlying character of a culture, group, etc.; character or ideas peculiar to a specific person, group, or culture; Ex. the company ethos etymology study of word parts; study of the origins of words eugenic pertaining to the improvement of race; N. eugenics: study of hereditary improvement of the human race eulogistic praising; full of eulogy eulogy expression of praise, often on the occasion of someone's death; V. eulogize euphemism mild expression in place of an unpleasant one; ADJ. euphemistic euphony sweet sound; ADJ. euphonious euphoria feeling of exaggerated or unfounded(ungrounded; baseless) well-being; feeling of great happiness or well-being (when unreasonable); ADJ. euphoriaric euthanasia mercy killing evanescent fleeting; vanishing; soon disappearing; V. evanesce evasive not frank; trying to hide the truth; eluding; evading; V. evade: avoid (a duty or responsibility) or escape from by deceit evince show clearly evenhanded impartial; fair evocative tending to call up (emotions, memories) evoke call forth (memory or feeling); Ex. That old film evoked memories of my childhood; N. evocation ewe female sheep ram male sheep; V. strike or drive against with a heavy impact exacerbate worsen; aggravate; embitter embitter make bitter; fill with painful or bitter feelings; make sad and angry; Ex. He was embittered by many disappointments. exacting extremely demanding; Ex. exacting standard of safety exact demand and obtain by force; Ex. exact a promise from him; N. exaction exalt raise in rank or dignity; praise highly; inspire; Ex. exalt the imagination; ADJ. exalted; N. exaltation exasperate vex; annoy or make angry (by testing the patience) exceptionable objectionable; likely to cause dislike; offensive; CF. unexceptionable: entirely acceptable except exclude; N. exception: objection; exclusion; ADJ. exceptional: unusual; of unusually high quality excerpt selected passage (written or musical) taken from a longer work; V. exchequer treasury; Ex. Chancellor of the exchequer chancellor legal official of high rank; CF. chancellery(chancellory): position of a chancellor treasure keep as precious; cherish excise cut away; cut out; N: government tax on good produced and used inside a country; N. excision exclaim cry out suddenly; N. exclamation; ADJ. exclamatory excoriate scold with biting harshness; censure strongly; strip the skin off exculpate clear from blame or guilt execrable very bad; detestable execrate curse; express abhorrence for; detest execute put into effect; carry out; kill as a lawful punishment; N. execution executor person designated to execute the terms of a will executioner person administering capital punishment executive person having administrative authority; one branch of government executing laws; ADJ: relating to executing legislature legislating branch of government; CF. legislate: make laws judiciary judicial branch of government exegesis explanation, especially of biblical(of the bible) passages exemplary serving as a model; outstanding; Ex. exemplary punishment/behavior; N. exemplar: typical example; model exemplify show by example; furnish an example; serve as an example of; Ex. His pictures exemplify that sort of painting. exempt not subject to a duty or obligation; free from a duty; V. exertion effort; expenditure of much physical work; V. exert oneself: make a great effort exhale breathe out; OP. inhale exhilarating invigorating and refreshing; cheering; V. exhilarate: make cheerful and excited; Ex. exhilarated by the ride in the sports car exhort urge (by strong argument or advice); Ex. The general exhorted his men to fight bravely; N. exhortation urge drive or force forward (by causing impulses); drive to take action; impel; entreat earnestly; Ex. urge horses; N: impulse that prompts action urgent compelling immediate action; pressing; persistent; importunate; Ex. urgent in his demands exhume dig out of the ground; remove from a grave exigency urgent situation; ADJ. exigent exiguous small in amount; minute existential pertaining to existence; pertaining to the philosophy of existentialism exodus departure (of a large number of people) exonerate acquit; exculpate; free from blame or guilt exorbitant (of costs or demands) excessive; exceeding reasonable bounds exorcise drive out evil spirits exotic not native; from another part of the world; strange; intriguingly unusual; Ex. exotic flower/dress intrigue make secret plans; plot; arouse the curiosity of; N: secret scheme; plot; secret love affair expansive (of a person) outgoing and sociable; broad and extensive; able to increase in size outgoing sociable; eager to mix socially with others expatiate talk at length; speak or write in detail expatriate exile; someone who has withdrawn from his native land; V: exile; banish; leave one's country expedient suitable (for a particular purpose although not necessarily morally correct); practical; politic(prudent); N: something expedient expedite hasten; make go faster expeditious done with speed; quick; N. expedition expenditure payment or expense; expending; something expended; output; Ex. receipt for the expenditure; Ex. expenditure of all the energy expertise specialized knowledge (in a particular field); expert skill expiate make amends for (a sin) expletive meaningless word; interjection; profane oath; swear-word interjection exclamation; Ex. "Ouch'' swear vow; promise; use profane oaths; use offensive words swear-word word considered offensive; Ex. "bloody'' oath solemn promise; blasphemous use of sacred words to express strong feelings; swear-word; Ex. "For Christ's sake'' explicate explain in detail; interpret; clarify; CF. explicable explicit totally clear; definite; outspoken exploit brave and successful act; deed or action, particularly a brave deed; CF. crossing the Atlantic ocean exploit make use of, sometimes unjustly; N. exploitation expository explanatory; serving to explain; N. exposition: explaining; exhibition expostulation protest; remonstrance; reasoning with someone to correct or dissuade; V. expostulate exposure risk, particularly of being exposed to disease or to the elements; unmasking; act of laying something open; Ex. exposure of governmental corruption expound explain expropriate take possession of (often for public use and without payment) expunge cancel; remove a word or name (from a book or list); erase expurgate clean; remove offensive parts of a book extant (of something written or painted) still in existence extemporaneous not planned; impromptu; extempore extenuate weaken; mitigate; lessen the seriousness of (bad behavior) extirpate root up; uproot; destroy completely extol praise very highly; glorify extort wring from; get money by threats, etc.; obtain by force or threats; CF. extortionate: exorbitant wring twist (to extract liquid); extract by twisting; wrench painfully (necks or hands) extradition surrender of prisoner by one state to another; Ex. extradition treaty; V. extradite extraneous not essential; irrelevant; superfluous; external; coming from the outside; Ex. extraneous details/noise/to the subject extrapolation projection; conjecture; V. extrapolate: infer (unknown information) from known information extricate free from an entanglement or difficulty; disentangle extrinsic external; not essential or inherent; extraneous; OP. intrinsic extrovert person interested mostly in external objects and actions mingle mix together in close association extrude force or push out; thrust out; shape (plastic or metal) by forcing through a die exuberance overflowing abundance; joyful enthusiasm; flamboyance; lavishness; ADJ. exuberant: high-spirited and lively; growing abundantly and strongly glow shine brightly without a flame (as of eyes or metals); show redness and heat (in the face) after hard work or because of strong feelings; N: light produced by a heated body; brilliance of a color exude flow out slowly; discharge (gradually); give forth; N. exudation ooze (of a thick liquid) pass or flow slowly; N: mud or thick liquid as at the bottom of a river exult rejoice fabricate build; lie; make up (a story) in order to deceive; Ex. fabricate the whole story; CF. fabric: underlying structure; Ex. fabric of society facade(fa\c{c}ade) front or face (of building); superficial or false appearance facet small plane surface (of a gem(precious stone)); a side facetious joking (often inappropriately); unserious; humorous facile easily accomplished; ready or fluent; superficial; not deep; Ex. facile solution to a complex problem; Ex. facile speaker; N. facility: ability to do something easily and well; ease in doing resulting from skill or aptitude; something that facilitates an action; amenity; Ex. with great facility facilitate help bring about; make less difficult facsimile copy faction party; clique (within a large group); dissension dissension disagreement of opinions causing strife within a group factious inclined to form factions; causing dissension factitious artificial; produced artificially; sham; false; Ex. factitious tears factotum handyman; person who does all kinds of work; CF. do everything faculty mental or bodily powers; teaching staff fallacious false; based on a fallacy; misleading; N. fallacy: false idea or notion; false reasoning; Ex. popular fallacy; Ex. fallacy of the argument fallible liable to err falsify make (something written) false by changing fallow (of land) plowed but not sowed (to improve the quality); uncultivated sow plant or scatter seed falter hesitate; weaken in purpose or action; walk or move unsteadily through weakness; N. stumble trip and almost fall; proceed unsteadily; act falteringly; N. fanaticism excessive zeal; extreme devotion to a belief or cause; N. fanatic; ADJ. fanatic fancied imagined; unreal fancier breeder or dealer of animals; one who has a special interest, as for raising specific plant or animal fanciful whimsical; visionary; imaginary; produced by imagination; Ex. fanciful scheme fancy imagination (of a whimsical or fantastic nature); capricious liking; V: imagine; be fond of; ADJ. decorative; elaborate fanfare call by bugles or trumpets; showy display; spectacular public display farce broad comedy; mockery; humorous play full of silly things happening; ADJ. farcical fastidious difficult to please; squeamish; fussy; finicky squeamish easily shocked or sickened by unpleasant things; fastidious; Ex. A nurse should not be squeamish. fatalism belief that events are determined by forces or fates beyond one's control; ADJ. fatalistic; CF. fatal: causing death fathom comprehend; investigate; determine the depth of; N. unit of measurement for the depth of water fathomless too deep to be measured or understood; unfathomable fatuous smugly and unconsciously foolish; inane; silly; N. fatuity, fatuousness fauna animals of a period or region; CF. flora fawning courting favor by cringing and flattering; V. fawn: exhibit affection as a dog; seek favor or attention by obsequiousness court attempt to gain; seek; woo; risk; behave so as to invite; attempt to gain the favor of by attention; Ex. court disaster faze disconcert; dismay; embarrass feasible practical; able to be carried out; practicable febrile feverish fecundity fertility; fruitfulness; ADJ. fecund: very productive of crops or young fertile producing many young, fruits, or seeds; (of land) producing good crops; V. fertilize fruitful producing results; profitable; prolific; producing in abundance feign pretend feint trick; shift; sham blow; feigned attack to draw away defensive action; V. shift change position or place; exchange (one thing) for another; change in direction or position; Ex. shift the stolen goods; N. group of workers which takes turns with other groups; working period of such a group felicitous (of a word or remark) apt; suitably expressed; well chosen felicity happiness; appropriateness (of a remark, choice, etc.); quality of being felicitous feline of a member of the cat family; N. fell cruel; (of a disease) deadly fell cut or knock down (a tree or a person); bring down (with a missile) felon person convicted of a grave crime; CF. felony: serious crime feral (of an animal) not domestic; wild ferment agitation; commotion(noisy and excited activity); unrest (of a political kind); V. produce by fermentation; undergo fermentation; cause (a state of trouble) fermentation chemical reaction that splits complex organic compounds; unrest; agitation ferret drive or hunt out of hiding; hunt with ferrets; drive out (as from a hiding place); expel; uncover or discover by searching; Ex. ferret out the secret; N. small fierce animal which catches rats and rabbits by going into their holes fervent ardent; zealous; hot fervid ardent; zealous; hot impassioned (of speech) filled with passion; fervent fervor glowing ardor; intensity of feeling; quality of being fervent or fervid; zeal; intense heat fester rankle; produce irritation or resentment; (of a cut or wound) generate pus or rot; Ex. His insult festered in my mind for days. festive joyous; celebratory; relating to a feast or festival fete(f\^ete) honor at a festival; celebrate or honor with a feast; N. (outdoor) festival or feast; CF. feast fetid(foetid) malodorous; foul foul very bad or disagreeable; very dirty; Ex. foul smell/flavor/temper/language/air/deed/weather/means; N. act against the rules; V. make or become foul; commit a foul fetish(fetich) object believed to have spiritual powers; object of excessive attention or reverence; CF. fetishism fetter shackle; restrict the freedom of; N. chain or shackle for the foot of a prisoner; CF. foot fiasco total failure; CF. bottle fiat command; arbitrary order; Ex. presidential fiat; CF. let it be done fickle changeable (in affections or friendship); faithless fictitious imaginary; non-existent; purposely invented to deceive; untrue; Ex. fictitious name/boyfriend; CF. fictional fidelity loyalty; accuracy figment invention; something invented; imaginary thing; Ex. figment of your imagination figurative not literal but metaphorical; using a figure(impression) of speech figure written symbols; number; amount represented in numbers; outline or silhouette of a thing or human body; person (well-known); impression; diagram; pattern; group in a dance; Ex. figure of speech; V. calculate with numbers; adorn with figures; appear; consider; Ex. My name did not figure in the list. figurine small ornamental statuette(very small statue) filch steal (things of small value) pilfer steal things of small value; filch; snitch filial pertaining to or befitting a son or daughter; Ex. filial respect filibuster block legislation or prevent action in a lawmaking body by making very slow long speeches; N; freebooter freebooter pirate or plunderer who makes war in order to grow rich bust piece of sculpture showing a person's head, shoulders, and upper chest; V: break up; arrest; Ex. crimebuster filigree delicate ornamental lacelike metalwork lace cord used to draw and tie together two opposite edges (as of a shoe); delicate fabric made of fine threads; V: draw together by tying a lace filing particle removed by a file finale conclusion; concluding part finesse delicate skill; V: handle with finesse finicky too particular; fussy; difficult to please; too concerned with unimportant details or quality; Ex. finicky about her food fussy fastidious; finicky; easily upset fuss: trouble or worry over trifles; make nervous; pay too much attention to; N: needless concern or worry (about a trivial thing); anxious nervous condition; display of attention; Ex. make a fuss over the baby finite limited firebrand piece of burning wood; hothead; troublemaker; person who stirs up trouble hothead person who does things too quickly without thinking; ADJ. hotheaded fissure crevice; crack fitful spasmodic; intermittent; irregular fit sudden outburst of an illness or feeling; convulsion caused by epilepsy flaccid flabby; lacking firmness; weak; Ex. flaccid muscles limp walk lamely; ADJ: lacking firmness; weak flag droop; grow feeble; decline in vigor or strength; ADJ. flagging; CF. unflagging droop bend or hang downward; become weakened; Ex. His shoulders drooped with tiredness; N. flagrant conspicuously wicked, bad, or offensive; blatant; outrageous outrage act of extreme violence or viciousness; resentful anger; V: commit an outrage on; produce anger in; ADJ. outrageous: offensive flail beat with or as if with a flail; move wildly; thresh grain by hand; strike or slap; toss about; N: threshing tool consisting of a stick swinging from the end of a long handle thresh beat (cereal plants) with a machine or flail to separate the grains from the straw toss throw lightly; move or lift (the head) with a sudden motion; flip (a coin) to decide something flair talent flamboyant ornate; highly elaborate; richly colored; ostentatious; showy; CF. flame flaunt display ostentatiously; Ex. ``Honey, if you've got it, flaunt it !'' flay strip off skin; plunder; remove the skin from; criticize harshly fleck spot; mark with flecks; N: small mark or spot fledgling(fledgeling) inexperienced; N: young bird that has acquired wing feathers and is learning to fly; inexperienced person fleece wool coat of a sheep; V: shear the fleece from; rob by a trick; swindle; plunder shear remove (fleece or hair) by cutting; remove the hair or fleece from; cut with or as if with shears; N: shears; pair of scissors trickster person who cheats people flick light stroke as with a whip; V: move with a light quick blow; strike with a light quick blow (as from a whip); Ex. flick the switch flicker burn unsteadily or fitfully; move waveringly; N: flickering movement or light; brief sensation; Ex. flicker of excitement flutter (of a bird with large wings) wave (the wings) lightly, rapidly, and irregularly; vibrate rapidly or erratically; fly by waving quickly; flitter; N. flinch hesitate; shrink back (in fear of something unpleasant); Ex. She did not flinch in the face of danger. flippant lacking proper seriousness; Ex. flippant remarks about death; N. flippancy flip send (something) spinning, often into the air, by striking with a light quick blow; turn over; Ex. flip over flit fly; fly or move lightly or quickly; dart lightly; pass swiftly by; Ex. a bee flitting from flower to flower floe flat mass of floating ice flora plants of a region or era florescence condition or period of flowering florid ruddy; (of a complexion) reddish; flowery; very ornate; CF. rose flush redden; blush; flow suddenly and abundantly; wash out by a rapid brief flow of water; N: reddish tinge; blush; brief rush; rush of strong feeling; Ex. flush of pride; ADJ: having surfaces in the same plane; even; blushing blush become red in the face (from embarrassment or shame); become red or rosy; N. tinge give a slight degree of a color or quality to; N: slight degree of a color or quality; Ex. tinged with grey/jealousy tint slight degree of color; V: give a tint to flowery full of flowers; full of ornate expressions flotsam drifting wreckage jetsam things thrown from a ship (to lighten the ship) flounder struggle and thrash about; proceed clumsily or falter (as in water, mud, snow, etc.); proceed in confusion thrash beat with a whip or flail; defeat utterly; talk about thoroughly in order to find the answer; move wildly or violently; Ex. The fishes thrashed about in the net. flourish grow well; prosper; make sweeping gestures; wave; brandish; Ex. The trees flourished in the sun. N: showy movement or gesture; embellishment or ornamentation (esp. in handwriting) flout reject; mock; show contempt for; scorn; Ex. flout the rules curb chain or strap used with a bit to restrain a horse; something that checks; V: check; restrain fluctuate waver; shift; rise and fall as if in waves; change or vary irregularly fluency smoothness of speech; ADJ. fluent fluke unlikely occurrence; stroke of fortune; accidental stroke of good luck; ADJ. fluky fluster confuse; make nervous and confused; N. fluted having vertical parallel grooves (as in a pillar); V. flute: make long parallel inward curves in; N. flute: long rounded groove incised on the shaft of a column groove long narrow channel made in a surface to guide the movement of something; Ex. groove of the record stammer speak with involuntarily pauses or repetitions flux flowing; series of changes; fluctuation; Ex. in a state of flux fodder coarse food for cattle, horses, etc.; feed for livestock; CF. food foible small weakness of character; slight fault; CF. feeble foil contrast; one that by contrast enhances the distinctive characteristics of another foil defeat; frustrate; prevent from being successful; thwart; CF. fail foist insert improperly; impose upon another by coercion; palm off; pass off as genuine or worthy; CF. fist palm conceal in the palm of the hand; palm off: pass off; Ex. palm off some bad oranges onto the lady/the painting as a real Renoir pass_off present falsely; represent falsely to be foliage masses of leaves; CF. defoliate foment stir up; incite; instigate; promote the growth of (something evil or unpleasant) foolhardy rash; reckless; foolishly daring foppish vain about dress and appearance; N. fop: man who takes too much interest in his clothes and appearance foray raid; sudden raid or military advance; V. forbearance patience; forgiveness; V. forbear: refrain from (in a generous and forgiving way); be patient; Ex. forbear to send him to prison ford place where a river can be crossed on foot; V. forebears(forbears) ancestors foreboding premonition of evil; feeling of coming evil; V. forebode: be a warning of (something unpleasant) forensic suitable to debate or courts of law; of or used in legal proceedings and the tracking of criminals; Ex. forensic science/medicine forum public square of an ancient Roman city; public place for open discussion; court of law foreshadow give an indication beforehand; be a sign of (what is coming); portend; prefigure prefigure be a sign of; foreshadow forerunner predecessor; one that comes before and indicates the approach of another foresight ability to foresee future happenings; prudence in providing for the future forestall prevent by taking action in advance nuptial of marriage or the wedding ceremony; N; nuptials; wedding ceremony forfeit something surrendered as punishment for a crime or breach of contract; V: lose as a forfeit; N. forfeiture forge counterfeit; reproduce fraudulently; form by heating in a forge and hammering into shape; move with a sudden increase of speed or power; Ex. forged ahead in the last two years; N: furnace where metals are heated forgo(forego) give up; do without forlorn sad and lonely; wretched; desolate formality ceremonious quality; ceremonious adherence to rules; something done just for form's sake; Ex. mere formality formidable menacing; arousing fear; threatening; difficult to defeat; Ex. formidable foe/question menace threat; V: threaten forsake desert; abandon; renounce forswear renounce under oath; abandon; make a solemn promise to give up; CF. abjure forte strong point or special talent in a person's character forthright straightforward; direct; frank forthcoming happening in the near future; ready; willing to help; Ex. No answer was forthcoming. fortitude bravery; courage; strength of mind fortuitous accidental; by chance; N. fortuity foster rear; bring up (for a certain period only); encourage; promote the development of (feelings or ideas); Ex. help foster friendly relations; ADJ: giving parental care although not related by blood; Ex. foster parents founder fail completely; sink; CF. flounder founder person who establishes (an organization or business) fracas brawl(noisy quarrel or fight) in which a number of people take part; melee fractious unruly; peevish; cranky; bad-tempered; Ex. fractious horse frail weak; N. frailty franchise right or privilege granted by authority; right to vote; license to sell a product in a particular territory frantic wild; distraught as from fear or worry; Ex. frantic with fear fraudulent cheating; deceitful; Ex. fraudulent means; N. fraud: deception; swindle fraught filled (with something unpleasant); full; Ex. fraught with danger and difficulties; CF. freight fray brawl; fight; V: wear away or unravel by rubbing; have loose threads developing; cause to become worn out (a person's temper or nerves); CF. rub frenetic(phrenetic) frenzied; frantic frenzied madly excited; N. frenzy: violent wild excitement fresco painting on wet plaster (usually fresh) paste smooth viscous mixture as of flour(powder made by crushing grain) and water (used as an adhesive); V: cause to adhere by applying paste pastry paste of flour and water (eaten when baked) plaster paste that hardens to a smooth solid and is used for coating walls; V. fret be annoyed or vexed; Ex. fret over your poor grades; N: irritation of mind; ADJ. fretful friction clash or conflict in opinion; rubbing against frieze ornamental horizontal band on a wall frigid intensely cold; cold in manner; Ex. frigid zone fritter waste (time or money on unimportant things) frivolous lacking in seriousness; flippant; self-indulgently carefree; unworthy of serious attention; relatively unimportant; trivial self-indulgence excessive indulgence of one's own desire carefree free from worries; having no problems frolicsome prankish; gay; playful; merry; frisky frolic play and jump about happily; frisk; Ex. frolicking young lambs frond fern leaf; palm or banana leaf litter waste material thrown away (as bits of paper scattered untidily); V: cover untidily with scattered litter fructify bear fruit; produce fruit frugality thrift; economy; ADJ. frugal: practicing economy; costing little; inexpensive fruition bearing of fruit; fulfillment; realization; Ex. come to/be brought to fruition frustrate thwart; defeat; prevent from accomplishing a purpose fugitive fleeting or transitory; lasting only a short time; roving(wandering); running away or fleeing as from the law; N: one who flees; Ex. fugitives at large fulcrum support on which a lever rests or pivots fulminate thunder; explode; issue a severe denunciation fulsome disgustingly excessive; offensively flattering; Ex. fulsome praise/expressions of admire fumble move the fingers and hands awkwardly (in search of something); mishandle or drop a ball that is in play; bungle; botch; spoil by mishandling; N. functionary official (who performs a particular function) functional made for practical use only (without decoration); functioning; Ex. functional modern furniture; CF. functionalism fundamental basic; primary; essential funereal sad; solemn; suitable for a funeral furor frenzy; great anger and excitement; CF. fury furtive stealthy; quiet and secret (trying to escape notice); sneaky; Ex. furtive glance sneak move, give, or take in a quiet, stealthy way; N: one who sneaks; ADJ. sneaky underhand(underhanded) done slyly and secretly (being dishonest) sly clever in deceiving; secretive; not telling one's intentions fusillade simultaneous firing or outburst (of missiles, questions, etc.) fusion union; coalition; V. fuse futile useless; hopeless; ineffectual gadfly animal-biting fly; irritating person gaffe social blunder gainsay deny gait manner of walking or running; speed galaxy large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way; collection of brilliant personalities gale windstorm; gust of wind; emotional outburst (laughters, tears); Ex. gale of laughter gall bitterness of feeling; nerve; effrontery; CF. gall bladder gall annoy; exasperate; chafe; N: skin sore caused by rubbing (as on the skin of a horse); exasperation galleon large three-masted sailing ship galley low ship with sails (rowed along by slaves) clipper sailing vessel built for great speed pinnace small boat clip cut off with shears; fasten; N: something clipped off (as a short extract from film); clasp or fastener galvanize stimulate or shock by an electric current; stimulate by shock; shock into action; stir up; coat with rust-resistant zinc by using electricity galvanic of the production of electricity by the action of an acid on a metal; having the effect of an electric shock; Ex. galvanic cell; galvanic effect; CF. Luigi Galvani gambit opening in chess in which a piece is sacrificed; action made to produce a future advantage ploy strategem to gain an advantage; tactic; Ex. management ploy gambol romp; skip about; leap about playfully; frolic; N. romp play or frolic boisterously; gambol; N. zest outer skin of an orange used for giving a special taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited enjoyment; Ex. add a certain zest to the affair; Ex. zest for life gamely in a spirited manner; with courage; Ex. fight gamely against a superior boxer; ADJ. game gamut entire range gape open widely; open the mouth wide; stare wonderingly with the mouth open; CF. agape garbled mixed up; jumbled; distorted; V. garble: mix up or distort (a message) to such an extent as to make misleading or unintelligible jumble mix in a confused way gargantuan huge; enormous; gigantic; CF. the hero of Gargantua and Pantagruel gargoyle waterspout carved in grotesque figures on a building garish overbright in color; unpleasantly bright; gaudy trim make neat or tidy by clipping; reduce by removing what is unnecessary; ornament; decorate (round the edges); Ex. trim the cost; Ex. jacket trimmed with fur; N. ADJ: tidy; in good order garner gather; store up; amass garnish decorate; add a garnish to; decorate (food or drink) with small items such as lemon slices; N. garrulous loquacious; wordy; talkative; N. garrulity gastronomy art and science of preparing and serving good food; CF. gastronome gauche clumsy (in social behavior); coarse and uncouth gaudy flashy; showy flashy showy; gaudy; giving a momentary brilliance gild cover with a thin layer of gold gaunt lean and angular; thin and bony; emaciated; barren gavel hammerlike tool; mallet(wooden hammer) used by a presiding officer or an auctioneer; V. bid command; utter (a greeting); offer as a price; N: offer of a price; amount offered; earnest effort to gain something; Ex. bid for freedom gawk stare foolishly; look in open-mouthed awe gazette official periodical publication; newspaper genealogy record of descent; lineage; ancestry; study of ancestry generality vague statement; general statement which is not detailed; quality of being general; greater part; most; Ex. generality of people generate cause; produce; create generic characteristic of an entire class or species; of a genus genus division of animals or plants, below a family and above a species genesis beginning; origin geniality cheerfulness; kindliness; sympathy; ADJ. genial: cheerful and good-tempered genre particular variety of art or literature genteel well-bred; elegant; striving to convey an appearance of refinement; Ex. genteel poverty gentility those of gentle birth; high social class; refinement; quality of being genteel breed produce young; rear; bring up; produce (an undesirable condition); N: kind or sort of animal or plant crossbreed hybridize; N: hybrid; CF. interbreed; CF. inbreed well-bred of good upbringing; well-mannered and refined gentry people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility gentle kindly; soft; mild; of good family genuflect bend the knee as in worship germane pertinent; bearing upon(having connection with) the case at hand; appropriate germinal pertaining to a germ; creative; Ex. germinal idea germ earliest form of an organism; seed or bud; something that may develop into something larger or more important; microbe germinate cause to sprout; sprout sprout begin to grow; give off shoots or buds; N: new growth on a plant; shoot shoot new growth from a plant gerontocracy government ruled by old people gerontology study of the sociological phenomena associated with old age geriatrics medical treatment and care of old age gerrymander change voting district lines in order to favor a political party; N. CF. Elbridge Gerry + (sala)mander gestate evolve as in prenatal growth; N. gestation: period of development from conception until birth natal connected with birth; CF. prenatal; CF. postnatal gesticulation motion; gesture; V. gesticulate: make gestures (while speaking) ghastly horrible; terrifying; resembling ghosts; CF. aghast gibberish nonsense; nonsensical or unintelligible talk or writing; babbling gibe mock; make jeering remarks; N: jeering remarks giddy light-hearted; not serious; frivolous; dizzy; causing dizziness; Ex. giddy youth; Ex. giddy climb/height gingerly very carefully; ADJ. girth distance around something; circumference gist essence; main point; substance glacial like a glacier; of an ice age; extremely cold; Ex. glacial epoch; CF. iceberg glaring (of something bad) highly conspicuous; harshly bright; shining intensely and blindingly glare shine intensely and blindingly; stare fixedly and angrily; N. glaze cover with a thin and shiny surface; apply a glaze to; N: thin, smooth, shiny coating (as for pottery); Ex. unglazed pottery glean gather leavings; gather grain left behind by reapers; gather bit by bit (facts or information) often with difficulty glib fluent (with insincerity or superficiality); facile; slick slick make smooth or glossy; N: smooth surface; Ex. oil slick; ADJ: smooth; glossy; deftly executed; adroit; glib sleek smooth and shining (as from good health); V. glimmer shine erratically; twinkle; N: dim or unsteady light; faint indication; Ex. glimmer of hope glitter shine brightly with flashing points of light; Ex. glittering diamond ring; N: sparkling light; attractiveness; glamor; Ex. glitter of the sun on the waves glamor compelling charm; ADJ. glamorous gloat express evil satisfaction; look at or think about with evil satisfaction; view malevolently; Ex. The thief gloated over the stolen jewels. gloss_over explain away with the intention of deceiving or hiding faults gloss brief explanation note or translation of a difficult expression; V. glossary brief explanation of words used in the text glossy smooth and shining; N. gloss: shiny brightness on a surface; superficially attractive appearance; Ex. gloss of good manners mat not shiny; matte; having a dull finish; N: flat piece of material used as a floor covering; V. finish surface texture; completeness of execution finished properly made and complete; Ex. finished product/performance glower scowl; glare; look or stare angrily scowl frown angrily; N: angry frown glut overstock; fill beyond capacity (with food); fill to excess; N: oversupply glutinous sticky; viscous; gluey glutton someone who eats too much; ADJ. gluttonous: given to gluttony; greedy; CF. gluttony: habit of eating too much gnarled twisted gnarl protruding knot on a tree; V. gnome dwarf; underground spirit who guards treasure hoards goad urge on; drive with a goad; cause (someone) to do something by continued annoyance; Ex. They goaded him into doing it by saying he was a coward; N: sharp-pointed stick for driving cattle; stimulus; CF. annoy continually gorge narrow canyon; steep rocky cleft; ravine (made by a stream which runs through it) gorge stuff oneself (with food); glut; CF. gorgeous: dazzlingly beautiful gory bloody; N. gore: blood (from a wound) shudder shake uncontrollably; tremble; V. gossamer sheer; very light; like cobwebs; N: soft and sheer fabric; cobweb sheer pure; thin and transparent; very steep gouge tear out; cut out (as if with a gouge); Ex. gouge his eyes out; N: chisel for cutting out hollow areas in wood gouge overcharge (with high price); extort from; Ex. gouge the public; CF. usury gourmand epicure; person who takes excessive pleasure in food and drink gourmet connoisseur of food and drink; epicure graduated arranged by degrees (of height, difficulty, etc.) graduate arrange into categories or grades; divide into marked intervals (for use in measurement); Ex. graduated ruler granary storehouse for grain grandeur impressiveness; stateliness; majesty stately formal; ceremonious; grand in style or size; majestic grandiloquent (of a person or speech) using high sounding or important-sounding language; pompous; bombastic grandiose affectedly grand; pretentious; high-flown; ridiculously exaggerated; impressive; great in size or scope; grand; Ex. grandiose ideas high-flown highly pretentious or inflated matin\'ee(matinee) dramatic or musical performance given in the afternoon granulate form into grains or granules; N. granule: grain or particle graphic pertaining to the art of delineating; vividly described vivid (of light or color) bright and distinct; evoking lifelike mental images; Ex. vivid red hair/description graphite black form of carbon used in lead pencils grapple wrestle; come to grips with; take hold of and struggle with; Ex. grapple with the burglar grate make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; shred by rubbing against a rough surface; Ex. grated cheese N: framework of metal bars to hold fuel in a fireplace gratify please; satisfy; Ex. gratify a desire gratis free; without charge; ADJ. gratuitous given freely; unwarranted; uncalled for; done without good reason; Ex. gratuitous comment gratuity tip gravity seriousness; ADJ. grave gregarious sociable; (of an animal) tending to form a group grievance cause of complaint; complaint grill question severely; cook on a grill; broil; N: cooking surface of parallel metal bars broil cook by direct heat; N. grim causing great fear; unrelenting; determined in spite of fear; Ex. grim smile grimace facial distortion to show feeling such as pain, disgust, etc; V. grisly ghastly; horrifying; Ex. grisly remains of the bodies groom man employed to take care of horses; V: make neat and trim; clean and brush (an animal) grotesque fantastic; comically hideous; strange and unnatural (causing fear or amusement) hideous repulsive to the sight; ugly; repugnant; Ex. hideous face/scream grotto small cavern grouse complain; fuss; grumble; grouch; N: plump chickenlike game bird grumble complain; mutter discontentedly; grouch; N. mutter utter (complaining words) indistinctly in low tones rumble make or move with a deep rolling sound (as thunder or stomach) grovel crawl or creep on ground; remain prostrate; behave in a servile manner grudging unwilling; reluctant; stingy(giving reluctantly) gruel thin liquid porridge porridge soft food made by boiling oatmeal oatmeal crushed oats used for making porridge grueling exhausting; Ex. grueling marathon race gruesome grisly; horrible gruff rough-mannered; (of a voice) rough; hoarse grunt utter a deep guttural sound (as a pig does); N. guffaw boisterous laughter; V. guile deceit; duplicity; wiliness; cunning; Ex. persuade her by guile cunning clever in deceiving; sly; N: cleverness in deceiving; deceit guileless without deceit guise outward appearance; costume; Ex. in a new guise gull trick; deceive; hoodwink; N: person who is easily tricked; dupe gullible easily deceived gustatory affecting or relating to the sense of taste gusto eager enjoyment; zest; enthusiasm gusty windy gust strong abrupt rush of wind; V. CF. bluster guy cable or chain attached to something that needs to be braced or steadied; CF. guide topple become unsteady and fall down overthrow topple; N. overturn turn over; capsize; topple capsize (of a boat) turn over gyroscope apparatus used to maintain balance, ascertain direction, etc. habituate accustom or familiarize; addict hackles hairs on back and neck, especially of a dog; Ex. make someone's hackles rise growl low, guttural, menacing sound (as of a dog) hackneyed commonplace; trite haggard wasted away; gaunt; Ex. haggard faces of the rescued miners haggle argue about prices (in an attempt to bargain) halcyon calm; peaceful; Ex. halcyon days hale healthy hail frozen rain drop; V: salute or greet; precipitate hail hallowed blessed; consecrated; Ex. hallowed ground; V. hallow: set apart as holy hallucination delusion; false idea; false perception of objects with a compelling sense of their reality; objects so perceived; V. hallucinate; ADJ. hallucinatory halting hesitant; faltering; not fluent; Ex. halting steps/voice; V. halt: proceed or act with uncertainty; falter; hesitate; waver; stop waver move or swing back and forth; be uncertain or unsteady in decision or movement; Ex. wavering between accepting and refusing hamper obstruct; prevent the free movement of; N: hap chance; luck haphazard random; by chance; happening in an unplanned manner; Ex. haphazard growth of the town hapless unfortunate; luckless harangue long, passionate, and vehement speech; V. harass annoy by repeated attacks harbinger forerunner (which foreshadows what is to come) harbor give protection (by giving food and shelter); provide a refuge for; hide; keep in mind (thoughts or feelings); Ex. harbor a grudge/criminal; N: place of shelter; refuge habitat natural home of a plant or animal; CF. habitation hardy (of people or animals) sturdy; robust; (of plants) able to stand inclement(stormy) weather harping tiresome dwelling on a subject; V. harp: dwell on(think or speak a lot about) tediously harrowing agonizing; distressing; traumatic; V. harrow: break up and level (soil) with a harrow; inflict great distress on; agonize; N: farming machine to break up the earth harry harass, annoy, torment (by repeated attacks); raid hatch deck opening; lid covering a deck opening; V: emerge from an egg; produce (young) from an egg latch fastening or lock consisting of a movable bar that fits into a notch; V: close with a latch notch V-shaped cut in a surface; V. haughtiness pride; arrogance; ADJ. haughty haunt (of a spirit) visit (a place); come to mind continually; visit (a place) regularly; frequent; Ex. haunted house; Ex. haunted by his last words; N: place much frequented haven place of safety; refuge; harbor; Ex. tax haven havoc widespread damage; disorder; chaos hazardous dangerous hazard venture; put in danger; risk; Ex. hazard a guess; N: possible source of danger hazy slightly obscure; misty; unclear; N. haze: light mist or smoke; confused state of mind headlong hasty; rash; headfirst; ADV. headfirst moving with the head leading; headlong headstrong willful; stubborn; unyielding; determined to have one's own way; CF. no 'excessive' heckler person who verbally harasses others; V. heckle: verbally harass as with gibes (by interrupting a speaker or speech) hedonist one who believes that pleasure is the sole aim in life; CF. hedonism: practice of living one's life purely for pleasure heedless not noticing; disregarding heed pay attention to; N: close attention hegemony dominance especially of one nation over others heinous atrocious; wicked; hatefully bad; Ex. heinous crime gross total; fragrant; clearly wrong; (of people's behavior) coarse; corpulent; Ex. gross insolence/behavior; V: earn as a total amount; N: 12 dozens helm steering wheel of a ship; position of control herbivorous grain-eating; CF. herbivore heresy opinion contrary to popular belief; opinion contrary to accepted religion; ADJ. heretical; CF. heretic hermetic sealed by fusion so as to be airtight; airtight hermetic concerning alchemy or magic; obscure and mysterious; occult sterile incapable of producing young; free from microorganism; V. sterilize hermitage home of a hermit herpetologist one who studies reptiles; CF. herpetology: branch of zoology that deals with reptiles and amphibians heterodox (of beliefs) against accepted opinion; unorthodox; unconventional heterogeneous dissimilar; mixed; not homogeneous; consisting of dissimilar elements or plants hew cut to pieces with ax or sword; chop; N. heyday time of greatest success or power; prime prime period of ideal or peak condition; earliest or beginning stage; Ex. in the prime of life; Ex. prime of the year(spring); ADJ: first in importance or rank; first; V: make ready; prepare primary first in rank or importance; principal; earliest in time; Ex. primary stages; N. CF. first primal first in rank or importance; being first in time; original; Ex. man's primal innocence primate group of mammals including humans hiatus gap; pause; gap or interruption in space or time; break hibernal wintry; wintery; of or like winter hibernate sleep throughout the winter; N. hibernation hierarchy arrangement by rank or standing; authoritarian body divided into ranks; body of persons having authority totem animal, plant, or natural object serving as a symbol of a clan or family; representation of this; Ex. totem pole hieroglyphic picture writing; ADJ. hilarity boisterous mirth(merriment; laughter); ADJ. hilarious: full of laughter hindmost furthest behind; farthest to the rear wage begin and continue (a war) hindrance block; obstacle; V. hinder hinterlands back country; inner part of a country; OP. foreland hireling one who serves for hire (usually used contemptuously); one who works solely for compensation; Ex. hireling politician hirsute hairy; having a lot of hair histrionic theatrical; excessively dramatic or emotional; affected; of actors or acting; N. histrionics: histrionic behavior historic important in history; Ex. historic battle historical connected with history; based on events in history (whether regarded as important or not) hoard stockpile; accumulate for future use; N: supply stored for future use hoary white with age hoax trick which makes someone take action; practical joke; Ex. hoax mail; V. holocaust destruction by fire; CF. burnt whole; CF. Holocaust holster leather pistol case (that hangs on a belt around the waist) homage honor; tribute; great respect; Ex. pay/do homage to homeostasis tendency of a system or organism to maintain relative stability or internal equilibrium; CF. homeo-: constant; Ex. homeotherm homespun domestic; made at home; spun or woven at home; simple and ordinary; Ex. homespun philosophy spin rotate swiftly; make (thread) by twisting (cotton, wool, etc.); N. homily sermon; tedious moralizing lecture; serious warning; ADJ. homiletic homogeneous of the same kind; uniform in composition throughout hone sharpen (a tool); N: whetstone for sharpening a tool hoodwink deceive; delude horde crowd; swarm swarm large group of insects moving in a mass; crowd of people or animals; V: move in a crowd or mass hortatory encouraging; exhortive; marked by exhortation; CF. exhort horticultural pertaining to cultivation of gardens; N. horticulture: science or art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants; CF. agriculture: science or art of farming or growing crops hostility unfriendliness; hatred; enmity; ADJ. hostile hovel shack; small wretched house hut crude dwelling; shack shack crude cabin shed small roofed structure for storage and shelter; V: pour forth; lose by natural process; repel without allowing penetration; radiate; cast; Ex. shed tears/light/water/skin/leaves hover hang about; (of birds or aircraft) stay in the air in one place; (of people) wait nearby; stay around one place; waver; be in an uncertain state hubbub confused uproar; loud noise; din hubris arrogance; excessive self-conceit hue color; aspect; Ex. opinions of every hue hue_and_cry outcry; loud cry or clamor; strong protest; Ex. hue and cry against the new rule humane marked by kindness or consideration; kind and compassionate; humanitarian humanitarian one devoted to the promotion of human welfare; CF. humanism humdrum dull; monotonous humid damp; N. humidity humility humbleness of spirit humble of low rank or position; modest; having a low opinion of oneself and a high opinion of others; unassuming; not proud; V. humiliate: make humble; cause to feel ashamed or to lose the respect of others hummock small hill; hillock humus substance or rich soil formed by decaying vegetable matter; CF. soil hurtle crash; rush; move with great speed; Ex. hurtling runaway train husband use sparingly; conserve; save; Ex. husband one's energy; CF. house holder husbandry frugality; thrift; economy; agriculture; farming; Ex. animal husbandry; CF. husbandman hybrid mongrel; mixed breed; V. hybridize mongrel plant or animal (esp. a dog) of mixed breed; ADJ. pedigree line of ancestors; ancestry; lineage; ADJ. (of an animal) descended from of a chosen family; Ex. pedigree dog; CF. crane's foot hydrophobia fear of water; rabies rabies disease passed on by the bite of an infected animal (causing madness and death) hygiene science and practice of the promotion and preservation of health; ADJ. hygienic: showing careful attention to cleanness (to prevent disease); Ex. hygienic condition hyperbole exaggeration; overstatement; ADJ. hyperbolic: of hyperbole; of a hyperbola hypercritical excessively exacting; too critical (without noticing good qualities) hypochondriac person unduly worried about his health; worrier without cause about illness; ADJ. CF. hypochondria: neurosis that one is or is becoming ill; CF. abdomen hypocritical pretending to be virtuous; deceiving; N. hypocrisy: profession of beliefs one does not possess; CF. hypocrite hypothetical based on assumptions or hypotheses; supposed; N. hypothesis ichthyology study of fish; CF. ichthyo-: fish icon(ikon) religious image; idol; image or representation iconoclastic attacking cherished traditions; N. iconoclast: one who attacks traditional ideas; one who destroys sacred images ideology system of ideas characteristic of a group or culture idiom expression whose meaning as a whole differs from the meanings of its individual words; distinctive style (of expression); Ex. idiom of the modern popular music; ADJ. idiomatic idiosyncrasy individual trait usually odd in nature; behavioral peculiarity; eccentricity; attitude, behavior, or opinion peculiar to a person; anything highly individual or eccentric; ADJ. idiosyncratic idolatry worship of idols; excessive admiration or devotion; ADJ. idolatrous idyllic charmingly carefree; simple and happy; Ex. idyllic scene idyll(idyl) short poem idealizing rural life; simple happy period of life (in the country); scene from such a time; Ex. idyll of two young lovers igneous produced by fire; of fire; volcanic; (of rocks) formed from lava; Ex. igneous meteorite ignite kindle; light; catch fire or set fire to ignoble unworthy; not noble; dishonorable; Ex. ignoble deed ignominy deep disgrace; shame or dishonor; ADJ. ignominious; Ex. ignominous defeat illicit illegal illimitable infinite; limitless illuminate brighten; clear up or make understandable; enlighten; enable to understand; Ex. illuminating remarks illusion misleading vision or visual image; false idea or belief; CF. delusion illusive deceiving; based on illusion; causing illusion; deceptive illusory illusive; deceptive; not real imbalance lack of balance or symmetry; disproportion disproportion lack of proportion (between the parts); ADJ. disproportionate imbecility weakness of mind; state of being an imbecile; N. imbecile: stupid person; fool imbibe drink in imbroglio complicated situation (as in a play); painful or complex misunderstanding (as in a play); entanglement; confused mass (as of papers); V. embroil imbue saturate(soak thoroughly); fill; Ex. imbue someone with feelings immaculate spotless; flawless; absolutely clean tenant one that pays rent to use property owned by another tenancy possession of land or building by rent; period of a tenant's occupancy imminent impending; near at hand immobility state of being immovable immolate offer or kill as a sacrifice (by fire) immune resistant to; free or exempt from; N. immunity immure imprison; shut up in confinement; CF. wall immutable unchangeable impair injure; hurt; damage impale pierce (with a sharp point); Ex. impaled by the spear impalpable imperceptible(not easily understood); intangible; OP. palpable: tangible; easily perceptible impartial not biased; fair; N. impartiality impart grant a share of; make known; Ex. news to impart impassable not able to be traveled or crossed impasse predicament(dangerous condition) from which there is no escape; situation allowing for no further progress impassive without feeling; expressionless; imperturbable; stoical; Ex. impassive face impeach charge (a public official) with crime in office; raise doubts about; indict; Ex. impeach a witness's credibility impeccable faultless credential evidence concerning one's authority; written proof of a person's position; Ex. The new ambassador presented his credentials to the court. impecunious without money impede hide; retard or obstruct the progress of; block retard delay (in development); ADJ. retarded: (as of a child) slower in development impediment hindrance; stumbling-block; speech defect preventing clear articulation; Ex. speech impediment impel drive or force onward; drive to take action; urge to action impending nearing; approaching; about to happen impenetrable not able to be pierced or entered; beyond understanding; impossible to understand; Ex. impenetrable mystery impenitent not repentant imperative absolutely necessary; that must be done; critically important; expressing command; Ex. It is imperative that; N: something that must be done imperceptible unnoticeable; impossible to perceive; undetectable imperial like an emperor; related to an empire; CF. imperialism imperil put in danger imperious domineering; too commanding; haughty; CF. imperial/emperor impermeable impervious; not permitting passage through its substance; impossible to permeate impertinent insolent; rude; not pertinent; N. impertinence imperturbable unshakably calm; placid collected composed; calm; self-possessed impervious impenetrable; incapable of being damaged or distressed; incapable of being affected (in one's opinions); Ex. impervious to water/criticism impetuous violent; hasty; rash; impulsive; without careful thought; Ex. impetuous decision impetus moving force; momentum; force of a moving body; incentive; stimulus; impulse impiety irreverence; lack of respect for God or piety impinge infringe; encroach; influence; touch; collide with; Ex. The effects are impinging on every aspect of our lives. impious irreverent implacable incapable of being pacified; impossible to appease; Ex. implacable enemy implausible unlikely (to be true); unbelievable; Ex. implausible alibi implement put into effect; enforce; carry out; supply with tools; Ex. implement the plan/suggestion; N: tool or instrument implicate incriminate; involve incriminatingly; show to be involved (in a crime); Ex. implicate someone in the crime implication something hinted at or suggested; implying; implicating implicit understood but not stated; implied; unquestioning and complete; Ex. implicit trust implode burst inward; CF. vaccum tube implore beg imply suggest a meaning not expressed; signify impolitic not wise; not expedient; not politic imponderable weightless; that cannot undergo precise evaluation; CF. pound import significance; importance; meaning significant expressing a meaning; important; Ex. significant smile; N. significance: importance; meaning; V. signify: denote; mean; signal; make known; matter; be significant importunate urging; always demanding; troublesomely urgent or persistent importune beg persistently; make repeated requests (in an annoying way) imposture assuming a false identity; masquerade; CF. impostor masquerade wear a mask or disguise; pretend; N: costume party or ball at which masks are worn; pretense; disguise impotent weak; ineffective; lacking in physical strength or power crave desire; want intensely imprecation curse; swearword impregnable invulnerable; impossible to capture or enter by force; Ex. impregnable fort/argument; CF. take impregnate make pregnant; fill thoroughly; saturate impromptu without previous preparation; off the cuff(end of a sleeve); on the spur of the moment impropriety improperness; unsuitableness improvident thriftless; not providing for the future improvise compose on the spur of the moment imprudent lacking caution; not prudent; injudicious impudence impertinence; insolence impugn dispute or contradict (often in an insulting way); attack as false or questionable; challenge; gainsay; CF. fight impuissance powerlessness; feebleness impunity freedom from punishment or harm; CF. punish impute attribute; ascribe; charge; N. imputation inadvertently unintentionally; by oversight; carelessly oversee watch over and direct; supervise; N. oversight: unintentional failure to notice or do something; supervision inalienable not to be taken away; nontransferable; Ex. inalienable rights inane silly; senseless; Ex. inane remarks; N. inanity inanimate lifeless; not animate inarticulate speechless; producing indistinct speech; not articulate; not expressing oneself clearly speechless unable for the moment to speak (because of strong feeling); Ex. speechless with anger inaugurate begin formally; install in office; induct into office by a formal ceremony; N. inauguration; ADJ. inaugural incandescent strikingly bright; shining with intense heat; emitting visible light when heated; Ex. incandescent light bulb; CF. candle incantation singing or chanting of magic spells; magical formula; (the saying of) words used in magic; CF. enchant chant tune(melody) in which a number of words are sung on the same note; V: sing (a chant); utter (a slogan) in the manner of a chant charm quality of pleasing; amulet; action or formula thought to have magical power; spell; V: attract; cast a spell on; bewitch bewitch cast a spell over; captivate completely recite repeat aloud (something learned); describe; Ex. recite his complaints; N. recitation recital act of reciting publicly; detailed account; performance of music or dance (by a solo performer) incapacitate disable; N. incapacity: lack of capacity incarcerate imprison incarnate endowed with flesh; invested with bodily form; personified; Ex. devil incarnate; V: give bodily form to; embody incarnation act of assuming a human body and human nature; one who personifies something; personification; Ex. previous incarnation/reincarnation personify represent (an inanimate object) as a person; be the embodiment or perfect example of; Ex. She is evil/patience personified; N. personification incendiary arsonist; ADJ: causing fire; of arson; Ex. incendiary bomb incense enrage; infuriate(make furious); make extremely angry; outrage; N: aromatic substance burned to produce a pleasant odor incentive spur; motive; something which encourages one to greater activity inception start; beginning incessant uninterrupted; unceasing inchoate (of desire, wish, plan) recently begun; not explicit; at the beginning of development; rudimentary; elementary; Ex. inchoate mass incidence rate of occurrence; particular occurrence; Ex. high incidence of infant mortality incidental not essential; minor; N: something incidental incident event; event that causes a crisis incinerate burn to ashes incipient beginning; in an early stage incisive (appreciatively) cutting; sharp; Ex. incisive remarks; V. incise: make a cut into incite arouse to action; goad; motivate; induce to exist; Ex. incite a riot/the crowd to rebellion inclement stormy; unkind; unmerciful; CF. clement incline slope; slant; Ex. steep incline inclined tending or leaning toward; bent; V. incline: slant; dispose; be disposed; tend tend have a tendency; take care of; minister; serve at; apply one's attention; attend inclusive tending to include all; all-inclusive; Ex. inclusive charge incognito with identity concealed; using an assumed name; ADJ. incoherent unintelligible; muddled; unable to express one's thoughts in an orderly manner; illogical; lacking cohesion; not coherent incommodious not spacious; inconvenient incompatible inharmonious; N. incompatibility incongruity lack of harmony; absurdity; ADJ. incongruous: lacking in harmony; inappropriate attire clothe; N: clothing; array; apparel inconsequential insignificant; unimportant inconsistency state of being self-contradictory; lack of uniformity or steadiness; ADJ. inconsistent: displaying a lack of consistency; erratic; contradictory; incompatible incontinent lacking self-restraint; not continent; licentious incontrovertible indisputable; impossible to dispute; not open to question; unquestionable incorporate introduce something into a larger whole; include; embody; give material form to; ADJ. incorporeal without a material body; insubstantial incorrigible uncorrectable incredulity tendency to disbelief incredulous withholding belief; skeptical; showing disbelief increment increase incriminate accuse of or implicate in a crime; serve as evidence against; cause to seem or make guilty of a crime; Ex. incriminating evidence incrustation hard coating or crust; V. incrust: encrust; cover with a crust incubate hatch; warm (eggs) with the body to promote hatching; maintain at optimal environment conditions for development; be holding in one's body an infection which is going to develop into a disease; N. incubation; CF. incubation:disease inasmuch_as since; owing to the fact that incubus burden; very worriying problem; mental care; nightmare; male devil; CF. succubus inculcate teach (ideas or principles); instill incumbent obligatory; imposed as an obligation; currently holding an office; N: person who holds an office incur bring upon oneself incursion temporary invasion; CF. excursion: short journey indefatigable tireless; untiring; showing no sign of getting tired indelible not able to be erased indemnify make secure against damage or loss; compensate for damage or loss; CF. make uninjured indentation notch; deep recess; V. indent; CF. tooth indenture bind as servant or apprentice to master; bind by indenture; N: contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified time (as between an apprentice and his master) indeterminate uncertain; not clearly fixed; indefinite indicative suggestive; implying; serving to indicate indices signs; indications; Ex. indices of a student's potential; CF. index: something that reveals or indicates; sign; Ex. cost-of-living index indict charge; N. indictment indifferent unmoved or unconcerned by; having no interest in; mediocre; neither good nor bad indigence poverty indigenous native; Ex. plant indigenous to the New World indigent poor; destitute indignation anger at an injustice; Ex. righteous indignation; ADJ. indignant righteous morally upright; just rightful legally correct; Ex. rightful owner indignity treatment or situation that causes shame or loss of dignity, respect; offensive or insulting treatment; humiliating or degrading treatment; Ex. I suffered the indignity of having to say that in front of them. indiscriminate choosing at random; confused; not based on careful distinctions indisputable too certain to be disputed; beyond doubt indissoluble permanent; impossible to dissolve or disintegrate indite write; compose indolent lazy indomitable unconquerable; unyielding indubitable unable to be doubted; which cannot be doubted; unquestionable induce persuade; lead to do something; bring about; N. inducement inductive pertaining to induction or proceeding from the specific to the general induct place formally in office; install; admit as a member; initiate; N. induction: inducting; process of deriving general principles from particular facts indulgent humoring; yielding; lenient; showing indulgence indulge yield to; gratify; allow oneself a special pleasure; Ex. indulge one's every whim/a child/in a big cigarette; N. indulgence humor indulge; comply with the wishes of; N. quality that makes something amusing; state of mind; mood; Ex. in a bad humor; Ex. out of humor industrious diligent; hard-working; N. industry inebriated habitually intoxicated; drunk; N. inebriety inebriate make drunk; intoxicate; N. intoxicated person intoxicate make drunk; stimulate or excite; Ex. intoxicated by all the money he might win ineffable unutterable; not to be uttered; taboo; that cannot be expressed in speech; indescribable; unspeakable; inexpressible; Ex. ineffable name/joy ineffectual not effective; not having a desired effect; weak ineluctable irresistible; not to be escaped; unavoidable inept unsuited; inappropriate; lacking skill; incompetent; CF. inapt: (of statements or ideas) inappropriate inequity unfairness; ADJ. inequitable inerrancy infallibility inert inactive; lacking power to move; unable to move or act; Ex. chemically inert; N. inertia: state of being inert; force which keeps a thing in the position or state inevitable unavoidable inexorable relentless; unyielding; implacable; not capable of being changed by entreaty or efforts; Ex. inexorable price rises infallible unerring; never making mistakes infamous notoriously bad; notorious; well known for being bad; Ex. infamous behavior; N: infamy: infamous act; evil fame or reputation infantile childish; infantlike infer deduce; conclude; N. inference infernal pertaining to hell; devilish; N. inferno: place of fiery heat or destruction infidel unbeliever (with respect to a particular religion) infiltrate pass into or through; penetrate or enter (an organization) sneakily; Ex. infiltrate the troops into enemy territory; CF. infiltrator penetrate enter into; pierce; permeate; see through; grasp the inner significance of; understand infinitesimal very small infirmity weakness inflated exaggerated; pompous; enlarged (with air or gas) influx flowing into infraction violation (of a rule or regulation); breach infringe violate (a law); encroach (the right of another person) ingenious marked by inventive skill; clever; resourceful; N. ingenuity resourceful clever and imaginative (in dealing with difficult situations); N. resource, resourcefulness ingenuous naive and trusting; young; unsophisticated; candid ingenue ing\'enue; young innocent girl ingrained deeply established; firmly rooted; Ex. ingrained dirt/prejudice ingrate ungrateful person (not expressing thanks) ingratiate become popular with; bring (oneself) in favor of another; Ex. ingratiate himself with the boss inherent firmly established by nature or habit; intrinsic inhibit restrain; prohibit; retard or prevent; N. inhibition inhibited (of a person) unable to express what one really feels uninhibited having no inhibitions; free in behavior and feelings inimical (of someone) unfriendly; hostile; (of something) harmful; detrimental; CF. enemy inimitable matchless; not able to be imitated iniquitous wicked; immoral; unrighteous; N. iniquity; Ex. den of iniquity initiate begin; originate; receive into a group; introduce to a new field or activity; Ex. initiate someone into the mysteries of a secret religion; N: one who has been initiated injurious harmful; causing injury inkling hint; slight indication innate inborn innocuous harmless innovation change; something newly introduced; introduction of something new; V. innovate: begin or introduce (something new); be creative; ADJ. innovative innuendo indirect or subtle (derogatory) hint; insinuation; Ex. sexual innuendo inopportune untimely; inappropriate or ill-timed; poorly chosen inordinate beyond reasonable limits; unrestrained; excessive; Ex. inordinate demands inquisitor questioner (especially harsh); investigator; person making an inquisition inquisitive eager for knowledge; unduly curious insalubrious unwholesome; not healthful; Ex. insalubrious place healthful conducive to good health; Ex. healthful mountain air healthy possessing good health; healthful wholesome conducive to mental or physical health; healthful insatiable not easily satisfied; unquenchable; Ex. insatiable appetite inscrutable difficult to understand; impenetrable; not readily understood; mysterious insensate without feeling; lacking sense; foolish insensible unconscious; unresponsive; insensitive; unaware; imperceptible; Ex. insensible of his danger/to pain; Ex. insensible change; CF. not the opposite of sensible insidious treacherous; stealthy; sly; working or spreading harmfully in a stealthy manner; Ex. insidious spreading of dry rot insightful discerning; perceptive insinuate hint; imply; suggest indirectly; creep in; introduce or insert (oneself) by artful means; Ex. insinuate himself into the boss's favor; CF. ingratiate creep move with body close to the ground; move stealthily or slowly; N. artful exhibiting art or skill; deceitful; cunning; CF. artifice insipid lacking in flavor; lacking interest; dull; Ex. insipid food/character insolence impudent disrespect; haughtiness; ADJ. insolent; CF. haughty + rude insolvent bankrupt; lacking money to pay; N. insolvency insomnia wakefulness; inability to sleep insouciant without concern or care; unconcerned; indifferent instigate start; urge; provoke; incite; Ex. instigate a search/quarrel insubordination disobedience; rebelliousness; ADJ. insubordinate insubstantial lacking substance; insignificant; frail; immaterial insularity narrow-mindedness; isolation; ADJ. insular: of an island; isolated; narrow-minded; CF. peninsula insuperable insurmountable; unbeatable; Ex. insuperable difficulties odds chances; probability; disagreement; Ex. The odds are that it will rain. Ex. at odds with insurgent rebellious; N. insurmountable overwhelming; unbeatable; insuperable insurrection rebellion; uprising intangible not able to be perceived by touch; vague integral complete; necessary for completeness; Ex. integral part integrate make whole; combine; make into one unit integrity honesty; uprightness; wholeness; state of being whole and undivided; completeness upright (sitting or standing) straight up; honest; moral intellect higher mental powers; person of great intellectual ability intelligentsia intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily) inter bury; N. interment cemetery place for burying the dead interdict prohibit; forbid; N. interim meantime; Ex. in the interim; ADJ. taking place during an interim; Ex. interim paper interloper intruder; one who interferes interminable endless intermittent periodic; on and off; stopping and starting at intervals internecine mutually destructive interpolate insert between interregnum period between two successive reigns or governments interrogate question closely; cross-examine; cross-question intervene come between; interfere; Ex. intervened to prevent a fight; N. intervention intimate hint; suggest; imply; ADJ: marked by close relationship; familiar; private; personal; Ex. intimate knowledge/thoughts in the diary; N: close friend or confidant; CF. intimacy intimidate frighten; N. intimidation intractable unruly; difficult to manage; Ex. intractable problem/child intransigence refusal of any compromise; stubbornness; ADJ. intransigent: uncompromising intrepid fearless intrinsic essential; inherent; built-in introspective looking within oneself; N. introspection: self-examination introvert one who is introspective or inclined to think more about oneself; ADJ. introverted intrude put or force in without being asked; trespass; enter as an uninvited person; Ex. intrude one's own opinion into the report; CF. thrust in intuition immediate insight; power of knowing without reasoning; ADJ. intuitive; V. intuit: know by intuition inundate flood; overflow; submerge; cover completely; Ex. inundated with work overwhelm (of water) cover completely; defeat completely by much greater force; Ex. overwhelmed by grief submerge place under water; dip; go under water; cover completely (as with water); Ex. submerged in work engulf surround and swallow up inured accustomed; hardened; Ex. inured to the Alaskan cold; V. inure: make used to something undesirable; harden; CF. unfeeling invalidate weaken; destroy; make invalid; nullify invalid one incapacitated(disabled) by a chronic illness; ADJ: incapacitated by illness; not valid; null; V: allow to leave (a military force) because of ill-health invective abuse inveigh denounce; utter censure or invective; Ex. inveigh against the evils of drink inveigle deceive; lead astray by deception; wheedle(cajole); Ex. inveigle her into joining the club; CF. interest dishonestly inverse opposite invert turn upside down or inside out; reverse the position or condition of inveterate deep-rooted; habitual; CF. grow old invidious designed to create ill will or envy; tending to rouse ill will or envy; Ex. invidious comparison invincible unconquerable inviolable secure from corruption, attack, or violation(or profanation); unassailable; Ex. inviolable oath/rights; N. inviolability invocation prayer for help (used in invoking); calling upon as a reference or support; act of invoking invoke call and bring into use (a right or law); call on/upon (a higher power or god) for help; ask for; beg for; conjure (a spirit); Ex. invoke the veto power; Ex. invoke one's advisor/God invulnerable incapable of injury; impossible to damage or injure iota very small quantity irascible irritable; easily angered irate angry; CF. ire: anger; wrath iridescent exhibiting rainbowlike colors; Ex. iridescent oil slick; N. iridescence irksome annoying; tedious; V. irk: annoy ironic expressing irony; occurring in an unexpected and contrary manner irony hidden sarcasm or satire; use of words that seem to mean the opposite of what they actually mean; use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning irreconcilable impossible to reconcile; incompatible; not able to be resolved irrefutable indisputable; incontrovertible; undeniable irrelevant not applicable; unrelated irremediable incurable; uncorrectable; impossible to remedy irreparable not able to be corrected or repaired; impossible to repair irrepressible unable to be restrained or held back; impossible to hold back irreproachable beyond reproach; blameless; impeccable; Ex. irreproachable conduct irresolute uncertain how to act; weak; lacking in resolution; indecisive; N. irresolution indecisive marked by indecision; inconclusive; Ex. indecisive battle indecision irresolution; inability to make up one's mind irretrievable impossible to recover or regain; CF. retrieve irreverence lack of proper respect or reverence; ADJ. irreverent irrevocable unalterable; irreversible; impossible to revoke isotope varying from of an element isthmus narrow neck of land connecting two larger bodies of land itinerant wandering; traveling from place to place (to perform work); Ex. itinerant preacher itinerary plan of a trip; record of a trip jabber chatter rapidly or unintelligibly jab poke abruptly with something sharp; punch with short blows jaded tired or uninterested by surfeit; fatigued; surfeited; worn out; wearied; Ex. jaded appetite jargon language used by special group; technical terminology; gibberish; nonsensical or incoherent talk jaundiced yellowed; prejudiced (envious, hostile, or resentful) from long and disappointing experience of human affairs; Ex. with a jaundiced eye jaundice medical condition in which the skin, the white part of the eyes, etc. turn yellow; V: affect with jaundice; affect with prejudice, envy, or hostility; bias jaunt trip; short journey jaunty cheerful and pleased with life; lighthearted; animated; easy and carefree; dapper in appearance; Ex. jaunty person/hat jeopardize endanger; imperil; put at risk; N. jeopardy: danger jettison throw overboard (from a ship or plane) jibe agree; be in harmony with; gibe jingoist extremely aggressive and militant patriot; warlike chauvinist; N. jingoism: extreme nationalism jocose given to(having a tendency of) joking jocular said or done in jest or playfully; marked by joking jest playful remark or act; V. act or speak playfully jocund merry jollity gaiety; cheerfulness; ADJ. jolly: merry; gay jostle shove; bump; push against (someone) rather roughly; Ex. jostled by the crowds shove push forward; push roughly; Ex. pushing and shoving to get on the bus; N. bump hit or knock against with force; N. jovial good-natured; merry; cheerful jubilation rejoicing; great joy judicious sound on judgment; wise juggernaut irresistible crushing force; overwhelming advancing force that crushes everything in its path jug pitcher; container for holding liquids juncture crisis; point in time; joining point; joint; act of joining junket trip especially one taken for pleasure by an official at public expense junta group of persons joined in political intrigue; cabal; group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power (by force) jurisprudence science of law jurisdiction right and power to apply the law; authority juridical of the law and its administration; CF. judicial: of courts of law; CF. judiciary juxtapose place side by side; CF. next kaleidoscope tube in which patterns made by the reflection in mirrors of colored pieces of glass, etc. produce interesting symmetrical effects; series of changing events; Ex. kaleidoscope of European history; CF. beautiful ken range of knowledge; Ex. beyond one's ken kernel central or vital part; core; whole seed (as of corn) killjoy grouch; spoilsport; one who intentionally spoils the pleasure of others grouch bad-tempered complaint; person who keeps complaining; V: complain; grumble spoilsport one who spoils the pleasure of others kindle start a fire; ignite; inspire; arouse kindred related; belonging to the same group; similar in nature or character; Ex. kindred languages; N: relative; kin; kinship kinetic producing motion; of motion kismet fate; destiny; Ex. Kismet is the Arabic word for fate. kleptomaniac person who has a compulsive desire to steal knave untrustworthy person; rogue; scoundrel; jack; N. knavery knead mix; work dough; mix and work into a uniform mass (with the hands); Ex. knead dough knell tolling of a bell especially to indicate a funeral, disaster, etc.; sound of the funeral bell; V. toll sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals; N: sound of a bell; fixed tax or charge curfew regulation requiring all people to leave the streets at stated times; signal (as a bell) announcing the hour of a curfew knit contract into wrinkles; grow together; join together closely; make (a fabric or garment) by interwining yarn or thread; Ex. knit the brow; Ex. The bones should knit together in a few weeks. crochet make (a piece of needlework) by looping thread with a hooked needle; N. CF. crotchet knoll little round hill; hillock knotty intricate; difficult; tangled; CF. knot kudos honor; glory; acclaim or praise for exceptional achievement entourage group of attendants; retinue; CF. surround labile likely to change; unstable; Ex. emotionally labile; N. lability laborious demanding much work or care; tedious labyrinth maze laceration torn ragged wound; V. lacerate: tear (the skin as with broken glass); wound rip tear or be torn quickly and violently; Ex. The sail ripped under the force of the wind; N. rag scrap of cloth; ADJ. ragged: old and torn; seeming unfinished and imperfect; Ex. ragged debut/performance lachrymose producing tears; tearful lackadaisical lacking interest or effort; lacking purpose or zest; lazy; halfhearted; languid halfhearted exhibiting little interest or enthusiasm lackluster lacking luster(shine; gloss); dull laconic brief and to the point; using few words; terse laggard slow; sluggish; N: one who lags; straggler lag move or develop more slowly; straggle; Ex. lag behind the rest; N. straggle stray or fall behind (a main group); spread out in a scattered group; Ex. straggling marathon racer; Ex. straggling branch lagoon shallow body of water or lake near a sea; lake separated from a sea by sandbars or coral reefs laity laypersons; laymen; persons not connected with the clergy layman man who is not a cleric; man who is nonprofessional lament grieve; express sorrow; N. lamentation lampoon ridicule; N: written attack ridiculing or satirizing a person, group, or institution lancet small surgical tool for making incisions lance pierce with a lance; cut into; N: spearlike weapon languid lacking energy or vitality; weary; sluggish; listless languish lose animation or strength languor lack of physical or mental energy; lassitude; depression lank long and thin; Ex. Lank, gaunt, Abraham Lincoln lap take in food or drink with one's tongue; splash gently; Ex. waves lapping the shore; N: front area from the waist to the knees of a seated person larceny theft; Ex. petit larceny larder pantry; place where food is kept largess generous gift (given to people who do not have enough) lascivious lustful lust intense sexual desire; intense eagerness; V. lassitude languor; weariness; listlessness latent present but not yet noticeable or active; dormant; hidden; N. latency; CF. potential lateral of or coming from the side latitude freedom from narrow limitations laud praise; N. ADJ. laudable: praiseworthy; ADJ. laudatory: expressing praise lavish liberal; wasteful; generous or wasteful in giving or using; abundant; profuse; great; Ex. decorated lavishly; V. give in abundance lax careless; negligent; not paying enough attention; Ex. lax service leaven add leaven to; cause to rise or grow lighter; enliven; N: agent, such as yeast, that causes dough to rise (by fermentation); element that lightens or enlivens enliven make lively or spirited; animate lechery gross lewdness; lustfulness; ADJ. lecherous; N. lecher: lecherous man lectern reading desk or stand for a public speaker leery (of someone) suspicious; wary; cautious leeway room to move; margin; latitude; Ex. leeway for the deadline margin border; room; allowance beyond what is needed; Ex. margin of safety marginal of a margin; barely within a limit; Ex. marginal effect/writing ability legacy gift made by a will; something handed down from an ancestor legend explanatory list of symbols on a map legerdemain sleight(dexterity) of hand; CF. light of hand leniency mildness; permissiveness; ADJ. lenient: not severe in judgment or punishment permissive allowing much freedom; lenient; Ex. permissive society leonine like a lion lethal deadly lethargic drowsy; dull; N. lethargy: state of sluggishness and inactivity levee earthen or stone embankment to prevent flooding; CF. raise levitate rise and float in the air (especially by magical means); CF. light levity lack of seriousness or steadiness; frivolity; lightness of manner levy impose (a fine); collect (a payment); impose or collect (a tax); Ex. levy a tax on tobacco lewd lustful lexicographer compiler of a dictionary; CF. lexicography: work of compiling a dictionary lexicon dictionary liability drawback; handicap; debts; obligation; responsibility; condition of being liable; ADJ. liable: likely; responsible (for paying) liaison contact that keeps parties in communication; communication between groups; one that maintains communication; go-between; secret love affair; V. liaise: keep a connection libel defamatory written statement; act of writing something that smears a person's character; V. ADJ. libelous libertine debauched person; dissolute or licentious person; rou\'e; CF. free rou\'e lecherous man libidinous lustful libido psychic and emotional energy or urges behind human activity; sexual desire libretto text of an opera or oratorio; CF. book licentious amoral; lewd and lascivious; unrestrained license official or legal permission; latitude of action or speech; excessive freedom that causes harm or damage; V. lien legal claim or right on a property ligneous like wood lilliputian extremely small; CF. Lilliput in Gulliver's Travels limber flexible; supple; pliable; V. limbo region near heaven or hell where certain souls are kept; prison (slang); Ex. Purgatory and Limbo abode dwelling place; home abide dwell; abide by: comply with; put up with; tolerate; Ex. abide by the rules; Ex. I can't abide rude people. limn draw; outline; describe; CF. line ? limpid crystal clear lineage descent; ancestry lineaments features especially of the face; distinctive shape or contour of the face; CF. line feature distinctive part of the faces (as the eyes or mouth); features: overall appearance of the face; prominent or distinctive quality; prominent article; film; V: make prominent linger loiter or dawdle; be slow in leaving; delay going; continue or persist; be slow to disappear; Ex. The smell lingered for days. persist continue in existence; last; continue in a course of action in spite of opposition; Ex. persist in/with something; ADJ. persistent linguistic pertaining to language lionize treat (a person) as a celebrity liquidate settle accounts; pay off (a debt); clear up; eliminate; kill or abolish list tilt (as of a ship); lean over (to one side) listless lacking in spirit or energy; languid litany supplicatory prayer; prayer in which the priest calls out and the people replies in the same words lithe flexible; supple; CF. limber willowy flexible; pliant; slender; CF. willow litigation lawsuit; N. litigant: one party in a lawsuit; V. litigate litotes understatement for emphasis; Ex. ``not bad(=pretty good)'' understate state with less truth than seems warranted by the facts; Ex. He understated the seriousness of the crime; N. understatement; OP. overstate livid lead-colored; black and blue (as from a bruise); ashen; enraged; extremely angry loath reluctant; unwilling; disinclined; Ex. Romeo and Juliet were both loath for him to go. loathe detest; ADJ. loathsome: arousing loathing; offensive; Ex. loathsome smell lode metal-bearing vein(long deposit of an ore) lofty very high loft room or space under the roof; attic log record of a voyage or flight; record of day-to-day activities; section of a trunk; V. loiter hang about/around; stand idly about; linger loll lounge about lounge stand, sit, or lie in a lazy, relaxed way longevity long life; long duration loom appear or take shape (usually in an enlarged, indistinct, or distorted form); Ex. The shadow of the gallows loomed threateningly. N: apparatus for making thread into cloth gallows framework from which a noose is suspended (used for execution by hanging) noose loop formed in a rope lope gallop slowly loquacious talkative; N. loquacity lout clumsy person; ADJ. loutish; CF. from countrysides ? low moo; make the sound of a cow lubricate apply a lubricant to; N. lubricant: substance that reduces friction lucid easily understood; clear; intelligible; N. lucidity lucrative profitable; producing wealth lucre money; profit; Ex. filthy lucre filth dirty matter; ADJ. filthy ludicrous laughable; ridiculous; trifling lugubrious mournful; sorrowful lull moment of calm; period of reduced activity; Ex. a lull in the rain; V: cause to become less active; cause to sleep or rest; Ex. lull the opponents into a false sense of security; CF. lullaby lumber move heavily or clumsily; Ex. The bear lumbered through the woods; N: timber lumen unit of light energy (one candle's worth) luminary celebrity (in a specific field); dignitary; object that gives light (as a celestial body) dignitary person of high rank or position luminous shining (esp. in the dark); issuing light; Ex. luminous paint/road signs lunar pertaining to the moon lunatic insane; Ex. lunatic asylum lurid wild; sensational; graphic; gruesome; horrible; Ex. lurid details of the murder lurk stealthily lie in waiting; slink; exist unperceived slink move furtively; ADJ. slinky: stealthy; furtive; sneaky (as in ambush) luscious pleasing to taste or smell; delicious luster shine; gloss (of a polished surface) lustrous shining; brilliant; Ex. lustrous hair luxuriant abundant; growing healthily and in large amounts; excessively ornate; rich and splendid; fertile; Ex. luxuriant forests/prose; CF. luxurious, luxuriate macabre gruesome; grisly; ghastly; CF. of death morgue mortuary; place where bodies are kept before burial or cremation cremate incinerate (a corpse); N. crematory, crematorium mace ceremonial staff used as a symbol of authority; clublike medieval weapon macerate soften by soaking in liquid; waste away; Ex. macerate powdered wood to make paper Machiavellian crafty; double-dealing; of the political doctrine of Machiavelli, which holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing political power machinations evil schemes or plots; schemes or plots to achieve an evil end; V. machinate maculated spotted; stained; CF. immaculate madrigal pastoral song; song for several singers without instruments maelstrom violent whirlpool; violent or tublent situation; CF. stream magisterial authoritative; imperious; commanding; of a magistrate; Ex. magisterial study of Roman law; Ex. magisterial manner magistrate official with power to administer the law magnanimity generosity; ADJ. magnanimous: generous magnate person of prominence or influence; powerful or influential person (in business or industry); Ex. oil magnate magniloquent boastful; pompous magnitude greatness (in size or extent); extent maim mutilate; injure lastingly; disable; cripple; Ex. maimed for life mangle tear or cut to pieces; mutilate or disfigure; Ex. badly mangled bodies maladroit clumsy; not skillful; awkward; bungling malady illness malaise uneasiness; vague feeling of ill health (without any particular pain or appearance of disease) malapropism comic misuse of a word; CF. Mrs. Malaprop malapropos inappropriate; ADV. malcontent person dissatisfied with existing state of affairs; discontented person; ADJ: discontented malediction curse malefactor evildoer; criminal maleficient doing evil; N. maleficience malevolent wishing evil; exhibiting ill will; N. malevolence malfeasance wrongdoing; misconduct (by a public official) malicious hateful; spiteful; expressing malice; N. malice: desire to harm others; spite malign speak evil of; bad-mouth(criticize spitefully); defame; ADJ: harmful; Ex. malign influence malignant tending to cause death; highly injurious; aggressively malevolent; Ex. malignant tumor malingerer one who feigns illness to escape duty; V. malinger: feign illness to avoid work malleable (of a metal) capable of being shaped by pounding(beating); pliable; (of someone) impressionable(easily influenced); easily controlled; tractable malodorous foul-smelling compost mixture of decaying organic matter used as fertilizer; V: put or make compost mammal vertebrate animal whose female suckles its young vertebrate having a backbone or spinal column; N: group of animals having a segmented spinal column suckle give or take milk at the breast or udder nurse suckle; take care of (as a nurse); bear in mind; Ex. nursing mother; Ex. nurse a hope/grudge against someone mammoth gigantic; enormous manacle restrain; handcuff; N. mandate order; charge; authoritative command; power to govern another country; power to given to a government; region under administration; V: give a mandate to; place under a mandate; Ex. mandated territory mandatory obligatory; compulsory; of a mandate mangy shabby; wretched; suffering from mange; of bad appearance mange skin disease (esp. of domestic animals) marked by loss of hair maniacal raging mad; insane; N. maniac: insane person; CF. mania: disorder of the mind; intense enthusiasm manifest evident; visible; obvious; V: show plainly manifestation outward demonstration; manifesting; indication of the presence of something; Ex. manifestation of his pronounced musical bent pronounced distinct; very noticeable; Ex. pronounced limp manifesto public declaration of principles; statement of policy manifold many in number or kind; numerous; varied manipulate operate with one's hands; control or play upon (people, forces, etc.) artfully; maneuver; Ex. how to manipulate publicity and men; ADJ. manipulative mannered affected; not natural; Ex. mannered way of speech mannerism distinctive behavioral trait; affected style in art (according to a set of styles) manumit emancipate; free from slavery or bondage marital pertaining to marriage maritime bordering on(adjacent to) the sea; nautical; of the ships or the sea; Ex. Maritime Provinces marked noticeable; targeted for vengeance or attack; Ex. marked improvement/man marred damaged; disfigured; V. mar: spoil; disfigure marshal put in order; guide ceremoniously to the correct place; Ex. marshal the children into the museum; N: military officer; official enlist (cause to) join the armed forces; obtain (help, sympathy, or support) marsupial one of a family of mammals that nurse their offspring in a pouch(pocket of skin or leather); CF. kangaroo, opossum, wombat martial warlike; of war; Ex. martial art/law cadet student at a military school martinet strict disciplinarian; person who demands total obedience to rules and orders; CF. Jean Martinet martyr one who voluntarily suffers death for his or her religion or cause; great sufferer; Ex. martyr to his rheumatism masochist person who enjoys his own pain; CF. masochism masticate chew materialism preoccupation with physical comforts and things; excessive regard for worldly concerns (rather than spiritual matters) maternal motherly; N. maternity: motherhood matriarch woman who rules a family or larger social group matriculate enroll (in college or graduate school); CF. matrix matrix point of origin; array of numbers or algebraic symbols; mold or die; Ex. the matrix of Western civilization maudlin effusively sentimental sentimental swayed by sentiment; appealing to the sentiments maul handle roughly; batter; injure by beating; Ex. mauled by his overexcited fans; N: heavy long-handled hammer mausoleum monumental tomb; large stately tomb; CF. Mausolos mauve pale purple maverick rebel; nonconformist (in a group) mawkish mushy(sentimental) and gushy; icky-sticky sentimental; excessively and objectionably sentimental maxim proverb; truth pithily stated mayhem injury to body; crime of willfully maiming or crippling a person; violent disorder; Ex. mayhem in the zoo; CF. maim meager scanty; inadequate mealymouthed indirect in speech (when something unpleasant must be said); hypocritical; evasive meander wind or turn in its course; follow a winding or turning course; move aimlessly and idly meddlesome interfering; V. meddle: interfere mediate settle a dispute through the services of an outsider; act as an intermediary; produce by mediating; Ex. mediate a cease-fire intermediary intermediate; acting as a mediator; N: mediator; go-between mediocre ordinary; commonplace; neither good nor bad meditation reflection; thought; V. meditate medium element that is a creature's natural environment; nutrient setting in which microorganisms are cultivated; appropriate occupation or means of expression; channel of communication; compromise; middle position between extremes; intervening substance through which something else is transmitted medley mixture meek submissive; patient and long-suffering suitor man who is courting a woman megalomania mania for doing grandiose things; mental disorder characterized by delusions of wealth, power, or importance melancholy gloomy; morose; blue; N. ADJ. melancholic; CF. melancholia blue gloomy; depressed melee fight mellifluous (of words or a voice) sweetly or smoothly flowing; melodious; having a pleasant tune memento token; reminder of the past; keepsake; Ex. memento of your visit memorialize commemorate memorial something, such as a monument or holiday, intended to honor the memory of a person or event; ADJ: commemorative menagerie collection of wild animals on exhibition; zoo mendacious lying; habitually dishonest; N. mendacity mendicant beggar; ADJ: living as a beggar alms money or goods given to the poor menial suitable for servants; lowly; mean; N: someone who does menial work (esp. servant in a house) mentor counselor; teacher mercantile concerning trade or merchants mercenary motivated solely by money or gain; N. mercurial capricious; quick and changing; fickle; containing the element mercury; Ex. mercurial temper; CF. mood quicksilver mercury meretricious flashy; tawdry; attractive on the surface but of no real value; Ex. metericious argument/jewel; CF. prostitute vulgar of the common people; deficient in refinement; not refined; coarse; Ex. vulgar display of wealth; N. vulgarism: vulgarity; crudely indecent word; CF. vulgarian: vulgar person; boor; lout merger combination (of two business corporations); act of merging mesmerize hypnotize; N. mesmerism; CF. Franz Mesmer metallurgical pertaining to the art of removing metals from ores; N. metallurgy: science that deals with extracting metals from ores metamorphosis change of form; Ex. metamorphosis of caterpillar to butterfly; V. metamorphose: change by metamorphosis metaphor implied comparison; CF. simile soar rise or fly high in the air; Ex. The rocket soared into the sky. metaphysical pertaining to speculative philosophy; of metaphysics; N. metaphysics: branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality mete measure; distribute; administer; Ex. mete out justice/punishment meteoric like a meteor; swift; momentarily brilliant; Ex. meteoric rise to fame; N. meteor methodical systematic; N. method: systematic method of procedure meticulous excessively careful (with great attention to detail); painstaking; scrupulous metropolis large city mettle courage (to continue bravely in spite of difficulties); spirit; ADJ. mettlesome miasma swamp gas; heavy vaporous atmosphere often emanating from decaying matter; pervasive corrupting influence; noxious atmosphere or influence swamp wetland; marsh; V: flood; overwhelm; drench in with liquid microcosm small representative world; world in miniature; Ex. microcosm of English society miniature small model; small painting; ADJ: small migrant changing its habitat; wandering; Ex. migrant birds/workers; N: one that migrates migratory wandering; V. migrate: move from one region and settle in another; move periodically from one region to another milieu social environment; means of expression; Ex. feel out of one's milieu; Ex. His proper milieu is watercolor. militant combative; bellicose; N. militate work against; Ex. militate against the chances of promotion; CF. serve as a soldier militia army composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers millennium thousand-year period (as in the New Testament); hoped-for period of happiness and prosperity mimicry imitation mime pantomime(act without dialogue); mimicry; mimer; V: mimic; pantomime minatory menacing; threatening mincing affectedly dainty(delicate); V. mince: cut (esp. meat) into very small pieces; walk with exaggerated primness; walk in an unnatural way, taking little short steps; Ex. The actor minced across the stage; CF. mincemeat; CF. mincer dainty delicate; delicately beautiful; fastidious; not easy to please; Ex. dainty movement/dress exquisite delicate; very finely made; extremely beautiful; Ex. exquisite piece of jewelry choice delicate; of very fine quality minion servile dependent; obsequious follower minuscule(miniscule) extremely small minute extremely small; CF. minutes: official record of the proceedings at a meeting minutiae petty or trivial details; CF. minutia mirage unreal reflection; optical illusion mire entangle; stick in swampy ground; stick or sink in mire; N: bog; deep mud; Ex. sucked deeper into the mire mirth merriment; laughter misadventure mischance; ill luck; Ex. death by misadventure misanthrope one who hates mankind; misanthropist vile despicable; unpleasant; disgusting; Ex. vile slander misapprehension error; misunderstanding; V. misapprehend miscellany mixture of writings on various subjects; collection of various items miscellaneous made up of a variety of parts mischance ill luck misconstrue interpret incorrectly; misinterpret; misjudge miscreant wretch; wrongdoer; villain; Ex. kindness to the miscreant; CF. believe wretch miserable person; bad or despicable person; ADJ. wretched: miserable; bad; contemptible; vile misdemeanor minor crime; misdeed; wrongdoing misconduct immoral behavior; bad management; V. miserly stingy; mean misgivings doubts mishap unfortunate accident misnomer wrong or improper name; incorrect designation misogamy hatred of marriage misogynist hater of woman; CF. misogyny missile object to be thrown or projected missive letter; written statement; CF. sent mite very small object or insect-like creature; small coin mitigate appease; moderate; make or become less in force or intensity mnemonic pertaining to memory; assisting the memory; N: device, such as as formula or rhyme, used as a mnemonic aid mobile movable; not fixed; N. mobility mock ridicule; deride; imitate often in derision mode prevailing style; current fashion; manner; way of doing something; Ex. in the latest mode; Ex. simple mode of life modicum limited quantity; small amount; Ex. He does not have a modicum of sense; CF. moderate modish fashionable; conforming to the current fashion modulate tone down in intensity; change the intensity or tone of; regulate; change from one musical key to another; Ex. modulate from E to G mogul powerful person; Ex. oil moguls; CF. Mogol, Moghul; CF. Mongolian molecule the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance mollify soothe an angry person mollycoddle pamper; coddle; baby; indulge excessively molt(moult) periodically shed or cast off hairs or feathers (for replacement by a new growth) molten melted; Ex. molten lava momentous very important; N. moment; CF. momentary momentum quantity of motion of a moving body; impetus; moving force monarchy government under a single ruler monastic related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns monetary pertaining to money monochromatic having only one color monochrome painting in only one color; ADJ. monogram design composed of one or more initials of a name; V. monograph scholarly article monolithic solidly uniform; unchangeable; unyielding; N. monolith: large block of stone monotheism belief in one God monotony sameness leading to boredom; monotonousness; ADJ. monotonous; CF. monotone monumental massive; impressively large; built as a monument moodiness fits of depression or gloom; ADJ. moody: given to changeable moods; subject to periods of depression; gloomy CF. mood: state of mind or emotion moratorium legal delay of payment or action; Ex. declare moratorium on the building of new houses morbid given to unwholesome or unhealthy thought; moody; characteristic of disease; Ex. morbid curiosity; N. morbidity; CF. disease mordant biting; sarcastic; stinging; (apprec.) incisive; cutting; Ex. mordant pen/wit mores conventions; moral standards; moral customs moribund dying; at the point of death; CF. death morose ill-humored; sullen; sullenly melancholy mortician undertaker; CF. death undertaker funeral director; one whose business is to arrange burials mortify humiliate by embarassing excessively; shame; punish the flesh; discipline (one's body) by self-denial; Ex. mortified by her blunder; Ex. mortify the flesh; CF. cause to die mosaic picture made of small colorful inlaid tiles; ADJ. mote small speck (esp. of dust) speck small piece or mark; Ex. speck of dust in the eye motif theme; recurrent thematic element in a musical or literary work; single or repeated pattern; figure motility ability to move spontaneously; ADJ. motile: moving spontaneously motley multi-colored (as of a garment worn by a jester); mixed; heterogeneous; CF. jester: one who jests (as a paid fool at medieval courts) motto brief statement used to express a principle mottled blotched in coloring; spotted; Ex. mottled face; V. mottle: mark with blotches of different colors blotch spot; blot; CF. blot+botch blemish mar; spoil the beauty or perfection of; N: flaw or defect (that spoils perfection); Ex. blemishes in the crystal; CF. unblemished mountebank charlatan; boastful pretender peddle travel about selling (wares); CF. foot muddle confuse; mix up confusedly; N: state of confusion muggy (of weather) warm and damp mulct defraud a person of something; swindle; Ex. mulct the boy of his legacy multifarious varied; greatly diversified; Ex. multifarious activities multiform having many forms multilingual having many languages; fluent in several languages multiplicity state of being numerous or multiple; large number; Ex. multiplicity of details; ADJ. multiple: of more than one element mundane worldly as opposed to spiritual; everyday; of the ordinary; Ex. mundane existence; CF. world munificent very generous in giving; Ex. munificent benefactor; N. munificience mural wall painting murky dark and gloomy; thick with fog; vague; Ex. murky night/fog; N. murk: partial or complete darkness; gloom muse ponder at length; N: source of inspiration (esp. of a poet) musky having the odor of musk; N. musk: odorous substance secreted by an Asian deer muster gather; assemble (troops); Ex. muster up one's strength for the ordeal; N. musty stale (in odor or taste); spoiled by age; CF. moist mutablility ability to change in form; fickleness; ADJ. mutable: able to change; fickle; CF. mutate; CF. mutant muted silent; muffled; toned down; Ex. muted traffic noise mute silent; without speech; not pronounced; unable to speak; N: one who is incapable of speech; V: soften the sound, color, shade of mutilate maim; injure lastingly; deprive of a limb or an essential part mutinous unruly; rebellious; Ex. mutinous teenagers; N. mutiny: open rebellion; CF. mutineer myopic nearsighted; lacking foresight; N. myopia myriad very large number; ADJ. CF. ten thousand nadir lowest point; point on the celestial sphere diametrically opposite the zenith naivet\'e(naivety) quality of being unsophisticated; simplicity; artlessness; gullibility; ADJ. naive(na\"ive): ingenuous; lacking worldliness; simple; credulous narcissist conceited person; N. narcissism; CF. narcissus narrative related to telling a story; N: narrated account; story; V. narrate: tell (a story); CF. narration nascent incipient; coming into being or existence; Ex. nascent ability in music natation swimming natty neatly or smartly dressed; dapper; smart; Ex. natty dresser smart intelligent; quick and energetic; fashionable; Ex. smart pace/restaurant; V: cause or feel a sharp pain; N: smarting pain nauseate cause to become sick; fill with disgust; fill nausea nausea feeling of sickness and desire to vomit; disgust; CF. seasickness nauseous causing nausea; feeling nausea nautical pertaining to ships or navigation navigable (of a body of water) wide and deep enough to allow ships to pass through; (of a ship or aircraft) able to be steered nebulous vague; hazy; cloudy; of a nebula; Ex. nebulous proposal nebula diffuse mass of interstellar dust or gas; galaxy necromancy black magic; sorcery; dealings with the dead; art that professes to communicate with the spirits of the dead so as to predict the future; CF. necromancer; CF. necro+divination; CF. necro-: death; Ex. necropolis nefarious very wicked negate cancel out; nullify; cause to have no effect; deny; N. negation negligence neglect; failure to take reasonable care; ADJ. negligent: neglectful; lax; not taking enough care negligible so small, trifling, or unimportant as to be easily disregarded nemesis someone seeking revenge; source of downfall or ruin; CF. Nemesis neologism new or newly coined word or phrase neophyte recent convert; new member of a religious group; beginner; CF. plant nepotism favoritism (to a relative); CF. nephew favoritism display of partiality toward a favored person nether lower; Ex. nether garments/regions nettle irritate; annoy; vex; ADJ. nettlesome nexus connection nib beak(bill); pen point nicety precision; accuracy; minute distinction or difference; Ex. to a nicety: exactly; precisely; Ex. distinguish between niceties niggardly meanly stingy; parsimonious; N. niggard: stingy person niggle spend too much time on minor points (esp. when finding fault); find fault; Ex. niggle over details; ADJ. niggling nihilist one who considers traditional beliefs to be groundless and existence meaningless; absolute skeptic; revolutionary terrorist; CF. nihilism: belief that nothing has meaning or value; belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement nip snip off; stop something's growth or development; bite; make numb with cold; Ex. nip the plan; Ex. A guard dog nipped the postman; Ex. fingers nipped by the extreme chill snip short quick cut with scissors; V: cut with scissors pinch squeeze between the thumb and a finger, or other edges; Ex. I had to pinch myself to make sure I wasn't dreaming. N: amount that can be held between the thumb and a finger nirvana in Buddhist teachings, the ideal state in which the individual loses himself in the attainment of an impersonal beatitude impersonal not being a person; not showing personal feelings; Ex. impersonal force/manner/organization nocturnal done or active at night; Ex. nocturnal animals/raids; CF. nocturne noisome foul smelling; very unpleasant; unwholesome nomadic wandering; N. nomad: tribe who migrates from place to place nomenclature terminology(system of specialized words); system of names or naming things nominal in name only; of a name; trifling; (of a sum of money) very small; CF. nominate: propose as a candidate; appoint nonchalance indifference; lack of concern; composure; ADJ. nonchalant: unconcerned; cool; indifferent; Ex. nonchalant attitude to his debts noncommittal neutral; refusing commitment to a particular opinion; unpledged; undecided nondescript undistinctive; ordinary; ordinary-looking; Ex. nondescript fellow in a crowd nonentity person of no importance; nonexistence nonplus put at a loss; bring to a halt by confusion; perplex; CF. no more nostalgia homesickness; longing for the past; Ex. nostalgia for the clothes of 1920s; ADJ. nostalgic nostrum questionable medicine; quack medicine; CF. our (remedy) notable conspicuous; worthy of note; remarkable; important; distinguished; noted notoriety disrepute; ill fame nova star that suddenly becomes much brighter and then returns to its original brightness novelty something new; newness; ADJ. novel: new; original novice beginner noxious harmful; CF. obnoxious nuance shade of slight difference in meaning or color; subtle distinction shade slight difference in degree; nuance; degree of color; Ex. shades of meaning/grey gradation series of gradual stages; degree in such a progression nubile marriageable; of marriageable age; CF. connubial nugatory worthless; futile nullify make invalid; make null; invalidate numismatist person who collects coins; N. numismatics: study or collection of money, coins, and medals nuptial related to marriage or the wedding ceremony; N. nuptials: wedding ceremony nurture nourish; feed; educate; rear; care for while it is growing or developing; foster; cultivate; N: something that nourishes; rearing nutrient nourishing substance; ADJ: providing nourishment nutrition process of nourishing or being nourished; CF. malnutrition nutritious providing nourishment nourish provide with food necessary for life and growth nourishment something that nourishes; food oaf stupid awkward person; CF. elf obdurate stubborn; refusing to change one's belief obeisance bow (to show respect and obedience) obelisk tall column tapering(becoming gradually narrower toward the end) and ending in a pyramid obese excessively fat; N. obesity obfuscate confuse; muddle; cause confusion; make needlessly complex; make so confused as to be difficult to understand obituary death notice (esp. in a newspaper); ADJ. objective not influenced by emotions; fair; N: goal; aim obligatory binding; required; compulsory; V. oblige: constrain; make grateful; do a favor; accommodate oblique indirect; slanting (deviating from the perpendicular or from a straight line); Ex. oblique reference obliterate destroy completely; wipe out; Ex. obliterate the village oblivion obscurity; condition of being completely forgotten; forgetfulness oblivious inattentive or unmindful; unaware; wholly absorbed; forgetful(having the habit of forgetting) obloquy slander; disgrace; infamy obnoxious offensive; disagreeable; Ex. obnoxious smell obscure dark; vague; unclear; not well known; Ex. obscure meaning/village; V: darken; cover; make unclear; Ex. obscure the moon/meaning obsequious slavishly attentive; servile; full of servile compliance; sycophantic slavish of or like a slave; servile; showing no originality; copied very closely; Ex. slavish devotion/copy of the original obsequy funeral ceremony obsessive related to thinking about something constantly; of an obsession; preoccupying; N. obsession: compulsive preoccupation with a fixed idea; compulsive idea; V. obsess: preoccupy the mind of excessively obsidian black volcanic rock scion detached plant shoot used in grafting; descendant obsolete outmoded; no longer used obstetrician physician specializing in delivery(assisting in giving birth) of babies; N. obstetrics; CF. midwife obstinate stubborn; hard to control or treat; Ex. obstinate cough; N. obstinacy obstreperous boisterous; noisy and uncontrollable obtrude push (oneself or one's ideas) forward or intrude; impose (oneself or one's ideas) on others; butt in; stick out or extrude; thrust out; Ex. obtrude A on B; ADJ. obtrusive; N. obtrusion; CF. unobtrusive obtuse blunt; not sharp; stupid; slow in understanding obviate make unnecessary; get rid of; Ex. obviate the need Occident the West occlude shut; close; obstruct; Ex. A blood clot occluded an artery. occult mysterious; secret; supernatural; beyond human comprehension; CF. mysterious to human ?; OP. bare oculist physician who specializes in treatment of the eyes odious arousing strong dislike; hateful(causing hatred); vile odium detestation; quality of being odious; hatefulness; disrepute (resulting from hateful conduct) odoriferous giving off an odor odorous having an odor odyssey long, eventful, adventurous journey offensive attacking; insulting; distasteful; V. offend: violate; hurt the feelings of; N. offense: offending; violating of a moral or social code; crime; attack; Ex. first offense offhand casual; done without prior thought or preparation officious meddlesome; excessively pushy in offering one's services; overly eager in offering unwanted services or advices; Ex. officious bellboy pushy disagreeably aggressive ogle look at amorously; make eyes at; Ex. old men ogling young girls olfactory concerning the sense of smell oligarchy government by a privileged few ominous threatening; of an evil omen threat sign or warning (of coming danger); Ex. threat of rain; V: express a threat; give warning of (something bad); Ex. The cloud threatens rain. omnipotent all-powerful; having unlimited power omnipresent universally present; ubiquitous omniscient all-knowing omnivorous eating both plant and animal food; devouring everything onerous burdensome onomatopoeia words formed in imitation of natural sounds rustle make slight sounds like silk moving or being rubbed together onslaught vicious assault; fierce attack; Ex. unexpected onslaught of the enemy slaughter killing of animals for food; massacre; V: butcher (animals) for food; kill in large numbers onus burden; responsibility spare give; use; refrain from harming; save from experiencing; exempt; Ex. spare me 5 minutes; Ex. Take this money and spare my life; Ex. The emperor was spared the onus; ADJ: kept in reserve; free for other use; unoccupied; Ex. spare time opalescent iridescent; lustrous; like an opal; N. opalescence opaque dark; not transparent; N. opacity opiate medicine to induce sleep or deaden pain; something that relieves emotions or causes inaction; sleep-producing drug containing opium opportune timely; well-chosen opportunist individual who sacrifices principles for expediency by taking advantage of circumstances; N. opportunism opprobrium infamy; disgrace arising from shameful conduct; vilification(slander); scorn; contempt; Ex. opprobrium hurled against him; ADJ. opprobrious: expressing contempt; shameful or infamous optician maker and seller of eyeglasses optimist person who looks on the bright side; N. optimism optimum most favorable; optimal; N: most favorable condition optional not compulsory; left to one's choice; N. option: act of choosing; choice; freedom or power to choose; something available as a choice; Ex. have no option; Ex. two options optometrist one who fits glasses to remedy visual defects opulence extreme wealth; luxuriousness; abundance; ADJ. opulent: possessing great wealth; abundant opus work (esp. musical composition); Ex. magnum opus: masterpiece; CF. opera oracular of an oracle; prophetic; uttered as if with divine authority; mysterious or ambiguous; hard to understand; N. oracle: wiser person; prophecy made by an oracle orator public speaker oratorio dramatic poem set to music; long musical work with singing but without acting; CF. cantata ordain decree or command; grant holy orders; predestine; install as a minister, priest, or rabbi; N. ordainment; CF. ordination ordeal severe trial or affliction; difficult experience; trial(test of patience or endurance); affliction ordinance decree; authoritative order ordination ceremony conferring holy orders; ceremony of ordaining a priest orgy wild drunken revelry; unrestrained indulgence in an activity; Ex. orgy of shopping orient get one's bearings; adjust; make familiar with a situation; orientate orientation act of finding oneself in society; orienting orifice mouthlike opening; small opening (esp. to a cavern or passage of the body); CF. mouth ornate excessively or elaborately decorated ornithologist scientific student of birds; N. ornithology: scientific study of birds orthodox traditional; (of someone) conservative in belief; adhering to an established doctrine orthography correct spelling; CF. ortho-: straight; correct; Ex. orthodontics oscillate vibrate pendulumlike; waver osseous made of bone; bony ossify change or harden into bone; become hard and unchanging in one's ideas ostensible apparent; appearing as such; professed(pretended); pretended; Ex. ostensible purpose of the expedition apparent evident; easily seen or understood; appearing as such; Ex. apparent improvement ostentatious showy; trying to attract attention; pretentious; N. ostentation: showy display ostracize banish from a group; exclude from public favor; ban; Ex. His friends ostracized him. N. ostracism blackball vote against (an applicant); ostracize; N: negative vote oust expel; drive out; force out; N. ouster: ousting outlandish bizzare; peculiar; unconventional outmoded no longer in fashion or use; no longer stylish; old-fashioned outskirts fringes; outer borders (as of a city); Ex. outskirts of Boston outspoken candid; blunt blunt having a dull edge; abrupt and frank in speech or manner; brusque; V: make or become blunt outstrip outrun; surpass; outdo outwit outsmart; defeat by behaving more cleverly ovation enthusiastic applause overbearing bossy; domineering and arrogant; decisively important; Ex. overbearing manner/importance; V. overbear: dominate overt open to view; public; not secret; CF. covert overweening arrogant; presumptuous overwrought nervous or excited; extremely agitated; hysterical; wrought-up; CF. wrought: made or done hysteria excessive or uncontrollable excitement; N. hysteric: person suffering from hysteria; CF. hysterics: attack of hysteria ovoid egg-shaped; CF. ovum; CF. ovulate pachyderm thick-skinned animal pacifist one opposed to force; antimilitarist; ADJ. N. pacifism: opposition to war as a means of resolving disputes pacify soothe; make calm or quiet; subdue; bring peace to paean song of praise or joy; Ex. paeans celebrating the victory painstaking taking pains; showing hard work; taking great care; very careful and through palatable agreeable; pleasing to the taste palate roof of the mouth; sense of the taste palatial of or suitable for a palace; magnificent paleontology study of prehistoric life or fossils; CF. paleo-: ancient or prehistoric; Ex. paleography: study of ancient written documents palette board on which painter mixes pigments(coloring matters) palimpsest parchment or piece of writing material used for second time after original writing has been erased parchment writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat pall become boring; grow tiresome pallet small poor bed; Ex. straw pallet palliate ease pain (without curing); make less severe or offensive (a crime or illness) pallid pale; wan; Ex. pallid complexion palpable tangible; (of something bad) easily perceptible; obvious; Ex. palpable blunder palpitate throb; beat rapidly; flutter; tremble; Ex. Her heart began to palpitate. throb (of a heart or machine) beat rapidly or violently; N. Ex. hearthrob: heartbeat; sweetheart paltry insignificant; petty; trifling; contemptible; Ex. paltry sum; CF. trash pan criticize harshly panacea cure-all; remedy for all diseases panache flair; manner of doing things without any difficulty (causing admiration); flamboyance; bunch of feathers (on a helmet); Ex. with great panache pandemic widespread; affecting the majority of people; N: pandemic disease; CF. all people pandemonium wild tumult(commotion); wild noisy disorder; CF. Paradise Lost pander cater to (the low desires of others) cater provide food and drink (for); cater to: try to satisfy (desires of a bad kind) panegyric formal praise; encomium; Ex. I don't deserve such panegyrics. panoramic denoting an unobstructed and comprehensive view; N. panorama: unbroken view of a wide area pantomime acting without dialogue; V. papyrus ancient paper made from stem of papyrus plant parable short simple story teaching a moral paradigm model; example that serves as a model; pattern; list of all the inflectional forms of a word paradox something apparently contradictory in nature (that may nonetheless be true); statement that looks false but is actually correct paragon model of perfection; Ex. paragon of virtue parallelism state of being parallel; similarity; analogy parallel similar; analogous; corresponding; N: parallel line; person or thing that is parallel (to another); similarity; Ex. know of no parallel to the case; Ex. without parallel; V: be similar to; make parallel; Ex. Your experience parallels mine; CF. unparalleled parameter limit; independent variable; Ex. parameters of the problem; Ex. within the parameters of the budget paramount foremost in importance; supreme; CF. para-: beyond; above; Ex. paranormal paramour illicit lover inamorata woman whom a man loves paranoia psychosis marked by delusions of grandeur or persecution; N: ADJ: paranoid, paranoiac paraphernalia equipment; odds and ends used in a particular activity; personal belongings; Ex. photographic paraphernalia; CF. married woman's property exclusive of her dowry dowry money or property brought by a bride to her husband at marriage paraphrase restate a passage in one's own words while retaining thought of author; N: restatement of a text in other words parasite animal or plant living on another; toady; sycophant; CF. para-: beside infest inhabit in numbers large enough to be harmful; Ex. Mice infested the house; Ex. shark-infested waters parched extremely dry; very thirsty; V. parch: make or become extremely dry (by exposure to heat) pariah social outcast; Ex. Mariah the pariah outcast one that has been excluded from a society; ADJ. parity equality; close resemblance; CF. disparate parlance language; manner of speaking; idiom; Ex. in legal/common parlance parley conference (between opponents); CF. speak parochial narrow in scope or outlook; provincial; related to parishes parish area in the care of a single priest and served by one main church outlook point of view; view from a particular place; expectation for the future; prospect; Ex. outlook on life; Ex. pleasing outlook; Ex. weather outlook parody humorous imitation; spoof; takeoff; travesty; V. spoof parody takeoff burlesque; act of leaving the ground paroxysm fit or attack of pain, laughter, rage; sudden outburst parquet floor made of wood strips inlaid in a mosaic like matter; CF. strip: long narrow piece parry ward off a blow; deflect; Ex. He parried the unwelcome question very skillfully; N. ward administrative division of a city; division in a hospital or prison; incompetent person placed under the protection of a guardian; V: guard; ward off: avert parsimony stinginess; excessive frugality; ADJ. parsimonious partial incomplete; favoring one side over another; having a liking for something partiality state of being partial; inclination; favorable bias; special fondness; preference partisan one-sided; prejudiced; committed to a party (with dislike of any others); N: strong supporter of a party; guerrilla parvenu upstart; newly rich person partition divide into parts pass\'e old-fashioned; past the prime passive not active; acted upon; receiving an action without acting in return; accepting without resistance pastiche imitation of another's style in musical composition or in writing; work of art openly imitating the works of other artists pastoral rural; of rural life; idyllic; of a pastor patent obvious; easily seen; open for the public to read; of or protected by a patent; Ex. patent to everyone; N. pathetic causing sadness, compassion, pity; touching touching causing a feeling of pity or sympathy; pathetic; V. touch: cause to feel pity or sympathy; ADJ. touched pathological pertaining to disease; N. pathology: study of disease pathos tender sorrow; pity; quality in art or literature that produces these feelings; Ex. pathos that runs through the novel patina green crust on old bronze works or copper; tone slowly taken by varnished painting varnish paint used to coat a surface with a glossy film; glossy coating produced by using this substance; Ex. nail varnish; V. patois local or provincial dialect patriarch father and ruler of a family or tribe patrician noble; aristocratic; N: person of high rank; aristocrat; CF. member of the governing classes in ancient Rome; CF. plebian patronize support; act superior toward; treat in a condescending manner; be a customer of; N. patron: one that supports; regular customer; N. patronage; CF. boycott paucity scarcity; dearth pauper very poor person peccadillo slight offense or fault; CF. sin swipe hit with a sweeping motion; N. pecuniary pertaining to money pedagogue teacher; CF. child leader pedagogy teaching; art of education pedant scholar who overemphasizes book learning, trivial details of learning, or technicalities pedantic bookish; showing off learning; marked by an excessive ostentatious concern for book learning; N. pedantry bookish fond of books and reading studious given to diligent study pedestrian ordinary; dull; unimaginative(lacking in imagination); going on foot; Ex. pedestrian prose; N. precinct division of a city for election or police purposes; precincts: space that surrounds a building; Ex. precincts of the college pedigree ancestry; lineage pediatrician physician specializing in children's diseases; N. pediatrics peerless having no equal; incomparable peer one who has equal standing with another; nobleman; V: look intently; N. peerage; CF. peeress pejorative (of a word or phrase) suggesting that someone is of little value; negative in connotation; having a belittling effect; Ex. Many women now considers ``housewife'' a pejorative expression, because it patronized them. pell-mell in confusion; disorderly; Ex. dash pell-mell pellucid transparent; limpid(crystal clear); clear in meaning; easy to understand penance self-imposed punishment for sin; Ex. do penance for one's sins; CF. penitent penchant strong inclination; strong liking (esp. for something that is disapproved of by other people); Ex. penchant for fast cars pendant(pendent) hanging down from something; pending; N: ornament (hanging from a necklace etc.) pending not yet decided or settled; impending; Ex. pending decision; PREP. while awaiting; until; Ex. delay the decision pending his return pendulous hanging; suspended suspend cause to stop for a period; interrupt; hold in abeyance; defer; hang from above; exclude for a period from a position; Ex. suspended state; Ex. suspend judgment; Ex. suspended from the team; N. suspension suspense state of being undecided; anxiety or apprehension resulting from uncertainty penitent repentant; N. pensive dreamily or deeply thoughtful; sadly thoughtful; thoughtful with a hint of sadness; contemplative; CF. think over penumbra partial shadow (in an eclipse); CF. almost shadow penury extreme poverty; stinginess; ADJ. penurious: very poor; stingy peon landless agricultural worker; bond servant; menial worker; N. peonage perceptive insightful; showing a good ability at perceiving and understanding; aware; wise; of perception percussion striking one object against another sharply; Ex. percussion instrument; N: striking together of two bodies; sound caused by percussion perdition damnation; complete ruin; hell damn condemn; criticize severely; condemn to everlasting punishment; doom; bring to ruin; N. damnation doom condemnation to a severe penalty; ruin; fate (esp. a tragic or ruinous one); V. peregrination journey; V. peregrinate peremptory demanding and leaving no choice; imperative; Ex. peremptory decree/knock perennial something long-lasting; perennial plant; ADJ: lasting through the year or many years; lasting for a long time; enduring perfidious treacherous; disloyal; N. perfidy: treachery perforate pierce; put a hole through perfunctory done routinely and with little care; superficial; not thorough; lacking interest, care, or enthusiasm; Ex. perfunctory kiss perigee point of moon's orbit when it is nearest the earth; CF. apogee perimeter outer boundary; length of the outer boundary; circumference bound leap or spring; limit or confine; constitute the limit of; Ex. bounded by Canada; N: leap or jumping; boundary; ADJ: certain; having a duty to do something (legally or morally); confined by bonds; Ex. We are bound to be late; Ex. I am bound to say my opinion; CF. bounce, rebound peripatetic walking about from place to place (to work); moving; Ex. peripatetic school of philosophy peripheral of a periphery; marginal; outer; of minor importance; not central; Ex. peripheral nerve/interest periphery outside edge especially of a round surface; perimeter; Ex. periphery of the town perjury false testimony while under oath; V. perjure oneself: testify falsely under oath permeable that can be permeated; penetrable; porous; allowing liquids or gas to pass through; V. permeate: spread or flow throughout; charge pernicious very harmful; deadly; very destructive; Ex. pernicious effect/anemia peroration conclusion of an oration; perorating; V. perorate: conclude a speech; speak at great length perpetrate commit an offense; do (something wrong) perpetual everlasting perpetuate make perpetual; make something last for a long time; preserve from extinction; N. perpetuity perquisite(perk) any gain above stipulated salary; Ex. perquisites such as free meals and a car personable attractive (in personality or appearance) perspicacious (of someone) having insight; penetrating; astute perspicuity clearness of expression; freedom from ambiguity perspicuous (of something) plainly expressed; easy to understand; Ex. perspicuous comments pert (esp. of a girl or young woman) impertinent; forward; trim; jaunty; Ex. pert young miss/hat forward presumptuous or bold pertinacious holding tenaciously to an action; stubborn; persistent pertinent suitable; to the point; relevant perturb disturb greatly peruse read through with care; N. perusal pervasive spread throughout; V. pervade: (of smells, ideas, feelings) spread throughout; charge; permeate perverse purposely continuing to do something wrong; stubbornly wrongheaded; perverted; directed away from what is right; wicked and unacceptable; Ex. perverse satisfaction; Ex. Hannibal Lecter in a perverse mood; N. perversity perversion corruption; turning from right to wrong pervert corrupt; turn from right to wrong; misuse; Ex. perverted sexual desire/scientific knowledge; N: person whose sexual behavior is not natural wrongheaded stubbornly wrong pessimism belief that life is basically bad or evil; gloominess; tendency to take the gloomiest possible view of a situation; ADJ. pessimistic pestilential(pestilent) causing plague; tending to cause death; baneful; N. pestilence: fatal epidemic disease (esp. bubonic plague) pestle tool for mashing or grinding substances in a hard bowl or mortar mortar vessel in which substances are crushed with a pestle mash crush into mash; convert into mash; N: mixture of ground grain and nutrients fed to livestock and fowl petrify turn to stone; cause to become stonelike; stun or paralyze petty trivial; unimportant; very small; small-minded; petty-minded petulant touchy; peevish; ill-tempered phalanx formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense) pharisaical pertaining to the Pharisees, who paid scrupulous attention to tradition; self-righteous; hypocritical pharisee Pharisee: member of an ancient Jewish group that emphasized strict observance of the Mosaic law (considering themselves very holy); hypocritical self-righteous person self-righteous sure of one's own righteousness; moralistic phenomena observable facts; subjects of scientific investigation; SG. phenomenon: observable fact; very unusual person, thing, or event; marvel; wonder; CF. phenomenons; ADJ. phenomenal: very unusual; extraordinary; of a phenomenon; Ex. phenomenal strength philanderer faithless lover; flirt philanthropist lover of mankind; doer of good; N. philanthropy philatelist stamp-collector; N. philately: stamp collecting philistine narrow-minded person, uncultured and exclusively interested in material gain; uncultured person who is indifferent to artistic and cultural values; member of an ancient people in Palestine; OP. aesthete philology study of language or words phlegmatic calm and unexcitable; not easily disturbed; CF. phlegm: sticky mucus produced in the respiratory tract phobia morbid fear phoenix symbol of immortality or rebirth; Ex. phoenix rising from its ashes phylum major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division physiognomy face (as showing the character and the mind); art of judging human character from facial features physiological pertaining to the science of the function of living organisms; N. physiology piebald of different colors; mottled; spotted in different colors (esp. in black and white); Ex. piebald horse; CF. pie+bald piecemeal one part at a time; gradually; in stages; Ex. read a novel piecemeal pied piebald; variegated(many-colored); multicolored piety devoutness; reverence for God; ADJ. pious pigment coloring matter (usually powder to be mixed with water or oil) pillage plunder pillory punish by placing in a wooden frame or pillory; subject or expose to criticism and ridicule; N. pine long for; yearn; languish from longing or grief; decline pinion restrain or immobilize by binding the wings or legs; N: bird's wing pinnacle peak; highest point; acme; Ex. pinnacle of fame pious devout; religious; N. piety piquant pleasantly tart-tasting; spicy; pleasantly stimulating; Ex. piquant situation when my old enemy asked for my help tart sharp to the taste; acid-tasting; caustic; sarcastic; Ex. tart apple/reply sour having a sharp or acid taste; acid; tart; bad-tempered; V. pique irritation; resentment from wounded pride (eg. loss in a contest); V: provoke; arouse; annoy; cause to feel resentment; Ex. pique her curiosity piscatorial pertaining to fishing; CF. Pisces pitfall hidden danger; concealed trap beware be cautious (of) pith core or marrow; spongelike substance in the center of stems; essence; substance marrow soft fatty tissue that fills most bone cavities and is the source of blood cells pithy concise and meaningful; substantial; meaty pittance small amount (of money); small allowance or wage pivotal of a pivot; central; critical; crucial placate pacify; bring peace to; conciliate; appease placebo harmless substance prescribed as a dummy pill tablet small round piece of medicine; flat piece of stone or metal bearing an inscription; Ex. stone tablet on the wall placid peaceful; calm; Ex. placid child/lake plagiarize steal another's ideas or writings and pass them off as one's own; Ex. ideas plagiarized from my article; N. plagiarism; CF. kidnap plaintive expressing sorrow; mournful; Ex. plaintive song plait braid; interwine; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; Ex. plaited hair; N: braided length as of hair o fabric; CF. pigtail, ponytail plasticity ability to be molded; ADJ. plastic: capable of being shaped or molded; Ex. plastic material such as clay platitude trite remark; commonplace statement; ADJ. platitudinous commonplace ordinary; N: something ordinary or common; trite remark commonwealth nation governed by the people; republic; people of a nation platonic purely spiritual; theoretical; without sensual desire plaudit praise; enthusiastic approval; round(succession or series) of applause; ADJ. plauditory; CF. applaud plausible conceivably true; having a show of truth but open to doubt; specious plebeian common; vulgar; pertaining to the common people; N: common people in ancient Rome; CF. patrician plebiscite direct vote by the entire electorate (on an important issue) referendum direct vote by all the people plenary (of power) complete; full; fully attended by all qualified members; Ex. plenary power plenitude abundance; plenty; great amount; completeness; fullness; CF. plenary, plenty plethora excess; overabundance; Ex. a plethora of excuses pliable flexible; easily influenced; yielding; adaptable pliant flexible; easily influenced plight difficult condition; condition or state (esp. a bad state or condition); predicament pluck courage; V: pull off or out; pull out the hair or feathers of; ADJ. plucky: courageous; brave plumage feathers of a bird; plumb exactly vertical; N: weight on the end of a line; V: examine very carefully or critically in order to understand; measure depth (by sounding); Ex. plumb the depth of plumber one who installs and repairs pipes and plumbing(pipes) plummet fall sharply; fall straight down; Ex. Stock prices plummeted. plutocracy society ruled by the wealthy podiatrist doctor who treats ailments of the feet; chiropodist; N. podiatrics podium pedestal; raised platform pedestal support or base as for a pillar or statue poignancy quality of being deeply moving; keenness of emotion; ADJ. poignant: touching; deeply moving; (of sorrow, grief, etc.) painful; keenly distressing to the mind; Ex. poignant memory/anxiety; CF. prick polarize split into opposite extremes or camps polarity state of having two opposite qualities polar of a pole; characterized by opposite extremes; Ex. polar opposites camp group sharing a common cause or opinion polemic attack or defense of an opinion; controversy or refutation; argument in support of point of view; N. polemics: art of debate or controversy polemical(polemic) aggressive in verbal attack; disputatious (rather than simply expressing opinions) politic prudent; judicious; well judged; expedient; well devised polity (particular form of) political organization; form of government of nation or state; Ex. student polity polygamist one who has more than one spouse at a time; CF. bigamy; CF. polyandry polyglot speaking several languages; multilingual; Ex. polyglot person/society; N. pomposity self-important behavior; acting like a stuffed shirt(pompous person); ADJ. pompous: self-important ponderous having great weight; weighty; unwieldy; lacking lightness; dull; Ex. ponderous body/style of writing pontifical pertaining to a bishop or pope; pompous or pretentious; CF. pontiff: pope; bishop pore study industriously; ponder; scrutinize; Ex. pore over the book; N. porous full of pores; like a sieve interstice narrow space between things portend foretell; presage; be a sign or warning of; N. portent: sign; omen; forewarning soothsayer one who foretells the future portly stout; corpulent stout rather fat; strong in body; sturdy; resolute; determined; strong in determination; Ex. stout stick/supporter poseur person who pretends to be sophisticated, elegant, etc., to impress others; person who poses; CF. pose pose assume a particular posture; put forward; present; affect a particular attitude (to impress others); Ex. pose a threat; N. posterity descendants; future generations; Ex. go down to posterity; CF. posterior, anterior posthumous after death (as of child born after father's death or book published after author's death); coming or occurring after one's death; Ex. posthumous fame/novel postmortem autopsy; ADJ: occurring after death; of a postmortem postulate self-evident truth; something assumed without proof; V: assume the truth of (as a basis of an argument) posture assume an affected pose; act artificially; N: pose; attitude potable suitable for drinking; drinkable potent powerful; convincing; persuasive; greatly influential potentate monarch; sovereign potential expressing possibility; latent; N: capacity for growth potion dose (of liquids); liquid dose potpourri heterogeneous mixture; medley; mixture of dried flower petals a pot (to give a pleasant smell to a room) poultice soothing application applied to sore and inflamed portions of the body practicable feasible practical based on experience; of or acquired through practice (rather than theory); useful; Ex. practical man pragmatic practical (as opposed to idealistic); concerned with practical worth or impact of something; Ex. pragmatic test of the skill pragmatist practical person; N. pragmatism: pragmatic way of dealing with things prance move about in a spirited manner (proudly and confidently) prate talk idly; speak foolishly; boast idly prattle talk idly; babble; N. CF. prate idle not working; not employed or busy; lazy; without purpose; useless; lacking substance; baseless; not based on truth; Ex. idle worker; Ex. talk idly; V. preamble introductory statement precarious unsafe; lacking in stability; uncertain; risky; Ex. precarious living precedent something preceding in time which may be used as an authority or guide for future action; V. precede; CF. unprecedented precedent preceding (in time, rank, etc.) precept practical rule guiding conduct; Ex. mother's precept precipice cliff; dangerous position; Ex. on the edge of the precipice brink edge (at the top of a cliff); Ex. on the brink of the Grand Canyon precipitant something that causes a substance in a chemical solution to separate out in solid form; OP. solvent precipitate hurl downward; throw headlong; hasten; cause to happen sooner; condense and fall as rain or snow; cause (a solid substance) to be separated from a solution; ADJ. hasty; rash; premature; sudden precipitous steep; overhasty; precipitate pr\'ecis abstract; concise summing up of main points; concise summary of a text precise exact preclude make impossible; prevent; exclude; eliminate precocious advanced in development; N. precocity precursor forerunner; predecessor predator predatory animal or bird; predatory person; creature that seizes and devours another animal; person who robs or exploits others; ADJ. predatory: living by preying on other organisms; plundering; N. predation predecessor former occupant of a post predetermine determine in advance; predestine; settle or decide beforehand; influence markedly predicament difficult situation; tricky or dangerous situation; dilemma predilection preference; partiality predispose give an inclination toward (in advance); make susceptible to; Ex. predispose people to certain cancer; N. predisposition preeminent outstanding; superior preempt prevent in advance; head off(forestall); forestall by acting first; appropriate for oneself before others; supplant; take the place of; displace; Ex. preempt any attempts; ADJ. preemptive preen make oneself tidy in appearance; feel self-satisfaction or pride; (of a bird) smooth or clean (feathers) with the beak; Ex. preen oneself on; CF. prune prefatory introductory; of a preface prehensile capable of grasping or holding (esp. by wrapping around); Ex. prehensile tails prelate church dignitary; priest of high position in the church (esp. bishop) prelude introduction; introductory performance or event; forerunner premeditate plan in advance; Ex. premeditated murder premise assumption; postulate; proposition upon which an argument is based premonition forewarning; presentiment; foreboding premonitory serving to warn preponderance superiority of power, quantity, etc.; V. preponderate: be greater in power, weight, or importance; ADJ. preponderant preposterous absurd; completely unreasonable; ridiculous prerogative privilege; unquestionable right; CF. ask before presage foretell; be a warning or sign of; N: presentiment; foreboding; omen prescience ability to foretell the future; knowledge of actions before they occur; ADJ. prescient presentiment premonition; foreboding; feeling something will happen; anticipatory fear prestige respect or admiration; impression produced by achievements or reputation; ADJ: causing admiration; ADJ. prestigious: having prestige presumptuous going beyond what is right; excessively forward; arrogant; taking liberties presume take for granted; assume; act overconfidently; take liberties; presume on/upon: take unfair advantage of (someone's kindness or connection); N. presumption pretentious ostentatious; showy; pompous; making unjustified claims; overambitious; Ex. pretentious films that claim to be art pretend feign; pretend to: claim to possess; make pretensions to; Ex. I don't pretend to much expertise; N. pretense pretension pretentiousness; claim (without foundation); Ex. I make no pretensions to skill as an artist. preternatural beyond what is normal in nature; supernatural; Ex. preternatural strength/forces pretext excuse prevail be widespread; triumph over; gain victory; prevail on: persuade; induce; Ex. Justice has prevailed; Ex. prevail on someone to do something prevalent widespread; generally accepted prevaricate lie; hide the truth (by equivocating) prey target of a hunt; victim; V: hunt and eat as prey; victimize; Ex. Cats prey on mice. prim proper to the point of affectation; very precise and formal; exceedingly proper primogeniture seniority by birth; state of being the first-born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents) primordial existing at the beginning (of time); rudimentary primp groom oneself with care; adorn oneself pristine unspoiled; remaining in a pure state; characteristic of earlier times; primitive; Ex. an old book in pristine condition privation lack of the basic necessities or comforts of life; hardship; want; CF. deprive privy secret; hidden; not public; made a participant in something secret; Ex. privy chamber government; Ex. be privy to a discussion; CF. private probe explore with a probe or tools; investigate; N: slender instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; device designed to investigate an unknown region; thorough investigation; Ex. space probe probity uprightness; honesty; incorruptibility defalcate embezzle problematic causing a problem; open to doubt; doubtful; unsettled; questionable; Ex. Whether the arena will ever be completed is problematic. proclivity inclination; natural tendency (esp. towards something bad) procrastinate postpone; delay or put off procurement obtaining; V. procure: obtain by effort; obtain (a prostitute) for another prod poke (with a pointed object); stir up; urge; goad to action; N: pointed object used to prod; prodding prodigal wasteful; reckless with money; profuse; Ex. a mind prodigal of ideas; N. prodigality prodigious enormous; marvelous; extraordinary; Ex. prodigious amount/memory prodigy highly gifted child; person with exceptional talents; marvel; wonder profane violate; desecrate (something holy); treat unworthily; be profane for; ADJ: secular; nonreligious; irreverent for holy things profligate wasteful (of money); dissipated; wildly immoral; dissolute; N: profligate person; N. profligacy profound deep; not superficial; complete; Ex. profound thinker/remark/silence/deafness; N. profundity profusion great amount; plenty; overabundance; excess; lavish expenditure; Ex. profusion of choices; ADJ. profuse: plentiful; copious; giving or given abundantly; extravagant progenitor ancestor progeny children; offspring; descendants prognosis forecasted course of a disease; prediction; CF. prognostic prognosticate predict (according to present indications) prohibitive so high as to prohibit purchase or use; tending to prevent the purchase or use of something; prohibiting; inclined to prevent or forbid; Ex. prohibitive tax projectile missile; fired or thrown object (such as stone or bullet) proletarian member of the working class; blue collar guy; N. proletariat: working class (who have to work for wages) proliferate grow rapidly (in numbers); spread; multiply; N. proliferation prolific producing offspring or fruit in abundance; fertile; fecund; abundantly fruitful; producing abundant works; Ex. prolific writer prolixity tedious wordiness; verbosity; ADJ. prolix: wordy; verbose; diffuse prologue introduction (to a poem or play) feud bitter prolonged quarrel (usually between two peoples or families); V. CF. Romeo and Juliet; CF. feudal, feudalism prolong lengthen; extend; draw out prominent protruding(sticking out); conspicuous; notable; eminent promiscuous mixed indiscriminately; indiscriminate; not choosing carefully; indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners; irregular, particularly sexually; Ex. promiscuous life/girl; N. promiscuity promontory headland promote advance in rank; advance; help to flourish; advocate; help actively in forming; publicize or popularize; Ex. Milk promotes health; Ex. promote a match/bill; Ex. promote a new product prompt cause; urge; provoke; provide a cue (for an actor); ADJ: done without delay; done at the right time; punctual; on time; N: reminder or cue cue word or signal (as in a play to prompt another actor's speech or entrance); reminder or hint; V: give a cue to promulgate announce; proclaim a doctrine or law; make known by official publication prone inclined to; likely to (suffer); prostrate; lying with the front downward; Ex. prone to disease/make mistakes; Ex. accident-prone propagate increase in number by producing young; multiply; spread; Ex. Most plants propagate by seed; Ex. newspaper propagating their ideas propellant(propellent) substance which propels or drives forward (such as an explosive charge or a rocket fuel) propensity natural inclination prophetic of a prophet or prophecy; having to do with predicting the future; N. prophecy; V. prophesy; N. prophet prophylactic used to prevent disease; N: something prophylactic; condom; N. prophylaxis: prevention of disease propinquity nearness (in space or relationship); proximity; kinship propitiate appease; conciliate; make peaceful; ADJ. propitiatory propitious favorable; auspicious; advantageous; fortunate; Ex. propitious day/sign horoscope diagram of the positions of stars at a given moment (eg. of a person's birth) used by astrologers proponent supporter; backer; opposite of opponent propound put forth for consideration or analysis; set forth; Ex. propound a problem/theory propriety fitness; quality of being proper; correct conduct; conformity to prevailing customs and usages; CF. proprietor, proprietary usage act or manner of using; accepted practice; way in which words are actually used propulsive driving forward; N. propulsion prosaic lacking in imagination; dull and unimaginative; matter-of-fact(concerned with facts, not imagination or feelings); factual; CF. prose proscenium part of stage in front of curtain; front arch of a stage proscribe prohibit; ostracize; banish; outlaw outlaw fugitive from the law (excluded from legal protection); V: declare (someone) to be an outlaw; deprive of the protection of the law; declare illegal; Ex. Drinking has been outlawed. proselytize (induce someone to) convert to a religion or belief; N. proselyte: new convert to a doctrine or religion prosody art of versification; study of the metrical structure of verse metrical metric; written in the form of poetry; Ex. metrical translation of Homer meter arrangement of words in the form of poetry (by accentual rhythm) prosperity good fortune and financial success; physical well-being prosper become successful (esp. financially); thrive; grow well; Ex. children prospering under his care prosperous successful; rich; affluent; well-to-do; well-off prostrate stretch out full on ground; make prostrate; enervate; Ex. prostrating illness; ADJ: lying face down; having lost all strength protean able to take on many forms; versatile; CF. Proteus: sea god to change his shape at will prot\'eg\'e person receiving protection and support from a patron protocol diplomatic etiquette; ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats; first copy of a treaty before its ratification; Ex. Protocol demands that the queen meet him at the airport. prototype original work used as a model by others protract prolong; lengthen in time; draw out protrude stick out; jut; project; Ex. protruding teeth protuberance protrusion; swelling; bulge bulge protruding part; swelling of a surface; Ex. The apple made a bulge in his pocket; V: swell outward; protrude provenance place of origin; origin or source of something; Ex. Gunpowder is of Chinese provenance; CF. come provender dry food for livestock; fodder provident providing for future needs; displaying foresight; thrifty; preparing for emergencies; OP. improvident providence quality of being provident; divine care; god's care; Providence: god; Ex. It seemed like providence that the doctor happened to be there; ADJ. providential: of divine providence; fortunate provincial pertaining to a province; limited in outlook; narrow; unsophisticated provisional tentative; temporary proviso stipulation; condition in an agreement; provision provision act of providing; something provided; preparatory measure; provisions: necessary supplies (esp. food); stipulation; condition in an agreement; Ex. According to the provisions of the agreement provocative arousing anger or sexual interest; annoying; Ex. provocative in tight jeans; V. provoke: incite to anger; cause (an unpleasant action or feeling); N. provocation prowess extraordinary ability; military bravery; Ex. prowess in battle proximity nearness; ADJ. proximate proxy authorized agent; authority to act for another prude excessively modest or proper person (who is easily shocked by improper things, esp. of a sexual nature); N. prudery; ADJ. prudish: excessively concerned with propriety prudent cautious; careful; prudential prune cut away; trim prurient having or causing lustful desires and thoughts; arousing immoderate sexual desire pry inquire impertinently (someone else's private affairs); use leverage to raise or open something; prize; N. pries: tool for prying prize pry; move with a lever; value highly; esteem; Ex. his most prized possession; N: something captured during war-time (esp. an enemy ship) pseudonym pen name; fictitious name assumed by an author; ADJ. pseudonymous psyche soul; mind psychiatrist doctor who treats mental diseases psychic of psyche; mental; of or possessing extraordinary mental powers psychopathic pertaining to mental dearrangement; N. psychopath: person with an antisocial personality disorder psychosis mental disorder; ADJ. N. psychotic psychosomatic of the influence of the mind on the body (esp. with respect to disease) pterodactyl extinct flying reptile; CF. wing+finger puerile childish; immature; CF. puer: boy pugilist boxer; CF. pugilism: boxing pugnacity combativeness; disposition to fight; ADJ. pugnacious: (of people) belligerent; combative in nature puissant powerful; strong; potent; N. puissance: power pulchritude beauty; comeliness; ADJ. pulchritudinous pulmonary pertaining to the lungs pulsate throb; beat regularly; vibrate regularly pulse rhythmical throbbing of arteries; brief sudden change in a normally constant quantity; V: pulsate pulverize crush or grind into very small particles pummel pommel; beat or pound with fists punctilious minutely attentive (perhaps too much so) to fine points; stressing niceties of conduct or form; N. punctilio, punctiliousness: careful attention payed to every small exact detail pundit authority on a subject; expert; learned person pungent stinging; acrid; sharp in taste or smell; (of speech or writing) caustic; N. pungency punitive punishing; Ex. punitive measures puny tiny; weak; insignificant purchase secure grasp or hold; firm grasp or footing purgatory place of spiritual expiation; temporary state or place in which the souls must expiate their sins purge remove or get rid of something or someone unwanted; eliminate; free from blame or guilt; cleanse or purify (esp. of sin, guilt, or defilement); N. purport intention; purpose; meaning; V: claim; profess; Ex. order which purports to be signed by the general purported alleged; claimed; reputed or rumored; Ex. purported Satanists rooster cock; adult male chicken rabble mob; noisy crowd purse pucker; contract (lips) into wrinkles; N: wallet pucker gather into wrinkles or folds; N: wrinkle or fold purveyor furnisher of foodstuffs; caterer; V. purvey: supply (eg. food); furnish; CF. provide pusillanimous cowardly; lacking courage; fainthearted putative supposed; reputed; generally regarded as such; Ex. putative father of the child putrid decayed and foul-smelling; foul; rotten; decayed; N. putridity putrefy make or become putrid; N. putrefaction putrescent becoming putrid; putrefying gangrene decay of body tissue caused by insufficient blood supply (usually following injury); ADJ. gangrenous pyromaniac person with an insane desire to set things on fire quack charlatan; impostor quadruped four-footed animal; ADJ. CF. biped quaff drink with zest; drink with relish(zest; hearty enjoyment) quagmire bog; marsh; soft, wet, boggy land; predicament; complex or dangerous situation from which it is difficult to free oneself bog soft wet land; V: hinder or be hindered; Ex. bogged down in the mud quail cower; shrink back in fear; lose heart quaint odd in an old-fashioned way; odd; old-fashioned; picturesque qualified limited; restricted; V. qualify: limit the meaning of; modify qualms uneasy feelings; misgivings; uneasy fears especially about matters of conscience; Ex. I have no qualms about giving this assignment to Helen. quandary dilemma; state of uncertainty; Ex. She is in a quandary about whether to go. quarantine isolation of a person, place, or ship to prevent spread of infection; V: isolate in quarantine quarry person or animal of pursuit; victim; object of a hunt; prey quarry dig into (to get stone); N: mine bank heap; piled-up mass; embankment; lateral tilting (as of an aircraft in turning); V: pile up; protect with a bank; tilt in turning quash crush; suppress; squash; subdue; annul; Ex. quash a rebellion/the decision of the low court squash crush; quash; suppress quay dock; wharf; pier; landing place (for boats) queasy experiencing nausea; nauseated; easily nauseated; squeamish; Ex. feel a little queasy quell suppress; put an end to; put down forcibly; extinguish; quiet; Ex. "Army Quells Rebellion'' in newspaper; CF. kill quench assuage or satisfy (thrust); slake; douse or extinguish; put out; suppress squelch produce a splashing sound (when stepping through mud); crush; squash querulous given to complaining; complaining; fretful; whining whine complain (in a sad voice); make a high sad sound (as in pain or supplication) query inquiry; question; V. queue line (of waiting people or vehicles) quibble minor objection or complaint; V: raise minor objections; carp; cavil quiescent dormant; temporarily inactive; at rest; N. quiescence quietude tranquillity; calmness quintessence purest and highest embodiment; perfect example; apotheosis; most essential element; Ex. quintessence of wit; ADJ. quintessential; CF. fifth essence quip taunt; clever sarcastic remark; V. taunt deride or provoke; challenge in derision; N. quirk sudden sharp turn or twist; startling twist; caprice; idiosyncrasy; peculiarity of behavior; Ex. by a quirk of fate quisling traitor who aids invaders; CF. Vidkun Quisling quiver case for arrows quiver tremble; shake; N. leash restraining rope fastened to the collar of an animal (to control it); Ex. a dog on a leash quixotic idealistic but impractical; CF. Don Quixote quizzical curious; suggesting puzzlement (without saying); questioning; teasing; mocking; bantering; Ex. quizzical glance quorum minimal number of members necessary to conduct a meeting quotidian daily; commonplace; customary; Ex. quotidian routine rabid of or suffering rabies; like a fanatic; extremely zealous; furious; CF. rabies: hydrophobia raconteur story-teller; one who tells stories with wit and skill ragamuffin dirty child in torn clothes; person wearing tattered clothes tatter torn piece of cloth; ADJ. tattered: (of clothes) old and torn; (of a person) dressed in old torn clothes rail complain bitterly; scold; rant; Ex. the weaker railing against injustices raiment clothing; garments; Ex. I have no raiment fit to wear. rakish jaunty; stylish; sporty; morally corrupt; dissolute; Ex. He wore his hat at a rakish and jaunty angle. rake angle of a slope; V: slant from the perpendicular rake immoral or dissolute person rally come or bring together; call up or summon (forces, vital powers, etc.); revive or recuperate (after illness or difficulty); N: act of rallying; mass gathering ramble wander aimlessly (physically or mentally); digress ramification branching out; subdivision; one branch of a system; one of the results following from an action or decision; Ex. ramifications of a business/the decision ramify branch out; divide into branches or subdivisions ramp slope; inclined plane or roadway (connecting two levels) rampant growing or spreading uncontrollably; growing in profusion; unrestrained; Ex. rampant lawlessness/weed rampart defensive mound of earth ramshackle (of a building or vehicle) poorly constructed; rickety; falling apart rickety (of buildings) likely to break or fall apart; of rickets; CF. rickets; CF. vitamin D ransack search thoroughly; pillage (going through a place); Ex. Enemy soldiers ransacked the town. rancid having the odor of stale or decomposing fat; rank rank offensive in odor or flavor rancor long-lasting hatred; bitterness; Ex. negotiation without rancor; ADJ. rancorous random without definite purpose, plan, or aim; haphazard; Ex. random shots; Ex. chosen at random lot object used in making a determination at random; fate; piece of land draw choosing of a lot or card lottery contest in which winners are selected in a drawing of lots raffle lottery; V: award as a prize in a raffle; Ex. raffle off a new car rankle irritate; fester; annoy rant speak violently or excitedly; rave; talk excitedly showing anger; scold; make a grandiloquent speech; Ex. The priest ranted about the devil. rapacious voracious; ravenous; taking everything one can; excessively grasping; plundering; subsisting on live prey; Ex. rapacious birds rapport close relationship; emotional closeness; harmony rapt engrossed; absorbed; enchanted; Ex. rapt listener rarefied made less dense (of a gas); V. rarefy: make less dense; N. rarefaction rare (of air) thin in density; rarefied; Ex. rare air of the mountains raspy making a harsh noise; grating; harsh rasp (of a sound) grate on (eg. nerves); make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; rub with something rough; Ex. The cat's tongue rasped my hand. ratify approve formally; confirm; verify ratiocination reasoning; act of drawing conclusions from premises; V. ratiocinate: reason logically rationale fundamental reason or principle (on which a system or principle is based); fundamental reason or justification; grounds for an action rationalize make rational; devise false reasons for (one's behavior); offer an excuse; give a plausible reason for an action in place of a true, less admirable ones; N. rationalization rational (of a person) having reason; (of ideas) based on reason; logical ration fixed portion; V: distribute as rations raucous (of voice) harsh and unpleasant; (of people) disorderly and boisterous; Ex. raucous shouts ravage devastate; plunder; despoil; Ex. crops ravaged by storms maraud move in search of plunder; Ex. marauding army rave overwhelmingly favorable review; V: talk wildly as if mad; Ex. raving lunatic ravel fall apart into tangles; entangle; unravel or untwist ravenous extremely hungry; voracious ravine narrow valley with steep sides; gorge; CF. gully, canyon raze destroy completely; Ex. raze the city to the ground reactionary strongly opposed to social or political change; opposing progress; politically ultraconservative; N. OP. radical reinstate restore to a previous condition or position realm kingdom; field or sphere; Ex. not within the realms of possibility reaper one who harvests grain; Ex. the Grim Reaper; V. reap: cut and gather (crop); harvest a crop rebate return of part of a payment; discount; V. rebuff reject bluntly; snub; beat back; Ex. She rebuffed his invitation; N. snub ignore or behave coldly toward; Ex. I made a suggestion but she snubbed me; N. rebuke scold harshly; criticize severely rebus representation of words in the form of pictures or symbols; puzzle in which pictures or letters stand for words; Ex. ``R U 18'' is a rebus for ``Are you 18''. rebuttal refutation; response with contrary evidence; V. rebut: refute; disprove recalcitrant disobedient or resisting authority even after being punished; obstinately stubborn; determined to resist authority; unruly; Ex. recalcitrant child recant disclaim or disavow; retract a previous statement; openly confess error; Ex. recant one's faith/a statement recapitulate summarize recast reconstruct (a sentence, story, statue, etc.); fashion again fashion give shape to; make; Ex. fashion the pot out of clay receptive quick or willing to receive (ideas, suggestions, etc.); Ex. receptive to the proposal recession withdrawal; retreat; time of low economic activity recess pause; temporary cessation; alcove; secret inner place; Ex. parliament in recess; V. CF. recessive recidivism habitual return to crime (even after being punished); N. recidivist recipient receiver reciprocal mutual; given and received in return; exchangeable; interacting; Ex. reciprocal trade agreement reciprocate do or give something in return; repay in kind; give or take mutually; interchange; move backwards and forwards; Ex. reciprocate his invitation by inviting him; N. reciprocity: reciprocal relationship; mutual interchange of advantages between two groups; Ex. reciprocity in trading rights recluse hermit; loner; ADJ. reclusive reconcile make friendly again (after quarrel); make consistent (two ideas in opposition); correct inconsistencies; Ex. reconcile one's political principles with one's religious beliefs recondite abstruse; not easily understood; profound; secret reconnaissance survey of enemy by soldiers; reconnoitering; V. reconnoiter: make a preliminary inspection of (esp. to gather military information) recount narrate or tell (a story); count over again recourse resorting to help when in trouble; Ex. without recourse to resort turn to for help; Ex. resort to violence; N. makeshift temporary expedient or substitute (in the case of urgent need); Ex. makeshift shelter recreant disloyal; cowardly; N: disloyal and cowardly person recrimination countercharges; V. recriminate rectify set right; correct; CF. rect-: right rectitude moral correctness; moral uprightness; moral virtue; correctness of judgment recumbent reclining; lying down completely or in part recline lie down recuperate recover; return to health; regain; Ex. recuperate losses recurrent occurring again and again redolent odorous; fragrant; suggestive (of an odor); Ex. redolent of onions/mystery redoubtable formidable; causing fear redress remedy; compensation; Ex. seek redress for the damage to your car; V: put right; remedy or rectify (a wrong); make amends for redundant superfluous; more than is necessary; verbose; excessively wordy; repetitious reek emit (an unpleasant odor or smoke); give off an unpleasant odor; give out smoke; Ex. reeking chimney; N: unpleasant odor; stench stench strong foul odor; reek; stink stink stench; V: emit a strong foul odor refectory dining hall; room where meals are served (in a school) refraction bending of a ray of light refractory unmanageable; disobedient and stubborn; Ex. refractory horse refrain abstain from; resist; forbear; N: chorus chorus phrase repeated throughout a song or poem refulgent effulgent; brilliant; brightly shining; gleaming; Ex. refulgent moon gleam brief flash of light; glow; V. refurbish renovate; make clean, bright, or fresh (make new) again; make bright by polishing; Ex. refurbish an old theater; CF. furbish: polish refute disprove; prove to be false; N. refutation regal royal; of a monarch; Ex. regal manner regale entertain regatta boat or yacht race regeneration spiritual rebirth; Ex. regeneration of the prisoners; V. regenerate: give or obtain new life; reform spiritually penology study of prison management and criminal rehabilitation regicide murder of a king or queen regime method of system or government regimen prescribed course of diet or exercise; prescribed diet and habits; Ex. daily regimen of a dancer regiment military unit; V: subject to strict order; Ex. regimented society rehabilitate restore to proper condition (health or useful life); restore the former rank of reimburse repay; pay back reiterate repeat rejoinder reply; retort; comeback; V. rejoin: say in reply comeback retort; quick clever reply; return to former status rejuvenate make young again relegate put into a lower or worse place; banish to an inferior position; delegate; assign; Ex. relegate the old furniture to the children's room; Ex. relegated to the second division relent become less severe; give in(surrender); ADJ. relentless: unyielding; continuously severe relevant having importance; pertinent; referring to the case in hand; N. relevance, relevancy relic surviving remnant (from an extinct culture); memento; keepsake; relics: corpse; Ex. ancient relics; Ex. relics of his travel; Ex. His relics are buried at X. relinquish give up something (with reluctance); yield; release; Ex. relinquish power/the claim to the land/his hold on my arm relish enjoy; savor; N: enjoyment; zest remediable reparable reminiscence recollection; V. reminisce: recollect the past reminiscent suggestive of something (in the past); of reminiscence remiss negligent; careless about a duty remission temporary moderation (of disease symptoms); remitting of a debt or punishment; cancelation of a debt; pardon; Ex. The disease went into remission; Ex. Christians pray for the remission of sins. remit transmit (money) in payment; free someone from a debt or punishment remittance remitting of money; amount of money remitted remnant remainder remonstrate protest; objection; V. remonstrate: say in protest remorse deep regret for wrongdoing; guilt; self-reproach remunerative (of work) compensating; rewarding; profitable; well-paid; V. remunerate: reward; pay (someone) for work or trouble rend split; tear apart; N. rent; CF. heartrending: causing deep sorrow render give; deliver; provide; represent in verbal or artistic form; depict; perform; make; translate; Ex. render the song beautifully rendezvous meeting place; meeting at a set time or place; V. rendition rendering; translation; artistic interpretation of a song, etc renegade deserter; traitor; ADJ. renege break a promise; deny; go back on; Ex. renege on the contract/paying off the debt renounce abandon; give up (by formal announcement); disown; repudiate; Ex. renounce one's claim to the property/one's religion; N. renunciation renovate restore to good condition; renew renown fame; ADJ. renowned herald messenger; sign of something to come; V: announce; proclaim; Ex. unheralded researcher rent tear made by rending; rip; split reparable capable of being repaired reparation compensation (for loss or wrong); amends; Ex. make reparation for the damage; CF. repair repartee quick clever reply repast meal; feast; banquet repeal revoke; annul repel drive away; disgust; Ex. repel the attack/moisture; Ex. repelled by the dirty room; CF. repulsion repellent driving away; disgusting; offensive; repulsive; unattractive; N. repercussion rebound; reaction; reverberation; Ex. serious repercussion repertoire list of works of music, drama, etc., a performer is prepared to present; CF. repertory repine fret; complain; be annoyed; Ex. repine over the undone work replenish fill up again replete fully filled; filled to the brim or to the point of being stuffed; abundantly supplied; Ex. report replete with errors memoir memoirs; autobiography; biography brim uppermost edge of a cup; projecting rim (as on a hat); Ex. The glass was full to the brim; V: be full to the brim replica copy replicate reproduce; duplicate repository storehouse repose resting; state of being at rest; calmness; V: lie at rest; relax; put or place; Ex. repose our hopes in a single man reprehensible deserving blame; blameworthy; V. reprehend: blame repress hold back (the natural expression of); restrain; crush; oppress; Ex. repressed child; Ex. repress a laugh/rebellion reprieve postponement or cancelation of a punishment; temporary stay; V: postpone or cancel the punishment of reprimand reprove severely; rebuke; N. reprisal retaliation reprise musical repetition; repeating of a piece of music; repeat performance; recurrent action; Ex. reprise in the finale; Ex. constant reprises reproach blame (not angrily but sadly); express disapproval or disappointment; N. ADJ. reproachful reprobate morally disapproved person; person hardened in sin, devoid of a sense of decency; CF. disapproved by God ? reprobation severe disapproval; CF. approbation reprove censure; rebuke; N. reproof repudiate disown; disavow; deny repugnance disgust; strong dislike; loathing; ADJ. repugnant: arousing disgust; repulsive repulsion distaste; disgust; act of driving back; ADJ. repulsive: causing disgust; tending to drive away; V. repel (not `repulse') repulse reject with rudeness or coldness (an offer or friendship); drive back (an enemy attack); CF. repulse $\neq$ cause repulsion reputable respectable; having a good reputation reputed supposed; Ex. reputed father of the child; V. repute: consider; N. repute: reputation; esteem requiem mass for the dead; dirge mass Christian religious ceremony; CF. Mass: ceremony of the Eucharist requisite necessary requirement; something required; ADJ: required; necessary requisition formal demand or request; Ex. requisition for more computing equipment; V. requite make return for; repay; reciprocate; revenge; N. requittal rescind repeal; annul; cancel (a law, decision, or agreement) resentment indignation; bitterness; displeasure; V. resent: feel anger about reserve self-control; self-restraint; formal but distant manner; reticence; Ex. without reserve: freely and openly; ADJ. reserved: shy and uncommunicative residue remainder; balance residual remaining; left over; of a residue; N: residue resignation patiently submissiveness; statement that one is quitting a job; ADJ. resigned: acquiescent resign give up (a position, right, or claim); submit (oneself) passively resilient elastic; having the power of springing back; able to recover quickly (as from misfortune) elastic able to spring back into shape; quick to recover (as from disappointment); able to adapt to change; Ex. elastic plans; N: elastic material resolution determination; resoluteness; ADJ. resolute: firm or determined in purpose resolve determination; resolution; firmness of purpose resolve decide; settle; solve; separate; make a determined decision; N. resolution resonant (of a sound) echoing; resounding(sounding loudly); deep and full in sound; producing resonance; Ex. resonant voice; N. resonance resound (of a place) be filled with sound; (of a sound) sound loudly; sound back; echo; Ex. hall resounded with laughter respiration breathing; exhalation; ADJ. respiratory respite time for rest; interval of relief; delay in punishment; reprieve resplendent brilliant; splendid in appearance; dazzling; glorious responsiveness state of reacting readily to appeals, orders, etc.; ADJ. responsive: readily reacting; Ex. responsive to treatment restitution returning something (lost or stolen) to the rightful owner; reparation; indemnification; compensation for loss, damage, or injury restive impatiently restless (induced by external coercion or restriction); restlessly impatient; obstinately resisting control; Ex. restive horses because of wolves; CF. not a general synonym for `restless' restraint moderation or self-control; controlling force; restriction resumption taking up again; recommencement; V. resume: begin or take up again; take or occupy again; Ex. Kindly resume your seats. resurge rise again; flow to and fro; N. resurgence; ADJ. resurgent: (of ideas or beliefs) experiencing revival; surging again resurrect revive resuscitate revive; bring back to life or consciousness; Ex. resuscitate the drowned child retain keep; maintain possession of; employ (esp. a lawyer or advisor); N. retainer: servant; fee paid to retain an advisor retaliate repay in kind (usually for bad treatment); V. retaliate retentive holding; able to retain things (esp. facts in the mind); having a good memory reticent inclined to silence; uncommunicative; reserved; Ex. He was reticent about the reasons; N. reticence retinue following; attendants retiring shy and reserved (of a person); modest; Ex. her retiring personality retort quick sharp reply; V. retract withdraw; take back; draw back; Ex. retract a statement/an offer/claws; N. retraction; CF. retractile retrench cut down; cut down expenses; economize retribution deserved punishment for wrongdoing; punishment for offenses; compensation; vengeance; CF. pay back retrieve recover; put right; find and bring in; regain; Ex. retrieve the situation retroactive taking effect before its enactment (as a law) or imposition (as a tax); (of a law) having effect on the past as well as the future enact make (a bill) into law retrograde go backwards; recede; degenerate; deteriorate; ADJ. retrospective looking back on the past; N. retrospection; V. retrospect revelry boisterous merrymaking; V. revel: engage boisterous festivities; enjoy greatly; N: boisterous festivity or celebration reverberate echo repeatedly; resound; Ex. The thunder reverberated across the valley. reverent respectful; worshipful; V. revere: regard with reverence; N. reverence: profound respect reverend deserving reverence; N: priest reverie daydream; abstracted musing revert relapse; backslide; turn back to; return to the former owner; N. reversion relapse return to a former state (esp. after improvement); N. backslide revert (to bad habits); N. reverter revile attack with abusive language; vilify(slander) revoke cancel; retract; CF. irrevocable revulsion sudden strong feeling of disgust; sudden violent change of feeling; negative reaction; Ex. revulsion from the scenes of torture rhapsodize speak or write in an exaggeratedly enthusiastic manner; Ex. rhapsodize over the beauty of the scenery rhapsody excessively enthusiastic expression of feeling; musical composition of irregular form (as if made up as one plays it) rhetoric art of effective communication; art of using language effectively and persuasively; style of speaking or writing; grandiloquent language; Ex. political rhetoric; ADJ. rhetorical; CF. rhetorical question: question to which no answer is expected as ``Who knows it ?'' ribald marked by vulgar lewd humor; wanton; profane; N. ribaldry: ribald language or joke riddle pierce with holes; permeate or spread throughout; Ex. The gunman riddled the car with bullets; Ex. The whole report is riddled with errors; N. large sieve (separating earth from stone) rider amendment or clause added to a legislative bill rife (of something bad) widespread; abundant; current rift narrow opening in a large mass; break in a friendly relation; Ex. through a rift in the clouds; OP. reconcilation rig fix or manipulate; manipulate dishonestly for personal gain; Ex. rig the election rig arrangement of masts and sails; V: equip (a ship) with rigging; ADJ. rigging: ropes that hold up a ship's sails rigid hard and unbending; stiff and unyielding; fixed in behavior or views; strict; rigorous; Ex. rigid rule rigor severity; Ex. rigors of the Russian winter rile irritate; vex; muddy riveting holding one's attention; absorbing; engrossing rivet metal pin used for fastening metal plates together; V: fasten with a rivet; engross rivulet small stream; CF. rill < rivulet < river robust strong; vigorous rococo ornate; highly decorated; N. CF. 18th century roil make liquids murky by stirring up sediment; disturb roseate rosy; optimistic; Ex. roseate views roster list (of names) rostrum raised platform for speech-making; pulpit pulpit raised platform used in preaching (in a church) rote repetition; memorization through repetition without understanding; Ex. learn poetry by rote rotunda circular building or hall covered with a dome rotundity roundness; sonorousness of speech rotund (of a person) fat and round rousing lively; inducing excitement; stirring; V. rouse: waken; arouse from sleep or depression; excite; stir up rout put to rout; stampede; drive out; N: complete defeat and disorderly retreat stampede sudden frenzied rush (of panic-stricken animals or people); V: participate in or cause stampede; Ex. stampede before the price rises rubble fragments (esp. from a destroyed building) mason one who builds or works with stone or brick; N. masonry: work of a mason; stonework or brickwork rubric title or heading (in red print); directions for religious ceremony; protocol ruddy reddish; (of the face) reddish and healthy-looking rudimentary elementary; not developed; crude; N. rudiment: fundamental element or principle; Ex. rudiments of the language rue regret; lament; mourn; Ex. He will rue the day; N. ADJ. rueful ruffian violent scoundrel; bully ruminate chew over and over (mentally or, like cows, physically); mull over(ponder) ruminant animal that ruminates; ADJ. rummage ransack; thoroughly search runic mysterious; set down in an ancient alphabet; N. rune: one of the letters of an alphabet used by ancient Germanic peoples (cut on stone or wood); magic charm ruse trick to deceive; stratagem rustic pertaining to country people; unsophisticated; simple; crude; uncouth; (of furniture) rough with the bark left on; N. rural person; rustic person rusticate banish to the country; dwell in the country ruthless pitiless; merciless; cruel saboteur one who commits sabotage; destroyer of property; N. sabotage: destruction of property (usually carried out secretly) saccharine cloying sweet; characteristic of sugar or saccharin sacrilegious desecrating; profane; N. sacrilege: desecration, misuse, or theft of something sacred sacrosanct invioably sacred; most sacred; inviolable sadistic inclined to cruelty; N. sadism: delight in cruelty saga Scandinavian myth; any legend; long heroic narrative sagacious wise; perceptive; shrewd; having insight; N. sagacity sage person celebrated for wisdom; wise person; ADJ: wise salacious lascivious; lustful; Ex. salacious monk salient prominent; projecting beyond a line; conspicuous; Ex. salient features saline salty sallow (of the skin) yellowish and unhealthy-looking; sickly in color; Ex. sallow complexion due to jaundice salubrious healthful; conducive to health or well-being; socially desirable; Ex. salubrious area; CF. health salutary tending to improve; beneficial; wholesome; Ex. The punishment had a salutary effect on the boy; CF. health salvage rescue (goods or property) from loss; N: saving; property saved sanctimonious displaying ostentatious or hypocritical devoutness; N. sanctimony: hypocritical piety sanction approve; ratify; N: permission; penalty intended to enforce compliance sanctuary place of refuge; shelter; shrine; holy place; Ex. The outlaw was granted sanctuary in the church. sanguinary bloody; with much bloodshed sanguine optimistic; cheerful; hopeful; of the color of blood; red sap diminish; weaken; undermine the foundations of (a fortification); Ex. The element kryptonite sapped his strength. sarcasm cutting ironic remark; scornful remarks; stinging rebuke; ADJ. sarcastic sardonic scornfully mocking; disdainful; sarcastic; cynical; Ex. sardonic smile sartorial pertaining to tailors or tailoring; Ex. a man of great sartorial elegance; CF. sartor: tailor sate satisfy to the full; satisfy to excess; cloy doze sleep lightly; nap satellite small body revolving around a larger one satiate satisfy fully (physical needs such as hunger); sate; N. satiety: condition of being satiated satire form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly satirical using satire; mocking saturate soak thoroughly; imbue; impregnate; charge; fill to capacity saturnine morose; gloomy; Ex. Do not be misled by his saturnine countenance. satyr half-human, half-bestial being in the court of Dionysus (resembling a goat), portrayed as wanton(unrestrained) and cunning; lecher; CF. faun; CF. goat: lecherous man saunter stroll(go for a leisurely walk) slowly; N. savant scholar; learned person; CF. savoir: know savor enjoy; have a distinctive flavor, smell, or quality; N: taste or smell; distinctive quality savory pleasant in taste; tasty; pleasing, attractive, or agreeable; Ex. savory reputation scabbard case for a sword blade; sheath scad a great quantity; Ex. scads of clothes scaffold temporary platform for workers (to work at heights above the ground); bracing framework; platform for execution scale climb up; ascend; remove or come off in scales; N: flake of epidermis; ascending or descending series of musical tones scanty meager; insufficient scapegoat someone who bears the blame for others; whipping boy; CF. escape+goat scavenge hunt through discarded materials for usable items or food; search, especially for food; N. scavenger: one who scavenges; animal that feeds on refuse and carrion refuse anything discarded or rejected as worthless; trash scenario plot outline; screenplay(script for a movie); opera libretto; outline of possible future events schematic of a schema or scheme; relating to an outline or diagram; using a system of symbols; N. schema: diagrammatic representation; outline scheme systematic plan; plot; clever dishonest plan; orderly arrangement of elements; Ex. health insurance scheme; Ex. a scheme to escape taxes; Ex. a color scheme; Ex. a story with no scheme; V: contrive a scheme schism division into factions (esp. within a religious body); split scintilla trace; minute amount; shred; least bit; Ex. There is not a scintilla of truth; CF. spark scintillate sparkle; flash; be animated; be full of life; Ex. scintillating conversation scoff laugh (at); mock; ridicule; Ex. scoff at their threats scotch stamp out(put an end to); thwart; hinder; Ex. scotch the rumor; CF. cut; CF. score number of points; written form of a musical composition; reason; group of 20; notch or incision; Ex. full/vocal score; Ex. Don't worry on that score; V: mark with lines or notches; Ex. score the paper to make it easy to fold stamp step on heavily (so as to crush or extinguish); put an end to; imprint or impress with a mark, design, or seal; shape with a die; characterize; Ex. machine stamping out car bodies; Ex. newspaper stamping him as a liar; N. stamping; implement used to stamp; impression stamped; mark; Ex. Her remarks bear the stamp of truth. scourge lash; whip (formerly used for punishment); source of severe punishment; V: whip; afflict scruple hesitate for ethical reasons; fret about; Ex. She did not scruple to read his diary; N: uneasy feeling arising from conscience; conscience scrupulous conscientious; extremely thorough; Ex. scrupulous worker scrutinize examine closely and critically; N. scrutiny scuffle struggle confusedly; move off in a confused hurry; N. CF. scuffling twins ? shuffle mix together; jumble; move (something) from one place to another; slide (the feet) along the ground while walking; Ex. shuffle papers from one pile to another; N. scurrilous abusive; obscene; indecent; Ex. scurrilous remark scurry move hastily; hurry; move briskly scurvy contemptible; despicable; N: disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin C scuttle sink (a ship) by cutting holes in the hull; scrap; discard; N: small hatch in a ship's deck or hull hull husk; dry outer covering of a seed; frame or body of a ship seamy sordid; base; filthy; unwholesome; Ex. seamy side of city life base contemptible; morally bad; inferior in value or quality; Ex. base motives/conduct; Ex. base metal such as iron sear burn the surface of; char or burn; brand; parch; cause (a plant) to wither char make or become black by burning; reduce or be reduced to carbon or charcoal(black substance made by burning wood) by incomplete combustion scorch sear; N. brand trademark; mark burned on the hide of an animal; mark burned into the flesh of criminals; mark of disgrace; V: mark with a brand; give a lasting bad name; stigmatize; Ex. The press branded him a liar. hide skin of an animal seasoned experienced season enhance the flavor of by adding a spice, etc.; inure; harden; N. seasoning: something used in seasoning seasonal of a particular season; Ex. seasonal rise in employment seasonable occurring at the proper time or season; opportune; Ex. seasonable intervention in the dispute secession withdrawal; V. secede: withdraw formally from membership seclusion isolation; solitude; V. seclude: set apart from others; isolate secrete conceal; hide away or cache; produce and release a substance into an organism; CF. secretive sect separate religious body; faction; group of people with common beliefs within a larger group sectarian of a sect; narrow-minded; parochial; N: member of a sect; narrow-minded person denomination religious group; unit in a system; name or designation; CF. denominator: common trait or characteristic secular worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal sedate composed (with no excitement); grave; V: administer a sedative to; CF. sedative sedentary requiring sitting; done while sitting; not moving from one place to another; settled; Ex. sedentary job/population sedition conduct or language inciting rebellion; rebellion; resistance to authority; insubordination; ADJ. seditious sedulous diligent; assiduous; paying attention; N. sedulity seedy run-down; decrepit; disreputable; having many seeds; Ex. seedy downtown hotel run-down (of a place) dilapidated; in a bad condition; (of a person) weak or exhausted seemly (of behavior) proper; appropriate seep pass slowly through small openings; ooze; trickle; N. seepage seethe be violently disturbed; boil; (of a liquid) move about wildly as if boiling; Ex. The nation was seething with discontent. seine seine net; net for catching fish seismic pertaining to earthquakes semblance outward appearance; guise; Ex. We called in the troops to bring a/some semblance of order to the city. seminal related to seed or semen; germinal; creative; providing a basis for further development; influencing future developments; Ex. seminal research in a new field seminary school for training future ministers; secondary school, especially for young women senility old age; feeblemindedness of old age; ADJ. senile: resulting from old age; showing the weakness of body or mind from old age; Ex. senile dementia feebleminded deficient in intelligence; very stupid sensitization process of being made sensitive or acutely responsive to an external agent or substance; V. sensitize: make or become sensitive sensual devoted to the pleasures of the sense; carnal; voluptuous; Ex. sensual woman/curves/lips voluptuous sensual; of or giving sensual pleasure; indulging in sensual pleasures; Ex. voluptuous lines; Ex. voluptuous life of the Romans; N. voluptuary: voluptuous person sensuous giving pleasure to the senses; pertaining to the physical senses; operating through the senses; sensuous feeling of soft velvet on the skin sententious pithy; terse; concise; aphoristic sentient capable of sensation and conscious; aware; sensitive; Ex. sentient creature; N. sentience sentinel sentry; lookout lookout act of keeping watch; high place commanding a wide view; person who keeps watch septic of or causing sepsis; putrid; producing putrefaction; N. sepsis: poisoning of part of the body (producing pus) sepulcher tomb; V: place in a sepulcher; ADJ. sepulchral sequester isolate; segregate; seclude; retire from public life sere sear; parched; dry serendipity gift for finding valuable things by accident; accidental good fortune or luck; CF. The Three Princes of Serendip serenity calmness; placidity; ADJ. serene serpentine winding; twisting; of or like a serpent; Ex. serpentine course of the river; N. serpent: snake serrated having a sawtoothed edge; Ex. serrated leaf servile slavish; cringing; N. servility servitude slavery; compulsory labor imposed as a punishment sever separate; cut off (a part) from a whole; break up (a relationship); N. severance; CF. severance pay: extra pay given an employee upon leaving a position severity harshness; intensity; sternness; austerity; ADJ. severe: harsh; strict; extremely violent or intense sextant navigation tool used to determine a ship's latitude and longitude (by measuring the altitudes of stars) shackle chain; fetter; confine with shackles; N. sham pretend; feign; ADJ: not genuine; fake; Ex. sham jewelry; N: something that is not what it appears; impostor; pretense; Ex. The agreement was a sham. shambles (place or scene of) complete disorder or ruin; wreck; mess; Ex. After the hurricane, the coast was a shambles. shard fragment generally of broken pottery (glass, clay bowl, or cup) shaving very thin piece, usually of wood (cut from a surface with a sharp blade) plane carpenter's tool for smoothing and leveling wood; V. CF. flat sheaf bundle of stalks of grain; any bundle of things tied together sheathe place into a case; insert into or provide with a sheath; Ex. He sheathed his dagger; N. sheath: case for a blade sherbet flavored dessert ice shimmer shine with a flickering light; glimmer intermittently; Ex. The moonlight shimmered on the water; N. shirk avoid (responsibility, work, etc.); malinger shoddy made of inferior material; sham; not genuine; inferior; dishonest; Ex. shoddy goods/trick shrew scolding woman; very small mouselike animal shrewd clever; astute shun keep away from; avoid deliberately; Ex. She has been shunned by her neighbors. shunt move (a railway train) from one track to another; turn aside; divert; sidetrack; Ex. shunt traffic around an accident; N. sidetrack switch (a railroad car) to a siding; divert from a main issue; N. CF. siding: short section of railroad track connected by switches with a main track shyster lawyer using questionable methods; unscrupulous practioner sibling brother or sister sibylline prophetic; oracular; N. sibyl: woman prophet (in the ancient world) sidereal relating to stars; Ex. sidereal day silt sediment deposited by running water (at the entrance to a harbor or by a bend in a river) simian monkeylike; N: ape or monkey simile comparison of one thing with another, using the word like or as simper smirk; smile in a silly way; smile affectedly simplistic oversimplified simulate feign; imitate sinecure well-paid position with little responsibility; CF. sine cure: without care; CF. San Serif sinewy (of meat) tough; strong and firm; muscular; N. sinew: tendon; strong cord connecting a muscle to a bone singular being only one; individual; unique; extraordinary; odd; Ex. singular beauty/behavior sinister evil; ominous sinuous twisting; winding; bending in and out; not morally honest skeptic sceptic; doubter; person who suspends judgment until he has examined the evidence supporting a point of view; ADJ. skeptical; N. skepticism; scepticism skiff small light sailboat or rowboat skimp provide or use scantily; live very economically; Ex. skimp on necessities; ADJ. skimpy: inadequate in amount; scanty; stingy; niggardly skinflint miser; stingy person skirmish minor fight; minor battle in war; V. skittish inconstant; capricious; frivolous; not serious; Ex. charming but skittish young woman; CF. skit frisk move about playfully; froric; ADJ. frisky: playful skulduggery(skullduggery) dishonest behavior or action; Ex. skulduggery in the election skulk move furtively and secretly; Ex. He skulked through the less fashionable sections of the city. slacken slow up; loosen; make or become slack slack moving slowly; sluggish; inactive; (of a rope) loose; negligent; lax; Ex. slack season; Ex. slack in one's work; N. V. slag glassy residue from smelting metal; dross; waste matter slake satisfy (thirst); quench; sate slander defamation; utterance of false and malicious statements; V. ADJ. slanderous slapdash hasty and careless; haphazard; sloppy(carelessly done) sleazy shabby and dirty; flimsy; insubstantial; Ex. sleazy back-street hotel/fabric sleeper one that achieves unexpected success; something originally of little value or importance that in time becomes very valuable sleight dexterity; CF. sleight of hand: legerdemain; quickness of the hands in doing tricks slew large quantity or number; Ex. slew of errands left slight insult to one's dignity; snub; V: treat as if of small importance; insult; snub; ADJ. small in size; of small importance slipshod slovenly; careless; sloppy; untidy; shabby; Ex. slipshod work slither slip or slide sloth slow moving tree-dwelling mammal; laziness; ADJ. slothful: lazy; indolent slough (of a snake) shed or cast off (dead outer skin); N: outer layer that is shed slovenly untidy; careless in work habits; slipshod; N. sloven: one who is habitually untidy or careless sledge large sled drawn by work animals sleigh large vehicle drawn by a horse over snow or ice sluggard lazy person sluggish lazy; slow; inactive; lethargic; CF. slug: nail with no shell sluice artificial channel for directing or controlling the flow of water (with a gate to regulate the flow) slur slander; insult to one's character or reputation; V. slur pronounce indistinctly; speak indistinctly; mumble smattering slight knowledge; small scattered number or amount; Ex. smattering of German smelt melt (ore) for separating and removing the metal; melt or blend ores changing their chemical composition smirk conceited smile; offensively self-satisfied smile (often at someone else's misfortune); V. smolder smoulder; burn slowly without flame; be liable to break out at any moment; exist in a suppressed state; Ex. smoldering anger snicker half-stifled(suppressed) laugh; V. snivel complain or whine tearfully; run at the nose; snuffle; Ex. Don't come back sniveling to me. snuffle sniffle; sniff repeatedly (in order to keep liquid from running out of the nose) sobriety moderation (especially regarding indulgence in alcohol); seriousness sober serious; solemn; not drunken; abstemious or temperate; V: make or become sober sodden thoroughly soaked; dull or stupid as if from drink sojourn temporary stay; V: stay for a time solace comfort in sorrow or trouble; consolation; V: comfort or console in time of sorrow or trouble solder repair or make whole by using a metal alloy; N: metal alloy (usually tin and lead) used in the molten state to join metallic parts solecism nonstandard grammatical construction; construction that is flagrantly incorrect grammatically; violation of social etiquette solemnity seriousness; gravity solicit entreat; request earnestly; seek to obtain; Ex. solicit votes; CF. solicitor: one who solicits; chief law officer solicitous anxious; worried; concerned; eager; Ex. solicitous to do something; N. solicitude soliloquy talking to oneself (esp. in a play); CF. monologue: soliloquy; long speech by one person (often monopolizing a conversation) solitude state of being alone; seclusion; ADJ. solitary: existing or living alone (esp. by choice); remote or secluded; single; sole; Ex. solitary life/inn; Ex. no solitary piece of proof solstice point or time at which the sun is farthest from the equator soluble able to be dissolved in a liquid; able to be worked out or solved solvent able to pay all depths; N. solvency solvent substance that dissolves another; ADJ: capable of dissolving another substance somatic pertaining to the body; bodily; physical somber dark; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; CF. shadow somnambulist sleepwalker; V. somnambulate; N. somnambulism somnolent half asleep; drowsy; N. somnolence sonorous resonant; producing a full deep sound; producing sound sonic of sound or its speed in air; CF. subsonic, supersonic sonnet 14-line poetic verse form with a fixed rhyme pattern sophist teacher of philosophy; quibbler; employer of fallacious reasoning; N. sophism: plausible but fallacious argument sophisticated worldly wise and urbane; refined; complex; N. sophistication; V. sophisticate sophistry seemingly plausible but fallacious reasoning; sophism sophomoric immature; half-baked; like a sophomore soporific sleep-causing; marked by sleepiness; drowsy sordid filthy; foul; base; vile; Ex. sordid bed/story spangle small shiny metallic piece sewn to clothing for ornamentation sparse not thick; thinly scattered; scanty spartan without attention to comfort; lacking luxury and comfort; sternly disciplined; Ex. spartan living condition/life spasmodic fitful; periodic; of or like a spasm; N. spasm: sudden involuntary muscular contraction; sudden burst of energy or emotion spat squabble; minor dispute; minor quarrel spate sudden flood or rush; Ex. spate of accidents spatial relating to space spatula broad-bladed instrument used for spreading or mixing spawn lay eggs (in large numbers); produce offspring (in large numbers); N: eggs of aquatic animals specious seemingly reasonable but incorrect; misleading (often intentionally) spectral ghostly; N. specter: spectre; ghost; phantom spectrum colored band produced when a beam of light passes through a prism; broad and continuous range; Ex. whole spectrum of modern thoughts spendthrift someone who wastes money; CF. thrift: accumulated wealth sphinx-like enigmatic; mysterious splice join together end to end to make one continuous length; fasten together; unite; Ex. splice two strips of tape; N. spontaneity lack of premeditation; naturalness; freedom from constraint; ADJ. spontaneous: self-generated; unpremeditated; happening without being planned spoonerism accidental transposition of sounds in successive words; Ex. "Let me sew you to your sheet'' for "Let me show you to your seat''; CF. William Spooner transpose reverse the order or position of sporadic occurring irregularly; intermittent sportive playful; frolicsome; merry; CF. sport: play or frolic; CF. sportsmanlike spruce neat and trim in appearance; smart; Ex. Be spruce for your job interview; V. spry (esp. of older people) vigorously active; nimble nimble quick in movement; agile; quick in understanding; Ex. nimble climber/mind spurious false; counterfeit; forged; illogical; Ex. spurious arguments spurn reject disdainfully; scorn; Ex. She spurned all offers of help. squabble minor quarrel; bickering; V: engage in a minor quarrel; Ex. squabbling children squalor condition of being squalid; filth; degradation; dirty neglected state; ADJ. squalid: dirty; sordid; morally repulsive; Ex. squalid story squander waste; spend foolishly squat short and thick; stocky; Ex. ugly squat tower; V. N. staccato played in an abrupt manner; marked by abrupt sharp sound; Ex. staccato applause legato (of music) played smoothly stagnant (of water) not flowing (often bad-smelling); motionless; stale; not developing; inactive; dull; Ex. stagnant industrial output staid serious and sedate; sober; Ex. staid during the funeral ceremony stalemate deadlock; situation in which further action is blocked stalwart physically strong; brawny; steadfast; strong in mind or determination; Ex. stalwart supporter; N: stalwart follower stamina power of endurance; strength; staying power stanch stop or check flow of blood; Ex. stanch the gushing wound stanza division of a poem (composed of two or more lines) static having no motion; unchanging; lacking development; N. stasis: stable state statute law enacted by the legislature statutory created by statute or legislative action; regulated by statute; Ex. statutory age limit steadfast steadily loyal; unswerving; steady stealth action of moving secretly or unseen; slyness; sneakiness; secretiveness; ADJ. stealthy steep soak; saturate; Ex. steep the fabric in the dye bath; ADJ: precipitous stellar pertaining to the stars; of a star performer; outstanding; Ex. stellar attraction of the entire performance stem stop or check (the flow of); Ex. stem the bleeding from the slashed artery; N: main axis of a plant; stalk stem_from arise from; originate from stentorian (of the voice) extremely loud; CF. Stentor: a loud herald in the Iliad stereotype one regarded as embodying a set image or type; fixed and unvarying representation; standardized mental picture often reflecting prejudice; Ex. stereotype of the happy slave; V: make a stereotype of; represent by a stereotype; Ex. It is wrong to stereotype people; Ex. stereotyped answer stickler perfectionist; person who insists things be exactly right stifle suppress; extinguish; inhibit; smother or suffocate smother kill from lack of air; suppress; cover thickly; Ex. smothered in little stickers suffocate die or kill from lack of air; suppress stigma token of disgrace; brand; V. stigmatize: mark with a stigma; characterize as disgraceful stilted bombastic; stiffly pompous; Ex. stilted rhetoric; CF. stiff: formal stint set limits in amount or number; be thrifty; ADJ. stinting, unstinting; CF. stint:savings stint supply; allotted amount of work; assigned portion of work; limitation; Ex. two-year stint in the army; Ex. without stint stipend pay for services stipple paint or draw with dots or short strokes stipulate state as a necessary condition (of an agreement); make express conditions; specify; Ex. He stipulated payment in advance stock standard; kept regularly in stock or supply; typical; routine; common; Ex. stock sizes of paper; Ex. stock excuse/character; N: goods for sale in a shop; OP. unique stockade wooden enclosure or pen; fixed line of posts used as defensive barrier pen fenced enclosure for animals; confining space; Ex. sheep pen; V: confine in a pen; enclose stodgy dull; stuffy; boringly conservative; Ex. stodgy book stoic stoical; impassive; unmoved by joy or grief; N. CF. stoicism stoke stir up a fire or furnace; feed plentifully stolid dull; impassive; showing little emotion when strong feelings are expected stratagem deceptive scheme; clever trick stratified divided into classes; arranged into strata; V. stratify stratum layer of earth's surface; layer of society; PL. strata strew spread randomly; sprinkle; scatter; Ex. flower girl strewing rose petals striated marked with parallel bands; striped; grooved; Ex. striated rocks; V. striate; N. stria: thin groove or line stricture severe and adverse criticism; critical comments; limit or restriction strident loud and harsh; insistent; N. stridency stringent (of rules) binding; rigid; marked by scarcity of money; Ex. stringent economic conditions strut pompous walk; V: walk in a self-important manner strut supporting bar; CF. airplane wing, building support studied carefully contrived; calculated; unspontaneous; deliberate; thoughtful; Ex. studied remark stultify make stupid in mind; cause to appear or become stupid or inconsistent; suppress; frustrate or hinder; Ex. stultifying effect of uninteresting work; Ex. stultify free expression stupefy stun; make numb (as with a drug); amaze stupor state of being stupefied; state of apathy; daze; lack of awareness stun make unconscious or numb as by a blow; amaze; astound daze stun as with a blow or shock; bemuse; benumb; N. stygian unpleasantly dark; gloomy; hellish; deathly; CF. Styx: the chief river in the subterranean land of the dead stymie thwart; present an obstacle; stump stump base of a tree trunk left after the rest has been cut down; V: walk in a heavy manner; baffle; puzzle suavity urbanity; polish; ADJ. suave: smooth and courteous subaltern subordinate subdue less intense; quieter; Ex. subdued lighting; Ex. subdue: conquer; make less intense; quiet; Ex. subdue one's anger subjective influenced by personal feelings; occurring or taking place within the mind; unreal; Ex. subjective sensation of the ghostly presence subjugate conquer; bring under control sublimate refine; purify; replace (natural urges) with socially acceptable activities; change between a solid state and a gaseous state sublime causing deep feelings of wonder, joy, respect, etc.; exalted; noble and uplifting; utter subliminal below the threshold of conscious perception; Ex. subliminal advertisement submissive willing to obey orders; yielding; timid subordinate occupying a lower rank; inferior; submissive; N. V: put in a lower rank or class suborn persuade to act unlawfully (especially to commit perjury); N. subornation subpoena writ(written command issued by a court) summoning a witness to appear in court; V: summon with a subpoena subsequent following in time or order; later subservient behaving like a slave; servile; obsequious; subordinate; N. subservience subside sink to a lower level; settle down; sink to the bottom (as a sediment); descend; grow quiet; become less; moderate; abate subsidiary serving to assist; subordinate; secondary; of a subsidy; N. subsidy direct financial aid by government, etc.; V. subsidize: assist with a subsidy subsistence existence; means of subsisting; means of support; livelihood; V. subsist: exist; maintain life (at a meager level) substantial of substance; material; solid; essential or fundamental; ample; considerable; well-to-do; wealthy substantiate support (a claim) with evidence; establish with evidence; verify substantive substantial; essential; pertaining to the substance; substantial; considerable; Ex. substantive issues subsume include (as a member of a group); encompass subterfuge stratagem(deceptive scheme); pretense; evasion; Ex. resort to a harmless subterfuge subtlety perceptiveness; ingenuity; delicacy; ADJ. subtle: delicate; so slight as to be difficult to detect; able to make fine distinctions; clever; Ex. subtle mind/differences in meaning subversive tending to overthrow or ruin; V. subvert: overthrow completely (an established system); destroy completely; CF. undermine ? succor assist (someone in difficulty); aid; comfort; N. succulent juicy; full of juice or sap; full of richness; N: succulent plant such as a cactus succumb yield (to something overwhelming); give in; die; Ex. succumb to the illness suffragist advocate of the extension of voting rights (for women); CF. suffrage suffuse spread through or over (with a color or liquid); charge; Ex. A blush suffused her cheeks. sully defile; soil; tarnish; Ex. sully one's hands in menial labor tarnish make or become dull or discolored; N. sultry (of weather) hot; sweltering; sensual; voluptuous summation act of finding the total; summing-up; summary (esp. one given by the judge at the end of a trial) sumptuous grand suggesting great expense; lavish; rich; Ex. sumptuous feast sunder separate; part; CF. asunder sundry miscellaneous; various; several; N. sundries: small miscellaneous items superannuated retired or disqualified because of age; outmoded; obsolete supercilious haughty; arrogant; condescending; patronizing; CF. eyebrow, cilium supererogatory superfluous; more than needed or demanded superficial of the surface; not deep; shallow; not thorough; trivial; Ex. superficial analysis/knowledge superfluous excessive; overabundant; unnecessary; N. superfluity superimpose place over something else supernumerary person or thing excess of what is necessary; extra; ADJ: additional to the usual or necessary number supersede replace; cause to be set aside; make obsolete; N. supersession supine lying on back; passive; inactive; Ex. The defeated pugilist lay supine; Ex. supine acceptance of the decision supplant take the place of unfairly; usurp; replace supple flexible; limber; pliant suppliant entreating; beseeching; N. supplicate petition humbly; pray to grant a favor supplicant one who supplicates; ADJ. supposition assumption; hypothesis; surmise; V. suppose supposititious assumed; counterfeit; hypothetical suppress put an end to forcibly; subdue; stifle; overwhelm; inhibit the expression of; check; prevent from being published or made public; Ex. suppress a smile; Ex. suppress the magazine/truth surfeit satiate; feed or supply to excess; stuff; indulge to excess in anything; N: surfeiting; excessive amount; Ex. surfeit of food surly bad-tempered; rude; cross cross bad-tempered; showing ill-humor; angry surmise guess; N. surmount overcome surpass exceed surreptitious done secretly; secret; furtive; sneaky; hidden surrogate substitute; person or thing used in place of another; Ex. surrogate mother; ADJ. surveillance close observation of a person (esp. one under suspicion); watching; guarding susceptible impressionable; easily influenced; sensitive; having little resistance as to a disease; likely to suffer; receptive to; capable of accepting; Ex. susceptible to persuasion/colds; Ex. The agreement is not susceptible of alteration; N. susceptibility sustain suffer (harm or loss); experience; support; prop; maintain; keep in existence; nourish (to maintain life); Ex. sustain the family/the trapped miners sustenance sustaining; means of livelihood, support, food, nourishment; something that maintains life; food suture stitches sewn to hold the cut edges of a wound or incision; material used in sewing; V: sew together a wound swarthy (of a skin or complexion) dark; dusky; Ex. swarthy Italian ? swathe swath; wrap around; bandage; Ex. one's head swathed in bandages swelter (of a person) suffer from oppressive heat; be oppressed by heat swerve deviate; turn aside sharply from a straight course; Ex. swerve from the principle; Ex. The car swerved to the right. swill drink greedily swindler cheater sybarite lover of luxury; person devoted to pleasure and luxury; CF. Sybaris: an ancient Greek city in Italy sycophant servile flatterer; bootlicker; yes man; ADJ. sycophantic syllogism logical formula consisting of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion; deceptive or specious argument sylvan pertaining to the woods or the country symbiosis interdependent relationship (between groups, species) often mutually beneficial; ADJ. symbiotic; CF. together + life symmetry arrangement of parts so that balance is obtained; congruity; ADJ. symmetrical lopsided heavier or larger on one side than the other; Ex. lopsided way of walking synchronous similarly timed; simultaneous with; occurring at the same time; V. synchronize synoptic providing a general overview; summary; N. synopsis synthesis combining parts or separate things into a whole; the whole so formed; PL. syntheses; V. synthesize synthetic not natural; artificial; resulting from synthesis; Ex. synthetic fiber; N. tacit understood (without actually being expressed); not put into words; Ex. tacit agreement taciturn habitually silent; talking little tactile pertaining to the organs or sense of touch tact skill or sensitivity in dealing with people without causing offence taint contaminate; cause to lose purity; modify with a trace of something bad; Ex. tainted reputation; N: stain; touch of decay or bad influence; CF. touch talisman charm; object believed to give supernatural powers to or protect its bearer talon claw of bird tangential only slightly connected; not central; peripheral; digressing; showing divergence; CF. tangent tangible able to be touched; real; concrete; palpable; possible to realize or understand; Ex. tangible proof tanner person who turns animal hides into leather tan convert (hide) into leather; make brown by exposure to the sun tantalize tease; excite by exposing something desirable while keeping it out of reach; torture with disappointment; CF. Tantalus: Greek mythological figure tantamount equivalent in effect or value; Ex. This invasion is tantamount to a declaration of war; CF. amount tantrum fit of bad temper; fit of petulance; caprice; Ex. The child went into tantrums. taper very thin candle; gradual decrease in the width of a long object; V. make or become gradually narrower toward one end tarantula venomous spider tarry linger; delay in starting or going; dawdle taut tight; strained; tense; ready; OP. slack tautological needlessly repetitious; Ex. ``It was visible to the eye''; N. tautology: needless repetition of the same sense; statement that is always true tawdry cheap and gaudy; Ex. tawdry jewelry taxonomist specialist in classifying (animals, etc.); CF. taxonomy: science of classification tedium boredom; weariness; ADJ. tedious teetotalism practice of abstaining totally from alcoholic drinks; N. teetotaler;; ADJ. teetotal; CF. T + total temerity boldness; nerve; rashness; Ex. temerity to ask for a pay increase after only three day's work temper moderate; make less severe; tone down or restrain; toughen (steel) as by alternate heating and cooling temperament characteristic frame of mind; disposition; emotional excess; ADJ. temperamental: of temperament; having frequent changes of temper; Ex. temperamental dislike of sports; Ex. temperamental actress temperate moderate; restrained; self-controlled; moderate in respect to temperature; CF. temperance: moderation and self-restraint; abstinence of alcoholic drinks; Ex. temperance society tempestuous stormy; violent; impassioned; N. tempest: violent storm tempo speed of music temporal of time; not lasting forever; limited by time; temporary; secular; worldly temporize gain time as by postponing an action; avoid committing oneself tenacious holding fast (as to a belief); persistent tenacity firmness; persistence tendentious promoting a particular point of view; biased; having an aim; designed to further a cause; Ex. tendentious rather than truth-seeking; CF. tend: move in a certain direction tender offer formally; extend; Ex. tender one's resignation/the exact fare; N: formal offer; money; Ex. legal tender; ADJ: young and vulnerable; sensitive to the touch; sore; soft; delicate; Ex. child of tender years; Ex. tender wound tenet doctrine; dogma tensile capable of being stretched; of tension; Ex. tensile rubber tension stretching; condition of being stretched; mental strain; strained relationship between groups or people tentative not fully worked out or developed; provisional; experimental; uncertain; hesitant; not definite or positive; Ex. tentative agreement/reply tenuous thin; slim; rare tenure holding of an office or real estate; time during which such an office is held tepid lukewarm; slightly warm; Â¹ÃŒÃÃ¶Â±Ã™Ã‡Ã'; half-hearted; not eager; Ex. tepid reaction to the new film; Ex. tepid supporter termination end; V. terminate terminology terms used in a science or art; study of nomenclature terminus last stop of railroad; end terminal part that forms the end; railroad or bus station; ADJ. forming an end; ending in death; fatal; Ex. terminal cancer terrestrial on or relating to the earth terse concise; abrupt; pithy tertiary third in order or rank tessellated mosaic; inlaid; Ex. tessellated pattern testator maker of a will; CF. testatrix testy irritable; impatient and bad-tempered; short-tempered; N. testiness tether tie (an animal) with a rope or tether; N: rope or chain to which an animal is tied; limit of one's endurance; Ex. the end of one's tether thematic of a theme; relating to a unifying motif or idea theocracy government run by religious leaders theoretical based on theory; not practical or applied; hypothetical therapeutic curative; N. therapy thermal pertaining to heat; producing heat; warm; Ex. thermal bath; N: rising current of warm air thespian pertaining to drama; N: actor or actress drama prose or verse composition to be performed by actors; play; exciting and unusual situation thrall slave; bondage; slavery; Ex. Her beauty held him in thrall; CF. enthrall threadbare worn through till the threads show; shabby and poor; hackneyed; Ex. threadbare excuses thrifty careful about money; economical; N. thrift thrive prosper; flourish throes violent anguish throng crowd (of people or things); V. throttle strangle; regulate the speed of with a throttle; N: valve that regulates the flow; CF. throat ? strangle kill by choking or suffocating; suppress thwart block or hinder; baffle; frustrate tightwad miser; excessively frugal person tiller handle used to move boat's rudder (to steer) timbre quality of a musical tone produced by a musical instrument (which distinguishes it from others of the same pitch) timidity lack of self-confidence or courage timorous fearful; timid; demonstrating fear tipple drink (alcoholic beverages) frequently; N: alcoholic drink tirade long angry denunciatory speech; diatribe; harangue; extended scolding; denunciation tardy slow; sluggish; not on time; late; Ex. tardy arrival titanic gigantic; N. titan tithe tax of one-tenth (contributed to a church); V: pay a tithe titillate tickle; excite pleasantly; Ex. not to titillate the audience but to enlighten it tickle touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter; please title name (of a book, film, etc.); mark of rank; formal appellation as of rank or office (such as Lord or General); right or claim to possession; championship; Ex. title as head of the family; Ex. title to the estate titter nervous giggle; nervous laugh; V. titular of a title; in name only; nominal; having the title of an office without the obligations; Ex. titular head of the company toady servile flatterer; yes man; sycophant; V: be a toady to; fawn toga Roman outer robe tome large volume; book handsome large in quantity; generous; Ex. handsome reward tonsure shaving of the head especially by person entering religious orders; V. topography physical features of a region (such as the shape and height); CF. topo-: place torpedo underwater explosive apparatus; V. torpor lethargy; sluggishness; dormancy; ADJ. torpid: lethargic; lazy; inactive; (of an animal) dormant; hibernating torque twisting force; force producing rotation torrent rushing stream; flood; Ex. The rain fell in torrents. torrid (of weather) hot or scorching; passionate; Ex. torrid love affairs torso trunk of statue with head and limbs missing; human trunk trunk main wooden stem of a tree; human body excluding the head and limbs; torso; prehensile nose of an elephant tortuous winding; full of curves; Ex. tortuous mountain road totter shake or move unsteadily; sway as if about to fall touchstone stone used to test the fineness of gold alloys; criterion; standard touchy oversensitive; easily offended; irasible; delicate; needing delicate handling; Ex. touchy situation tout promote or publicize (one's goods or service); praise excessively (as a form of advertisement); CF. advertise toxic poisonous; N. toxicity tract propaganda pamphlet (esp. by a religious or political group); expanse of land; region of indefinite size; system of related organs; Ex. digestive tract tractable docile; easily managed; (of something) easily changed or molded; N. tractability traduce expose to slander trajectory path taken by a projectile; Ex. trajectory of a bullet elevation elevated position; altitude; height; flat upright side of a building; angle made by pointing a gun; Ex. The elevation of her style is much admired; Ex. front elevation of the house tranquillity calmness; peace transcendent exceeding ordinary limits; superior; surpassing; V. transcend: go beyond; exceed; surpass; N. transcendancy transcendental going beyond common thought or ideas; impossible to understand by practical experiences or practices; known only by studying thoughts or intuition; OP. empirical; CF. transcendentalism transcribe copy; write a copy of; N. transcription transgression violation of a law; sin; V. transgress: go beyond (a limit); violate; do wrong transient staying for a short time; momentary; temporary; N: one that is transient transition going from one state of action to another transitory transient; impermanent; fleeting; N. transitoriness translucent partly transparent transmute transform; change; convert to something different transparent permitting light to pass through freely; easily detected; obvious; clear; Ex. transparent lie transpire (of a fact) become known; be revealed; happen; give off (watery waste matter) through pores transport strong emotion; rapture; Ex. in a transport/transports of; V: move to strong emotion; enrapture trappings outward decorations; ornaments (as an outward sign of rank) traumatic (of an experience) deeply shocking; pertaining to an injury caused by violence; N. trauma: serious wound; emotional shock that causes lasting psychological damage travail strenuous work; toil; painful labor; labor of childbirth traverse go through or across travesty copy or example of something that completely misrepresents the true nature of the real thing; comical parody or imitation; treatment aimed at making something appear ridiculous; Ex. travesty of justice; OP. paragon treatise article treating a subject systematically and thoroughly trek travel; journey; V: make a long difficult journey tremor trembling; slight quiver (as of the earth or from nervous agitation) tremulous trembling; wavering trenchant cutting; incisive; keen furrow long shallow trench made by a plow; deep wrinkle in the skin; V. trepidation fear; nervous apprehension tribulation suffering; ordeal; distress; trial tribunal court of justice tribune official of ancient Rome elected by the plebians to protect their rights; protector of the people tribute tax levied by a ruler; payment made by one nation to another in acknowledgment of submission; mark of respect (such as praise or gift); Ex. pay tribute to trident three-pronged spear prong pointed projecting part trifling trivial; unimportant trifle something of little importance or value; small amount; Ex. a trifle; V: treat without seriousness; flirt trigger set off; start trilogy group of three related works (connected by a shared subject but each complete in itself) trinket knickknack; bauble; cheap jewelry trite hackneyed; commonplace trivia trifles; unimportant matters troth pledge of good faith especially in betrothal; betrothal; Ex. by my troth trough long narrow container for feeding farm animals; lowest point (of a wave, business cycle, etc.); long narrow depression as between waves truculence aggressiveness; ferocity; ADJ. truculent: aggressive; pugnacious; fierce truism self-evident truth truncate cut the top off; shorten tryst meeting arranged by lovers; arrangement between lovers to meet tumid (of a part of the body) swollen; distended; bombastic; pompous overblown inflated; exaggerated tumult commotion of a great crowd; riot; noise; uproar; ADJ. tumultuous: noisy and disorderly tundra rolling treeless plain in Siberia and arctic North America rolling (of land) rising and falling in long gentle slopes; happening continuously by stages; Ex. rolling devolution of power to local governments turbid (of a liquid) having the sediment disturbed; muddy; thick turbulence state of violent agitation; ADJ. turbulent: violently agitated or disturbed tureen deep dish for serving soup turgid swollen; distended (as from liquid) turmoil extreme confusion; great commotion and confusion; Ex. throw the country into turmoil turncoat traitor turpitude depravity; baseness; Ex. moral turpitude tutelage guardianship; training; function of a tutor; instruction tutelary protective; pertaining to a guardianship; Ex. tutelary deities tycoon wealthy and powerful businessperson; wealthy leader; magnate; Ex. business tycoon typhoon tropical hurricane or cyclone tyranny oppression; cruel government; ADJ. tyrannical: of a tyrant or tyranny; despotic; V. tyrannize: treat tyrannically; oppress tyro beginner; novice ubiquitous being everywhere; omnipresent; N. ubiquity wade walk through a substance, such as water, that impedes movement ulterior intentionally hidden; beyond what is evident; situated beyond; unstated and often questionable; Ex. ulterior motive ultimate final; not susceptible to further analysis; fundamental; Ex. The sun is the ultimate source of energy. eventual happening at last as a result; Ex. eventual victory ultimatum last demand; last warning; last statement of conditions that must be met; Ex. They have ignored our ultimatum. umbrage resentment; anger; sense of injury or insult; Ex. take umbrage at his rudeness unaccountable unexplicable; impossible to account for; unreasonable or mysterious unanimity complete agreement; ADJ. unanimous unassailable not open to attack; impregnable; not subject to question unassuaged unsatisfied; not soothed unassuming modest; Ex. the champion's unassuming manner unbridled violent; uncontrolled; Ex. unbridled rage/greed bridle harness fitted about a horse's head (used to restrain); curb; check; V: put a bridle on; control or restrain; show anger uncanny strange; mysterious; Ex. uncanny knack knack special talent; art unconscionable unscrupulous; not guided by conscience; excessive; beyond reason; Ex. unconscionable demand uncouth boorish; clumsy in speech or behavior; outlandish unction the act of anointing with oil; Ex. extreme unction unctuous oily; bland; insincerely suave underlying lying below; fundamental undermine weaken gradually; sap; dig a mine beneath underscore underline; emphasize undulating moving with a wavelike motion; V. undulate; CF. und: wave unearth dig up; discover (facts) by careful searching; Ex. He unearthed some secrets about her; OP. conceal unearthly not earthly; supernatural; weird; ghostly weird eerie; strange; unnatural unequivocal plain; clear; obvious unerringly infallibly; ADJ. unerring: making no mistakes unexceptionable entirely acceptable; not offering any basis for criticism unfaltering steadfast; firm; not changing unfeigned genuine; real unfetter liberate; free from chains; V. unfetter hostage person who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands unfledged immature; not having the feathers necessary to fly; CF. fledgling unfrock defrock; strip a priest or minister of church authority disbar make (a lawyer) leave the bar or the legal profession debar bar; forbid; exclude; Ex. debarred from jury services bar railing in a courtroom; legal profession; vertical line dividing a staff into equal measures; Ex. prisoner at the bar; V: shut in or out with bars; forbid; exclude; CF. barrister bastard illegitimate child ungainly (of someone) awkward in movement; clumsy; (of something) unwieldy; Ex. ungainly dancer/instrument unguent ointment uniformity sameness; monotony; ADJ. uniform: the same all over unilateral one-sided; involving or affecting only one side; Ex. unilateral declaration unimpeachable that cannot be impeached; beyond doubt or question; blameless and exemplary uninhibited unrepressed; free in behavior and feelings unintimating unfrightening unique without an equal; single in kind unison unity of pitch (in musical performance); complete accord; Ex. The choir sang in unison. choir group of people who sing together (esp. during religious services); place for choir universal characterizing or affecting all; general; present everywhere; of the universe; cosmic; Ex. universal agreement; Ex. a subject of universal interest unkempt disheveled; uncared for in appearance; not combed; CF. comb unmitigated (of something bad) not moderated; unrelieved or immoderate; without qualification; absolute; Ex. unmitigated disaster unobtrusive inconspicuous; not blatant unprecedented having no previous example; novel; unparalleled unprepossessing unattractive prepossessing attractive; CF. preoccupying ? unravel disentangle; solve unrequited not requited; not reciprocated; Ex. unrequited love unruly disobedient; lawless; difficult to control unsavory distasteful; disagreeable; morally offensive; Ex. unsavory activity/reputation unscathed unharmed; Ex. escape the accident unscathed unseemly unbecoming; not proper in behavior; indecent; Ex. leave with unseemly haste unsightly ugly; unpleasant to look at unsullied untarnished; CF. sully untenable (of a position, esp. in an argument) indefensible; not able to be maintained untoward unexpected and adverse; unfortunate or unlucky; Ex. untoward encounter unwarranted unjustified; having no justification; groundless; baseless; undeserved unwieldy awkward (to carry or move); cumbersome; unmanageable unwitting not knowing; unaware; unintentional; Ex. She was their unwitting accomplice; Ex. unwitting insult; CF. wit: know unwonted unaccustomed; unusual; Ex. He arrived with unwonted punctuality. upbraid reprimand; severely scold braid plait; interweave strands or lengths of; make by weaving strands together; N: braided segment (as of hair) uproarious marked by commotion or uproar; very noisy (esp. with laughter); hilarious; causing loud laughter; extremely funny uproar noisy confusion upshot outcome; final result urbane suave; refined in manner; elegant urchin mischievous child (usually a boy); CF. urchin: hedgehog; CF. porcupine: pig with spikes ?; CF. sea urchin ursine bearlike; pertaining to a bear usurp seize another's power or rank (without legal authority); supplant; appropriate; N. usurpation; CF. take for one's own use usury lending money at illegal high rates of interest utopia ideal place, state, or society; ADJ. utopian Shangri-la imaginary remote paradise on earth; CF. Lost Horizon uxorious excessively submissive or devoted to one's wife; CF. uxor: wife vacillate waver (in opinion); fluctuate; sway to and fro; N. vacillation vacuous empty; lacking in ideas; inane; stupid; Ex. vacuous expression; N. vacuity vagabond wanderer (without a permanent home); tramp tramp walk with a heavy step; travel on foot; N: vagrant; one who travels aimlessly about; long walk; sound of heavy walking trample step heavily with the feet; crush under the feet tread walk; trample; N: grooved face of a tire; horizontal part of a step vagary capricious happening; caprice; whim; CF. wander vagrant wandering from place to place; roving; stray; moving in a random fashion; Ex. vagrant thoughts; N. vagrancy vagrant homeless wanderer vainglorious boastful; excessively conceited; N. vainglory: great vanity valedictory pertaining to farewell; N: farewell address (esp. at graduation exercises) valediction saying farewell; expression of leave-taking leave-taking farewell or departure valid logically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; effective; Ex. valid reasoning/passport sound in good condition; showing good judgment or good sense; thorough; complete; Ex. sound mind/investment/training validate make valid; confirm; ratify valor bravery; ADJ. valiant: possessing valor; brave vampire ghostly being that sucks the blood of the living vanguard forerunners; foremost position of an army; advance forces; foremost position in a trend or movement; CF. rearguard avantgarde group of artists whose work is based on the newest ideas and methods; CF. vanguard vantage position giving an advantage (such as a strategic point); CF. vantagepoint vapid lacking liveliness; dull and unimaginative; insipid and flavorless; Ex. vapid lecture vaporize turn into vapor (steam, gas, fog, etc.) variegated (esp. of a flower or leaf) many-colored variegate change the appearance of (by marking with different colors) vassal in feudalism, one who held land of a superior lord; subordinate or dependent vaunted boasted; bragged; highly publicized; V. vaunt: boast; brag veer change in direction; swerve vegetate live in a monotonous way (without interests or activity); CF. vegetation: plants of an area; CF. vegetarian; CF. vegan vehement forceful; intensely emotional; with marked vigor; strong; N. vehemence velocity speed venal capable of being bribed; corrupt; CF. vernal vendetta blood feud (esp. between two families); CF. Nina Williams vendor seller veneer thin surface layer (of good quality wood, glued to a base of inferior material); cover; surface show; fa\c{c}ade; V. venerable deserving high respect; commanding respect; CF. command: deserve and get venerate revere; treat with great respect venial (of a fault or sin) forgivable; trivial venison meat of a deer; CF. cow: beef; CF. pig: pork, ham, bacon; CF. calf: veal; CF. sheep: mutton; CF. lamb: lamb venom poison (of an animal); hatred; Ex. remarks full of venom; ADJ. venomous vent small opening; outlet (as of fumes or a gas); Ex. He gave vent to his anger by kicking the chair. vent release or discharge through a vent; express (esp. unfairly); utter; Ex. He vented his wrath on his family. ventilate admit fresh air into to replace stale air ventral abdominal ventriloquist someone who can make his or her voice seem to come from another person or thing (without moving lips or jaws); N. ventriloquism, ventriloquy venture risk; expose to risk; dare; undertake a risk; N. brave face courageously; Ex. brave the storm venturesome (of a person) bold; adventurous; daring; (of an action) risky venue location; place (of a crime, trial, gathering, etc.); CF. come veracious (of a person) truthful veracity truthfulness; adherence to the truth verbalize put into words; ADJ. verbal: of words; spoken rather than written; oral; of a verb verbatim word for word; in the same words; repeating the actual words exactly verbiage pompous array of words; too many unnecessary words; wordiness verbose wordy; N. verbosity verdant green; covered with green plants or grass; lush in vegetation; Ex. verdant meadows lush (of a plant or grass) growing very well verdigris green coating or patina on copper which has been exposed to the weather verge border; edge, rim, or margin; Ex. on the verge of: very near to; V: border on verisimilar having the appearance of truth or reality; probable or likely to be true; plausible verisimilitude appearance of truth; quality of appearing to be true or real; likelihood; Ex. verisimilitude of her performance as Lady Macbeth veritable being truly so; real or genuine; actual; not false or imaginary verity quality of being true; lasting truth or principle; Ex. the verity of his testimony; Ex. one of the eternal verities vernacular living language (as compared to the official language); language spoken in a country or region; natural style; Ex. lapse into the vernacular vernal pertaining to spring versatile having many talents; capable of working in many fields; having many uses or functions; N. versatility vertex summit; highest point; PL. vertices vertigo severe dizziness; giddiness verve enthusiasm (as in artistic performance or composition); liveliness; vigor vestige trace; remains; Ex. vestiges of some ancient religion veto vested power to reject a bill; exercise of this right; V: prevent or forbid by exercising the power of veto vex annoy; distress viable capable of maintaining life; feasible; practical or workable; Ex. viable scheme viand food; CF. live vicarious experienced as if one were taking part in the experience of another; done by a deputy for other people; acting as a substitute; Ex. vicarious thrill at the movies; Ex. the vicarious sufferings of Christ vicar parish priest; representative vicissitude change (esp. from good to bad); change of fortune; CF. the last emperor of China victuals food; provisions; V. victual: provide with food vie contend; compete vigilant watchful; on the alert; watchfully awake; alert to spot danger; N. vigilance vigil keeping watch (during normal sleeping hours); Ex. all-night vigil vigilante one who without authority assumes law enforcement powers vigor active strength; energy; enthusiasm; ADJ. vigorous vignette small drawing placed at the beginning or end of a chapter; picture; short literary sketch; short written description of a character or scene vilify slander; speak evil of; N. vilification vindicate clear from blame; free from blame or accusation (with supporting proof); exonerate; substantiate; justify or support; avenge; Ex. vindicate one's client; Ex. vindicate one's claim; CF. vindicator vindictive disposed to revenge; vengeful; out for revenge; spiteful; intended to cause harm; malicious; Ex. vindictive streak vintner wine merchant; winemaker; seller of wine viper poisonous snake virile manly; having masculine spirit or strength; full of strength virtual in essence; existing in essence though not in actual form; for practical purposes; Ex. virtual ruler/space virtue goodness; moral excellence; good quality; advantage; Ex. by virtue of; Ex. make a virtue of necessity virtuoso highly skilled artist (esp. in music); Ex. piano virtuoso virulent (of a disease or poison) extremely harmful or poisonous; (of a feeling) hostile; bitter; N. virulence; CF. virus; CF. venom virus disease communicator visage face; appearance visceral felt in one's inner organs; N. viscera: internal body organs; CF. eviscerate viscid adhesive; gluey viscous (of a liquid) thick and sticky; gluey; viscid; CF. consistency vise vice; tool for holding work in place; clamping device visionary produced by imagination; fanciful; mystical; showing foresight; N: one having foresight; one given to speculative impractical ideas vision eyesight; foresight; mental image produced by the imagination; experience of seeing the supernatural vital full of life; animated; vibrant and lively; critical; of great importance; necessary to stay alive; of life; living; breathing; N. vitality; V. vitalize vibrant full of vigor or energy; vibrating vitiate spoil the effect of; make inoperative; corrupt morally vitreous of glass; pertaining to or resembling glass; V. vitrify: change into glass; CF. petrify vitriolic causing sharp pain to the mind; caustic; corrosive; sarcastic; of vitriol; N. vitriol: sulphuric acid (which burns flesh deeply); bitterly abusive expression; caustic expression; CF. glass vituperative abusive; scolding; V. vituperate: berate; scold; rail against abusively vivacious lively or animated; sprightly sprightly lively vivisection act of dissecting living animals vixen female fox; ill-tempered woman; CF. shrew vociferous clamorous; noisy; V. vociferate: cry out loudly (when complaining) vogue popular fashion; Ex. Jeans became the vogue. volatile changeable; of a quickly changing nature (as of temper); mercurial; tending to violence; evaporating rapidly; Ex. volatile character/situation in the street volition act of using one's will; act of making a conscious choice; Ex. She selected this dress of her own volition. voluble fluent; talkative; glib; N. volubility volley simultaneous discharge of a number of shots; V. voluminous having great volume (as of a garment or container); bulky; large bulk size or volume (esp. when very large); main part; Ex. The bulk of the work has already been done; ADJ. bulky: having great size voodoo religion practiced chiefly in Haiti voracious ravenous; eating large quantities of food; exceedingly eager; insatiable; Ex. voracious animal/reader vortex whirlwind; whirlpool; center of turbulence; predicament into which one is inexorably plunged vouchsafe grant condescendingly; guarantee; Ex. vouchsafe your fair return on your investment vouch give a personal guarantee; Ex. I can vouch for his integrity; N. voucher voyeur Peeping Tom; person who derives sexual gratification from observing the sexual acts of others vulnerable susceptible to wounds or attack; N. vulnerability vulpine like a fox; crafty craft skill (esp. with one's hands); skill in deceiving people; guile; ADJ. crafty: cleverly deceitful; cunning vulture carrion-eating birds vying contending; CF. vie waffle speak equivocally about an issue; N. waft move gently (in air or in seas) by wind or waves; Ex. leaves wafting past the window waggish humorous; mischievous; tricky wag shake repeatedly from side to side; Ex. The dog wagged its tail; N: humorous person; wit waif homeless child or animal; Ex. waifs and strays waive give up temporarily; yield; N. waiver: waiving a right or claim; document that waives a right or claim wake trail of ship or other object through water; path of something that has gone before; Ex. hunger followed in the wake of the war wallow roll in mud; indulge in; (of a ship) roll in a rough sea; become helpless; Ex. wallow in the mud/luxury wan having a pale or sickly color; pallid wanderlust strong longing to travel wane decrease in size or strength (after being full); grow gradually to an end; Ex. The moon waxes and wanes every month; N. wangle achieve by cleverness or trick; wiggle out; fake; Ex. She tried to wangle an invitation to the party. wiggle wriggle; move from side to side with irregular twisting motions fake not genuine; N: one that is not genuine; impostor; sham; V: counterfeit; Ex. fake the results of the experiment/the signature wanton unrestrained; gratuitously cruel; willfully malicious; unchaste; sexually improper; promiscuous; Ex. wanton spending/killing; CF. having no just cause warble (of a bird) sing; babble; N. warp twist out of shape; N. warranted justified; authorized warrant justification; written order that serves as authorization (esp. a judicial writ); Ex. search/death warrant; V: justify; guarantee warranty guarantee; assurance by seller warren tunnels in which rabbits live; overcrowded living area; crowded conditions in which people live wary very cautious; watchful wastrel waster; profligate wax increase gradually (as the moon); grow waylay ambush; lie in wait for and attack ambush act of lying in wait to attack by surprise; sudden attack made from a concealed position; Ex. lie in ambush; V. wean accustom a baby not to nurse; accustom (the young of a mammal) to take nourishment other than by suckling; give up a cherished activity; cause to gradually leave (an interest or habit); Ex. wean oneself from cigarettes weather pass safely through (a storm or difficult period); endure the effects of weather or other forces welt raised mark from a beating or whipping welter confusion; turmoil; confused mass; bewildering jumble; Ex. welter of data welter wallow (as in mud or high seas); lie soaked (as in blood); Ex. The victims weltered in their blood. wheedle deceive, persuade, or obtain by flattery; cajole; coax; Ex. wheedle a promise out of her whelp young animal (esp. of the dog or cat family Advertisement )	i don't know
What is the inner and larger of the two bones in the human forearm?	Bones of the Arm and Hand \| Interactive Anatomy Guide Home > Skeletal System > Bones of the Arm and Hand Bones of the Arm and Hand The bones of the arm and hand have the important jobs of supporting the upper limb and providing attachment points for the muscles that move the upper limb. These bones form joints that provide a wide range of motion and flexibility needed to manipulate objects deftly with the arm and hand. They also provide strength to resist the extreme forces and stresses acting upon the arms and hands during sports, exercise, and heavy labor.... Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image Full Bones of the Arm and Hand Description [Continued from above] . . . Consisting of the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade), the pectoral girdle forms the attachment point between the arm and the chest. The clavicle, which gets its name from the Latin word for key, is a long bone that connects the scapula to the sternum (breast bone) of the chest. It is located just under the skin in the thoracic region between the shoulder and the base of the neck. The clavicle is slightly curved like a letter S and is about five inches in length. Two joints are formed by the clavicle – the sternoclavicular joint with the sternum, and the acromioclavicular joint with the acromion of the scapula. The clavicle permits the shoulder joint to move in circles while remaining attached to the bones of the chest. Posterior to the clavicle is the scapula, a flat, triangular bone located lateral to the thoracic spine in the dorsal region of the body. The scapula forms two joints – the acromioclavicular (AC) joint with the clavicle and the shoulder (humeroscapular) joint with the humerus. The glenoid cavity is located on the lateral end of the scapula and forms the socket for the ball-and-socket shoulder joint. Many muscles attach to the scapula to move the shoulder, including the trapezius, deltoid, rhomboids, and the muscles of the rotator cuff. The humerus is the only bone of the upper arm. It is a long, large bone that extends from the scapula of the shoulder to the ulna and radius of the lower arm. The proximal end of the humerus, known as the head, is a round structure that forms the ball of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint. On its distal end, the humerus forms a wide, cylindrical process that meets the ulna and radius to form the inner hinge of the elbow joint. The pectoral, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and rotator cuff muscles attach to the humerus to rotate, raise, and lower the arm at the shoulder joint. Our forearm contains two long, parallel bones: the ulna and the radius. The ulna is the longer and larger of the two bones, residing on the medial (pinky finger) side of the forearm. It is widest at its proximal end and narrows considerably at its distal end. At its proximal end, the ulna forms the hinge of the elbow joint with the humerus. The end of the ulna, known as the olecranon, extends past the humerus and forms the bony tip of the elbow. At its distal end, the ulna forms the wrist joint with the radius and the carpals. Compared to the ulna, the radius is slightly shorter, thinner, and located on the medial side of the forearm. The radius is narrowest at the elbow and widens as it extends towards the wrist. At its proximal end, the rounded head of the radius forms the pivoting part of the elbow joint that permits rotation of the lower arm and hand. At its distal end, the radius is much wider than the ulna and forms the bulk of the wrist joint with the ulna and carpals. The distal end of the radius also rotates around the ulna when the hand and forearm rotate. Despite being such a small region of the body, the hand contains twenty-seven tiny bones and many flexible joints. The carpals are a group of eight roughly cube-shaped bones in the proximal end of the hand. They form the wrist joint with the ulna and radius of the forearm and also form joints with the metacarpals of the palm of the hand. The carpals form many small gliding joints with each other to give extra flexibility to the wrist and hand. The five long, cylindrical metacarpals form the supporting bones of the palm of the hand. Each metacarpal forms a joint with the carpals and another joint with the proximal phalanx of a finger. Metacarpals are able to abduct to spread the fingers and palm apart and can adduct to draw the fingers and palm together. The metacarpals also give flexibility to the hand when gripping an object or when touching the thumb and pinky finger together. The phalanges (singular: phalanx) are a group of fourteen bones that support and move the digits. Each digit contains three phalanges – proximal, middle, and distal – except for the thumb, which contains just a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx. The phalanges are long bones that form hinge joints between themselves and also condyloid (oval) joints with the metacarpals. These joints permit the flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction of the digits. Our arms and hands require a balance of strength and dexterity to perform diverse tasks such as lifting heavy boxes, swimming, playing a musical instrument, and writing. The joints of the arm and hand permit a wide range of motion while maintaining the strength of the upper limb. Many skeletal muscles attach to and pull on these bones to move them with strength, speed, and accuracy. Like all bones of the body, upper limb bones help the body to maintain homeostasis by storing minerals and fats and by producing blood cells in the red bone marrow. Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor	Ulna
What food has the varieties Elstar, Almata and Cortland?	Ulnae \| Define Ulnae at Dictionary.com C16: from Latin: elbow, ell1 Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for ulnae Expand ulna n. inner bone of the forearm, 1540s, Latin, literally "elbow;" related to Old English eln (see elbow (n.)). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
What is the scarlet banner of Saint Dennis used by early French kings when setting out for war?	France This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website France Flag of France - Image by Željko Heimer, 22 September 2001 Flag adopted, as an ensign, by Decree of 27 Pluviôse of the Year II (15 February 1794) Proportion: 2:3 Use: on land, as the national (civil and state) flag. Colour approximate specifications (Album des Pavillons [pay00] ): Blue: Pantone 282c / CMYK (%) 100-70-0-50 Red: Pantone 186c / CMYK (%) 0-90-80-5 On this page: France: Index of all pages Origin of the French flag In brief we can accept that the colours are basically those of Paris as used on the day of the storming of the Bastille , mixed with the Royal white . It is thought that the Marquis de Lafayette was responsible for inventing the red, white and blue cockade which soon became compulsory for Revolutionaries in 1789. We don't have to believe that the combination arose because the King placed a red-blue cockade in his hat next to a Royal white one, but combinations of Revolutionary and Royal emblems were common at that time. The flag was created in 1790 but with the colours the reverse of what they are today, i.e. with red at the hoist, and revised in 1794 to the modern form. The 1790 flag existed only as part of the jack and ensign of the navy. The flag went out of use with Napoléon I 's defeat at Waterloo, but was brought back in 1830 (again by Lafayette) and has remained in use ever since. Although significances have been attached to the colours these are all spurious and invented after the fact. The red and blue of Paris were the livery colours of the coat of arms and natural ones for use by the militia. William Crampton, undated Colours of the French flag The colors of the French flag "combine" different symbols, invented after the fact: - Blue is the color of Saint Martin, a rich Gallo-Roman officer who ripped his blue cloak with his sword to give one half of it to a poor who was begging him in the snow. This is the symbol of care, of the duty that the rich had to help the poor. - White is the color of the Virgin Mary, to whom the Kingdom of France was consecrated by Louis XIII in the 17th century; it is also the color of Joan of Arc , under whose banner the English were finally driven out of the Kingdom (15th century). It became logically the color of Royalty. The King's vessels carried plain white flags at sea. - Red is the color of Saint Denis, the saint patron of Paris. The original oriflamme (war banner) of the Kings was the red oriflamme of Saint Denis. Pierre Gay, 15 September 1998 Most French flags, at least in the beginning of their use, have a very dark blue shade, sometimes called bleu drapeau (flag blue). Petit Larousse Illustré has nothing on bleu drapeau, but has: Bleu roi : bleu soutenu (celui du drapeau francais) (King blue: strong blue, the blue of the French flag). Therefore, it seems that the use of a dark blue for the French flag has been widely accepted, since it is highligted to examplify the "King blue" shade. Ivan Sache, 23 September 2001 For the naval flags, the maintenance service of the French Navy (HCC) gives the following specifications (in reference to AFNOR standard NFX 08002): Blue A 503 Blue Pantone 282c and red 186c are my translation (approximation) of those colours. Armand Noël du Payrat, 24 September 2001 The protocol manual for the London 2012 Olympics (Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012 [loc12] ) provides recommendations for national flag designs. Each NOC was sent an image of the flag, including the PMS shades, for their approval by LOCOG. Once this was obtained, LOCOG produced a 60 x 90 cm version of the flag for further approval. So, while these specs may not be the official, government, version of each flag, they are certainly what the NOC believed the flag to be. For France, PMS Reflex blue, 032 red. The vertical version is simply the flag turned through 90 degrees clockwise. Ian Sumner, 10 October 2012 Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005, made a consistent use of his own interpretation of the colours of the flag in his political speeches. 8 May 2002 - Interview by F. Leroy, France3 Poitiers, the regional TV channel of Poitou , Raffarin's region. Mais aujourd hui, je sers ces trois belles couleurs, le bleu de notre histoire, le blanc de nos espoirs, et le rouge du sang de nos ancêtres, ce drapeau bleu, blanc, rouge [...] (Today, I serve these three beautiful colours, the blue of our history, the white of our hopes, and the red of the blood of our ancestors, this blue, white, red flag [...]) 11 November 2002 - Commemoration of the 11 November 1918 Armistice in Rethondes, the place where the Armistice was signed. Ce drapeau qui allie le bleu de notre histoire, le blanc de notre espoir et le rouge du sang de nos aînés, le sang de notre gloire [...] (This flag, which matches the blue of our history, the white of our hope and the red of the blood of our elders, the blood of our glory [...]) 7 March 2003 - European Forum in Avignon. [...] notre appartenance à notre drapeau, à ce bleu de l'histoire, à ce blanc de notre espoir, à ce rouge du sang de nos ancêtres. ( [...] our sence of belonging to our flag, to this blue of history, this white of hope, this red of the blood of our ancestors.) Ivan Sache, 22 November 2003 Nickname of the French flag Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré has for Tricolore the following entry: Tricolore adj. (du pref. tri , et du latin color , couleur). De trois couleurs. Le drapeau tricolore, le drapeau français. - L'origine des trois couleurs qui figurent dans notre drapeau national remonte à l'année 1789 : pour cimenter la bonne intelligence entre le roi et la ville de Paris, dans la journée où, suivant le mot heureux de Bailly, Paris reconquit son roi, on réunit à la couleur blanche, qui était celle de la royauté, le bleu et le rouge, couleurs qui figuraient dans les armes de la ville de Paris. (Tricolore adj. (from prefix tri and Latin color, colour). Of three colours. Le drapeau tricolore: The French flag. - The origins of the three colours shown on our national flag dates back to year 1789: In order to create a good relation between the King and the town of Paris, on the day where, as Bailly expressed it rejoicing, Paris reconquered its King, the colour white, which was that of Royalty, was associated with blue and red, which are colours figuring in the arms of the town of Paris. Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 26 September 2001 Decree on the French flag The French National Convention adopted as national flag the three colours blue, white, red on 15 February 1794 - or more exactly, on the 27 Pluviôse of the Year II, according to the revolutionary calendar. The Decree says: II. The national flag shall be formed of the three national colours, set in three equal bands, placed vertically so that blue is closed to the staff of the flag, white in the middle, and red at the fly. III. The jack and the ensign are formed in the same way, observing the size proportions established by custom. IV. The commissioning pennant shall also be made of the three colours, with one-fifth blue, one-fifth white, and three-fifths red. Armand Noël du Payrat, 4 February 1998 The French flag in the Constitution The present Constitution of the French Republic, adopted in 1958 says: L'emblème national est le drapeau tricolore, bleu, blanc, rouge (The national emblem is the tricolor, blue, white, red, flag). Pierre Gay, 24 September 1998 French national ensign French national ensign - Image by Željko Heimer, 22 September 2001 The respective proportions of the vertical blue, white and red stripes on the French flag when used at sea as the civil or naval ensign or jack are 30:33:37, to give a good visual effect when flying, and are therefore called optical proportions. Civil vessels shall indeed use the prescribed ensign (and not a Tricolore flag with equal stripes. The Tricolore ensign was adopted by Decree of the 27 Pluviôse of the Year II (15 February 1794) and confirmed by Decree dated 7 March 1848. The proportions 30:33:37 were officialized by a Regulation dated 17 May 1853. This of 1853 gives the precise measurements, in metres and centimetres, of the standard legal ensigns, numbered from 1 to 16. #1 is 9 m x 13.5 m and #16 is 50 cm x 75 cm. Željko Heimer, Armand Noêl du Payrat & Pierre Gay, 12 March 2006	Oriflamme
What is a dish sprinkled with breadcrumbs or grated cheese and browned?	History of the monument History of the monument 1 - The Abbey of Saint-Denis 2 - A royal monument 3 - The recumbent effigies and tombs of Saint-Denis 4 - From revolutionary unrest to the restoration works of the 19th century 5 - Innovative architecture 1 - The Abbey of Saint-Denis For centuries, the former royal abbey of Saint-Denis illuminated the artistic, political and spiritual history of the Frankish world. The abbey-church was designated a "basilica" in Merovingian times. In the 12th century the abbot of Saint-Denis, Suger, still qualified it in his works as a "basilica". This qualifier was applied from the 4th century to churches whose floor plans were the same as those of Roman civic buildings with three naves, used for trade and the administration of justice. They were often erected outside towns and over the tomb of a saint. They were the site of a major pilgrimage and often the cause for the development of a neighbourhood or borough, like the town of Saint-Denis, which developed around the abbey and its economic potential. Basilica is also an honorary title given to all kinds of churches, of all eras, that were the seat of a major pilgrimage. Only a cathedral is of superior rank. In 1966, the basilica was elevated to cathedral status, a name derived from "cathedra", meaning the seat of the bishop, the head of the diocese located there. A copy of the throne of Dagobert, the original of which is in the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale, is currently used by the bishop as an episcopal see. The first building rises from the tomb of Saint Denis, a missionary bishop who died under the yoke of Roman rule in the second part of the 3rd century. The body of the saint attracted many princely burials around him from the late 4th century. Besides a partly Carolingian crypt, the remains of the building consecrated in the presence of Charlemagne in 775, the basilica preserves the testimony of buildings that were decisive for the evolution of religious architecture: the façade (1135-1140) and the apse (1140 -1144), the work of abbot Suger, which constitute a hymn to light, a manifesto of new early Gothic art; other parts of the present church built in the time of Saint Louis from 1230 to 1280 are a testimony of the heyday of Gothic art, known as "Rayonnant", such as the exceptionally vast transept accommodating the royal tombs. A place of remembrance from the early Middle Ages, the Dionysian monastery was able to link its fate to that of the monarchy, gradually asserting itself as the privileged tomb of the royal dynasties, taking advantage of the cult of Saint Denis. Forty-two kings, thirty-two queens, sixty-three princes and princesses and ten men of the kingdom rest in peace there. With over seventy recumbent effigies and monumental tombs, the royal necropolis of the basilica is today the most significant group of funerary sculptures from the 12th to the 16th century in Europe. But the basilica of Saint-Denis was not the "graveyard of the kings" from the beginning of the Frankish kingdom as qualified by a chronicler of the 13th century. Until the 10th century, the abbey was in fierce competition with many other cemeteries, especially with Saint-Germain-des-Prés. At the accession of the Capetians in 987, its role as a royal necropolis gradually became confirmed and most sovereigns were buried there until the 19th century; although, for political, religious or personal reasons, some kings, like Philip I in 1108, Louis VII in 1180, Louis XI in 1483, Charles X in 1836 and Louis-Philippe in 1850, would be buried in other places. Louis XVIII, who died in 1824, was the last king to be buried in the basilica. Throughout history the Frankish kings were always in search of legitimacy, which partly explains their will to be buried with the relics of Saint Denis, Rusticus and Eleutherius (all three having been martyred together). By way of their powers, the kings thought they had acquired power and protection during their life, particularly for their battles, and for going directly to Paradise. The rallying cry of the knights on the battlefield in the 12th and 13th centuries, "Montjoie Saint Denis!", inscribed on the scarlet banner, interspersed with the golden flames of the famous oriflamme of Saint-Denis, became the motto of the kingdom of France, which was thus placed under the protection of the titular saint of the kingdom, Saint Denis. This standard is a beautiful image of the personal union between the abbey, the patron saint and the king. This ensign was always raised in time of war by the rulers who came to collect it from the hands of the abbot on the altar of the holy martyrs. It is one of the major objects of the mediaeval epic around which a first national sentiment formed. A 1913 copy, little conform to the original, remains in the basilica. The Hundred Years' War, the Wars of Religion and political unrest contributed to the decline of the royal abbey of Saint-Denis long before the Revolution precipitated matters. In 1793, revolutionaries attacked the symbols of the monarchy, but the basilica escaped total destruction. In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the restoration of the building. Then Louis XVIII restored the role of necropolis to the abbey. The restoration work continued throughout the 19th century and was conducted, in particular, by architects François Debret and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc from 1846. 2 - A royal monument Burials before the 13th century The rich and influential Parisian noblewoman, Saint Geneviève, showed special devotion to Saint Denis. She undoubtedly had the tomb of Saint Denis expanded or had a building built around it in 475. The development of a vast necropolis, which extended well beyond the church, in the 6th and 7th centuries, led to expanding the church. Many high-ranking figures, mostly women, were then buried "ad sanctos" as close to the saint as possible. The discovery in 1959 of the sarcophagus of Queen Arnegunde, daughter-in-law of Clovis, who died around 580, shows the power of attraction of the sanctuary in this early period. The jewellery associated with her burial is kept in the Musée d'archéologie nationale du Domaine de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Fifty years later, in 639, King Dagobert was the first Frankish king to be buried in the basilica of Saint-Denis. Some Merovingians and Carolingians were buried there, such as Charles Martel, Pepin the Short and Emperor Charles the Bald. Dagobert distinguished himself by making generous donations to the abbey and legend has it that he created the Saint-Denis fair that was held each October and was a great source of wealth for the monastery. Charles Martel died in 741. Even though he was only the Mayor of the Palace he was given a prestigious burial, opposite the great King Dagobert. He thus enabled his family, the Pippinids, future Carolingians, to rise to the ranks of the greatest noblemen. His recumbent effigy, created in the 13th century, shows him crowned as the Capetians considered him as the ancestor of the great Carolingian dynasty. Pepin the Short, the son of Charles Martel, was anointed by Pope Stephen II at Saint-Denis in July 754, thus sealing the alliance between the Frankish kings and the papacy. He was the first Frankish sovereign to be crowned as the image of God on earth in the image of king David. On this occasion he had the church rebuilt along the lines of the Roman buildings known as basilicas. Featuring a wooden ceiling, dozens of marble columns and decorated with thousands of oil lamps, for the first time it was combined with a crypt that housed the relics of Saint Denis until the 12th century. A few remains of this Roman-style martyrium, decorated with paintwork imitating marble, can still be seen. Recumbent effigies said to be commissioned by Saint Louis Louis IX (Saint Louis), who was canonised in 1297, was called a "superman" by the pope. A man of great faith, this king was particularly attached to Saint-Denis. He continuously strengthened the basilica’s role as a royal necropolis. The series of 16 recumbent effigies, said to be commissioned by Saint Louis in around 1265, is the largest funerary sculpture series of the European Middle Ages. Today 14 of the original sculptures remain. They are placed in both arms of the transept, virtually in their old locations evidenced by 18th-century engravings. The mediaeval effigies, said to be commissioned by Saint Louis, are designed on the model of the statue-columns that decorate church portals. In the 13th century, they were among the first funerary sculptures made for the abbey of Saint-Denis. Previously, only the engraved stone slabs arranged on the floor near the altar marked the location of the royal tombs. The reorganisation of the necropolis, launched by the Capetian rulers, led to the discovery and transfer of the remains of the 16 sovereigns, buried between the 7th and 12th centuries. Their bones were then placed in boxes above which 16 recumbent figures with idealised faces were installed, a majestic expression of the royal function. The mode of representation of these sculptures is relatively uniform. The sovereigns wear a crown and carry a sceptre. These recumbent effigies, which were originally painted in bright colours, are dressed in the fashion of the 13th century. They are not represented dead; they have their eyes open to the eternal light. They assert belief in the Resurrection. They are turned towards the east, towards the sunrise, the image of Christ whose return they await. But the layout desired by the Capetian rulers was also political. Through this grandiose setting, Louis IX developed the myth of monarchical continuity between the Merovingians, Carolingians and Capetians and aimed to link his family to Charlemagne, the most impressive figure in mediaeval monarchical ideology. The inscriptions on the new tombs identify the kings and queens and clarify the genealogies. In the Middle Ages, in the centre of the transept, the gilded silver tombs of Louis VIII and Philip Augustus, the grandfather of Saint Louis, victor of the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, had the places of honour. The central tomb of the series is that of Louis VIII, the father of Louis IX. Indeed, according to the Dominican Vincent of Beauvais, an intimate of Saint Louis, the mixed blood of the Carolingians and Capetians flowed in the veins of Louis VIII as his mother, Isabella of Hainaut, was of Carolingian ancestry. It thus symbolises, in the Capetian family, "the return to the throne of the race of Charlemagne". Indeed, in the 11th century, Saint Valery had prophesied that the Capetian kingdom could only be maintained up to the seventh king, which was precisely Philip Augustus, father of Louis VIII. This series was completed in around 1280 by erecting a magnificent tomb of goldsmithery in honour of Saint Louis, "the most beautiful tomb in the world" according to his chronicler Guillaume de Nangis. It was destroyed, as well as the other goldsmithery tombs, during the Hundred Years' War. Thus the accomplishment of this sculpted series ensured the title of royal necropolis to Saint Denis, to which its abbots had long aspired, and offered the Capetian dynasty a legitimacy and prestige that it had hitherto been lacking. Capetian pride This prestige was also disseminated by books. At the end of the Middle Ages the library of the monastery was the largest in the kingdom. The role of the abbey was to maintain, establish and disseminate the memory of the reigning dynasty. At the request of Saint Louis, the monk Primat translated a huge set of texts for the first time into French, a first draft of the history of France. This compilation of official chronicles of the kingdom grew until the 15th century, under the name of Grandes Chroniques de France. By elaborating texts favourable to the monarchy, just as by creating sculpted images of the kings, the Capetian dynasty associated the ancient origins of the Frankish kingdom to those of its family. 3 - The recumbent effigies and tombs of Saint-Denis A recumbent effigy is a sculpture of a figure lying down. The word "recumbent" comes from the Latin recumbere to "lie back", from re- + cumbere "to lie". Over 70 recumbent effigies are kept at Saint-Denis, some of which come from churches that have been destroyed. In addition to the 14 recumbent effigies commissioned by Saint Louis, there are also tombs of Capetians in Saint-Denis: Philip III the Bold, Isabella of Aragon, Philip IV the Fair, Louis X "the Stubborn", infant king John I; tombs of the Valois: Philip VI, John II the Good, Charles V, Charles VI, Isabeau of Bavaria; kings, queens, princes and princesses from other places: Clovis, Childebert, Fredegund, Charles of Anjou, the Dukes of Orléans and also the tombs of servants of the monarchy: Du Guesclin, Louis de Sancerre. While the effigies of the 13th century are somewhat hieratic, the recumbent figures of Philip III the Bold, Philip IV the Fair and especially that of Isabella of Aragon, daughter of Philip III the Bold, developed a more realistic image that would gradually become established. At the feet of the effigies, usually those of women, dogs symbolise fidelity. But this fidelity is rather that of the guide dogs of the soul of the deceased in the subterranean realms of death. The lion, often at the feet of men, represents power, strength, but also the Resurrection, because a legend assured that the lion cub does not open its eyes until three days after birth. In the Middle Ages, three effigies were generally sculpted for sovereigns:one for the entrails, one for the heart and one for the body. The king was thus honoured by three tombs. This multiplication of tombs resulted from the difficulty of preserving the body during its transportation. After death, the abdomen of the deceased was opened to remove the entrails. Followed by the ablation of the heart. A heart recumbent effigy is identified by the presence of a small heart sculpted in the left hand of the figure and an entrails recumbent effigy can be identified by the presence of a small bag in the hand of the figure. Saint-Denis housed the noblest recumbent effigies: the effigies of the body. Body preservation techniques were rudimentary in the Middle Ages. During transportation, the body was covered with salt, spices and wine which played the role of an antiseptic. The most surprising aspect was the custom used at that time, in particular by Saint Louis, which was to boil the body in order to separate the flesh from the bone. When the sovereign died of dysentery in Carthage, the flesh of the holy king was buried in the Cathedral of Monreale, in Sicily, and the bones were transported to Saint-Denis. From the Col de la Chapelle, located in the north of Paris, to the royal abbey, Philip III the Bold carried the ashes of his father on his shoulders; a route that has since been marked by a series of seven pilgrimage stops identified by crosses and royal sculptures, Les Montjoies. The three two-level tombs of Louis XII, Francis I and Catherine de Medici are built on the same model: on the lower level, the bodies of the sovereigns, presented "frozen stiff", naked and lifeless; on the upper level, the same figures kneeling in prayer in search of Paradise. The invention of two-level Renaissance-style monuments probably arose from funeral ceremonies. On the death of the king, from the time of Charles VI to that of Henry IV, a funerary effigy of the king was created with a face in wax, which was given solemn meals several times a day. Lying in state, this model represented the permanence of the monarchy. On the day of the burial, the coffin was placed inside a catafalque, while the effigy was placed on another platform The tomb of Francis I celebrates the knight-king, victorious at Marignan in 1515, whereas that of Catherine de Medici celebrates religious and Catholic themes, and illustrates Italian Mannerist sensitivity. Before the Revolution, all the royal bodies of mediaeval and Renaissance rulers were buried directly under the sculpted monuments. Because of a lack of space, the Bourbons, starting with Henry IV, were laid to rest in the central part of the crypt, which gradually became the burial vault of the Bourbons. These sovereigns were laid in plain lead coffins encased in wood. 4 - From revolutionary unrest to the restoration works of the 19th century In 1792 the abbey was suppressed. In 1793, following the death of Louis XVI, the deputy Barère asked the Convention for the destruction of "monuments of feudalism and royalty", in particular Saint-Denis. The Revolution thus attacked the symbolic power of the objects of the Ancien Régime. France, at war against all European nations for the defence of the Republic, needed metal to make weapons. This is why the lead roof of the basilica was melted down as well as several metal plates and tombs. In Saint-Denis, it was not the wrath of the people that carried out the destruction, but the Convention who, in August 1793, paid a contractor and workers to dismantle and destroy some of the tombs. But over 80% of the tombs were preserved thanks to the voluntary action of the Commission of Monuments, Dom Germain Poirier, a former Benedictine monk of Saint-Denis and the pugnacity of Alexandre Lenoir who, in Paris in 1795, opened the "Musée national des Monuments Français" in order to display numerous funerary sculptures from the basilica in it. In autumn 1793, the royal remains buried in the tombs of the basilica were thrown, mixed with lime, into two mass graves in the cemetery north of the abbey, the current Pierre de Montreuil garden. Workmen, armed with pickaxes and crowbars, opened the coffins. A report on the exhumation of the bodies was drawn up by Dom Poirier, a scrupulous witness of these days. The first exhumed remains were those of Henry IV. The "Green Gallant" was so well preserved by natural mummification that he was put on display for two days against a pillar in the crypt. Louis XIV was as black as ink, probably due to the development of gangrene, the cause of his death. Louis XV had been carefully wrapped in linen and strips of material and seemed to be in good condition. But as soon as the body was lifted out it dissolved in “liquid putrefaction”. Today, none of these tombs contain any remains. After the exhumations the abbey became a warehouse. Chateaubriand, in his “Génie du Christianisme”, describes this ruin: “Saint-Denis is deserted. Birds fly in and out, grass grows on its smashed altars and all one can hear is the dripping of water through its open roof”. The unfulfilled desire of Napoleon I to be buried in the basilica and install a burial place for emperors there led, in 1806, to the restoration of the monument. Religious worship was resumed in 1802. In 1814, Louis XVIII ascended to the throne. The king worked relentlessly on restoring the basilica's character as a royal necropolis. He first ordered a search in the adjacent cemetery for the ashes of the kings exhumed by the Revolutionary authorities. After a week of work, several royal remains were unearthed and placed in an ossuary, which can still be seen in the crypt today. On January 21st, 1815, the anniversary of the death of Louis XVI, he decided to transfer, with great ceremony, the ashes of the guillotined king and of Marie-Antoinette from the cemetery of the Madeleine (now the Chapelle Expiatoire) to Saint-Denis. He also had the remains of Louis VII and Louise of Lorraine, the wife of Henry III, returned there. The six slabs of black marble in the crypt, created in 1975, act as a remembrance of this transfer. One of them, bearing no inscription, was intended to receive the body of Charles X, the brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, who died in exile in 1836 in Gorizia (Austria). His body is now preserved in the Franciscan monastery of Kostanjevica (Nova Gorica) in Slovenia. Plans to return his ashes never came to anything. Throughout the 19th century, the basilica was the site of many experiments in restoration. It was no doubt the first great laboratory of restoration of a historic monument. By way of cleaning the stone, sometimes the facings were scraped to the point of removing ten centimetres of wall thickness. You can still see, even today, many traces of these restorations, especially on the exterior north facings. The recumbent effigies were installed chronologically in the crypt from approximately 1816 to 1847, and then, thanks to the desire of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, they regained their original location. Napoleon I, who did not appreciate the difference in levels between the apse and nave, decided to raise the floor of the latter several metres, which illustrated the considerable work that took place in the basilica during the 19th century. In 1875, the royal tombs could be visited for an admission fee. In 1837, lightning struck the spire of the North Tower which was 86 metres high. Quickly rebuilt by architect François Debret, it was entirely dismantled by Viollet-le-Duc in 1847. There is still a debate today to ascertain if this was to prevent more substantial damage to the masonry or to produce a good argument for rebuilding the façade. Viollet-le-Duc produced a project that was not validated. The façade was transformed in the 18th century (the statue-columns and the Saint Denis were removed from the pier) as well as in 1840 by François Debret, which led to significantly transforming the very image of the façade of the building right up to today. From 2012 to 2015, the façade of the cathedral was restored by the Ile-de-France Regional Direction of Cultural Affairs under the direction of Jacques Moulin, head architect for historic monuments. 5 - Innovative architecture The construction of the basilica was organised, over the centuries, around the tomb of Saint Denis. The different architectural structures erected here from the 5th century to the 13th century, the Carolingian church, the Basilica of Suger and the huge nave of Saint Louis, were all considered innovative masterpieces in their time. Saint Denis and the archaeological crypt The spiritual influence of Saint Denis greatly contributed to the temporal power of the abbey. The life of Denis, considered in several writings as the first bishop of Paris, though probably rather a missionary bishop, killed by the Roman authorities in around 280, is best known to us by the Passio written in the shadow of his tomb, from the 5th to 14th centuries. In the 5th century, this place of pilgrimage attracted the devotion of different royal dynasties. In the 9th century, 600 years after the death of the saint, the abbot of Saint-Denis, Hilduin, established what can be called the legend of Saint Denis. According to this account he was beheaded on the Butte Montmartre, the Mount of Martyrs, from where he carried his head in his hands right up to the current location of the basilica. This text helped to considerably increase the prestige of the Dionysian abbey. The episode of the cephalophore contributes notably to the spiritual edification of Christians by the pastoral sense it can take. Though it cannot be confirmed, the rich and influential Parisian noblewoman, Saint Geneviève, who was very attached to Saint Denis, probably had the first building built, measuring 20 metres long by 9 metres wide, of which some foundation walls remain to this day. The desire of many aristocrats to be buried close to Saint Denis led to the expansion of the basilica in the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 8th century, on the occasion of his coronation, Pepin the Short decided to rebuild the building in the manner of a Roman basilica. Today, in the huge archaeological crypt, filled with the earliest history of Saint-Denis, we can see a pit which preserves the memory of the location of the tomb and relics of Saint Denis and his two martyr companions, installed there until the 12th century. This pit is the centre of all the buildings constructed from the first chapel of the 4th or 5th century to the abbey of the 13th century. The crypt also contains a rare example of Romanesque art in the Ile-de-France region. This space, much restored in the 19th and 20th centuries, nevertheless retains several historiated capitals of the 12th century, notably dedicated to the life of Saint Benedict, and foliated capitals. The massiveness of this space was used to support the new upper apse that the famous abbot of Saint-Denis, Suger, created in 1140. Abbot Suger, the origins of Gothic art This man, who was 'small in physical and social stature, driven by his dual smallness, refused, in his smallness, to be small'. This epitaph reflects the supposed humble origins of the prelate that are still a cause for debate. Suger (1081–1151), who was born near Saint-Denis, became an Oblate at the age of ten. Provost and then Abbot of Saint-Denis, he travelled extensively and had a special relationship with the pope, bishops and kings, serving as advisor to Louis VI and Louis VII. Diplomat, regent of France for two years at the end of his life, he died in Saint-Denis at the age of 70 – a respectable age in those days. This exceptional man, an excellent administrator and a meticulous chronicler of his work, made Saint-Denis one of the most powerful abbeys of the kingdom, enriched by the royal gifts. Suger is one of the central figures of the abbey of Saint-Denis. From 1135, he devoted himself to the reconstruction of the old Carolingian building. From 1140 to 1144, he built in "three years, three months, three days", as he put it, a new light-flooded apse. This prestigious new architecture was a reflection of the rapidly expanding Capetian kingdom. Resulting from the synthesis of European technical experiments, it was linked to a theological conception of light inspired by the mystical texts of Pseudo-Dionysius, one of the fundamental references used in teaching at the time. Through his innovative architectural vision, Suger sanctioned the birth in the Ile-de-France region of what Italian detractors of the Renaissance disdainfully termed Gothic art. The new light-flooded apse was better suited to the display of the relics of saints venerated by the pilgrims who were arriving in increasingly large numbers Indeed, the smallness of the Carolingian crypt, where the relics were kept, led to serious difficulties during pilgrimages. The crowd was so dense that, according to Suger, some women found it oppressive and fainted or died uttering harrowing cries. In addition, the architectural originality of the apse, whose upper sections were rebuilt in the 13th century, resided in the use of a forest of monolithic columns, supporting one of the first ribbed vaults to be successfully built. This space was like a huge reliquary flooded with coloured light housing the relics of the saint. The lack of walls between the chapels and the doubling of the glass surface in each prayer space created an exceptional wall of continuous light. The apse was consecrated on June 11th, 1144, during a procession led by King Louis VII and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Around 20 bishops, many abbots and the papal legate transported the three silver reliquaries of the holy martyrs from the dark, narrow Carolingian crypt to the new apse. Set in a magnificent gleaming gold and silver altar that has since disappeared, the relics were bathed in light and visible to all, from every part of the church. Today, the 19th-century altar still houses three reliquaries containing bones. The church's finery: the stained-glass windows Of the 12th-century stained glass all that remains in Saint-Denis are five windows and a few elements removed in 1997 for restoration. They are currently replaced by photographic films. In the 12th century, the services of a master stained-glass maker were retained for the maintenance of the windows, which was extremely rare. This shows the importance that Suger attached to these walls of light. The subjects depicted are rich, complex and essentially meant for erudite monks. The major themes of the 12th-century west façade, which presents the Old Testament as the prefiguration of the New Testament, culminate in the window illustrating the life of Moses and in the one Suger called the anagogic window, meaning the one "leading upwards". The central chapel is home to the theme of the tree of Jesse, famous throughout the Middle Ages, which is presented for the first time in a building. This simplified genealogy of Jesus is the one found at the beginning of the Gospel according to Matthew. But for Suger, it is also an ideal image of royalty. Presented by Richelieu as the first great servant of the monarchy, Abbot Suger helped entrench the idea that the Capetian King, a new image of Christ on earth, cannot be anyone's vassal, if not of the blessed Denis. The stained-glass windows on the upper parts of the building, created in the 19th century, were commissioned by architects Debret and Viollet-le-Duc. The mediaeval stained-glass of the upper windows had been destroyed during the Revolution in order to recover the lead. In the upper parts of the choir, the windows recount the legend of Saint Denis and several episodes of the history of the basilica. In the nave, the long gallery of kings and queens ends in two huge rose windows. The South Rose is a stone structure of over 14 metres in diameter, which supposedly served as a model for the one in Notre Dame in Paris. This wheel of light depicts, around the central figure of God, angels, the twelve signs of the Zodiac representing the course of the sun and 24 agricultural tasks that are carried out during the year. The coloured glass, a very rare commodity in the Middle Ages, is magnified. Saint Bernard compared it to the Virgin Mary. Light passes through it without destroying it, just as the Virgin gave life to Jesus while remaining pure. This comparison demonstrates the interest in stained-glass windows. Its role in theological education aimed at a largely illiterate population combines with the spiritual wonderment created by thousands of small patches of coloured light. Together, the stained-glass windows contrive to give the building the image of a fabulous city that likens it to the heavenly Jerusalem. Rayonnant Gothic architecture In 1231, Saint Louis was already contributing financially to the reconstruction of the abbey-church, a major work of 13th-century Gothic art. The works were completed in 1281, in less than fifty years, which provides an indication of the abbey’s immense wealth. Pierre de Montreuil, one of the main architects of the time, prime contractor of part of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris and the refectory at Saint-Germain-des-Prés, may have contributed to this major undertaking of the century but his intervention is still under debate. The basilica gives a powerful impression of height. The master builders used pillars composed of several small columns engaged with one another and each of them matching up with the ribs of the various arches of the vaulted roof. This style of architecture draws the eye of the visitor unconsciously upwards from the base of the pillar to the beginning of the vaulting of the roof. Hence, the 28-metre height of the roof appears much greater. Gothic architecture, known in those days as “French art”, reached its apogee in that century. The huge size of the buildings was the result of the rapid advance in construction techniques, the use of flying buttresses and the way in which building sites were organised. The quest for the greatest height possible joined, in the 13th century, a desire to create an emptiness within the building so that it became a setting bathed in light. The Treasury and Regalia. The basilica’s treasury, an assortment of disparate objects used in worship and items from collections bequeathed by wealthy abbots or kings, was one of the biggest in the Middle Ages. For Suger, the treasury was the church's finery. It was a privileged means of access to divinity by the transformation that the effect of beauty has on the soul. Suger's love of beauty, precious stones, gold and antiques led him to significantly enrich this treasure. At the entrance of the present choir was a cross of almost seven metres high bearing a gilded silver Christ. For ceremonies, the chapels, which are now decorated with 13th-century altarpieces, were adorned with relics and valuable liturgical objects such as Eleanor of Aquitaine’s vase, Suger’s eagle or Charles the Bald’s porphyry bathtub, all of which are now at the Louvre. But these liturgical objects were also monetary reserves. Thus, in the 14th century, a Saint-Denis abbot did not hesitate to have a gold statue of Saint John melted down to pay for the services of the abbey’s butcher. "Regalia", the symbols of royal power used during coronations – crowns, sceptres and hands of justice – were also deposited in the abbey’s treasury. Several exceptional pieces of the treasury, which were partly melted down in 1793 and under Napoleon, are now conserved in the Louvre, in the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale and in foreign museums. In the 19th century, Louis XVIII commissioned new objects for use as royal insignia during funeral ceremonies. These are on display in one of the basilica’s chapels. This presentation is only a first approach to the history of the monument, which because of its great importance in European history has an immense bibliography. Here you will find some synthesized works published by the Editions du Patrimoine. 6 - Some essential tombs The tomb of Dagobert The first king buried in the basilica, in 639, and considered to be the abbey’s founder. The monks paid him homage in the 13th century by making an exceptionally large tomb which is now in its original position in the sanctuary. His recumbent effigy, lying on its left side, looks towards the location of the early tomb of Saint Denis. The three carved panels on the tomb tell the story of the vision of the hermit John. The king’s soul, depicted as a naked child wearing a crown, is carried off to Hell on account of his nasty habit of disposing of the property of certain churches. But in the upper panel, Saint Denis, Saint Martin and Saint Maurice seize the soul from the hands of the demons and take it off to Heaven where it is granted entry to Paradise. This vision expresses Saint Denis’ and the abbey’s role as protector of the Capetian monarchy. The recumbent effigy of Isabella of Aragon, wife of Philip III the Bold Isabella died while crossing a ford during her return from a crusade, while she was pregnant. This tomb from the late 13th century launched a style that would have place of honour throughout the 14th century. Her tomb is realistic in its depiction of the flowing folds of her clothing. The white marble, formerly enhanced with different colours, is on a black marble plinth on which is engraved a rhyming epitaph in French. This tombstone is the only one that was left intact during the Revolution, thanks to its fine non-religious inscription. The recumbent effigy of Charles V At the age of 27, king Charles V, known as the Wise and a great patron of the arts, commissioned his recumbent effigy from André Beauneveu, one of the most celebrated sculptors of the time. It is doubtless the first official portrait in the history of funerary sculpture. This recumbent effigy is one of the masterpieces of mediaeval sculpture. The tomb of Louis XII The mausoleum of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany was sculpted in Carrara marble by Italian sculptors. It bears witness to the contacts that were established between artists during the Italian wars This small antique-style temple is surrounded by the twelve Apostles and the four cardinal virtues, Prudence, Justice, Fortitude and Temperance, and the plinth is decorated with bas-reliefs illustrating several victorious episodes of the Italian wars. Inside the mausoleum, the royal couple is portrayed as "frozen stiff" and motionless in death. For the sake of realism, on their abdomens the sewn-up openings made for the purposes of evisceration are depicted. On the upper level the kneeling sovereigns pray for the life to come. This dual image of the sovereigns’ bodies offers Christians a moment of meditation on death and the Resurrection. The tomb of Francis I and Claude of France The tomb of Francis I, his wife Claude of France and three of their children was built in 1558, around 10 years after the king’s death. The desire of Henry II, the son of the deceased king and the one who commissioned the tomb, was to ensure the posthumous memory of the knight-king and chief of the army by exalting the famous battle of Marignan of which he was the victor at the age of 20 years. What is striking is the extreme documentary precision in the bas-relief which recalls the 1515 battle that took place near Milan. It details several episodes: the preparations, crossing the Alps and the confrontation of the two armies. At the head of the French army and German mercenaries, Francis I as a knight, recognisable by the "F" monogram on the saddle of his horse; at his side Baillard, who faces a coalition of the pontifical army and the Swiss. Inside the tomb, the royal couple is depicted life-size with striking realism. Francis I was almost two metres tall. On the upper level, the kneeling sovereigns are accompanied by three of their children. They express hope in the Resurrection but also the family character of the mausoleum. The king’s heart and entrails were interred in the abbey in Hautes-Bruyères near Rambouillet. The practice of evisceration survived until the 16th century. The ancient practice of placing heart and entrails in funeral urns was also revived. The urn carved in marble by Pierre Bontemps, which is now in the basilica, celebrates Francis I as a patron and protector of the arts. The cartouches forming the decoration represent Architecture, Geometry, Sculpture and Painting. There is also the emblem of the king, the salamander, a symbol of courage and eternity. The Tomb of Catherine de Medici Henry II, king of France (1547-1559), husband of Catherine de Medici, died prematurely following a tournament which took place at the Place des Tournelles in Paris, now the Place des Vosges. The queen ruled through her three sons for many years without ever putting aside her mourning dress. In Saint-Denis she had a huge rotunda built to the north of the abbey, 30 metres in diameter, to accommodate the burial place of her husband and his family, the Valois. The mausoleum’s plan, following the circular shape of tombs from antiquity, is now recreated in the Pierre de Montreuil garden to the north of the basilica. However, this project, conducted in the middle of the Wars of Religion, would never be fully completed. Threatening ruin, "the rotunda of the Valois" was demolished in the early 18th century, at the request of the monks of the abbey. The tomb of Henry II and Catherine de Medici, built between 1560 and 1573 and positioned at the centre of the rotunda, was thus installed inside the basilica. The greatest artists of the Renaissance worked on this major project, including Francesco Primaticcio, Italian sculptor Jacquio Ponce and Frenchman Germain Pilon. This monumental group is enhanced by marble in different colours, a practice directly inspired by the new Italian spirit. What attracts the most attention are the monumental bronze virtues in the four corners of the tomb, striking examples of Mannerist art. Once the work of the sculptors was finished, Catherine de Medici thought her "frozen stiff sculpture" to be too macabre and emaciated; she refused it and had a second one sculpted that can now be seen in Saint-Denis. The first one was presented to the Louvre museum and contrasts sharply with the version in Saint-Denis, which depicts the queen in a gentle sleep. The latter is said to have taken its inspiration from a Venus in the Uffizi museum in Florence. The two effigies of Henry II and Catherine de Medici, located in a chapel in the northern part of the apse, were sculpted wearing their coronation robes with their eyes wide open and can be seen as marble replicas of funeral effigies with faces of wax made for royal funerals. 7 – Birth of the town of Saint-Denis The town of Saint-Denis was built in the shadows of the monastery. The royal favours, buoyant economic activity, in particular thanks to the mediaeval fairs (the Saint-Denis fair, the Lendit fair and the fair of Saint Matthias), enabled rich and sustainable development of the monastic town from Carolingian times. Pepin the Short had the first wall built which thus protected the town in a virtually circular space. In the 14th century, the town developed considerably especially to the west. A fortified wall surrounded the town from the 15th century. To the north of the abbey-church, a network of chapels for funeral purposes began to form from the Merovingian period. Until the destruction of the Huguenots, these churches became parish churches, drawing a huge semicircle that bordered the cemetery. The space, now circumscribed by the gates of Pierre de Montreuil garden, delimits the old monastic space. The cemetery, where archaeologists have identified more than 40 levels of occupation since the 6th century, contains more than 20,000 graves! On the occasion of the creation of the ZAC (urban development zone) in 1974, north of the Cathedral, urban excavations of considerable significance, which were carried out under the direction of the Archaeology Unit of the city of Saint-Denis, completely renewed awareness of the site. Thousands of objects of all kinds have been discovered and are still under study and publication. The square in front of the abbey, called "Panetière" in the Middle Ages (the place where they sold bread twice a week), has always been a place of flourishing trade. Still today, part of the huge market of Saint-Denis, which takes place three times a week, is held at the exact spot where the Lendit fair was relocated from the 15th century to flee insecure areas of Lendit, which is the present site of the Stade de France. To the south of the abbey, several construction campaigns for monastic buildings were conducted, one after another, notably from the 12th century. More than 150 monks were under the responsibility of the abbey. In the 18th century, the mediaeval buildings were entirely rebuilt under the direction of Robert de Cotte to be transformed into a house of education of the Legion of Honour for girls by Napoleon in 1802. This institution still houses a school for 400 girls whose parents or grandparents have received the Legion of Honour or the National Order of Merit. These buildings have just been systematically restored, notably the gardens of the cloister. The city of Saint-Denis is undergoing significant development. Boosted by the success of the World Cup in 1998, this cosmopolitan town never ceases to change. The basilica is an essential point of reference in the heart of the city. This presentation is only a first approach to the history of the monument, which because of its great importance in European history has an immense bibliography. Here you will find some synthesized works published by the Editions du Patrimoine. By pursuing your navigation(browsing) on this site, you accept the use of cookies.	i don't know
Before the Euro, what was the basic monetary unit of Portugal?	Escudo - definition of escudo by The Free Dictionary Escudo - definition of escudo by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/escudo n. pl. es·cu·dos 1. See Table at currency . 2. The former primary unit of currency in Portugal. [Portuguese and Spanish, shield, escudo, from Latin scūtum, shield; see skei- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] escudo n, pl -dos (-dəʊz; Portuguese -ðuʃ) 1. (Currencies) the standard monetary unit of Cape Verde, divided into 100 centavos 2. (Currencies) the former standard monetary unit of Portugal, divided into 100 centavos; replaced by the euro in 2002 3. (Currencies) a former monetary unit of Chile, divided into 100 centesimos 4. (Currencies) an old Spanish silver coin worth 10 reals [C19: Spanish, literally: shield, from Latin scūtum] es•cu•do 1. the basic currency of Portugal, which has a fixed value relative to the euro. 2. the basic monetary unit of Cape Verde. 3. a former monetary unit of Chile and Guinea-Bissau. 4. any of various former gold or silver coins of Spain and Spanish America. [1815–25; < Sp: shield] Portuguese escudo centavo - a fractional monetary unit of several countries: El Salvador and Sao Tome and Principe and Brazil and Argentina and Bolivia and Colombia and Cuba and the Dominican Republic and Ecuador and El Salvador and Guatemala and Honduras and Mexico and Nicaragua and Peru and the Philippines and Portugal Portuguese monetary unit - monetary unit in Portugal conto - 1 conto equals 1,000 escudos in Portugal 2. Cape Verde escudo centavo - a fractional monetary unit of several countries: El Salvador and Sao Tome and Principe and Brazil and Argentina and Bolivia and Colombia and Cuba and the Dominican Republic and Ecuador and El Salvador and Guatemala and Honduras and Mexico and Nicaragua and Peru and the Philippines and Portugal Cape Verde monetary unit - monetary unit on Cape Verde Translations escudo [ɛsˈkuːdəʊ] N (escudos (pl)) → escudo m Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: GM to produce Suzuki sport-utility vehicles in Argentina Goldline's sweepstakes, which celebrates the run of Disney's "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides" at Hollywood's historic El Capitan Theatre, has a Grand Prize of an authentic 1792 Peruvian 8 Escudo gold coin with an estimated retail value of approximately $2,800. Old francs, pesetas and drachmas add up for Age Concern A comical thing, adding to this consideration is that it seems it has not been said enough that the ducat or escudo are not worth as much in the fair if they are not worth as much for such and such a place. 12 The value of money Thomas Cook says it will change Austrian schilling, Belgian franc, Finnish mark, French franc, German deutschmark, Greek drachma, Irish punt, Italian lira, Luxembourg franc, Dutch guilder, Portuguese escudo and Spanish peseta notes into sterling between now and the end of February 2002. Don't lose out in the euro paper-chase Walton, the Irishman who secured the winning point for Europe against the US at Oak Hill in 1995, could have sensed it was going to be his day when he found a 500 escudo note on the practice range and then saved himself from a calamity on the opening hole. Golf: Walton takes a Ryd on his luck Historic 1792 Peruvian 8 Escudo Gold Coin to be Given Away in National Sweepstakes - No Purchase Necessary to Win	Escudo
What is the play by Shakespeare featuring the court jester Touchstone?	Portuguese escudo (euro) - paper monetary unit, the note, a denomination, money of Portugal Portuguese escudo (euro) PT (PRT) 620 Portugal is an exhibiting country the European Union . Monetary unit - euro - to equal 100 eurocents. Till January, 1st, 2002 cash token moneys of Portugal were escudo - equal 100 centavo. A nominal number of the native currency of Portugal has been presented by notes of denomination 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 escudos. The Portuguese word escudo means a board. The same word designated monetary units in the former Portuguese colonies - Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Macao, Mozambique, Cape Verde Islands, San Tome and Prinsipe, East Timor. Now in the use escudos of Cabo Verde were saved only . In 1854 the gold standard and the monetary unit have been entered into Portugal a milreis divided into 1000 trips, with the gold The contents in 1.62585 After monarchy liquidation, since May, 22nd 1911, instead of a milreis the escudo with the same gold content is entered. During the escudo First World War has sharply depreciated. In 1924 currency exchange regulation has been positioned. Since June, 9th, 1931 as a result of escudo devaluation on 96 % eo the gold content was depressed to 0.066567 g of pure gold. On September, 22nd, 1949 escudo again it has been devalueded. Since March, 19th, 1973 the escudo rate to US dollar began to fluctuate without restriction of limits of its changes. Since August, 25th, 1977 the escudo rate is positioned on the basis of a basket of currency. On escudo notes outstanding public figures from history of Portugal are represented. A final series of notes is devoted an epoch of Great geographical opening, with portraits: Juan di Barrush (the historian and the writer), Pedru Alvarish Kabrala (the seafarer who has opened Brazil), Bartolomeu Diash di Novaisha (the seafarer who has opened cape of Kind Hope), Vasco da Gama (the seafarer, for the first time a sea reached India) and Henry Seaman. Escudo Notes can be interchanged in Central bank of Portugal and are transferred to euro till February, 28th, 2022. It is updated 05.2012	i don't know
What is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet?	Greek alphabet - definition of Greek alphabet by The Free Dictionary Greek alphabet - definition of Greek alphabet by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Greek+alphabet Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Greek alphabet - the alphabet used by ancient Greeks alphabet - a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language alpha - the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet beta - the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet gamma - the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet delta - the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet epsilon - the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet zeta - the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet eta - the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet theta - the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet iota - the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet kappa - the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet lambda - the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet mu - the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet nu - the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet xi - the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet omicron - the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet pi - the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet rho - the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet sigma - the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet tau - the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon - the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet phi - the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet khi , chi - the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet psi - the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet omega - the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet Translations	Omicron
What means relating to or similar to bears?	Letter of the alphabet - definition of letter of the alphabet by The Free Dictionary Letter of the alphabet - definition of letter of the alphabet by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/letter+of+the+alphabet Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. letter of the alphabet - the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; "his grandmother taught him his letters" spelling - forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage alphabet - a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language grapheme , graphic symbol , character - a written symbol that is used to represent speech; "the Greek alphabet has 24 characters" ascender - a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters descender - a lowercase letter that has a part extending below other lowercase letters digram , digraph - two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe') initial - the first letter of a word (especially a person's name); "he refused to put the initials FRS after his name" a - the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet b - the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet c - the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet d - the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet e - the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet f - the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet g - the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet h - the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet i - the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet j - the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet k - the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet l - the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet m - the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet n - the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet o - the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet p - the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet q - the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet r - the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet s - the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet t - the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet u - the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet v - the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet double-u , w - the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet x , ex - the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet wye , y - the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet ezed , izzard , zed , zee , z - the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet; "the British call Z zed and the Scots call it ezed but Americans call it zee"; "he doesn't know A from izzard" alpha - the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet beta - the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet gamma - the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet delta - the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet epsilon - the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet zeta - the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet eta - the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet theta - the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet iota - the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet kappa - the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet lambda - the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet mu - the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet nu - the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet xi - the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet omicron - the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet pi - the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet rho - the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet sigma - the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet tau - the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon - the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet phi - the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet khi , chi - the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet psi - the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet omega - the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet aleph - the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet beth - the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet gimel - the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet daleth - the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet he - the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet waw - the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet zayin - the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet heth - the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet teth - the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet yodh - the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet kaph - the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet lamedh - the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet mem - the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet nun - the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet samekh - the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet ayin - the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet pe - the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet sadhe - the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet qoph - the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet	i don't know

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